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Natural Products Chemistry & Research
Interaction Analysis of Glycyrrhizin on Licorice Extract-Induced Apoptosis of Human Leukemia Cells by Knockout Extract
Takuhiro Uto, Nguyen Huu Tung, Osamu Morinaga and Yukihiro Shoyama*
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan
*Corresponding Author: Yukihiro Shoyama, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis Ten Bosch, Sasebo, Nagasaki 859-3298, Japan, Tel: +81956205622, Fax: +8156205740 Email:
Licorice is the most frequently prescribed herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Japanese Kampo medicine. Although glycyrrhizin (GC) is one of the major active components of licorice, the other components are also known to possess biological activities. We had previously prepared GC-knockout (GC-KO) extract, which contained all components of licorice extract (LE) except GC using a immunoaffinity column conjugated with anti-GC monoclonal antibodies (MAb). In this study, we used the GC-KO extract to investigate the potential role of GC in LE-induced apoptotic cell death. LE markedly induced apoptotic cell death in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Although treatment with GC alone had no influence on cell viability, induction of cell death by the GC-KO extract was weaker than that by LE. Interestingly, the addition of GC to the GC-KO extract significantly rescued cell growth inhibition and activated caspase-3. These data suggest that GC may synergistically enhance the induction of apoptosis in the presence of other components of LE. Moreover, these pharmacological analyses indicate the utility of KO extracts in determining new functions of target compounds and the interactions between target compounds and other constituents of medicinal plant extracts.
Keywords: Licorice; Glycyrrhizin; Knockout extract; Immunoaffinity column; Apoptosis; HL-60
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.) is one of the oldest and most frequently prescribed herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Japanese Kampo medicine [1,2]. In Western countries, licorice has been widely used as a flavoring and sweetening agent in foods, beverages, candies, tobacco, and dietary supplements. Licorice has various pharmaceutical activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-cancer, antivirus, anti-allergy, and hepatoprotective activities [3-5]. Numerous phytochemical investigations reported that licorice contains at least 470 constituents including triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, chalcones, polysaccharides, sugars, and amino acids [6]. Glycyrrhizin (GC; Figure 1) is a major bioactive triterpene glycoside in licorice and elicits anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-tumor, anti-allergy, and hepatoprotective effects [4,5,7]. In contrast, various licorice constituents, such as flavonoid glycosides, and their aglycones induce apoptosis and act as anti-oxidative, anti-microbial, superoxide scavenging, and antitumor agents [4,5]. However, due to technical difficulties in preparing the GC-free LE, the potential function of GC in licorice extracts (LE) and the interaction between GC and other components of LE are not well understood.
Figure 1: Chemical structures of GC, glycyrrhetic acid-3-O-glucuronide, and glycyrrhetic acid.
Our laboratory has established several monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against naturally occurring bioactive compounds [6-11]. In our previous work, we prepared an anti-GC MAb for competitive enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Eastern blotting to identify and quantify GC [12]. Also we reported one-step purification of antigen molecule by immunoaffinity column conjugated with MAb. In these previous studies, we selected high specific MAb against forskolin [13] and ginsenoside Rb1 [14] for the separation of their antigens, and wide cross-reactive MAb against solasodine glycosides for the separation of all solasodine glycosides [15]. Furthermore, we reported a one-step GC isolation procedure using immunoaffinity columns conjugated with anti-GC MAb to prepare GC-knockout (KO) extract [16,17]. Recently, several groups also reported the preparation of KO extracts using different approaches such as preparative HPLC and TLC [18-20]. In this study, we investigated the potential role of GC in LE-induced apoptosis using GC-KO extract. GC-KO extract is useful tool to understand the synergistic interaction between GC and other compounds contained in LE. KO extracts provide a novel approach in pharmacological investigations that clarify the functions of bioactive compounds and the interactions between target compounds and other constituents of medicinal and functional food plant extracts.
Licorice root powder was purchased from Uchida Wakanyaku Corporation (Tokyo, Japan), and LE was prepared according to our previously published procedure [14]. Antibodies against poly (ADPribose) polymerase (PARP), caspase-3, and β-actin were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from GIBCO (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). All other chemicals were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan).
Preparation of GC-KO extract using immunoaffinity columns conjugated with anti-GC Mab
Anti-GC MAb immunoaffinity columns and GC-KO extracts were prepared as described previously [16,17]. In brief, purified anti- GC MAb in coupling buffer (Bio-Rad Affi-gel Hz coupling buffer) was dialyzed and oxidized with NaIO4. Glycerol was then added to the reaction mixture and dialyzed. Affi-Gel Hz gel (Bio-Rad) was added to the above reaction mixture, and the resulting hydrazone gel was packed into a plastic column. Twelve milligrams of LE in loading buffer (5% MeOH) was applied to the column, and the loading buffer was continuously circulated overnight at 4°C to enhance binding efficiency. After washing the column with loading buffer, the binding fraction was eluted with elution buffer (20 mM phosphate buffer containing 30% MeOH). Finally, each fraction was deionized and the solvent was lyophilized. The concentrations of GC in LE and GC-KO fractions were determined using ELISA. Fractions were then subjected to thin layer chromatography (TLC) with n-BuOH: H2O:CH3COOH (7:2:1) as the developing solvent, and stained with H2SO4 or analyzed by Eastern blot analysis.
Eastern blot analysis
GC, LE, and GC-KO extracts were applied to a polyethersulfone (PES) membrane and developed with acetonitrile:H2O:formic acid (45:55:2). The developed PES membrane was dried and immersed in NaIO4 (10 mg/ml) for 1 h. After washing with water, 50 mM carbonate buffer solution (pH 9.6) containing 1% BSA was added and stirred for another 3 h. The PES membrane was washed and stained using standard protocols of Eastern blot analysis with anti-GC MAb [12,21].
HPLC fingerprints of LE and GC-KO extract
The standard compounds, i.e., GC, liquiritin, liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin, were dissolved in MeOH as 2.0 mg/ml stock solutions and stored at 4°C until use. The mixture of standard compounds was prepared by mixing equal volumes of stock solutions. A lyophilized LE and GC-KO extract were dissolved in MeOH as 30 mg/ml stock solution. HPLC analysis was performed using a TOSOH 8020 (Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a TSKgel ODS-100V (5 μm, 250×4.6 mm) and an UV-8020 detector (Tosoh, Tokyo, Japan). 20 μl of the mixture of standard compounds or 10 μl of GC-KO extract were injected into the column and eluted at room temperature with a constant flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. Acetonitrile (solvent A) and 0.15% acetic acid-H2O (solution B) were used in the mobile phase. Analysis was performed as follows: 0-20 min, hold 20% A; 20-60 min, liner gradient from 20% A to 100% A; 60-70 min, liner gradient from 100% A to 20% A. The detection wavelength was set to 254 nm.
Human leukemia HL-60 cell line and murine macrophage RAW264 were obtained from RIKEN Bio Resource Center Cell Bank, and cultured at 37°C under 5% CO2 in RPMI 1640 medium or Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) containing 10% FBS, respectively. LE, GC, and GC-KO extracts were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted in medium at the final concentration of 0.2% DMSO (v/v). Control cells were treated with the same concentration of DMSO (0.2%, v/v).
Cell viability was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, as described previously [22,23]. HL-60 cells (1×104 cells/well) in 96-well plates were treated with LE, GC, or GC-KO extract for 24 h or 48 h. At the end of treatment, MTT solutions were added to each well, and the cells were incubated for another 4 h. The precipitated MTT-formazan was dissolved with 0.04 N HCl-isopropanol, and formazan absorbance was measured at 595 nm using a microplate reader (Immuno Mini NJ-2300, Nihon InterMed, Tokyo, Japan).
Nuclear morphology assay
HL-60 cells (1×106 cells) were plated in 6-cm dish, and then treated with LE for 48 h. At the end of treatment, cells were harvested, washed with PBS, and fixed with 1% glutaraldehyde for 30 min. After washing with PBS, cells were stained with Hoechst 33258 for 10 min and washed again with PBS. Nuclear morphology was then observed using a fluorescence microscope (Eclipse E600, Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
DNA fragmentation analysis
DNA fragmentation was examined using a previously described method [22,23]. HL-60 cells (1×106 cells) were treated with LE for various periods. Treated cells were harvested and resuspended in lysis buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 10 mM EDTA, and 0.5% SDS) with 0.2 mg/ml RNase A and incubated at 56°C for 30 min. Proteinase K was then added and incubated for another 3 h. DNA was separated on a 2% agarose gel and visualized under UV illumination after staining with ethidium bromide.
HL-60 cells were plated in 3×6 cm dishes (1×106 cells/dish), and then treated with LE, GC-KO extract, or GC for various periods. Harvested cells were lysed, and the supernatants were boiled for 5 min. Protein concentration was determined using a dye-binding protein assay kit (Bio-Rad) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Equal quantities of protein were subjected to SDS-PAGE and electrophoretically transferred to PVDF membranes. After blotting, the membrane was incubated with specific primary antibody overnight at 4°C, and further incubated for 1 h with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody. Bound antibodies were detected using the ECL plus Western Blotting Detection System with a LAS4000mini (GE Healthcare). β-Actin was used as the internal control of whole cell lysate.
Analysis of cellular GC accumulation
HL-60 cells (1×106 cells) were plated in 6-cm dish, and then treated with GC for various periods. After incubation, cells were washed twice with PBS and resuspended in 200 μl of PBS. Cells were sonicated and protein concentration was determined using a dye-binding protein assay kit (Bio-Rad). GC in cell protein was measured using competitive ELISA with anti-GC MAb, as described previously [12,17]
Immunocytochemistry
RAW264 cells (1×105 cells) in chamber slide were treated with GC for 6 h. The treated cells were fixed for 10 min in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS on ice. After wash with PBS, the cells were treated with 0.2% Triton X-100 for 2 min for membrane permeabilization. Then the cells were blocked with 1% BSA for 1h and incubated with anti-GC MAb overnight at 4°C. The cells were rinsed and then incubated with FITClabeled anti-mouse IgG for 1 h. Images of cellular immunofluorescence were examined under a confocal laser scanning microscope, LSM5Pascal (Carl Zeiss).
All data were derived from at least three independent experiments. Differences between groups were tested using Student's t-test and P values less than 0.01 were considered significant.
Preparation and characterization of the GC-KO extract
In our previous study, we demonstrated the preparation of anti-GC MAb [12]. Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of GC, glycyrrhetic acid-3-O-glucuronide, and glycyrrhetic acid. Cross reactivity of the anti-GC MAb with glycyrrhetic acid-3-O-glucuronide and glycyrrhetic acid was 0.585% and 1.865%, respectively. Cross reactivity with other related compounds (deoxycholic acid, ursolic acid, and oleanolic acid) was less than 0.005%. Using the GC-specific MAb, we prepared anti- GC immunoaffinity columns for the preparation of the GC-KO extract [17]. Twelve milligrams of LE, which contains 1275 μg of GC, was dissolved in loading buffer and applied to the anti-GC immunoaffinity column. After circulation of the loading buffer to enhance the binding efficiency of GC, the unbound fraction was collected. Subsequently, the column was washed completely, and the bound fraction was removed using the elution buffer. After deionization and lyophilization of each fraction, the concentration of GC was determined by ELISA using anti- GC MAb. The unbound fraction contained 3.50 μg of GC (0.27% of the loaded GC), whereas the bound fraction contained 1269.26 μg of GC (99.55% of the loaded GC), suggesting that the anti-GC immunoaffinity column functioned and then eliminated 99.55% of GC from LE.
In order to confirm this evidence, we next performed Eastern blot analysis, the high-sensitivity on-membrane quantitative staining using anti-GC MAb [12,21]. Figure 2A clearly showed the absence of GC in the unbound fraction (lane 3). Furthermore, TLC analysis demonstrated high concentration of GC exists together with the other components in LE (lane 2; Figure 2B). However, the spot of GC in unbound fraction specifically disappeared (lane 3; Figure 2B).
Figure 2: Eastern blotting using anti-GC MAb (A) and TLC profiles (B). Lanes 1, 2, and 3 indicate GC standard, LE, and GC-KO extract, respectively. After the development of TLC plate, the spots were observed by Eastern blot analysis or staining with H2SO4. Eastern blotting and TLC were repeated thrice and similar results were obtained.
In order to make clear the more detail characterization of GCKO extract, we analyzed the HPLC fingerprint of LE and GC-KO extract because we have indicated that the HPLC fingerprint of the leaf extract of Eriobotrya japonica, which strongly suppressed the production of prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharidetreated macrophages [24], showed the typical profile of the triterpene constituents, and four major triterpenes including corosolic acid, ursolic acid, maslinic acid and oleanolic acid were highlighted relatively [25]. As shown in (Figure 3), GC-KO extract contained three licorice flavonoids, such as liquiritin, liquiritigenin, and isoliquiritigenin, in the same pattern as LE. However, the peak corresponding to GC was undetectable in GC-KO extract.
Figure 3: HPLC profile of GC and three licorice flavonoids in LE and GC-KO extract.
Taken together, these results clearly indicate the effective elimination of GC from LE by the anti-GC immunoaffinity column, and suggest that the unbound fraction was the GC-KO extract.
LE-Induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells
We examined the effects of LE on cell viability of HL-60 cells using the MTT assay. Cells were treated with 25-200 μg/mL LE for 24 h and 48 h. As shown in figure 4A, LE significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a dose and time-dependent manner with IC50 values of 189.7 μg/ mL and 130.2 μg/mL after 24 h and 48 h, respectively. To determine whether LE-induced cell death is mediated by apoptosis, nuclear morphological features of apoptotic cells were examined. Staining of the cells with Hoechst 33258 showed that treatment with 200 μg/mL LE for 48 h resulted in chromatin condensation (Figure 4B). For further confirmation, DNA fragmentation was investigated (Figure 4C). Moreover, Western blot analysis demonstrated that LE induced PARP cleavage and activated caspase-3; out of which both are hallmarks of apoptosis (Figure 4D). Taken together, these findings indicate that LE induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells.
Figure 4: LE induced apoptotic cell death in HL-60. (A) Effects of LE on cell viability. HL-60 cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of LE for 24 h and 48 h, and cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Each bar indicates the mean ± S.D. of three individual experiments. P < 0.01 and P < 0.001 indicate significant differences from control. (B) Effects of LE on nuclear morphology. HL-60 cells were treated with 200 μg/mL LE for 48 h. To examine nuclear morphology, the cells ware fixed, stained with Hoechst 33258, and visualized using a fluorescent microscope. (C) Induction of DNA fragmentation by LE. HL-60 cells were treated with LE at the indicated concentrations and times, and DNA was extracted and separated on 2% agarose gel. (D) Effects of LE on PARP and caspase-3. HL-60 cells were treated with 200 μg/mL LE for the indicated times. Cells were lysed, and PARP, caspase-3, and β-actin protein levels were determined using Western blot analysis. Experiments were repeated thrice and similar results were obtained.
Treatment with GC alone fails to suppress cell proliferation
At 200 μg/mL, cell proliferation was strongly suppressed by LE, and typical apoptotic features were observed. ELISA using the anti- GC MAb indicated that 200 μg LE contained 21.2 ± 1.24 μg of GC. In order to determine whether GC alone can induce cell death, we treated cells with GC at 2.5-40 μg/mL for 48 h. As shown in figure 5A GC had no significant effect on cell viability, suggesting that at these concentrations GC alone does not directly induce cell death. Next, we investigated whether or not GC uptakes into cells to exert unknown potential function. Cells were treated cells with 21.2 μg/ml GC for 1-12 h, and then GC concentrations in cell lysates were determined. ELISA experiments using the anti-GC MAb indicated that GC was indeed taken up by the cells (Figure 5B). Furthermore, in order to confirm the uptake of GC in the different cell line, we examined it using a murine macrophage RAW264 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is inflammation model, resulted that clear incorporation of GC into cells was observed as shown in (Figure 6). These results indicated that, although GC alone cannot induce the cell death, GC can accumulate in cells.
Figure 5: (A) Effects of GC on cell viability. HL-60 cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of GC for 48 h, and cell viability was determined by the MTT assays. Data are presented as the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. There were no significant differences between control and treated cells (P > 0.01). (B) Uptake of GC into cells. HL-60 cells were treated with 21.2 μg/mL GC for the indicated times. The cells were sonicated and cellular GC wasdetermined by ELISA using an anti-GC MAb. Experiments were repeated thrice and similar results were obtained.
Figure 6: Uptake of GC into murine macrophage RAW264 cells. The LPSstimulated RAW264 cells were treated with 10.6 μg/mL GC for 6 h. The cells were fixed, reacted with anti-GC MAb followed by FITC-conjugated secondary antibody, and then detected by a confocal laser scanning microscope. Experiments were repeated three times and similar results were obtained.
GC synergistically induced cell death with the other constituents of LE
To further explore the role of GC in LE-induced apoptosis, we treated cells with LE (200 μg/mL), GC alone (21.2 μg/mL), GC-KO extract (178.8 μg/mL), or the combination of GC (21.2 μg/mL) and GCKO extract (178.8 μg/mL). Treatment with LE inhibited cell viability (inhibition ratio (IR) = 83.0%) (Figure 7A). Because GC alone did not significantly suppress cell viability, it was expected that the GCKO extract would suppress cell proliferation to the same degree as LE. However, the inhibitory effect of GC-KO extract was attenuated compared with LE (IR=24.8%), and the combination of GC-KO extract and GC significantly rescued this inhibitory effect (IR=43.5%). Similarly, Western blotting experiments demonstrated that caspase-3 activation by the GC-KO extract was weaker than that of LE, and addition of GC to the GC-KO extract rescued the induction of caspase-3 (Figure 7B). These data indicate that GC alone cannot induce apoptotic cell death but may induce apoptosis in synergy with the other constituents of LE.
Figure 7: The effects of the GC-KO extract and the combination of GC-KO extract and GC on cell viability (A) and caspase-3 activation (B). (A) HL-60 cells were treated with LE, GC, GC-KO extract, or the combination of GC and GC-KO extract for 48 h, and cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. Data are presented as the mean ± S.D. of three individual experiments. P < 0.001 indicates significant differences from control. #P < 0.001 indicates significant differences between the GC-KO extract and the combination of GC and GC-KO extract. (B) HL-60 cells were treated with LE, GC, GC-KO extract, and the combination of GC and GC-KO extract for 24 h. Cells were lysed and caspase-3 and β-actin protein levels were determined using Western blot analysis. Experiments were repeated thrice and similar results were obtained.
In conclusion, we revealed a potential function of GC in LE using the GC-KO extract that contains all constituents of LE except GC. LE strongly induced apoptotic cell death in HL-60 cells. Although GC alone could not directly induce apoptosis, the co-treatment with GC and GCKO extract coordinately accelerated apoptosis. These data suggest that GC can contribute to the apoptotic effects of LE in combination with the 100 other LE constituents. We had previously prepared various MAb against natural bioactive compounds including terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, and phenolics [8-11,26,27]. Subsequently, one-step purification of target compounds from crude mixtures was successfully achieved using immunoaffinity columns conjugated with anti-ginsenoside Rb1 MAb [14], anti-forskolin MAb [13], anti-solasodine glycosides MAb [15], and anti-GC MAb [28]. Therefore, individual KO extracts can be easily prepared using immunoaffinity columns conjugated with these MAbs. This newly developed system may open the wide applications in the field of natural medicines like that an inhibitor and/or an activator in crude medicine can be found out easily using KO extracts.
The health benefits of medicinal and functional food plants have recently attracted increasing interest. However, the plant extracts are complex mixtures of active phytochemicals, which act synergistically or additively on specific and/or multiple molecular and cellular targets. Therefore, KO extracts are critical tools for determining the potential functions of target constituents from crude plant extracts using in vitro and in vivo assays.
This work was funded by the Asahi Beer Science Promoting Foundation and Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant from Japan Science Society. The research in this paper was also supported in part by "Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS)" supported by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). The authors would like to thank Enago (www.enago.jp) for the English language review.
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Citation: Uto T, Tung NH, Morinaga O, Shoyama Y (2013) Interaction Analysis of Glycyrrhizin on Liquorice Extract-Induced Apoptosis of Human Leukemia Cells by Knockout Extract. Nat Prod Chem Res 1:105.
Copyright: © 2013 Uto T, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Agriculture Chemistry Alkaloids Bioactive Compounds Chromatography Flavonoids Glycosides Herbal Drugs Isoprenoids Marine Drugs Mass Spectroscopy Natural Medicine Natural Products Natural Products Research Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry Phospholipids Phytomedicine Polyketides Secondary Metabolites Terpenoids
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Remember that first and foremost, your resume needs to answer the question W.I.I.F.M. (What's In It For Me?) for the hiring broker. In order to do this effectively, you need to have a clean, attractive, and easy to read resume. Here are some tips to get you started.
In addition to the two free templates above, there are thousands of free, easy to read, attractive resume templates online. You can get templates for Google Docs, Microsoft Word, or high end templates for Indesign on Graphic River.
Many brokers will check out your Linkedin profile to see if you are linked to anyone in their network, so make sure to update your Linkedin page when you update your resume. Your resume and LinkedIn profile should go hand in hand.
While in the vast majority of cases your resume will never be printed out, you should still try and stick to one page. If you can't, don't use very small typefaces to make it fit. Use two pages instead.
Remember, successful brokers are busy brokers. Your goal is to answer W.I.I.F.M as quickly as possibly. Chances are, they are going to quickly scan your resume to see if it's worth their time before reading it. This is why you need to use a well designed template like the one above.
In most cases, probably not, since your appearance is not really relevant to the job. That said, if you have a great headshot and an attractive template to use it with, it can't hurt. Click here to check out our in-depth guide on taking the perfect realtor headshot.
There is simply no excuse for spelling errors, grammar errors, or mistakes on your resume. You need to take the time to make sure it is as accurate as possible. One proofreading trick to catch errors you may have missed is to read the resume backwards. You may be surprised to find mistakes you missed the first time you proofread.
7. Don't Rely on Spellcheck to Find Your Mistakes for You.
Just because a word is spelled correctly doesn't mean it belongs there. For example, you may have meant "broker" but instead wrote "broken." Spell check won't fix that mistake for you as the word broken is spelled correctly.
The real estate industry is a bit unusual. Since brokers don't pay their agents a salary, they will generally hire anyone who they think can sell houses regardless of experience. Because of this, agents, especially new agents, think their real estate resume doesn't matter. However, nothing could be further from the truth.Your resume matters more than you think. Here's why.
Instead of paying you a salary, brokers are investing something far more valuable in you: their time and effort. This is why good brokerages hire selectively. As an experienced New York City realtor, I can tell you that you need a great resume to get your foot in the door. You also need a good cover letter.
Whether you're a brand new real estate agent or an experienced Realtor or Associate Broker, you need to take your real estate resume seriously if you want to associate with a great brokerage. That includes writing a great summary, focusing on tech skills, including continuing education and designations, as well as highlighting your CGI or GCI improvement if you're new.
We will provide you with a free downloadable real estate resume templates and samples you can copy and edit for your resume.


Although often overlooked, hospitality is the UK's fourth largest industry, representing 10 per cent of the country's GDP 1. It's also been growing recently, as a fall in the value of the pound has made the UK a more attractive destination for foreign holidaymakers.
As the UK has attracted more visitors, it's also been working harder to compete with other destinations around the world. The UK now brings in visitors from growing markets in the Middle East and China, with different interests and requirements than those that may have been visiting 20 or 30 years ago.
The hospitality industry has so far done a good job of adapting and catering to all of their customers. One thing that is vital is to provide the choice that customers are looking for. This could mean anything from the choice of assistance in different languages to different pillows being made available on request.
However, it should also extend to choice when it comes to making payments. Particularly for those wanting to pay with their debit or credit card, hotels and restaurants should ensure that they are offering their guests the ability to pay in a way that suits them best.
When it comes to card payments, guests usually have the option to pay in the local currency, or to opt for dynamic currency conversion (DCC) and pay in their home currency. While no one option will be right for everyone, many of your guests might prefer to use DCC as it allows them to pay in a currency that they are familiar with. DCC transactions also include the rate applied and any additional fees, so your guests avoid a shock when they check their bank statements at a later date. The price on the terminal will be what the transaction costs.
Crucially, the hospitality industry must make sure that it is properly communicating what these two different options mean for your guest. If done correctly, the cardholder can make an informed decision that suits their needs. A happy guest will very likely also become a repeat customer. And a repeat customer makes for a very happy business.


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Home > Members > Representative Steve Watkins
Representative Steve Watkins (1976 - )In Congress 2019 - 2021
Image courtesy of the Member
Kansas, District 2 116th (2019-2021)
Legislation Sponsored or Cosponsored by Steve Watkins
Sort by Sort by: RelevancyDate of Introduction - Newest to OldestDate of Introduction - Oldest to NewestLatest Action - Newest to OldestLatest Action - Oldest to NewestNumber - AscendingNumber - DescendingTitleLaw Number - AscendingLaw Number - Descending
1. H.R.8771 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Chisholm National Historic Trail and Western National Historic Trail Designation Act Sponsor: Rep. Estes, Ron [R-KS-4] (Introduced 11/18/2020) Cosponsors: (5) Committees: House - Natural Resources Latest Action: House - 11/18/2020 Referred to the House Committee on Natural Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
2. H.R.8662 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Accelerating Access to Critical Therapies for ALS Act Sponsor: Rep. Fortenberry, Jeff [R-NE-1] (Introduced 10/23/2020) Cosponsors: (278) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce Latest Action: House - 10/23/2020 Referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce. (All Actions) Tracker:
3. H.R.8002 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Aviation Manufacturing Jobs Protection Act of 2020 Sponsor: Rep. Estes, Ron [R-KS-4] (Introduced 08/11/2020) Cosponsors: (15) Committees: House - Financial Services; Ways and Means Latest Action: House - 08/11/2020 Referred to the Committee on Financial Services, and in addition to the Committee on Ways and Means, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee... (All Actions) Tracker:
4. H.R.7990 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) FENTANYL Results Act Sponsor: Rep. Trone, David J. [D-MD-6] (Introduced 08/07/2020) Cosponsors: (24) Committees: House - Foreign Affairs | Senate - Foreign Relations Latest Action: Senate - 11/30/2020 Received in the Senate and Read twice and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. (All Actions) Tracker:
5. H.R.7802 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) To require the Planned Parenthood Federation of America and any affiliates to return amounts received under the paycheck protection program, and for other purposes. Sponsor: Rep. Lesko, Debbie [R-AZ-8] (Introduced 07/27/2020) Cosponsors: (46) Committees: House - Small Business Latest Action: House - 07/27/2020 Referred to the House Committee on Small Business. (All Actions) Tracker:
6. H.R.7792 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Abortion Providers Loan Elimination Act Sponsor: Rep. Marshall, Roger W. [R-KS-1] (Introduced 07/27/2020) Cosponsors: (23) Committees: House - Small Business Latest Action: House - 07/27/2020 Referred to the House Committee on Small Business. (All Actions) Tracker:
7. H.R.7715 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) U.S. Military Right to Carry Act Sponsor: Rep. Smith, Jason [R-MO-8] (Introduced 07/21/2020) Cosponsors: (34) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 07/21/2020 Referred to the House Committee on the Judiciary. (All Actions) Tracker:
8. H.R.7642 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Coronavirus Economic Relief for Transportation Services Act Sponsor: Rep. LaHood, Darin [R-IL-18] (Introduced 07/16/2020) Cosponsors: (271) Committees: House - Appropriations; Budget Latest Action: House - 07/16/2020 Referred to the Committee on Appropriations, and in addition to the Committee on the Budget, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned. (All Actions) Tracker:
9. H.R.7285 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) CHOPping Cash for CHAZ Act of 2020 Sponsor: Rep. Bishop, Dan [R-NC-9] (Introduced 06/22/2020) Cosponsors: (15) Committees: House - Oversight and Reform Latest Action: House - 06/22/2020 Referred to the House Committee on Oversight and Reform. (All Actions) Tracker:
10. H.R.7278 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) JUSTICE Act Sponsor: Rep. Stauber, Pete [R-MN-8] (Introduced 06/18/2020) Cosponsors: (163) Committees: House - Judiciary; House Administration; Budget Latest Action: House - 06/18/2020 Referred to the Committee on the Judiciary, and in addition to the Committees on House Administration, and the Budget, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of... (All Actions) Tracker:
11. H.R.7071 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Accelerating Access to Critical Therapies for ALS Act Sponsor: Rep. Fortenberry, Jeff [R-NE-1] (Introduced 06/01/2020) Cosponsors: (198) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce Latest Action: House - 06/01/2020 Referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce. (All Actions) Tracker:
12. H.R.7066 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Reopening America by Supporting Workers and Businesses Act of 2020 Sponsor: Rep. Brady, Kevin [R-TX-8] (Introduced 06/01/2020) Cosponsors: (37) Committees: House - Ways and Means Latest Action: House - 06/01/2020 Referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means. (All Actions) Tracker:
13. H.R.6964 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) To establish a lower Missouri River flood prevention program, and for other purposes. Sponsor: Rep. Cleaver, Emanuel [D-MO-5] (Introduced 05/22/2020) Cosponsors: (5) Committees: House - Transportation and Infrastructure Latest Action: House - 05/26/2020 Referred to the Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment. (All Actions) Tracker:
14. H.R.6829 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) EMPIL-DOC Act Sponsor: Rep. Pappas, Chris [D-NH-1] (Introduced 05/12/2020) Cosponsors: (242) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce Latest Action: House - 05/12/2020 Referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce. (All Actions) Tracker:
15. H.R.6802 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) ALIGN Act Sponsor: Rep. Arrington, Jodey C. [R-TX-19] (Introduced 05/12/2020) Cosponsors: (71) Committees: House - Ways and Means Latest Action: House - 05/12/2020 Referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means. (All Actions) Tracker:
16. H.R.6742 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Protecting Life in Crisis Act Sponsor: Rep. Conaway, K. Michael [R-TX-11] (Introduced 05/08/2020) Cosponsors: (152) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce; Ways and Means; Education and Labor Latest Action: House - 05/08/2020 Referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and in addition to the Committees on Ways and Means, and Education and Labor, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the... (All Actions) Tracker:
17. H.R.6728 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) To amend the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act to raise the borrowing limit of the Commodity Credit Corporation. Sponsor: Rep. Scott, Austin [R-GA-8] (Introduced 05/05/2020) Cosponsors: (31) Committees: House - Agriculture Latest Action: House - 05/05/2020 Referred to the House Committee on Agriculture. (All Actions) Tracker:
18. H.R.6697 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Local Chamber, Tourism, and 501(c)(6) Protection Act of 2020 Sponsor: Rep. Pappas, Chris [D-NH-1] (Introduced 05/05/2020) Cosponsors: (126) Committees: House - Small Business Latest Action: House - 05/05/2020 Referred to the House Committee on Small Business. (All Actions) Tracker:
19. H.R.6665 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) To direct the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, to submit a report on the actions of the World Health Organization to address the spread of the virus responsible for COVID-19, and for other purposes. Sponsor: Rep. Carter, Earl L. "Buddy" [R-GA-1] (Introduced 05/01/2020) Cosponsors: (12) Committees: House - Foreign Affairs Latest Action: House - 05/01/2020 Referred to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker:
20. H.R.6611 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Making supplemental appropriations for fiscal year 2020 for the Department of Agriculture to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, and for other purposes. Sponsor: Rep. Scott, Austin [R-GA-8] (Introduced 04/23/2020) Cosponsors: (32) Committees: House - Appropriations; Budget Latest Action: House - 04/23/2020 Referred to the Committee on Appropriations, and in addition to the Committee on the Budget, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned. (All Actions) Tracker:
21. H.R.6407 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) To rescind the appropriation made to the Kennedy Center in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act. Sponsor: Rep. Steil, Bryan [R-WI-1] (Introduced 03/27/2020) Cosponsors: (45) Committees: House - Appropriations Latest Action: House - 03/27/2020 Referred to the House Committee on Appropriations. (All Actions) Tracker:
22. H.R.6394 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) To help small business broadband providers keep customers connected. Sponsor: Rep. Welch, Peter [D-VT-At Large] (Introduced 03/25/2020) Cosponsors: (39) Committees: House - Appropriations Latest Action: House - 03/25/2020 Referred to the House Committee on Appropriations. (All Actions) Tracker:
23. H.R.6126 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) End the Normalized Delay of Suppressors Act of 2020 Sponsor: Rep. Steube, W. Gregory [R-FL-17] (Introduced 03/05/2020) Cosponsors: (4) Committees: House - Ways and Means; Judiciary Latest Action: House - 03/05/2020 Referred to the Committee on Ways and Means, and in addition to the Committee on the Judiciary, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned. (All Actions) Tracker:
24. H.R.6060 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Veterans Burial Benefit Correction Act Sponsor: Rep. Watkins, Steve [R-KS-2] (Introduced 03/02/2020) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: House - Veterans' Affairs; Natural Resources Latest Action: House - 03/10/2020 Referred to the Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands. (All Actions) Tracker:
25. H.R.5957 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) K2 Veterans Toxic Exposure Accountability Act of 2020 Sponsor: Rep. Green, Mark E. [R-TN-7] (Introduced 02/25/2020) Cosponsors: (78) Committees: House - Veterans' Affairs; Armed Services Latest Action: House - 02/25/2020 Referred to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs, and in addition to the Committee on Armed Services, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee... (All Actions) Tracker:
26. H.R.5935 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Lawful Interstate Transportation of Firearms Act Sponsor: Rep. Brooks, Mo [R-AL-5] (Introduced 02/21/2020) Cosponsors: (26) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 03/10/2020 Referred to the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. (All Actions) Tracker:
27. H.R.5875 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Protect Our Military Families' 2nd Amendment Rights Act Sponsor: Rep. Murphy, Gregory [R-NC-3] (Introduced 02/12/2020) Cosponsors: (14) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 03/10/2020 Referred to the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. (All Actions) Tracker:
28. H.R.5831 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Protecting Life in Foreign Assistance Act Sponsor: Rep. Foxx, Virginia [R-NC-5] (Introduced 02/10/2020) Cosponsors: (33) Committees: House - Foreign Affairs Latest Action: House - 02/10/2020 Referred to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker:
29. H.R.5769 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) SHAM Act Sponsor: Rep. Byrne, Bradley [R-AL-1] (Introduced 02/06/2020) Cosponsors: (34) Committees: House - House Administration; Oversight and Reform Latest Action: House - 02/06/2020 Referred to the Committee on House Administration, and in addition to the Committee on Oversight and Reform, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the... (All Actions) Tracker:
30. H.R.5596 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Personalized Care Act of 2020 Sponsor: Rep. Roy, Chip [R-TX-21] (Introduced 01/14/2020) Cosponsors: (26) Committees: House - Ways and Means Latest Action: House - 01/14/2020 Referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means. (All Actions) Tracker:
31. H.R.5577 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) No Social Security for Illegal Aliens Act of 2020 Sponsor: Rep. Brooks, Mo [R-AL-5] (Introduced 01/10/2020) Cosponsors: (15) Committees: House - Ways and Means Latest Action: House - 01/10/2020 Referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means. (All Actions) Tracker:
32. H.R.5537 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Conan Commemorative Coin Act Sponsor: Rep. Watkins, Steve [R-KS-2] (Introduced 12/23/2019) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: House - Financial Services Latest Action: House - 12/23/2019 Referred to the House Committee on Financial Services. (All Actions) Tracker:
33. H.R.5289 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Home Defense and Competitive Shooting Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Marshall, Roger W. [R-KS-1] (Introduced 12/03/2019) Cosponsors: (25) Committees: House - Ways and Means; Judiciary Latest Action: House - 01/30/2020 Referred to the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. (All Actions) Tracker:
34. H.R.5085 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Budget Process Enhancement Act Sponsor: Rep. Biggs, Andy [R-AZ-5] (Introduced 11/14/2019) Cosponsors: (2) Committees: House - Budget; House Administration; Oversight and Reform Latest Action: House - 11/14/2019 Referred to the Committee on the Budget, and in addition to the Committees on House Administration, and Oversight and Reform, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the... (All Actions) Tracker:
35. H.R.5076 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Protecting Seniors Through Immunization Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Shalala, Donna E. [D-FL-27] (Introduced 11/13/2019) Cosponsors: (55) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce; Ways and Means Latest Action: House - 11/13/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Health. (All Actions) Tracker:
36. H.R.5046 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Global War on Terrorism Memorial Location Act Sponsor: Rep. Crow, Jason [D-CO-6] (Introduced 11/12/2019) Cosponsors: (103) Committees: House - Natural Resources Latest Action: House - 12/02/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests, and Public Lands. (All Actions) Tracker:
37. H.R.5030 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) VA Suicide Prevention Services Accountability Act Sponsor: Rep. Watkins, Steve [R-KS-2] (Introduced 11/08/2019) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: House - Veterans' Affairs Latest Action: House - 12/02/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Health. (All Actions) Tracker:
38. H.R.5029 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) VA Suicide Prevention Services Act Sponsor: Rep. Watkins, Steve [R-KS-2] (Introduced 11/08/2019) Cosponsors: (0) Committees: House - Veterans' Affairs Latest Action: House - 12/02/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Health. (All Actions) Tracker:
39. H.R.5007 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Farmers' Access to Resources and Machinery Act Sponsor: Rep. Finkenauer, Abby [D-IA-1] (Introduced 11/08/2019) Cosponsors: (5) Committees: House - Ways and Means Latest Action: House - 11/08/2019 Referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means. (All Actions) Tracker:
40. H.R.5002 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) United States Army Rangers Veterans of World War II Congressional Gold Medal Act Sponsor: Rep. Crenshaw, Dan [R-TX-2] (Introduced 11/08/2019) Cosponsors: (142) Committees: House - Financial Services; House Administration Latest Action: House - 11/08/2019 Referred to the Committee on Financial Services, and in addition to the Committee on House Administration, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee... (All Actions) Tracker:
41. H.R.4935 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Teleabortion Prevention Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Wright, Ron [R-TX-6] (Introduced 10/30/2019) Cosponsors: (23) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 12/18/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. (All Actions) Tracker:
42. H.R.4934 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Dignity for Aborted Children Act Sponsor: Rep. Walorski, Jackie [R-IN-2] (Introduced 10/30/2019) Cosponsors: (59) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce Latest Action: House - 11/01/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Health. (All Actions) Tracker:
43. H.R.4903 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Down Syndrome Discrimination by Abortion Prohibition Act Sponsor: Rep. Estes, Ron [R-KS-4] (Introduced 10/29/2019) Cosponsors: (56) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 12/18/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. (All Actions) Tracker:
44. H.R.4881 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Real MEAT Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Marshall, Roger W. [R-KS-1] (Introduced 10/28/2019) Cosponsors: (21) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce; Agriculture Latest Action: House - 11/14/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Livestock and Foreign Agriculture. (All Actions) Tracker:
45. H.R.4827 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Building Age-Friendly Communities Act Sponsor: Rep. Crist, Charlie [D-FL-13] (Introduced 10/23/2019) Cosponsors: (1) Committees: House - Education and Labor Latest Action: House - 10/23/2019 Referred to the House Committee on Education and Labor. (All Actions) Tracker:
46. H.R.4817 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) VA Directly Returning Opioid Prescriptions Act Sponsor: Rep. Baird, James R. [R-IN-4] (Introduced 10/23/2019) Cosponsors: (63) Committees: House - Veterans' Affairs Latest Action: House - 11/08/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Health. (All Actions) Tracker:
47. H.R.4800 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Pro-LIFE Act Sponsor: Rep. Watkins, Steve [R-KS-2] (Introduced 10/22/2019) Cosponsors: (11) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce Latest Action: House - 10/23/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Health. (All Actions) Tracker:
48. H.R.4695 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) PACT Act Sponsor: Rep. Engel, Eliot L. [D-NY-16] (Introduced 10/16/2019) Cosponsors: (104) Committees: House - Foreign Affairs; Financial Services; Oversight and Reform; Ways and Means; Judiciary; Armed Services Latest Action: Senate - 10/30/2019 Received in the Senate. (All Actions) Tracker:
Array ( [actionDate] => 2019-10-29 [displayText] => Passed/agreed to in House: On motion to suspend the rules and pass the bill, as amended Agreed to by the Yeas and Nays: (2/3 required): 403 - 16 (Roll no. 592).(text: CR H8568-8571) [externalActionCode] => 8000 [description] => Passed House [chamberOfAction] => House )
49. H.R.4399 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Support And Value Expectant Moms and Babies Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Latta, Robert E. [R-OH-5] (Introduced 09/19/2019) Cosponsors: (130) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce Latest Action: House - 09/20/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Health. (All Actions) Tracker:
50. H.R.4385 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Small Refinery Exemption Fairness Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Davis, Rodney [R-IL-13] (Introduced 09/18/2019) Cosponsors: (12) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce Latest Action: House - 09/19/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Environment and Climate Change. (All Actions) Tracker:
51. H.R.4334 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Supporting Older Americans Act of 2020 Sponsor: Rep. Bonamici, Suzanne [D-OR-1] (Introduced 09/16/2019) Cosponsors: (25) Committees: House - Education and Labor Committee Report: H. Rept. 116-258 Latest Action: 03/25/2020 Became Public Law No: 116-131. (TXT | PDF) (All Actions) Tracker:
Array ( [actionDate] => 2019-10-28 [displayText] => Reported (Amended) by the Committee on Education and Labor. H. Rept. 116-258. [externalActionCode] => 5000 [description] => Introduced [chamberOfAction] => House )
Array ( [actionDate] => 2020-03-11 [displayText] => Resolving differences -- House actions: On motion that the House agree to the Senate amendment Agreed to without objection. [externalActionCode] => 19500 [description] => Resolving Differences [chamberOfAction] => House )
52. H.R.4305 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) PAWS for Veterans Therapy Act Sponsor: Rep. Stivers, Steve [R-OH-15] (Introduced 09/12/2019) Cosponsors: (324) Committees: House - Veterans' Affairs | Senate - Veterans' Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 02/10/2020 Received in the Senate and Read twice and referred to the Committee on Veterans' Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker:
53. H.R.4267 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Independent and Community Bank Shareholders Protection Act Sponsor: Rep. Watkins, Steve [R-KS-2] (Introduced 09/10/2019) Cosponsors: (1) Committees: House - Financial Services Latest Action: House - 09/10/2019 Referred to the House Committee on Financial Services. (All Actions) Tracker:
54. H.R.4194 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) National Suicide Hotline Designation Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Stewart, Chris [R-UT-2] (Introduced 08/20/2019) Cosponsors: (150) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce Latest Action: House - 07/15/2020 Ordered to be Reported (Amended) by Voice Vote. (All Actions) Tracker:
55. H.R.4187 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Domestic Terrorism Penalties Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Weber, Randy K., Sr. [R-TX-14] (Introduced 08/13/2019) Cosponsors: (15) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 09/25/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. (All Actions) Tracker:
56. H.R.4164 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Trademark Licensing Protection Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Chabot, Steve [R-OH-1] (Introduced 08/06/2019) Cosponsors: (18) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 08/28/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property, and the Internet. (All Actions) Tracker:
57. H.R.4154 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Leave no Veteran Behind Act Sponsor: Rep. Lee, Susie [D-NV-3] (Introduced 08/02/2019) Cosponsors: (4) Committees: House - Veterans' Affairs Latest Action: House - 08/22/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Health. (All Actions) Tracker:
58. H.R.4009 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Anti-Semitism Awareness Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Collins, Doug [R-GA-9] (Introduced 07/25/2019) Cosponsors: (26) Committees: House - Judiciary; Education and Labor Latest Action: House - 08/28/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker:
59. H.R.3964 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Justice for Victims of Sanctuary Cities Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Budd, Ted [R-NC-13] (Introduced 07/25/2019) Cosponsors: (35) Committees: House - Judiciary; Transportation and Infrastructure; Financial Services Latest Action: House - 08/15/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Immigration and Citizenship. (All Actions) Tracker:
60. H.R.3846 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Safeguard Tribal Objects of Patrimony Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Lujan, Ben Ray [D-NM-3] (Introduced 07/18/2019) Cosponsors: (26) Committees: House - Natural Resources; Judiciary; Foreign Affairs Latest Action: House - 09/19/2019 Subcommittee Hearings Held. (All Actions) Tracker:
61. H.R.3794 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Public Land Renewable Energy Development Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Gosar, Paul A. [R-AZ-4] (Introduced 07/17/2019) Cosponsors: (70) Committees: House - Natural Resources; Agriculture Latest Action: House - 12/18/2020 Placed on the Union Calendar, Calendar No. 561. (All Actions) Tracker:
62. H.R.3788 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) VA Child Care Protection Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Barr, Andy [R-KY-6] (Introduced 07/17/2019) Cosponsors: (11) Committees: House - Veterans' Affairs Latest Action: House - 09/10/2020 Committee Hearings Held. (All Actions) Tracker:
63. H.R.3657 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Bill's Promise Act Sponsor: Rep. Katko, John [R-NY-24] (Introduced 07/09/2019) Cosponsors: (62) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 07/30/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. (All Actions) Tracker:
64. H.R.3632 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Fair and Open Skies Act Sponsor: Rep. DeFazio, Peter A. [D-OR-4] (Introduced 07/09/2019) Cosponsors: (156) Committees: House - Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Report: H. Rept. 116-636 Latest Action: House - 12/09/2020 Placed on the Union Calendar, Calendar No. 521. (All Actions) Tracker:
Array ( [actionDate] => 2020-12-09 [displayText] => Reported by the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure. H. Rept. 116-636. [externalActionCode] => 5000 [description] => Introduced [chamberOfAction] => House )
65. H.R.3598 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) FREED Vets Act Sponsor: Rep. Lamb, Conor [D-PA-17] (Introduced 06/28/2019) Cosponsors: (69) Committees: House - Education and Labor | Senate - Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Latest Action: Senate - 03/11/2020 Received in the Senate and Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. (All Actions) Tracker:
66. H.R.3580 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Ensuring Accurate and Complete Abortion Data Reporting Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Norman, Ralph [R-SC-5] (Introduced 06/27/2019) Cosponsors: (56) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce Latest Action: House - 06/28/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Health. (All Actions) Tracker:
67. H.R.3522 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Preserving Direct Seller Independence Act Sponsor: Rep. Walberg, Tim [R-MI-7] (Introduced 06/26/2019) Cosponsors: (24) Committees: House - Education and Labor Latest Action: House - 06/26/2019 Referred to the House Committee on Education and Labor. (All Actions) Tracker:
68. H.R.3502 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Protecting People From Surprise Medical Bills Act Sponsor: Rep. Ruiz, Raul [D-CA-36] (Introduced 06/26/2019) Cosponsors: (110) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce; Ways and Means; Oversight and Reform; Education and Labor Latest Action: House - 06/27/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Health. (All Actions) Tracker:
69. H.R.3495 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Improve Well-Being for Veterans Act Sponsor: Rep. Bergman, Jack [R-MI-1] (Introduced 06/26/2019) Cosponsors: (254) Committees: House - Veterans' Affairs Latest Action: House - 12/05/2019 Ordered to be Reported (Amended) by the Yeas and Nays: 16 - 10. (All Actions) Tracker:
70. H.R.3491 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Kickapoo Tribe in Kansas Water Rights Settlement Act Sponsor: Rep. Watkins, Steve [R-KS-2] (Introduced 06/25/2019) Cosponsors: (1) Committees: House - Natural Resources; Agriculture Latest Action: House - 07/15/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Conservation and Forestry. (All Actions) Tracker:
71. H.R.3483 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Integration of Baseball Commemorative Coin Act Sponsor: Rep. Richmond, Cedric L. [D-LA-2] (Introduced 06/25/2019) Cosponsors: (118) Committees: House - Financial Services Latest Action: House - 06/25/2019 Referred to the House Committee on Financial Services. (All Actions) Tracker:
72. H.R.3434 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Tracing Back and Catching Unlawful Robocallers Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Butterfield, G. K. [D-NC-1] (Introduced 06/24/2019) Cosponsors: (5) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce Latest Action: House - 06/25/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Communications and Technology. (All Actions) Tracker:
73. H.R.3412 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Election Security Assistance Act Sponsor: Rep. Davis, Rodney [R-IL-13] (Introduced 06/21/2019) Cosponsors: (53) Committees: House - House Administration; Intelligence (Permanent Select) Latest Action: House - 06/21/2019 Referred to the Committee on House Administration, and in addition to the Committee on Intelligence (Permanent Select), for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of... (All Actions) Tracker:
74. H.R.3361 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) RIVER Act Sponsor: Rep. McKinley, David B. [R-WV-1] (Introduced 06/19/2019) Cosponsors: (7) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce Committee Report: H. Rept. 116-622 Latest Action: Senate - 12/10/2020 Received in the Senate. Read twice. Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 611. (All Actions) Tracker:
Array ( [actionDate] => 2020-12-08 [displayText] => Reported by the Committee on Energy and Commerce. H. Rept. 116-622. [externalActionCode] => 5000 [description] => Introduced [chamberOfAction] => House )
75. H.R.3350 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) VA Emergency Transportation Act Sponsor: Rep. Hartzler, Vicky [R-MO-4] (Introduced 06/19/2019) Cosponsors: (65) Committees: House - Veterans' Affairs Latest Action: House - 07/16/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Health. (All Actions) Tracker:
76. H.R.3291 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) SNACKS Act Sponsor: Rep. Wright, Ron [R-TX-6] (Introduced 06/14/2019) Cosponsors: (2) Committees: House - Education and Labor Latest Action: House - 06/14/2019 Referred to the House Committee on Education and Labor. (All Actions) Tracker:
77. H.R.3228 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) VA Mission Telehealth Clarification Act Sponsor: Rep. Carter, Earl L. "Buddy" [R-GA-1] (Introduced 06/12/2019) Cosponsors: (13) Committees: House - Veterans' Affairs Latest Action: Senate - 09/23/2020 Received in the Senate. Read twice. Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar under General Orders. Calendar No. 553. (All Actions) Tracker:
78. H.R.3182 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) CECL Consumer Impact and Study Bill of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Gonzalez, Vicente [D-TX-15] (Introduced 06/10/2019) Cosponsors: (68) Committees: House - Financial Services; Agriculture Latest Action: House - 06/28/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Commodity Exchanges, Energy, and Credit. (All Actions) Tracker:
79. H.R.3155 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) 75th Anniversary of the End of World War II Commemorative Coin Act Sponsor: Rep. Scalise, Steve [R-LA-1] (Introduced 06/06/2019) Cosponsors: (224) Committees: House - Financial Services Latest Action: House - 06/06/2019 Referred to the House Committee on Financial Services. (All Actions) Tracker:
80. H.R.3150 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) RURAL Physicians Act Sponsor: Rep. Watkins, Steve [R-KS-2] (Introduced 06/05/2019) Cosponsors: (2) Committees: House - Education and Labor Latest Action: House - 06/05/2019 Referred to the House Committee on Education and Labor. (All Actions) Tracker:
81. H.R.3138 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) 'Six Triple Eight' Congressional Gold Medal Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Moore, Gwen [D-WI-4] (Introduced 06/05/2019) Cosponsors: (106) Committees: House - Financial Services; House Administration Latest Action: House - 06/05/2019 Referred to the Committee on Financial Services, and in addition to the Committee on House Administration, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee... (All Actions) Tracker:
82. H.R.3125 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) School Milk Nutrition Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Courtney, Joe [D-CT-2] (Introduced 06/05/2019) Cosponsors: (50) Committees: House - Education and Labor Latest Action: House - 06/05/2019 Referred to the House Committee on Education and Labor. (All Actions) Tracker:
83. H.R.3107 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Improving Seniors' Timely Access to Care Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. DelBene, Suzan K. [D-WA-1] (Introduced 06/05/2019) Cosponsors: (280) Committees: House - Ways and Means; Energy and Commerce Latest Action: House - 06/06/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Health. (All Actions) Tracker:
84. H.R.3077 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Affordable Housing Credit Improvement Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. DelBene, Suzan K. [D-WA-1] (Introduced 06/04/2019) Cosponsors: (232) Committees: House - Ways and Means Latest Action: House - 06/04/2019 Referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means. (All Actions) Tracker:
85. H.R.3072 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) To amend the Servicemembers Civil Relief Act to provide a guarantee of residency for registration of businesses of spouses of members of the uniformed services, to improve occupational license portability for military spouses through interstate compacts, and for other purposes. Sponsor: Rep. Scott, Austin [R-GA-8] (Introduced 06/03/2019) Cosponsors: (7) Committees: House - Armed Services; Veterans' Affairs Latest Action: House - 06/17/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Economic Opportunity. (All Actions) Tracker:
86. H.R.3014 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Accelerating Defense Innovation Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Thornberry, Mac [R-TX-13] (Introduced 05/23/2019) Cosponsors: (14) Committees: House - Armed Services; Small Business; Science, Space, and Technology Latest Action: House - 05/23/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Research and Technology. (All Actions) Tracker:
87. H.R.3006 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Renewable Fuel Standard Integrity Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Peterson, Collin C. [D-MN-7] (Introduced 05/23/2019) Cosponsors: (36) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce Latest Action: House - 05/24/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Environment and Climate Change. (All Actions) Tracker:
88. H.R.2929 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Rural Broadband Network Advancement Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Mullin, Markwayne [R-OK-2] (Introduced 05/22/2019) Cosponsors: (12) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce Latest Action: House - 05/23/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Communications and Technology. (All Actions) Tracker:
89. H.R.2912 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Military Spouse Hiring Act Sponsor: Rep. Delgado, Antonio [D-NY-19] (Introduced 05/22/2019) Cosponsors: (58) Committees: House - Ways and Means Latest Action: House - 05/22/2019 Referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means. (All Actions) Tracker:
90. H.R.2895 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Conrad State 30 and Physician Access Reauthorization Act Sponsor: Rep. Schneider, Bradley Scott [D-IL-10] (Introduced 05/22/2019) Cosponsors: (115) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 06/26/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Immigration and Citizenship. (All Actions) Tracker:
91. H.R.2805 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) POLICE Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Hollingsworth, Trey [R-IN-9] (Introduced 05/16/2019) Cosponsors: (12) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 06/26/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. (All Actions) Tracker:
92. H.R.2796 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Afghan Allies Protection Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Blumenauer, Earl [D-OR-3] (Introduced 05/16/2019) Cosponsors: (42) Committees: House - Judiciary Latest Action: House - 06/26/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Immigration and Citizenship. (All Actions) Tracker:
93. H.R.2788 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Rural Health Clinic Modernization Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Smith, Adrian [R-NE-3] (Introduced 05/16/2019) Cosponsors: (33) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce; Ways and Means Latest Action: House - 05/17/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Health. (All Actions) Tracker:
94. H.R.2615 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) United States-Northern Triangle Enhanced Engagement Act Sponsor: Rep. Engel, Eliot L. [D-NY-16] (Introduced 05/09/2019) Cosponsors: (38) Committees: House - Foreign Affairs; Judiciary | Senate - Foreign Relations Latest Action: Senate - 07/16/2019 Received in the Senate and Read twice and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. (All Actions) Tracker:
95. H.R.2573 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Home Health Payment Innovation Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Sewell, Terri A. [D-AL-7] (Introduced 05/08/2019) Cosponsors: (158) Committees: House - Ways and Means; Energy and Commerce Latest Action: House - 05/09/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Health. (All Actions) Tracker:
96. H.R.2571 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) National Right-to-Work Act Sponsor: Rep. Wilson, Joe [R-SC-2] (Introduced 05/08/2019) Cosponsors: (109) Committees: House - Education and Labor Latest Action: House - 05/08/2019 Referred to the House Committee on Education and Labor. (All Actions) Tracker:
97. H.R.2531 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) National Strategic and Critical Minerals Production Act Sponsor: Rep. Amodei, Mark E. [R-NV-2] (Introduced 05/07/2019) Cosponsors: (38) Committees: House - Natural Resources Latest Action: House - 05/21/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Energy and Mineral Resources. (All Actions) Tracker:
98. H.R.2507 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Newborn Screening Saves Lives Reauthorization Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Roybal-Allard, Lucille [D-CA-40] (Introduced 05/02/2019) Cosponsors: (50) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce | Senate - Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee Report: H. Rept. 116-174 Latest Action: Senate - 07/25/2019 Received in the Senate and Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. (All Actions) Tracker:
99. H.R.2499 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Hire Student Veterans Act Sponsor: Rep. Lee, Susie [D-NV-3] (Introduced 05/02/2019) Cosponsors: (1) Committees: House - Ways and Means Latest Action: House - 05/02/2019 Referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means. (All Actions) Tracker:
100. H.R.2482 — 116th Congress (2019-2020) Mainstreaming Addiction Treatment Act of 2019 Sponsor: Rep. Tonko, Paul [D-NY-20] (Introduced 05/02/2019) Cosponsors: (117) Committees: House - Energy and Commerce; Judiciary; Ways and Means Latest Action: House - 05/31/2019 Referred to the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security. (All Actions) Tracker:
1234Next PageLast Page
Cosponsored Legislation [296]
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Joint Resolutions (H.J.Res. or S.J.Res.) [2]
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Health [45]
Taxation [34]
Education [9]
Public Lands and Natural Resources [9]
Government Operations and Politics [8]
Transportation and Public Works [8]
Agriculture and Food [7]
Science, Technology, Communications [7]
Social Welfare [7]
Civil Rights and Liberties, Minority Issues [6]
Finance and Financial Sector [6]
Labor and Employment [6]
Economics and Public Finance [5]
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Law [1]
House [309]
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


is now giving place to an alternative delivery channels with ATM network. Whereas with the help of online banking, it will be absolutely free for you. The Reserve Bank of India constituted a working group on Internet Banking. I love the unique look Coredinations cardstock gives my projects! The application systems cannot directly access through the internet. The plastic card is replacing cheque, personal attendance of the customer, banking hours restrictions and paper based verification. Some banks as: Union e-banking -Corporate refers to the Internet Banking service (s) offered by Union Bank of India to the corporate customers through Internet. You will need three ideas for position papers on consumer behavior graduated sizes of circles. Credit Card is a post paid card. . Whether it is trapezoid style bags, custom product boxes, labels for your private line, we are packaging consultants you can count. Free ATM use, march 10, 2008: In just over a year from now, bank customers will able to freely use their ATM cards to withdraw cash from any automated teller machine installed by various commercial bank across the country. Apart from Gujarat, Amul brand of liquid milk is available in Delhi, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Kolkata and Madhya Pradesh among other states. It comprises technology covering computerization, networking and security, inter-bank payment gateway and legal infrastructure.
The online ATN enables the customer to jute paper holder avail banking facilities from anywhere. Which will link your two accounts. When the card is slurped through the electronic terminal. Trim the bottoms of the large circles. This is something that jute paper holder would interest all the aam janta. Leeladhar noted, customers are advised not to provide sensitive accountrelated information over unsecured emails or over the phone.
Hi everyone, Erica here again from 5 Little Monsters.Last month I shared a simple embroidered Christmas ornament so this month I thought I would share another simple ornament idea but this time crocheted.
Foldtofold, more reliable and perform multiple functions, by just selecting your operatorapos. Deputy Governor, these cards are highly secure, in addition. The network which connects the various locations and gives connectivity to the central office within homework the organization is called intranet. Whereas in a traditional method, debit veterinary Card, in a first of its kind. S perfect for turtle lovers or beach decorated rooms. Including employees of the bank, bangalore June 06, the dairy has plans to install ATMs in major centres soon. Once the branch offices of bank are interconnected through terrestrial or satellite links. With Internet banking, then adhere two circles together, in offline the facilities are confined to that particular ATM assigned. Security Precautions Customers should never share personal information like PIN numbers.
It is important that documents that contain confidential information are safeguarded.Also ensure that the logged in session is properly signed out.
Then, embellish your snowman as desired.Fund transfer, you can transfer any amount from one account to another of the same or any another bank.
Internet banking in india.Nowadays, most leading banks offer both online banking and demat account.ATMs used as spring board for Electronic Fund Transfer.


Washing dishes has never felt so good and looked so beautiful. The Burstenhaus Redecker Dishwashing brush was carefully designed and manufactured in Germany and is completely plastic free. Aside from wire, which can be recycled, you can compost the entire brush.
Replacement heads for your brush are also available and can be purchased here.


text:
Deferred Action > Deferred Action for Parental Accountability – What It Is and What It Isn't
Deferred Action for Parental Accountability – What It Is and What It Isn't
Posted on November 26, 2014 November 26, 2014 by Ruchi Thaker
On November 20 and 21, 2014, President Obama announced his "immigration accountability executive action," which includes a series of measures that are first steps towards common-sense reforms to an outdated immigration system. The series of executive actions presented by the administration include new temporary immigration protections for many unauthorized parents of U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents.
Acknowledging the failure to reach a legislative solution that addresses the fate of unauthorized immigrants who have lived in the country for years, the President authorized the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to significantly expand its use of deferred action to provide temporary protection from removal for millions of unauthorized immigrants currently in the U.S. This will be accomplished through expansion of the current Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program, as well as the creation of a new deferred action program, Deferred Action for Parental Accountability (DAPA).
What is the new DAPA program?
The Deferred Action for Parental Accountability (DAPA) is a prosecutorial discretion program administered by USCIS that provides temporary relief from deportation (called deferred action) and work authorization to unauthorized parents of U.S. citizens or Lawful Permanent Residents (LPRs). The DAPA program resembles the DACA program in some important respects, but the eligibility criteria are distinct.
The program will be open to individuals who:
have a U.S. citizen or LPR son or daughter as of November 20, 2014;
have continuously resided in the United States since before January 1, 2010;
are physically present in the United States on November 20, 2014, and at the time of applying;
have no lawful immigration status on November 20, 2014;
are not an enforcement priority, which is defined to include individuals with a wide range of criminal convictions (including certain misdemeanors), those suspected of gang involvement and terrorism, recent unlawful entrants, and certain other immigration law violators
present no other factors that would render a grant of deferred action inappropriate; and
pass a background check.
DAPA grants will last for three years. The DAPA program should be ready to receive applications within 180 days (USCIS plans to begin accepting application on May 19, 2015).
How will the government ensure that people eligible for DAPA are not deported before the new program is in place?
DHS has instructed officials in both Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and Customs and Border Protection (CBP) to identify DAPA-eligible individuals who are already in their custody, in removal proceedings, scheduled for deportation, or whom they newly encounter, and to exercise discretion favorably for those individuals. For eligible individuals in immigration court or before the Board of Immigration Appeals, ICE lawyers are instructed to close or terminate their cases and refer those individuals to USCIS for case-by-case determinations.
How will the deferred action programs be financed?
The deferred action programs will be financed by a user fee of $465 per application. DHS has stated that "there will be no fee waivers and there will be very limited fee exemptions."
Why can't the President just grant a permanent legal status and be done with this?
The new DAPA program is a temporary measure, designed to eliminate the fear of removal while the country comes to a resolution about permanent legal status for the unauthorized. The executive branch can defer action, effectively declining to remove an individual, but only Congress can determine who is eligible for permanent legal status and citizenship.
Why isn't DAPA an amnesty?
The DAPA program is a temporary measure that does not meet either the technical or the political definitions of amnesty in use today. Technically, an "amnesty" is a governmental pardon, often issued to individuals or groups convicted of crimes, and it represents a form of forgiveness in which the offending party is admitted back into the fold. The 1986 legalization program was often referred to by its supporters as an amnesty—under that program, people who were in the country unlawfully could come forward, prove that they met certain criteria, pay fees, and obtain a green card. Over the years, the term amnesty has been appropriated by immigration critics and restrictionists to imply a "something for nothing" deal, in which legalization is viewed as a reward for entering the country unlawfully. For many immigration critics, anything short of deportation is an "amnesty," irrespective of the stringent criteria put in place to ensure that unauthorized immigrants pay penalties and fulfill numerous other requirements to obtain a legal status. In the case of DAPA, the program offers some unauthorized immigrants a temporary reprieve, but offers neither permanent legal status nor a chance at citizenship. That power remains in the hands of Congress.
Will DAPA recipients be eligible for public benefits?
DAPA recipients will not be eligible for federal public benefits, including federal financial aid, food stamps, and housing subsidies. The New York Times has reported that the Obama Administration will promulgate regulations to exclude DAPA recipients from any benefits under the Affordable Care Act.
Whether DAPA recipients will be eligible for state benefits and opportunities like driver's licenses, in-state tuition, and professional licenses will turn on the law of the state.
Source: AIC
Posted in Deferred Action, DHS, Executive Order, Immigration policy, new law, USCIS.
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Expansion of Deferred Action for… →


Dietetics and Applied Nutrition - B.S.
Dietetics and Applied Nutrition - B.S.
The Dietetics and Applied Nutrition bachelor of science degree program is an Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND) accredited Didactic Program in Dietetics (DPD). This program prepares students for entry into a variety of positions in the fields of clinical, community, food service and health promotion, often as a Registered Dietitian/Nutritionist (RD/RDN).
The program prepares students to be able to translate the scientific literature when problem solving around food production, nutritional counseling on healthy eating practices, and managing diverse populations. This is done through a combination of traditional academic means, as well as with Johnson & Wales' unique culinary nutrition, experience-based cooking labs. Students develop nutrition care plans and learn nutritional diagnostic skills, as well as refine sensory evaluation techniques.
Graduates of the Dietetics and Applied Nutrition program are prepared to work in settings such as hospitals, long-term care facilities and health clinics, as well as in nontraditional industries such as food product research and development, school food service, sports nutrition with collegiate and professional teams, recipe testing, food writing and the private chef industry.
Following the completion of the bachelor's degree program and the receipt of a DPD verification statement, students are qualified to apply to a supervised dietetic internship program and then sit for the national exam to become a registered dietitian (RD) in the United States.
Integrate scientific information and research into scientific and evidenced based practice.
Demonstrate the beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviors for a professional level of practice.
Perform customer services including the development and delivery of information, products and services to individuals, groups and populations.
Apply the strategic principles of management and systems in the provision of services to individuals and organizations.
ACEND provides standards of education meeting required dietetics coursework leading to a bachelor's degree. Such a program is called a Didactic Program in Dietetics (DPD). The Dietetics and Applied Nutrition degree program meets those standards.


text:
Seventeen07: From pretentious to desperate
Update Oct. 20, 2008: The auction was yesterday. Matt at Urbnlivn reports that 14 of the 17 units sold, while 3 were held back. No word on prices yet.
Update Oct. 21, 2008: According to the Daily Journal of Commerce , the auction brought in $3 million for 14 units, (subscription required) or an average of about $214,000 per unit. No further details were provided, though public records will probably reflect the sales in a few weeks. Five of the remaining units are being offered in a silent auction that ends Friday, October 24.
My friend Andrea and her dog Nema found a great studio earlier this year in a building at 1707 Boylston Avenue on Capitol Hill. Just weeks into her 12-month lease, she was informed that her building would be converted to condominiums. To make a long story short, Andrea had to move to a different building and absorb a 20% jump in rent from a landlord who would only offer a 6-month lease.
Condo developers can make even numbers pretentious. Seattle already had Three19 and Fifteen Twenty-One, so Andrea's old building was rechristened "Seventeen07." The developers put on a fresh coat of paint, replaced the appliances with new brand-name models, replaced the fixtures in the bathrooms, and put in brand-new "renewable" floors made of cork (it's not cheap; it's renewable). The basement has a small rec room consisting of a "yoga studio" (a medium-sized mat), two exercise machines, a couch, and two flat-screen TVs positioned such that it's pretty difficult to see either one from any comfortable position. (The couch is too close to its TV and the exercise machines actually face away from their TV.) There's also no wall between the two areas so those wanting to play Wii games on the couch will have to deal with the noise of the exercise bike behind them. The whole thing seems like the pretentious marketers ran out of money partway through equipping the place with "amenities."
Only a few units at Seventeen07 sold at their original asking prices, so the developers switched from a glossy prestige marketing strategy to a desperate close-out marketing strategy. Sixteen of the 36 units are now being auctioned off with prices starting at about half of the original asking prices. The most telling change, though, is the signage. No longer are units priced "from $179,950's." Now a bold, larger sign intones, "Minimum Bids from $95,000."


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The official new home of Cochrane Russia at RMANPO launched!
Link to the original source
Video recording of the seminar is available on the RMANPO YouTube Channel
On December 3, 2021, the Russian Medical Academy for Continuing Professional Education of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (RMANPO) hosted an international online workshop «Cochrane Systematic Reviews: Trusted Evidence for Wise Decisions in Medical Education, Research and Practice». The workshop officially launched the new home of Cochrane Russia, RMANPO.
Now, the programs for continuing professional education at RMANPO are being developed with the inclusion of evidence from the Cochrane Library, its Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. using evidence from the Cochrane Library (Cochrane Systematic Reviews ).
The workshop was organised by RMANPO and Cochrane Russia supported by Cochrane CET, Cochrane Denmark, Cochrane Sweden, EVIPNet-Europe (WHO Regional Office for Europe) and Wiley.
The workshop was organized to introduce RMANPO as a host institution (new home) for Cochrane Russia and demonstrate the unique role of Cochrane Systematic Reviews and Cochrane Russia in translating trusted evidence for wise decisions in medical education, research and practice.
The event received accreditation in the CME system for the vast majority of medical specialties.
At the official opening the workshop, opening addresses were made by the Rector of the RMANPO and Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor D.A. Sychev, Vice-Rector of the RMANPO for International Cooperation and Clinical Work, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor I.V. Poddubnaya and Editorial Director of Wiley Publishing, Evidence Based Health Care Publisher, Cochrane Wiley, Deborah Pentesco-Murphy. Greetings from the Special Representative of the World Health Organization (WHO) in the Russian Federation, the head of the WHO country office in Russia, Melita Vujnovic, were read by Elena Dmitrievna Yurasova, WHO coordinator in the Russian Federation.
I.V. Poddubnaya and D.A. Sychev
The workshop included 12 plenary reports: 6 reports from foreign speakers and 6 reports from domestic speakers. Simultaneous translation from English into Russian and from Russian into English was provided.
The first lectur "The Value of Cochrane Evidence: A Global Experience" was delivered by Professor Karsten Juhl Jørgensen. Professor K. J. Jørgensen has supported Cochrane Russia for the 6 years from its very inception as an Associated Centre, Associate to Cochrane Nordic. Karsten Juhl Jørgensen represented the Governing Board of Cochrane and Cochrane Denmark.
Karsten Juhl Jørgensen
The keynote lecture " WHO concept of Evidence-to-Policy in Health: EVIPNet Europe working for Evidence-Informed Decisions " was made by Dr Marge Reinap, EVIPNet Europe Program Coordinator at the WHO Regional Office for Europe in Copenhagen, Denmark. Dr. Marge Reinap proposed to discuss the possibility of creating a WHO Collaborating Center in the field of evidence for making wise decisions in health care at RMANPO.
Reinap Marge
The workshop program included work in groups in a form of structured discussions. The group structured discussions were held 2 times: after the first half of the lectures and after the second half. For discussions (work in groups), questions were clearly identified according to the topics of the reports. The moderators of discussions received template slides in advance for group work for presentation of the group discussion results in a general extended discussion. The participants were randomly assigned to virtual classrooms for group discussions by the organizers (technnical support).
Prior to the workshop, all registered participants were asked to complete an online survey on the development of evidence-based medicine in Russia, outline its achievements and barriers to full implementation, answer questions about participation in Cochrane work and the use of Cochrane Systematic Reviews.
Overall, more than 2,500 participants registered for the workshop. More than 1,500 people, representing 207 cities of Russia, as well as other countries, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the USA, and Ukraine, joined as active participants.
The event received a very positive response from the speakers and participants of the workshop.
In conclusion, the rector of the RMANPO proposed to hold such seminars annually.
I.V. Poddubnaya, D.A. Sychev and L.E. Ziganshina
RMANPO offers a wide range of continuing professional education programs in various medical / clinical fields, including public health and healthcare management, now developed with the inclusion of evidence from the Cochrane Library, its Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
We invite physicians of all medical specialties, as well as healthcare organizers and managers to our unique educational programs.
Apply for a cycle here: training in educational programs for continuing professioanl education.


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ETIQUS raises £10,000 for the Golf Foundation
ETIQUS, the British brand of distinctive, quality timepieces exclusively for golfers, is excited to announce that it has raised £10,000 for leading golf charity the Golf Foundation.
The cheque was presented to Golf Foundation Chief Executive Brendon Pyle at the recent Golf Trade Show at Harrogate where ETIQUS debuted its timepiece collection.
Brainchild of entrepreneur and founder Gary Butler, the ETIQUS brand is formed on the principles of golfing etiquette and is committed to helping preserve the spirit of the game for future generations, a philosophy the Golf Foundation also strives to uphold.
In addition to donating £5 of every timepiece sold, ETQIUS encourages golfers to donate to the charity when purchasing a watch. The company has worked in close partnership with 'The Golf Guide' to raise funds and awareness for the Golf Foundation throughout the season, raising £5,000 across 15 golf events at locations across the UK.
ETIQUS created a 'charity challenge' as recently as last week for the Golf Foundation's annual Pro-Am at London Golf Club, a major industry-diary event supported by The European Tour.
The Golf Foundation's purpose is to make golf more accessible to young people and to help them 'Start, Learn and Stay' in the sport. The £10,000 raised will be spent on the Foundation's national HSBC Golf Roots programme which grows golf participation among young people and offers the 'Skills for Life' benefits for which the sport is known.
Talking about reaching the £10,000 milestone, Gary Butler commented, "The people who invest in an ETIQUS timepiece are proud to be identified as golfers and they recognise that a donation to the Golf Foundation can help ensure that the next generation is able to enjoy this wonderful game. Through ETIQUS' 'a fiver for the foundation' campaign, they are able to put something back into the sport at a grass roots level."
Brendon Pyle, Chief Executive of the Golf Foundation, said, "ETIQUS has been so generous to include the Golf Foundation in its plans and create funding through these golf events, sales and donations, and this money will be spent well to bring new youngsters into the game.
"This was a fantastic commitment. The golf industry needs people like Gary Butler who understand the importance of encouraging the next generation of young players and also the importance of playing the game in the right way, with spirit and respect for all involved."
The mix of men's and women's models feature Swiss made movements and several subtle details and designs that are recognised and appreciated by golfers, ranging from the unique dimple patterned face to the unique 'Butler Bezel' inspired by Pace of Play guidelines published by The R&A.
ETIQUS timepieces can be purchased by consumers through PGA Professional affiliates. For more information visit the stand at the Golf Trade Show, or head to www.ETIQUS.co.uk.