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Exclusive: Q&A With TweetDeck CEO Iain Dodsworth on His Sale to Twitter
May 25, 2011 at 9:08 am PT
Now it's a done deal. Twitter has indeed purchased TweetDeck.
The deal closed last night, and Twitter has paid between $40 and $50 million in cash and stock for the startup.
But we knew all that: The Wall Street Journal first reported that Twitter was in talks to buy the company back in April, and the deal has been essentially done for a couple weeks, despite Twitter's insistence that it was a "rumor."*
But what happens next? And what happened to the deal TweetDeck had to sell to Bill Gross' UberMedia, back in February?
TweetDeck CEO Iain Dodsworth explains to me (sort of) via an IM interview we conducted this morning:
Peter Kafka: Hey Iain! You just sold your company to Twitter! What are you going to do now?
Iain Dodsworth: Join Twitter and continue to head up TweetDeck: The products, the team and user base.
OK! So, big picture, what's the plan for TweetDeck now that it's a part of Twitter?
Twitter recognises the value in our audience, and how our products are built to serve their needs–this is a different audience than the one that uses the official Twitter services. So our products will stay the same and we'll continue to develop them, with obviously a more coordinated approach since we're all one company.
So to beat this into the ground: TweetDeck will continue to exist as a standalone product? There's been a lot of speculation that Twitter would buy TweetDeck and then shut it down.
Yes, they will continue as standalone products. From a technical standpoint we'll move towards becoming part of the platform. They won't be shutting it down, they are in fact investing further in its future.
Over the last couple years you've made moves to expand TweetDeck from a Twitter-centric product to one that supports multiple platforms: Facebook, Foursquare, LinkedIn, etc. Will you continue in that vein? Or will this become more of a Twitter service again?
The important point about the multiservice approach is that the reality of it is that TweetDeck usage has been heavily Twitter based with the external services not heavily used, but acting more as a value-add for our users. I can't see them going away anytime soon.
So I'm reading that as "we're a Twitter product that also works with other services, for now." That fair?
So when did you decide that it made sense to sell TweetDeck instead of running it as a separate business? What prompted the decision?
We got to the natural point where we started to think about raising more money to continue experimenting, start really focusing on monetisation and then acquisition offers started to appear–and that makes you stop and consider all the options.
Walk us through that. When did the process start?
We've been on this particular road for around 6 months, assessing fundraising vs acquisition.
So then what happened with UberMedia? Not very long ago, you had a deal in place to sell to Bill Gross and company. How did you end up selling to Twitter instead?
Not going to comment on those kind of rumours. The important part of this is that TweetDeck as a product and a team just got some serious support and investment for our future as the power user side of Twitter.
Ah Iain! Now that you've been purchased by Twitter, you're talking like them! It wasn't a rumor! Or a rumour! It's just something that you don't want to talk about.
That wasn't a question.
[Smiley face emoticon]
While we're at it, I should also note that you've already got the requisite Dick Costolo haircut. So that must have made the deal easier. Here, I'll phrase it as a question: Have you and your new boss compared grooming tips yet?
To be fair the folically challenged nature only served to cement the deal. Good tip for other entrepreneurs–synchronise on acquiring CEO's hairstyle.
Good to know. One last question for now: You've been building a start-up for a couple years, and that's very hard, very intense work, that's panned out well for you. Do you think you'll want to do it again, or was this a once-in-a-lifetime kind of thing?
Yes, I think so. No idea when though, I'm not finished with TweetDeck–we just became part of something much more powerful.
And here's an interview I conducted with Dodsworth a year ago, when Twitter developers were wondering what was going to happen to Twitter apps that Twitter didn't own. Now, for at least one of them, we know the answer.
* Dear PR professionals: Can we please find another way to describe something that is true, but which you don't want to talk about? Because describing something as a "rumor" when it's not is…untrue. And you guys shouldn't be in the business of saying untrue things, right?
[Photo credit: TweetDeck engineer Sol Plant]
Tagged with: TweetDeck, Twitter
Twitter Asks You How You Use Twitter While You Watch TV, While You're Watching TV and Using Twitter
(Almost) No One Is Reading Your Tweets
Happy Holidays! Facebook Stuffs More Ads in Its Stockings.
Music-Discovery Service ExFM Pulls the Plug
Netflix Doesn't Have the Market Cornered on Binge TV: Zombies + Walter White Help AMC Win the Fall VOD War
I think the NSA has a job to do and we need the NSA. But as (physicist) Robert Oppenheimer said, "When you see something that is technically sweet, you go ahead and do it and argue about what to do about it only after you've had your technical success. That is the way it was with the atomic bomb."
— Phil Zimmerman, PGP inventor and Silent Circle co-founder, in an interview with Om Malik


I am a small hobby breeder, located near Eastern Washington and Idaho, I recently moved here from Texas. I started in agility with Shelties then began showing in conformation. I recently completed my new home with over an acre of land. It was my love of Shelties that got me involved in agility and conformation. See my page " A Tribute to Laddie", my first Sheltie.
Animal Planet TV reported that Shelties were the 8th smartest breed, out of 132 breeds tested.
When people tell me that one of my dogs made their life so much better, that means a lot to me.
I breed to the AKC standard and have Sheltie puppies for sale and sometimes older Shelties for sale.


EBR SR-14 is an advanced solvent formulation specifically designed for modern microlithography applications. SR-14 effortlessly removes photo resist edge beads that build up during spin coat wafer processing.
Microposit EC solvent 11 is engineered to eliminate the photoresist edge bead that occurs during typical spin coat wafer processing.
Removing the edge bead immediately after photoresist coating reduces the particulate associated defects caused by subsequent wafer processing.
Microposit EC Solvent 11 can also be used to clean and purge photoresist dispense lines and spinner cup bowls.
Microposit EC Solvent is part of the Microposit Positive Photoresist System and is optimised to satisfy industry requirements in advanced IC device fabrication. It offers significantly reduced health risk over commonly used resist solvent systems.
Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) is an adhesion promoter between photoresist and the silicon wafer.
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) is a strong solvent that is typically used as a negative photoresist remover.
EBR PG is specifically formulated to quickly and cleanly remove edge beads that build-up during the spin coat process. Edge bead removal is performed immediately after spin coat by directing a stream of EBR PG near the edge of the wafer while it is spinning. The edge bead remover nozzle can be positioned near the wafer's edge to dispense EBR PG from the top or from the backside/bottom. By controlling spin speed, nozzle position, and nozzle direction, the resist edge bead is removed. It is important during edge bead removal that the backside of the wafer/substrate not be contaminated with resist from the front. By choosing a spin speed appropriate for the size of the wafer, the resulting centrifugal force prevents this problem.
Acetone can be used for drying laboratory glassware, removing greasy or oily contaminants from work benches, or as a general photoresist stripper or edgebead remover.


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Jobs Announcement Set For Vigo County
Thursday, January 10, 2019 6:14 PM EST
By Alex Brown, Assistant Managing Editor
abrown@growindiana.net
Saturn Petcare announced last year plans to set up shop at the former Pfizer building. (photo courtesy of WTHI-TV)
TERRE HAUTE -
Governor Eric Holcomb will Friday join local officials to celebrate plans by Germany-based Saturn Petcare to establish its first U.S. facility in Vigo County. The event in Terre Haute will also include details about new jobs expected to be created by the pet food manufacturer.
Last March, Saturn Petcare announced plans to set up operations at the former Kellogg's facility in Seelyville and create more than 200 jobs. However, those plans were scrapped a few months later after Saturn and Kellogg's could not come to terms on a purchase agreement for the facility.
Our partners at WTHI-TV reported at the time Saturn Petcare had decided to set up shop at the former Pfizer building in the southern portion of the county. The company in November submitted a bid to the Vigo County Redevelopment Commission to purchase the property.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Q: React Native Google Mobile Ads Displaying Ads but Not Getting Money My rewarded ads are displaying perfectly fine on users phones. No issues there. However, when checking my google ad mob account, the metrics are not updated. There is no increase in estimated earnings or in the number of impressions.
I had made around $0.1 prior but nothing for this entire day despite users watching ~60 rewarded ads. Ad mob displays my app as "ready" for the approval status so not sure what is going on.
This is my first time working with react-native-google-mobile-ads and ad mob in general so any help would be greatly appreciated.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


WORDPRESS GUIDE AS A BEGINNER - Premiergist .
WordPress is very easy to understand however, I have figured out some important parts of WordPress that beginners may find confusing and I gave an explanation to them in such a way that you will understand them.
WordPress dashboard features the following menus; Posts, media, pages, comments, Appearance, plug-ins, users, tools, and settings but I am going to explain Appearance, Plug-ins, users, tools and settings. The rest are straight forward and not hard to comprehend.
Note: Some other menus will appear when you start downloading plug-ins but the above menus are just default.
Custom CSS (Cascade Style Sheet) is used by people who knew and understood CSS to add additional effects to their website if the effect added by the theme is not enough. If you do not know anything about CSS please endeavor not to use it. (Learn CSS at W3school.com).
Widgets: A WordPress widget is a small block that performs a particular function. Take for example. On a website, it is a widget that displays recent posts on the sidebar. So you have to be familiar with it because you are going to use some of them for your own sidebar.
Editor: This part I strongly recommend you do not alter changes to, unless you are familiar with programming languages. This is where you will see all the codes that made up your website and if you change any code and replace it with a wrong code it may clash your site. If you add a wrong code it may also clash your site whichever way your site may clash and you wouldn't want that to happen right? So for now it's a no go area for you.
Plug-ins that appear to apply from the dashboard after downloading them e.g. (contact form, Table press e.t.c.). Some of these plug-ins appear on the dashboard but the configurations are done elsewhere such as: Under settings, appearance.
Plug-ins that do not appear in many of those places mentioned above but immediately forms a widget under appearanceàwidget e.g. some of the sidebar plug-ins fall under this category.
Under plug-ins we have sub-menus like Installed plug-ins, Add New and Editor.
Editor is code based, like I said earlier, it's a no go area unless you know coding.
(3) Users: Here we have sub-menus like all users, add new user and profile. When you click on all users you will see those people you have given the right to make posts on your site. Each of these categories of users has limitation like SUBSCRIBER can only read a post and comment on posts but can't write a post on your website. EDITOR can edit posts. CONTRIBUTOR can only write and submit posts for verification before posting it on the website by the ADMINISTRATOR. AUTHOR also writes posts and finally ADMINISTRATOR is the commander in chief who checks and balances the activities of the above mentioned categories of user.
No explanation will be given to 'add new users' and 'your profile' because they are straight forward and easy to understand.
(4) Tools: Under this we have import, export, export personal data, erase personal data. Import is used to import your documents like posts, comments e.t.c. from another website into your WordPress site and export does the opposite.
(5) Settings: Under settings we have; General, Writing, Reading, Discussion, Media, Permalinks and Privacy.
Writing: Here you set how your posts will be displayed, and the default category it should carry if you didn't specify any category for the post. You also set if you want to be posting via your email.
Reading: You set how many posts your post page and syndication feeds should show at most, whether they should show full article or just summary of the post.
Discussion: This is straight forward to set up depending on what you want and how you want it.


You may also have got here by trying to switch to a Welsh language version of the page you were on.
Click the 'Back' button to try another link.
Search our site to locate the information you require.
The Welsh language version may still be in the process of being built, in which case we apologise for the inconvenience and invite you to return at a later date, when the page is complete.
Retry the page. In the event of the required page being unavailable due to a temporary problem with one of our database's, trying this page at later time should remedy the problem.


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Terri Trailer: Why Do Movies About Overweight People Go for the Easy Fat Jokes? Because the Alternative Is Too Painful
By Dustin Rowles | Trailers | April 20, 2011 |
One of my favorite films growing up was Angus, the best John Hughes film that John Hughes never wrote. I'm sure many of you agree. It was a classic outsider teenage comedy, only this outsider had real, physical impediments to overcome, and there were no magical makeover cures. It was about looking within and pulling out that inner confidence beaten back by years of humiliation and fat jokes. It was also about James Van Der Beek getting punched in the face.
Terri, the upcoming indie with John C. Reilly and a very solid performance from Jacob Wysocki in the title role, is the more realistic, less superficial version of Angus. I saw it at Sundance this year, and it is hard to watch. It's painful because it feels almost too real. It takes those humiliations and beats you with them. It gets you inside the mind of an obese sad-sack teenager, and it's not a comfortable place to be. It has a few moments of sweetness, but mostly, like an episode of "Curb Your Enthusiasm" without any humor, it's just really uncomfortable to watch, to both its credit and detriment.
Here's the trailer, which plays up the sweetness angle and downplays the intense discomfort.
The Devil's Double Poster: "Based on a True Story" About the World's First Gold-Plated Douchebag
Ranking, Without Comment, the Last 53 Romantic Comedies Released in North America


Once that's done, here's an example of how the script can be invoked. In this example, I'm logging in to a Ubiquiti device at the IP address 10.0.0.4 to gather some wireless stats. Replace "myusernamehere" and "mypasswordhere" with your actual username and password, of course.


Before fire crews were called to the scene, three teenagers helped clear the house. Blake Jenkins, Dalton Watts, and Eric Legrand, all freshman at East Gaston High School, were outside when Jenkins noticed smoke coming from his home.
"He said he saw smoke coming out the window so he ran in there and came out and told us the house was on fire," explained Watts.
The teens said they went into the smoking home to help Jenkins' grandparents and uncle escape the structure. They said Jenkins' grandmother fell in the bathtub when she heard there was a fire. Jenkins said he helped her out of the predicament while Watts assisted the other family members and Legrand dialed 911.
"It was like an instinct I guess," said Watts.
Jenkins said smoke had already begun filling the home when the teenagers went back inside the house to assist the family members.
"There was black smoke everywhere. You couldn't really see that much. I was having to crouch down just to breathe, just to get air," said Jenkins.
Lee advises members of the public to use caution if faced with a similar situation.
"If you can safely go back in, get them out. But if you can't, we don't want you going back in and being a victim too," the fire official explained.
Lee said crews from eight paid and volunteer fire departments responded to assist in fighting the fire Saturday.
Jenkins said he thinks a toaster started the fire. He explained that much of the home he has lived in his entire life was damaged in the blaze.
"Everything can't be replaced. There's a lot of stuff that can't like pictures, all kind of stuff that we won't ever have again," the teen said.
Despite the fire damage, Jenkins said he is thankful more wasn't lost in the fire.


Madikwe Game Reserve is a wildlife area low on the radar of most foreign visitors to South Africa. This hidden gem is a prime safari destination with excellent accommodation options, home to all of the Big 5 and just a short flight from O. R. Tambo International Airport. Here are just a few reasons why you should choose a Madikwe safari as your next South African destination.
As one of the largest game reserves in South Africa, Madikwe is home to an abundant and diverse mix of flora and fauna, including all of the Big 5. The big cats – lion and leopard – are both present, as well as black and white rhino, a healthy elephant population and a scattering of buffalo. Although leopard are notoriously difficult to spot, it is not unheard of to see all of the Big 5 during a stay in Madikwe.
Along with the famous Big 5, other enticing attractions in the reserve include the resident cheetah, brown hyena and wild dog. Cheetah and wild dog have been introduced into the reserve with varying degrees of success over the last few years. At this current time, populations remain stable and although rare, it is possible to see both during a stay in Madikwe. As the reserve lies in a transition zone between the Lowveld bushveld and the Kalahari thornveld another rare species, the brown hyena can also be seen in Madikwe.
As there are no day visitors into the reserve, each game viewing experience in Madikwe is led by experienced guides who know the area intimately. At Tuningi Safari Lodge, our guiding team will be with you for twice daily game drives – one leaving early in the morning and one late in the afternoon. They will help to reveal the marvels of Madikwe; working together to deliver the best game sightings as possible during your stay.
Madikwe Game Reserve is situated in the North West Province of South Africa, bordering Botswana in the north. It is approximately 40km from Gaborone, 90km north of Zeerust, and 4 hours' drive from Johannesburg. The easiest way to access Madikwe Game Reserve is to fly in directly from O. R. Tambo. The flight is roughly an hour long andll flights are undertaken by professional and highly experienced commercial pilots. Transfers from the Madikwe Airstrip to the Lodge are complimentary.
Madikwe Game Reserve offers a superb range of accommodation options, from luxury safari camps to down-to-earth, family-friendly lodges. Tuningi Safari Lodge is a kid-friendly option, located 15-20 minutes' drive inside the reserve. We offer accommodation in Luxury and Family Suites, twice daily game drives and child-minding services. Tuningi overlooks a busy waterhole and boasts an underground hide, offering unparalleled game viewing from the comfort of the lodge.
For more information about booking your Madikwe safari, please don't hesitate to contact our friendly reservations team at Tuningi via email at book@tuningi.com or fill in our online booking form for a quote. We look forward to welcoming you to Madikwe.


(1996) Comput Appl Biosci 12, 469-471.
Birth-Death (Bi-De) is an application for the Apple Macintosh which simulates the growth of phylogenetic trees using various models of lineage birth and death. The trees produced are intended to be analogous to those reconstructed from molecular sequence data. The user may define a constant birth rate and death rate or a function describing how these rates vary by time or population size. Instantaneous mass extinctions can also be simulated. The package allows the tree produced to be used as a template for the simulated evolution of molecular sequence data under a range of different transition models.


Internally I had a few terrible days but superficially they were amazing. We went to visit the Maha Rishi who was assisted by the Gusti and she had a message for me. Dewa the Balinese healer paid us a surprise visit this morning and did a session with me. All these people have special powers, I personally witnessed a couple of otherworldly things. I had a couple of beautiful conversations with Satya, also a pretty magnificent human being. Regardless, I was being eaten alive inside. I felt being dragged from disappointment to disappointment. And then, after the chi qong class of Sahaj (that obviously sucked in my eyes but was received annoyingly positive by my fellow students) I feel that the veil is being lifted. It is almost embarrassing; when I was asked to share my experience at the end of the class I was so dark and negative and a couple of minutes later I can almost physically see the darkness dissolve. Where did it go?
To make it more confusing: I had a similar experience exactly 10 days ago. It is the 30th today. On the 20th the veil lifted itself too. Let's make a mental memo to check what is going on with me on the 10th of September. If everything goes according to plan I will have arrived in Sydney then. I look forward to the clarity (but not to the confusion in between, please let it not happen again).
The Maha Rishi or the Ida Rishi is a remarkable girl. I don't know if I spell her name correctly of use her title in the right way but I heard people use both terms. She is a 26-year-old Balinese girl who lead a very normal Balinese life until 5 years ago. To cut a long story short: she got sick and the treatment was not working. Afraid she was not going to make it her family brought her to a temple. During the ceremony she got a message that she was called to become a priestess. Her family was not amused and did not support the calling. She got sick again. This time her grandfather promised the Gods he would do everything he could to help her if they would bring her back. From that moment on all the wisdom was channeled into this girl. Her initiation took 21 days. Imagine a Tibetan boy being transformed into the Dalai Lama in 21 days. Without any training or reading any books she was suddenly able to perform ancient and rare ceremonies, could speak an astral language and could chant all kinds of holy sutras. She was tested by a council of high Balinese priests and passed all the exams. Of course this triggered the disbelief of other shamans, healers and priests but she keeps passing all the tests which slowly starts to make her famous. According to Satya and Sahaj she is one of the most enlightened beings they have ever encountered.
I received her blessing just as I received the blessing from Dewa in the sacred fountains of Tirta Empul. In the moment is was nice but half an hour later I realized I was back in my black hole, now falling even deeper because the realization that not even the Rishi or the sacred fountain could help me kicked in. At the same time: I have seen people cry, collapse, shake and scream when she blessed them. The only time I have witnessed such strong effects on people was in ayahuasca ceremonies. Astonishing.
At this moment I really don't have anything sensible to say about what it going on. I might change again tomorrow. I have no idea if I am moving in the right direction or not. What I can say is that the Rishi told me the same thing as Satya and Sahaj which is connected to theme I saw in Iraq: she told me to develop the hara. This is the energy center below the navel where the universal life force is situated. Rishi told me that when the force is strong it pushes up to the heart. Then my head can drop into my heart and the Divine force will enter and work freely. Until now my heart is strong and open but my mind is still messing with me, according to the Rishi. Well, I think I have been proving that sufficiently.
My newfound yoga practice should help me with the development of the weaker chakras as it is tailor made to do exactly that. Satya tried to tell me these last days that they were there to help me: Sahaj, Dewa, Gusti (Rishi's helper and translator) and herself. It was hard for me to really receive that when I was feeling so constricted. Slowly, slowly I am getting it: I am supported even in my darkest hours. By teachers, by healers, by friends, by followers and by strangers. I am less alone then I feel. I think that goes for most of us.
Hang in their Atalwin. I know you will figure it all out.
Happy travels my big friend. Just soak it all up. It will sort itself when the time is right.


Men normally cheat on their wife when they are not physically satisfied, never adjust or are given proper attention and sometimes out of sheer desolation. Women usually cheat when the husband is kids or paying proper awareness of her needs both both mental and physical.
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The free ones as well not can record calls, text message and mail messages. They can give you call logs but not full variations. For the most part, I know out the creators of deals are going to versions do so either given that want to initiate your privacy or besides you to undertake a taste products the software can you should do so that if the lured consumer the original or paid versions. In any case, effectively a total waste of time.
When a business is small, this is easy to do, an excellent you want your company to grow, you must find how to keep the productivity of the employees at any good level without being present on a. I suggest you attempt Blueware mobile spy software.
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El Mando de Personal del Ejército de Tierra (MAPER) es el órgano del Apoyo a la Fuerza responsable en el ámbito del Ejército de Tierra español de la dirección, gestión, administración y supervisión en materia de gestión y asistencia al personal y asistencia sanitaria. Asesora al  Jefe del Estado Mayor del Ejército de Tierra en estas materias.

El MAPER depende funcionalmente de la Dirección General de Personal y de la Dirección General de Reclutamiento y Enseñanza Militar, bajo la coordinación de la Subsecretaría de Defensa (DGAM).

Este organismo se articula en una Jefatura y tres direcciones:
  Dirección de  Personal (DIPER).
  Dirección de Apoyo al Personal (DIAPER).
  Dirección de Sanidad (DISAN).

Junto a estos órganos también dependen del Mando de Personal el Patronato de Huérfanos del Ejército de Tierra, la Junta Permanente de Evaluación y el Consejo Asesor de Personal del Ejército de Tierra.

Véase también
 Ejército de Tierra de España

Referencias
  Cuaderno Ejército 2011. Ejército de Tierra.

Unidades del Ejército de Tierra de España
Fuerzas armadas en Madrid

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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About Exmouth Journal
Sidmouth Herald
Subscribe to Exmouth Journal
Exmouth Life
Local Businesess
MPs & council
Exmouth Town in Tuesday night cup action at Cullompton Rangers
Exmouth Town supporters at Cadbury Heath. Picture; MARTIN COOK
Exmouth Town head for Cullompton Rangers on Tuesday night to contest a Devon St Lukes Bowl tie, writes Steve Birley.
If truth be known, it is probably a match that the Southern Road men could have done without - even at this early stage of the season!
Saturday's trip to Cribbs for a Western League Premier Division match was only Towns fourth league game of the campaign and, between their previous game and the visit to Cribbs, Town played no fewer than seven cup ties across three competitions!
Speaking ahead of the game in Mid Devon, Town assistant boss Andy Rawlings says: "We will mix and match for we have a couple of knocks and, let's face it, the lads have been playing a succession of big game sin recent weeks. The cup ties are great fun, but it's all extra games and they come at a cost in terms of any players who might be trying to get through games carrying a slight knock."
Tiverton Town created something of a 'shock' this week by announcing that there were unable to fulfil a midweek cup engagement at Tavistock. Their inability to raise a side is not totally surprising for they too have had a busy early season schedule and the Ladysmead club no longer have a second team. In Exmouth Town's case they have a reserve team and also an Under-18s side and so can 'mix and match' when there's a need. Also, Town are working with a large squad and it's games just like this one at Cullompton on a Tuesday evening that the larger squad was put together for.
Rawlings says: "We'll send a team out at Cully to hopefully do the job for us, but if I was to be totally honest, and this is not meant in any way to be disrespectful l to the opposition or to the competition, but we really do have bigger fish to fry in terms of the bigger picture of our season."
Missing man last seen in Exmouth found
Sand clearance from sand-swept seafront road set to begin
Homeless drug user stole student's laptop and purse in sneak raid
Plans for 59-apartment retirement complex in Exmouth slammed by town leaders
Plans for 20 new one and two bedroom apartments in town centre opposed
Latest from the Exmouth Journal
Exmouth 2nds up to second in the table after seeing off Okehampton


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Diamondbacks, Maricopa Co. Dispute Goes to Arbitration
By Kevin Reichard on August 18, 2017 in Major-League Baseball, News
A Superior Court judge ordered the Arizona Diamondbacks and Maricopa County to settle their differences over the condition of Chase Field before an arbitrator, instead of going to court. (more…)
Diamondbacks: We want more control over future of Chase Field
By Kevin Reichard on July 21, 2012 in Major-League Baseball, News
The Arizona Diamondbacks could gain greater control of Chase Field if the ballpark is transferred from the Maricopa County Stadium District to the city of Phoenix, as the team looks at major renovations down the road. The issue: the ballpark, funded with a special Maricopa County tax that expired in 1997, is controlled by the […]
Prepping Chase Field for the All-Star Game
Chase Field, the home of the Arizona Diamondbacks, has always been an underrated ballpark, in our view. Now fans across the country will be exposed to its many charms during the All-Star Game this week. When it opened in 1998, Chase Field — then Bank One Ballpark — was a fairly subtle facility with a […]
Solar structure going up on Chase Field
By Kevin Reichard on February 10, 2011 in Major-League Baseball, News
Another improvement to Chase Field as the Arizona Diamondbacks prepare for a big season: an addition that will generate 75 kilowatts of solar power and also provide needed shade for fans as they enter and exit the ballpark. A product of a partnership between the D-backs, Maricopa County Stadium District and APS, the structure will […]


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The bias beneath: Uncovering juror bias in sexual assault cases
Seven types of juror biases: Uncovering and dealing with them
William S. Friedlander
Alexandra Rudolph
[Ed. Note: This article was originally presented by the authors at the 2009 meeting of the National Crime Victims Bar Association Meeting. It is reprinted with their permission.]
You are called to represent a woman who was raped in the stairwell of her apartment building at 2:00 a.m. She is barely 22, never finished high school and works as a cocktail waitress in a seedy bar. Her attacker is a college student who frequents the establishment regularly. The management company for the building knew the stairwell was poorly lit and several tenants requested that the building install additional lights as a safety precaution after a robbery. Witnesses testify and your client admits that she had a gin and tonic after her shift but maintains that she was not drunk. You are bringing a case against the landlord, claiming that they knew the stairwell was dangerous but did not take adequate measures to protect tenants.
How will you convince a jury that the landlord is to blame when she was raped by a good-looking assailant? How do you show the landlord could have reasonably foreseen a third party's criminal act? How do you prevent jurors from blaming the victim? What hidden biases do they bring? And how does that impact their view of the case? How do you uncover predispositions that present challenges to your case?
In response to these prevalent biases, trial attorneys and jury consultants have increasingly drawn on insights from the field of social psychology to use in voir dire and trial strategy in order to identify and move jurors past the underlying biases they hold.
These susceptibilities include the "availability" bias, the "confirmation" bias, the "belief persistence" bias, the "norm" bias, the accountability or responsibility bias, and the processes of "defensive attribution," "fundamental attribution" and "just world" thinking. What follows is a brief synopsis of each of these mechanisms, the way it impinges on juror understanding or decision-making, and its lessons for jury voir dire and trial preparation, particularly in cases of sexual assault implicating third-party culpability.
Juror bias in sexual assault cases
Wise counsel will try to harness or subvert the biases, using voir dire to tap into jurors' conscious and unconscious decision-making processes. In order to effectively diffuse biases, one must be familiar and able to draw them out of potential jurors. Effective voir dire not only identifies the usual excludable biases (consanguinity, affinity, employment or other close relationship to a party, inability to be fair or familiarity with the case) but addresses biases which jurors themselves may be unaware of or unwilling to acknowledge.1,2
In sexual assault cases, such biases include: suspicion of plaintiffs, myths regarding perpetrators and victims of sexual assault (she wore a short skirt and was asking for it/he's a nice looking guy/ doesn't look like a rapist) and a predisposition to blame the victim3.
Uncovering juror biases in voir dire
Voir dire is the time to begin to educate jurors and dispel salient myths and stereotypes regarding sexual assault including: consent, resistance, reporting, false accusations, absence of witnesses, absence of evidence of injury. Questions regarding juror expectations of assailants, victims, false accusations, responses to bullying, and persuasive evidence can help jurors shed stereotypes and articulate appropriate standards of behavior.
Expert consultation or evaluation can shape the case to dispel the myths (provocation, resistance, outcry, prompt reporting, false accusation, assumption of risk, lack of witnesses, lack of injury) attached to sexual assault, and/or to identify the defendant's patterns of behavior or show that standards of care were not met.
Voir Dire questions: Juror expectations & preconceived notions in SA litigation
• How do you think a person would act if they falsely accused someone of rape or sexual assault?
• Has anyone had the experience of being bullied at school? Did you report it? Why? Why not?
• Have you ever had to tell other people about a traumatic, painful or humiliating experience that happened to you? Tell me about that. How did you feel?
• When I say the word, "rapist," what images come to mind? Tell me about that.
• What evidence would you need or like to see in sexual assault cases?
• Would the victim's testimony be enough or would you require more evidence? What kind of evidence?
• If you only had her word and no "hard evidence," how would that impact the way you view the case?
Reframing case to accommodate juror predispositions
Trial counsel can make use of voir dire, not only to uncover the pre-existing norms against which jurors are assessing the conduct of victim and perpetrator, but to explore alternative norms that may reshape jurors' thinking about standards of conduct.
While voir dire can help uncover biases, "overcoming" them is a difficult process as they are generally deep-seated. The attorney must approach it as such and craft a trial strategy that takes biases into consideration. Instead of seeking to change a juror's mind about a long-standing belief, the attorney must, instead, reframe arguments and show the juror why this case is different.
Juror predispositions: Suspicion bias
Understanding juror bias begins with recognizing that there is widespread suspicion against plaintiffs and plaintiff lawyers. The media provides fodder for such distrust, often featuring scandalous cases and reporting outlandish jury awards that affirm the negative plaintiff stereotypes.
The suspicion bias stems from several assumptions or presumptions people generally have about plaintiffs, namely: they are too quick to sue, have ulterior motivations, blame someone else for their own irresponsibility, are trying to win the "litigation lotto," or that their suit will penalize or "tax" the jurors' own pocketbooks by increasing costs, such as health care.
Jurors predisposed to suspicion bias are defense-orientated. They are motivated to hold the plaintiff to a higher standard of accountability and focus their attention on the plaintiff's choices or behavior rather than the defendants. Jurors holding this bias are suspicious of the plaintiffs' motives, quick to assume the lawsuit is frivolous and require a high burden of proof. They are strong defense jurors and their perception of the case can be described as "guilty until proven innocent"– not "innocent until proven guilty."4
In sexual assault cases, the suspicion bias is likely to be reinforced through powerful visceral responses to the plaintiff's case and based on the jurors' own prejudices. Variables such as racial or gender bias, belief in common myths regarding perpetrators or victims, personal similarities or psychological identification with one party or the other, or the physical attractiveness or charm of the plaintiff, defendant or the attorneys impact how each juror views the case.
The most effective way to identify jurors with suspicion bias is to create a safe environment in voir dire that encourages jurors to share negative information and ask them how they feel about lawsuits and people that file them. Positively reinforce negative information and use it as a platform to hear from other jurors. Remind prospective jurors that they are under oath and ask short, open-ended questions that do not imply the "right" answer.
Voir Dire questions: Suspicion bias
• My brother thinks that people who sue companies are trying to win the "litigation lotto."
My wife, on the other hand, believes most people have a legitimate reason for filing a lawsuit.
What do you think? Are you more like my brother or my wife?"
• A lot of people I know think corporations are sued because they have "deep pockets".
Who agrees? Tell me more about that.
• In a civil lawsuit the burden of proof is different than in criminal cases.
The law says that I only have to prove my case 51 percent to win. That's it. Fifty-one percent.
How do you feel about that? Who thinks that you would probably need a little more proof? How sure would you need to be? Give me an approximate percent.
Juror predispositions: Monocausality heuristic
In cases where sexual assault implicates a third party, like the landlord of premises where an assault occurred, gender biases and acceptance of myths about sex crimes may be compounded by another bias which psychologists call the "monocausality heuristic."
The monocausality heuristic bias, rather ironically, is defined by simplicity. It maintains that people tend to prefer simple explanations to complex ones and are more likely to accept a succinct singular story that appeals to their sense of logic over a complicated one, even if it is the best answer. As a result, they are resistant to accept that an event may have multiple causes or may be caused by multiple parties because it is difficult to understand.
Social science research on jurors' decision-making shows, and trial attorneys know, that jurors with a monocausality heuristic bias are difficult to detect in voir dire5. Lawyers should expect jurors to hold this bias and craft a case story that caters to it. Find a simple case story that makes sense and flesh it out with detail. Presenting evidence without providing a context complicates the case. Spoon-feed information to jurors using laymen's terms, preferably using the same language that mock jurors did if the case was tested in a mock trial. Graphics simplify complex information and should be utilized to keep jurors, and lawyers, focused on key case elements.
Juror predispositions: Availability bias
The availability bias contends that whatever occupies the jurors' attention during trial will receive disproportionate focus in deliberations. Otherwise stated, jurors will use the information available to them to find fault with a party. If the plaintiff is the central character, they have more information on his/her actions, thus more opportunity to find fault.
Jurors filter information in a way that attributes fault, and jury research suggests that the first story presented is subject to the heaviest scrutiny as well as given greater weight in deliberations. Jurors are more likely to focus on inconsistencies, patterns of behavior or deviations from "normal" conduct in the first scenario. When they hear the second story, jurors are already trying to reconcile information and determine "what really happened."
When the plaintiff's story is told first, the focus is on what the plaintiff did wrong. This allows jurors to judge the victim's decisions leading up to the assault, such as, her decision to drive home late at night or take the staircase in the apartment building rather than the elevator. Conversely, when defendant's actions are highlighted, it's easier to identify faults and draw a causal connection between the defendant and the crime6. In sexual assault cases, the third party had the ability to foresee potential hazards but failed to take any preventative action. Warning signs are most effective when they establish a pattern of behavior and can include a history of multiple crimes on the premises, frequent police calls, a refusal to install door buzzers, video cameras or a key-operated garage door despite requests from residents to incorporate these safety measures.
In the case of sexual abuse, the availability bias may be diffused by frequently repeating key words or themes the attorney wants jurors to adopt and begins in voir dire. Conversation with potential jurors about the themes and issues of the case during jury selection highlights essential language, paradigms and norms which focus on the defendants' failure to take action. Before the trial starts, the lawyer can tap into the availability heuristic and reframe the case in a manner which is beneficial to him.7
Voir Dire questions: Availability bias
• Has anyone heard of the term "date rape"? How would you describe it?
• Is anyone familiar with the concept of "consent"? What is it?
• Have you ever had an experience where you felt fear or shame?
• Is anyone familiar with the concept of "standard of care"? In your own words, tell me what it means.
• Do you believe events can have more than one cause?
• What do you think about large corporations?
• Some people believe that companies put profits over safety while others think they are an important part of the community. What do you think?
Juror predispositions: Confirmation bias
The confirmation bias asserts that jurors tend to search for evidence that confirms their beliefs and tend to scrutinize or disregard evidence which does not fit with prior beliefs. When presented with ambiguous evidence, jurors tend to interpret it in a way that is consistent with what they already think or retrofit information to support their decision. They tend to search for evidence that confirms prior beliefs, interpret ambiguous evidence in line with beliefs, question or disregard evidence that does not fit with prior beliefs. Studies show that jurors are more likely to remember evidence that either confirms their prior beliefs or clearly shows a party's blameworthiness by deviating from them.
The lawyer's goal is to show the jury that the defendant's conduct was out of line with their beliefs and the plaintiff's behavior is consistent with them. Confirmation bias thus speaks to the framing of the case – finding a theme or paradigm that is consistent with jurors' values and taps into their predisposed attitudes. For example, anti-corporate sentiment is a commonly held bias. Most people are willing to believe that a company puts profits over safety. Therefore, a theme that involves corporate responsibility or a company's failure to adhere to the standard of care is compelling to jurors because they are already primed to believe corporations are driven by profits and will cut corners to save money. By identifying a theme that coincides with the lens they see the world through, jurors are naturally inclined to favor that side because it confirms what they already "know."
Again, this is a particular challenge in cases of sexual assault, where generic biases against plaintiffs are compounded by gender and sex-role prejudices, common myths about sex crime perpetrators and victims, and a preference for a simple, or monocausal, explanation. While it is possible to appeal to their sense of corporate responsibility by showing deviations from the standard of care or promoting deterrence, lawyers may find it more helpful to test individual cases in a mock trial focus group. This enables the trial team to see how mock jurors react to the case, which values they identify with, the language they use, themes that resonate, landmines in the case and arguments that are most compelling8.
Juror predispositions: Belief persistence bias
The "belief persistence" bias involves jurors' tendency to cling to an initial story, particularly one consistent with their underlying beliefs, despite contradictory evidence.
Jurors do not report to jury duty as a "tabula rosa" or blank slate. They filter information through their own life experiences, paradigms and prior knowledge. An important caveat to note is that prior "knowledge" can be factually incorrect. For example, everyone "knows" that bigger lumps in breast tissue are more dangerous than small lumps. In fact, this is completely false. A lump can be sizable but benign while smaller lumps are dangerous. When presented with conflicting evidence, jurors rely on what they "know to be true" to make decisions. Lawyers must be aware of such common beliefs in order to properly dispel them or use it to their advantage.
The belief persistence bias invites counsel to put forward strong themes and a strong case story early in the trial process so that jurors are primed to latch onto evidence that validate their beliefs and downplay ambiguities or inconsistencies9.
Juror predispositions: "Norm" bias
The "norm" bias can be defined as the tendency to attribute blame and causation to behavior that is considered abnormal. It often involves the conscious or unconscious positing of counterfactual scenarios. If only "X" had been different, the outcome would have been different. Research shows that jurors search the evidence for the "X" that caused the injury and conduct that deviates from the norm is often linked with causation. The more deviant the conduct, the more blameworthy and causative it will be deemed.
When the plaintiff's story is told first, jurors focus their normative or counterfactual scrutiny on the plaintiff's conduct with predictable results. The plaintiff's perceived risk-taking behavior (going to the bar, wearing a short skirt, trusting an acquaintance to drive her home) will be perceived as a cause or contributing factor to the injury. In contrast, the defendant's conduct will be given relatively scant attention by virtue of the sequence of information presented. This shows how both the availability bias and belief persistence bias can work in harmony to retrofit information in a manner that supports pre-existing beliefs10.
In sexual assault cases, jurors' ideas of what is considered "normal" are often shaped by societal myths regarding the perpetrators and victims of sex crimes. For instance, the myth that the perpetrator had an uncontrollable sex urge or that the victim's resistance was reasonable. When a plaintiff dresses or conducts herself in a way to "invite" advances, fails to resist or does not promptly file a complaint, the norm bias leads the jurors to blame the victim and forecloses inquiry into the culpable conduct of the perpetrator or other parties.
Voir Dire questions: "Norm" bias
• When you envision a rapist, what mental image comes to mind? Can you describe it?
• How would you expect a rapist to act? Look? What would you expect his life to be like?
• How would you feel if you were told the victim was an alcoholic? For some people, it would drastically change the way they feel about the case, and they would be more likely to find for the defense. For others, it does not matter. How do you feel?
• What about if I told you that the victim was dressed in a very short skirt and not wearing pantyhose? Does that impact how you view the case? How?
• If I told you that the victim had an extensive list of sexual partners, does that change the way you view this case? Are you more likely to favor her, less likely or does it not matter to you?
• Would you be able to hold a corporation, a landlord or an employer to the same standard of care as an individual?
An effective way to use the norm bias in an advantageous way is to juxtapose the "normal" behavior of the plaintiff against the erratic conduct of the defense. Highlighting inconsistencies, deviations in the defendant's conduct or showing what the defendant could have done differently is persuasive. In the case of third-party defendants, norm bias invites plaintiff's counsel to look for the simple precautions defendants could have taken – lighting, security, a check-in/check-out policy – but failed to do which decreased safety. This enables jurors to focus on the defendant's lapses and failures of reasonable care instead of what the plaintiff did or failed to do11.
Juror predispositions: Responsibility or accountability bias
The responsibility or accountability bias assesses blame and causation against the party who is perceived as shirking responsibility. The more irresponsible the party is seen as, the more he or she is blamed for causing the harm.
In sexual assault cases, jurors use the responsibility bias to blame the victim twice. First, because she is seeking recompense from the defendant or defendants and shirking responsibility for her own conduct and, second, because they assume her conduct was irresponsible and somehow invited assault. Because the victim is doubly blame-worthy, jurors are able to gloss over the defendant's culpable conduct.
In dealing with the responsibility bias, trial counsel's task is to frame the story in a way that paints the plaintiff as responsible and the defendant as irresponsible. To glean insight into the plaintiff's adherence to norms of responsibility, ask about their responsibilities and the decisions they make when it is compromised (trust, for example, or refusing to drive after drinking).
Voir Dire questions: Responsibility or accountability bias
• In your life, what are you responsible for? (home, work, finances, etc)
• Who are you accountable to?
• If I were to ask your (husband, wife, brother, best friend) how safe you are, what would they say?
• When it comes to a tenant and landlord, who do you think is more responsible for safety? Assign a percentage to each party.
Juror predispositions: Defensive and fundamental attribution bias
The "defensive attribution" bias is the tendency to blame the victim for acts of omission or commission when the conduct is uncomfortably close to the conduct or vulnerability of the juror assessing the case. As a coping mechanism, the juror distances herself from the victim's injuries or risk of injury.
This serves to protect a juror's belief in a safe, just or predictable world and blame individuals rather than circumstances. By assigning fault to the victim through her characteristics or decisions instead of situations, jurors can take comfort that the harm could never happen to them. These mechanisms allow jurors to believe that the victim "asked for it" so as to minimize the threat that there may be criminal depravity or danger lurking in familiar situations12. It is too frightening to think that this event could happen to them; therefore, jurors make a point of finding something the plaintiff did that they wouldn't have done to protect themselves from the possibility that the harm could have happened to them.
Women serving as jurors in sexual assault cases are particularly prone to the defensive attribution and just world bias. In sexual assault cases, defensive attribution makes women similar to the victim (age, demographics, background, physical characteristics, etc) the least desirable jurors for the plaintiff. Instead of relating to the plaintiff, women distance themselves from her to preserve their own sense of safety. However, even jurors that are widely dissimilar from the victim may utilize psychological mechanisms such as the "fundamental attribution" error or the "just world" defense to blame the victim.
Personal experience, not demographics, is the most predictive method to evaluate which side a juror is likely to favor. For example, not all women are strong defense jurors. Those who have been assaulted themselves and felt blamed for it or had special training in this area are sympathetic towards victims of sexual assault.
Counsel might be able to bypass defensive attribution, fundamental attribution, and "just world" biases by focusing, not on the plaintiff's story or injuries (however sympathetic these may appear), but on the defendant's conduct. By violating the law or not meeting the standard of care, the defendant put the plaintiff, as well as all other people in the plaintiff's position, at risk. In cases that involve third-party responsibility, it is important to reframe the case in a way that appeals to the jurors' sense of fairness and empowers them to make decisions for the greater good, not simply for or against the victim. Entrusting the future safety of the community to jurors is far more compelling than cultivating sympathy for the plaintiff.
However, lawyers should not count on being able to bypass these biases. They should expect that blaming the victim will be part of jurors' discussion in deliberation and prepare accordingly. Focus group research can help determine what juror life experiences will exacerbate or dissipate biases, what language and rules will be well-received by the jury.13
In trial, the victim must tackle biases head-on in her direct examination and answer questions jurors are likely to ask such as: Why were you out so late at night? Why didn't you call the police? Why did you get into a car with a man you just met? Knowing which judgments jurors are likely to hold in a particular case through the use of focus group research allows the attorney to have a response ready at trial.
Suspicion of the plaintiff, tendencies to blame the victim and assume that she is irresponsible can be offset by showing she carried out responsibilities in her workplace, home or through family and community involvement. By investigating the defendant's history, it is possible to uncover choices and deviation from normal patterns of behavior such as, a landlord's or employer's violations of regulations, protocols, or standards of care, which allow the jury to scrutinize defendant's conduct, choices and intent.
Use of supplemental juror questionnaires (SJQ)
Supplemental juror questionnaires increase juror candor, decrease jury contamination and assist in the selection of fair and impartial jury. Written answers to sensitive issues are more amenable to confidentiality orders than oral responses to questions in an open and crowded courtroom. Whereas the pressure of a courtroom situation might lead a potential juror to give an inaccurate or incomplete response to a voir dire question, the questionnaire provides an opportunity for prospective jurors to respond more accurately and completely, especially when coupled with assurances that their responses will be kept confidential.14
In voir dire, many jurors feel social pressures to give the politically correct response in order to maintain an unbiased image or avoid shame often associated with being sexually victimized. A written questionnaire allows the jurors to express their true feelings or experiences in a more confidential manner, allowing for more candid responses.15
Use of supplemental juror questionnaires is highly recommended for sexual assault cases. Questionnaires provide jurors a safe outlet to share highly sensitive personal information and protect their privacy. Victims of sexual assault may unknowingly expose themselves to harm by failing to disclose their previous experience. Although sexual assault victims are favorable jurors for the plaintiff, reliving the experience could re-traumatize the juror and trigger PTSD symptoms in trial.
Witness preparation: Victims of sexual assault
Witness preparation is essential to credibility, whether the witness is the plaintiff or an expert. The plaintiff's truthfulness, clarity, and appropriate emotion should be made evident to the jury. She should provide significant details of her life and persuasive and consistent details regarding the incident.
As with all witnesses, the victim should understand that her non-verbal behavior also weighs with the jury and that she can help control her nervousness by attending to factors such as dress, posture, mannerisms, tone of voice, and sincere expression of emotion. Although jurors can be asked, in voir dire, to imagine the plaintiff's (or any witness's) nervousness or hesitancy to discuss intimate matters, they expect witnesses to be prepared and can be unforgiving or quick to judge a witness who stumbles in her responses or is evasive.
While testifying is a stressful experience for anyone, it can be traumatizing for sexual assault victims. Victims of sexual assault have to openly share deeply personal and often shaming information with a group of strangers whose purpose is to judge her. Therefore, it is extremely important to have a mental health professional present. If she has a therapist, see if the therapist can help prepare the victim to testify and offer coping strategies for anxiety. Lawyers often don't realize how traumatizing it can be for a victim to talk about being sexually violated and should plan multiple witness preparation sessions to allow time for stress-related setbacks.
One way a lawyer can prepare the victim to testify is by asking her to write out her narrative of what happened that night, as if it is happening in the present tense. Include as many sensory details as possible. What did she see? What did she hear? Could she smell anything? This helps her hone the details of what happened that night, and details spawn credibility. Telling the story in the present tense makes it more powerful and helps jurors picture the event happening in their own minds. Ask questions in present tense during direct-examination and transition the witness.
Witness preparation for SA victims
• Schedule multiple sessions
Builds rapport between lawyer & client
• Retelling/reliving event could be traumatic → go slow
• Enlist help of her therapist or mental health counselor
Include therapist in witness preparation sessions
Therapist should be in courtroom for direct and cross-examination
• Keep hands clasped
Helps avoid fidgeting/Looks more composed
• Make eye contact
Jurors associate avoiding eye contact with having "something to hide"
• Have victim write out narrative and include as many sensory details as possible
• Testify in present tense and recount event in story format
• Details increase credibility
• Ask questions in present tense and offer prompts (direct)
• DO NOT conduct mock cross-examination
Ask partner or another lawyer to conduct the mock cross-examination. Even as a witness preparation exercise, victim should never view attorney as an adversary
Example direct-examination questions: SA victim
• "It is May 10th 2004. You are walking out of the restaurant towards your car. Tell the jury what happens next."
• "Now you are on the ground looking for your keys. What happens next?"
The psychological biases and mechanisms discussed above are unlikely to be articulated, much less eliminated, during voir dire. Many elements of the plaintiff's case can be primed in voir dire which allows biases of availability, confirmation, norm-identification, responsibility, and attribution to work in plaintiff's favor. Reframing the case early on and introducing themes invites jurors to hold the defendants accountable for violation of standards and empowers them to restore safety to the community[1].
Theme development and story framing should begin long before trial and is an ongoing process that starts with case information and follows through when witnesses are interviewed, discovery requests are prepared, responses are analyzed and focus groups are conducted. An early theme that addresses jurors' stereotypes, biases, or habits of thoughts by focusing on defendant's behavior and plaintiff's responsibility, trustworthiness and positive values can be used at voir dire to prime the jury to look more critically at defendant and be receptive to plaintiff's story16.
Insights from social psychology can help attorneys put voir dire and juror questionnaires to effective use in uncovering and harnessing juror bias. Research in social psychology strongly suggests that trial preparation is essential and recommend the use of focus groups to identify case strengths, weaknesses and biases. As in all personal injury cases, mastery of fact is key to understand the way the jurors react to the case and to dispel rampant biases jurors may have against plaintiffs and plaintiffs' counsel17.
Bio as of June 2010:
William S. Friedlander practices in Ithaca, NY. He is an active member of AAJ and currently serves as the AAJ Chair of the Small Firm and Solo Practice Section. He co-founded the AAJ Schools-Violence, Misconduct, and Safety Litigation Group, and he is a past chair of AAJ Firearms and Ammunition Litigation. He is admitted to practice in New York, Pennsylvania and Florida. He can be reached at wsf@friedlanderlaw.com.
Alexandra Rudolph, M.S. is a trial consultant, headquartered in New York City. She can be reached at alexandrarudolph@mac.com.
1 The wide range of issues determined by a jury assessment
of "reasonableness" or proportionality makes juror bias of
special concern in civil cases. See, Arthur H. Patterson and
Nancy L. Neufer, "Symposium: Juries: Arbiters or Arbitrary?
Redefining the Role of the Jury: Removing Juror Bias by Applying
Psychology to Challenges for Cause," 7 Cornell J. L. &
Pub. Pol'y 97 (Fall 1997), James H. Underwood et al., "Demographics
in Civil Trials: Biases and Implications," Journal of
Business & Economic Research, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 33-42 (February
2 While trial literature often refers to these habits of thought as
"biases," the literature of social psychology from which they
are drawn often identifies them as "heuristics," or common
problem-solving strategies or shortcuts that often lead decision-
makers to reach false conclusions. For ease of understanding,
this paper will continue to use the familiar term
"bias," although it should be recognized that the "bias model"
can unwittingly serve to perpetuate a negative frame for the
plaintiff's case, and thus to perpetuate suspicion against plaintiff's
case and plaintiff's counsel. See, David Wenner, Gregory
S. Cusimano, "Reframing the Model," 44 Trial 26 (March
3 See, Id.
4 See, David A Wenner and Gregory S. Cusimano, "Combating
Juror Bias," 36 Trial 30 (June 2000); Elizabeth F. Kuniholm,
"Representing the Victim of Sexual Assault and Abuse:
Special Considerations and Issues," 2 ATLA ANNUAL CONFERENCE
REFERENCE MATERIALS 1889 (2006), available at
2 Ann.2006 ATLA-CLE 1889 (Westlaw);
5 See, Patterson, supra; Wenner/Cusimano, "Combating,"
supra; Kuniholm, supra; Lynn Hecht Schafran, Esq., "What the
research about rape jurors tells us," in Understanding Sexual
Violence: Prosecuting Adult Rape and Sexual Assault Cases,
online at http://www.mincava.umn.du/documents/
usvpros/fmanual/usvprosfmanualday3.html (downloaded
4/9/09); Tom Lininger, "Is it Wrong to Sue for Rape," 57 Duke
L.J. 1557 (2004), n. 254-257 (citing research and legislative
findings that jurors particularly distrust sexual assault victims);
M. Erian et al., "Juror verdicts as a function of victim and defendant
attractiveness in sexual assault cases," Am. J. of
Forensic Psychology, vol. 16, iss. 3, p. 25-40 (1998).
6 For examples, see, Barrett, supra; Wenner/Cusimano, "Combating,"
supra; Neil R. Feigenson, "Legal Meaning in the Age
of Images: Accidents as Melodrama, 43 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev.
741 (1999-2000), discussing trial counsel's use of a thirdparty's
back story to win a plaintiff's verdict in Faverty v. Mc-
Donald's Restaurants of Oregon, Inc., 892 P.2d 703 (Ore. Ct.
App. 1995), a case against the corporate employer of a young
driver who fell asleep at the wheel and rammed plaintiff in a
cross-over accident after back-to-back cleaning shifts.
7 See, Feigenson, supra, discussing trial counsel's repeated
use of "corporate greed" language and imagery in successful
litigation against third-party defendant McDonald's; see also,
Barrett, supra.
8 See, Wenner/Cusimano, "Combating," supra, and studies
cited therein; Lininger, supra, citing studies on juror valuesconsistency;
see also, Shari Seidman Diemod, "Essay: Beyond
Fantasy and Nightmare: A Portrait of the Jury," 54
Buffalo L. Rev. 717 (Dec. 2006) (also citing studies); and see,
Kuniholm, supra, suggesting focus group questions.
9 See, Wenner/Cusimano, supra.
10 See, Feigenson, supra; Barrett, supra.
11 Barrett, supra; Feigenson, supra.
12 Barrett, supra.
13 Barrett, supra; Wenner/Cusimano, "Combating," supra;
Feigenson, supra.
14 Barrett, supra; Feigenson, supra; Kuniholm, supra.
15 See, Wenner/Cusimano, "Reframing," supra (putting a positive
spin on jury bias, using concepts of loss framing and
priming).
16 Barrett, supra; Kuniholm, supra; Amanda A Farahany, "Juror
Bias in Sexual Assault Cases," Powerpoint Presentation,
downloaded 4/26/09.
17 Wenner/Cusimano, "Reframing," supra.
Juries and Jury Selection, Sexual Assault (Battery - Rape - Abuse)


From fresh regular cooking to enticing mixed drinks and refined wines the Westlake Village inn restaurant offers three particular eateries to appreciate amid your stay with us. Whatever your taste in feasting, our resort serves a remarkable affair that is made to arrange. Also, for your amusement, we are satisfied to display unrecorded music on the property consistently.
Experience a chic European winery locally at the Westlake Village inn restaurant. Composed as a culinary haven for nearby occupants and restaurant visitors, Stonehaus is a luxurious natural dinner and winery settled among the old development olive trees of the Inn's private vineyard, making a perfect setting unwind over crisp, ranch to table occasional nourishment and refreshments. The Tuscan-styled building is an energetic café by day, transitioning into a European-style winery in the evenings into the night. Amongst stone chimneys and wellsprings, visitors appreciate unrecorded music and a grant-winning wine list and in addition, a menu supplemented with level bread, Panini and other little plates. Their standard restaurant is full of delicious food that is worth trying while in the area.


Located on the high side of Portland street, facing south. Quiet beautiful neighbourhood, ideal location next to Ron MacLean Park short walk to skytrain, shopping, all levels of schools, parks & recreation. Large backyard on multiple levels, back line access, detached garage, blueberry bush, grapes, apple & cherry trees. Modernized and replaced windows and doors, new force air heating system and new remaining wall.


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Stuttering: Is it a Major Concern?
Stuttering is a bit common among kids, especially the very young ones who still have trouble organizing their thoughts and blurting their ideas out. Kids aged 2 to 5 years old tend to stutter and that's very normal. This condition is a form dysfluency in speech.
Stuttering is characterized by repeating syllables, words, and phrases. Sometimes, the speaker may also prolong the sounds, stop abruptly, or make no sound at all for certain syllables. There are many other reasons why your speech is interrupted but this is a problem that should be addressed right away.
Stuttering may be associated with a lot of factors and it even includes genetics. Studies show that about 60% of children who stutters have close family members who do the same. It may also be attributed to their rapid rate of speech or their heightened activity level.
Another issue why stuttering occurs is developmental delays and language problems. These two conditions are highly associated with mental health issues such as autism and ADHD. People who stutter may have a certain way of processing language in their brain. This happens when the brain can't interact properly with the muscles and body parts that are needed for speaking.
Stuttering may seem cute among children who are just learning to speak. As a matter of fact, children as young as 18 months old may stutter as they begin to put words together and form sentences. It is necessary for parents to see through this particular development in their child. To help them with their speech, it is best that they talk to them frequently and gently correct them with their pronunciation.
Stuttering may last only for several weeks or a few months for older children. Some may even experience it sporadically. It is not really a cause for major concern during its early stages. However, if one's stuttering is getting longer than necessary, then a speech pathologist may have to intervene. Stuttering should go away as children grow, usually when they reach 6 years old and up. But if the issue persists, assistance should be sought.
Speech pathologists are the professionals whom you can consult with if you think that your child is stuttering too much and that he needs professional assistance in correcting his speech. A series of therapy session will be scheduled to help then slowly but surely do away with stuttering and speak as fluently as children of their age should.
Speech therapy may either be long or short, depending on the response the speech therapist gets on the child. It's also important that you try to continue with the sessions at home so that the therapy doesn't stop. Faster improvement means fewer sessions. But more importantly, your child gains confidence in communicating with other people and that's what really important.
Know more about the many ways a speech therapist can help you. Schedule a consultation with one today. It's necessary that you address the problem early so it won't be an issue in your child's growth and development in the future.
Should You Hire a Party Bus to Vegas?
Las Vegas is the ultimate party place. If you intend to rock it out in this part of the world, then you should maximize all efforts to get the most pleasurable experience possible. Parties and celebrations in Las Vegas require extravagance and pompousness. Renting a party bus to Vegas can definitely make that happen.
Whether it's your bachelor or bachelorette party, wedding day, or birthday celebration that's about to come up, you should start planning to the extreme. Celebrations and milestones are best shared with families and friends, which is why they must join you not just in that memorable night in Las Vegas, but also on the road trip from your home all the way to the ultimate destination.
A party bus is a special type of bus that can accommodate a good number of people. It can take you wherever you want to go, with everyone having access to fun and drinks. The facilities available in party buses vary greatly, but they mostly have neon lights, bars, plasma TVs, and all the works. All of these can definitely make your party to Las Vegas twice as fun.
Renting a party bus is certainly a lot more fun than driving all the way on your own to Las Vegas. The ride in your car won't be half as enjoyable even if you have the funniest guy in the backseat. In party buses, you enjoy overflowing drinks and loud music without having to worry about anything because you have an experienced chauffeur driving you around and looking out after you, your family, and friends.
Las Vegas is the entertainment capital of the world. It's a place where the fun literally never stops. Night or day, Las Vegas is alive. If you ever want to join in that level of fun that Las Vegas provides, then you should make your arrival conducive to one. Hire a party bus and you'll enjoy Las Vegas in its full color, shape, and form. It's like trying the lifestyle of the rich and famous even for just that very special day of your life.
Hire these luxury vehicles from trusted providers so you can get the best ride for the least possible price. Not all party buses are the same so you must practice full discretion when renting these vehicles. If you can inspect the service provider's whole fleet of party buses first, then that's what you should do. That's a good way to know that you're getting the type of party bus with all the features that you're looking for.
Whatever that celebration is going to be, a party bus is definitely the perfect ride. Call up a party bus rental provider near you and let them help you decide which one suits your needs the most. There are party buses perfect of wedding parties, anniversaries, club hopping, concert nights, and bachelor parties. You surely want to make these events the most memorable ones of your life.
Mobile car repair trumps traditional car repair on a number of things. The best reasons why you should opt for this service instead are listed below. Seriously consider one the next time your car needs some repair. To get you started, what you need is top-class mobile car repair Los Angeles.
The top five advantage of mobile car repair includes convenience, cost efficiency, fast service, quick results, and upfront quotes. Each of them is described in full details below. All of these are what you'll enjoy once you decide to use mobile car repair services.
How does car repair where and when you need it sounds like? With a mobile mechanic, you can have car problems in the middle of the road and never worry about it because there'll somebody to help you with your ordeal. You don't have to concern yourself about getting your car to a garage to have it fixed. Wherever you are, car mechanics will come to you instead.
There are a lot of issues when it comes to taking a broken car to the mechanic's garage. It's either you sacrifice your own safety and drive your damaged car to the garage or hire a towing company to do it for you. Either way, it's going to cost you so much in terms of trouble, money, and effort. All of these issues disappear once you have a mechanic coming to your car's location instead.
Almost all mobile mechanics are readily on call. That means they have their lines open 24/7 and they can come down to meet you a few minutes after you have requested assistance. This is something you can't enjoy in traditional garages, as you need to set a schedule with the mechanic and wait until they get around working on your car. With a mobile car repair expert, you can get your car working in no time.
If the car mechanic comes to your location, they intend to fix the issue on the same day or they'll keep on driving to where the car is until the issue is resolved. If the problem is a little too complicated to be fixed on location, they'll provide a temporary solution that will allow you to drive your car safely to their garage for a full tune-up. Either way, you get results by simply calling them up.
With a mobile car mechanic, you don't have to worry about additional charges like garage storage fees. Oftentimes, you only have to pay for labor charges and replacement parts. You'll also get the quote at the moment the mechanic arrives and you're free to inspect it prior to agreeing to the service.
When you consider all of these advantages, you'll clearly see that hiring a mobile car repair expert is the more viable choice. Find such providers near you and choose the one with a proven track record, which is not so hard to do in Los Angeles. With high-quality mobile car repair Los Angeles, you know that your vehicle is always in good hands.


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Swim Week is here! And with this heat trust me all I want to do is buy like 10 different swim suits, I have seen coming down the runways and jump in the water. Now you can also be a part of it at Escape Miami Style Lounge at the Sagamore Hotel on Saturday July 16, 2016 from 12pm-5pm.
What I'm waiting for is to stop by ZK Swimwear today! As well as get into that pool!!
Here are some of the swim suits I'm day dreaming about.


The Infection ravaged the human population at a phenomenal rate and in a world gone mad, resources became scarce and it was every man for himself in this new dog eat dog or should that be, man bite man world.
Dan Charles possessed the ruthlessness that would ensure his survival. However, if others discovered his true nature, would they ever be able to trust or even tolerate him?
Janet Parker would emerge from a living hell and prove that she has survival instincts to rival even those of Dan.
Strong men, stronger women but are they up to the task of rebuilding civilisation, whilst finding out how the infection started, how it spreads and who was responsible for the outbreak.
At last, a post-apocalyptic book that makes sense, there is intrigue and realism in this survival adventure and once you bite in you won't want to let go!


On Saturday, December 7th, from 10am to 5pm, Koolkat will be hosting a Trunk Show featuring the work of local jewelry artist, Jeanne Shuff of Jeanne Marie Jewelry. Jeanne designs and handcrafts jewelry using quality materials such as stones, Swarovski crystals and Czech glass. Her attention to detail and skill at various beading techniques give her work a high level of finish. Her jewelry often features a monochromatic color scheme to allow the texture and the beauty of the natural and semi-precious gemstones to take center stage. A generous and gifted teacher, Jeanne is a local bead instructor teaching classes such as bead crochet, netted necklaces, and rivoli crystal bezels. Her trunk show will feature an outstanding selection of earrings, as well as beaded necklaces and bracelets.
Jeanne's thoughtful and calm manner, her attention to detail and craftsmanship, her keen eye and color sense continue to impress all who know her. We are so thrilled to be able to introduce her to you. Grab a cup of tea, and learn more about this gifted artist.
I am a native of Pittsburgh and live in the Fox Chapel area in O'Hara Township. I am married, have two children, and recently became an 'empty nester' this fall so I hope to have more time to devote to designing and creating jewelry. I have always had a love of hand crafted items. People may be surprised to learn that I majored in Chemistry and wore a lab coat for many years.
Tell us what the handmade scene is like in Fox Chapel.
The handmade scene in my area of the North Hills consists mainly of holiday arts and crafts shows. There is a great gift shop in my neighborhood, SoMe, that is dedicated to American handcrafted gifts and also carries my jewelry. Lawrenceville and the Pittsburgh Center for the Arts are just across the river.
There's not much to describe. I have been using my dining room and dining room table as my work area. I plan to find/make a dedicated room in my house in the coming year.
How long have you been making jewelry? How did you become interested in it?
I teach seed bead weaving. My favorite part of teaching is encouraging new students by sharing my knowledge of the project's stitches. I always hope the student leaves with a piece they love and a sense of accomplishment, confidence, and mastery of that particular technique.
Do you have a favorite technique or bead?
My favorite technique is bead crochet. I like the look and feel of the finished jewelry as well as crocheting.
Blue is my favorite color, although I do like the natural colors of green and brown. In my jewelry I experiment with different color combinations and use a variety of semi-precious gemstones.
If people could take only three things away from your work, what would they be?
The three things I hope people appreciate in my jewelry, are the clean, classic, 'wearable' designs I create, the quality of materials I select and use, and the attention to detail in my craftsmanship and execution.
At Koolkat, you are known for your fabulous earrings. What is your favorite pair of earrings that you wear all the time? If so, please describe them to us.
That's a hard one! I am an earring collector and wear a lot of different earrings. Of course I like every pair I make. The pair of mine that I've been wearing the most recently is a pair of faceted citrine pear shaped briolettes that I splurged on and hand wrapped in sterling silver.
A friend of mine recommended I visit Koolkat's and talk with Kate McGrady. The rest is history.
Aside from the fact the store supports local artists, my favorite thing is the friendliness and supportiveness of the female artists and jewelry designers that staff the store.
I know this will sound like a cliché, but do what you love and find your niche.
It validates what I do. I am glad my jewelry and work speaks to someone else. Jewelry makes a personal statement about the wearer. The fact that someone else chooses to wear or gift something I created is a compliment.


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Q: Add proper syntax name to code blocks when converting from HTML to Markdown with Pandoc I need to convert some HTML to Markdown with Pandoc. All is fine except the code blocks in my document are not converted properly. I need them to appear in the resulting Markdown document as backtick-code blocks with syntax definition.
For example, if I have such source HTML:

    def myfunc(param):
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        return do_something(param)

I want Pandoc to convert it into:
```python
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        '''Description of myfunc'''
        return do_something(param)
```

But what I am getting is:
``` {.python}
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        '''Description of myfunc'''
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It's almost there, but the syntax definition is in curly braces and with a dot, which is not recognised by my Markdown parser. How can I get  ```python instead of  ``` {.python} when converting HTML to Markdown?
I have control over the source HTML, so I can change it the way needed. If there's an option to insert "raw markdown" into the HTML which will be ignored by Pandoc, that would work for me too, I can embed those blocks into the source HTML the way I need, but I need to tell Pandoc not to touch them. But I can't find such option in the docs.

A: This behavior is governed by the fenced_code_attributes extension. It is enabled by default; disabling it will give your desired output:
pandoc --to=markdown-fenced_code_attributes ...


text:
CBT announces new youth funds for Elk Valley
Columbia Basin Trust (CBT) has a new program to support youth in Basin communities. Community Directed Youth Funds (CDYF) will be piloted in six communities and their surrounding areas this fall. CDYF targets youth ages 12-19 and will provide each area with $100,000 over four years to increase activities, opportunities and services for youth.
Aug. 6, 2011 6:00 p.m.
Columbia Basin Trust (CBT) has a new program to support youth in Basin communities. Community Directed Youth Funds (CDYF) will be piloted in six communities and their surrounding areas this fall. CDYF targets youth ages 12-19 and will provide each area with $100,000 over four years to increase activities, opportunities and services for youth. The program will be available to the remainder of the Basin over the next two years.
"Basin communities have expressed the need for support in increasing activities or services to youth and this new program is a result of that feedback," said Neil Muth, CBT President & CEO. "We are pleased to support communities in their efforts to address and meet local youth priorities."
The program is intended to bring added value to participating regions and to provide resources to communities that show the desire and the ability to work together to identify and address issues in their youth communities.
"The intent of Community Directed Youth Funds is to put resources in the hands of communities so they can enhance local opportunities and meet local youth priorities in their regions," said Garry Merkel, CBT Chair, Board of Directors. "This is consistent with CBT's belief that communities are best placed to make decisions regarding their priorities and consistent with our direction to provide resources and funding to communities to allow them to pursue their priorities." Merkel went on to say, "Youth are the future of the Basin and as such are an important area for CBT to be investing funds."
Guidelines and applications will be available in the fall, but those wanting to better understand the program are encouraged to call Wayne Lundeberg at 1.250.304.1625 or email cdyf@cbt.org with "subscribe to CDYF info" in the subject line to receive program updates.
CBT works with youth and communities to increase youth opportunities and engagement through enhancing capacity, leadership and participation. In addition to this new program, CBT also funds youth developed projects through the Columbia Basin Youth Grants program and provides a forum for youth in the Columbia Basin to share their art, ideas and experiences with each other through SCRATCH magazine and www.scratchonline.ca
Celebrating Fernies Heritage Buildings
Kootenay Carshare Cooperative gets funding in Elk Valley