text:
STEAM ENGINES AND PARTS.
The manufacture of steam engines is a large and important industry in the United States, but, owing to the fact that domestic manufacturers are in a position to supply all classes of engines at prices that will ordinarily compete with those of foreign manufacture, the tariff problems are comparatively simple. The imports in 1919 were larger than for any previous year for which records are available, being valued at over $800,000. This amount, however, is no greater than one week's business for one of the large American firms and is negligible as compared with the exports, which run into millions of dollars annually. During 1920 the imports decreased so markedly as to indicate that the 1919 importations were sporadic and the result of abnormal circumstances.
From the tariff viewpoint the manufacture of steam engines may be considered as a highly developed branch of the general machinery industry. They are frequently made in the same plants with other classes of machinery, but designs are well standardized by the different makers and they are made in large quantities under more advanced production methods than those ordinarily in vogue in foreign plants.
Summary table-Steam engines--All other.
Steam engines may be described as prime movers which utilize the heat energy, pressure, or kinetic energy of steam to generate power. Steam locomotives are specially provided for in the tariff in the same paragraph of the 1913 act with steam engines, and these are discussed in a separate Tariff Information Survey. All other classes of steam engines may be considered as grouped under the designation all steam engines" and will be considered in the following discussion.
A great number of different types of steam engines may be distinguished, depending upon the general arrangement of parts, mode of working, and other factors. "A general division may be made between condensing and noncondensing, depending upon whether the steam is exhausted directly into the atmosphere or condensed in a cooling device to form a partial vacuum. Another general division is compound or noncompound, with a further classification of the former into double-, triple-, and quadruple-expansion engines, according to the number of units in which the
the steam is utilized. Single- or double-acting engines are distinguished according to whether the steam acts on one or both ends of a piston. Steam pumps, steam hammers, etc., are nonrotitive. Direct-acting engines are
those in which no lever is interposed between the connecting rod and piston rod, as in the case of a beam engine. Horizontal-, vertical-, or inclined-cylinder engines are obviously classified according to the position of the cylinder, a few vertical cylinder engines being in the invertel-cylinder class. In oscillating cylinder the cylinder moves back and forth on an axis, thereby dispensing with a connecting rod.
In rotary engines there is no piston in the ordinary sense and there is no necessity of converting the usual reciprocating motion into rotary motion. Steam turbines may be considered as a special type of rotary engines, but differ in that they are actuated by the kinetic energy of moving steam rather than by the expansion of steam under pressure. Turbines are also divided into impulse, reaction, and combination reaction and impulse turbines. The various types of reciprocating engines also may be distinguished according to the valve action, of which the Corliss and plain slide valve are the main distinctions, although a relatively recent type is the Unaflow engine, in which the inlet valves are mechanically operated, while the exhaust from both ends of the cylinder goes out through a common port, which is covered or opened by the piston, which is unusually long, in its travel.
The above may serve to indicate some of the more important general classes of steam engines in common use, according to the general construction or method of operation. There are other special types, as, for example, the Pulsometer, a pump in which the steam acts directly in the same cylinder against the liquid that is being pumped. The distinction between high-speed and low-speed engines is also important. Most of these classes, however, may be considered according to the grouping adopted by the Federal Census, which distinguishes only (1) stationary and portable steam engines other than turbines; (2) marine other than turbines; (3) steam turbines; and (4) traction engines. Steam locomotives, as in the tarifl
' act, are taken up separately: The Census classification, which is roughly according to the uses, will be generally used, so far as practicable, in this survey. A further discussion of the uses is unnecessary further than that steam engines are ordinarily the commonest type of prime mover, and in regions in which coal is cheaply obtainable and where water power is lacking they are generally the cheapest source of power. In units
of over about 200 horsepower turbines are generally cheaper in first cost than reciprocating engines and are more efficient.
Internal-combustion engines have displaced steam in many cases, particularly in automobiles and tractors. Heavy oil engines have introduced serious competition with steam engines in certain sections, notably the southwestern part of the United States, where coal is costly and fuel oil is reasonably cheap. Water power when available is a general substitute for steam-generated power. Another element that may be considered of great importance in the steam-engine trade is the modern use of electricity, which eliminates the great number of individual steam plants in factories and works owing to the greater economy of central power houses and the greater flexibility of electric power. The various substitutes for steam engines, however, have rather served to reduce somewhat the expansion in the manufacture and use of steam engines than to displace steam engines from the field of power generation. The number of steam engines produced each year is increasing, but less rapidly than the expansion in the use of power.
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION.
Owing to the fact that the United States is the largest user of power in the world, the domestic market for steam engines is greater in this country than in any other part of the world. The industry is a large and important one, the value of the product in 1914 being given by the Federal census as over $30,000,000.
It is doubtless much more at the present time.
Raw materials. The raw materials for the manufacture of steam engines are the same as for other classes of machinery. The most important item is iron and steel, with minor quantities of brass and other finish or bearing metals. Oil cups, cylinder and crank oiling devices, and other accessories may be purchased from special manufacturers or made in the steam-engine factories.
As in other classes of machinery manufacture, the domestic maker can secure his raw materials in sufficient quantity in this country and in this industry the prices of raw materials here and abroad are so nearly the same, under normal conditions, that they need not be considered. The balance of advantage, if any, should be with the American makers in the future as at present.
Equipment.-- The manufacture of a complete steam engine, even in the smaller sizes, calls for a large amount of equipment, including a foundry, machine shops, and forging plant. Such equipment is expensive, but is no more costly per unit in this country than abroad, although owing to the general principle of mechanical methods of production in this country the equipment of American plants per unit of annual product is more extensive than that of foreign plants of similar capacity.
Methods of production.-Steam engines are made in large quantities. The smaller sizes, as produced by any one manufacturer, are made according to standard designs, enabling the adoption of mass production methods. Larger sizes are fairly well standardized, subject to minor changes in design to meet individual conditions. The details of manufacture are similar to those in the manufacture of other classes of machinery. Great precision is required in certain
parts, but no unusual difficulty is found in the production of interchangeable parts, and in this country there is little necessity for further finishing and fitting in the assembly departments of the factories. A large amount of skilled male labor is employed in the operation of the various machine tools, but in the United States the number of operations required to be performed by any one man are relatively few.
Organization.--A considerable proportion of the total output of steam engines comes from firms primarily engaged in the manufacture of other classes of machinery. It is therefore impracticable to attempt to estimate the total amount of capital invested in the industry. Air compressors, pumps, and many other classes of machinery, whether or not designed to be driven by steam power, are frequently manufactured in the same establishment and utilize the same equipment. The larger machinery factories may produce a variety of sizes and types of steam engines. Some of the largest firms manufacture practically a full line of engines for every purpose, although there are also firms which specialize to a considerable degree and devote themselves exclusively to the manufacture of one model.
The Federal Census reports that 809 establishments reported the manufacture of engines in 1914 and of these 243 made steam engines. Doubtless, however, this number includes many establishments in which steam engines are a minor product. A large fraction of the total output comes from some 15 to 20 important firms, several of which operate more than one plant.
Geographical distribution.--Pennsylvania is the leading State in the production of steam engines, furnishing 39.6 per cent of the total horsepower and 33.4 per cent of the total value as reported to the Census in 1914. New York ranked second in point of horsepowers, furnishing 25.2 per cent of the total; but Wisconsin reported a larger value of output, 14.3 per cent of the value as compared with 11.2 per cent reported from New York, although only 11.4 per cent of the total horsepower was manufactured in Wisconsin in that year. The production in various States will be found on page 21, but it will be noted that the above three States furnished over 75 per cent of the horsepower and nearly 60 per cent of the value of the engines produced in 1914. It is interesting to note the extraordinarily high valuation per horsepower of the Michigan product. A large number of small engines were reported from that State, the average being under 20 horsepower and valued at about $42.50 per horsepower as compared with an average value per horsepower for all the engines reported of only $13. The average rating of all the engines produced in the United States in that ear was over 120 horsepower.
Il story of the industry.- Probably the oldest tpe of steam engine is that described by Hero of Alexandria in 130 B. C. This primitive engine, referred to as an aelopile, consisted of a spherical vessel pivoted on a central axis and supplied with steam through one of the pivots. The steam escaped b' means of bent tubes faced tangentially and arranged perpendicularls to the axis. The force of the steam as it blew out into the air revolved the globe. The principle is similar to that of a reaction turbine, although this crude application was practically nothing but a toy. There were practically
no further developments in the application of steam to power generation until the seventeenth century, when attention was directed to this problem. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, the first commercially successful steam engine was a pumping device patented br Thomas Savery in 1698. This device consisted essentially of a hollow vessel into which steam could be introduced and then condensed by means of a cold water jet. The resulting suction would serve to draw up water from a cistern, filling the vessel
, which could be again emptied by closing the suction connection and admitting steam. Various other developments followed Savery's engine, but it was not until James Watt, an instrument maker of Glasgow, patented his first steam engine in 1769 that anything approaching an economical engine was produced. Watt's studies proved the basis for most of the radical developments in the reciprocating steam engine, although later inventions have resulted in enormous improvements over early engines. A great number of inventors have contributed to this progress, but it is unnecessary even to list the names, as patents are no longer an important factor in the industry and all classes of engines are now being made in the United States. Mention should, however, be made of the steam turbine adopted at first for marine use. These engines, which operate upon different principles from those underlying Watt's chief inventions, were developed independently and along fundamentally different lines by Dr. Gustav de Laval and C. A. Parsons, who produced in the latter part of the nineteenth century the turbines which now bear their names.
In every line of these manufactures various improvements and special designs for certain purposes have been made and patented either by American inventors or foreigners. On account of the large requirements of the United States, as soon as a new design has established a market in this country the right to manufacture it is licensed to some American engine company. One of the most recent examples is the case previously cited of the Unaflow engine, patented by a German (Dr. Stumpf) and for a time imported to some extent into this country. There are now several American companies which manufacture this type in their own plants.
Domestic production and consumption.—The American output of steam engines is largely in excess of domestic requirements and the diversity of domestic products is sufficient to cover all the different classes. Owing to the production of other machinery in the larger works, the total productive capacity of the country has not been fully utilized in the manufacture of steam engines and the output could be increased very largely. There is a marked tendency in the United States toward the adoption of internal-combustion engines for small power units, with a consequent reduction in the demand for small steam units. The demand for large steam plants, however, has been increasing in spite of the large number of heavy oil (Diesel) engine installations.
Domestic exports.—The exports of steam engines are listed by the Department of Commerce under the following designations: (1) Marine. (2) stationary, and (3) traction and caterpillar. Some steam engines, as well as internal-combustion and other engines, are also included under the designation "All other engines," and parts of
63189-21--0-29


"Thelma" was the title on the invitation for Peter Jensen's latest presentation, and given his predilection for idiosyncratic muses, the imagination ran riot. A straw poll came up with a draw between Thelma of Thelma & Louise fame and the fifties character actress Thelma Ritter. But Jensen was actually looking much closer to home, at Thelma Speirs, who for the last three decades has been half of the formidable millinery duo Bernstock Speirs, and also a DJ girl about town. "I love being around her," Jensen said before the show. "She'll wear jeans and a mink coat during the day, then dress for dinner at night." She also posed naked for a magazine last year, so right away there was that subtext of subverted propriety that is Jensen's own specialty.
His muse was parked front-row center, so it was easy to compare his version with the real thing. All the models sported gray hair, like Thelma's. The first outfit was a cropped jacket worn with cuffed jeans, just like she was wearing. A sweater in Jensen's signature rabbit graphic paired with plaid pants also featured Speirs' non-gender-specific style of daywear. As far as dressing for dinner went, Thelma was very taken with the final dress, a column in cream and black crepe, accessorized with a "necklace" of flocked headphones attached by a string of pearls to the bodice of the dress. (The pink flocked loafers were a quintessential Jensen touch.) Bernstock Speirs—who else?—provided the rabbit-ear hats.


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Bible Encyclopedias
The 1901 Jewish Encyclopedia
Body in Jewish Theology
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In Hebrew the idea of "body" is expressed by the term "basar" (Assyrian, "bishru"), which, commonly translated "flesh," originally denoted blood-relation, clan (see Genesis 2:23,24), the physical appearance being regarded as the evidence of consanguinity, and only secondarily the "body," and hence the general state or condition of man, or man as a creature of flesh, and finally mankind, "all flesh" (Isaiah 66:23). A less frequently employed term is "gewiyāh," which with rare exceptions is used to designate not the living body, but the corpse. The Greek translators employ σάρξ, or, rarely, σῶμα, the former, in accordance with Greek usage, generally in the plural. In later Hebrew the words "geshem," "gushma," and "guph" were used, or the combination "basar wa dam" (σάρξ καὶ αἷμα). This latter phrase implies the distinction between God and man, as, for instance, in contexts contrasting "the Holy One, blessed be He!" with "the king of flesh and blood," which contrast is rooted neither in the thought of man's sinfulness over and against the perfection of the Creator nor in the opposition of the material to the spiritual—the antithesis posited by Philo between the Ψυχή or the νοU1FE6ς on the one hand, and the σῶμα, the "dead nature of ours," on the other—but in the conception of man as a weak, dependent, and mortal creature.
According to Genesis 2:7 the body is formed of dust and is, therefore, frail and mortal. It will return to dust, whence it was taken (ib. 3:19). It lives because the spirit of life was breathed into it (ib. 2:7; Ezekiel 37:8).
The defiling character of the dead or the diseased body, which is so prominently referred to in the purity laws in the Levitical code, has, by the modern critical school, been recognized as belonging to a range of ideas universally found in all religions at a certain stage of their development, and as being an adaptation of observances pertaining to an anterior phase of religious thought and practise. Speculations on the nature of sin, and its seat in the body of man, do not lie within the plane of the unreflected religious consciousness which is characteristic of Old Testament literature and life.
The following may be accepted as representing the rabbinical views on the nature, the function, and the destiny of the body.
Rabbinic Conception.
In accordance with the Book of Genesis, man is considered to be created of two originally uncombined elements, soul and body; the former coming from the higher world, and the latter taken from the lower (Gen. R. 8:14; Ḥag. 16a). The destiny of the latter is to serve the former, and it is organized to fulfil the Torah. The dust of which the body of man (Adam) was formed was composed of contributions from all the regions of the earth (Sanh. 38a; Rashi to Genesis 2:7).
A shapeless body ("golem") came from the hand of the Creator (Gen. R. ), and filled the whole earth, or, according to another version, reached from earth to the sky. Bisexed, this creature had also two faces until, through the later differentiation according to sex, man found in woman his counterpart. This (ultimate) body of man retains (in the nails) traces of an original coat of light (Rashi on Genesis 2:21), but as now constructed it consists of 248 members (bones) and 365 nerves (compare Targum Yer. to Genesis 1:27), which numbers are assumed to correspond to the number of the mandatory and prohibitive commandments of the Law (see see ANATOMY).
The psychology of the times connecting certain functions of the soul with certain organs of the body is recognized in the rabbinical writings; while symbolism in reference to the various purposes of the organs and the processes of physical life also holds a place in the anatomical science of the Talmudical teachers. As to the relation which the body holds to the soul, and the questions when the soul enters the body, whether the soul is preexistent, and whether for every newly created body there is also a newly created soul, opinions differ; though the majority are in favor of the preexistence of the soul.
Body and Soul.
The body is not regarded as impure. The adjective "ṭamé" (impure), used of the body in contrast to the pure soul (Mek., Beshallaḥ, Shirah, 2; compare Sanh. 91a, b), refers rather to the physical process through which the body is produced from a "malodorous" drop (Abot 3:1). To strain the meaning of the word "saruḥah," used to conveythis idea, as does Weber ("Alt-Synagogale Theologie," p. 229), is inadmissible. The body is the seat of the "yeẓer hara'" (evil inclination). This latter is natural and necessary; it is not in itself a manifestation of congenital sinful depravity (Gen. R. ). Body and soul are alike responsible for deeds committed (Tan., Wayiḳra, 6) (YEẒER HA-RA''). Aaron ben Elijah, the Karaite ("Eẓ Ḥayyim," ), bases upon this responsibility of the body an argument in favor of resurrection (compare the parable of the blind and the lame in Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi's argument before the emperor Antoninus, Sanh. 91b).
To provide food and drink and dress in proper quantity and becoming style is a religious duty (Maimonides, "Yad," De'ot, ). Mutilations of the body are prohibited (Leviticus 19:27,28; Deuteronomy 23:3).
Even after death the body was regarded as demanding respectful treatment. Once the "temple" (tabernacle) of the soul and its servant, the cerement of dust was to be guarded against sacrilegious dissection (Ḥul. 11b). Hence the Levitical laws rendering impure the persons touching the dead body, according to the explanation of R. Johanan ben Zakkai (Yad. 4:6; Num. R.; see also Einhorn, "Ner Tamid," pp. 83 et seq., Philadelphia, 1866).
The body decays; but it will rise again at the time of the resurrection. The bodies of the risen are reproductions of those which they tenanted while living: cripples and the deformed will rise with the old deformities (Gen. R. , ) (see LUZ and see RESURRECTION). Early Talmudic conceits ascribe feeling to the body even after death (Shab. 152b; ḤIBBUṬ HA-ḲEBER; Wolff, "Muhamed. Eschatologie," p. 62, Leipsic, 1872).
Later Views.
Post-Talmudic Judaism virtually accepts the foregoing views, as does, for instance, Saadia, "Emu-not we-De'ot," , where he controverts the idea that the soul is abused by being made to reside in the body. The latter is the soul's necessary agent, and this body is the one best suited for the ends of man. The body is not impure. The Law declares certain secretions of the body to be unclean, but only after they have left, not while they are in, the body (Baḥya ben Joseph, "Ḥobot ha-Lebabot"). The human body evidences the Creator's wisdom (see Bahya Ben Joseph).
Like a red thread through the speculations of the medieval Jewish and Arabic thinkers runs the doctrine of the four elements. Man being the microcosm, and the world the macrocosm, the effort is made to establish a correspondence between the body of the former and that of the latter. The four elements are discovered in the four humors of man's body. Israeli's work on the elements, based upon the "Sefer Yeẓirah," influenced all subsequent thinkers in this direction. In Donolo and in Ibn Gabirol there is the theory that the blood in man corresponds to the air; the white humor, to the water; the black humor, to the earth; and the red bile, to the fire. The five senses of man are also very prominent in the symbolic and allegorical interpretation of the Biblical texts. Ethics and poetry as well borrowed instruction and inspiration from the five senses (Kaufmann, "Die Sinne," Leipsic, 1884) (see ADAM (2)). The body of man was thus studied from many points of view, but was always regarded as a marvelous construction witnessing to the wisdom of the Creator, whose praise was sung in benediction (Ber. 60a). The latter, after dwelling on the wonderful adaptability of the bodily organs to their functions, names God as "the Healer of all flesh and the wonderful Artificer."
It may be noticed that Reform Judaism has relinquished the belief in the resurrection of the body. The catechisms and prayer-books of the modern synagogues, however, teach that "the body is intended by the Creator to be the servant of the immortal soul, and as such is not congenitally depraved." "This very body—woven of dust—Thou hast dignified to be a dwelling-place of Thine, a minister unto Thy spirit. Even it issued pure from Thine hand. Thou hast implanted in it the capacity for sin, but not sin itself" (David Einhorn's "Prayer-Book," 2d Eng. ed., Chicago, 1896, part 2:207).
E. G. H.
Singer, Isidore, Ph.D, Projector and Managing Editor. Entry for 'Body in Jewish Theology'. 1901 The Jewish Encyclopedia. https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tje/b/body-in-jewish-theology.html. 1901.
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Discussion in 'Wii - Hacking' started by Praxis, May 14, 2009.
Nintendo replaced my overheating Wii with a refurbished 4.0-installed Wii (not LU64). I've been waiting for bannerbomb, and followed kongsnutz' guide to install HBC.
As it is, I have installed everything in the tutorial (cIOS v7, HBC, and Gamma 0.3). Afterwards, I also installed cIOS v10, and IOS60 (patched). Obviously in following the tutorial I installed what was instructed (IOS35 and IOS36 wads), though I'm not entirely sure what was different about those IOS' compared to the ones that were installed prior. I used a 2 GB Sandisk SD card in the process.
When I put in my SDHC card (which worked fine on my old Wii!), everything works perfectly. I can copy channels on or off of it. However, when I launch homebrew channel, it shows no apps on the card.
Once I exit Homebrew Channel, the Wii no longer sees the SDHC card. If I try to view the data on it (through either the SD card icon or the menus), I receive an error that: "The device inserted into the SD card slot cannot be used". Google reveals that this error message was displayed if you tried to put a SDHC card in a pre-4.0 Wii, OR if the Wii's card slot is faulty.
If I pop the card out and put it back in, everything works fine again, until I go to homebrew channel, at which point nothing can read it again.
I'm clueless as to the cause of this. A shot in the dark guess...is the homebrew channel somehow calling an older IOS from prior to 4.0 that does not support SDHC? I have no idea.
Anyone seen this before or have an idea?
EDIT: The card in question is an 8 GB Kingston SDHC card. "SD6/8GB".
Are you on HBC 1.0.2?
Because if you are than that the problem.
I have whichever version came with Kongsnutz's tutorial- I'll check the version number when I get home.
Is 1.02 the latest? And is the issue specific to 4.0?
I'm curious why HBC causes the entire wii system menu to not read SDHC cards.
The issues you are having have nothing to do with the HBC as they obviously effect the system itself (as you clearly stated). There is an issue with the latest version of the HBC 1.02, but you can get rid of that by patching it to load off a non SDHC compatible IOS (dirty fix).
Can you load up the HBC and tell me what IOS and revision it's running off? For HBC 1.01 I would always recommend IOS36 v4.18.
Just to add some light to this, my Kingston Class6 8GB SDHC card doesn't show any apps on HBC 1.01 with IOS36 v4.18. It's always worked with my 1GB SanDisk SD, and the SD channels works perfectly fine with my SDHC, but the HBC doesn't show any apps.
I've seen a SD compatibility wiki somewhere before and unfortunately it seems that Kingston Class6 doesn't work with HBC. Both Transcend and SanDisk alternatives work though. I've no idea why, what causes it, how to fix it, or if it can be fixed. I've tried the normal formatting options, to no avail, and WBFS does work on it, but whatever the problem is, HBC can't find the apps.
It would be nice if there was a way to fix it though. I bought the SDHC just for the Wii (and the SD Loader). EDIT: FYI, I have a Wanin updated 4.0E with preloader 0.29, not bannerbombed.
If this card's incompatible with HBC, then :/, but it shouldn't break it system wide, right?
The issues you are having have nothing to do with the HBC as they obviously effect the system itself (as you clearly stated).
But they don't start until I launch HBC.
Same issue here with an Emtec 8GB Class 4 SDHC... When trying to use it with HBC (1.0.1) or any game while using IOS 61 (thanks to SoftChip) which is suposed to have SDHC support the card won't be recognized by the system anymore.
I succeeded once in making the card kind of work with RB2 on IOS 61. It gave me the error saying the catalog was corrupted instead of the usual unusable device error.
I got a Buffalo 8GB SDHC and everything works fine with bootmii. But it doesn't show any apps in HBC 1.0.2. Other cards got no problems. I downgraded to 1.0.1 and it worked again, so I assume it's something not working in HBC 1.0.2..
The card works fine in the Wii System Menu. (8GB SDHC from Play.com).
HBC doesn't detect the card at all.
Sometime the Wii system doesnt recognise the memory card.
Be sure to hit the home key in the HBC and try to reload the card. Some SDHC cards don't appear in HBC until reload. No guarantees it will work for you. I just know that I always have to reload mine to get it to show up.


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Fayette campus senior among 11 students presenting research to PA legislators
Savannah Nassar was honored to represent Penn State in Harrisburg
Savannah Nassar
Credit: Gregory G. Evanina
LEMONT FURNACE, Pa. — Savannah Nassar, a psychology major at Penn State Fayette, The Eberly Campus, was among the University's students who presented their research to legislators at the 15th annual Undergraduate Research at the Capitol–Pennsylvania (URC-PA) conference, which took place at the Capitol Complex in Harrisburg April 25.
The Penn State participants joined with other undergraduate students from across the Commonwealth to network with peers and engage with members of the Pennsylvania Senate, House of Representatives, and their staffs.
The keynote lecture speaker was Jim Tartaglia, global vice president of New Vaccine Projects at Sanofi Pasteur. Tartaglia is an inventor on more than 20 patents relating to recombinant vaccines, and was a key figure in the HIV Thai trial, RV144, which led to the first demonstration that a vaccine regimen can reduce the risk of acquiring HIV.
New this year, students had the option of being reviewed by a panel of judges to compete for awards. They were judged on how well their poster and oral presentation conveyed the project's significance to research and policy-making, as well as its potential impact on society.
Nassar's research topic was "Mental Illness Stigmatization: Celebrities vs. Non-Celebrities." The Uniontown resident, who graduated in May, said this subject is very personal. "I chose this topic about stigma because I have had my own experience with mental illness, and previous studies indicate that the unfortunate presence of stigma is still at large."
Nassar's research adviser, Nicole Iannone, suggested looking at the differences between the way celebrities are stigmatized and non-celebrities are stigmatized, and another faculty member, Elaine Barry, suggested that she apply to participate in URC-PA conference.
Although her poster was not one of the winning entries, Nassar enjoyed competing at the conference. "It's always great to meet people who are so passionate about their fields and like-minded individuals who are so dedicated," she said, adding, "The conference was a great experience overall. It was an honor that I was able to represent the great research we do at Penn State."
In the fall, Nassar will be attending Penn State Behrend, where she has enrolled in the master's program in applied clinical psychology. Once there, she plans to begin researching mindfulness.
But Nassar will always remember her time at the Fayette campus, where she most appreciated the faculty members and smaller class sizes and, not surprisingly, the opportunities to conduct research.
Penn State Fayette announces Fall 2022 Learning Fair winners
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Q: Tkinter - How to update Interface when upon selecting different choice in dropdown list I am creating a section anlysis GUI in python using tkinter.
I've created a drop down list and the interface can changes with different choice, but upon selecting for the second time, it seems the new interface(some entry or text) just covers the first interface.
I want to know how to delete the first interface so that interface can immediately update with the selection in dropdownlist.
Here is the code:
import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk
def secdata( *args ):
    t = sectype.get()
    if t=='Rec_Shape':
        tk.ttk.Label(monty1, text="REC_Width").grid(column=0, row=1)
        wid=tk.StringVar()
        widdata=tk.ttk.Entry(monty1,width=5,textvariable=wid)
        widdata.grid(column=1,row=1)
        tk.ttk.Label(monty1, text="REC_Height").grid(column=0, row=2)
        hei=tk.StringVar()
        heidata=tk.ttk.Entry(monty1,width=5,textvariable=hei)
        heidata.grid(column=1,row=2)
    else:
        tk.ttk.Label(monty1, text="Flange_Width").grid(column=0, row=1)
        wid1=tk.StringVar()
        wid1data=tk.ttk.Entry(monty1,width=5,textvariable=wid1)
        wid1data.grid(column=1,row=1)
        tk.ttk.Label(monty1, text="Web_Width").grid(column=0, row=2)
        wid2=tk.StringVar()
        wid2data=tk.ttk.Entry(monty1,width=5,textvariable=wid2)
        wid2data.grid(column=1,row=2)
        tk.ttk.Label(monty1, text="Flange_Height").grid(column=0, row=3)
        hei1=tk.StringVar()
        hei1data=tk.ttk.Entry(monty1,width=5,textvariable=hei1)
        hei1data.grid(column=1,row=3)
        tk.ttk.Label(monty1, text="Total_Height").grid(column=0, row=4)
        hei2=tk.StringVar()
        hei2data=tk.ttk.Entry(monty1,width=5,textvariable=hei2)
        hei2data.grid(column=1,row=4)
window=tk.Tk()
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
UK records another 45,533 coronavirus cases, 1,243 deaths
London |Wednesday, 2021 4:15:05 PM IST
Another 45,533 people in Britain have tested positive for Covid-19, bringing the total number of coronavirus cases in the country to 3,164,051, according to official figures.
Another 1,243 people have died within 28 days of a positive test, bringing the total number of coronavirus-related deaths in Britain to 83,203, the data showed on Tuesday, Xinhua news agency reported.
It is the second highest daily number of deaths since the pandemic broke out in the country. The highest daily coronavirus-related death toll was posted with 1,325 on Friday.
The latest figures were revealed as surging coronavirus infections are threatening to overwhelm hospitals.
British Home Secretary Priti Patel told a virtual coronavirus briefing at Downing Street on Tuesday that 35,075 people were currently in hospital with Covid-19, an increase of 22 per cent when compared with a week ago.
Patel urged the public to stick with the restriction rules during the current lockdown, saying that she will back police who enforce England's coronavirus lockdown.
Meanwhile, Martin Hewitt, chair of the National Police Chiefs' Council, told the press briefing that a "stubborn number" of people are still refusing to follow the rules during the ongoing lockdown in England.
"Organising parties or other large gatherings is dangerous, selfish and totally irresponsible in light of the current threat we face," he said.
British police chiefs are under increasing pressure to enforce the lockdown laws to curb the rising coronavirus infections in the country, local media reported on Tuesday.
Chris Hopson, the chief of NHS Providers, which represents all National Health Service (NHS) trusts, has warned peak demand on hospitals has yet to come and might not hit until next month.
It was now "pretty clear" the coronavirus infection rate "is not going to go down as quickly as it did" during the first lockdown last spring, he said.
England is currently under the third national lockdown since the pandemic began in the country.
To bring life back to normal, countries such as Britain, China, Germany, Russia and the US have been racing against time to develop coronavirus vaccines.
--IANS int/


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text:
Real Talk November 25, 2019 / Comments
Jenna Dewan Denies Shading Camila Cabello at AMAs!
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Jenna Dewan sets the record straight on whether or not she shaded Camila Cabello at the American Music Awards.
During Sunday's ceremony, the former Fifth Harmony band member took the stage with boyfriend Shawn Mendes to sing their sensual hit "Señorita."
However, during their performance, cameras cut to the pregnant actress, who appeared to whisper to friend and stylist Brad Goreski, "She's always so extra," while rolling her eyes.
After the potentially shady moment went viral, the former "World of Dance" host went on Instagram Story to deny dissing the singer!
"Hi, guys! I'm leaving the AMAs. I'm getting a lot of text messages from people wondering if I was shading Camila. No! I love her. I love her so much," she exclaimed to her fans. "I'm such a big fan of hers. I don't understand what that's about. But no. I love her, love her, love her."
She then panned to Goreski, who said, "Guys, we were bumping and grinding so hard to 'Señorita.' We're obsessed."
Dewan added, "That's my favorite song!"
Case closed, y'all!
Earlier this month, the dancer and her ex-husband, Channing Tatum, were declared legally single after announcing their split in 2018. They still have to work out a property settlement and custody agreement regarding their 6-year-old daughter, Everly.
Dewan is currently expecting a baby with boyfriend Steve Kazee.
#JennaDewan#CamilaCabello


text:
#include "sim/mem_pool.hh"

#include "base/addr_range.hh"
#include "base/logging.hh"

namespace gem5
{

MemPool::MemPool(Addr page_shift, Addr ptr, Addr limit)
        : pageShift(page_shift), startPageNum(ptr >> page_shift),
        freePageNum(ptr >> page_shift),
        _totalPages((limit - ptr) >> page_shift)
{
    gem5_assert(_totalPages > 0);
}

Counter
MemPool::startPage() const
{
    return startPageNum;
}

Counter
MemPool::freePage() const
{
    return freePageNum;
}

void
MemPool::setFreePage(Counter value)
{
    freePageNum = value;
}

Addr
MemPool::freePageAddr() const
{
    return freePageNum << pageShift;
}

Counter
MemPool::totalPages() const
{
    return _totalPages;
}

Counter
MemPool::allocatedPages() const
{
    return freePageNum - startPageNum;
}

Counter
MemPool::freePages() const
{
    return _totalPages - allocatedPages();
}

Addr
MemPool::startAddr() const
{
    return startPage() << pageShift;
}

Addr
MemPool::allocatedBytes() const
{
    return allocatedPages() << pageShift;
}

Addr
MemPool::freeBytes() const
{
    return freePages() << pageShift;
}

Addr
MemPool::totalBytes() const
{
    return totalPages() << pageShift;
}

Addr
MemPool::allocate(Addr npages)
{
    Addr return_addr = freePageAddr();
    freePageNum += npages;

    fatal_if(freePages() <= 0,
            "Out of memory, please increase size of physical memory.");

    return return_addr;
}

void
MemPool::serialize(CheckpointOut &cp) const
{
    paramOut(cp, "page_shift", pageShift);
    paramOut(cp, "start_page", startPageNum);
    paramOut(cp, "free_page_num", freePageNum);
    paramOut(cp, "total_pages", _totalPages);
}

void
MemPool::unserialize(CheckpointIn &cp)
{
    paramIn(cp, "page_shift", pageShift);
    paramIn(cp, "start_page", startPageNum);
    paramIn(cp, "free_page_num", freePageNum);
    paramIn(cp, "total_pages", _totalPages);
}

void
MemPools::populate(const AddrRangeList &memories)
{
    for (const auto &mem : memories)
        pools.emplace_back(pageShift, mem.start(), mem.end());
}

Addr
MemPools::allocPhysPages(int npages, int pool_id)
{
    return pools[pool_id].allocate(npages);
}

Addr
MemPools::memSize(int pool_id) const
{
    return pools[pool_id].totalBytes();
}

Addr
MemPools::freeMemSize(int pool_id) const
{
    return pools[pool_id].freeBytes();
}

void
MemPools::serialize(CheckpointOut &cp) const
{
    ScopedCheckpointSection sec(cp, "mempools");
    int num_pools = pools.size();
    SERIALIZE_SCALAR(num_pools);

    for (int i = 0; i < num_pools; i++)
        pools[i].serializeSection(cp, csprintf("pool%d", i));
}

void
MemPools::unserialize(CheckpointIn &cp)
{
    // Delete previous mem_pools
    pools.clear();

    ScopedCheckpointSection sec(cp, "mempools");
    int num_pools = 0;
    UNSERIALIZE_SCALAR(num_pools);

    for (int i = 0; i < num_pools; i++) {
        MemPool pool;
        pool.unserializeSection(cp, csprintf("pool%d", i));
        pools.push_back(pool);
    }
}

} // namespace gem5

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Welcome to Morning Bop: each AM, we'll be providing you with a blast of the latest music news headlines along with the perfect song you need to start your day. Wednesday's #MorningBop is "Jealousy" by Bri Steves because sometimes it's necessary to ignore all the negative static in your ears.
The trio has another bop on the loose!
Skepta drops new single "Pure Water"
Westerman tackles the concept of absolute power on "Edison"
My mind is now swirling with theories as I sway to this tune.
Samia lets out all her growing pains on "21"
Watch the accompanying Hyper House-directed visual.
Watch Dizzy Fae's gorgeous visual for "Her/Indica"
Women really are wonderful creatures.
What's not to love about this Scottish singer-songwriter?
The Los Angeles-based band's Thx 4 Asking EP drops on June 15 via Yellow K Records.
Download the entire project right here.


Last week Adeo Web visited Israel and the never sleeping city of Tel Aviv. This time our focus wasn't on the beaches, nor the historic monuments. We were here to talk big – Cyber Security.
Business mission to Israel was organized by Enterprise Lithuania. It's a non-profit organization owned by the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Lithuania. The mission included many events and we made sure to take the most out of it. The main goal was to help Lithuanian companies connect and form new, strong relationships with Israel. And that they did.
Our first day in Tel Aviv has started with a visit to Israel Innovation Authority. It is a government organization responsible for supporting and advancing R&D field within the State of Israel. Our hosts were kind enough to share a short overview of the State of Israel history, with the emphasis on innovation of course. It was fascinating to learn that a relatively small country, that has only been officially declared independent in 1948, is responsible for a large part of innovations and technologies we use today. From flash-drives to antivirus software, to the first concepts of autonomous cars – Israel has managed to attract the most innovative companies, organizations, and talent. Even more so, they have even managed convince them to stay and carry out R&D in the country.
Israel is one of the leading countries when it comes to investments to innovation as well, with 4.3% of GDP spent on R&D. Naturally such initiatives have left a significant footprint on the general population as well, creating a community thirsty for technology and willing to take entrepreneurial risks. Every year there are close to 1,000 new startups formed in Israel.
Our next stop in the mission – Tel Aviv Startup challenge! This event had a pretty interesting format. Freshly established startups pitch their ideas to a panel of judges with the return of quality feedback, guidance or even potential investors jumping aboard. It's actually the largest and most recognized startup competition in Israel and the panel of judges consist of the brightest minds from organizations like Google, NASA, Amazon and such.
After a quick lunch, we are off to the last destination for the day – Israel-Lithuania Innovation Forum. After learning about the rapid R&D carried out in Israel and the amazing technological breakthroughs the country has seen so far, we were more than excited to find ways to work together. During the forum after the official part, we were proud to witness Lithuanian and Israeli politicians sign a declaration of intent to increase cooperation on cyber defense. To further improve relationships between the countries, especially in the business sector, there was few-hour long B2B "speed dating" session as well.
The next day on our schedule was fully dedicated to CyberTech Tel Aviv. CyberTech is the cyber industry's B2B networking platform with events all around the globe. From Panama to Tokyo, to Tel Aviv, anyone working in cyber must visit at least one of the events. CyberTech format probably won't catch you off-guard, as it has all the right ingredients for visitors to get the most value – top-notch keynote speakers, interesting panel discussions, global companies and rapidly growing innovative startups. If you're looking to learn more about the trends in Cyber, look no further. All the bunch that's actually shaping the world of cyber security can be found here. From Lithuania's and Israel's Prime Ministers, Directors of national cyber security centers, CTOs from multi-billion companies and world-renown cyber security experts can be found and heard in this single event. If your focus is the business aspect, this is the place to be too – where else will you find top-of-the-field contacts and potential partners from all around the globe? From Colorado to Thailand, to Greece and Canada – if you put in the work, you will find partners for your business.
Cyber security field with all the tools surrounding it is very obviously showing the transformation from "nice-to-have" to "must-have" in companies worldwide. And there are very clear reasons why that is happening. "Head in the sand" technique is no longer a viable option when it comes to securing your business operations, data, passwords or network. We will all experience the importance of cyber security – be it through adapting new preventive tools or facing the consequences of ignoring the threats. The time for educating ourselves about cyber security has come.
Still not sure what you should look into? You can start by subscribing to our newsletter!
A sincere thank you to Enterprise Lithuania for organizing and coordinating the business mission. Thank you Infobalt association for helping make this trip a reality.


text:
Alexandre Gavrilovitch Chliapnikov (en ), né le  à Mourom et mort exécuté le  à Moscou, est un communiste russe, membre de l'Opposition ouvrière au sein du Parti bolchevique.

Enfance
Alexandre Gavrilovitch Chliapnikov est né le  à Mourom troisième de quatre enfants d'une famille d'orthodoxes vieux-croyants. Son enfance est difficile, son père se noie alors qu'il n'a que deux ans laissant sa famille dans la pauvreté. Entrant à l'école primaire à l'âge de 8 ans il en ressort trois ans plus tard. De cette scolarité il ne gardera pas un bon souvenir :  Il commence  à travailler comme ouvrier à l'âge de 13 ans à l'usine métallurgique Semiannikov de Mourom dont il sera licencié trois ans plus tard pour avoir été gréviste. De ce fait, souligne l'historien Marc Ferro, il sera le seul grand dirigeant bolchevik à disposer d'une authentique expérience du travail ouvrier en usine.

Vie militante
Il rejoint le POSDR de Moscou en 1903, avant de participer à un meeting à la suite du dimanche rouge où il sera arrêté et envoyé à la prison de Vladimir. Libéré en 1907, il part en exil en Europe.

En 1911 il entame une relation d'amour avec la compagne d'exil Alexandra Kollontaï. Ils formaient un couple atypique: elle était une intellectuelle menchevique, d'origine noble, treize ans plus âgée que son amant; lui était un métallurgiste autodidacte venu de la province russe et un leader bolchevique de premier plan. La liaison se termine en 1916, mais deviendra bientôt une amitié profonde fondée sur une correspondance générale d'idéaux politiques, qui se poursuivra  jusque dans les années 1930, en plein stalinisme.

Au début du conflit mondial, Chliapnikov est envoyé en 1915 par le Parti auprès des pays scandinaves, puis l'année suivante, aux États-Unis pour récolter des fonds.

Au pouvoir
Retourné clandestinement en Russie, il organise en février le soviet de Petrograd et prépare le retour de Lénine. Avant l'arrivée de celui-ci et la victoire des Thèses d'Avril, il s'oppose à la direction officielle du parti, à la majorité des vieux-bolcheviks et à Staline, en plaidant, à l'instar de Lénine et Trotsky, pour une attitude hostile envers le gouvernement de coalition des socialistes-révolutionnaires, des mencheviques et de la bourgeoisie libérale.

Président du syndicats des métallurgistes en , il gagne ce dernier au bolchévisme. Toutefois, il ne joue aucun rôle de premier plan en Octobre et il plaide pour une coalition gouvernementale avec les mencheviks et le Parti socialiste-révolutionnaire de gauche (SR de gauche). Il est quand même nommé commissaire du peuple chargé du travail du  au  et il soutient loyalement la politique de communisme de guerre promue par les bolcheviks. Selon l'anarchiste Voline, sa direction se serait avérée arbitraire, ayant fait fermer plusieurs usines et menacé de licenciement sans indemnité les ouvriers qui protestaient.

Ouvertement oppositionnel au sein du Parti à partir de 1919, il est toutefois nommé au Comité militaire du front sud puis commandant du front Caspienne-Caucase pendant la guerre civile. Chliapnikov participe en 1920 à la création de l'Opposition ouvrière, courant d'opposition, avec notamment Sergueï Medvedev (1885–1937), son camarade dans le syndicat des métallurgistes. Tout en n'étant pas d'extraction ouvrière, Alexandra Kollontaï aussi se range du côté du nouveau courant, qui prône l'affermissement de la démocratie en Russie par un accroissement du pouvoir des syndicats face au parti. Sur ce point Chliapnikov se heurte à Lénine au  congrès en  et n'hésite pas à railler Lénine même qui vient de déplorer la quasi-disparition de la classe ouvrière pendant la guerre civile : « Eh bien, camarade Lénine, je vous félicite d'exercer le pouvoir au nom d'une classe qui n'existe pas ! ». Lors de ce congrès encore, Chliapnikov qualifie le gouvernement de « anti-classe ouvrière ». L'Opposition ouvrière échoue, le droit de fraction est supprimé dans le parti communiste et le courant est dissous avec effet immédiat. Chliapnikov fait cependant partie des signataires d'une lettre ouverte écrite, en février 1922, au comité exécutif de l'Internationale communiste, par vingt-deux syndicalistes et ex-représentants de la fraction, et Alexandra Kollontaï cherche en vain à prendre la parole au congrès de l'Internationale communiste pour en exposer la teneur. Au onzième congrès du parti russe, qui suit entre mars et avril de la même année, Kollontaï, Chliapnikov, Medvedev et d'autres signataires de l'appel sont accusés de fractionnisme et menacés d'expulsion. À la fin, toutefois, le congres décide de permettre aux trois de rester, mais à condition que la conduite fractionniste ne se répète pas à l'avenir.

Désavoué, Chliapnikov est pourtant réélu au Comité central, tout en continuant à défendre ses idées (Lettre de Bakou en 1924), mais sans prendre part aux querelles du pouvoir. Conseiller à Paris, il rentre en 1925. Il appartient peu de temps à l'Opposition unifiée de Trotski, Radek, Zinoviev et Kamenev, il cède aux pressions et rentre finalement dans le rang. Alors en retrait, il se consacre à la rédaction de ses Mémoires.

Victime de la répression stalinienne, Chliapnikov est exclu du Parti et exilé à Astrakhan en 1933, emprisonné le 2 septembre 1936 à l'« isolateur politique » de Verkhneouralsk, puis exécuté le .

Le 31 janvier 1963, le Collège militaire de la Cour suprême de l'URSS a réhabilité Alexandre Chliapnikov. Le 21 décembre 1988, le Comité de contrôle du PCUS l'a réintégré dans le parti à titre posthume.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Biographie de Chliapnikov sur le site Bataille socialiste
 Textes de Chliapnikov.
 Fiche prosopographique (en russe)

Vieux bolchevik
Personnalité de la révolution russe
Personnalité de la guerre civile russe
Personnalité politique soviétique
Membre du premier Conseil des commissaires du peuple
Participant au 2e congrès du Komintern
Victime des purges staliniennes
Naissance dans le gouvernement de Vladimir
Naissance à Mourom
Naissance en août 1885
Décès en septembre 1937
Décès à 52 ans
Détenu du Goulag
Personnalité exécutée en Union soviétique
Condamné à mort exécuté par arme à feu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Prime Minister of Georgia Meets President of Azerbaijan
Irakli Garibashvili, Prime Minister of Georgia started his visit to the Republic of Azerbaijan with an interface meeting hosted by President Aliyev at Zagulba Palace today.
High level of strategic partnership existing between the two countries was highlighted at the meeting along with an active political dialogue and intensive cooperation towards trade and economy. President Aliyev thanked Irakli Garibashvili for taking part in the Intergovernmental Council on Economic Cooperation in Baku, thereby noting that Azerbaijan as a friendly nation is happy for the success the Government of Georgia achieved in every field.
"Dear Prime Minister, welcome to Azerbaijan. It is a great joy to host you in our country. It is your second visit this year. We have had several important meetings, discussing a number of issues related to our bilateral relations. Today we are continuing our political dialogue between the two brotherly nations, which is always very active.
We are cooperating rather closely on foreign policy matters in our region. New challenges have emerged, along with new opportunities. Our relations are not only beneficial for our nations, but for the entire region as well.
I have reviewed the statistics and noticed that we have made significant progress in terms of economy and trade volumes. Today we shall hold an Intergovernmental Commission Meeting, which will discuss the current situation and plan steps ahead. It is very promising that Georgia has a positive investment environment and economic reforms, which have addressed a number of social and economic problems.
Congratulations! And as a friendly nation, we take great joy in the success stories of your government in every field. I wish you success personally to you and your government.
Today we are also considering the traditional directions of our cooperation: natural air and oil transportation, as well as implementing projects that are already bringing benefits to us. Through them Azerbaijan and Georgia have developed an outstanding form of cooperation, as these projects are significant not only for our countries, but for many other states of the Eurasian region.
I am confident that your visit today will give a new impetus to our cooperation. Thank you for agreeing to my invitation and once again welcome to Azerbaijan!" stated Ilham Aliyev.
The Prime Minister of Georgia expressed his gratitude to the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan for a warm welcome and hospitality.
Irakli Garibashvili noted that Georgia is keenly interested in strengthening bilateral political, economic, cultural and other types of links with Azerbaijan, along with ensuring peace and stability in the region to ensure economic development.
"Mr. President, thank you very much for your invitation. It is a great joy to visit Baku. Thank you once again for your warm welcome and hospitality. It is an excellent opportunity for discussing our exemplary bilateral relations. As you already noted, we are friendly, brotherly nations.
We will be holding the 8th Meeting of an Intergovernmental Economic Council to discuss our bilateral relations, which are actively advancing even today. Georgia is indeed interested in strengthening our bilateral political, economic, cultural and other types of connections. Our best interests also include peace and stability in the region, which paves the way to a solid economic development.
This is my second visit this year and as Mr. President has noted, we have had conversations over the phone a number of times. Today we are discussing topics related to our future plans. I am confident that this meeting will also be very productive" noted Irakli Garibashvili, Prime Minister of Georgia.
Press Service of the Government Administration
The opening ceremony of the freestyle wrestling tournament named after Heydar Aliyev was held in Georgia
Published in Sport
On May 2021, 9-10, a friendly tournament on Heydar Aliyev on free wrestling involving the Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia will be held.
The tournament organized by the Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in Georgia, SOCAR Georgia and the Union of Azerbaijani Athletes of Georgia was opened in Marneuli on May 9
At the beginning of the opening ceremony of the freestyle wrestling tournament dedicated to the 98th anniversary of the birth of Great Leader Heydar Aliyev, Georgia and Azerbaijan's national anthem were sung.
Seymur Ilyasli, the first secretary of the Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan in Georgia, who later told the opening speech of the tournament, stated that the tournament was held for the first time among young people on free wrestling dedicated to the memory of Great Leader Heydar Aliyev in Marneuli. On this occasion, athletes from different regions and villages have come to Marneuli, and the real holiday mood is in the region.
S. S. Ilyasli said that Great Leader Heydar Aliyev has always paid great attention to sports, which is an important tool for spiritual education, physical and mental development of young people. He stated that as a result of the attention and care shown by the National Leader to sports and physical education, the three-colored flag of Azerbaijan is waving in the most important international competitions.
S. S. The head of our state, who is a worthy follower of the Great Leader of Ilham Aliyev, has stated that he has continuous support for the development of young people and their preparation in order to achieve high results in international sports arenas.
The diplomat emphasized that the participation of this tournament in Marneuli is not random, and that every tournament held gives a big boost to the development of sports, and after each tournament, a massive stream of sports will begin.
S. S. As the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev emphasized, he is the President of every Azerbaijani living in the world. He said that, the desire of many of our compatriots living in Georgia to participate in this tournament today makes us very happy, we want each of our compatriots, every youth, every child, to participate in sports and win. He wished the athletes good luck on the occasion of the opening of this tournament.
At the opening ceremony of the tournament, Chief judge of the Georgian Wrestling Federation, as well as Chairman of the Georgian Union of Azerbaijani Sportsmen Tofig Akbarov, expressed that the sports holiday dedicated to the memory of Great Leader Heydar Aliyev was met with great joy in the region, and they would be grateful for the implementation of these events on this scale.
It should be noted that, about 150 sports clubs of 16 kg weight categories are participating in the tournament. Winners of the tournament will be awarded with trophies, medals and certificates. The award ceremony of the tournament will be held on May 10, 2021 in the gym of the AtaHolding building in Marneuli.
Irakli Garibashvili and Ilham Aliyev discuss strategic partnership between the two countries and joint regional projects
The Georgian Prime Minister's visit to Baku started with today's face-to-face meeting with the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Ilham Aliyev hosted Irakli Garibashvili at ZagulbaPalace.
The parties focused on the strategic partnership and friendly relations between the two countries, also pointing out successful joint projects of regional importance.
"Mister Prime Minister, welcome to Azerbaijan. We are very glad to see you. I am sure this visit will be very successful and will strengthen our brotherly relations. Relations between our peoples are based on centuries of history of good neighborhood. This is a very good basis for developing our relationship, which demonstrates a very good dynamic and covers many areas. We are very glad that you are visiting us. I wish you good health. I know that you recently had coronavirus, so there was a little delay in your visit to Azerbaijan. I am glad that you have recovered fast.
We have a very good history of the implementation of joint projects, like energy projects and transportation projects. These projects have changed the map of the region-political, economic, transportation map.
Without strong partnership between our countries, the implementation of these projects would be impossible.
The last day of the past year was the last day of the implementation of the Southern Gas Corridor project, which has tremendous importance for development, stability, predictability, and cooperation not only in the Caucasus, but in the wider region. Without our cooperation, nothing would be possible.
I am very grateful to the Georgian Government for continuous support in the implementation of this important project. And other initiatives that we have launched together are success stories. I am sure that this tradition will continue. I just looked at some data and saw that Azerbaijan continues to be one of the biggest investors in Georgia's economy. And that is also a sign of the reforms which your Government is implementing and creating a very positive investment climate. I know that many Azerbaijani companies are willing to work in your country, and I am sure that it will happen.
Today we will review what we have achieved and plan our future steps. Once again, welcome! We wish you the best!" Ilham Aliyev stated.
The Head of Georgian Government thanked the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan for hospitality and invited him for an official visit to Georgia at his convenience.
"Thank you, Mister President for receiving me. It is a great pleasure to see you again in Baku. As you mentioned, because of my coronavirus, we had to postpone my visit. But I am glad that we are here today in Baku.
You mentioned that we have an excellent relationship, and our relationship counts centuries. And I want to repeat the words of your father who once said in Tbilisi: "Destiny has designated, and actually we are lucky that we are neighbors, that Georgian and Azerbaijani people are neighbors." This is our destiny, so we are interconnected and interdepended.
As you mentioned, we have executed some of the most important, historical projects together. Therefore, we are absolutely determined and motivated to continue implementing more projects together, and that will strengthen our relationship and brotherhood. Once again, I would like to thank you for hosting our official delegation in Baku. And I would like to take this opportunity to invite you to Tbilisi at your convenience," Irakli Garibashvili said.
Встреча Президентов Туркменистана и Азербайджана
21 января 2021 года состоялась встреча Президента Туркменистана Гурбангулы Бердымухамедова с Президентом Азербайджанской Республики Ильхамом Алиевым в режиме видеоконференции.
В ходе встречи Президенты подтвердили приверженность развитию дружественных отношений между двумя странами и народами основанных на принципах взаимоуважения и доверия, а также общности исторических, культурных и духовных ценностей.
Главы государств обсудили нынешнее положение и перспективы развития двусторонних связей в политической, торгово-экономической и культурно-гуманитарной областях.
Было отмечено, что важнейшим направлением туркмено-азербайджанского сотрудничества является взаимодействие по Каспию. В этой связи выделена значимость Конвенции о правовом статусе Каспийского моря, подписанной главами пяти прибрежных государств в августе 2018 года. Данный документ стал результатом многостороннего взаимодействия и началом нового этапа сотрудничества на Каспии, в том числе, в энергетической сфере.
Важно также отметить, что в ходе официального визита Президента Туркменистана Гурбангулы Бердымухамедова в Азербайджанскую Республику в августе 2017 года был подписан Меморандум о взаимопонимании между Правительством Туркменистана и Правительством Азербайджанской Республики о дальнейшем развитии сотрудничества в сфере энергетики. Данный документ способствовал продвижению энергетического сотрудничества между двумя странами.
Также обсуждалось сотрудничество в региональных и международных структурах. Президенты отметили, что обе страны выступают за упрочение всеобщего мира, стабильности и безопасности.
Президент Гурбангулы Бердымухамедов выразил признательность главе Азербайджана за поддержку ряда международных инициатив Туркменистана, нацеленных на укрепление международного мира и стабильности, а также подчеркнул результативность председательствования Азербайджанской Республики в Движении Неприсоединения. Подтверждена позиция Туркменистана в деле формирования глобальной системы энергетической безопасности, основанной на справедливых и прозрачных принципах, равноправном доступе к источникам энергии, которая была озвучена туркменской стороной на Саммите Движения Неприсоединения в октябре 2019 года.
Главы государств выразили приверженность дальнейшему укреплению туркмено-азербайджанских связей во благо двух стран и народов.
На встрече также присутствовали Министр иностранных дел Туркменистана Рашид Мередов и Министр иностранных дел Азербайджанской Республики Джейхун Азиз оглу Байрамов. По итогам переговоров глав государств, руководители внешнеполитических ведомств подписали Меморандум о взаимопонимании между Правительством Туркменистана и Правительством Азербайджанской Республики о совместной разведке, разработке и освоении углеводородного месторождения «Достлук» в Каспийском море.
«Этот документ стал результатом проведенной нашими странами большой многолетней работы, нацеленной на упрочение сотрудничества и взаимопонимания в энергетической сфере, раскрытие огромного обоюдного потенциала двух крупнейших энергетических держав, создание в регионе Каспийского моря самых благоприятных условий для развития устойчивой энергетики, широкого и взаимовыгодного международного партнерства» - сказал Президент Гурбангулы Бердымухамедов.
Президенты поздравили друга друга с подписанием исторически важного документа, призванного расширить партнёрство двух государств в области энергетики. Президент Гурбангулы Бердымухамедов подчеркнул, что решение назвать данное углеводородное месторождение на Каспии - «Достлук» - было обоюдным решением. «Достлук» в переводе с туркменского и азербайджанского языков означает – дружба.
Meeting of the Presidents of Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan
On the 21st of January 2021, a meeting was held between President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov and President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev via videoconferencing.
During the meeting, the Presidents reiterated commitment to the development of friendly relations between the two countries and peoples based on the principles of mutual respect and trust, as well as the community of historical, cultural and spiritual values.
The heads of state discussed the current standing and perspectives of the development of bilateral ties in political, trade-economic and cultural-humanitarian spheres.
It was stated that the most important components of Turkmen-Azerbaijani cooperation is the collaboration on the Caspian Sea. In this regard, the significance of the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea signed by the heads of five coastal states in August 2018 was noted. This document was a result of multilateral cooperation and the beginning of a new stage of collaboration in the Caspian, including the energy sphere.
It is also worthwhile to note that during the official visit of the President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov to the Republic of Azerbaijan in August 2017, the Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of Turkmenistan and the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan on further development of cooperation in the area of energy was signed. This document has contributed to the advancement of the energy cooperation between the two countries.
Also, the cooperation in the regional and international structures was discussed. The Presidents noted that both countries stand for strengthening of universal peace, stability and security.
President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov expressed gratitude to the head of Azerbaijan for support of a number of international initiatives of Turkmenistan aimed at strengthening of international peace and stability, as well as underlined the efficiency of the Chairmanship of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the Non-Aligned Movement. The standpoint of Turkmenistan in the process of forming the global system of energy security based on fair and transparent principles, equal access to the energy resources that was voiced by the Turkmen side at the Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in October 2019 was reconfirmed.
The heads of state expressed adherence to further strengthening of Turkmen-Azerbaijani ties for the sake of two countries and peoples.
The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan Rashid Meredov and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan Jeyhun Aziz oglu Bayramov were also present at the meeting. Upon the outcomes of the negotiations held between the heads of state, the foreign ministers signed the Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of Turkmenistan and the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan on joint exploration, development and completion of the hydrocarbon field "Dostluk" in the Caspian Sea.
"This document is an outcome of multiyear work carried out by our countries which is aimed at strengthening of cooperation and mutual understanding in the energy sphere, unfolding grand mutual potential of two greatest energy powers, establishing in the region of the Caspian Sea the most favorable conditions for the development of stable energy, wide and mutually beneficial international partnership," said President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov.
The Presidents congratulated each other on signing of the milestone document which is aimed at the expansion of partnership of two states in the area of energy. President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov noted that the decision to name this hydrocarbon field in the Caspian as "Dostluk" was a reciprocal resolution. "Dostluk" means friendship in Turkmen and Azerbaijani languages.
Ilham Aliyev Congratulates Giorgi Gakharia on Ruling Team's Victory in 31 October Parliamentary Elections
President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev congratulated Georgian Prime Minister Giorgi Gakharia on the ruling team's victory in the 31 October Parliamentary elections.
A telephone conversation took place between Ilham Aliyev and Giorgi Gakharia.
The strategic partnership between Azerbaijan and Georgia, as well as the long-standing good-neighborly relations between the two countries were stressed during the conversation.
Azerbaijani President highly appreciated Georgia's friendly position
It's common knowledge that on September 19, 1994, Azerbaijan and a consortium of international companies signed the first contract for the development of oil fields on the Caspian shelf. This agreement was called the "Contract of the Century" and put the foundation for cardinal changes in the region, opening it up to the world and bringing it out of the closed space of the former USSR. Azerbaijan rightfully considers this date, which is celebrated as the Day of the Oilman as important. This year, President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev took part in the ceremony of laying the foundation for offshore operations at the Absheron field, where he gave a detailed interview to the country's leading TV channels.
Commenting on the situation in the zone of the Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict, including the transit of military supplies from Russia to Armenia immediately after another aggravation of the situation in July this year, he in particular stressed: "I must say that I highly appreciate the actions of the Georgian Government in these events. As you know, Georgia did not allow the transportation of weapons to Armenia through its territory. That is why transport planes deliver weapons to Armenia through the territories of the Caspian littoral countries and by air. Georgia behaved like a very reliable partner. I would like to express my gratitude to the Georgian Government for this. I can say that we see the Georgian Government as a reliable partner and friend. Intergovernmental ties are strengthening day by day. Many important projects are being implemented. In the near future, our Foreign Minister will pay an official visit to Georgia. This will be his first visit to Georgia as Foreign Minister. The program of the visit is being prepared now. There are many questions. We are bound by both historical ties and common interests. Today, ties and developing cooperation between Georgia and Azerbaijan serve the interests of both countries. I want to say again that the Governments of Georgia and Azerbaijan are in close contact with each other, and this will continue".
President Ilham Aliyev: One of the issues negatively affecting Azerbaijani-Greek cooperation is related to "DESFA"
As reported earlier, President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev has today accepted credentials of the newly-appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Greece Nikolaos Piperigos.
AZERTAC publishes some excerpts from President Ilham Aliyev's remarks at the meeting.
"I believe there have been several issues that negatively affected our cooperation. One of them is related to the Greek gas company "DESFA". I can say that our energy company SOCAR joined the bidding for the purchase of "DESFA" at the request of the Greek government. The former Prime Minister of Greece, Mr. Samaras, personally asked me for SOCAR to participate in the tender. As a result of an open tender, SOCAR made the best offer and won the right to own "DESFA". This was also important in terms of our plans to build the Southern Gas Corridor. That was about six years ago. At that time, of course, we were simply planning to build a connection between Azerbaijan and Europe, and we thought that if Azerbaijan was to supply gas to Greece, it would be good to have a company that distributes this gas. In any case, we made an advance payment of 40 million euros, which is 10 percent of the price, and for four years – from 2014 to 2018 – the money was at the disposal of the Greek government. Unfortunately, the previous government of Greece did everything to deprive SOCAR of this right."
"I would like to reiterate that we originally obtained this legitimate right at the suggestion of the Greek prime minister, in an open and competitive tender, but were deprived of this legitimate right for political reasons due to the negative attitude of the previous government of Greece towards Azerbaijan. This certainly had a serious negative impact on our already low-level relations. Frankly, we then decided that if the government of Greece was treating us like that, we would have to think about how we would respond. Our response was to do virtually nothing. We did not make any demarche. We did not take any diplomatic steps."
"So this was a very disappointing issue and, of course, I think it had a serious impact on our relations. But, let me say again that this wasn't done on the initiative of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan has always supported the development of relations. In fact, you certainly know that TAP was not the only option for the transportation of Azerbaijani gas. There were several options for the transportation of Azerbaijani gas to Turkey. It could have been in a different direction. However, the choice of TAP was also a decision made by investors, foreign oil companies and Azerbaijan. In other words, for our part, we made a positive gesture to Greece. But after the previous government came to power – I want to emphasize this because before the former Syriza government came to power, we had very good relations with the governments of Greece."
Source: https://azertag.az/en/xeber/President_Ilham_Aliyev_One_of_the_issues_negatively_affecting_Azerbaijani_Greek_cooperation_is_related_to_DESFA-1575727?fbclid=IwAR0bZUNi2IyR5EyhRjp_l16NEAM9IzF4ibKGU8osJ_ifkMyXRaD8nBKanqk
President of Azerbaijan: Without any hesitation, we support Turkey and will support it in any circumstances
As reported earlier, President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev has today accepted credentials of the newly appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Greece to Azerbaijan, Nikolaos Piperigos.
AZERTAC presents some excerpts from President Ilham Aliyev's remarks at the meeting.
"It is not Azerbaijan that has occupied the territory of Armenia – Armenia has occupied Azerbaijani territory. This is reflected in the documents of all international organizations."
"The last issue I want to touch upon is the recent tension between Turkey and Greece in the Eastern Mediterranean region. I can tell you, and it is no secret, that Turkey is not only our friend and partner, but also a brotherly country for us. Without any hesitation whatsoever, we support Turkey and will support it in any circumstances. We see the same support from our Turkish brothers. They support Azerbaijan on all issues, and we support them on all issues, including the issue of exploration in the Eastern Mediterranean."
"I want you to know our position. This position has already been officially announced by the Azerbaijani government on my instructions. I can tell you again that Turkey is not only a friend but a brotherly country for us. The Turks are our brothers. So we will be with them in all matters."
"I want to find something positive to touch upon, but unfortunately I can't find it. Perhaps we hope that the new government of Greece, which came to power relatively recently, will reconsider the policy of the previous government against Azerbaijan."
"We can restore contacts and discuss issues that create positive dynamics. But, of course, that will depend on the policy and position of the Greek government."
Source: https://azertag.az/en/xeber/President_of_Azerbaijan_Without_any_hesitation_we_support_Turkey_and_will_support_it_in_any_circumstances-1575737?fbclid=IwAR1fSrTe3ciOGKfFL2Q6GxDi5ETRWVGpDKm4lQOOIAvGN3qqSCP-K48Ztik
President of Azerbaijan: Law is law for everyone, no-one can be above law
As reported earlier, President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev took part via videoconferencing in the opening of another modular hospital of the Health Center of the Ministry of Emergency Situations for the treatment of coronavirus patients.
AZERTAC presents some excerpts from the President's speech at the opening of the hospital.
"Unfortunately, there are still people who do not understand the situation today, who have lost a sense of responsibility. There are cases of flagrant violation of the rules. When such cases are discovered, of course, punitive measures should be taken and applied. Punitive measures apply to all categories of people. There shouldn't be and there is no discrimination. Everyone is equal before law regardless of their social status. Equality, justice and the rule of law are the main principles in Azerbaijan, and I call on all our citizens to act responsibly. First, they must act responsibly in order to protect themselves and their loved ones. On the other hand, those breaking the rules, organizing large-scale events and thus not reckoning with the laws and existing rules of the country in a demonstrative manner will be and are being punished. The public is also being informed about this issue. I think that the people of Azerbaijan are well aware that law is law for everyone. No-one can be above law, no-one can have any privileges and no-one can and will be given any concessions."
"All the work done is aimed at overcoming this situation with few losses, and I think we are achieving this. Everything is measured in comparison. If we look at the global statistics on COVID, we will see that the results obtained in our country are very effective and valuable. I think that it is thanks to these measures that we have saved the lives of thousands of people."
"I am confident that as a result of joint efforts, the decisive, thought-out and fair steps of the state, as well as the responsibility of our citizens, will allow us the opportunity to come out of this difficult situation with few losses and return to normal life as soon as possible."
Source: https://azertag.az/en/xeber/President_of_Azerbaijan_Law_is_law_for_everyone_no_one_can_be_above_law-1573591


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Timeline: History of the Synthesizer
(before 1900)
It may seem a strange thing to start the history of the synthesizer before the use of electricity. However, throughout the history of mechanical instrumental music (music made by machines) inventors have sought to discover new and creative ways to make musical sounds and play music. These seeds of invention reach back to the begining instrument design and eventually blossomed into the synthesizer/keyboard revolution that music has and is currently experiencing. You may notice that some very significant instrumental inventions (such as the pianoforte) are not mentioned here. This is mainly because of the vast amount of information already out there about these instruments. We have chosen instead to highlight the kinds of technical innovations which led to the development of modern synthesizers that may not be apparent to a synthesizer enthusiast.
Do you have any additions to this timeline? Please let us know.
3rd century BC Hydraulos - Invented by Ktesibios (or Ctesibius), a Greek engineer, to solve the age-old question, "How can a person play more than one instrument at a time?" He created an air chamber in a tub of water that was filled by a hand pump. The pressure was regulated by the weight of water. Mechanical levers or switches would send the air to different pipes. Of course, the modern pipe organ was basically the same concept. By the 15th Century CE organs had grown to be the first additive synthesizers, using multiple pipes for each note, adding harmonic complexity as well as volume.
1400s The "hurdy-gurdy" - This is similar to an organ grinder in concept. By rotating the handle, wheels are set in motion and rub against different strings to create a melody. Other strings resonate to create a drone. Could this instrument be considered the first strap-on synthesizer with built in sequencer?
1641 Pascaline - At the age of 21, Blaise Pascal developed a calculating machine very similar to designs found (in 1997) in old manuscripts from Leonardo Da Vinci. Although these adding machines made no music, they are pre-cursors to the modern computer and, thus, digital synthesizers.
1644 The Nouvelle Invention de Lever - This was a hydraulic engine which produced musical sounds.
1759 Clavecin Electrique - The "electric harpsichord" invented by Jean-Baptiste de Laborde and built (in 1761) by Abbe Delaborde in Paris, France. Via a short harpsichord-like keyboard, clappers, charged with static electricity, were activated to ring bells.
1761 Panharmonicon - This was a mechanical keyboard instrument that automated the playing of flutes, clarinets, trumpets, violins, cellos, drums, cymbals, triangle, and other instruments (guns?). It was invented by Johann Maelzel who, at some point, convinced Ludwig Van Beethoven to compose for it. Beethoven wrote "Wellington's Victory" for it and started to write the battle symphony "The Battle of Victoria" for the Panharmonicon, but quarrels between him and Maelzel later changed his mind. Although the Panharmonicon was mechanical and not electrical, the spirit of the invention lives on in today's sampling instruments.
1796 The Music Box - Watchmaker A. Favre invented this early instrument in Geneva.
1832 Telegraph - Samuel Morse invented the telegraph which allowed rhythmic pulses to be broadcasted great distances. Unfortunately, to our knowledge, these rhythmic pulses were not musical in nature, but restricted to the Morse Code, also developed by Samuel Morse.
1833-34 The Difference Engine - Invented by Charles Babbage, a British scientist, this machine futhered the eventual development of the modern computer.
1859 David E. Hughes invented a typewriting telegraph utilizing a piano-like keyboard to activate the mechanism.
1867 Electromechanical Piano - Developed by Hipps (first name unknown) who was a director of the telegraph factory in Neuchatel, Switzerland. The keyboard activated electromagnets that activated dynamos (small electric generators) which produced sound. Dynamos where later to be used in Thaddeus Cahill's Dynamophone (also known as the Telharmonium).
1876 Telephone - Alexander Graham Bell invents a way to transmit the voice over a telegraph wire.
Electroharmonic or Electromusical Telegraph - Elisha Gray (also an inventor of a telephone, but beaten to the patent office by Bell) invented this simple keyboard with oscillators for each key. That's right, oscillators. Mr. Gray found that he could create a self-vibrating electromagnetic circuit, basically a single frequency oscillator. He could transmit music over a telephone line. Later he built a simple speaker to make the sounds audible without a telephone line. This instrument transmitted musical tones over wires. Not to be done out by Gray, Alexander Bell developed a similar instrument he called the "Electric Harp."
1877 Phonograph - Invented by Thomas Edison, this early device used a diaphragm with an attached needle to record sound on a wax cylinder. The cylinders didn't last very long but Edison thought this device could be used for businesses. This invention, the same concept as Edison but using either a cylindrical system or a disc system, was simultaneously developed and patented by Emile Berliner.
1877 Loudspeaker - The idea was first expressed independently in the patents of Ernst Wermer of Siemens, Germany who filed his patent on Dec. 14, 1877, and Sir Oliver Lodge of the UK who secured a patent on April 27, 1898 in the UK. However, music had yet to be converted into electrical signals in order to be played on these speakers.
1883 Bell Laboratories - This laboratory (at American Bell Telephone Company first called the Electrical and Patent Department and later, in 1884, refered to as the Mechanical Department) was established by Alexander Graham Bell, who financed it with his own money. This lab was later to contribute significantly to recording and transmitting sound. Research here also led to the development of the GDS/Synergy instruments.
1887 Player Piano - Invented in the US, this instrument could record a performance on a paper roll. This roll could be copied and manufactured and distributed to people with player pianos to reproduce the performance, much like MIDI files are traded today.
1888-1909 Choralcello ("Heavenly Voices") - This instrument was developed by Melvin Severy and his brother-in-law, George B. Sinclair, in Arlington Heights, Massachusetts, USA from 1888 to 1909 when it was debuted in Boston, Massachusetts.
The Choralcello was manufactured by the Choralcello Manufacturing Co. It was sold as an expensive home organ for social music recitals. The company was taken over by Farrington C. Donahue and A. Hoffman. As far as we know, at least 6 were sold.
Much like the Telharmonium, the Choralcello used an electromagnetic tone wheel to generate organ sounds. However the Choralcello went a step further and also had piano-like strings that were either struck with piano-type hammers or vibrated electromagnetically.
The Choralcello had two keyboards, an upper 64-note keyboard played the strings like a piano, and the lower 88-note keyboard played the tone wheels and activated electromagnets to vibrate the strings, having organ style stops to control the timbre by passing the sound through cardboard, hardwood, softwood, glass, steel, or "bass-buggy" spring resonators.
The Choralcello eventually incorporated into the instrument a player-piano styled paper roll device for recording and playing back performances, as well as a 32-note pedal board system. The entire machine was very large, taking up "two basements" with only the keyboards and speakers publicly visible.
1897 Telharmonium or Dynamophone - Thadeus Cahill applied for and was granted patent number 580,035 entitled Art of and Apparatus for Generating and Distributing Music Electronically. His idea was to create an electric machine on which music could be played and distributed through the phone lines to businesses, hotels and private homes. He would do this by using dynamos which produces an alternating current, a sine wave (in this case the dynamo is also called an "alternator"). He did this with electromagnets and very large tone wheels. In 1898 Cahill began working on his machine in Washington D.C. (see 1901)
1898 Telegraphone - This, the first magnetic recording machine was patented by Valdemar Poulson. The theory behind this machine was worked out theoretically by Oberlin Smith of the UK in 1888. Poulson's machine recorded by passing a thin wire across an electromagnet. Each minute section of the wire would retain its electromagnetic charge, thus recording the sound. Sound could be both recorded and played back. Unfortunately, because the machine's output wasn't very loud and there was no way to amplify the signal, the Telegraphone was not much of a success.
1898 Stereo Phonograph - developed by Edison.
1899 Singing Arc - This was arguably the first fully electronic instrument. It was developed by William Duddell from the technology used in the carbon arc lamp, an electric precursor to the light bulb used in England and throughout Europe. The problem with the carbon arc lamp was that it made a lot of noise, from a low hum to an annoying high pitched whistle. Mr. Duddell, an English physicist was commissioned to investigate the sound that these lamps made. He found that the more electricity was applied to the lamp, the higher the resulting pitch. To demonstrate this phenomenon, he hooked up a keyboard to the lamp and called it the Singing Arc. The Singing Arc could be heard without the benefit of an amplifier or speaker. At a lecture to the London Institute of Electrical Engineers, the keyboard was hooked up to the building's arc lamps and it was found that no only did they all sing but those in the other buildings on the same circuit sang also. Although this demonstrated a method of transmitting music over a distance, it was never developed further. Duddell never even applied for a patent for his machine. However he did tour the country and show off his Singing Arc, which never became more than a novelty.
An interesting side story to all this: A few years earlier, in 1887, a Dutch inventor discovered that a sound waves could be used to modulate the intensity of a flame produced by gas under pressure (a manometric flame).
Bibliography "A Short History of the Pursuit and Capture of Musical Sound," http://knowmadz.org/library/ref/soundcap.htm
"Early Electronic Instruments," http://mi.cz/obl/obl_data/instrument/instrument2.html
"Electronic Music Origins," http://www.electronicmusic.com/datafiles/people/origins.html
"History of Electronic and Computer Music Including Automatic Instruments and Composition Machines," Women On the Web/ElectronMedia. http://music.dartmouth.edu/~wowem/electronmedia/music/eamhistory.html
"New World Destruction: The Electronic Music Channel," http://www.megs.com/neworld/tmeline1.htm
Chadabe, Joel, Electric Sound: The Past and Promise of Electronic Music, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1997
Cook, James H., "Organ History Tutorial," http://panther.bsc.edu/~jcook/OrgHist/welcome.htm
Fridh, Patrick, "Synthesizer Timeline," 1999. http://hem.passagen.se/sequence/timeline/
Miller, Scott L., "Electronic Music Timeline," from resource material for Electronic Music Courses at St. Cloud University. http://condor.stcloudstate.edu/~slmiller/433timeline.htm
Paradiso, Joe, "Electronic Music Interfaces," http://www.media.mit.edu/~joep/SpectrumWeb/SpectrumX.html
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List the rifle paper co clothing lauren conrad year of the publication of the recording  Set the title in all capital letters. This is done when italics are unavailable. Yes, by a government department and made available to the general public. Add the album colored paper goldenrod name, tV shows, the proper usage will be based on the style manual your editor tells you to follow. However, episodes, title" in italics, are used wit" It should be treated like a book titled and italicized or underlined. Little women, list the manufacturer or publisher of the sound recording.
You do not, however, put"tion marks around the titles of books, newspapers, or magazines.Finish with a period."Changes." Hunky Dory (in italics).M and you will find more information about this subject.


text:
The uninhabited island of Barther Oie belongs to the German federal state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and lies in the lagoon of Barther Bodden, between the town of Barth and the Baltic seaside resort of Zingst.

The Baltic Sea island has an area of about  and rises, like its sister island of Kirr, only  above sea level. Today the island is a nature reserve in the  West Pomeranian Lagoon Area National Park.

Zingst
German islands in the Baltic
Nature reserves in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Islands of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
Uninhabited islands of Germany


I know it is not your fault to look good and charming! They come running after you and all you got to do is ignore! Uggghhhh! You cannot be blamed if you don't go for everyone! I know you mean no harm and you just can't help it! So go ahead and customize this shirt and tell them when you were born to unintentionally breaking hearts! ooopppssss!


Naomi Judd, 1/2 of the country superstar duo The Judds, is continuing to tell her story about her battle with depression, which lead to thoughts of suicide, in hopes to spread awareness about the debilitating disease.
The 71-year-old stopped by "Megyn Kelly Today" Tuesday morning (Dec. 5) to talk about her mental health issues, which she revealed in her memoir, River of Time: My Descent into Depression and How I Emerged With Hope.
Naomi revealed that she had been battling severe depression and anxiety, which lead to a time in psychiatric wards and an over-abundance of medications, while on the road touring as The Judds.
The legendary singer also went on to talk about her daughter Ashley Judd, who was one of the first women to come out with sexual allegations against Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein.