aluminum wire for 200 amp service table 31015b7 what size of aluminum wire for 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service wire size for 200 amp service entrance wire size for amps image collections wiring table and what size aluminum ground wire for 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service what size aluminum wire for 100 amp service ground wire size for amp service how to size aluminum wire for 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service 100 amp service entrance cable amp wire wiring a breaker box diagram amp wire size chart aluminum wire for 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service what size ground wire for 200 amp sub panel what size ground wire do i need 4 0 aluminum wire 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service amp service wire 200 requirements aluminum sizes aluminum ground wire 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service 200 amp aluminum wire size amp service entrance cable what size 200 amp panel aluminum wire direct burial aluminum wire for 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service 200 amp aluminum wire size service wiring diagram electrical wiring diagrams on amp service generator amp 200 amp aluminum wire what size aluminum wire for 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service 200 amp aluminum wire size amp service wire size amp panel amp electric panel upgrade amp 200 amp aluminum wire 4 0 aluminum wire 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service 200 amp main breaker box service panels and splice boxes aluminum wire repair inc com amp main breaker aluminum ground wire 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service amp service series 1 phase vac entrance wire size 200 nec cost related post 200 amp service wire 2 0 aluminum wire for 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service 200 amp service wire amp wire amp service vs amp ground wire size for amp circuit 4 0 aluminum wire 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service aluminum wire ground wire size for 200 amp service canada what 4 0 aluminum wire 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service color code for residential wire how to match wire size and circuit rh waterheatertimer org amps wire size chart aluminum electrical wire size chart aluminum ground wire for 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service 200 amp service entrance cable amp wire size amp breaker wire size amp wire size info 200 amp service what size aluminum wire do you need for a 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service 200 amp service amp service panel what size wire for amp service panel graphic what size 200 amp service 4 0 aluminum wire for 200 amp service lowes.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service how to wire a 200 amp panel is 8 wire overkill for a sub panel with how to wire a 200 amp amp service wire entrance cable wiring radio diagram today amp service wire entrance cable wiring radio diagram today size aluminum.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service copper wire for 200 amp service copper ground wire for 200 amp service 2 0 copper size aluminum wire for 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service 200 amp service wire amp service wire name diagram views size aluminum 200 amp service wire aluminum ground wire for 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service 200 amp service wire electrical service wire creative electrical service wire concept awesome amp underground size 200 amp service wire what size aluminum wire do you need for a 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service 200 amp wire size image w 200 amp 3 phase wire size chart 200 amp wire 4 0 aluminum wire for 200 amp service lowes.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service neutral wire size 200 amp service how to a panel diagram fresh old fashioned image collection aluminum wire for 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service copper wire for 200 amp service amp wire electrical wire size for amp service co co copper wire for 200 amp service aluminum ground wire for 200 amp service.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service 200 amp aluminum wire size wire for amp service pro amp oveead service wire amp 200 4 0 aluminum wire for 200 amp service youtube.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service 200 amp aluminum wire size fantastic amp service wire size aluminum gallery electrical 200 amp panel 4 0 aluminum wire for 200 amp service lowes.
aluminum wire for 200 amp service wire alum what size aluminum ground wire for 200 amp service.
Edit "Aluminum Wire For 200 Amp Service"


Handmade from 100% Cotton featuring a tree of life design. Super versatile, they can be used for indoor wall hanging or as well as outdoor purpose.
Color: Similar to shown in the image .- Please not that these are hand made tie-dye products, You can find little variations in color in these products.
Specialty: This is a rare art not to be missed, a genuine collector's item & the result of masterly workmanship. Each tapestry has got its unique imperfections.This is what is marked or called as registration error by the printers and experienced artisans, and are intentionally included on the screen print to simulate traditional prints and natural look. These elegant design tapestries are hand made, screen printed on 100% cotton, in spacious but child free and smoke free factories.
Washing Instructions For Your Tapestry - Hand Wash in COLD water. - Wash separately - DO NOT WASH WITH OTHER ITEMS - DO NOT tumble dry - DO NOT use bleaches or strong washing liquids as this will cause color run. it can be washed by hands in cool water.mild ironing gives fine touch to its quality This tapestry is printed not quilted or woven; it is not designed as a fitted sheet. The tapestry is printed on the front side only.
lighting & even your system screens, so there may be a minor possibility in change of brightness & contrast.
* Please note that some countries incur Custom Duties, Excise Duty or Import Tax on international inbound shipments. These charges are as per the law of the land of the particular country and have to be paid by the consignee at the customs or to the courier delivery company. We are not responsible for such charges.


text:
$('body').append('
FA
');

var context = {
  not: 'definitely (resolved)',
  footerCode: 'footer code value (resolved)',
  finalvariable: 'my last words (resolved)'
};
var MODE_TEMPLATES = 0,
    MODE_CONTENT = 1,
    MODE = MODE_TEMPLATES;

var data = JSON.parse($('#fa-data')[0].text);

function render() {
  rendering = true;
  FA.process(data);
  FA.render(MODE, context);
  rendering = false;
}

$(document).ready(function() {
  var stylesheets = [
    '/static/front_admin/js/codemirror/lib/codemirror.css',
    '/static/front_admin/js/codemirror/theme/duotone-light.css',
    'https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Ubuntu:300,400,500',
    'https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons',
    '/static/front_admin/css/default.css',
  ];
  sheetStr = '';
  stylesheets.forEach(function(sheet) {
    sheetStr += '<link href="'+ sheet +'" rel="stylesheet" />';
  });
  $('head').append(sheetStr);
});
var rendering = false;
$('#frontAdmin').click(function() {
  console.log(data);
  $(this).hide();
  window.FA = new FrontAdmin();
  FA.registerTags(BUILTIN_TAGS);
  render();
  var curTemplate = FA.template;
  var navActiveClass = 'FAnavActive';

  $('body').append('

FrontAdmin Templates Content highlight_off

');

  var activeClass = 'FAactive';
  function templateMode() {
    MODE = MODE_TEMPLATES;
    var navList = '
';
    data.forEach(function(item, index) {
      var template = item.template;
      navList += '
'+ template.name +'
';
    });
    navList += '
';
    $('#FAlistPane').html(navList);
    $('.FAnavList > li').click(function() {
      var templateId = Number( $(this).attr('fa-template-id') );
      selectTemplate(templateId);
    });

    $('#FAcontentPane').html('<textarea id="myTextarea"></textarea>');
    var myTextarea = document.getElementById('myTextarea');

    var editor = CodeMirror.fromTextArea(myTextarea, {
      lineNumbers: true,
      theme: 'duotone-light',
      mode: 'django'
    });
    editor.setValue(curTemplate.source);
    editor.on('changes', function(cm, change) {
      console.log('document changed');
      if (rendering) {
        console.log('waiting for render ...');
      } else {
        curTemplate.source = editor.getValue();
        render();
        activateNodeFromCursor(cm.getCursor());
      }
    });
    editor.on('cursorActivity', function(cm) {
      activateNodeFromCursor(cm.getCursor());
    });

    function selectTemplate(templateId) {
      if (templateId != curTemplate.id) {
        curTemplate = data[templateId].template;
        console.log(curTemplate);
        editor.setValue(curTemplate.source);
        $('.'+navActiveClass).removeClass(navActiveClass);
        $('.FAnavList > li:eq('+templateId+')').addClass(navActiveClass);
      }
    }

    $(document).click(function(event) {
      event.preventDefault();
      var $target = $(event.target);
      var tagIdStr = $target.attr('fa-tag-id');
      if (tagIdStr != undefined) {
        var tag = FA.getTag( tagIdStr );
        selectTemplate(tag.template);
        editor.setSelection(tag.start, tag.end);
        editor.focus();
      }
    });

    $('#FAContentTab').removeClass('FAactiveTab');
    $('#FATemplateTab').addClass('FAactiveTab');

    render();
  }

  function contentMode() {
    MODE = MODE_CONTENT;
    $(document).off('click');

    var navList = '
';
    for (var name in context) {
      navList += '
' + name + '
';
    }
    navList += '
';

    $('#FAlistPane').html(navList);

    $('#FAcontentPane').html('Something great coming soon.');

    $('#FAContentTab').addClass('FAactiveTab');
    $('#FATemplateTab').removeClass('FAactiveTab');

    render();

    /*$('.FAnavList > li').click(function() {
      var templateId = Number( $(this).attr('fa-template-id') );
      selectTemplate(templateId);
    });*/
  }

  $('#FAContentTab').click(contentMode);
  $('#FATemplateTab').click(templateMode);

  templateMode();

  $('#closeFA').click(function() {
    $('#FA').remove();
    $('#frontAdmin').show();
    $(document).off('click');
    activateNode();
  });

  function activateNodeFromCursor(cursor) {
    var nodeId = FA.getNodeId(cursor);
    var node = $('[fa-tag-id='+nodeId+']');
    activateNode(node);
  }

  function activateNode($node) {
    $('.'+activeClass).removeClass(activeClass);
    if ($node != undefined) {
      $node.addClass(activeClass);
    }
  }
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Add items from Array with sign $ I have an Array , if I print that in console it shows
Price Array=(
    "$100",
    "$300"
)

I need to add add objects at each index and show it in label. Please suggest any idea, in this case how it will show 400 with $ sign?
I tried this in view did load
for (int j=0; j<[cartArray2 count]; j++)
    {
        itemPrize =[prizelabel.text floatValue];
        tempVar=itemPrize;
        total=total+tempVar;
        NSString *strTotalAmt = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%f",total];
        prizelabel.text=strTotalAmt;
    }
    NSLog( @"Toatl= %f",total);`

where in interface float itemPrize,tempVar,total

This is what i did
for (int j=0; j<[cartArray2 count]; j++)
{
    NSMutableString *cleanedText = [NSMutableString stringWithCapacity:0];

    NSString *newRecord = [[cartArray2 objectAtIndex:j] stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString:@"$" withString:@"" options:NSCaseInsensitiveSearch range:NSMakeRange(0, [[cartArray2 objectAtIndex:j] length])];
    [cleanedText appendFormat:@"%@\n", newRecord];

    NSLog(@"Cleaned=%@", cleanedText);
    itemPrize =[cleanedText intValue];
    tempVar=itemPrize;
    total=total+tempVar;
    NSString *strTotalAmt = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%d",total];
    prizelabel.text=strTotalAmt;
}
NSLog( @"Toatl= %d",total);

A: To get rid of $ sign you should try: [[itemPrize componentsSeparatedByString:@"$"] objectAtIndex:1];. Then you should use stringWithFormat method to do the string formatting.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Edit & Print a Free Last Will & Testament for Albany, MO Edit & Print a Free Last Will & Testament
for Albany, MO
Longevity and modern family relationships make estate planning harder than ever in Albany, MO
I've learned that regardless of your relationship with your parents, you'll miss them when they're gone from your life.
It is estimated that more than $20 trillion will be transferred to heirs in the next 50 years — the largest transfer of wealth in U.S. history. Longevity and modern family relationships (ex-spouses, step kids, step grand kids, siblings) are turning the already tricky matter of estate planning into a giant challenge. People are living longer. Health care costs for seniors are eating up family estates. Reliance on others to feed and care for them and their finances can put more elderly at risk of financial or physical abuse by their caretakers.
The number of Americans age 65 and over has topped 40 million, or 13% of the U.S. population. It's estimated that the 65-plus population will make up one-fifth of the nation by 2050. Health care advances are pushing seniors to even longer lifespans, but are also adding enormous costs.
The fastest-growing age group among seniors is 85 to 94, jumping 30% to 5.1 million the last decade, according to the Census Bureau.
Many people mistakenly believe that Medicare and other retiree benefits will pay for their parents' care. In fact, only long-term health insurance will cover custodial care. Sometimes their children will be responsible for their parents in later life. If the estate is not clearly divided in a will, the children who took care of aging parents often feel that they should inherit more than the siblings who did little.
Sometimes, aging parents dangle the prospect of an inheritance to make sure their children will care for them in their later years. Yet the data suggests that most parents tend to distribute assets equally between children.
Family feuds over inheritance can multiply in blended families. There are ex-wives and ex-husbands, children and stepchildren, parents and stepparents. More than 50% of all first marriages end in divorce and about 75% of divorced people will marry again. More than 40% of American adults have at least one step-relative.
There are no foolproof solutions to the estate planning problem, but talking the issues out when parents are still alive can help. And planning is crucial. People might fight over money. They might fight over over memories. They might even fight over sentimental items. It is best to start planning at the first signs of health problems rather than waiting until you have to be put in a care facility.
Recognize that estate planning is hard. Whenever it involves money, someone always feels that they're on the short end of the stick. There is no perfect formula for the distribution of wealth. But plan you must, because we're all going to die at some point and you want to show your loved ones that you loved them all equally.
Personalize & Print a Free MO Last Will Download this Document
Personalize & Print a Free MO Living Trust Download this Document
Related Legal Services near Albany, MO
Parman David B
Albany, MO 64402

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (34)
From 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931 1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921 1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911 1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901 1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891 1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881 1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873 1872 1871 1870 1869 1868 1867 1866 1865 1864 1863 1862 1861 1860 1859 1858 1857 — To 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 1968 1967 1966 1965 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 1959 1958 1957 1956 1955 1954 1953 1952 1951 1950 1949 1948 1944 1943 1942 1941 1940 1939 1938 1937 1936 1935 1934 1933 1932 1931 1930 1929 1928 1927 1926 1925 1924 1923 1922 1921 1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911 1910 1909 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901 1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891 1890 1889 1888 1887 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881 1880 1879 1878 1877 1876 1875 1874 1873 1872 1871 1870 1869 1868 1867 1866 1865 1864 1863 1862 1861 1860 1859 1858 1857
https://akjournals.com/search?access=all&pageSize=10&q=%22dielectric+relaxation%22&sort=relevance&print
"dielectric relaxation" x
Sort by RelevanceArticle A-ZArticle Z-ADate - Old to RecentDate - Recent to OldAuthor A-ZAuthor Z-AJournal A-ZJournal Z-A
Page:1234
Thermally-induced dielectric relaxation spectra in three aldohexose monosaccharides
Authors: Libby Yoerg, M. Ellen Matthews, Lakshmi Kaza, Naullage Indika Perera, David W. Ball, John Moran, and Alan T. Riga
, including melting point (for crystalline materials) and glass transition (for amorphous materials). Dielectric analysis (DEA) reveals increasing amorphicity and molecular rearrangement depicted by the increased organization of the dielectric relaxation
Phonons in solid polymers
Author: Yu. F. Zabashta
On the basis of a qualitative theory the phonon spectrum is obtained. Two- and three phonon interactions are examined. The theoretical results are applied for the analysis of the experimental data: for heat conduction, dielectric relaxation, heat capacity.
Calorimetric and Dielectric Investigations of Glass Transition in Intermediate Glass-forming Liquid
Authors: I.-S. Park, K. Saruta, and S. Kojima
The calorimetric glass transition and dielectric dynamics of -relaxation in propylene glycol (PG) and its five oligomers (polypropylene glycol, PPG) have been investigated by the modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and the broadband dielectric spectroscopy. From the temperature dependence of heat capacity of PPGs, it is clarified that the glass transition temperature (T g) and the glass transition region are affected by the heating rate. The kinetic changes of PG and PPGs near T g strongly depend on the underlying heating rate. With increasing the molecular mass of PPGs, the fragility derived from the relaxation time against temperature also increases. The PG monomer is stronger than its oligomers, PPGs, because of the larger number density of the —OH end group which tends to construct the intermolecular network structure. Adam-Gibbs (AG) theory could still hold for MDSC results due to the fact that the dielectric relaxation time can be related to the configurational entropy.
Cooperative relaxations/transitions in ferroelectric polymers
Authors: G. Teyssèdre, A. Bernès, and C. Lacabanne
Dielectric relaxation and thermal transitions in β-PVDF have been investigated by Thermo-Stimulated Current spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry respectively. A comparative study of spectra and thermograms has been performed. The relaxation mode associated with the glass transition of the true amorphous phase is characterized by relaxation times obeying a compensation law due to cooperative molecular movements. A conformationally disordered structure is proposed for β-PVDF to explain thermal events occurring around 60°C. Ageing of ferroelectric properties of β-PVDF has been associated with cooperative molecular movements liberated largely below the melting point.
Dielectric spectroscopy and calorimetry in the glass transition region of semi-crystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: J. Dobbertin, A. Hensel, and C. Schick
Confinement of the glass-forming regions in the nanometer range influences the α-relaxation which is associated with the glass transition. These effects were investigated for semicrystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) by dielectric spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The results are discussed within the concept of cooperative length, i.e. the characteristic length of the cooperative process of glass transition. Both experiments showed a dependence of the glass transition on the mean thickness of the amorphous layers. For the dielectric relaxation, the loss maximum was found to shift to higher temperatures with decreasing thickness of the amorphous layers, but no differences were observed in the curve shape for the differently crystallized samples. For the calorimetric measurements, in contrast, there was no correlation for the glass transition temperature, whereas the curve shape did correlate with the layer thickness of the mobile amorphous fraction. From the structure parameters, a characteristic length of approximately (2.5±1) nm was estimated for the unconfined glass relaxation (transition).
Activation energy (ΔG*), enthalpy (ΔH*), and entropy (ΔS*) of some indoles and certain of their binary mixtures
Authors: Mohan T. Hosamani, Narasimha H. Ayachit, and D. K. Deshpande
dielectric relaxation in relation to temperature of a variety of polar substances is reported in the literature, such studies still seem to be warranted on some other molecules, especially, heterocyclic compounds which are least studied, chosen in the present
Water effect in the thermal and molecular dynamics behavior of poly( L -lactic acid)
Authors: Ana Brás, María Viciosa, Madalena Dionísio, and J. Mano
A detailed dielectric characterization of the relaxation modes found in a poly(L-lactic acid), PLLA, film containing 0.4 mass% of water is provided. The sub-glass relaxation process is a superposition of two processes, one highly influenced by water with activation energy of 50 kJ mol–1, and another one, with longer relaxation times and lower intensity having activation energy of 38 kJ mol–1. Dried PLLA exhibits an abnormally broad secondary β-relaxation that probably corresponds to the superposition of multiple processes. Upon water sorption the strength of the more mobile process significantly increases being shifted to lower temperatures which allows the detection of the underlying process. The glass transition relaxation process is deviated to higher frequencies almost one decade due to the water plasticizing effect. The reported results show that small quantities of water may have a profound impact in the relaxational features in PLLA, which should be taken in account when considering the properties and performance of this system.
Dielectric behaviour of a side-chain-bearing liquid-crystalline polysiloxane
A thermally stimulated depolarization current study
Authors: J. Mano and J. Moura-Ramos
The relaxation of electric field-induced polar orientation in a side-chain-bearing liquid-crystalline polysiloxane was measured by means of thermally stimulated depolarization currents. Different relaxation mechanisms were identified and characterized: the glass transition cooperative relaxation exhibits compensation behaviour. On the other hand, lowerT g and upperT g discharges were observed and their molecular nature is discussed.
Glassformer Fragilities and Landscape Excitation Profiles by Simple Calorimetric and Theoretical Methods
Authors: C. Angell, J. Green, K. Ito, P. Lucas, and B. Richards
In this paper we introduce two key notions related to understanding the glassy state problem. One is the notion of the excitation profile for an amorphous system, and the other is the notion of the simple glassformer . The attributes of the latter may be used, in quite different ways, to calculate and characterize the former. The excitation profile itself directly reflects the combined phonon/configuron density of states, which in turn determines the liquid fragility. In effect, we are examining the equivalent, for liquids, of the low temperature Einstein-Debye regime for solids though, in the liquid heat capacity case, there is no equivalent of the Dulong/Pettit classical limit for solids.To quantify these notions we apply simple calorimetric methods in a novel manner. First we use DTA techniques to define some glass-forming systems that are molecularly simpler than any described before, including cases which are 80 mol% CS2, or 100% S2Cl2. We then use the same data to obtain the fragility of these simple systems by a new approach, the 'reduced glass transition width' method. This method will be justified using data on a wider variety of well characterized glassformers, for which the unambiguous F 1/2 fragility measures are available. We also describe a new DTA method for obtaining F 1/2 fragilities in a single scan. We draw surprising conclusions about the fragility of the simplest molecular glassformers, the mixed LJ glasses, which have been much studied by molecular dynamics computer simulation.These ideas are then applied to a different kind of simple glass — one whose thermodynamics is dominated by breaking and making of covalent bonds — for which case the excitation profile can be straight-forwardly modeled. Comparisons with the profile obtained from computer studies of the molecularly simple glasses are made, and the differences in profiles implied for strong vs. fragile systems are discussed. The origin of fragility in the relation between the vibrational and configurational densities of states is discussed, and the conditions under which high fragility can convert to a first order liquid-liquid transition, is outlined.
Contribution of Temperature Modulated DSC® to the Study of the Molecular Mobility in Glass Forming Pharmaceutical Systems
Authors: L. Carpentier, L. Bourgeois, and M. Descamps


text:
Latin Latin Madoka More Latin 3: The Search for More Mami
March 19, 2014 i go to conventions, madoka reviews, panel posts, puella magi madoka magica, reviews, tv reviews
The Kickstarter has ONE DAY left, and we're only $170 from making the first stretch goal!
This entry is adapted from my portions of the Latin Latin Madoka More Latin panel I will be giving at Anime Boston this weekend. As a result, it is a bit disjointed compared to an essay. It is also shorter than the previous LLMML entries because of a change of collaborator and therefore collaboration strategies. In the first two panels, Viga and I made the panel by sitting down and brainstorming the entire panel, then I wrote it all up. This time around, Kit and I divvied up panel topics and went off to write our own, so all I have for you is the topics I'm covering.
Regular readers may find some of this familiar from The Very Soil and the Rebellion review.
Spoiler Warning: Puella Magi Madoka Magica and the Rebellion movie.
The first three episodes of Madoka Magica can be understood as a struggle of sorts between the fairly standard magical girl series it originally pretends to be, and the dark meditation on hope and despair that it actually is, the kind of show that would have Magia as an ending theme. Mami is at the center of that struggle; just as the first act of a witch, before we ever see one, is to tear apart the anime art style and replace it with something creepy and strange, Mami's first act, before we ever see her, is to create a safe space around Madoka and Sayaka where the witch cannot harm them. Her approach to fighting witches is flashy and visually appealing, and includes a signature finishing move with a called attack, all stalwarts of the genre for at least two decades.
She is also an instance of the Yamato Nadeshiko, the traditional Japanese ideal of the feminine—loyal, an excellent hostess, wise, mature, and humble, but with a core of steel. Like the traditional magical girl, she exemplifies these feminine virtues in a way that empowers her, but she's not *too* empowered—she is continually subject to the male gaze, especially during combat sequences, with the camera focusing on her breasts, hips, and upper legs much more than for any other chaslideracter. Nonetheless, she is feminine, nurturing, and a leader and warrior, the classic combination for a magical girl.
Thus, it falls to her to fight to keep the "Magia" version of the series at bay, and it is only when she's killed that it is able to take over. And again, her return at the end of the series to give Madoka her costume designs signals that the series is reintroducing some of the core magical girl themes it had deliberately abandoned, most notably hope.
By contrast, Homura is in many ways the harbinger of the Magia version of the series. Her function is to disrupt the status quo—her appearance in Madoka's dream and school is the first strange thing to happen to her in the main series timeline, and though she fights to protect Madoka from the eerier elements of the series, she inevitably is a source of eeriness herself and ultimately makes things worse for Madoka.
She does not behave or look like a normal magical girl. She has elements of the "dark magical girl" that sometimes appears as the heroine's rival—such as Pixy Misa in Magical Project S or Princess Kraehe in Princess Tutu—but notably she is not empowered by the villains, nor is she Madoka's rival. In those first three episodes, she is positioned much more as Mami's rival, with them nearly coming to blows multiple times.
Additionally, for most of the series she is the character least subject to male gaze, with none of the breast-and-hips focus Mami gets, and her costume lacks the bare midriffs, tube tops, and boob windows of Sayaka and Kyouko. Really, other than her transformation sequence in episode 11, the camera consistently treats her as a character to be watched rather than an object to be ogled, very unusual for a post-Cutey Honey magical girl.
She is actually very much like a witch throughout the series, in that her arrival always means something strange, serious, and probably mysterious is happening. She deforms the narrative by her presence, with even Kyubey noting that she is "wrong," an outlier.
Even her power over time is consistent with this role, when we consider what time really is:
The three laws of thermodynamics are among the most solid and fundamental findings in modern physics, more certain even than the law of gravity. They are: 1. You can't win. Energy can be changed from one form or another, but never created from nothing. 2. You can't break even. Entropy always increases in a closed system; in other words, over time, the energy in a closed system converts into more chaotic, less useful forms until it becomes heat, which requires more energy to use than you get by using it. 3. You can't quit playing the game. Entropy drops to zero in a perfect crystal at absolute zero… but to cool a system to absolute zero requires infinite energy.
Entropy, in other words, is a measure of the disorder in a system, and it always increases; all things decay. Interestingly, not only is this an inevitable process, it is the actual scientific definition of time; "the future" is *defined* as the direction in which entropy increases.
Now, most of the time this isn't that big a deal. Life on Earth, for example, is able to keep running because it's not a closed system; we have a giant energy source that hangs over our heads all day every day, just pouring free energy down onto us. As long as you can get energy from outside the system, you can keep entropy at bay.
But the universe has no outside; it *is* a closed system, which means that every second of every day entropy is increasing. Eventually, if nothing else destroys the universe first, we will reach the state known as heat-death: all energy in the universe will be heat, all forms of organization will be impossible, everything will decay into a slowly expanding cloud of slowly cooling gas, and nothing else will ever happen again, forever.
However! If you could break the first law of thermodynamics, and create energy from nothing, that would be the same as bringing energy in from outside the universe. Even if all the energy native to the universe has succumbed to entropy, you can use that outside energy to maintain structures and keep the universe running—and if you had a steady supply of that energy, you could keep doing it. Of course, it's impossible to violate conservation of energy—unless, of course, you're using magic.
Entropy is not the only form decay takes in the series, however. Emotional decay is also a quite prominent theme, particular the descent into despair and depression. Most obvious is the breakdown of magical girls into witches, as we see in Sayaka's arc. What's interesting here is that their magic is explicitly stated to come from wishes, i.e., hope, and as they consume it they descend into despair, which descent Kyubey uses to combat entropy. In other words, the entropic decay of the universe is being explicitly connected to depression and despair, and the magic needed to overcome it is likewise emotional. There's a real resonance here with comments by Urobuchi in the Fate/Zero author's notes, where he discusses the inevitable decay of the universe and connects this with a decay in his ability to write happy stories. He concludes that only a "pure soul" could reverse entropy and save him from this mounting despair that is beginning to threaten his ability to write at all.
This brings us, believe it or not, to a third kind of decay present in the series, spiritual decay. In Buddhism, the first of the Four Noble Truths which form the philosophical core of the religion is the inevitability of dukkha, or suffering. One of the three types of dukkha is the inevitable decay caused by the passage of time, because all material things are transient and eventual break down and are lost—entropy, in other words. Unfortunately, the weight of karma traps us in the material world, and we are thus unable to escape dukkha unless we can do something about karma.
Now stop me if you're heard this one: A young girl achieves a state of transcendence, allowing her to escape the confines of the material world and free herself from suffering, but in an act of supreme self-sacrifice, she instead takes pity on the suffering of countless others, taking their suffering and karmic burdens onto herself so that they can transcend the material in her place. That is, in essence, the story of the Chinese boddhisatva Guan-yin, known in Japan as Kannon, and the clear inspiration for Madokami. She rescues and redeems her friends and her world—but remember what I said about the relationship between entropy and depression and Urobuchi's previous writing. The TV series does, more or less, end happily, or at least with a better world. The implication is that even the author, unable to write happy stories because of the entropic decay of his own emotional universe—because remember, the world in which these characters live is the inside of his head—has been saved.
[elided bits Kit is covering regarding the movies, precisely what is meant by "Rebellion" in this context, and the power of story]
So, during the climactic battle in Rebellion, Nagisa and Sayaka reveal why they volunteered to leave the perfect bliss of Madoka's nirvana-like Magical Girl afterlife for this difficult mission. Sayaka of course did it because she regretted leaving Kyouko behind, and Nagisa, in an apparent continuation of a running gag throughout the movie, did it so she could eat cheese. But that's in itself interesting—if she loves cheese so much, how come her afterlife doesn't provide her with any?
The answer, of course, lies in what cheese is—decayed milk. There can be no cheese in a spiritual plane devoid of dukkha, because without decay cheese cannot be created. There are good things, in other words, things that some of the magical girls love, not found in Madokannon's world because they are the creations of decay.
In medieval European alchemy, one of the most important concepts was the process called putrefaction. In practical terms, this is just a form of fermentation, but spiritually it was related to the idea that life emerges out of rot. A piece of rotting fruit is disgusting and revolts the human senses, but it is also a riotous explosion of life, molds and maggots that nourish other living things, up and up the food chain until eventually all the natural beauty, all of life, depends on rot for sustenance. The alchemists regarded this as a profound spiritual truth, and that same spiritual truth, whether derived from alchemy or not, is key to the reason BOTH magical girls returned. Without putrefaction there is no cheese for Nagisa. Without the decay of Sayaka's mental state and Kyouko's resulting attempt to reach out to her, there is no friendship between the two of them. Everythign they shared, is a product of decay.
In other words, the cheese gag is actually far more than a gag; it is evidence that Madoka's system is imperfect, that some of the magical girls she saves are unhappy in a world without decay. Death and decay are part of life, a part that Madoka is trying to deny. Only time and the inevitable sequels will tell if Homura's system is any better.
We started the panel by discussing the opposing significance of Mami and Homura. That representation still holds in Rebellion; Mami is once again in the position of defending the status quo, the happier, safer world within the barrier with its traditional magical girl team and cute mascot characters and always-survivable monsters. And once again Homura is questioning and challenging that world, introducing new and uncomfortable elements from the alien genre of conspiracy thrillers, such as the notion that one of them is a traitor, that their memories are false, that what they're perceiving isn't real. Their fight, which was teased throughout the first three episodes of the series, becomes inevitable here, and Mami emerges as the clear victor. As of course she must be, because Homura is not bringing everything she has to bear; that part of her which is already a witch is trying to maintain this happy world, because she herself created it, so Homura is fighting herself as much as Mami.
At the end of the movie, of course, Homura declares herself to be a demon, earning nicknames like Akuma Homura and Homucifer. And of course, there are references to Paradise Lost hidden throughout the movie, just as references to Faust were hidden throughout the series. Put another way, just as the series is in many ways a Buddhist Faust, Rebellion is a Buddhist retelling of Paradise Lost. But does that mean Homura is Satan?
In the series, even though Madoka was the main character, it was a supporting character, Homura, who took the actual role of Faust, Similarly, in the movie, even though Homura is the main character, someone else is Satan. Homura's rebellion, after all, is NOT against God, but rather against herself; the real rebel against Godoka is Kyubey, who like Satan in Paradise Lost believes that he is more qualified to run things, doesn't understand anyone else's motivations, gets his butt kicked in a war that tears apart Heaven, and is trapped forever in a Hell that exists inside him. In other words, just as he was Mephistopheles in the series' version of Faust, he's Satan in the series' version of Paradise Lost.
But the real question is, is Homura good or evil? And the answer is, yes. Homura is a spectacularly morally ambiguous character. She reunites Madoka with her loved ones, returns Sayaka and Nagisa to worlds where they can get what they want, is working to end the magical girl system once and for all, is acting out of love, and holding the Incubators in check. These are all good things! Of course, she also destroyed one universe and is prepared to sacrifice another if she has to, has very clearly taken on the role of the Buddhist demon Mara, whose job is to use illusions and material things to distract people from their true potential to transcend this world—watch again that scene in the school hallway with Madoka. She deliberately taunts the other girls, forcing Kyoko to waste food, breaking a teacup behind Mami in an echo of the Charlotte fight, and erasing Sayaka's memories, she's motivated entirely by her own selfish desires, and she controls all the familiars and probably also witches. Her moral status is incredibly complicated—and so, like the movie itself, we end on an ambiguous note.
← Blog Status Update
On the latest Discworld… →
24 thoughts on "Latin Latin Madoka More Latin 3: The Search for More Mami"
universalperson
I do have two things to say. First, is Demon Homura trying to antagonize Kyoko and Mami? Throughout the movie Homura's doll familiars enact her true desires – particularly in her confrontation with Sayaka, where the dolls appear to commit suicide and throw tomatoes at Homura. It's the dolls who want to take an apple from Kyoko, which suggests that on some level Homura wants to be Kyoko's friends, but Homura rejects that desire by rejecting Kyoko's apple. Similarly, when Homura knocks over the teacup, it sort of looks like she's reaching out to Mami. In fact if you watch the scene closely she's extending her hand outwards even after the teacup falls.
Also, it's not clear if Homura is in control of the familiars. Certainly, her own familiars are doing things by themselves. As for the other familiars, this is something that is made more clear in the manga. In the manga version of Rebellion, the familiars are seen in the carriage that Sayaka and Nagisa ride in. Later, they're seen watching Sayaka reunite with Hitomi and Kyousuke. The implication is that the familiars were the ones that were involved in the Homulilly battle. Like Sayaka and Nagisa they are stranded, unable to return to the Law of Cycles. The presence of the familiars raises the possibility that the anime's witches – and maybe even the magical girls they came from – can return.
I find something very aesthetically appealing about the word "chaslideracter".
Sylocat
Now I just have to find a way to actually watch this movie somewhere.
Methinks I may go the dreaded "camrip" route.
Froborr
…You know what, that's a weird enough error that I'm just going to leave it there.
It comes out on DVD/BR in Japan April 2, and IIRC the Japanese BR is going to have the subtitles from the U.S. release as an option.
Interesting thoughts. I would say that if the familiars represent Homura's subconscious desires, then they would be under her control.
Either way, she's *clearly* trying to antagonize Sayaka, and earlier in the movie she says she "never liked" Mami; the only one I can sort of buy that she's trying to make friends with is Kyouko.
That Guy
As a side note, you can pre-order it at RightStuf for delivery on or around 8 April. Just sayin'…
Well they clearly are not entirely under her control – I mean, they throw tomatoes at her for crying out loud – but that doesn't mean they don't represent Homura's own inner thoughts. During Homura's confrontation with Sayaka, the familiars are seen jumping off a ledge, barefoot, with a bunch of shoes lying around. This is meaningless to an American audience, but deeply symbolic to a Japanese one – in Japan there is a perception that people often take off their shoes before committing suicide. (Which may be true, I have not found any hard evidence for this, but there's a bunch of anecdotal stuff out there.) If Homura's familiars are committing suicide, then it suggests on some level Homura wants to commit suicide.
Homura doesn't say she never liked Mami, at least according to the subtitles I've seen. Rather, she says she was bad at dealing with Mami, which is an important difference.
I can't agree with the term selfish for homura, Everything about her is self sacrificing, just because her actions to seperate herself from the three other puella are cruel and dark doesn't make them inherently selfish, selflessness doesn't have to lead to "pleasant" outcomes that people can look up to and idealize. it merely means you aren't doing it for yourself..
As for who Homura is. Not 100% sure where she lies, but Homura "slays" madokami. and Gott is Tot is in reference to the humans who killed their god. Homura in some way can be representitive of the magical girl, or perhaps humanity in general.
It feels like an incomplete thought to me, as I am having trouble fitting it into the other symbolism; the best I have though, is that Homura, in taking up the mantle of author in rebellion (which in some ways I also think the title might reference, given the clear divergence between the sweet ending some where hoping for, and the one given.) Much as God(oka) and the devil(kyuubei/urobochi) where authors, Homura, Humanity, perhaps the fans of the show, or simply the people who are not the author, are now in charge of their own destiny, Gott is Tot. Remember that Urobuchi mentioned he was leaving as writer from the franchise. He wants to see where the fans and quartet take madoka magica. In that sense, Homura's Rebellion isn't so much against madoka, as it is against kyuubei or Urobuchi.
Do you have any thoughts? I'd love to hear others opinions.
Well, the thing about Homura is that she desires to see Madoka alive and happy – and she is willing to sacrifice anything (and ignore Madoka's own opinions) in pursuit of this goal. Since she's only concerned with her own desire, that makes her selfish by definition. Her actions are self-sacrificing and perhaps self-denying, but that does not mean they are not selfish.
no. by this definition selflessness is impossible, since madoka is only following her own desires, that makes her a completely selfish person. she is doing what she wants; to sacrifice herself for people she cares about. that is HER own desire.
Think before you speak. Self denying IS selfless. period. The idea that some people will go through such mental contortions to insist that selflessness is pure and no bad could ever come from it is mind boggling. stupifying. Homura's actions are not for her own benefit. by definition, she is selfless, she is not concerned with her own situation, she is concerned with ANOTHERS.
Definition of selfless: concerned more with the needs and wishes of others than with one's own;
Definition of selfish: lacking consideration for others;
Madoka is selfess because she would sacrifice herself to save the world.
Homura is selfish because she would sacrifice the world to save Madoka. The fact that Homura is willing to sacrifice herself does not change the fact that she would willingly sacrifice everyone else as well, if it was to save Madoka. The fact that Homura cares only about her own desire to see Madoka alive, safe, and happy is what makes her selfish – because she does not care about anyone or anything else.
You know, saying "I'd love to hear others opinions." and then saying "Think before you speak." and going on some rant about how people are stupid for expressing an opinion is kind of mind boggling and stupefying. It's also hypocritical, obnoxious, and RUDE.
Please keep this civil, Anonymous. There's no call for stuff like "Think before you think," and if you say things like that again I will delete the comment. Please see the comment policy; this is your only warning.
Comment deleted for violating Comment Policy 5.3. You were warned, anon; if you want to continue this discussion you should review the Comment Policy (handily available in the links in the top right of every page) and refrain from continuing to violate it.
I could care less, but it certainly speaks of your character, or lack of it. This is your house I realize, and you're free to be a hypocritial tyrant at your leisure, But you are fooling yourself if you expect me to do anything but reciprocate on the level you are playing.
Interesting thoughts as usual, Froborr.
Do you really think Mami has a core of steel? I thought one of the points PMMM makes with Mami is that she just creates that appearance, but actually her heart is quite delicate.
Did anyone at the conference bring up the existentialist interpretation of Rebellion? I was initially pretty skeptical, but I've found myself warming up to it lately.
@AnonymousMarch 22, 2014 at 7:21 PM
Please don't be like that. If Froborr blocks anonymous comments I'd have to register an account or something.
Keep in mind, Mami has been a magical girl for quite some time (for some reason the number 3 years is in my head, but I don't know where it came from) without succumbing to despair. So yes, while she is lonely and sad, she is also a survivor. It's yet another parallel betweeen her and Homura, actually; they put up a front of being tough, but are actually in a lot of pain, while at the same time they are also continuing to function despite the pain.
Nobody brought it up, but it is something I've been thinking about.
Ah, I get what you mean, in which case I definitely agree. Mami is truly impressive, and the parallels with Homura you point out are quite apt. I always had this vague sense of "too alike to get past their differences" with those two, and you've helped me understand it better.
I guess I'm just being excessively specific with the metaphors. Like in Homura's case, I would say that her steely resolve is really a facade; a mask of stoicism that conceals the truth. In actuality, it is fiery determination that keeps her going.
I agree it's determination, but not that's fiery. Homura's determination is the determination of the sea wearing down a cliff or a tree root burrowing through solid rock. It's not hot-bloodedness, but rather a simple refusal to accept that she will fail. Which is why The Very Soil is named what it is and has the chapter titles it does.
This may be a regional thing, but I really don't think of "hot-blooded" when somebody says "fiery." To me, "fiery" conveys "intense," "fierce," "vehement" — that sort of thing. Whereas "hot-blooded" is more like "excitable" or "enthusiastic."
Mami "humble"? C'mon! She's a showoff. I doubt she finishes all her battles with a twirl and cup of tea when there's no idolizing little girls around to inflate her ego. Her design and weapons are the flashiest of them all. And when Homura points to her that bringing Madoka and Sayaka into witch barriers isn't the most sensible idea, or that Charlotte is a dangerous witch, Mami just dismisses it, and behaves confrontationally – which is quite arrogant, imo.
These are good points! Honestly this post is old enough that I don't remember what I was thinking about when I referred to Mami as "humble"; in my later episode-by-episode posts I talk about how flashy she is and how obviously she's showing off in her witch battles.
Looking at the one time "humble" appears, it's in reference to the archetypal Yamato Nadeshiko, who I would very much expect to perform humility.
Mami's showy deeds do contrast with understated words. Both proceed from the same desire to be admired, and a canny understanding that showing works where telling may backfire.


text:
Fuel Smarts
Diesel Prices Taper Off After Surge
October 24, 2016 • by Staff
Source: EIA
After two straight weeks of price increases, diesel prices have tapered off with a slight decline last week, according to the latest numbers from the Energy Department.
The national average price of on-highway diesel fuel fell by 0.3 cents last week, settling to $2.478 per gallon at the pump. The price is slightly cheaper than it was in the same week a year ago, down 2 cents by comparison.
Average prices moved up and down depending on the region with the largest decrease coming to the Lower Atlantic, falling 1.1 cents. On the opposite end of the spectrum, the largest increase in prices was in the New England region at 0.8 cents per gallon.
The price of regular gasoline was also down last week, falling 1.4 cents to $2.243 per gallon. For the first time this year, the average price of gasoline was more expensive than it was in the same week of 2015, up 1.5 cents per gallon by comparison.
Prices fluctuated by region with the largest decrease in prices hitting the Midwest at 4.8 cents per gallon. The largest increase in prices was the Rocky Mountain region at 1.7 cents per gallon.
Global crude oil prices were down on Oct. 24, with reports indicating that a deal between oil producing countries to freeze oil production may be torpedoed by Iraq, according to a MarketWatch report.
Prices had been increasing in recent weeks as a potential deal between Russia and the OPEC countries promised to finally address the overproduction of oil. However, Iraq has reportedly indicated that it will not be a part of any agreement due to its current fight against ISIS. The decision carries a lot of weight because Iraq is OPEC's second-largest oil producer.
Related: Revised CARB Plan Includes $150 Million For Heavy Duty Vehicles
Read more about Gas Prices Fuel Prices Diesel Prices
Isuzu, Honda Ink Hydrogen Fuel Cell R&D Deal
Isuzu and Honda have announced that they will be working together to develop hydrogen fuel cell technologies for commercial trucks and passenger car markets.
Meritor Acquires TransPower, Advancing Electrification Plans
Meritor, Inc. has announced it recently acquired all the outstanding common shares of Transportation Power, Inc., better known as TransPower.
Ideal for urban waste collection, Daimler's eEconic electric truck will be based on the all-electric eActros, with testing to begin in 2021.
Geotab Launches Tool to Help Fleets Add EVs
Geotab has launched its Electric Vehicle Suitability Assessment (EVSA) tool in North America, a tool designed to enable fleets to go electric.
Faster Truck Development Cycles Help Muddy the Definition of Production
What does it mean for a medium- or heavy-duty commercial truck to be "in production"? It's a question that has come up more and more as startup truck makers developing new electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles enter the market, so the North American Council for Freight Efficiency has put out a report attempting to formulate an answer.
Got Questions? Sleeper Cab Power Experts
Steve Carlson is the Xantrex OEM and fleet manager. Steve has over 20 years of...
Steve Carlson from Xantrex
Xantrex OEM and Fleet Manager
Werner to Put Electric Class 8 Truck Through its Paces
Werner Enterprises announced a pilot program to evaluate an electric-powered truck in year-long stint in southern California.
Mack Trucks Demonstrates Mack LR Electric for New York City
Mack Trucks pulled back the curtain on the first working Mack LR Electric, a fully electric version of the LR refuse model, which will be delivered to the New York City Department of Sanitation before the end of January.
Peterbilt Touts Electric Truck Progress at CES
Peterbilt is formally teaming up with Dana on electric powertrain development for its Model 220EV. The announcement was made at CES, the annual electronics show in Las Vegas, where Peterbilt also brought reporters up to speed on its electric-truck development progress overall.
NGVAmerica Updates Natural Gas Guidance Flyer
NGVAmerica released an updated Natural Gas Vehicle Weight Allowance Guidance flyer for use by interested natural gas fleets across the United States.
Anheuser-Busch Receives BYD's 100th Battery-Electric Truck
BYD delivered its 100th battery-electric truck in the United States, a second-generation BYD 8TT Class 8 Electric Semi that is part of a larger deployment for Anheuser-Busch's Oakland, Calif., distribution operations.
Digital Archive (2012-2014)
© 2020 Heavy Duty Trucking, Bobit Business Media. All Rights Reserved.


Laguna Beach achieved a record low crime rate in 2018, according to a report this week from the city's Police Department.
Overall crime dropped 14% compared with 2017, according to the report, released Tuesday.
Property crimes — which include burglary, larceny, arson and auto theft — fell 19%.
"The men and women of the Laguna Beach Police Department … are to be commended for their diligent efforts in identifying crime and nuisance issues and working to address them though creative strategies and community engagement," Police Chief Laura Farinella said in a statement.
The number of violent crimes in 2018 — including homicide, sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault and simple assault — was 190, the same as the previous year.
The crimes with the most significant decreases last year were burglaries, thefts and robberies.
Reports of burglaries fell by more than half — from 90 in 2017 to 42 last year — after two years of increases.
Larceny cases — thefts not including cars — fell from 358 in 2017 to 316.
Robberies dropped to six last year from 13 in 2017, the Police Department said.
Reports of auto theft dropped from 30 in 2017 to 25 last year.
The only property crime that posted an increase was arson, which went from one case in 2017 to three in 2018, the department said.
There were five reported sexual assaults in 2018, compared with seven the year before. The number of aggravated assaults — which include domestic violence and bar fights — was 21 in both 2017 and '18.
There has not been a reported homicide in Laguna Beach since 2012.
The only type of violent crime that increased last year was simple assault, with 158 cases, nine more than in 2017.
Police attributed the overall reduction in property crimes to beat officers who focused on crime prevention education in areas that have been targeted in recent years, urging residents to keep their doors locked and garages closed.
A police crime statistics report in December credited the decrease in thefts to the presence of beach patrol officers, who mostly enforce rules about smoking, alcohol and littering at Main Beach and Heisler Park.
Capt. Jason Kravetz said at the time that police arrested a few "burglary crews," which also helped account for the decrease in property crimes.
The City Council voted unanimously Dec. 11 to allocate $155,000 for the remainder of the fiscal year to increase beach patrol hours and fund a stronger police presence at Main Beach and Heisler Park, among other security measures.
In July, Laguna police began staffing an information booth on weekends at Main Beach Park to address public safety issues.


The Shibori Slouch Beanie is an essential for winter months. With a custom allover tie dye and fun top pom this beanie will add that extra bit of flair and to your snowboarding look.
I had got a blue one for my husband and the burgundy for me. They were better than expected and a great price!! We absolutely love them! Thank you Neff!


text:
Social Sciences and the Law
Sports and Everyday Life
Dictionaries thesauruses pictures and press releases
Revsin, Leslie (1944–2004)
views updated
American chef. Born Leslie Kim Revsin, Oct 19, 1944, in Chicago, IL; died Aug 9, 2004, Shoreline, WA; attended University of California, Berkeley; graduate of Macalester College, 1966; graduate of New York Technical College; m. Bill Arp (tv producer, div.); m. Philip Carlson (talent agent), 1980; children: Rachel Arp Ramstead.
Became the 1st woman to work as a chef in the kitchen of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in NY (1973); had her own place, Restaurant Leslie, in Greenwich Village (1977–81); became a tv cook and cookbook author; was chef at the Inn at Pound Ridge (1990–95).
Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages
Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.
"Revsin, Leslie (1944–2004) ." Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages. . Encyclopedia.com. 29 Dec. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Revsin, Leslie (1944–2004) ." Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages. . Encyclopedia.com. (December 29, 2021). https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/revsin-leslie-1944-2004
"Revsin, Leslie (1944–2004) ." Dictionary of Women Worldwide: 25,000 Women Through the Ages. . Retrieved December 29, 2021 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/revsin-leslie-1944-2004
Learn more about citation styles
Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).
Within the "Cite this article" tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.
Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, it's best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication's requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites:
Modern Language Association
http://www.mla.org/style
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html
http://apastyle.apa.org/
Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Refer to each style's convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates.
In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list.
More From encyclopedia.com
Leslie Nielsen , Nielsen, Leslie Nationality: Canadian. Born: Regina, Saskatchewan, 11 February 1926; nephew of Jean Hersholt (an actor). Education: Attended Victoria… Ellen Burstyn , Nationality: American. Born: Edna Rae Gillooly in Detroit, Michigan, 7 December 1932. Education: Attended Cass Tech High School, Detroit. Family: Mar… Richard Widmark , Widmark, Richard WIDMARK, Richard Attended Princeton High School, Illinois, graduated 1932; Lake Forest College, Illinois, B.A., 1936. Family: Marrie… George C Scott , Scott, George C. SCOTT, George C. Nationality: American. Born: George Campbell Scott in Wise, Virginia, 18 October 1927; grew up in Detroit. Educatio… Claire Bloom , Bloom, Claire Nationality: British. Born: Patricia Claire Bloom in North Finchley, London, England, 15 February 1931. Education: Attended school in C… Faye Dunaway , Dunaway, Faye Nationality: American. Born: Dorothy Faye Dunaway in Bascom, Florida, 14 January 1941. Education: Attended U.S. Army schools in Texas,…
Updated About encyclopedia.com content Print Article
Occupational Curricula and Areas of Instruction: Hotel & Restaurant Cooking
Sanders, Marlene (1931–)
SHEEN, Martin
DICKINSON, Angie
Nixon, Agnes (1927–)
FALK, Peter
Colleges that offer Hotel/Motel and Restaurant Management Degrees
Allison, Fran (1907–1989)
NEARBY TERMS
Revoyr, Nina 1969-
revolving storm
Revolving Charge
Revolver 2005
Revolutions, Latin American
Revolutions, Age of
Revolutions of 1989
Revolutions of 1851 and 1859
Revolutions in Europe
revolutionize
revolutionist
Revolutionary War: The World Turned Upside Down
Revolutionary War: The Serapis
Revolutionary War: Southern Theater
Revolutionary War: Saratoga
Revolutionary War: Northern Theater
Revolutionary War, Espionage and Intelligence
Revolutionary United Front (RUF)
Revolutionary Tribunal
Revson, Charles
Revson, Charles Haskell
Revue des Études Juives
Revue des Études Psychiques
Revue Française de Psychanalyse
Revue Métapsychique
Revue Scientifique et Morale du Spiritisme
Revue Spirite
Revue Spiritualiste
Revueltas, José (1914–1976)
Revueltas, Silvestre
Revueltas, Silvestre (1899–1940)
revulsion
Revusky, Abraham
Revutsky, Lev(ko Mikolaievich)
rew.
Rewal, Raj
Reward and Punishment
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)
Reward Pathways and Drugs
Rewards Network Inc.
rewarewa
© 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved.


BIOQUANT offers remote support services similar to your local IT department. We can remotely connect to your BIOQUANT computer over the internet so you can show us how we can help. To sign up, click Schedule Remote Sesssion.
Need a Technical Services Plan or BIOQUANT Upgrade?
Request a quote. By upgrading to the current version and adding a Technical Services Plan you are taking advantage of the least expensive way to keep your staff trained, your software up to date, and your system running smoothly.
Got an Older OSTEO system?
We think you should upgrade! Why? Here are 10 great reasons. Check out: Top 10 Reasons to Upgrade.
Got an Older LIFE SCIENCE system?
We think you should upgrade! Why? Here are 10 great reasons. Check out: Top Reasons to Upgrade.
BIOQUANT strives to provide annual upgrades to users with active Technical Service Plans. If you have an active techncial services Plan, click the link to request the latest version of your software below.
If you have an older BIOQUANT version, you can find previous versions requests here.


We do know almost everything! Now let's complicate things a little bit and talk about TYPES of types.
A value type implies that a variable associates directly with some data (or value). Variables of value types always keep a unique copy of that data.
It's extremely important to note that the value of the secondScorecard remained 10 - the same value it had when we assigned it using secondScorecard variable.
Once again, the line of code var secondScorecard = firstScorecard made a copy of the value 10 and kept it no matter what we did to the original firstScorecard variable.
This is how value type variables work, they always keep a copy of what's given to them.
And this behaviour is what we've assumed for variables so far.
Which types are value types?
Value types are simple types, like the numeric types we know (Int, Float, Double) as well as Boolean, String, Array, Dictionary and a few more sophisticated ones which you will learn later :ange:.
Let's look at the second category in detail.
A reference type is only a reference to the data. One or more variables of a reference type share a single copy of data.
In the case of reference types, the actual value of a variable is a reference , or in other words, the address of its data in the memory.
That reference points to its data. For that matter, variables of reference types are also called pointers.
Joe shared this knowledge with you. Now you possess the same information, pointing to the exact same spot in Africa.
A Russian spy Agent01 overheard your conversation and now knows all about the treasure and its coordinates.
All three of you can now refer to the very same treasure.
How do we code all this o_O?
This is how reference types work - they always share!
I'm sure you now realize how important it is to know the difference :pirate:!
So, in contrast to value types, reference types do not make a copy of data (the treasure), they only store the reference to a single copy of that data (the coordinates).
a value type variable has its own copy of data.
a reference type variable only refers to a copy of data and other variables of the same type may refer to the same copy.
Let's make it a bit more complicated just for fun.
What happens if all 3 of you forget the coordinates? Well, all the references are lost. That's called a memory leak! It occurs when the data is still present in memory but no variable is pointing to it.
This is a very dangerous situation, however, the good news is that most of the time we don't have to worry about it because it's all managed 'automatically'!
Swift implements what's called automatic reference counting (or ARC for short). Every time we create a variable to reference some data, the counter gets incremented. Every time a variable that points to that data gets dismissed or reassigned to point elsewhere, the counter gets decremented. And as you may now guess, when the counter becomes zero, the memory that was occupied by that data become available for other purposes.
Which types are reference types?
As you can tell from the example we used here, classes are reference types!
And when is a copy of data created in memory?
Now, what if I dismiss the first (the original) variable, will the second one still point to that data? yes, it will still point to the same data and the data will remain unchanged. It's like if Joe, who originally shared the coordinates of the treasure with you, forgot the coordinates. Not a big deal - you still remember it and the treasure is still there :zorro:!
There's a important trap we must be aware of with this concept: the direct comparison of variables.
If we were to compare value type variables, say, two integers for our scorecards, the comparison is applied to the numbers themselves, so we compare 10 with 8.
When we compare reference type variables, only the references get compared.
For example if you know coordinates of a treasure and your friend Livia knows coordinates of a treasure, you can compare your variables, but the only thing you can establish is whether you are talking about the EXACT same location.
Alternatively if coordinates are different you may or may not be referring to the same value of the treasure, even if both locations store 5 tons of gold!
That's exciting, isn't it ;)?
And what's the relation of this to NeXTDestination?
You noticed that we have sets of destinations and entertainment options available to plan our journey. As we chose them, we will be collecting them in our accomplishments and placesVisited. We will need to be mindful of the fact that those initial collections (destinations of the adventure class and entertainment options of the destination class) will be shared instances of data!
Value types - each variable associates directly with its value in the memory.
Reference types - each variable points to its value in the memory, i.e. stores the memory address of its value.
Direct comparison of variables of value types compares the values themselves.
Direct comparison of variables of reference types compares the pointers/addresses in the memory but NOT the values themselves (!).


text:
Long Beach Peninsula
The Long Beach Peninsula in Washington runs north of Ilwaco and includes the towns of Long Beach, Nahcotta, Ocean Park, Oysterville and Seaview, and claims to have the longest beach in the USA.
Beach on the Long Beach Peninsula
If you're driving the Pacific Coast Highway and only have limited time, it can be tempting to skip the peninsula, as it does make for a long diversion. However, our advice would be to build it into your trip and spend a couple of nights in Ilwaco or Long Beach. This would give you one whole day to drive around the peninsula and see some of its attractions.
How Long is the Long Beach Peninsula?
The Long Beach Peninsula runs for 28 miles from north to south, and on the Pacific Ocean side this means 28 miles of beach.
The Longest Beach in the USA?
To find out whether this is true or not, see our separate page on The Longest Beach in the USA.
Enjoying the Beach at Beard's Hollow
Things to Do on the Long Beach Peninsula
Apart from spending time on the beach, where kite-flying and beachcombing are popular activities, there's plenty to do on the Long Beach Peninsula. It's home to several state parks, with one of the most popular being the Cape Disappointment State Park. There are also several museums scattered around.
Fishing on the Long Beach Peninsula
Fishing charters and boat trips are popular. There are sports facilities such as golf and tennis, and you can go horse-riding and cycling too.
Cycling on the Long Beach Peninsula
The peninsula is also a very agricultural area and is noted for its cranberries. You can visit cranberry farms, and there's a lavender farm and gardens as well.
Cape Disappointment State Park
At the southern end of the peninsula is Cape Disappointment State Park, which covers an area of 1,882 acres (762 hectares). It was here that the Lewis and Clark expedition reached the Pacific Ocean in 1805.
The Lewis and Clark Interpretive Center tells the story of the epic journey that the pair made from St Louis in Missouri all the way to the Pacific. The center also has information about the park itself, and its history over the years.
Cape Disappointment State Park on the Long Beach Peninsula
The park also has hiking trails, camping facilities, and the North Head Lighthouse, which you can visit.
The North Head Lighthouse
Ilwaco
Ilwaco is a tiny and charming place of fewer than 1000 people. Highway 101 goes through Ilwaco but then turns back on itself to continue on up the coast without venturing onto the peninsula proper.
If you only have time for a short visit, be sure to see the Columbia Pacific Heritage Museum. This tells the story of the town and the surrounding area, going back to the time of the Chinook people. There's also a model railroad and the story of the Clamshell Railroad in Long Beach.
Train enthusiasts will want to visit on the third weekend in July when there's a Clamshell Railroad Day, which is repeated on the second weekend in October as part of the Cranberrian Fair.
Harvesting Cranberries on the Long Beach Peninsula
About 3 miles (4.8 kms) north of Ilwaco is Long Beach, which is a little larger with a population approaching 1500 people. Attractions include the World Kite Museum and Hall of Fame, which has over 1500 kites from around the world and is also home to the Washington State International Kite Festival.
Long Beach Peninsula's Kite Festival
Just along the street is the wacky Marsh's Free Museum, which has been here since 1935. It's a collection of antiques and curiosities, with one of its star exhibits being Jake the Alligator Man. The top half is a man and the bottom half an alligator, in mummified condition. Jake's a great local hero and every August the town celebrates his 75th birthday. Well, being mummified he's not going to get any older, is he?
Sunset on the Long Beach Peninsula
Other Washington pages
Unique Inns on the Pacific Coast Highway
Unique Inns on the Pacific Coast Highway include some of the best independently-owned boutique hotels, spas, and lodges in California, Oregon and Washington.
Washington State Travel Guide
The Washington State travel guide from Frommer's covers hotels in Seattle, driving the Pacific Coast Highway, Olympic National Park, where to eat and more.
Port Angeles in Washington State
Port Angeles in Washington is the largest town on the Olympic Peninsula. It stands on the Pacific Coast Highway and is the gateway to the Olympic National Park.
The best things to do in Seattle include visiting Pike Place Market, the Space Needle, Seattle Aquarium and the Seattle Art Museum.
Port Townsend is noted for its Victorian architecture, sits at the top of the Olympic Peninsula, close to the Olympic National Park and 55 miles from Seattle.
Seattle is a great city break vacation destination and also the perfect start for the Pacific Coast Highway drive, and the gateway to Washington wine country.
Sequim
Little Sequim on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington is a delightful place to stop if driving the Pacific Coast Highway.
Washington Wine Country
Washington Wine Country includes plenty of vineyards and wineries that can be visited while traveling the Pacific Coast Highway including the Olympic Peninsula.
Longest Beach in the USA
The Longest Beach in the USA is arguably in Long Beach in Washington, though claims that it is also the longest beach in the world are wide of the mark.
Washington Coast Hotels and Inns
The Washington Coast's hotels, inns, guesthouses, b&bs and other places to stay include 5-star luxury hotels and resorts, motel chains, RV parks and camping.
Westport Washington
Located on a peninsula, Westport is a small fishing town in Washington State with the largest marina in the Pacific Northwest.
Downtown Seattle hotels are near attractions and the waterfront. Hotel Vintage Park, Edgewater Inn, and Inn at Harbor Steps are tops for travelers.


The Dad Hat Was So Cool We Had To Make It Into A Convertible.
Hello My Name Is Papi Visor. Also A Great Fathers Day Gift.
Smooth To The Touch. We Digitized "Papi" On A Silk Woven Label Patch To Give it An Authentic Appeal Of Hand Writing.
If Ever Needed, This Cap Is Washer Friendly, Best To Air Dry.


Do you have problems identifying birds?
Now there is finally a way to solve the mystery of "Who's Singing that Song?" These Bird Song Clocks play bird song recordings to help you learn to identify birds by their songs.


text:
#include "sqliteInt.h"
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <ctype.h>

/*
** This routine runs when the memory allocator sees that the
** total memory allocation is about to exceed the soft heap
** limit.
*/
static void softHeapLimitEnforcer(
  void *NotUsed,
  sqlite3_int64 inUse,
  int allocSize
){
  sqlite3_release_memory(allocSize);
}

/*
** Set the soft heap-size limit for the library. Passing a zero or
** negative value indicates no limit.
*/
void sqlite3_soft_heap_limit(int n){
  sqlite3_uint64 iLimit;
  int overage;
  if( n<0 ){
    iLimit = 0;
  }else{
    iLimit = n;
  }
  sqlite3_initialize();
  if( iLimit>0 ){
    sqlite3_memory_alarm(softHeapLimitEnforcer, 0, iLimit);
  }else{
    sqlite3_memory_alarm(0, 0, 0);
  }
  overage = sqlite3_memory_used() - n;
  if( overage>0 ){
    sqlite3_release_memory(overage);
  }
}

/*
** Attempt to release up to n bytes of non-essential memory currently
** held by SQLite. An example of non-essential memory is memory used to
** cache database pages that are not currently in use.
*/
int sqlite3_release_memory(int n){
#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT
  int nRet = sqlite3VdbeReleaseMemory(n);
  nRet += sqlite3PagerReleaseMemory(n-nRet);
  return nRet;
#else
  return SQLITE_OK;
#endif
}

/*
** State information local to the memory allocation subsystem.
*/
static struct {
  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;         /* Mutex to serialize access */

  /*
  ** The alarm callback and its arguments.  The mem0.mutex lock will
  ** be held while the callback is running.  Recursive calls into
  ** the memory subsystem are allowed, but no new callbacks will be
  ** issued.  The alarmBusy variable is set to prevent recursive
  ** callbacks.
  */
  sqlite3_int64 alarmThreshold;
  void (*alarmCallback)(void*, sqlite3_int64,int);
  void *alarmArg;
  int alarmBusy;

  /*
  ** Pointers to the end of sqlite3Config.pScratch and
  ** sqlite3Config.pPage to a block of memory that records
  ** which pages are available.
  */
  u32 *aScratchFree;
  u32 *aPageFree;

  /* Number of free pages for scratch and page-cache memory */
  u32 nScratchFree;
  u32 nPageFree;
} mem0;

/*
** Initialize the memory allocation subsystem.
*/
int sqlite3MallocInit(void){
  if( sqlite3Config.m.xMalloc==0 ){
    sqlite3MemSetDefault();
  }
  memset(&mem0, 0, sizeof(mem0));
  if( sqlite3Config.bCoreMutex ){
    mem0.mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM);
  }
  if( sqlite3Config.pScratch && sqlite3Config.szScratch>=100
      && sqlite3Config.nScratch>=0 ){
    int i;
    sqlite3Config.szScratch -= 4;
    mem0.aScratchFree = (u32*)&((char*)sqlite3Config.pScratch)
                  [sqlite3Config.szScratch*sqlite3Config.nScratch];
    for(i=0; i<sqlite3Config.nScratch; i++){ mem0.aScratchFree[i] = i; }
    mem0.nScratchFree = sqlite3Config.nScratch;
  }else{
    sqlite3Config.pScratch = 0;
    sqlite3Config.szScratch = 0;
  }
  if( sqlite3Config.pPage && sqlite3Config.szPage>=512
      && sqlite3Config.nPage>=1 ){
    int i;
    int overhead;
    int sz = sqlite3Config.szPage;
    int n = sqlite3Config.nPage;
    overhead = (4*n + sz - 1)/sz;
    sqlite3Config.nPage -= overhead;
    mem0.aPageFree = (u32*)&((char*)sqlite3Config.pPage)
                  [sqlite3Config.szPage*sqlite3Config.nPage];
    for(i=0; i<sqlite3Config.nPage; i++){ mem0.aPageFree[i] = i; }
    mem0.nPageFree = sqlite3Config.nPage;
  }else{
    sqlite3Config.pPage = 0;
    sqlite3Config.szPage = 0;
  }
  return sqlite3Config.m.xInit(sqlite3Config.m.pAppData);
}

/*
** Deinitialize the memory allocation subsystem.
*/
void sqlite3MallocEnd(void){
  sqlite3Config.m.xShutdown(sqlite3Config.m.pAppData);
  memset(&mem0, 0, sizeof(mem0));
}

/*
** Return the amount of memory currently checked out.
*/
sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_memory_used(void){
  int n, mx;
  sqlite3_int64 res;
  sqlite3_status(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, &n, &mx, 0);
  res = (sqlite3_int64)n;  /* Work around bug in Borland C. Ticket #3216 */
  return res;
}

/*
** Return the maximum amount of memory that has ever been
** checked out since either the beginning of this process
** or since the most recent reset.
*/
sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_memory_highwater(int resetFlag){
  int n, mx;
  sqlite3_int64 res;
  sqlite3_status(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, &n, &mx, resetFlag);
  res = (sqlite3_int64)mx;  /* Work around bug in Borland C. Ticket #3216 */
  return res;
}

/*
** Change the alarm callback
*/
int sqlite3_memory_alarm(
  void(*xCallback)(void *pArg, sqlite3_int64 used,int N),
  void *pArg,
  sqlite3_int64 iThreshold
){
  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
  mem0.alarmCallback = xCallback;
  mem0.alarmArg = pArg;
  mem0.alarmThreshold = iThreshold;
  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
  return SQLITE_OK;
}

/*
** Trigger the alarm
*/
static void sqlite3MallocAlarm(int nByte){
  void (*xCallback)(void*,sqlite3_int64,int);
  sqlite3_int64 nowUsed;
  void *pArg;
  if( mem0.alarmCallback==0 || mem0.alarmBusy  ) return;
  mem0.alarmBusy = 1;
  xCallback = mem0.alarmCallback;
  nowUsed = sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED);
  pArg = mem0.alarmArg;
  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
  xCallback(pArg, nowUsed, nByte);
  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
  mem0.alarmBusy = 0;
}

/*
** Do a memory allocation with statistics and alarms.  Assume the
** lock is already held.
*/
static int mallocWithAlarm(int n, void **pp){
  int nFull;
  void *p;
  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(mem0.mutex) );
  nFull = sqlite3Config.m.xRoundup(n);
  sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE, n);
  if( mem0.alarmCallback!=0 ){
    int nUsed = sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED);
    if( nUsed+nFull >= mem0.alarmThreshold ){
      sqlite3MallocAlarm(nFull);
    }
  }
  p = sqlite3Config.m.xMalloc(nFull);
  if( p==0 && mem0.alarmCallback ){
    sqlite3MallocAlarm(nFull);
    p = sqlite3Config.m.xMalloc(nFull);
  }
  if( p ){
    nFull = sqlite3MallocSize(p);
    sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, nFull);
  }
  *pp = p;
  return nFull;
}

/*
** Allocate memory.  This routine is like sqlite3_malloc() except that it
** assumes the memory subsystem has already been initialized.
*/
void *sqlite3Malloc(int n){
  void *p;
  if( n<=0 ){
    p = 0;
  }else if( sqlite3Config.bMemstat ){
    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
    mallocWithAlarm(n, &p);
    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
  }else{
    p = sqlite3Config.m.xMalloc(n);
  }
  return p;
}

/*
** This version of the memory allocation is for use by the application.
** First make sure the memory subsystem is initialized, then do the
** allocation.
*/
void *sqlite3_malloc(int n){
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
  if( sqlite3_initialize() ) return 0;
#endif
  return sqlite3Malloc(n);
}

/*
** Each thread may only have a single outstanding allocation from
** xScratchMalloc().  We verify this constraint in the single-threaded
** case by setting scratchAllocOut to 1 when an allocation
** is outstanding clearing it when the allocation is freed.
*/
#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0 && !defined(NDEBUG)
static int scratchAllocOut = 0;
#endif

/*
** Allocate memory that is to be used and released right away.
** This routine is similar to alloca() in that it is not intended
** for situations where the memory might be held long-term.  This
** routine is intended to get memory to old large transient data
** structures that would not normally fit on the stack of an
** embedded processor.
*/
void *sqlite3ScratchMalloc(int n){
  void *p;
  assert( n>0 );

#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0 && !defined(NDEBUG)
  /* Verify that no more than one scratch allocation per thread
  ** is outstanding at one time.  (This is only checked in the
  ** single-threaded case since checking in the multi-threaded case
  ** would be much more complicated.) */
  assert( scratchAllocOut==0 );
#endif

  if( sqlite3Config.szScratch<n ){
    goto scratch_overflow;
  }else{
    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
    if( mem0.nScratchFree==0 ){
      sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
      goto scratch_overflow;
    }else{
      int i;
      i = mem0.aScratchFree[--mem0.nScratchFree];
      sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
      i *= sqlite3Config.szScratch;
      sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED, 1);
      sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE, n);
      p = (void*)&((char*)sqlite3Config.pScratch)[i];
    }
  }
#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0 && !defined(NDEBUG)
  scratchAllocOut = p!=0;
#endif

  return p;

scratch_overflow:
  if( sqlite3Config.bMemstat ){
    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
    sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_SIZE, n);
    n = mallocWithAlarm(n, &p);
    if( p ) sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW, n);
    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
  }else{
    p = sqlite3Config.m.xMalloc(n);
  }
#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0 && !defined(NDEBUG)
  scratchAllocOut = p!=0;
#endif
  return p;
}
void sqlite3ScratchFree(void *p){
  if( p ){

#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE==0 && !defined(NDEBUG)
    /* Verify that no more than one scratch allocation per thread
    ** is outstanding at one time.  (This is only checked in the
    ** single-threaded case since checking in the multi-threaded case
    ** would be much more complicated.) */
    assert( scratchAllocOut==1 );
    scratchAllocOut = 0;
#endif

    if( sqlite3Config.pScratch==0
           || p<sqlite3Config.pScratch
           || p>=(void*)mem0.aScratchFree ){
      if( sqlite3Config.bMemstat ){
        int iSize = sqlite3MallocSize(p);
        sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
        sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_OVERFLOW, -iSize);
        sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, -iSize);
        sqlite3Config.m.xFree(p);
        sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
      }else{
        sqlite3Config.m.xFree(p);
      }
    }else{
      int i;
      i = (u8 *)p - (u8 *)sqlite3Config.pScratch;
      i /= sqlite3Config.szScratch;
      assert( i>=0 && i<sqlite3Config.nScratch );
      sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
      assert( mem0.nScratchFree<sqlite3Config.nScratch );
      mem0.aScratchFree[mem0.nScratchFree++] = i;
      sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_SCRATCH_USED, -1);
      sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
    }
  }
}

/*
** Allocate memory to be used by the page cache.  Make use of the
** memory buffer provided by SQLITE_CONFIG_PAGECACHE if there is one
** and that memory is of the right size and is not completely
** consumed.  Otherwise, failover to sqlite3Malloc().
*/
void *sqlite3PageMalloc(int n){
  void *p;
  assert( n>0 );
  assert( (n & (n-1))==0 );
  assert( n>=512 && n<=32768 );

  if( sqlite3Config.szPage<n ){
    goto page_overflow;
  }else{
    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
    if( mem0.nPageFree==0 ){
      sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
      goto page_overflow;
    }else{
      int i;
      i = mem0.aPageFree[--mem0.nPageFree];
      sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
      i *= sqlite3Config.szPage;
      sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_SIZE, n);
      sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED, 1);
      p = (void*)&((char*)sqlite3Config.pPage)[i];
    }
  }
  return p;

page_overflow:
  if( sqlite3Config.bMemstat ){
    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
    sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_SIZE, n);
    n = mallocWithAlarm(n, &p);
    if( p ) sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW, n);
    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
  }else{
    p = sqlite3Config.m.xMalloc(n);
  }
  return p;
}
void sqlite3PageFree(void *p){
  if( p ){
    if( sqlite3Config.pPage==0
           || p<sqlite3Config.pPage
           || p>=(void*)mem0.aPageFree ){
      /* In this case, the page allocation was obtained from a regular
      ** call to sqlite3_mem_methods.xMalloc() (a page-cache-memory
      ** "overflow"). Free the block with sqlite3_mem_methods.xFree().
      */
      if( sqlite3Config.bMemstat ){
        int iSize = sqlite3MallocSize(p);
        sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
        sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW, -iSize);
        sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, -iSize);
        sqlite3Config.m.xFree(p);
        sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
      }else{
        sqlite3Config.m.xFree(p);
      }
    }else{
      /* The page allocation was allocated from the sqlite3Config.pPage
      ** buffer. In this case all that is add the index of the page in
      ** the sqlite3Config.pPage array to the set of free indexes stored
      ** in the mem0.aPageFree[] array.
      */
      int i;
      i = (u8 *)p - (u8 *)sqlite3Config.pPage;
      i /= sqlite3Config.szPage;
      assert( i>=0 && i<sqlite3Config.nPage );
      sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
      assert( mem0.nPageFree<sqlite3Config.nPage );
      mem0.aPageFree[mem0.nPageFree++] = i;
      sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_USED, -1);
      sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
#if !defined(NDEBUG) && 0
      /* Assert that a duplicate was not just inserted into aPageFree[]. */
      for(i=0; i<mem0.nPageFree-1; i++){
        assert( mem0.aPageFree[i]!=mem0.aPageFree[mem0.nPageFree-1] );
      }
#endif
    }
  }
}

/*
** TRUE if p is a lookaside memory allocation from db
*/
static int isLookaside(sqlite3 *db, void *p){
  return db && p && p>=db->lookaside.pStart && p<db->lookaside.pEnd;
}

/*
** Return the size of a memory allocation previously obtained from
** sqlite3Malloc() or sqlite3_malloc().
*/
int sqlite3MallocSize(void *p){
  return sqlite3Config.m.xSize(p);
}
int sqlite3DbMallocSize(sqlite3 *db, void *p){
  if( isLookaside(db, p) ){
    return db->lookaside.sz;
  }else{
    return sqlite3Config.m.xSize(p);
  }
}

/*
** Free memory previously obtained from sqlite3Malloc().
*/
void sqlite3_free(void *p){
  if( p==0 ) return;
  if( sqlite3Config.bMemstat ){
    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
    sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, -sqlite3MallocSize(p));
    sqlite3Config.m.xFree(p);
    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
  }else{
    sqlite3Config.m.xFree(p);
  }
}

/*
** Free memory that might be associated with a particular database
** connection.
*/
void sqlite3DbFree(sqlite3 *db, void *p){
  if( isLookaside(db, p) ){
    LookasideSlot *pBuf = (LookasideSlot*)p;
    pBuf->pNext = db->lookaside.pFree;
    db->lookaside.pFree = pBuf;
    db->lookaside.nOut--;
  }else{
    sqlite3_free(p);
  }
}

/*
** Change the size of an existing memory allocation
*/
void *sqlite3Realloc(void *pOld, int nBytes){
  int nOld, nNew;
  void *pNew;
  if( pOld==0 ){
    return sqlite3Malloc(nBytes);
  }
  if( nBytes<=0 ){
    sqlite3_free(pOld);
    return 0;
  }
  nOld = sqlite3MallocSize(pOld);
  if( sqlite3Config.bMemstat ){
    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mem0.mutex);
    sqlite3StatusSet(SQLITE_STATUS_MALLOC_SIZE, nBytes);
    nNew = sqlite3Config.m.xRoundup(nBytes);
    if( nOld==nNew ){
      pNew = pOld;
    }else{
      if( sqlite3StatusValue(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED)+nNew-nOld >=
            mem0.alarmThreshold ){
        sqlite3MallocAlarm(nNew-nOld);
      }
      pNew = sqlite3Config.m.xRealloc(pOld, nNew);
      if( pNew==0 && mem0.alarmCallback ){
        sqlite3MallocAlarm(nBytes);
        pNew = sqlite3Config.m.xRealloc(pOld, nNew);
      }
      if( pNew ){
        nNew = sqlite3MallocSize(pNew);
        sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_MEMORY_USED, nNew-nOld);
      }
    }
    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem0.mutex);
  }else{
    pNew = sqlite3Config.m.xRealloc(pOld, nBytes);
  }
  return pNew;
}

/*
** The public interface to sqlite3Realloc.  Make sure that the memory
** subsystem is initialized prior to invoking sqliteRealloc.
*/
void *sqlite3_realloc(void *pOld, int n){
#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
  if( sqlite3_initialize() ) return 0;
#endif
  return sqlite3Realloc(pOld, n);
}

/*
** Allocate and zero memory.
*/
void *sqlite3MallocZero(int n){
  void *p = sqlite3Malloc(n);
  if( p ){
    memset(p, 0, n);
  }
  return p;
}

/*
** Allocate and zero memory.  If the allocation fails, make
** the mallocFailed flag in the connection pointer.
*/
void *sqlite3DbMallocZero(sqlite3 *db, int n){
  void *p = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, n);
  if( p ){
    memset(p, 0, n);
  }
  return p;
}

/*
** Allocate and zero memory.  If the allocation fails, make
** the mallocFailed flag in the connection pointer.
*/
void *sqlite3DbMallocRaw(sqlite3 *db, int n){
  void *p;
  if( db ){
    LookasideSlot *pBuf;
    if( db->mallocFailed ){
      return 0;
    }
    if( db->lookaside.bEnabled && n<=db->lookaside.sz
         && (pBuf = db->lookaside.pFree)!=0 ){
      db->lookaside.pFree = pBuf->pNext;
      db->lookaside.nOut++;
      if( db->lookaside.nOut>db->lookaside.mxOut ){
        db->lookaside.mxOut = db->lookaside.nOut;
      }
      return (void*)pBuf;
    }
  }
  p = sqlite3Malloc(n);
  if( !p && db ){
    db->mallocFailed = 1;
  }
  return p;
}

/*
** Resize the block of memory pointed to by p to n bytes. If the
** resize fails, set the mallocFailed flag in the connection object.
*/
void *sqlite3DbRealloc(sqlite3 *db, void *p, int n){
  void *pNew = 0;
  if( db->mallocFailed==0 ){
    if( p==0 ){
      return sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, n);
    }
    if( isLookaside(db, p) ){
      if( n<=db->lookaside.sz ){
        return p;
      }
      pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, n);
      if( pNew ){
        memcpy(pNew, p, db->lookaside.sz);
        sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
      }
    }else{
      pNew = sqlite3_realloc(p, n);
      if( !pNew ){
        db->mallocFailed = 1;
      }
    }
  }
  return pNew;
}

/*
** Attempt to reallocate p.  If the reallocation fails, then free p
** and set the mallocFailed flag in the database connection.
*/
void *sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(sqlite3 *db, void *p, int n){
  void *pNew;
  pNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(db, p, n);
  if( !pNew ){
    sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
  }
  return pNew;
}

/*
** Make a copy of a string in memory obtained from sqliteMalloc(). These
** functions call sqlite3MallocRaw() directly instead of sqliteMalloc(). This
** is because when memory debugging is turned on, these two functions are
** called via macros that record the current file and line number in the
** ThreadData structure.
*/
char *sqlite3DbStrDup(sqlite3 *db, const char *z){
  char *zNew;
  size_t n;
  if( z==0 ){
    return 0;
  }
  n = strlen(z)+1;
  assert( (n&0x7fffffff)==n );
  zNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, (int)n);
  if( zNew ){
    memcpy(zNew, z, n);
  }
  return zNew;
}
char *sqlite3DbStrNDup(sqlite3 *db, const char *z, int n){
  char *zNew;
  if( z==0 ){
    return 0;
  }
  assert( (n&0x7fffffff)==n );
  zNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, n+1);
  if( zNew ){
    memcpy(zNew, z, n);
    zNew[n] = 0;
  }
  return zNew;
}

/*
** Create a string from the zFromat argument and the va_list that follows.
** Store the string in memory obtained from sqliteMalloc() and make *pz
** point to that string.
*/
void sqlite3SetString(char **pz, sqlite3 *db, const char *zFormat, ...){
  va_list ap;
  char *z;

  va_start(ap, zFormat);
  z = sqlite3VMPrintf(db, zFormat, ap);
  va_end(ap);
  sqlite3DbFree(db, *pz);
  *pz = z;
}

/*
** This function must be called before exiting any API function (i.e.
** returning control to the user) that has called sqlite3_malloc or
** sqlite3_realloc.
**
** The returned value is normally a copy of the second argument to this
** function. However, if a malloc() failure has occured since the previous
** invocation SQLITE_NOMEM is returned instead.
**
** If the first argument, db, is not NULL and a malloc() error has occured,
** then the connection error-code (the value returned by sqlite3_errcode())
** is set to SQLITE_NOMEM.
*/
int sqlite3ApiExit(sqlite3* db, int rc){
  /* If the db handle is not NULL, then we must hold the connection handle
  ** mutex here. Otherwise the read (and possible write) of db->mallocFailed
  ** is unsafe, as is the call to sqlite3Error().
  */
  assert( !db || sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
  if( db && db->mallocFailed ){
    sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_NOMEM, 0);
    db->mallocFailed = 0;
    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
  }
  return rc & (db ? db->errMask : 0xff);
}