Along with raising the alarm, the Indian report offered the usual excuse for the alleged missile gap by boasting that "unlike Pakistan, our program is indigenous".
Let's explore the reality of the "indigenous" claim repeated ad infintum by Indian government and New Delhi's defense establishment.
India's other missile, the "Prithvi" (earth), which uses a liquid-propelled motor to carry a one-ton payload 150 miles, resembles the widely sold Soviet Scud-B. Indian sources say that the Agni's second stage is a shortened version of the Prithvi, according to Gary Milhollin of the Wisconsin Project.
France also launched sounding rockets from India, and in the late 1960s allowed India to begin building "Centaure" sounding rockets under license from Sud Aviation.
The aid of the United States and France, however, was quickly surpassed by substantial West German help in the 1970s and 1980s. Germany assisted India in three key missile technologies: guidance, rocket testing, and the use of composite materials. All were supposed to be for the space program, but all were also used for military missiles.
The cryogenic stage used in a recent failed satellite launch by India was a copy of the Russian cryogenic rocket engine and the cryogenic technology transferred to India in the 1990s. According to Non-proliferation review of 1997, it has emerged that Russia continued transferring rocket engine technology to India in 1993 after its agreements with the United States stop such transfer under MTCR. This reportedly resulted in the completion of 60 to 80 percent of the transfers to India.
India's nuclear program would not have advanced without a lot of help from Canadians that resulted in Indian copies of Canadian reactors to produce plutonium for its nuclear bombs.
India conducted its first atomic bomb test in 1974. Indians used 40 MW Canadian Cirus reactor and U.S. heavy water both imported under guarantees of peaceful use and used them openly to make plutonium for its 1974 nuclear blast.
In 1972, Canadian-built 100 MWe Rajasthan-1 nuclear power reactor became operational, serving as the model for later unsafeguarded reactors. Another Rajasthan unit started operating in 1980 and two units in 2000. In 1983, India's 170 MW Madras-1, a copy of Canadian Rajhastan-1 reactor, became operational. A second Madras unit followed in 1985. According to the Risk Report Volume 11 Number 6 (November-December 2005), the heavy water and other advanced materials and equipment for these plants were smuggled to India from a number of countries, including the USSR, China and Norway, according to The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. Some of the firms, such as West German firm Degussa, were caught and fined by the United States for re-exporting to India 95 kg of U.S.-origin beryllium, usable as a neutron reflector in fission bombs.
In May 1998, India conducted two rounds of nuclear weapon tests. Last year, the media reports indicated that Kasturiranga Santhanam, the coordinator of India's 1998 nuclear tests, went public with allegations that India's Pokhran II test of a thermonuclear bomb in 1998 was actually a fizzle. The device, designed to generate 45 kilotons, yielded an explosion equivalent to only 15 to 20 kilotons of TNT.
India is overwhelmingly dependent on foreign imports, mainly Russian and Israeli, for about 70 per cent of its defense requirement, especially for critical military products and high-end defense technology, according to an Indian defense analyst Dinesh Kumar. Kumar adds that "India's defense ministry officially admits to attaining only 30 to 35 per cent s elf-reliance capability for its defense requirement. But even this figure is suspect given that India's self-reliance mostly accrues from transfer of technology, license production and foreign consultancy despite considerable investment in time and money".
There is plenty of evidence and documentation from sources such as the Wisconsin Project to show that the Indian missiles and bombs are no more indigenous than Pakistan's. The fact is that neither India nor Pakistan were first to split the atom, or to develop modern rocket science. The Industrial Revolution didn't exactly start in India or Pakistan or even in Asia; it began in Europe and the rest of the world learned from it, even copied it.
The differences between India and Pakistan in terms of the technology know-how and the knowledge base are often highly exaggerated to portray India as "technology power house" and Pakistan as a backwater. Some of these analyses by Indian Brahman pundits and commentators have racial and religious overtones implying that somehow Brahmin or Hindu minds are superior to those of the people of other religions or castes in South Asia.
What is often ignored by such anti-Pakistan Indian analysts is the fact that neither of the two Indian pioneers, nuclear scientist Homi Bahbha and rocket scientist Abul Kalam, belong to the Hindu faith or the Brahmin caste. The false sense of Indian superiority is pushed by self-serving Indian and some western analysts to justify their own biased conclusions.
These analysts have fed what George Perkovich described in his book "India's Nuclear Bomb" on page 410 as "general Indian contempt for Pakistan's technical capabilities" and may cause serious miscalculations by the Indian security establishment about Pakistan's defense capabilities. Indian chauvinistic analyses have been put in perspective by another piece in Newsday (Friday, May 15, 1998; Page A5: "India Errs Nuclear Power Isn't Real Power"), in which George Perkovich talked about the rise in India of a radicalized, ultra-nationalistic BJP for the "glory of the Hindu race and rashtra (nation)". Perkovich added that "the Bharatiya Janata Party, has long felt that nuclear weapons offer a quicker ride to the top. Like atavistic nationalists elsewhere, they believe that pure explosive power will somehow earn respect and build pride."
The extreme right-wing influence on South Asian analysts has the potential for serious miscalculations by either India or Pakistan in the nuclear and the missile arena, and it does not augur well for the future of Indo-Pak region and the world at large.
Again an article, with full feelings of frustration. (Anyone would be surprised of the fact that USA provided India with designs of launch vehicles, when India was aligned with the Russia). Ok....I would not debate your facts(because you get some unknown source with full of inauthenticity), so its fruitless to debate them..
Do you know that USA borrowed the rocket technology from Germany after WW II. Russia did the same thing.
China was provided with nuclear technology by USSR way back in 1964.
UK, France, Israel, have been provided with nuclear technology by USA.
Perhaps your only intention is to malign India.
One more thing, the whole world knows where Pakistan got missile technology. It got from dubious dealings from North Korea and China. Now don't try to debate this fact. If your country had developed there own technology they would have been able to build their own satellites or launch vehicles.
Rahul: "I would not debate your facts(because you get some unknown source with full of inauthenticity), so its fruitless to debate them.."
These facts come from the same sources that Indians love to quote when talking about Pakistan's acquisition of nukes and missiles.
Rahul: "Do you know that USA borrowed the rocket technology from Germany after WW II. Russia did the same thing. China was provided with nuclear technology by USSR way back in 1964. UK, France, Israel, have been provided with nuclear technology by USA."
That's exactly my point. And it debunks all claims of "indigenous" development by Indians and others.
Most of the original missile technology originated in pre-WW2 Germany,and acquired by others from German scientists such as Von Braun. Some of the original nuclear technology came from Germany and the rest was developed in the US.
Riaz, but technically the first iron cased missile (or rather a rocket) was created by Tipu Sultan who was an Indian ruler back in 1790.
but I really wonder what purpose your article serves, apart from dishing out your regular jibe about India and Indians in particular.
I used to make rockets in high school but it really does not mean anything. Basic scientific principles are known to everyone enrolled in higher education. The challenge is technology and that is where reverse engineering or copying comes in. The race is towards reliability, efficiency and economics of the product.
Both Indians and Pakistanis have been copying engineering product for some time.. China has excelled in this art. I believe, right to a technology is a right of every sovereign nation - the route to accomplish it may be different.
Instead of griping over Indian vs Pakistani missiles, it will perhaps be better to see which country is putting its technological prowess for the betterment of ordinary folks. In this regard both countries have failed.
You also need to recognize the educational and intellectual disparity between the Indians and Pakistanis - just count the Nobel prizes, citation index, technical journals, books authorship etc.
Last but not least, let me share with you my personal experience - just around mid-March I receive a number of requests from undergraduate students from India eager to work on summer research projects - not to mention glut of applications for graduate studies. I get none such application from Pakistan - few whom I solicit have no clue of what exactly they want to do professionally. And, few whom I recruited were more interested in maintaining the standard of living.. Caliber of students does reflect maturity of educational system in India compared to Pakistan. Whether or not their missiles are any better or not is a meaningless debate.
I used to make rockets in high school but it really does not mean anything. Basic scientific principles are known to everyone enrolled in higher education."
The basic law of Physics is just Newton's third law that guides the all rocket design. But that's not what I am talking about.
To give you an example, AMD did finally develop a "clean room" version of Intel X86 processors on its own which was accepted by courts. The reason courts found it acceptable is because AMD assembled a new team that did the design had no exposure to the original Intel X86 microcode, RTL, logic design, schematics, etc.
In Kalam's and his successor's cases, however, they have actually had direct access to the original US and German detailed designs and blueprints as disclosed and documented by Wisconsin Project.
anon: "Both Indians and Pakistanis have been copying engineering product for some time.. China has excelled in this art. I believe, right to a technology is a right of every sovereign nation - the route to accomplish it may be different.
Instead of griping over Indian vs Pakistani missiles, it will perhaps be better to see which country is putting its technological prowess for the betterment of ordinary folks. In this regard both countries have failed."
anon: "just around mid-March I receive a number of requests from undergraduate students from India eager to work on summer research projects - not to mention glut of applications for graduate studies. I get none such application from Pakistan"
It's hard to tell for sure but you are probably located in the US. Your personal anecdotal evidence just reflects the difference in the size of the populations in two nations as well as Pakistanis' well-founded fear of post-911 visa rejection to travel to the United States. In recent years, the preferred destination for Pakistanis to study abroad has not been the United States. Most go to Europe, particularly Britain.
According to Spiked-Online, 10,000 Pakistani students are granted student visas to study overseas, mostly Europe..many of them for grad school.
I the previous comment, I meant 10,000 Pakistani students every year go overseas on student visas.
Pakistan has a population of 165,900,000 (1). Every year 10,000 foreign student visas are granted in Pakistan, including many for British universities. But up to 20 times as many applicants are rejected (2). Between 2004 and 2008, about 42,000 Pakistani students were admitted to the UK (3).
Some are now implying that Britain has allowed 42,000 potential terrorists to come here to build bomb factories and spread violence and hatred, all the while pretending to be brushing up their English at bogus language colleges or studying subjects ranging from physics to international relations. According to a professor of war studies at the prestigious King's College London, '42,000 students from Pakistan in four years may be too many for anyone to check properly'. Though he has many 'valued Pakistani students', he now feels that, in light of last week's arrests, greater restrictions and reduced numbers may be necessary (4).
It requires a great deal of prejudice and a giant leap of imagination to justify shutting the door on thousands of Pakistanis wishing to study in Britain just because 10 individuals are suspected of being involved in a terrorist plot. That adds up to one in every 4,200, or 0.024 per cent, of Pakistanis admitted on student visas in the past four years being arrested as a suspected terrorist.
And why stop at shutting the door on Pakistani students? In 2007, the Higher Education Statistics Agency estimated that there were 330,000 non-EU overseas students studying at UK universities – that's one in seven British-based students. There had been a particular increase in students from India, Germany, France and Nigeria (5). Following the logic of those now arguing for heavily reducing the number of Pakistani students coming to Britain, these countries, too, could harbour potential terrorists wrangling their way into the UK as bogus students.
The calls for closer scrutiny of and greater restrictions on Pakistani students look like history repeating itself. In the summer of 2007, there were widespread calls for stricter vetting procedures for foreign medical staff in the UK following failed terrorist attacks in London and Glasgow. Eight of the men initially suspected of carrying out the attacks were medical professionals and students. Just as some commentators are now saying that educational institutions are offering an all too easy route into Britain for terrorists, so it was suggested then that the British National Health Service offers an open door to terrorism (6).
When full details behind the 2007 events were established at the end of last year, it turned out that just one NHS employee was found guilty of conspiracy to murder by planning car bomb attacks. This ought to stand as a lesson to avoid jumping to conclusions about individuals suspected of crimes, and to avoid letting the suspected actions of a tiny minority justify clampdowns on free movement for thousands.
Tightening restrictions on the arrival of foreign students in Britain will do nothing to stop terrorism. But it could lead to even more inhumane immigration policies and further deny educational opportunities and freedom of movement to people around the world. It is also likely to poison the relations between academic staff and students if it leads to the legitimisation of authoritarian initiatives such as the government's recommendation that academic staff snoop on their students. In the long term, all of this would harm the reputation of British academia as a dynamic international research arena.
"It's hard to tell for sure but you are probably located in the US. Your personal anecdotal evidence just reflects the difference in the size of the populations in two nations as well as Pakistanis' well-founded fear of post-911 visa rejection to travel to the United States. In recent years, the preferred destination for Pakistanis to study abroad has not been the United States. Most go to Europe, particularly Britain. "
As a former UK resident I can tell that Britain is no better for pakistanis than US when it comes to post 9/11 'trauma'.
As for difference in the size of population, anyone who has some connection in US univ will notice that number of Indian students far exceeds Pak, in fact way above 7 times population difference. In fact until 2 yrs ago Indian students were #1 in US, followed by China. Now China is. Pakistan is no where in the top.
Same for faculty in US colleges and univ. Indians are in large numbers.
Riaz: I don't understand how you manage to convince yourself with lies like this.
DC: "In fact until 2 yrs ago Indian students were #1 in US, followed by China. Now China is. Pakistan is no where in the top."
This is not surprising given that China and India are #1 and #2 in population. As to the Pakistanis, I saw a great influx of Pakistanis too in Si Valley until 2001, and then saw it suddenly stop post 911.
DC: "As a former UK resident I can tell that Britain is no better for pakistanis than US when it comes to post 9/11 'trauma"
DC: "I don't understand how you manage to convince yourself with lies like this."
Everything I talk about is based on credible data.
9. Providing free access to scientists/engineers anywhere in the country to sophisticated instruments installed in any institute in Pakistan.
WASHINGTON: Three key pillars of the US administration — the White House, the Pentagon and the State Department — joined hands on Thursday in an effort to tone down anti-Pakistan tirade stirred by the arrest of a Pakistani-American in the Times Square bombing attempt earlier this week.
The most forceful attempt to deflect anti-Pakistan rhetoric came from the State Department, where Assistant Secretary of State Philip Crowley said he would not allow the department's platform to be used to suggest that all terrorist activities in the world originated in that country.
"I'm not going to entertain a question that implicates one country, and to suggest that all terrorism in the world is the responsibility of one country. That's not true," said Mr Crowley.
The State Department also said that US Ambassador Anne Patterson had spoken on Thursday with Prime Minister Yusuf Raza Gilani, Foreign Minister Shah Mahmoud Qureshi and other senior officials in Islamabad.
She held similar meetings with President Asif Ali Zardari and Mr Qureshi on Wednesday.
The meetings took place against the backdrop of the countries' determination to "continue to work together, to investigate the attempted bombing in Times Square," Mr Crowley said.
Here is an interesting post by Dinesh Kumar today on his Asian Defense blog.
More than five decades after it began its quest for self-reliance by establishing a series of government-owned defence research and production units, India has been unable to indigenously develop, produce and export any major weapon system. It remains overwhelmingly dependent on foreign vendors for about 70 per cent of its defence requirement, especially for critical military products and high-end defence technology.
India's defence ministry officially admits to attaining only 30 to 35 per cent self-reliance capability for its defence requirement. But even this figure is suspect given that India's self-reliance mostly accrues from transfer of technology, license production and foreign consultancy despite considerable investment in time and money.
Although it would be unrealistic to expect any country to be cent percent self-reliant (even the most advanced countries are not), India has not been able to develop any core strength in defence technology to enable it to be placed on the world map, except arguably to a limited extent in missiles and warship design and production.
In contrast, the world's major and middle-rung military powers, which possess a strong and well-established defence industry and military-industrial complex, are largely self-sufficient in some, if not all, critical cutting edge military technologies. In addition to being major producers of defence technology, these countries are also major exporters of defence equipment, which, in turn, serve as a source of influence in their foreign policy.
This is especially true of all five permanent members of the UN Security Council and also several advanced countries or middle-rung powers such as Israel, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. Even though China is a major importer of defence hardware – it is the second largest recipient (in US dollar value) and has signed the third highest number of transfer agreements of defence equipment among developing countries between 2000 and 2007 – yet at the same time it is self-sufficient in certain key military technologies and emerged as the fifth largest exporter of defence equipment to developing countries between 2000-2007.
In contrast, India's modest record of producing and exporting weapon systems is evident from the fact that India's defence annual exports averaged a meagre US$ 88 million between 2006-07 and 2008-09. Imports have also meant infrastructure and product support problems for an Indian Air Force (IAF) fleet that comprises 26 different types of fighter, transport and trainer aircraft and helicopters sourced from at least six different countries.
I just wanted to say that according to your biography, you are a very successful entrepreneur in America. Under the circumstances, it is unbecoming of you to trash a country on subjects you seem to have limited knowledge.
Indian IT industry is not all about low tech, call centre jobs. A lot of companies in India actively engage in developing software and do high end work. Some examples TCS, Polaris, HCL Tech, Infosys, Infotech Enterprises, Rolta India, ICSA India.
At the start of our space program, we did took the help of foreign powers, but in the latter years, it was an indigenous effort.
We know we have our challenges. Given your standings, we expect something better from you. Do you see successful Indian entrepreneurs bashing India at every given opportunity?
Not only have Chinese engineers cloned the prized Su-27's avionics and radar but they are fitting it with the last piece in the technological puzzle, a Chinese jet engine.
In the past two years, Beijing hasn't placed a major order from Moscow.
This epochal turnaround was palpable in the Russian pavilion at November's Airshow China in the southern city of Zhuhai. Russia used to be the star of this show, wowing visitors with its "Russian Knights" aerobatic team, showing off fighters, helicopters and cargo planes, and sealing multibillion dollar deals on the sidelines.
This year, it didn't bring a single real aircraft—only a handful of plastic miniatures, tended by a few dozen bored sales staff.
China, by contrast, laid on its biggest commercial display of military technology—almost all based on Russian know-how.
At last year's Dubai Air Show, China demonstrated its L-15 trainer jet for the first time. In June, China made its debut at the Eurosatory arms fair in France.
"They're showing up at arms fairs they've never been to before," said Siemon T. Wezeman, an arms trade expert at SIPRI. "Whereas 15 years ago they had nothing really, now they're offering reasonable technology at a reasonable price."
China is generating particular interest among developing countries, especially with the relatively cheap JF-17 fighter with a Russian engine.
China's arms exports could have repercussions on regions in conflict around the world. Pakistan inducted its first squadron of Chinese-made fighter jets in February, potentially altering the military balance with India.
Other potential buyers of China's JF-17 fighter jet include Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Venezuela, Nigeria, Morocco and Turkey. In the past, China has also sold fighters to Sudan.
The potential customer of greatest concern to the U.S. is Iran, which purchased about $260 million of weapons from China between 2002-2009, according to Russia's Centre for Analysis of the Global Arms Trade.
BANGALORE: After a tortuous journey of 27 years, with over 1,500 flight-tests and almost 3,000% jump in overall developmental costs, the much-touted but long-delayed Tejas Light Combat Aircraft has finally taken the first step towards induction as a supersonic fighter into IAF.
Amid much fanfare and back-slapping, defence minister A K Antony handed over the Tejas initial operational clearance (IOC) certificate to IAF chief Air Chief Marshal P V Naik at a ceremony here on Monday.
The IOC basically means that the largely homegrown fighter is now fully airworthy, in its initial configuration, to be flown by IAF pilots but not all weapon and other systems have been fully integrated into the platform. That will happen only by December 2012 when the single-engine, multi-role fighter gets the final operational clearance (FOC).
"Today is a historic day...A state-of-the-art indigenous combat aircraft will go a long way in enhancing national security,'' said Antony, showering praise on the entire LCA team led by Aeronautical Development Agency, Defence Research and Development Organisation and Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.
The euphoria was somewhat justified, given that the supersonic fighter has been built from scratch in a country with an extremely poor defence-industrial base and in the face of international sanctions for several years.
But there has to be a reality check, even if it seems harsh. Even Antony admitted that Tejas had reached just "the semi-final stage'' at this point. As was first reported by TOI earlier, the overall developmental cost of the Tejas project, including the naval variant and trainer, has zoomed up to Rs 17,269 crore from the initial Rs 560 crore earmarked for it in 1983. With each Tejas to cost around Rs 200 crore over and above this, India will end up spending well over Rs 25,000 crore on the programme.
Moreover, the real induction of the first 40 Tejas jets will begin only towards end-2013, with the first two squadrons becoming fully operational at the Sulur airbase (Tamil Nadu) by 2015 or so, a full three decades after the LCA project was first sanctioned to replace the ageing MiG-21s.
That's not all. The first test-flight of the Tejas Mark-II version, with more powerful American GE F-414 engines, will be possible only by December 2014, with its production beginning in June 2016. And even then, the Tejas will just be a medium to low-end fighter, not a high-end air dominance one.
ACM Naik, in fact, described Tejas as a "MiG-21 plus-plus'', and made it clear that it was not even a fourth-generation fighter at present but would be in the future, indicating it will primarily be used to plug the gap in numbers.
Consequently, India's frontline combat fighters will the 270 Russian-origin Sukhoi-30MKIs already being inducted for around $12 billion, the 126 new medium multi-role combat aircraft to be acquired in the $10.4 billion MMRCA project and the 250 to 300 fifth-generation fighter aircraft to be built with Russia in the gigantic $35 billion project.
Yes, there is no getting away from the critical fact that India has to be self-reliant in military hardware and software if it wants to emerge as a superpower on the global stage. But the Tejas saga puts serious question marks on the defence indigenisation model being followed.
The fighter, for instance, is still only around 60% indigenous despite being 27 years in the making. It, for example, is powered by American GE engines, with the indigenous Kaveri engine failing to pass muster despite Rs 2,839 crore being spent on it since 1989.
Pakistan's nuclear arsenal now totals more than 100 deployed weapons, a doubling of its stockpile over the past several years in one of the world's most unstable regions, according to estimates by non-government analysts.
Wary of upsetting Pakistan's always-fragile political balance, the White House rarely mentions the country's arsenal in public except to voice confidence in its strong internal safeguards, with warheads kept separate from delivery vehicles. But the level of U.S. concern was reflected during last month's White House war review, when Pakistan's nuclear security was set as one of two long-term strategy objectives there, along with the defeat of al-Qaeda, according to a senior administration official who spoke on condition of anonymity.
A publicly released summary of the classified review document made no reference to the nuclear issue, and the White House deflected questions on grounds that it was an intelligence matter. This week, a spokesman said the administration would not respond to inquiries about the size of Pakistan's nuclear arsenal.
National Security Council spokesman Tommy Vietor referred to Obama's assurance at last spring's Nuclear Security Summit that he felt "confident about Pakistan's security around its nuclear weapons program." Vietor noted that Obama hs encouraged "all nations" to support negotiations on the fissile cutoff treaty.
"The administration is always trying to keep people from talking about this knowledgeably," said David Albright, president of the Institute for Science and International Security and a leading analyst on the world's nuclear forces. "They're always trying to downplay" the numbers and insisting that "it's smaller than you think."
"It's hard to say how much the U.S. knows," said Hans M. Kristensen, director of the nuclear information project at the Federation of American Scientists and author of the annual global nuclear weapons inventory published in the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists. "Probably a fair amount. But it's a mixed bag - Pakistan is an ally, and they can't undercut it with a statement of concern in public."
Beyond intelligence on the ground, U.S. officials assess Pakistan's nuclear weapons program with the same tools used by the outside experts - satellite photos of nuclear-related installations, estimates of fissile-material production and weapons development, and publicly available statements and facts.
Four years ago, the Pakistani arsenal was estimated at 30 to 60 weapons.
Only three nuclear countries - Pakistan, India and Israel - have never signed the nuclear non-proliferation treaty. India is estimated to have 60 to 100 weapons; numbers are even less precise for Israel's undeclared program, estimated at up to 200. North Korea, which has conducted nuclear tests and is believed to have produced enough fissile material for at least a half-dozen bombs, withdrew from the treaty in 2003.
Those figures make Pakistan the world's fifth largest nuclear power, ahead of "legal" powers France and Britain. The vast bulk of nuclear stockpiles are held by the United States and Russia, followed by China.
While continuing to produce of weapons-grade uranium at two sites, Pakistan has sharply increased its production of plutonium, allowing it to make lighter warheads for more mobile delivery systems. Its newest missile, the Shaheen II, has a range of 1,500 miles and is about to go into operational deployment, Kristensen said. Pakistan also has developed nuclear-capable land- and air-launched cruise missiles.
March 1/11: Aviation Week reports that Pakistan is in negotiations with the U.S. to get more Lockheed Martin F-16s over and above the 63 currently in service (18 F-16C/D Block 52, 45 F-16A/B Blocck 15/OCU that will be upgraded). No numbers have been specified, by Pakistani officials see it as part of a dual-track strategy that will also include more spending on domestic projects like the JF-17 Thunder, to improve Pakistan's own manufacturing capacity.
At present, PAF Air Chief Marshall Rao Qamar Suleman says that 4 F-16A/Bs went to the USA for technical verification inspections and upgrade kit development, and the 1st 3 F-16A/Bs are now undergoing the upgrade at Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI). All of Pakistan's F-16s are expected to be upgraded by 2013-2014. At present, no systems exist that would bridge the F-16 and JF-17 fleets, but Air Chief Marshall Suleman says that Pakistan intends to eventually field a supplementary datalink, which would work alongside the Link 16 systems carried by the F-16s.
The comments come as the Pakistani military is also discussing a deal to buy Chinese submarines as a supplement to their French Agosta-class boats, as an intended prelude to joint submarine development. These plans are all being made against a backdrop of a serious domestic insurgency and widespread flooding damage, which have combined to create over 1 million internal refugees, and threaten the government's medium term ability to maintain control of the country. Even as the state is very obviously fraying in other ways.
Jan 20/11: Goodrich Corporation of Chelmsford, MA receives a $71.9 million contract for 5 DB-110 Pods, 2 datalink upgrades to existing pods, 2 fixed ground stations, 1 mobile ground station, and 4 ground station datalink receiver kits, plus initial spares, technical manuals, minimal initial engineering support for final in-country installation, integration, testing and a study for a potential fusion center. This supports Pakistani F-16 aircraft. At this time, $17.3 million has been committed by the ASC/WINK at Wright-Patterson Air Force, OH on behalf of their Foreign Military Sale client (FA8620-11-C-3006).
The DB-110 reconnaissance pod offers day and night capabilities, and has been ordered by a number of F-16 customers, including Egypt, Greece, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, and the UAE. DB-110s were not mentioned in the DSCA upgrade requests, but they are clearly part of that effort now. Reports indicate that installations began in June 2010; this is apparently a follow-on order. A Jan 12/11 US FedBizOpps solicitation for associated imagery analysis training is a useful reminder that buying the pods is not enough to field a useful capability. See also Aviation Week re: DB-110.
In its latest yearbook, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute said the neighbours are continuing to develop new ballistic and cruise missile systems capable of delivering nuclear weapons.
In 2010, the Indian nuclear arsenal had 60-80 nukes but they have increased to 80-110 warheads. On the same pattern, the Pakistani side also increased its warheads from 70-90 to 90-110 warheads in the same period, SIPRI said in a release.
"India and Pakistan continue to develop new ballistic and cruise missile systems capable of delivering nuclear weapons. They are also expanding their capacities to produce fissile material for military purposes," it said.
More than 5000 of these weapons are deployed and ready for use, including nearly 2000 that are kept in a state of high operational alert.
India carried out its first nuclear test in 1974 in Pokhran and followed up again in 1998 at the same place. Soon after the 1998 tests, India declared a 'no-first use' policy of nuclear weapons and has been developing a credible nuclear response capability in view of it.
It has already developed a triad of nuclear delivery systems with the development of land, sea and air-based weapon systems.
ISLAMABAD — Pakistan said it had successfully test-fired a stealth cruise missile capable of carrying nuclear warheads on Friday.
The military said the "Hatf VII" missile had a range of 700 kilometres (438 miles) and was a "low-flying, terrain-hugging missile with high manoeuvrability, pin-point accuracy and radar avoidance features".
Capable of carrying nuclear warheads, the military said the special feature of Friday's launch was the validation of a new multi-tube missile launch vehicle (MLV).
"The three tube MLV enhances manifold (times) the targeting and deployment options in the conventional and nuclear modes," the military said.
India and Pakistan, which have fought three wars -- two over the disputed Himalayan territory of Kashmir -- have routinely carried out missile tests since both demonstrated nuclear weapons capability in 1998.
The neighbours were on the brink of a nuclear conflict in 2002 over tensions about Kashmir, but a slow-moving peace process resumed in March following suspension after the November 2008 Mumbai attacks.
So CIRUS holds a very special place in nonproliferation history and the development of US nonproliferation policy. This needs to be understood if we are to do the right thing in working out a new nuclear relationship with India.
India has abandoned its efforts to build its own engine to power the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Mark-2, according to Indian Defence Ministry sources.
The Kaveri engine, which Indian defense scientists are trying to build, has failed to meet Indian Air Force requirements two decades after the project began, the MoD sources said.
This means the LCA Mark-2 will be powered only by U.S. company General Electric's GE-414 engine, which was short-listed earlier over Germany's Eurojet to power the LCA Mark-2. The aircraft, under development at Bangalore's Aeronautical Development Agency, is expected to be ready around 2017.
While an MoD official would not say that the engine project has been abandoned for the aircraft, he did say that the Kaveri engine does not fully meet the Air Force's thrust requirements. The MoD has now decided to use the Kaveri engine to power only UAVs, the official added.
India's Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), the agency that is building the Kaveri, had been in consultation with French company Snecma for the past three years to help complete the engine.
DRDO and Snecma had been negotiating to co-develop and co-produce the engine, but they have yet to sign an agreement, the MoD official said.
While the official would not say why the negotiations failed, an Indian Air Force source said the Kaveri project to power the LCA has been all but abandoned. Beyond powering UAVs, the engine also will be a technology demonstration project.
The Air Force source added that besides the failure to meet the thrust level, the Kaveri also has technical problems with its compressor, turbine and engine control system.
Meanwhile, the LCA Mark-1 is readying for induction by 2014, nearly 15 years behind schedule. It will be powered by the GE-404 engine, also from General Electric.
For the LCA Mark-2 program, ADA will order 99 GE-414 engines and the rest will be manufactured in India under technology transfer arrangements.
Firstly understand that Hindus, and more specifically brahmins are peace loving people and are not interested in wasting time on useless items like bombs. Try to understand people before ridiculing.
The fact that both Homi Bhabha and Abdul Kalam are Indians is more important when you are speaking about India.
Mr. Riaz your whole blog and comments is filled with comments regarding india or focus around indian strength or weakness. You cut paste information from some websites which are generally comes in our daily news papers and blogs that doesn't means that every thing is going wrong. We knows very well that where we are so humble request to you that divert your discussion to other issues which pak needs to be traced.
India's continuing abject failure to build a robust defence industrial base (DIB) has come to into focus once again, with an international thinktank holding its arms imports are now almost three times as high as those of the second and third largest arms importers, China and Pakistan.
As per the latest data on international arms transfers released by Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), the volume of Indian imports of major weapons rose by 111% between 2004-08 and 2009-13, and its share of the volume of international arms imports increased from 7% to 14%.
The major suppliers of arms to India in 2009-13 were Russia (accounting for 75% of imports) and the US (7%), which for the first time became the second largest arms supplier to India, said SIPRI. As earlier reported by TOI, the US has already bagged defence deals close to $10 billion over the last decade in the lucrative Indian defence market, with the latest being the $1.01 billion one for six additional C-130J "Super Hercules" aircraft.
SIPRI, on its part, said the USA's share of Pakistani imports in the same period was 27%. China was also a major supplier in the region, accounting for 54% of Pakistani arms imports and 82% of Bangladeshi imports.
"Chinese, Russian and US arms supplies to South Asia are driven by both economic and political considerations," said Siemon Wezeman of SIPRI. In particular, China and the US appear to be using arms deliveries to Asia to strengthen their influence in the region, he added.
The five largest suppliers of major weapons during the five-year period 2009-13 were the United States (29% of global arms exports), Russia (27%), Germany (7%), China (6%) and France (5%).
Despite India's emergence as the world's largest arms importer over the last decade, the modernisation of its armed forces continues to take place in a haphazard manner due to the lack of concrete strategic planning in tune with the country's long-term geopolitical objectives, as reported by TOI earlier.
The Indian armed forces are still grappling with critical shortages in fighter jets, submarines, helicopters, howitzers, night-fighting capabilities and the like. The IAF, for instance, is down to just 34 fighter squadrons when it requires at least 44 to be "comfortable" against the twin-challenge posed by Pakistan and China.
A K Antony, who has been India's longest-serving defence minister, may have often chanted the mantra of "indigenisation" during his seven-and-a-half year tenure, especially after defence scams erupted one after the other, but failed to deliver meaningful systemic reforms on the ground.
There was, for instance, no concrete revamping of the DRDO and its 50 establishments as well as the five defence PSUs, four shipyards and 39 ordnance factories to ensure they deliver weapon systems without huge cost and time overruns.
Super article, although I am sometimes (only sometimes) pained by the India bashing that happens in this site, I am not pained by this one. Truth, as bitter as it might be, has to be accepted.
India made its own reactor in 1956. So, please don't keep citing Canada reactors as the key to nuclear bombs was already found. Also, the 1965 war with India was aimed at Indian nuclear programme which was sanctioned by Shastri. USSR connived with Indira Gandhi to assassinate Shastri to put a restriction on nuclear programme.
The rocket principles were also learnt by Indians on their own. Just saying that it was based onscud is not meaningful. Rocket principles is basic physics. Moreover, the USSR and USA also gained it from German V2 rocket. It is not their own either. Liquid fuel rockets were initial stages of every rocket program. India didn't do any special.
Women Reps to Close India's Gender Gap?


The questionnaire is used to determine the business fitness of your company, and you receive a detailed report on the results once the questionnaire is complete. The analysis and report is done at no cost to you, the business owner. Complete the Business Fitness Analysis online.


I am not a geologist, but I'm 99 and 44/100 percent sure that this is not a fossil.
If you wish to try to identify it, first try looking to see if there is a local "rock hound" club in your area. Some of the members may be very good at identification. You might also see if there is a rock or gem society in the area.
Here is a link to the faculty of the Univ. of Kentucky's Earth Science department: https://ees.as.uky.edu/faculty . You might want to send these pictures to one or two of the specialists there, to see if they can help you.


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On the other hand, opting for a limestone overlay allows you to keep things simple while still coming away with a great looking space. The existing concrete slab will be able to remain in place, as just a thin layer of overlay will be put down to create the look you have requested. The simplicity of this plan will save both time and money, meaning you can enjoy the finished product sooner, and with more money left in the bank.
As is usually the case with overlays, the possibilities in terms of design and color are nearly limitless. So, while the simplicity of the installation process is a big benefit, you don't have to worry about being stuck with just a few visual options in exchange for that simplicity. You are going to get to select the exact appearance that you want for the finished project, and Bullion Coatings will help you at every step along the way.
You want the right contractor on the job when having a limestone overlay installed. A company who is new to this business may not be able to handle all of the various aspects of this job, but you can be sure that we have this down to a science. With many years of experience under our belt serving customers in and around Houston, Bullion Coatings can meet – and exceed – expectations time after time. Thank you for considering Bullion Coatings for this exciting project, and contact us right away for a free estimate.


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Bishop Yao Liang, 87, Imprisoned in China for Loyalty to the Vatican, Dies
This is another great article by the usually very Marxist New York Times. The new owner of the paper, or the largest shareholder, who kept the paper from bankruptcy might be pro-immigration, but he might also pushign this paper to be more favoreable to the Church as well. This article owns that the Chicoms are persecuting the Catholic Church and it owns the heroic resistance of a saintly Bishop. Here's a life worth celebrating.
BEIJING — Leo Yao Liang, a Roman Catholic bishop who spent 28 years in Chinese prisons during Mao's rule for his refusal to renounce his allegiance to the Vatican, died on Dec. 30 in Xiwanzi, a town in north China's Hebei Province.
Bishop Yao was 87 and had been ill with a severe cold for about two weeks before his death, according to Song Feng, the president of the Catholic Association of Xiwanzi Church.
The Cardinal Kung Foundation, which is based in Connecticut and advocates religious freedom for Catholics in China, stated on its Web site that the report of Bishop Yao's death had apparently been delayed because Chinese authorities sought to withhold the news.
Short and stout, with a shock of white hair and a booming voice, Bishop Yao presided almost up to his death over daily open-air Masses that drew hundreds of worshipers, and Sunday Masses that often attracted a thousand people. [!] The Chinese authorities forbade him to carry out his administrative duties as bishop but did not overtly interfere with his clerical activities.
China's government does not recognize the Roman Catholic Church or its bishops. Instead, it promotes a government-affiliated faith, the Patriotic Catholic Association. But millions of Chinese are believed to remain loyal to the Vatican and attend so-called underground churches like those that Bishop Yao led. There are reported to be 15,000 Catholic worshipers in Xiwanzi diocese, where he was secretly made an auxiliary bishop in 2002.
For years after his release from prison in 1984, Mr. Song said, Bishop Yao urged his parishioners to follow a course of quiet but steadfast opposition both to the Patriotic Catholic Association and to government restrictions on their right to worship. But after Pope Benedict XVI made improved relations between the Vatican and Beijing a priority, he said, Bishop Yao began working to repair relations with the government.
The mourners at his weeklong funeral, which concludes with his burial on Wednesday, have included a number of local government officials, Mr. Song said.
Yao Liang was born in Hebei in 1923 and became a priest in 1946, according to the Kung Foundation. But after the Communist Party took power in 1949, Catholicism was outlawed, and Bishop Yao's religious work became more and more circumscribed. In 1956 the government sent him to a labor camp, and in 1958 he was sentenced to prison for life after refusing to abandon his allegiance to the Vatican.
Bishop Yao said little about his 28 years of imprisonment.
"Only sometimes he would complain to close friends about the unspeakable experience," Mr. Song said. "He personally witnessed people being killed by the P.L.A." — the People's Liberation Army — "when he was taken to prison, and he was very traumatized."
His 1984 release came as the Chinese government relaxed many of the restrictions of the Mao era. While many Catholic priests were still persecuted and Catholicism was strongly discouraged, worshipers were tacitly allowed to congregate at underground churches.
Mr. Song said that Bishop Yao was assigned by the government to be the pastor at a remote rural church in a mountainous area 25 miles from Xiwanzi. In 1997 he came to Xiwanzi, a town of about 7,000 people about 160 miles north of Beijing, close to the border with inner Mongolia.
Even at an advanced age, his problems with the government did not end. In 2006 the authorities ordered Mr. Yao to spend two and a half years in isolation from outsiders, studying Chinese religious laws, after he was held responsible for two conflicts between the government and underground churches.
Bishop Yao was directly involved in the first incident, in which worshipers built a new Catholic church and staffed it with priests not certified by the government, Mr. Song said. But he had no role in the second, in which angry Catholics laid siege to local government offices for three days during a dispute with a Patriotic Catholic organization.
Bishop Yao's death, not quite a year after he was released from detention, leaves mainland China with 94 Vatican-approved bishops. The authorities are reported to have stepped up security for his burial in the Xiwanzi church graveyard, a ceremony that is expected to attract thousands despite record snows in the area.
Posted by Tancred at 4:32 PM
Labels: Cardinal Kung Foundation, China, Chinese Patriotic Church, Marxism
Christ Is Author of the Sacraments
PanamaPanama: vescovi, "il contrasto al narcotraffico richiede l'impegno di tutti"
¿Siguiendo cuál ciencia?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Dinosaurs Are Taking Over: Links You Need to See
By Steve Duffy
Dinosaurs are officially back—in film, that is. There's the upcoming blockbuster, Jurassic World, and today we were treated to the first trailer for Pixar's The Good Dinosaur. The story speculates what the world would be like if the comet missed. It looks great, obviously, not to mention cute. Originally due for a summer 2014 release, The Dissolve gives the full run-down of what's been taking them so long (and the trailer, of course).
Although everyone is prepared for some shocks, are they prepared for "huge shocks"? We're talking Game of Thrones, people. "I'm not going to say what happens, but there are some huge shocks, some huge set pieces — it's going to be epic," said Kit Harington, aka Jon Snow, who was speaking to The Huffington Post.
With everyone seemingly basking in the glow of their very own 'good-for-her' sentiments about Caitlyn Jenner, Brian Lowry atVariety has floated the not-so-crazy idea of a gender neutral award for acting performances. Citing, quite rightly, how "Louie has much more in common with the women of Girls or Nurse Jackie than he does with the guys on The Big Bang Theory." Just imagine: an Oscars night head-to-head battle between Daniel Day-Lewis and Meryl Streep…
At first she wasn't even convinced to release the book, but Harper Lee's forthcoming Go Set a Watchman has set the pre-sale record for Harper Collins. That's according to Robert Thompson, chief executive of News Corp, Harper Collins' parent company. The book, which has been dogged since its announcement by accusations of exploitation, comes out on July 14th.
With relatively recent announcements of The Stand and It being remade, it's easy to forget that another Stephen King book-to-movie project predates them both; the epic Dark Tower series. Deadline reported today that Nikolaj Arcel will rewrite the script and direct the first, of what will be a series, of movies. Arcel wrote the screenplay for The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo.
R2-D2 takes a lot of shit. Let's be real here, you don't see any of the other members of the rebel alliance volunteering to clamber atop a craft that's just been hit by enemy fire, and is hurtling through space. Neatorama tracked down a video made by Brotherhood Workshop that shows exactly what will happen when R2 eventually cracks.


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Call for Government to help more children to cycle safely to school
Tuesday, 16 October, 2018
Following requests from parents and cycling organisations for more safe routes for children to cycle to school, South West Bedfordshire MP, Andrew Selous, raised this issue in the House of Commons with Roads' Minister, Jesse Norman last week.
The exchange in Hansard was as follows:
Andrew Selous (South West Bedfordshire)
If we are going to get half of all children cycling to school, as happens in the Netherlands—that can be compared with the paltry 3% here in the UK—so that we can cut pollution, congestion and obesity, can we ensure that all new roads and housing estates have safe cycle infrastructure designed into them, as it is more expensive to retrofit later?
I certainly share that ambition. As my hon. Friend knows, the Government are seeking to have a child of 12, as well as people of all sexes, races and backgrounds, able to cycle without fear or impediment. Not all housing estates will be suitable for this kind of change—[Hon. Members: "Why not?"] Some may be too far removed from urban city centres, but where they are suitable, I would support that ambition in the way that the Government have done by looking at electrification for new housing. [1]
Speaking afterwards Andrew Selous said:
"I have started cycling as often as I can from my home to my constituency office and I know that many parents would like their children to be able to cycle safely to school. We do have some cycle routes locally but they are not always fully connected and it is important as new house building and roads take place that we design in a healthy lifestyle, to reduce congestion, pollution and obesity in Central Bedfordshire. The 2017/18 figures show that 29.5% of Central Bedfordshire children in year 6 are overweight or obese."
[1] In the Road to Zero strategy, the Department set out that they would consult on a requirement for all new housing developments, wherever suitable, to have electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Essentially the Minister was saying that we could look into having a similar ambition for cycle infrastructure in new housing developments.
Reducing childhood obesity
South West Bedfordshire MP, Andrew Selous has committed to protect the health of local children by pledging to work with Government to push for policies that will reduce childhood obesity.
Increasing cycling and walking and take up of the 'Daily Mile' initiative by schools


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Helping Our Clients Change the World for Over 20 Years
Avalon is honored to work with some of the most effective and respected nonprofits in the world. We have helped small organizations grow, and leading organizations reach new heights. Explore our inspiring client roster, and then find out how you can join them!
American Film Institute
AFI is a national institute providing leadership in screen education and the recognition and celebration of excellence in the art of film, television and digital media. AFI trains the next generation of filmmakers, preserves the legacy of America's film heritage, explores new digital technologies and honors artists and their work through a variety of programs and special events.
An Avalon client since 2011, Avalon provides full-service fundraising strategy and program management as well as strategic planning assistance. www.afi.com
American Horticultural Society
The American Horticultural Society (AHS) is one of the oldest national gardening organizations in the country, providing America's gardeners with high quality gardening and horticultural education since 1922.
An Avalon client since 2010, Avalon provides full-service direct mail, telemarketing, and online fundraising strategy and program management. www.ahsgardening.com
BRADY: United Against Gun Violence
Brady is at the forefront of curbing our nation's gun violence epidemic. As the country's oldest and boldest gun violence prevention group, Brady is uniting all Americans fed up and fired up to deliver life-saving change and comprehensive solutions to the American people through legislation, litigation and education.
https://www.bradyunited.org/
The mission of Bread for the City is to provide neighbors and residents of Washington, DC with comprehensive services, including food, clothing, medical care, and legal and social services, in an atmosphere of dignity and respect.
Bread for the City, shares the vision of Washington, DC as a nurturing community, where all residents have access to the basic material resources they need for survival and growth, and the prosperity of their social, emotional, and spiritual lives. www.breadforthecity.org
Farm Sanctuary works to protect farm animals from cruelty, inspire change in the way society views and treats farm animals, and promote compassionate vegan living.
An Avalon client since 2007, Avalon provides full-service direct mail, telemarketing, and online fundraising strategy and program management. www.farmsanctuary.org
Friends of the Smithsonian
Friends of the Smithsonian is a national group of generous individuals whose contributions help facilitate important scientific research, outreach, exhibitions, and scholarship across all Smithsonian museums and programs.
An Avalon client since 2002, Avalon provides full-service telemarketing fundraising strategy and program management.
www.smithsonianmembership.com
Client Highlights:
Enhancing Member Outreach through the Phone
Building a High-Dollar Society
Galapagos Conservancy is the premier advocacy organization in the United States for conservation in the Galapagos Islands, with the goal of promoting the long-term ecological integrity of Galapagos and its unique marine and terrestrial ecosystems.
An Avalon client since 2006 (and previously in 1997 and 2000-2002), Avalon provides full-service direct mail, telemarketing, and online fundraising strategy and program management. www.galapagos.org
Re-engaging Lapsed Members through the Phone
The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
Since opening in 1971, the Kennedy Center has continued its efforts to fulfill President Kennedy's vision: presenting the greatest performers and performances from across America and around the world, nurturing new works and young artists, and serving the nation as a leader in arts education. An Avalon client since 1997 (and since 1993 with Avalon's predecessor agency), Avalon provides full-service direct mail, telemarketing, and online fundraising strategy and program management. www.kennedy-center.org
Client Highlights: Putting a Fresh Face on Acquisition
The John F. Kennedy Library Foundation
The John F. Kennedy Library Foundation is the non-profit partner and creative collaborator of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, which is administered by the National Archives and Records Administration and holds the definitive historical record of the life, work, and times of John F. Kennedy. Over the past forty years, this partnership has produced world class exhibits, the largest, most advanced digital archive created by a presidential library, award-winning educational and digital resources, and public programs that make the Library the largest convener of public dialogues in the Boston area. Grounded in the archival evidence, these activities promote a greater appreciation of America's political and cultural heritage, the process of governing, and the importance of public service. In addition to its support of the Kennedy Library, the Kennedy Library Foundation directly sponsors programs and activities that help people understand the major challenges facing democracy today and inspire people to engage with the issues at the heart of contemporary life that relate to the legacy of President John F. Kennedy, including service, innovation and bold leadership, inclusion, global citizenship, and the arts.
JFK Library Foundation
The League of Women Voters, a nonpartisan political organization, encourages informed and active participation in government, works to increase understanding of major public policy issues, and influences public policy through education and advocacy.
An Avalon client since 1998, Avalon provides full-service direct mail, telemarketing, and online fundraising strategy and program management. www.lwv.org
The Monterey Bay Aquarium is a showcase for the habitats and sea life of one of the world's richest marine regions. The mission of the nonprofit Monterey Bay Aquarium is to inspire conservation of the ocean. More than 35,000 creatures representing over 550 species fill 34 major galleries. With nearly 200 exhibits in all, the Aquarium is a window to the wonders of the ocean. www.montereybayaquarium.org
Maryland Food Bank
Established as the first food bank on the East Coast in 1979 to provide hunger relief services to Baltimore City, the Maryland Food Bank (MFB) has grown in 36 years to become a statewide organization that distributes more than 100,000 meals a day through a network of 1,250 distribution partners, including soup kitchens, pantries, shelters, schools, and other community-based organizations across the state.
www.mdfoodbank.org
The Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum maintains the world's largest and most significant collection of aviation and space artifacts, encompassing all aspects of human flight, as well as related works of art and archival materials. It operates two landmark facilities that, together, welcome more than eight million visitors a year, making it the most visited museum in the country. It also is home to the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies. airandspace.si.edu
The National Geographic Society is one of the largest nonprofit scientific and educational institutions in the world. Since 1888, National Geographic Society has traveled the Earth, sharing it's amazing stories with each new generation and inspiring people to care about the planet. National Geographic's Mission Programs support critical expeditions and scientific fieldwork, encourage geography education for students, promote natural and cultural conservation, and inspire audiences through new media, vibrant exhibitions, and live events.
www.nationalgeographic.com
The Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture will be a place where all Americans and visitors from around the world can learn about the richness and diversity of the African American experience, what it means to their lives and how it helped us shape this nation. The museum will be a place that transcends the boundaries of race and culture that divide us, and become a lens into a story that unites us all. The museum will open on the National Mall in 2015.
An Avalon client since 2012, Avalon provides renewal program fundraising consulting services.
www.nmaahc.si.edu
The National Museum of the American Indian, the sixteenth museum of the Smithsonian Institution, is committed to advancing knowledge and understanding of the Native cultures of the Western Hemisphere, past, present, and future, through partnership with Native people and others.
An Avalon client since 2008, Avalon provides full-service direct mail, telemarketing, and online fundraising strategy and program management. www.nmai.si.edu
National Parks Conservation Association
The National Parks Conservation Association (NPCA) works to protect and enhance America's National Parks for present and future generations. Through advocacy, education, and stewardship, the NPCA plays a crucial role in ensuring that these magnificent lands and landmarks are protected in perpetuity.
An Avalon client since 2010, Avalon provides full-service direct mail, telemarketing, and online fundraising strategy and program management. www.npca.org
National Women's Health Network
The National Women's Health Network improves the health of all women by developing and promoting a critical analysis of health issues in order to affect policy and support consumer decision-making. The Network aspires to a health care system that is guided by social justice and reflects the needs of diverse women.
An Avalon client since 1997 (and since 1996 with Avalon's predecessor agency), Avalon provides fundraising program and creative strategy. www.nwhn.org
Pine Street Inn
Pine Street Inn has been working in the Greater Boston community for 50 years to provide services daily to homeless and formerly homeless individuals through street outreach, emergency services, supporting housing, job training, and connections to employment. The organization strives to help these men and women gain back their independence, while maintaining core values of community, teamwork, accountability, and respect. Pine Street Inn's mission is to end homelessness by making permanent housing a reality for all. Avalon has supported Pine Street Inn since 2018, providing full-service fundraising strategy and program management for their direct mail and eFundraising efforts. www.pinestreetinn.org
Society for Science & the Public
Society for Science & the Public (Society) is a champion for science, dedicated to expanding scientific literacy, effective STEM education and scientific research. The society focuses on promoting the understanding and appreciation of science and the vital role it plays in human advancement: to inform, educate, and inspire. Since 1921, the Society (formerly known as Science Service) has conveyed the excitement of science and research directly to the public through their award-winning publications and world-class science education competitions. www.societyforscience.org
The American Air Museum in Britain (AAMB)
The American Air Museum is the home to the best collection of American military aircraft on public display outside of North America. The transformed American Air Museum reopened to the public in March 2016, and tells the story of two nations united through war, loss, love and duty, from the First World War to the present day. The award-winning American Air Museum building was designed by celebrated British architect, Lord Norman Foster. It is located at IWM Duxford, part of Imperial War Museums, near Cambridge and opened in 1997. www.americanairmuseum.com
The Trustees
For more than a century, The Trustees have preserved, for public use and enjoyment, properties of exceptional scenic, historic, and ecological value in Massachusetts. They care for more than 100 special places – nearly 25,000 acres – all around Massachusetts and are actively mobilizing a whole new generation to care about these properties. An Avalon client since 2011, Avalon provides full-service direct mail, telemarketing, and online fundraising strategy and program management as well as strategic planning assistance. www.thetrustees.org
Wolf Trap Foundation for the Performing Arts
As America's National Park for the Performing Arts, Wolf Trap plays a valuable leadership role in both the local and national performing arts communities. Through a wide range of artistic and education programs, Wolf Trap enhances our nation's cultural life and ensures that the arts remain accessible and affordable to the broadest possible audience. An Avalon client since 2010, Avalon provides full-service direct mail, telemarketing, and online fundraising strategy and program management. www.wolftrap.org
Yellowstone Forever
Yellowstone Forever is the official nonprofit partner of Yellowstone National Park. They connect people to Yellowstone through outstanding visitor experiences and educational programs, and translate those experiences into lifelong support and philanthropic investment to conserve and enhance the park for the future. Their educational programming, products, and services help people enjoy, understand, and appreciate the wildlife, geology, and cultural history of the park. www.yellowstone.org
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Home | Legal & Judicial | Russia, Saudi Arabia Hail Oil Output Deal For Stabilizing World Markets
Russia, Saudi Arabia Hail Oil Output Deal For Stabilizing World Markets
Russia and Saudi Arabia on May 30 praised their agreement on oil production curbs, which they said had helped stabilize global oil prices, and agreed to pursue more cooperative efforts.
At a meeting at the Kremlin, Russian President Vladimir Putin welcomed Saudi Arabia's Deputy Crown Prince Muhammad bin Salman, who is in line to become king and currently is in charge of defense and energy affairs.
It was the second meeting between the two men over the past year following a breakthrough meeting in China, where the two as heads of the world's largest oil-producing countries first agreed to cooperate in curbing production to shore up collapsing prices.
"Agreements in the energy sector are highly important to our countries. We are grateful to you for your ideas and the joint work between OPEC and the countries which are not part of the cartel," Putin told Salman. "The actions we agreed are helping to stabilize the situation on the world hydrocarbon markets."
Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and several other producers outside OPEC joined the Saudis, Iran, Iraq, and other cartel members in a November 2015 agreement, which was recently renewed, to cut global production by 1.8 million barrels a day.
"The relations between Saudi Arabia and Russia are going through one of their best moments ever," Salman said. "The most important thing is that we are succeeding in building a solid foundation to stabilize oil markets and energy prices."
Since the Russia-OPEC agreement went into effect, premium oil prices have stabilized in the $40 to $50 a barrel range after plummeting to under $30 in January 2016. They remain far below levels over $100 reached in 2014, however.
Saudi Arabia for decades has been the largest producer in OPEC and has dominated the cartel, while Russia never joined the group and for decades refused to cooperate with it.
But the oil price collapse between 2014 and 2016 caused deep recessions and serious budgetary hardships in both countries, putting pressure on them to find ways to cooperate.
For Salman, the visit to Moscow followed by only days a summit in Riyadh with U.S. President Donald Trump at which deals were made to purchase arms and pursue terrorists. But the United States, while a major producer of oil, never joined the OPEC deal.
Putin and Salman said they intend to keep cooperating beyond the current nine-month extension of their agreement on oil production.
At the talks, the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia signed a memorandum of understanding with the Russian Direct Investment Fund to explore joining a consortium of investors in a Moscow real estate project.
The Russian fund said both parties also are evaluating more possible projects in retail, real estate, alternative energy projects, transportation, and logistics infrastructure.
Putin and Salmon minimized their big differences over the war in Syria, where they back opposing sides.
"We have a lot of common ground. As far as our disagreements are concerned, we have a clear mechanism of how to overcome them. We are moving forward quickly and in a positive way," Salman said.
"We work together on sorting out difficult situations, including in Syria," Putin said.
Copyright (c) 2015. RFE/RL, Inc. Reprinted with the permission of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 1201 Connecticut Ave NW, Ste 400, Washington DC 20036.
JPI Announces Close of Financing for Second Phase of Jefferson Stadium Park
TUV Rheinland acquires 2MC, strengthening its GRC Consulting capabilities and global leadership position helping customers manage their cyber-business risk


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De Grafkelder Wehry is een grafkelder in Valkenburg in de Nederlands Zuid-Limburgse gemeente Valkenburg aan de Geul. De grafkelder bevindt zich op de Begraafplaats Cauberg op de helling van de Cauberg in het zuidwesten van het stadje. Direct rechts van de grafkelder bevindt zich de Grafkelder Palmen.

Geschiedenis
Rond 1885 werd de grafkelder gebouwd in opdracht van de familie Wehry.

Op 29 mei 1997 werd de grafkelder ingeschreven in het rijksmonumentenregister.

Bouwwerk
De grafkelder is opgetrokken in Limburgse mergel tegen een helling. De frontgevel is symmetrisch opgezet met middenrisaliet dat bestaat uit een spitsboogvormige entree met houten deur voorzien van smeedijzeren beslag, erboven in een rechthoekige omkadering een vier kleine spitsboogvormige nissen en eindigend in een horizontale afsluiting met er bovenop een mergelstenen kruis. In de sokkel van dit kruis zijn de initialen M W aangebracht. Tussen de kleine spitsboogvormige nissen en de entree is een plaquette met inscriptie aangebracht. De bovenzijde van het niet-risalerende deel van de frontgevel is eveneens een horizontale afsluiting aangebracht, maar deze ligt lager. Op de beide uiteinden van deze horizontale afsluiting is een mergelstenen vaas op een voetstuk geplaatst. Op de beide geveluiteinden bevinden zich pilasters die bekroond worden door kleine frontons.

Van binnen is de grafkelder voorzien van negen grafnissen die afgedekt zijn met grafstenen.

Zie ook
 Lijst van rijksmonumenten in Valkenburg
 Grafkapel Habets
 Grafkelder Palmen
 Grafkelder De Guasco

Bouwwerk in Valkenburg aan de Geul
Rijksmonument in Valkenburg aan de Geul
Grafkelder in Nederland

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Living… in Los Angeles. Doug's life is pretty darn good and about to get even better. In two days he's marrying his sweetheart, Tracy Garner.
Visiting… Vegas, baby! Doug's taking a one-night excursion to Sin City for his bachelor party, along with his childhood friends Stu Price and Phil Wenneck, as well as Tracy's nutty brother Alan. Tracy's father Sid lends him his '65 Mercedes 220SE convertible for the trip. Doug promises Sid that only he will drive. He drives the speed limit en route to Vegas, to Phil's displeasure. Phil secures them the villa penthouse at Caesar's Palace.
Relationship Status…. engaged to Tracy. Maybe it wasn't a great idea to have the bachelor party on the same weekend of the wedding rather than weeks earlier. But really, what could go wrong?
Challenge… being found – hopefully alive. After a wild night in Vegas, Phil, Stu, and Alan wake up without any recollection of the evening before. Much worse, they have no idea where Doug is (but they do have both a tiger and a baby). Now the three remaining members of the "Wolfpack," which is what Alan tries to dub the quartet, must retrace their steps to find Doug. After all, his wedding is supposed to take place later that same day back in L.A.
Personality… even-keeled and loyal. Doug is a natural peacemaker. He should make a great husband to Tracy – if only the guys can find him in Las Vegas. And she doesn't kill him for potentially ruining her wedding.
Doug Billings's popularity ranking on CharacTour is #2616 out of 5,000+ characters. See our top-ranked characters and read their profiles.


text:
Birkbeck Perspectives
Birkbeck experts and students share their opinions on a diverse range of thought-provoking topics.
Queer studies at Birkbeck
Where are all the grandparents in contemporary fiction?
Transparency, what transparency?
Patrick Modiano, winner of this year's Nobel Prize in Literature, is a paradox
Can creative writing be taught?
Why Rupert Murdoch's plan to rule the media world still needs newspapers more than TV
Twitterfiction can work, but David Mitchell's story is a bit of a flop
Why remember Shoulder to Shoulder?
Michael Gove should not kill the mockingbird
London Diarists
Twitter trolls – it's nothing personal…
Should we prize literary prizes?
World Poetry Day 2013
Media coverage of the Iraq invasion
Building a Media Reform Coalition: Real change for real journalism
European Poll Shows Democracy Still Needs a Bit of Work
Homophobia in English Football
The Coach on the Couch
A dance of death
Skills are a risky investment
Free China?
Beyond Bad Apples: Bullying at the BBC
The Gender Agenda in the Business Agenda
Let's join the fashion club; or how 'Rihanna's horror show' may represent retail avant-garde
Defence policy for an independent Scotland
A Time for Entrepreneurs
ICC drops its Kenyatta case, leaving culture of impunity intact
Business and Corporate Responsibility in Russia
Human rights plan will please eurosceptics but what's in it for the rest of us?
French burqa ban upheld: a victory for democracy and a setback for human rights
Flight MH370's disappearance does not demand a xenophobic response
Latin America is being transformed by a vision of post-human rights
Trenton Oldfield's win is a defeat for Theresa May's deportation policy
Chile election: young Chileans have voted for a radical change of direction
Commonwealth hamstrung to fight abuse in Sri Lanka
Torture prevention in Uzbekistan
Colombia's lawyers under attack
YouTube justice UK style
Hugo Chávez kept his promise to the people of Venezuela
Australia is playing a dangerous game with Sri Lanka
Does the jury system work?
Reflections On Gay Marriage
The Justice and Security Bill – a threat to open justice
A 21st century Berlin Conference on Africa
Beat Blue Monday
The tricky task of achieving life/work balance
The scientific legacy of the Apollo Moon landings and the case for a return to the Moon
SSHP
Bilingualism in Malta
Sherlock Holmes: the man who never lived and will never die
'Cash for access' scandal: What impact will Miliband's proposals have on MPs and the public?
Call me Madame
Invisible Women
Languages….what for?
Language, identity and a political hot potato
Need for public enquiry into the death of Peter Connolly
If history repeats itself, it's time for the battle stations
What the **** is linguistics?
Used or abused? 11 serious issues raised by FOI requests
World Bank watch out – the BRICS Bank is a game-changer
The British jihadis in Syria might be driven by more than just religion
The Fox in the Hen House? Ukip and the 2015 General Elections
India fights for a pension: a campaigning success story
British universities need black studies
Who can control the post-superpower capitalist world order?
Today is happiness day, but could greater happiness be a permanent reality?
Putin needs to show more restraint than hero to avoid a new Crimean war
Teaching American History in Michael Gove's Britain
E.P. Thompson's Making of the English Working Class and the Future of History from Below
Women on screen aren't allowed to grow old erotically
Obituary: Post-Feminism
UN General Assembly another venue for Obama's inaction
Slow-thinking the Revolution: Sound Diary from Brazil
Notes from Brazil, June 2013
UN World Environment Day
Lobbying: why is it so difficult to reform?
Margaret Thatcher is dead but I don't feel like dancin'
Beyond Citizenship? International Women's Day: the gender agenda
Britain in the EU
Austerity under Thatcher and the Coalition: the second time as tragedy
Halloween: a Horror Story of Unnecessary Consumerism?
And we thought the costumes were the scariest thing about Halloween! Dr Amy R Hackley, Senior Lecturer in Marketing in Birkbeck's Department of Management explores the dark side of holiday consumerism.
As Halloween approaches, are you considering buying a pumpkin or two, and perhaps a plastic broom, make up or a horror mask for the kids to take trick or treating? Or even some Halloween-themed nightwear, or a special chocolate treat for yourself? Halloween consumption is on a rising trend: according to www.statistica.com, UK consumers are spending more than twice as much money on Halloween as we did in 2013, and an estimated 25% of us will buy a pumpkin, at a cost of around £30,000,000 (yes, that's £30 million). Total Halloween related spending is estimated at almost half a billion pounds sterling annually. Last year, British supermarket chain Waitrose reported its biggest ever Halloween sales bonanza, with sales up by 62% on the previous year[i]. This year, in the home of Halloween consumption, the USA, pre-Halloween chocolate and confectionary sales have reached $324[ii] million, up by 48% comparing to the same period in 2020, with American consumers spending a stunning $10 billion every year on Halloween. But why do we spend such extraordinary sums on trivial items to mark an ancient Celtic death festival?
Halloween originated as the pagan festival of Samhain, part of the ancient Celtic religion in Britain and other parts of Europe. The Celts believed that on the 31st October the barrier between the world of humans and the world of spirits dissolves to allow ghosts to wander amongst us on earth. The festival was needed to scare away the bad spirits, and to remember the dead. Turnips were used to carve lanterns rather than pumpkins, and 'guising' (going from house to house in masks and costumes) was practised. Under the influence of Christianity, the day became known as All Hallows' Eve or All Saint's Eve. There are versions of this festival practiced around the world. For example, the Día de los Muertos or Day of the Dead in Mexico is celebrated in the 2017 Disney movie Coco, and across East Asia there are many versions of ghost festivals practiced, such as paper burning rituals of ancestor worship, the Hungry Ghost festivals in Singapore and the 'Pee Ta Khon' festival in Dan-sai district, Loei province, Thailand. All these ritual practices are marked by consumption of various kinds, of food, goods and services. Halloween gained its popularity in America when 19th century Irish immigrants brought it with them, and the influence of American TV shows, books and movies, made Halloween more and more popular in the 20th Century.
From an academic perspective, consumption is a rich site of ritual practices, and death-related ritual is one of the most powerful. Death rituals re-enact our symbolic connection with our existence. They give us opportunities to re-tell tell stories about life and death, and to connect with the spirit world from which we are separated. They help the living to move away from the brute fact of death towards an acceptance of death as a kind of continuity of life. In a way, Halloween and other ritual practices help the living to celebrate life, by ritualising death.
Of course, the spiritual side of death rituals is very well-hidden in today's deeply commercialised consumer festival of Halloween. Although a lot of consumption is essential to the practice of death rituals, we really do not need to eat so much chocolate or to buy so many horror costumes. It is, really, a horror of wasteful consumption. Halloween costumes and decorations are made from cheap plastic and synthetic materials which are not so good for our environment. It was recorded that consumers created 2,000 tonnes of plastic waste by discarding Halloween costumes[iii], and an estimated 8 million pumpkins (or 18,000 tonnes of edible pumpkin flesh) are heading for the bin as consumers do not eat it[iv] But, when we are young, Halloween is an opportunity to party and have fun dressing up, trick or treating, eating a lot of chocolate and candy and, when we are older, perhaps drinking a lot of alcohol. What's not to love? Most supermarkets have their own dedicated range of branded Halloween products because the event is a huge opportunity to make money by selling us overpriced stuff we do not need.
Halloween remains one of the world's oldest holidays and death festivals, and in its many forms around the world it retains a rich cultural significance in human society. As the contemporary American author Andrew Delbanco notes in his book 'The death of Satan: how Americans have lost the sense of evil', he suggests that as we have lost touch with the idea of evil, we seem to need more vivid representations of it. The commercialisation of Halloween in the Western world helps us to affirm our sense of self and social identity and to reconcile us to the inevitability of death by making it seem like a harmless children's cartoon. Yet, lurking beneath the millions of pounds worth of fake blood, carved pumpkins and discarded plastic witch hats, is a real horror story of reckless and unsustainable consumption.
[i] https://waitrose.pressarea.com/pressrelease/details/78/NEWS_13/12558 accessed 21/10.2021
[ii] "New Data Shows 2021 Halloween Chocolate and Candy Sales Are Up" Yahoo News Monday 18th October 2021 https://finance.yahoo.com/news/data-shows-2021-halloween-chocolate-173600801.html accessed 21/10/2021
[iii] https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/10/17/halloween-2019-costumes-will-create-2000-tonnes-plastic-waste/ (paywall)
[iv] https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/23/pumpkin-waste-uk-halloween-lanterns
This entry was posted in Business Economics and Informatics and tagged Consumerism, Consumption, Costumes, festival, Halloween, management, marketing, sustainability on October 28, 2021 by Isobel.
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For sale open box new rockford fosgate power bd1500.1 amplifier, comes complete with box and accessories, nothing missing, also pictures taken of matching serial numbers on amplifier, birth sheet and box. Feel free to ask questions. Check my other auctions for more RF gear , i will be listing more new and used old school items. The item "NEW OLD SCHOOL ROCKFORD FOSGATE POWER BD1500.1 AMPLIFIER AMP" is in sale since Monday, April 15, 2019. This item is in the category "Consumer Electronics\Vehicle Electronics & GPS\Car Audio\Car Amplifiers". The seller is "msp003″ and is located in San Bernardino, California. This item can be shipped to United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Denmark, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Czech republic, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Estonia, Australia, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Slovenia, Japan, Sweden, South Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan, Belgium, France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Bahamas, Israel, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Saudi arabia, Ukraine, United arab emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Croatia, Malaysia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa rica, Panama, Trinidad and tobago, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Barbados, Bermuda, Brunei darussalam, Bolivia, Ecuador, Egypt, French guiana, Guadeloupe, Iceland, Jordan, Cambodia, Cayman islands, Sri lanka, Luxembourg, Macao, Martinique, Maldives, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Reunion, Viet nam, Uruguay.
ROCKFORD FOSGATE PUNCH 40×2 TRANS ANA AMPLIFIER. PRODUCES A TON OF CLEAN CLASS A/B POWER! EXTREMELY UNDER RATED AMPLIFIER! HIGHLY UNDER RATED POWER SPECS (12.6 VOLTS). The item "ROCKFORD FOSGATE PUNCH 40×2 TRANS ANA RARE 2 CHANNEL OLD SCHOOL SQ AMPLIFIER" is in sale since Wednesday, March 27, 2019. This item is in the category "Consumer Electronics\Vehicle Electronics & GPS\Car Audio\Car Amplifiers". The seller is "the_audiophile_connection" and is located in Lakewood, New York. This item can be shipped to United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Denmark, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Czech republic, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Estonia, Australia, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Slovenia, Japan, Sweden, South Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan, Belgium, France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Bahamas, Israel, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Saudi arabia, Ukraine, United arab emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Croatia, Malaysia, Antigua and barbuda, Aruba, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Saint kitts and nevis, Saint lucia, Montserrat, Turks and caicos islands, Barbados, Bermuda, Brunei darussalam, Bolivia, Egypt, French guiana, Guadeloupe, Iceland, Jordan, Cambodia, Cayman islands, Sri lanka, Luxembourg, Macao, Martinique, Maldives, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Reunion, Uruguay.
1973 Fosgate PR-7000 Powerpunch. If your looking at this you most likely know what it is, the birth of car audio, no the Power 1000C is not included, just the smaller one. In nice shape for being 46 years old. Original sticker on the top. It has not been tested since there is a different way to power these on and Im not going to risk frying it if it does still work. I have 2 of these and just dont need this one. Any questions please feel free to ask, thanks! The item "Fosgate PR-7000 PowerPunch Amp First Production Fosgate Rockford 1973 Old School" is in sale since Tuesday, April 16, 2019. This item is in the category "Consumer Electronics\Vehicle Electronics & GPS\Car Audio\Car Amplifiers". The seller is "ests" and is located in Syracuse, New York. This item can be shipped to United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Denmark, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Czech republic, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Estonia, Australia, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Slovenia, Japan, Sweden, South Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan, Belgium, France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Bahamas, Israel, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Saudi arabia, Ukraine, United arab emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Croatia, Malaysia, Antigua and barbuda, Aruba, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Saint kitts and nevis, Saint lucia, Montserrat, Turks and caicos islands, Barbados, Bermuda, Brunei darussalam, Bolivia, Egypt, French guiana, Guadeloupe, Iceland, Jordan, Cambodia, Cayman islands, Sri lanka, Luxembourg, Macao, Martinique, Maldives, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Reunion, Uruguay.
THIS IS A RARE OLD SCHOOL ROCKFORD FOSGATE POWER 800a2 AMP. THIS IS ONE OF ROCKFORD'S BEST AND HAVE AWSOME POWER AND SOUND QUALITY. THIS IS THE BETTER MADE POWER SERIES NOT THE REGULAR PUNCH. ALSO HAS THE OPTION FOR THE REMOTE BASS KNOB. (NOT INCLUDED WITH AMP) IT'S A ONE OWNER IN GREAT CONDITION. MINOR MARKS AND WEAR (THAT I TOUCHED UP) ALSO MISSING SMALL BADGE ON FRONT. PLEASE LOOK AT ALL PICS. DON'T MISS OUT ON THIS USA BUILT MONSTER. GREAT TO POUND A SET OF SUBWOOFERS. OR MAKE YOUR HIGH END SPEAKERS SCREAM. ALSO HAVE MANY RF AMPS IN THIS AND OTHER STYLES (new and used), RF RECEIVERS, FANATIC SPEAKERS, DIFFERENT RF SUBS, GAMMA RCA + SPEAKER WIRE LISTED. WILL BE SENT UPS/INSURED. DON'T MISS OUT!!!!! The item "OLD SCHOOL ROCKFORD FOSGATE POWER 800a2 AMP + ENDCAPS! RARE 2-CHANNEL BEAST" is in sale since Monday, April 8, 2019. This item is in the category "Consumer Electronics\Vehicle Electronics & GPS\Car Audio\Car Amplifiers". The seller is "michaelv72771″ and is located in Cherry Hill, New Jersey. This item can be shipped to United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Denmark, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Czech republic, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Estonia, Australia, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Slovenia, Japan, Sweden, South Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan, Belgium, France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Bahamas, Israel, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Saudi arabia, Ukraine, United arab emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Croatia, Malaysia, Antigua and barbuda, Aruba, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Saint kitts and nevis, Saint lucia, Montserrat, Turks and caicos islands, Barbados, Bermuda, Brunei darussalam, Bolivia, Egypt, French guiana, Guadeloupe, Iceland, Jordan, Cambodia, Cayman islands, Sri lanka, Luxembourg, Macao, Martinique, Maldives, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Reunion, Uruguay.
ROCKFORD FOSGATE PUNCH 400a4 OLD SCHOOL 4 CHANNEL SOUND QUALITY AMPLIFIER. Both end caps are included. The item "RARE! ROCKFORD FOSGATE PUNCH 400a4 OLD SCHOOL 4 CHANNEL AMPLIFIER" is in sale since Thursday, April 11, 2019. This item is in the category "Consumer Electronics\Vehicle Electronics & GPS\Car Audio\Car Amplifiers". The seller is "cash.4._1″ and is located in Saint Paul, Minnesota. This item can be shipped to United States.
ROCKFORD FOSGATE Punch 700s RARE POWERHOUSE 2 CHANNEL OLD SCHOOL AMPLIFIER! . The item "ROCKFORD FOSGATE Punch 700s RARE POWERHOUSE 2 CHANNEL OLD SCHOOL AMPLIFIER" is in sale since Wednesday, April 10, 2019. This item is in the category "Consumer Electronics\Vehicle Electronics & GPS\Car Audio\Car Amplifiers". The seller is "chitonewyork" and is located in Coram, New York. This item can be shipped to United States.
Feel free to ask questions. The item "OLD SCHOOL ROCKFORD FOSGATE PUNCH 400.4 4CH AMPLIFIER AMP" is in sale since Friday, April 12, 2019. This item is in the category "Consumer Electronics\Vehicle Electronics & GPS\Car Audio\Car Amplifiers". The seller is "msp003″ and is located in San Bernardino, California. This item can be shipped to United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Denmark, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Czech republic, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Estonia, Australia, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Slovenia, Japan, Sweden, South Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan, Belgium, France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Bahamas, Israel, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Saudi arabia, Ukraine, United arab emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Croatia, Malaysia, Antigua and barbuda, Aruba, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Saint kitts and nevis, Saint lucia, Montserrat, Turks and caicos islands, Barbados, Bermuda, Brunei darussalam, Bolivia, Egypt, French guiana, Guadeloupe, Iceland, Jordan, Cambodia, Cayman islands, Sri lanka, Luxembourg, Macao, Martinique, Maldives, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Reunion, Uruguay.
FOR SALE OLD SCHOOL ROCKFORD FOSGATE PUNCH 40X2 TRANS ANA AMPLIFIER IN GOOD LOOKING AND PERFECT WORKING CONDITION. COMES WITH END CAPS. AMP HAS BEEN RECORDED TO PREVENT SCAMMERS AND BOARD CHANGE. FEEL FREE TO ASK QUESTIONS. The item "OLD SCHOOL ROCKFORD FOSGATE PUNCH 40X2 TRANS ANA AMPLIFIER AMP" is in sale since Tuesday, April 9, 2019. This item is in the category "Consumer Electronics\Vehicle Electronics & GPS\Car Audio\Car Amplifiers". The seller is "msp003″ and is located in San Bernardino, California. This item can be shipped to United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Denmark, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Czech republic, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Estonia, Australia, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Slovenia, Japan, Sweden, South Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan, Belgium, France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Bahamas, Israel, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Saudi arabia, Ukraine, United arab emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Croatia, Malaysia, Antigua and barbuda, Aruba, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Saint kitts and nevis, Saint lucia, Montserrat, Turks and caicos islands, Barbados, Bermuda, Brunei darussalam, Bolivia, Egypt, French guiana, Guadeloupe, Iceland, Jordan, Cambodia, Cayman islands, Sri lanka, Luxembourg, Macao, Martinique, Maldives, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Reunion, Uruguay.
Rockford fosgate old school Punch 60×2. This is a 60 x2 in great shape. It has had a few if the ribs touched up with paint but I did not notice this until I was taking photos of it for this ad. There is one flaw in the touch up and you can see it in the one picture. The end caps have the original Allen head bolts. These bolts have a bit of rust on them, but it is not that noticeable. The end caps are in good shape but have been touched up as you can see in the photos. The set screws are missing in the picture but I took some from another amp in order to bench test it today. The X-card is included. I bench tested it today in tri-mode and in stereo. The item "Rockford fosgate Punch 60×2 old school Amp Amplifier No Reserve" is in sale since Sunday, April 14, 2019. This item is in the category "Consumer Electronics\Vehicle Electronics & GPS\Car Audio\Car Amplifiers". The seller is "andredowne9″ and is located in Saint Augustine, Florida. This item can be shipped to United States.
4 years ago it was in use and work perfectly.. Been sitting in the closet for the last 3 years! The item "Old School Rockford Fosgate Power 750 4-Channel Car Amp" is in sale since Sunday, March 31, 2019. This item is in the category "Consumer Electronics\Vehicle Electronics & GPS\Car Audio\Car Amplifiers". The seller is "biggie718″ and is located in Brooklyn, New York. This item can be shipped to United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Denmark, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Czech republic, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Estonia, Australia, Greece, Portugal, Cyprus, Slovenia, Japan, Sweden, South Korea, Indonesia, Taiwan, Belgium, France, Hong Kong, Ireland, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Bahamas, Israel, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Switzerland, Norway, Saudi arabia, Ukraine, United arab emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Croatia, Malaysia, Antigua and barbuda, Aruba, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Saint kitts and nevis, Saint lucia, Montserrat, Turks and caicos islands, Barbados, Bermuda, Brunei darussalam, Bolivia, Egypt, French guiana, Guadeloupe, Iceland, Jordan, Cambodia, Cayman islands, Sri lanka, Luxembourg, Macao, Martinique, Maldives, Nicaragua, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Reunion, Uruguay.