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From Science Fiction to Reality: The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence
just a figment of the imagination of some our most famous science fiction writers, artificial intelligence (AI) is taking root in our everyday lives. We're still a few years away from having robots at our beck and call, but AI has already had a profound impact in subtler ways.
Weather forecasts, email spam filtering, Google's search predictions, and voice recognition, such Apple's Siri, are all examples. What these technologies have in common are machine-learning algorithms that enable them to react and respond in real time. There will be growing pains as AI technology evolves, but the positive effect it will have on society in terms of efficiency is immeasurable.
A Lesson in History
AI isn't a new concept; its storytelling roots go as far back as Greek antiquity. However, it was less than a century ago that the technological revolution took off and AI went from fiction to very plausible reality. Alan Turing, British mathematician and WWII code-breaker, is widely credited as being one of the first people to come up with the idea of machines that think in 1950. He even created the Turing test, which is still used today, as a benchmark to determine a machine's ability to "think" like a human. Though his ideas were ridiculed at the time, they set the wheels in motion, and the term "artificial intelligence" entered popular awareness in the mid- 1950s, after Turing died.
American cognitive scientist Marvin Minsky picked up the AI torch and co-founded the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's AI laboratory in 1959, and he was one of the leading thinkers in the field through the 1960s and 1970s. He even advised Stanley Kubrick on "2001: A Space Odyssey," released in 1968, which gave the world one of the best representations of AI in the form of HAL 9000. The rise of the personal computer in the 1980s sparked even more interest in machines that think.
But it took a couple of decades for people to recognize the true power of AI. High-profile investors and physicists, like Elon Musk, founder of Tesla, and Stephen Hawking, are continuing the conversation about the potential for AI technology. While the discussion occasionally turns to potential doomsday scenarios, there is a consensus that when used for good, AI could radically change the course of human history. And that is especially true when it comes to big data.
The very premise of AI technology is its ability to continually learn from the data it collects. The more data there is to collect and analyze through carefully crafted algorithms, the better the machine becomes at making predictions. Not sure what movie to watch tonight? Don't worry; Netflix has some suggestions for you based on your previous viewing experiences. Don't feel like driving? Google's working on a solution for that, too, racking up the miles on its driverless car prototype.
The Road to Superintelligence
If you're like me, you used to think Artificial Intelligence was a silly sci-fi concept, but lately you've been hearing it mentioned by serious people, and you don't really quite get it.
There are three reasons a lot of people are confused about the term AI:
1) We associate AI with movies. Star Wars. Terminator. 2001: A Space Odyssey. Even the Jetsons. And those are fiction, as are the robot characters. So it makes AI sound a little fictional to us.
2) AI is a broad topic. It ranges from your phone's calculator to self-driving cars to something in the future that might change the world dramatically. AI refers to all of these things, which is confusing.
3) We use AI all the time in our daily lives, but we often don't realize it's AI. John McCarthy, who coined the term "Artificial Intelligence" in 1956, complained that "as soon as it works, no one calls it AI anymore." Because of this phenomenon, AI often sounds like a mythical future prediction more than a reality. At the same time, it makes it sound like a pop concept from the past that never came to fruition. Ray Kurzweil says he hears people say that AI withered in the 1980s, which he compares to "insisting that the Internet died in the dot-com bust of the early 2000s."
So let's clear things up. First, stop thinking of robots. A robot is a container for AI, sometimes mimicking the human form, sometimes not—but the AI itself is the computer inside the robot. AI is the brain, and the robot is its body—if it even has a body. For example, the software and data behind Siri is AI, the woman's voice we hear is a personification of that AI, and there's no robot involved at all.
Secondly, you've probably heard the term "singularity" or "technological singularity." This term has been used in math to describe an asymptote-like situation where normal rules no longer apply. It's been used in physics to describe a phenomenon like an infinitely small, dense black hole or the point we were all squished into right before the Big Bang. Again, situations where the usual rules don't apply. In 1993, Vernor Vinge wrote a famous essay in which he applied the term to the moment in the future when our technology's intelligence exceeds our own—a moment for him when life as we know it will be forever changed and normal rules will no longer apply. Ray Kurzweil then muddled things a bit by defining the singularity as the time when the Law of Accelerating Returns has reached such an extreme pace that technological progress is happening at a seemingly-infinite pace, and after which we'll be living in a whole new world. I found that many of today's AI thinkers have stopped using the term, and it's confusing anyway, so I won't use it much here (even though we'll be focusing on that idea throughout).
Finally, while there are many different types or forms of AI since AI is a broad concept, the critical categories we need to think about are based on an AI's caliber. There are three major AI caliber categories:
AI Caliber 1) Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI): Sometimes referred to as Weak AI, Artificial Narrow Intelligence is AI that specializes in one area. There's AI that can beat the world chess champion in chess, but that's the only thing it does. Ask it to figure out a better way to store data on a hard drive, and it'll look at you blankly.
AI Caliber 2) Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): Sometimes referred to as Strong AI, or Human-Level AI, Artificial General Intelligence refers to a computer that is as smart as a human across the board—a machine that can perform any intellectual task that a human being can. Creating AGI is a much harder task than creating ANI, and we're yet to do it. Professor Linda Gottfredson describes intelligence as "a very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience." AGI would be able to do all of those things as easily as you can.
AI Caliber 3) Artificial Superintelligence (ASI): Oxford philosopher and leading AI thinker Nick Bostrom defines superintelligence as "an intellect that is much smarter than the best human brains in practically every field, including scientific creativity, general wisdom and social skills." Artificial Superintelligence ranges from a computer that's just a little smarter than a human to one that's trillions of times smarter—across the board. ASI is the reason the topic of AI is such a spicy meatball and why the words "immortality" and "extinction" will both appear in these posts multiple times.
As of now, humans have conquered the lowest caliber of AI—ANI—in many ways, and it's everywhere. The AI Revolution is the road from ANI, through AGI, to ASI—a road we may or may not survive but that, either way, will change everything.
Let's take a close look at what the leading thinkers in the field believe this road looks like and why this revolution might happen way sooner than you might think:
Where We Are Currently—A World Running on ANI
Artificial Narrow Intelligence is machine intelligence that equals or exceeds human intelligence or efficiency at a specific thing. A few examples:
1-Cars are full of ANI systems, from the computer that figures out when the anti-lock brakes should kick in to the computer that tunes the parameters of the fuel injection systems. Google'sself-driving car, which is being tested now, will contain robust ANI systems that allow it to perceive and react to the world around it.
2-Your phone is a little ANI factory. When you navigate using your map app, receive tailored music recommendations from Pandora, check tomorrow's weather, talk to Siri, or dozens of other everyday activities, you're using ANI.
3-Your email spam filter is a classic type of ANI—it starts off loaded with intelligence about how to figure out what's spam and what's not, and then it learns and tailors its intelligence to you as it gets experience with your particular preferences. The Nest Thermostat does the same thing as it starts to figure out your typical routine and act accordingly.
4-You know the whole creepy thing that goes on when you search for a product on Amazon and then you see that as a "recommended for you" product on adifferent site, or when Facebook somehow knows who it makes sense for you to add as a friend? That's a network of ANI systems, working together to inform each other about who you are and what you like and then using that information to decide what to show you. Same goes for Amazon's "People who bought this also bought…" thing—that's an ANI system whose job it is to gather info from the behavior of millions of customers and synthesize that info to cleverly upsell you so you'll buy more things.
5-Google Translate is another classic ANI system—impressively good at one narrow task. Voice recognition is another, and there are a bunch of apps that use those two ANIs as a tag team, allowing you to speak a sentence in one language and have the phone spit out the same sentence in another.
6-When your plane lands, it's not a human that decides which gate it should go to. Just like it's not a human that determined the price of your ticket.
7-The world's best Checkers, Chess, Scrabble, Backgammon, and Othello players are now all ANI systems.
8-Google search is one large ANI brain with incredibly sophisticated methods for ranking pages and figuring out what to show you in particular. Same goes for Facebook's Newsfeed.
9-And those are just in the consumer world. Sophisticated ANI systems are widely used in sectors and industries like military, manufacturing, and finance (algorithmic high-frequency AI traders account for more than half of equity shares traded on US markets), and in expert systems like those that help doctors make diagnoses and, most famously, IBM'sWatson, who contained enough facts and understood coy Trebek-speak well enough to soundly beat the most prolific
ANI systems as they are now aren't especially scary. At worst, a glitchy or badly-programmed ANI can cause an isolated catastrophe like knocking out a power grid, causing a harmful nuclear power plant malfunction, or triggering a financial markets disaster (like the 2010 Flash Crash when an ANI program reacted the wrong way to an unexpected situation and caused the stock market to briefly plummet, taking $1 trillion of market value with it, only part of which was recovered when the mistake was corrected).
But while ANI doesn't have the capability to cause an existential threat, we should see this increasingly large and complex ecosystem of relatively-harmless ANI as a precursor of the world-altering hurricane that's on the way. Each new ANI innovation quietly adds another brick onto the road to AGI and ASI. Or as Aaron Saenz sees it, our world's ANI systems "are like the amino acids in the early Earth's primordial ooze"—the inanimate stuff of life that, one unexpected day, woke up.
The Road from ANI to AGI
Why It's So Hard
Nothing will make you appreciate human intelligence like learning about how unbelievably challenging it is to try to create a computer as smart as we are. Building skyscrapers, putting humans in space, figuring out the details of how the Big Bang went down—all far easier than understanding our own brain or how to make something as cool as it. As of now, the human brain is the most complex object in the known universe.
What's interesting is that the hard parts of trying to build AGI (a computer as smart as humans in general, not just at one narrow specialty) are not intuitively what you'd think they are. Build a computer that can multiply two ten-digit numbers in a split second—incredibly easy. Build one that can look at a dog and answer whether it's a dog or a cat—spectacularly difficult. Make AI that can beat any human in chess? Done. Make one that can read a paragraph from a six-year-old's picture book and not just recognize the words but understand the meaning of them? Google is currently spending billions of dollars trying to do it. Hard things—like calculus, financial market strategy, and language translation—are mind-numbingly easy for a computer, while easy things—like vision, motion, movement, and perception—are insanely hard for it. Or, as computer scientist Donald Knuth puts it, "AI has by now succeeded in doing essentially everything that requires 'thinking' but has failed to do most of what people and animals do 'without thinking.'"
What you quickly realize when you think about this is that those things that seem easy to us are actually unbelievably complicated, and they only seem easy because those skills have been optimized in us (and most animals) by hundreds of millions of years of animal evolution. When you reach your hand up toward an object, the muscles, tendons, and bones in your shoulder, elbow, and wrist instantly perform a long series of physics operations, in conjunction with your eyes, to allow you to move your hand in a straight line through three dimensions. It seems effortless to you because you have perfected software in your brain for doing it. Same idea goes for why it's not that malware is dumb for not being able to figure out the slanty word recognition test when you sign up for a new account on a site—it's that your brain is super impressive for being able to.
On the other hand, multiplying big numbers or playing chess are new activities for biological creatures and we haven't had any time to evolve a proficiency at them, so a computer doesn't need to work too hard to beat us. Think about it—which would you rather do, build a program that could multiply big numbers or one that could understand the essence of a B well enough that you could show it a B in any one of thousands of unpredictable fonts or handwriting and it could instantly know it was a B?
The Business Effect
Nowhere has AI had a greater impact in the early stages of the 21st century than in the office. Machine-learning technologies are driving increases in productivity never before seen. From workflow management tools to trend predictions and even the way brands purchase advertising, AI is changing the way we do business. In fact, a Japanese venture capital firm recently became the first company in history to nominate an AI board member for its ability to predict market trends faster than humans.
Big data is a goldmine for businesses, but companies are practically drowning in it. Yet, it's been a primary driver for AI advancements, as machine-learning technologies can collect and organize massive amounts of information to make predictions and insights that are far beyond the capabilities of manual processing. Not only does it increase organizational efficiency, but it dramatically reduces the likelihood that a critical mistake will be made. AI can detect irregular patterns, such as spam filtering or payment fraud, and alert businesses in real time about suspicious activities. Businesses can "train" AI machines to handle incoming customer support calls, reducing costs. It can even be used to optimize the sales funnel by scanning the database and searching the Web for prospects that exhibit the same buying patterns as existing customers.
There is so much potential for AI development that it's getting harder to imagine a future without it. We're already seeing an increase in workplace productivity thanks to AI advancements. By the end of the decade, AI will become commonplace in everyday life, whether it's self-driving cars, more accurate weather predictions, or space exploration. We will even see machine-learning algorithms used to prevent cyberterrorism and payment fraud, albeit with increasing public debate over privacy implications. AI will also have a strong impact in healthcare advancements due to its ability to analyze massive amounts of genomic data, leading to more accurate prevention and treatment of medical conditions on a personalized level.
But don't expect a machine takeover any time soon. As easy as it is for machine-learning technology to self-improve, what it lacks is intuition. There's a gut instinct that can't be replicated via algorithms, making humans an important piece of the puzzle. The best way forward is for humans and machines to live harmoniously, leaning on one another's strengths. Advertising is a perfect example, where machines are now doing much of the purchasing through programmatic exchanges to maximize returns on investment, allowing advertisers to focus on creating more engaging content.
While early science fiction writers might have expected more from AI at this stage, the rest of the world is generally satisfied with our progress. After all, not everyone is ready for humanoid robots or self-learning spaceships.
An Intelligence Explosion
I hope you enjoyed normal time, because this is when this topic gets unnormal and scary, and it's gonna stay that way from here forward. I want to pause here to remind you that every single thing I'm going to say is real—real science and real forecasts of the future from a large array of the most respected thinkers and scientists. Just keep remembering that.
Anyway, as I said above, most of our current models for getting to AGI involve the AI getting there by self-improvement. And once it gets to AGI, even systems that formed and grew through methods that didn't involve self-improvement would now be smart enough to begin self-improving if they wanted to.
And here's where we get to an intense concept: recursive self-improvement. It works like this—An AI system at a certain level—let's say human village idiot—is programmed with the goal of improving its own intelligence. Once it does, it's smarter—maybe at this point it's at Einstein's level—so now when it works to improve its intelligence, with an Einstein-level intellect, it has an easier time and it can make bigger leaps. These leaps make it much smarter than any human, allowing it to make even bigger leaps. As the leaps grow larger and happen more rapidly, the AGI soars upwards in intelligence and soon reaches the super intelligent level of an ASI system. This is called an Intelligence Explosion and it's the ultimate example of The Law of Accelerating Returns.
There is some debate about how soon AI will reach human-level general intelligence. The median year on a survey of hundreds of scientists about when they believed we'd be more likely than not to have reached AGI was 2040—that's only 25 years from now, which doesn't sound that huge until you consider that many of the thinkers in this field think it's likely that the progression from AGI to ASI happens very quickly. Like—this could happen:
It takes decades for the first AI system to reach low-level general intelligence, but it finally happens. A computer is able to understand the world around it as well as a human four-year-old. Suddenly, within an hour of hitting that milestone, the system pumps out the grand theory of physics that unifies general relativity and quantum mechanics, something no human has been able to definitively do. 90 minutes after that, the AI has become an ASI, 170,000 times more intelligent than a human.
Superintelligence of that magnitude is not something we can remotely grasp, any more than a bumblebee can wrap its head around Keynesian Economics. In our world, smart means a 130 IQ and stupid means an 85 IQ—we don't have a word for an IQ of 12,952.
What we do know is that humans' utter dominance on this Earth suggests a clear rule: with intelligence comes power. Which means an ASI, when we create it, will be the most powerful being in the history of life on Earth, and all living things, including humans, will be entirely at its whim—and this might happenin the next few decades.
If our meager brains were able to invent WiFi, then something 100 or 1,000 or 1 billion times smarter than we are should have no problem controlling the positioning of each and every atom in the world in any way it likes, at any time—everything we consider magic, every power we imagine a supreme God to have will be as mundane an activity for the ASI as flipping on a light switch is for us. Creating the technology to reverse human aging, curing disease and hunger and even mortality, reprogramming the weather to protect the future of life on Earth—all suddenly possible. Also possible is the immediate end of all life on Earth.
Tags:AGI, AI, AI technology, ali ahadi, ANI, ANI to AGI, Artificial, Artificial Intelligence, ASI, comminucation technology, comtech, comtech 2, comtech2, information security, Intelligence, ios development, java development, mohammad taghi ahadi, security, sharing comminucation technology, sharing comtech, Superintelligence, web development, برنامه نویسی ios, برنامه نویسی آندروید, برنامه نویسی پروژه ای موبایل, طراحی سایت, علی احدی کسلانی, محمد تقی احدی
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John Terry is hoping that new Chelsea FC signing Kepa Arrizabalaga can emulate Petr Cech at Stamford Bridge following his move to the west London club.
The 23-year-old goalkeeper signed for the Blues from Athletic Bilbao on a seven-year contract last week after Chelsea FC agreed to sell Thibaut Courtois to Real Madrid.
Courtois had been relentlessly linked with a move away from Chelsea FC in the summer months because he had only one year left on his contract at Stamford Bridge, and he finally completed his move to Real Madrid last week.
Kepa will now be hoping to hold down a regular spot in the first team at Stamford Bridge as he bids to try and help Chelsea FC enjoy a successful first season under Maurizio Sarri.
And former Chelsea FC captain Terry was quick to offer his thoughts on the transfer after it was confirmed last week.
Chelsea FC ended up in fifth place in the Premier League table last season and won the FA Cup in Antonio Conte's final campaign in charge.
The west London side had won the Premier League title in Conte's first campaign at the club before that.


Hello friends , today i would like to dedicate my blog to my buddies 😘 , its been blessing to have you guys . Its been years to be with you .
The best thing about our friendship is our bond that is so constant and relevant during all ups and downs.
I missed old days , when i used to spend my half days with you and talk unstoppable 😂.
I missed , how curiously you use to listen me whole time my all chatter 😜.
Today , I appreciate your patience dear.
These all friendship memories make me feel sad , that why time goes so fast , I wish I could go back to those days .
I missed , all those gossips that we use to do on back benches and still use to study hard when exams came .
I still remember , how we use to share our darkest secrets and then wipe off the tears.
Now , i feel best part is that , we still share that bond and it grows with time in a more mature way.
We are not use to meet on regular basis but it doesn't matter.
The thing that matters that you still care in same way the way you use too.


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Fitness Tests for Biggs and Rheault
It's another busy day of training camp for The Nottingham Panthers after back-to-back wins over German opposition this past weekend, defeating Dresdner Eisloewen (of the DEL2) 7-5 on Saturday and Fischtown Pinguins (of the DEL) 2-1 on Sunday.
The team will head to Roko Nottingham under the watchful eye of Edwards Performance before getting back on the ice this afternoon.
Tyler Biggs and Jon Rheault, who missed the weekend's games as a precaution, are expected to face fitness tests to determine when they can return to the ice.
Tickets for the final two games of the Internet Motor Parts 'Europe Comes to Nottingham' challenge series against Stavanger Oilers from Norway (Saturday at 7pm) and MAC Budapest from Hungary (Sunday at 4pm) are on sale now, just click the link at the top of the page.
Pre-season has seen The Nottingham Panthers hit the back of the net on 20 occasions in just four games, will the goal rush continue? There's only one way to find out!
Meanwhile season ticket holders are reminded that the home opener against Sheffield in the Challenge Cup needs adding to their bundles if they haven't already done so.
There's a one pound discount for season ticket holders (who do not pay the new arena facility fee when purchasing ahead of the deadline) if they buy their locations before close of business on Saturday – after that any unsold season ticket locations will join the rest of the seats on general sale. The box office reports that well over half the seats in the bowl for the Sheffield game are already spoken for and the game is still two weeks away!

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Home » News » People
Building materials sales are heading online, says industry expert
The new Head of Buying at an online building materials distributor says the sector is "on the brink of a major transformation".
Mark Wolfe's new role was created to capitalise on Building Supplies Online's growth, as he says online sales of materials are seeing a surge that suggests our sector is on the brink of a major transformation, similar to that experienced by the consumer retail sector a decade ago".
Wolfe's responsibilities will be to expand the range and scale of the business and strengthen its product offering, working with suppliers to add new categories and extend existing ones. Plans are currently on track to launch Building Supplies Online's outdoor range in spring 2019.
His previous roles include Head of Category for building materials at Wickes, and managing global sourcing projects at Travis Perkins. Earlier in his career Wolfe held a series of buying roles covering all areas of the building supplies sector.
Co-CEO and Founder Craig Baldwin said Wolfe has an "impressive track record of buying and innovative procurement in the building supply sector, which are essential to support our growth plans".
He added: "Although we have ambitious goals to fulfil, Building Supplies Online is well structured, with strong investor support, an exceptional offering, first-rate employees and a reputation for superior service.
"We are looking forward to the next phase of our development."
Bradfords: Building for the future
Britain's oldest merchant, Bradfords Building Supplies, has unveiled its focus on building Bradfords to become the favorite building materials partner in the South West.
BMF relaunches industry recruitment website
The Builders Merchants Federation has launched Building Materials Careers, a new, improved website to encourage more people to join the building materials sector by highlighting the wide range of careers available both in merchant and supplier businesses.
RGB Building Supplies opens new Torquay branch
RGB Building Supplies officially opened its newest branch on 25 May, when the Executive Lead for Business at Torbay Council cut the ribbon at the builders' merchant's new Torquay location.
Border welcomes new CounterAct users
Border Merchant Systems is "delighted" to welcome four new users of its CounterAct system.
West Building Supplies launches Scarborough depot
West Building Supplies has expanded outside its native Bridlington for the first time.


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2.5.2 Quantitative Study
2.5.3 Quasi Experimental Study
2.6 Population, Sample and Sampling
2.6.1 Inclusion Criteria
2.6.2 Exclusion Criteria
2.7 Study Setting
2.8 Data Collection
2.10 Pilot Study
2.10.1 Intervention
2.11 Trustworthiness
2.12 Ethical Consideration
2.13 Limitation of Study
Chapter 1: Introduction & Review of Literature
1.1 Introduction:
Polypharmacy can be defined as the ill effects that may happen while consuming multiple medications simultaneously to manage the existing health problems like diabetes, hypertension and depression. Generally, polypharmacy becomes problematic, for instance when patients are prescribed too many drugs by different medical teams working independently of each other.
The commonly available over the counter drugs such as paracetamol, nurofen and antacids frequently result in adverse drug reactions in elderly patients. The more drugs a person consume, the risk of adverse reactions and drug interactions are more. The drug groups most commonly involved in adverse reactions are analgesics, cardiovascular agents, diuretics, hypoglycaemics, anticoagulants, steroids, anticholinergics, opioids benzodiazepines, and anti-depressants. (Sera & Mcpherson 2012)
The volume of the population aged over 65 years in Ireland is expected to double over the next 35 years. Statistics forecast that it may raise from 11% in 2006 to about 22% in 2041. Those over 65 years take the significant amount of medications in among the Western population (Families USA 2000), whereas Ireland accounts for around half of the prescription drugs distributed within the Health Service Executive's Primary Care Reimbursement Service (HSE PCRS). The development of multiple medications among elderly result from increased life expectancy, multi morbidity, new drug treatments and indications. There are not many much eveidence to support prescription of polypharmacy in elderly due to exclusion of elderly particularly those with multi morbidity from drug trial. (Hilmer & Gnjidic 2008).
Richardson et al. (TILDA 2012) report that in Ireland 52% of the population are over 50 years of age who has a medical card, where the medicines are granted by the state for free. Out of these 79% are reported to have polypharmacy. Those without a medical card must pay for their medicines up to €120 per month maximum. During the collection of these information in 2010, medical cards were made accessible to those under 70 years of age with low incomes or for those whom the medical costs would bring about undue hardship. For those over 70 years, the income threshold was higher. Out of all age groups approximately 11% of the total healthcare budget is spent directly on medicines. Expenditure on those over 50 years of age accounts for two thirds of the medicine budget. In the last two decades the use of medicine has significantly increased in Ireland. It is vital for the nurses to be aware of what medications are being prescribed and administered. Only few research studies with regard to nurses' knowledge and clinical experience on polypharmacy in elderly patients are available. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the nurse's knowledge of polypharmacy and to explore the clinical experience of polypharmacy in their practice in elderly care.
1.2 Definition:
Polypharmacy can be defined as the simultaneous use of five or more medications and excessive polypharmacy may be defined as more than ten medications in a same patient at the same time (Fulton & Riley 2005). TILDA is also uniquely placed to study concomitant prescription, over-the-counter (OTC) medication, and food supplement use in the over 50s in Ireland, contributing to an under-studied source of potential drug interactions (Ernst, 2000).
1.3 Search strategy:
The search terms used were polypharmacy in elderly, nurse's knowledge on polypharmacy. The databases searched were CINAHL, Medline and PUBMED. Limits applied were, year of publication 2009-2014, peer reviewed, English language, research articles. Few additional documents like research text books obtained from library were searched. A total of 21 articles were found and used. All articles accessed were international studies based in Ireland, U.K, USA, Australia, Canada and few other European countries.
1.4 Polypharmacy in elderly:
A few components add to polypharmacy among patients over age 65. Clinicians may be recommending a larger number of medications for their elderly patients. This may be due to availability of more medications for treating these patients.
1.5 Consequences of Polypharmacy:
1.5.1 Increased Healthcare Costs:
Polypharmacy directly relates to the health care costs to both the patient and the healthcare system. A reflective cohort study discovered that polypharmacy was associated with an increased risk of conceiving a potentially improper medication and an extended risk of outpatient visits, and hospitalization with an almost 30% increase in medical expenses (Akazawa et al. 2010).
1.5.2 Adverse Drug Events:
It was estimated that more than 4.3 million human services visits were ascribed to Adverse Drug Events(ADE) (Bourgeois et al. 2010). It has been calculated that up to 35% of outpatients and 40% of hospitalized elderly experience an ADE. In addition, about 10% of emergency departments visits are resulted from an ADE (Hohl et al. 2001). In a quantitative study, outpatients taking 5 or more medications had an 88% increased risk of experiencing an ADE compared to those who were taking less number of medications (Bourgeois et al. 2010). In nursing home residents, the rates of ADEs have been found to be doubled in patients taking 9 or more medications compared to those taking less (Nguyen 2006). One more study assessing unexpected hospitalizations in elderly patients observed that taking they were more than 5 meds was approximately 4 times as prone to be hospitalized from ADE (Marcum et al. 2012). The very common drug classes associated with ADEs are such as anticoagulants, NSAIDs, cardiovascular medications, diuretics, antibiotics, anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, and hypoglycemic medications (Marcum et al. 2012).
1.5.3 Drug-Interactions:
Elderly patients who are on polypharmacy are at high risks for drug interactions (Mallet et al. 2007). The chances of drug interactions are more with the number of medications. For example, a patient taking 5-9 medications had a 50% chance whereas the risk increased to 100% when a patient was prescribed 20 or more medications (Doan 2013). In an another study of hospitalized elder adults taking 5 or more medications, the occurrence of a possible hepatic cytochrome enzyme-mediated, drug-drug interaction was 80%. In a study of community-living elderly adults, almost 50% of patients had a potential drug-drug interaction (Bjorkman et al. 2002). Drug-drug interactions are most common cause of preventable ADEs and medication-related hospitalizations (Juurlink et al. 2003). This results in prescribers to be cautious in prescribing medications for their patients especially elderly. Researches shows that the occurrence of drug-disease interactions is approximately 15-40% in weak elderly patients. Risk of drug-disease interactions are usually higher with the usage of increased numbers of medications (Juurlink et al. 2003). Healthcare providers have to be very careful in prescribing multiple drugs for elderly patients with chronic disease conditions in the view of drug interactions.
1.5.4 Medication Non-adherence:
Among elderly patients, non-adherence with drugs are always one of the major issues. Such non-adherence is related with complicated medication regimens and polypharmacy. Non-adherence rates in community living elderly adults has been reported to be between 43-100% (Vik et al. 2004). There is a large difference in the nonadherence rates with drugs. This may be as a result of different methods, tools, and thresholds for classifying adherence as well as the variety of populations studied. A study shows that the rate of patient nonadherence was 35% when a patient was taking 4 or more medications. Medication nonadherence is directly related to potential disease progression, treatment failure, hospitalization, and ADEs, all of which could be life-threatening (Rollason & Vogt 2003).
1.5.5 Functional Status:
Polypharmacy has been related to reduction in functionalities in older patients. In a detailed study of community-dwelling older adults, increase in prescribed medications use was significantly associated with reduced ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and decreased physical functioning (Magaziner et al. 1989). Data from Women's Health and Aging Study reports that use of 5 or more medications was associated with a reduced ability to perform IADLs (Rosso et al. 2013). A prospective cohort of almost 300 older adults found that patients taking 10 or more medications had diminished functional capacity and trouble performing daily tasks. As part of the Women's Health Initiative Observational study, polypharmacy was associated with incident disability in older women (Rosso et al. 2013). In patients who have reported falling in the past year, higher medication use was found to be associated with functional decline (Stel et al. 2004). Prescribers should be aware of the risk of functional decline in patients taking multiple medications (Stel et al. 2004)
1.5.6 Cognitive Impairment:
Cognitive impairment is seen with both delirium and dementia and also its associated with polypharmacy. The study reported in hospitalized elderly people reported that the number of medications was a risk factor for delirium. In a prospective cohort study of 294 elders, 22% of the patients were taking 5 or less medications were found to have impaired cognition, whereas 33% of the patients were taking 6-9 medications and 54% of the patients were taking 10 or more medications (Jyrkka et al. 2010)
1.5.7 Falls:
Falls are associated with increased morbidity and mortality in older adults and may be precipitated by certain medications. A study comparing patients who have not fallen compared to those who have fallen once and those multiple times, reported that the number of medications was associated with an increased risk of falls. A study in elderly adult outpatients as the number of medications increased, the falls risk index score increased and the duration of the one-leg standing test duration decreased (Kojima et al. 2011). In a prospective contingent study, the use of 4 or more medications was associated with increased risk of falling and the risk of recurrent falls (Tromp et al. 2001). A study in elderly patients with dementia reported that those patients who reported a fall had an increased prevalence of polypharmacy (Lee et al 2011). In a study of institutionalized older adults, the risk of experiencing a fall within the previous 30 days was by 7% for each additional medication (Damian 2013). Given the serious consequences of falls in older adults, caution should be used in prescribing new medications to those who are at risk of falling.
1.5.8 Urinary Incontinence:
Urinary indulgence is yet another problem that is associated with the use of multiple medications. In a population-based study of women aged 70 years and more, polypharmacy was associated with an increased risk of lower urinary tract symptoms (Nuotio et al. 2005). Many medications are known to worsen urinary indulgence; hence a medication review should be performed to evaluate both the number of medications as well as the specific type of medications a patient should be taking.
1.5.9 Nutrition:
Polypharmacy has also been reported to affect a patient's nutritional status. A prospective comparative study found that 50% of those taking 10 or more medications were found to be malnourished or at risk of malnourishment (Jyrkka et al. 2010). A survey of community-dwelling elderly people found that polypharmacy was associated with a reduced intake of fiber, fat soluble and B vitamins, and minerals as well as an increased intake of cholesterol, glucose, and sodium (Heuberger & Caudell 2011)
Nurses Knowledge:
The nurse must be alert in assessing not only the effectiveness of a drug but also symptoms of toxicity from drug-drug interactions that are subtle in the elderly patients. Hence the knowledge of the clinical pharmacology of drugs, drug interactions, adverse side effects, and rational use of medications is very important for the nurses. Nurses are the primary ones in assisting patients to understand the risk associated with polypharmacy. Numerous incidents have been documented the key role of nurses in controlling polypharmacy especially among the elderly age group (Woodruff 2010). John et al. (2012) did a qualitative study on Nurse's Knowledge and Clinical experience of Polypharmacy in Ajman. The study reveals that more than half of the nurses participated were not aware of the meaning of polypharmacy and the more experienced nurses answered with the alternative definition.
1.7 Conclusion:
Due to the necessity to treat the different disease conditions polypharmacy will be prevailing. As a result of increase in such multiple medication usage, there will also be an increase in risk for health problems such as higher healthcare costs, ADEs, drug-interactions, medication nonadherence, decreased functional status and geriatric syndromes. Nurses as a key member of the multidisciplinary team in the health care system can play a vital role in preventing such problems related to polypharmacy. It is imperative to do a study on nurses' knowledge on polypharmacy and prevalence in elderly care. This study will be aiming at meeting this need.
Chapter 2: Methodological Issues in Research
This chapter will focus on the methodological issues relevant to the research question. Research methods pertinent to assess the nurse's knowledge in relation to polypharmacy and its prevalence in elderly care. This chapter also deals with the population, sample, selection criteria of sampling and study setting. In addition, this section provides details on establishing trustworthiness and ethical approval for this study.
2.2 Aim:
The aim of this study is to assess nurse's knowledge in relation on polypharmacy and its prevalence in elderly care.
2.3 Objectives:
To describe the prevalence of polypharmacy effects in Irish nursing homes
To elicit the knowledge of nurses regarding ill effects of polypharmacy among nursing residents
To understand the perception of nurses regarding ill effects of polypharmacy among nursing residents
To evaluate the effectiveness of selected nursing among nurses in the selected clinical setting
2.4 Research Question
What are the ill effects of polypharmacy among geriatric nursing residents in Irish nursing homes?
What is the knowledge perception of nurses regarding polypharmacy?
How effective is the selected nursing in preventing the ill effects of polypharmacy among geriatric nursing residents in Irish nursing homes?
According to Polit & Beck (2008), research methods are techniques that researchers are using to organise their study and to collect and analyse information significant to the research question. The data collection will be carried out through interviews with the staff nurses working with geriatric residents. The writer will use a focus group semi-structured interview agenda focusing on their experiences with poly pharmacy among geriatric residents.
According to Burns & Grove (1999) the goal of qualitative research is to explore the depth, richness, and complexity inherent in phenomena. A qualitative descriptive approach will be employed which includes data from experiences and situations taking account of the nurse's knowledge in relation on poly pharmacy and its prevalence in elderly care (Gerrish & Lacey 2010). Qualitative descriptive method will allow participants to express their feelings, beliefs and behaviours completely and the data collected during qualitative study will be narrative (Polit & Beck 2013). For this study, the researcher will use qualitative method. In qualitative method, there will be a good relationship between researcher and participants (Polit & Beck 2013). The weakness of the methodology depends on the accuracy of the interpretation of the writer. Accuracy of the interpretation and reproduction of subjects' views mainly depend upon the writer's knowledge about the subject and the social background of the settings (Cormack 2000).
2.6 Population, Sample and Sampling:
Population can be defined as the total number of units with same features from which the data can be collected and a sample is the subset of the population (Parahoo 2014). The nurses working in the proposed nursing home is the target population. Sampling is the process of selecting a portion from the entire population for collecting data. Burns & Grove (1999) state that sampling is the key element of research methodology. The writer is proposing to conduct the study in four wards of a geriatric unit in one of the Dublin Academic Teaching Hospitals. The study will be conducted in 4 weeks time, a sample size of 12 registered nurses will be taken for the research purpose. Planned duration for the collection of data would be from end of January, February and March 2017.
2.6.1 Inclusion Criteria:
Nurses working in the selected setting.
Nurses who will be available for pre-test and post-test.
Nurses who works both full and part time.
Nurses who are able to fluently communicate, read and write English.
2.6.2 Exclusion Criteria:
Nurses who are on Annual Leave/ Maternity/ Sick leave during the study period.
Agency nurses who do not attend the facilities on a regular basis.
The study will be conducted in the geriatric unit in one of the Dublin Academic Teaching Hospitals. Nurses working with the geriatric patients will be interviewed for the study. The time frame will be according to the nurse's convenience and availability. Before commencement of this study, approval will be sought from the research ethics committee (Appendix 1). The permission from the Director of Nursing of the research site will be sought to conduct this study (Appendix 2). In addition to this, permission will be obtained from clinical nurse manager to conduct the study and for the use the education room as the interview room (Appendix 3). A demographic sheet of participant's details such as age, identification number, gender, qualifications, number of years of experience will be prepared. After the proposed participants are listed out, the letter of invitation, which contains the information about the study, and a consent form will be posted to the participants, requesting them to return the signed consent form within two weeks (Appendix 4 & 5).
Data will be collected using a semi-structured one-to-one interview which includes a combination of predetermined topics and open-ended questions, which will allow the participants to provide detailed and in-depth information of the events (Ellis 2010, Gerrish & Lacey 2010). Flexibility will be maintained in the interview to follow concerns and issues raised by participants that had not been expected. Control and direction of this type of interview is with researcher but will respond to the interviewee's opinions. Semi-structured interviews are commonly used in qualitative studies (Gerrish & Lacey 2010, Karlsson et al. 2013). The interviews will be conducted in a comfortable environment in the nursing home where the participants work. During the interview a "do not disturb" sign will be placed on the door to avoid any disturbance. The interview will be recorded on audiotape with their permission and after finishing the interview, the recorded interview will be played back to each of the participant to ensure rigour. The researcher will ask for any clarifications of answers, so that important data will not be missed. Finally, all data collected will be stored in a locked cabinet in the researcher's unit and data that is stored in the computer will be password protected. Researcher will maintain confidentiality strictly adhering to the Data Protection Act (Government of Ireland 2003).
To analyse data from interview, the researcher will tape record the interaction and will transcribe the tape (Gerrish & Lacey 2010). The qualitative data analysis begins during data collection and the finding of all data collected relates to aspects of the phenomenon under study (Parahoo 2014). From the start of data collection, the emerging results will be noted down in the field notes after each interview. This will help for prompts in further questioning and as a back-up.
2.10 Pilot study:
There is a pilot study planned on the research. The pilot study is a preliminary study, which will help to find out whether the questions are appropriate and length of the interview takes (Polit & Beck 2013). The researcher intends to select two participants to conduct a pilot interview in the education room of the nursing home. The semi structured questionnaire will be given to two nurses to assess the existing knowledge (pre-test). Data collected in the pilot interview will not be included in the main study (Gerrish & Lacey 2010).
2.10.1 Intervention:
A set of nursing interventions will be provided which include:
Booklet (different aspects of polypharmacy)
This will be conducted for four weeks with the same structured questions.
In qualitative research, the criteria for developing trustworthiness are credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability (Lincoln & Guba 1985).
Credibility means confidence in the truth or believability of the findings (Lincoln & Guba 1985). This will be established by allowing the participants to listen back to the recorded interview in order to increase their trust.
Transferability refers to the generalizability of the data, ie., the findings from the data can be transferred to other settings (Polit & Hungler 1999). The descriptive findings about the result of this study shall be made accessible to all readers. The findings of this context can be transferred to other relevant context by other researchers.
Dependability means the stability or reliability of the data (Polit & Hungler 1999). This study will be conducted in a consistent manner and accurate manner in all times. The researcher will transcribe all interviews and listen to the recorded tape repeatedly to reach a conclusion during the process of data analysis.
Conformability refers to the objectivity, ie., the interpretations of the data are accurate (Holloway & Wheeler 2010). The findings will reflect only the participants' views and responses, not researcher's assumptions or pre-conceptions. The readers can trace data to its original source. The openness and thoroughness in collecting the data and consideration of each and every data from each participant will ensure rigour (Burns & Grove 2010). At all times these criteria are aimed to be met.
2.12 Ethical considerations
Before starting the research, the ethics need to be considered because ethics can be challenging and sometimes conflict with the outcomes (Polit & Beck 2013). The researcher will request the ethical approval for the proposed study in writing from the Research ethical committee and from Director of Nursing. Those people are the gatekeepers, who control access to either participants or data (Gerrish & Lacey 2010).
The main ethical principles for protecting participants considered in conducting this research are beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy and justice.
The principle of beneficence imposes a duty to minimise harm and maximise benefits (Polit & Beck 2013). The principle of non-maleficence implies that the participants will be ensured with the right to freedom from discomfort in physical, psychological or emotional form. In the principle of respect for autonomy, participants will be allowed to make independent choice to sign the consent form. This consent form contains information about the research purpose, right to withdraw, confidentiality, right to ask questions and to refuse to disclose any kind of information.
The participants will have the right to be protected from exploitation, in a way that their identification and the information provided by the participants will not be disclosed to anyone without the participants' consent. This also ensures trust and confidence between the researcher and participants. The findings in the final report will be the actual facts stated in the interview. The principle of justice includes the participant's right to fair treatment and their right to privacy (Polit & Hungler 1999). The participant's right to privacy will be adhered through anonymity by allocating an identification number. After the study is completed, it is planned to communicate with the participants by sending a thank you letter for their participation, along with final research report.
2.13 Limitations of the Study
The researcher understands that in this qualitative research, the sample size is limited. The nature of the study will make the findings difficult to generalise a large population. It will be time consuming to collect and analyse data in this qualitative study compared to quantitative study. But this qualitative study will provide a deep understanding and detailed description of the participant's experience and perceptions.
This chapter discusses about the research design and methodology for use in the proposed study. A qualitative research method will be used to investigate the research objectives and question. A semi-structured interview shall be used to explore the nurse's knowledge on poly pharmacy and prevalence in elderly patients.
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Appendix I - Letter to Research Committee
Ms. ______________
Date: _____________
Mr. _______________
My name is ______________, currently taking Post Graduate Diploma in Gerontology. In part fulfilment of this course, I have to undertake a research study. My proposal is regarding the experiences of student nurses in geriatric nursing. I am writing to you to seek approval to conduct my study it in four geriatric ward of ___________ Long term care unit.
With this, I would like to do a focus interview on student nurses following their 4-week placement on the four wards from end week of January, February and March 2015. Interview session would take about 30-45 minutes. Participation is completely voluntary and anonymity is guaranteed throughout.
It is hoped that the result of the study will highlight the experiences of the student nurses. It is hoped that through this study we can also find ways in promoting geriatric area as a career to our future nurses.
Please don't hesitate to contact me if you have any queries. I have attached the copy of my proposal for you and I welcome the opportunity to discuss this further with you.
Appendix II - Consent Letter
Date: _______________
Dear Student,
My name is ______________, currently taking Post Graduate Diploma in Gerontology. In part fulfillment of this course, I have to undertake a research study. My proposal is regarding the experiences of student nurses in geriatric nursing. I would like to ask for your co-operation in participating a focus group interview following your placement in __________ Long-term care unit. The date of the interview will be given to you by your preceptor. You can choose whether or not to participate in the focus group interview and stop at any time. Your responses will remain anonymous and no names will be mentioned in the report. There are no right or wrong answers to the focus group questions. I would like to hear many different viewpoints and would like to hear from everyone. Hope you can be honest even when your responses may not be in agreement with the rest of the group. In respect for each other, I would ask that only one individual speak at a time in the group. Interview session would last for about 30-45 minutes. All responses made by all participants be kept confidential. Pleases sign below if you understand this information and agree to participate fully under the conditions stated above. Thank you!
Signed: ____________________________________________ Date: __________________
Appendix III – Timescale
Personal Steps
Develop Research Questions and methodology
Collection of Research Materials
Piolet Interview
Summary/ Conclusion
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Leaving Santorini, and on to Nafplio, Greece!
5/12. We got up early and had a nice breakfast on the patio before catching our cab to the airport. Yannis carried our 4 bags up the many steps on his shoulders. We had to take a roundabout way to the airport because there were more ships in port and the main road was closed due to too many people.
We flew on Aegean Air to Athens, got our luggage, and went to Avis to pick up our car. We were able to take 94 around Athens and miss the city traffic. On to Nafplio!
On the way to Nafplio, we were very near Mycenae, an important archaeological site in Greece which was once the city at the center of the Mycenaean civilization of between 1600BC and 1100BC. We found a place to park and walked through the historical ruins. Mycenae is linked to several works of cultural significance, including the Odyssey and the Iliad. Today, Mycenae contains several well-preserved sites, including the Lion's Gate and the North Gate, which form parts of its fortified walls and which once stood 18 metres high and 6 to 8 metres thick.
Well, getting to Nafplio was not as easy as it sounded. Signage isn't great here and we were in Nafplio and didn't even know it. Drove around for awhile before we realized we were in the right place. Now to find our B&B!
The Pension Andromeda is in Old Town and there is no driving throughout most of it. Streets are not well marked so after driving in circles for a half an hour, Mike parked the car and went in search of it. After two tries, he found it and we checked in to our B&B, a quaint little place with only 5 rooms, for the next two nights. Marina, the owner, greeted us with a smile and took is to our room, a lovely spacious room filled with antiques. We have 2 balconies, both which look over bougainvillea-covered walking streets. A nice bottle of Greek wine, fresh oranges and kiwis from their garden, and 2 bottles of water were in the room for us. The room was spacious but the bathroom was very small.
On the recommendation of our hosts, we dined at a taverna just down the street. We started by sharing a Greek salad and some bread and olive oil. Mike ordered the pork shank and I ordered the roasted lamb. Both were delicious! We didn't order dessert but they brought us some sliced apples sprinkled with cinnamon and sweet grapes.
5/13. Today we went to breakfast around 9:30 (breakfast is served from 9-11:30, very civilized! Marina made us fresh-squeezed orange juice from their trees. It doesn't get much fresher than that! There was a buffet of spinach tart, a cheese and egg dish, fresh bread, yogurt, 5 homemade jams, local olives and coffee. A wonderful start to our day.
We drove to Epidavros, just a short drive from Nafplio, where the largest standing amphitheater in Greece is located. What an amazing structure, and to think that it was built around 300 B.C. It holds up to 15,000 people, and the acoustics are amazing! Someone sitting in the top row can hear the person on the middle of the stage without a microphone. We sat at the top and enjoyed the view as well as the shade and breeze. It was 86 degrees today, so very warm.
After leaving the amphitheater, we went to see the museum and the ruins. They have uncovered many statues, columns, and decorative art over the last century.
Returning to Nafplio, we drove to one of Naflio's three Venetian fortresses, the Palamidi Fortress. This hilltop fortress, built around 1711, is the best-preserved of its time in Greece. The best preserved is St Andrews Bastion, which has wonderful views of Nafplio and the Aegean Sea. There is a church as well as a prison still standing along with the outer walls and other areas of the bastion.
We drove down to Karathona Beach, which lies just below the Palamidi Fortress and looked for sea glass for our daughter, Lindsay, who makes jewelry using sea glass. We didn't have much luck.
Next we walked the city tour of Old Town Nafplio, stopping at the famous Antica Roma gelato parlor! Lots of shops and restaurants along these very narrow streets.
So much history in this part of the world! I don't know why so many people find history boring (maybe their teacher just used the textbook and didn't make it interesting?). Mike and I continue to learn so much about the history and culture of the many places we've had the opportunity to visit. We are humbled and grateful for those opportunities.
We dined at Arapakos, a seafood restaurant on the promenade. We had a mixed grill, which included calamari, octopus, small fish and shrimps. Mike enjoyed it; I would have been happier with fresh fish, but it was good to try something different.


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Below is a list of the most-downloaded tracks on DJcity during February 2017. To receive these updates via email, click here.
Can you post a spotify link to a playlist?
All of the edits and bootlegs and many of the remixes aren't available on Spotify.


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For details of some of the clients we have worked for, please visit the Our Clients page. Although we are based in Grimsby, Lincolnshire we do offer our services to clients based in neighbouring counties and further afield.
Whatever electrical services you require, E-LEC will be able to help. Give us a call today for a free quotation - or fill-out the short form below.


Click here for the music.
Welcome to the official virtually live coverage of the nyNOISE Audio Design Exhibition festival and show held in New York City at Arlene Grocery (a NYC rock club). The 2002 show was held on Saturday, June 1 in New York City at Arlene Grocery (a rock club). Hosted by JC Morrison and Blackie Pagano, 2002 marks the fourth consecutive year they have both sponsored this event so others may bask in the glory of DIY audio.
For those of you who missed our previous show reports, please click the appropriate date to see that year's coverage (1999, 2000, and 2001). The nyNOISE event is the place for true audio artisans to share in their designs and delights. No posers, false bought n' sold hypemeisters or deadbeats allowed here!
Click here for next page of NY Noise 2002 show report.


text:
Clarence Fosters fined $4,200
Todd Volkstorf Staff Writer
The state recently cited a popular Wrightsville Beach nightspot for violating safety regulations discovered during a June inspection, according to the N.C. Department of Labor.
Clarence Fosters at 22 N. Lumina Ave. has been fined $4,200 in connection with occupancy and exit sign violations, said Howard Laurie, area director of District 10 for the N.C. Department of Labor's Occupational Safety and Health Administration Division.
An exit sign had been placed on the door of a closet, Mr. Laurie said. If an emergency had occurred, people could have been trapped, he said.
Brian Fleishman, manager of the business, said he had no ill will toward the Labor Department but disagrees with its methods.
The state should give a business the chance to correct what it thinks is wrong before handing out hefty fines, Mr. Fleishman said Thursday night.
Mr. Fleishman said the restaurant has addressed the problems and has met with the inspectors.
A local fire official referred the Labor Department to the restaurant, which boasts a large after-hours crowd, especially during peak times of the year.
Mr. Laurie said while local fire marshals have a responsibility to look after the safety of occupants within a business, the Labor Department focuses on the welfare of an establishment's employees.
The citations come during a year marked by an increased awareness of potential overcrowding and danger in businesses. The Wilmington Fire Prevention Bureau and New Hanover County fire marshals have conducted random inspections of bars and businesses after a fire killed more than 90 people in a Rhode Island club.


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text:
Будинок № 18/2 — один із київських прибуткових будинків, розташований на розі Володимирської вулиці й Рильського провулку навпроти Софійського собору.

Будівля, яка є типовим зразком житлової споруди у стилі неоренесанс, органічно вписана в історичну забудову Софійської площі і формує її ансамбль.

Наказом Міністерства Культури і туризму України № 58/0/16-10 від 3 лютого 2010 року будинок внесений до обліку пам'яток містобудування й архітектури місцевого значення.

Будівництво і використання будівлі

Наріжна садиба належала київському губернському архітекторові Михайлові Іконнікові. 1860 року на ділянці спорудили двоповерховий будинок. Після смерті архітектора в 1897 році його син  продав садибу Олені Воробйовій.

Первісно двоповерхову кам'яницю спорудили як приватний будинок. Згодом звели поверх. А 1900 року за проєктом архітектора Володимир Ніколаєв надбудували ще один. Нові власники використовували споруду як прибутковий будинок.

1922 року будівлю націоналізували більшовики.

1984 року будинок капітально реконструювали.

Архітектура
Чотириповерхова, цегляна, Г-подібна у плані будівля має похилий дах, плоскі, спочатку дерев'яні, згодом бетонні перекриття.

Архітектура фасаду оформлена у стилі неоренесанс. Будинок симетричний відносно наріжжя, від якого відходять два крила. Фасади секцій рустовані. Розчленовані розкріповками з парадними сходами. Їх прикрашають пілястри корінфського й іонічного ордерів й завершують невеликі вежі.

Заокруглена наріжна частина пластично опрацьована каріатидами у стилістиці модерну. Скульптурні фігури підтримують дугоподібний балкон третього поверху. Наріжжя увінчує баня з кованою короною (первісно — зі шпилем).

Площини стін прорізано прямокутними, а в розкріповках — напівциркульними вікнами.

Парапети й балкони оздоблені металевими ажурними огорожами. Ліпний декор в інтер'єрі втрачено.

Галерея

Примітки

Джерела

Прибуткові будинки Києва
Визначні місця Києва
Пам'ятки архітектури Шевченківського району
Засновані в Україні 1900
Архітектура неоренесансу у Києві
Володимирська вулиця
Пам'ятки архітектури України місцевого значення в Києві
Пам'ятки містобудування України місцевого значення в Києві
Пам'ятки історії України місцевого значення в Києві
Пам'ятки монументального мистецтва України місцевого значення в Києві

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Ilza Rodrigues Pereira dos Santos, conhecida como Mãe Ilza, Mãe Ilza Mukalê ou Mameto Mukalê, (Ilhéus, 13 de março de 1934) é a mameto-de-inquice do terreiro de candomblé Matamba Tombeci Neto, localizado na cidade de Ilhéus, no estado brasileiro da Bahia.

Biografia
Ilza Rodrigues Pereira dos Santos nasceu no dia 13 de março do ano de 1934, na cidade de Ilhéus, no estado brasileiro da Bahia. Filha de Izabel Rodrigues Pereira, conhecida como Dona Roxa e Valentin Afonso Pereira. Neta de Tiodolina Felix Rodrigues, conhecida como Mãe Tidú.

Suas raízes vem de Maria Jenoveva do Bonfim, conhecida como Maria Neném, que foi mãe-de-santo de Marcelina Plácida, conhecida como Mãe Maçu, que foi mãe-de-santo de Izabel Rodrigues Pereira, conhecida como Mãe Roxa, sua mãe biológica.

Mãe Ilza teve sua iniciação no candomblé de nação Angola, por Mãe Maçu. Entrou na camarinha com doze anos de idade, no dia 27 de junho de 1946 e saiu no dia 6 de outubro de 1946. Seu dijina é Mukalê e seu orixá é Euá Matamba. Depois das obrigações de um ano, três, cinco e sete anos, Dona Roxa, sacerdotisa do Terreiro Matamba Tombeci Neto, escolheu Ilza para ser a mãe-pequena, que ficou com a função de tomar conta da comida de santo e da camarinha.

Dona Roxa veio a falecer em 1973 e como seu desejo, Mãe Ilza passa a ser a nova sacerdotisa do terreiro, se tornando a quarta geração da família Rodrigues na liderança do terreiro.

Mãe Ilza foi casada com José Miguel dos Santos por vinte e três anos e teve quatorze filhos, sendo dez homens e quatro mulheres. Possui trinta e quatro netos e vinte e seis bisnetos. O marido não aceitou a função de Mãe Ilza como sacerdotisa e se separou, deixando Ilza cuidando dos quatorze filhos sozinha.

Obras e projetos sociais

Bloco Afro Dilazenze
Mãe Ilza é fundadora do Bloco Afro Dilazenze, que foi criado em 1986, com o objetivo de preservar a dança e toques da nação Angola. O bloco está ligado ao terreiro de candomblé, com alguns de seus membros sendo parte do Terreiro Matamba Tombeci Neto. O nome Dilazenze foi dado em homenagem a Hipólito Reis, conhecido como Dilazenze Malungo. Hipolito foi uma figura importante para a família de Mãe Ilza.

Projeto Batukerê
Fundadora do projeto social Batukerê, criado no ano de 2000, que trabalha com crianças e adolescentes da região, oferecendo atividades como oficina de dança, percussão, capoeira, artes plásticas e outras atividades.

Gongombira de Cultura e Cidadania
Mãe Ilza promove palestras no projeto "Encontros da Oralidade com Mãe Ilza Mukalê", da Ong Gongombira de Cultura e Cidadania.

Troféu Mãe Ilza Mukalê
Premiação dada anualmente à mulheres que desempenham papéis importantes na área da cultura do estado da Bahia. O evento foi criado em 2014, a princípio para celebrar o aniversário de Mãe Ilza e atualmente para promover atividades culturais e artísticos no interior da Bahia.

Prêmios e honrarias

Comenda da Ordem das Entidades Afro-Brasileiras (OEAB)
Recebe a comenda no ano de 2014, por seus méritos religiosos, cívicos e políticos, e também, por seus oitenta anos de luta e resistência.

Comenda São Jorge dos Ilhéus
No ano de 2015, Mãe Ilza recebeu a mais alta honraria da cidade de Ilhéus, por sua contribuição ao desenvolvimento da cidade de Ilhéus e dos ilheenses.

Doutora Honoris Causa
Mãe Ilza ganhou o título de Doutora Honoris Causa, da Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), no dia 28 de novembro de 2016, em reconhecimento a importância dos trabalhos sociais de promover a cultura. Estavam presentes na cerimonia o prefeito de Ilhéus, Jabes Ribeiro, o vice-reitor Evandro Freire, membros do Conselho Universitário (Consu), professores, estudantes e representantes de terreiros e de grupos afro culturais.

Troféu Zeferina
Mãe Ilza recebeu o troféu Zeferina, do Centro de Estudos dos Povos Afro-Índio-Americanos (CEPAIA) da Universidade do Estado da Bahia (UNEB), no ano de 2017.

Nascidos em 1934
Líderes religiosos da Bahia
Brasileiras
Mametos-de-inquice
Naturais de Ilhéus


text:
Q: indexSetWithIndexesInRange is not doing what expected I want to select some objects from an array. Therefore I'm using begin and end indexes of my selection.
NSLog(@"start:%d\nend:%d", startIndex, endIndex);
NSIndexSet *myIndexes = [NSIndexSet indexSetWithIndexesInRange:NSMakeRange(startIndex, endIndex)];
NSLog(@"%d", [myIndexes lastIndex]);

The first NSLog gives me

startIndex:49
  endIndex:67

The second NSLog gives me

115

Why do I have 115 as highest number? It should be 67. Of course the app crashes:

Terminating app due to uncaught exception 'NSRangeException', reason: '* -[NSArray objectsAtIndexes:]: index 115 beyond bounds [0 .. 96]'

What I'm doing wrong?

A: NSRange's members are location and length, not start and end. This means you need to create your NSRange struct like this:
NSMakeRange(startIndex, endIndex - startIndex);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The hotel Best western Porte de Versailles is situated 15 minutes walk from the Porte de Versailles Exhibition Centre, in the centre of Issy les Moulineaux. It is 100 meters away from the metro station Mairie d'Issy providing easy access to the centre of Paris. The rooms offer a contemporary design and some of them are suitable for guests with reduced mobility. They are all en suite, air-conditioned and soundproofed. A flat-screen TV and safe for your laptop are also provided.


The Kehewin Cree First Nation, located in Alberta, are in the process of taking measures to end a six year boil water advisory.
The reserve, which is a 20 minute drive from Bonnyville, Alberta and close to the border with Saskatchewan has been under a boil water advisory since April of 2011.
Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) told this reporter via email that, "The community's raw water source experiences blue-green algae blooms each year and the treatment plant is beyond its lifecycle."
Originally built in the early 1990s, the plant, which draws its water from Lake Kehewin, was supposed to provide water for up to 850 residents. At present there are approximately 1250 living on the reserve. All of whom are affected by the advisory.
Currently, the government and Kehewin Cree Nation are working on a project to complete interim repairs to the existing water treatment plant to ensure it is optimized until a new system is constructed.
Alain Joly, a project manager working for the band's office said that the interim repairs will be to replace parts like valves pumps at the main plant and the pump houses that are used to fill up trucks that deliver the water around the community.
By taking on the $380,000 project, they are attempting to bring the quality level up but don't believe that it will be enough to lift the water advisory.
In the meantime, families are stuck fending for themselves.
"Each individual is using their own methods (to get drinkable water)," Joly said, "At the band office we get bottled water delivered to us. Each home would either do the same or take a chance (with what's delivered to them). If a family can, they buy water, but it can be expensive."
There is hope on the horizon for the community however. INAC told us that a new water treatment plant intended to replace the old one is in the works.
Joly was able to confirm.
"We're in the design phase for the new water treatment plant," he said, adding that they're very close to finished, "We're almost up for tendering, we just need one more meeting. Once it's tendered out we're scheduled for it to be ready for 2019, weather permitting."
Joly is insistent that they don't make the same mistake that happened with the last plant.
"We're taking into account the growth of the community," he said, "It'll have enough capacity to handle growth for the next thirty years."
The project will involve two parts, building the new plant itself and putting in a new transmission line. They are hoping to go from a six inch transmission line to a 10 inch transmission line but haven't received the go ahead to fund it yet.
"We didn't get an answer from the funders yet but we want to get 4.8 km of line so we can bring the water right to the houses, so we don't need to use trucks to deliver the water. We want to service an extra 76 houses."
In April of this year, muddy conditions on the reserve hampered the ability of trucks to reach the houses they were servicing, resulting in a state of emergency being declared.
This advisory is one of 101 First Nations drinking water advisories (DWA) that have been active for over a year. This number doesn't include British Columbia First Nations, Saskatoon Tribal Council or First Nations North of the 60th parallel. As of 2016, Canada has committed to ending long-term DWAs on public systems on reserves within 5 years.


Charity is a lovely person and cleaned the house perfectly.
Charity was very pleasant and professional and did a great job. I'd definitely book her again and recommend her to other Handy customers.
Thanks again for making our flat look so much nicer!


Drunker Than Me Lyrics: Well lately I been noticin' a gradual escalation / In your inability to handle your libation / Go zero to sixty / When you get on the whiskey / Well used to be a glass of. ( C) Lyric Street Records, Inc. + Trent Tomlinson song lyrics. It was released in October as the first single from his debut album Country Is My Rock.
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Trent Tomlinson ( born July 3, 1975) is an American country music artist. After several failed attempts at finding a record deal, Tomlinson was signed to Lyric Street Records in, with his debut album Country Is My Rock, released in early.
This album produced three Top 40 singles on the U. Billboard Hot Country Songs charts: " Drunker Than Me" at No.
19, " One Wing in the Fire" at No.
January 14 — With the song, " She Let Herself Go, " George Strait scores his 40th No. 1 hit on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, all of them solo. It ties a 20- year- old record for most No.
1' s on the country chart, held by Conway Twitty ( 35 solo, five duet with Loretta Lynn). ; January 21 — Kix Brooks, one half of the country superstar duo Brooks & Dunn, takes over as host of. Music video by Trent Tomlinson performing Drunker Than Me.