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What Authors Like You Need To Know About The Use (And Misuse) Of Synecdoche
Leave a Comment / Writing / By Robert Wood
The term 'synecdoche' is unwieldy, even unfriendly, but it describes a useful literary device that you're probably already using at various levels of your writing, from the concepts behind your story to the way you phrase certain sentences.
Good synecdoche has a lot of uses, but when it turns bad, it has a uniquely goofy way of screwing up your writing. That's why, in today's article, we'll be looking at what synecdoche is, how it works, and how you can improve the good and avoid the bad.
What is synecdoche?
Synecdoche is a figure of speech where a part of something is used to represent the whole. For example, a person might say, 'Check out my new wheels,' using a car's wheels as a figure of speech that represents the whole vehicle. Similarly, if you get a few 'hired hands' to help you with a task, you're describing 'workers' via a specific part of their anatomy, just as calling a businessperson a 'suit' is describing them via an article of clothing.
Likewise, if you charge to a credit card by asking someone to 'put it on the plastic,' you're using synecdoche to describe an item in reference to the material of which it's made, and if you order someone to 'get your butt out of here,' their posterior isn't your sole concern – it's synecdoche for their entire presence.
When writers employ synecdoche, they use a part to symbolically represent the whole; for example, if a general decides that a situation calls for 'boots on the ground,' they're not actually asking everyone to go barefoot.Click To Tweet
Synecdoche has a lot of uses, both in terms of emphasizing and altering meaning. 'Hired hands' implies manual work in a way that 'hired workers' might not, while 'get your butt out of here' reduces a person to their backside, making it even more deliberately dismissive.
Less commonly, synecdoche can describe the reverse process – using a larger component to describe a part. For example, if Brazil win the World Cup, it's not as if the whole nation actually played, and when we say that humans invented fire, we don't mean that every member of the species was sitting around experimenting with flint.
Synecdoche has an odd relationship with another technique called 'metonymy.' With metonymy, a word or phrase is replaced with a related concept. For example, if someone says they 'like your ride,' again referring to a car, the ride isn't a component part of the car, so this isn't technically synecdoche. Likewise, if you offer to 'give someone a hand,' it may not actually involve your hands at all – the term used is metaphorical rather than a literal component.
As may already be apparent, the lines between synecdoche and metonymy are often blurred, and some argue that synecdoche is just a specific type of metonymy. If you're a grammar nerd, feel free to dig deeper, but all you need to know is that synecdoche usually refers to describing something using one of its component parts.
It's worth making this distinction, because while literal word-for-word synecdoche is a useful writing device, it's a technique that can also have deeper value to your writing.
Conceptual synecdoche
In terms of phrasing, synecdoche has many uses, and we'll revisit some of them in a moment, but it's worth establishing the ways in which synecdoche digs deeper than mere wordplay. Synecdoche isn't just saying a part when you mean the whole, it's depicting a part as a way of discussing the whole.
If, for example, you wrote a story about deforestation but focused on one tree, you'd be using synecdoche, and this would open up options for more emotive writing. The same is true of characters who are used to represent larger groups; you get a deep emotional connection to an individual and the profundity of a larger statement.
Books like The Boy in the Striped Pajamas, while depicting fully fleshed-out characters, also describe vast historical moments, and the loss of an individual can personalize far bigger, less emotionally comprehensible events.
If it's starting to sound like all writing involves a little synecdoche – specific events speaking to larger experiences, individual characters demonstrating wider human truths – then perhaps that's the case. In her MasterClass lecture series (which we'll be reviewing here soon,) author Joyce Carol Oates asserts that synecdoche is at the core of artistic expression.
All art is based on this principle of synecdoche. In other words, you're choosing and selecting. I once wrote a novel about Marilyn Monroe, and Marilyn Monroe had a number of miscarriages, and she was in these two orphanages and a number of foster homes, so when I wrote about her, I only wrote about one miscarriage, I wrote about one foster home and one orphanage, because if you're writing about six foster homes, or six miscarriages, you can't really make that powerful. So this art of synecdoche, or choosing and selecting, one stands for the whole, that is the principle of all art.
– Joyce Carol Oates, 'Lesson 2: Principles of Writing Short Fiction', MasterClass
Oates has a point, and not just in relation to fictionalizing real events – even wholly fictional elements tend to stand for more than their literal selves. Indeed, this can happen by accident if you're not careful. If, for example, your story includes just two people from a given group and they're both awful people, it's easy for readers to assume you intend them as synecdoche for that group as a whole. If humans are good at one thing, it's spotting patterns, and imprecise synecdoche can often leave you making more of a statement (or just revealing more of your assumptions) than you intend.
There's also a risk of simplifying complex events in ways that actually betray reality. For example, many people with addiction issues relapse multiple times when in recovery, but this type of gradual, halting progress can be less satisfying in fiction, so authors tend to use the synecdoche of total recovery or singular relapse, painting a picture that's less realistic and can even influence real-world attitudes. In short, if you're employing synecdoche, it's worth really thinking about what wholes your parts are describing.
Boiling a story down to its best form often involves synecdoche – allowing single events to take on greater importance than they would otherwise possess.Click To Tweet
The good news is that this type of synecdoche can be an incredible tool when used wisely. Synecdoche helps personalize larger concepts and render big ideas more manageable for the reader. Books like World War Z, Chuck Palahniuk's Rant, or even The War of the Worlds– stories that bring together the disparate accounts of individual characters – can create a sense of a larger, more complex story than books that actually try to depict the whole of the event. As characters scrabble to survive the Martian invasion of The War of the Worlds, the reader is given the impression of all of humanity going through the same experience; they're asked to reflect on what they'd do in the same circumstances, and this is so much more compelling than bigger-picture accounts of the same events.
Ask how you can use synecdoche in both your individual scenes and your plot to emphasize the elements of your story that would benefit from this kind of symbolic representation.
Good and bad synecdoche
Conceptual synecdoche is useful on the large scale, but synecdoche is also relevant on a word-by-word basis. As with larger concepts, summarizing a whole through its parts can make for a more compelling way to express an idea. In the following extract, a character's physical presence is expressed through the synecdoche of his facial hair. It's a unique turn of phrase that takes a generalized experience and makes it both more specific and more visceral.
At midnight I went on deck, and to my mate's great surprise put the ship round on the other tack. His terrible whiskers flitted round me in silent criticism.
– Joseph Conrad, The Secret Sharer
Synecdoche is used to similar effect in this second extract, with a component part – a wave – representing a much large whole – the area of ocean. Not only is the visual clearer and more emotive, but it communicates some of the character's unique perspective as someone who lives on the water, as well as their personal sense of place.
The western wave was all aflame.
The day was well was nigh done!
Almost upon the western wave
Rested the broad bright Sun
– Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'
In the right hands, synecdoche can even be used to make something feel larger than life. In the following extract, Toni Morrison breaks down the parts of a body, with each part used to comment on the far larger whole of the human experience.
This is flesh I'm talking about here. Flesh that needs to be loved. Feet that need to rest and to dance; backs that need support; shoulders that need arms, strong arms I'm telling you.
– Toni Morrison, Beloved
Despite breaking the body down into parts, Morrison is actually making a person seem larger than life. To see this in action, consider the same sentiment expressed using the whole:
I need to be loved. Sometimes I need to rest, and sometimes I need excitement. I need support; I need to be held!
Of course, you could reword this to be a little more compelling, but only in Morrison's version do you get the sense of the vastness of the human experience, and she does this by using the synecdoche of the body's component parts.
Good synecdoche takes something normal and imbues it with symbolic meaning, allowing you to address big ideas in a personal, compelling, comprehensible way.Click To Tweet
So, that's good synecdoche, and emulating it will help your writing – by finding a more exciting way to communicate an idea, by subtly replicating character outlook, by expanding an idea to better explore its intricacies – but bad synecdoche also exists.
Bad synecdoche tends to occur when used without a compelling reason. Here, authors want a different way to say something, but the method they choose doesn't add anything. In such cases, what's left is unusual terminology that complicates an idea without any visible justification. For example, if a character says, 'My feet walked down the dark alley,' they just sound bizarre. Without any added sense of meaning or impact, the reader is left considering why the character seems to consider themselves separate from their own feet.
One of the main reasons this happens is mere clumsy description – it's common for authors to write 'my shoulders shrugged' rather than just 'I shrugged' – but this is the type of clumsiness that, once written, your brain will glide over. You'll never quite notice how oddly such turns of phrase read, but your readers will. It's something you'll have to deliberately search out in your writing, because it's perfectly suited to slip past your notice otherwise.
A further complication is that synecdoche is already common in how we discuss our bodies. When we're disappointed, our hearts fall, and when we're angry, our fingers itch. Because of this, the boundary between what falls flat and what works can blur and even shift depending on the project. For example, is the sentence, 'My eyes searched the page, looking for a clue,' a normal piece of writing or a strange use of synecdoche? Presented alone, it's easy to see why it would read strangely – why is the character disassociating from their own eyes? – but nestled in a larger paragraph, it's the kind of line that will tear one out of ten readers out of their investment in the story and make them feel silly for being sucked in by such flawed writing.
The same is possible with more symbolic synecdoche – if you use a single entity to represent a group, or a moment to represent an age, there's a possibility that the attention you're lavishing on such a specific point will read strangely if the reader isn't engaged by the symbolic intent. When the reader doesn't take your intended symbolic meaning, they encounter the moment of synecdoche as a bizarre aside that distracts them from the main story and makes them doubt your abilities and intent. What was with that random character who was really important for two minutes and then vanished forever?
It's hard to represent this with a literary extract, since it's the sense of unnecessarily wasted time that makes this so unfortunate and we only have so much space, so let's turn to a cinematic example. In superhero movie The Avengers, actress Ashley Johnson plays 'Waitress.' Johnson appears in a few scenes as one victim of a citywide alien assault and is briefly interviewed on the news at the movie's conclusion. The clear intent is that she works as synecdoche for the citizenry of New York – a person who feels real but whose experiences speak to the wider risk and fear going on off-camera, clarifying the human stakes of a fantastical conflict.
The problem is that Johnson appears at just the wrong frequency – too often to work as a symbolic presence, too rarely to constitute a true character. Instead, the audience feels cued to expect more – she attracts attention, so she must be going to do something – and then confused when she doesn't deliver.
So, what went wrong? Well, in this case, the answer is simple: a scene fleshing out Johnson's character was cut from the cinematic release. With this scene, she's just individual enough for the synecdoche to succeed – the viewer is cued to understand why we keep seeing her experience of the conflict – but without it, she's a distracting presence who seems to be pointing to something that never fully materializes.
Bad synecdoche is distracting – when it falls flat, you're left drawing the reader's attention to parts of your story that just don't belong.Click To Tweet
The best way to avoid this effect is to run your writing past alpha or beta readers and to be willing to kill your darlings. When synecdoche outgrows its proper place, it tends to do so because a writer enjoyed writing a diversion a little too much, treating it as an opportunity to indulge in some purple prose. Of course, sometimes it makes sense to go the other way; if an aspect of your story outgrows its intended use as synecdoche, maybe it deserves to graduate to something more.
The parts and the whole
Used correctly, synecdoche runs the gamut from a mildly useful turn of phrase to a core aspect of artistic expression. Sure, sometimes it outgrows its purpose and you need a keen eye to prune it back, but understanding what synecdoche does for your writing is the best first step to gaining this skill.
What are your favorite instances of synecdoche in your and others' writing? Let me know in the comments, and check out Why More Authors Should Harness The Power Of Conceit and Oxymoron, Tautology, Or Malapropism? What You Need To Know for more great advice on similar writing devices.


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Наре () — озеро в Польщі на території Вармінсько-Мазурського воєводства. Озеро за походженням Льодовикове. Площа водного дзеркала становить 12,6 км ². Максимальна глибина становить 45 м. Довжина озера становить 10 км, а ширина коливається від 0,15 до 3 км. Близько до озера можна спостерігати багатьох птахів. В озері водиться така риба: щука, судак, лин, окунь, плотва, минь, лящ і вугор. В озері розташовані 19 островів.

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 Jezioro-com-pl - Narie

Озера Польщі

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for skin growth to catch up theres no reason that fat could not be securitized: personal loans could be collateralized by body weight (eg someone 10kg underweight could pledge 30kg. Our nomads will be able to easily melt and weld tough metals like iron. The ability to disregard or even inhibit formation of memory, by preventing associative learning of observed stimuli, is an automatic response and is thought to prevent information overload. Thats where attorneys and insurance companies come. One has to use up more shampoo conditioner cleaning the full mass, rendering showers a complicated affair; the weight of long hair is a literal burden; brushing the hair may take a long time; one has to keep an eye out to avoid getting the. "Even geeks want to find God somewhere, and Kurzweil provides it for them."CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) via Myers,. he bought 10-wire cable with IDC clips, shrink tubing, pager motors, and was able to get the North Paw working again - it was only a wire/motor problem and the circuit box/battery were still working.
I remain the official Senior Maverick for Wired, a magazine I helped co-found 25 years ago. I do one article for Wired per year. My most recent published writings are listed here, in chronological order. My newest book, The Inevitable, a New York Times bestseller, is now available in paperback. Man Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, 1890 November 18, 1976) was an American visual artist who spent most of his career in Paris.
You should backup a copy of the luks header (by running a command like sudo cryptsetup luksHeaderBackup /dev/sda5 -header-backup-file ypt) to avoid the header becoming corrupted all data destroyed. Which of the two is a better world, I leave to the unknowable unfolding of the future. Kurzweil's reasoning rests on the Law of Accelerating Returns and its siblings, but these are not physical laws. I saw this particularly in the reception to Peter Singer s book The Life You Can Save - that Singer to some extent lives up to his proposed standards seems to make the ideas even more intolerable for these people. Pilots, cabin crew, and astronauts are at more risk of higher doses because of the increased exposure to cosmic rays at altitude. If we were to hypothetically vary Lius story, we would want to replace the main character with an equivalent character whose non-Anglophone nationality was involved in wwii, resulted in many refugees and women from that country returning as wives to America, who might know. But I had to wait until early June due to interference like my sister visiting and trying to piggyback a harvesting expedition on my jury duty (which was fantastically ill-timed in overlapping with both catching cicadas and driving my sister from to BWI).


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August sees Graves spending a good deal of time with his children. All four visit the house at Ewhurst, and three of them - David, Sam and Catherine - stay for several days, camping in the back field. Graves practises archery with the boys, takes long walks with Catherine, and talks with David about his education plans. While he is clearly exasperated by Jenny's poor money-management skills, Graves helps her work out an "anti-debt plan" and agrees to make her a yearly allowance of £50. Throughout the month, the diary reflects what is clearly Graves' delight in his deepening relationship with his children.
The weather is hot, and afternoons are spent in the garden with family and friends. The lazy calm of summer is only slightly marred by news of conflict abroad. The first few weeks of August are quiet in Spain, but Graves writes briefly of the war in China and of the bombardment of Shanghai.
Work on Belisarius continues throughout the month. Graves also begins drafting the poem " Red Dog ." While Riding finishes Part I of the " Letter Book " ( The World and Ourselves ), Graves reads and comments on the introduction. When Graves complains of eye strain, Alan Hodge makes him a gift of a magnifying glass.
Riding finishes the preface to her poetry collection, which is now ready for publication. Harry Kemp, Graves and Riding write a letter to the Daily Telegraph on Mussolini and Augustus. Towards the end of the month, Graves and Riding begin collaborating on The Smuggler (a screenplay commissioned by Korda). The month is busy enough that Random House's demand that Graves return the $1000 advance for the Claudius film version warrants only passing commentary in the diary.
Riding's kitten, Solace (previously "Celia"), has become a household mascot. With some pride, Graves notes her first hunting success. When she disappears for a night, Graves and Riding spend much of the next day looking for her, even offering a reward for her return. To everyone's relief, she is found late that night, hungry and confused, but safe.
Graves continues to practise archery, and the rabbits are duly afraid; the poet writes that he must now stalk them in neighbouring fields. Alice Mace (the maid) proves unreliable, and Riding and Graves engage another maid, Marie. August includes a visit from John Aldridge and and Lucie Brown, and a family outing to the McCormacks' house. They give Graves another bow (this one from New Zealand) and Riding a necklace that had once belonged to Violet's mother. Later, a trip to Chichester with Norman Cameron and David, Sam and Catherine turns into a day at the beach at Bognor, with Alix and Harry joining the group. Writes Graves: "Health, good looks, backless bathing dresses, remarkably garage accents."
But the month ends on a sad note, as Alix receives word that her father is dying. She leaves for Germany to be with him.


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/ Portrait - NPG x182077; Sir Edward Michael Conolly Abel Smith
Sir Edward Michael Conolly Abel Smith
2 of 10 portraits of Sir Edward Michael Conolly Abel Smith
by Elliott & Fry
bromide print, 1950
6 1/2 in. x 4 5/8 in. (164 mm x 119 mm) image size
Given by Bassano & Vandyk Studios, 1974
Photographs Collection
NPG x182077
Sir Edward Michael Conolly Abel Smith (1899-1985), Vice-Admiral. Sitter in 10 portraits.
Elliott & Fry (active 1863-1962), Photographers. Artist associated with 10997 portraits.
Princess Anne is born at Clarence house, the only daughter of Princess Elizabeth and Prince Philip.
C.S. Lewis publishes The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, the first book in the Chronicles of Narnia series. Lewis was an Oxford Don, specialising in Medieval Literature and its use of allegory. The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe is often seen as an allegory of the Christian struggle between good and evil.
Following the Soviet and American withdrawal from the occupation of North and South Korea respectively, the Korean War breaks out as each side seeks to unify Korea under its own political system. While the U.S.A., U.K and other UN nations came to the defence of South Korea, North Korea had support from the Soviet Union and China. The war continued until 1953.
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Paraclius pendleburyi är en tvåvingeart som beskrevs av Octave Parent 1935. Paraclius pendleburyi ingår i släktet Paraclius och familjen styltflugor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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Details of all our public events and scheduled trips can be found on our Facebook page, click here.
Private Trips can also be arranged for private groups of 12+ participants, on dates to suit your needs. Group discounts of up to 20% may apply - please contact us to discuss your needs.
Canoe through 'The Backs' in Cambridge, to the Olympic Park in London or along Suffolks Stour - explore some of the most iconic of English landscapes.
Scheduled Trip Dates can be found on our Facebook Events Page. Alternatively each of these 1, 2 and 3 night canoe camping trips is available for private groups from 2 to 30 participants.
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Explore the unique salt marshes and mudflats of the North Essex coast with us on a sea kayaking adventure. From Arthur Ransomes Backwaters to .
Scheduled Trip Dates can be found on our Facebook Events Page. Expect a full days experience with 4 - 6 hours on the water depending on location and tides.
Paddles are escorted but are not instructional sessions - paddlers should have prior experience and be able to paddle themselves.
Estuary Explorer - Ride the incoming tide as explore the creeks and secret beaches of the Colne Estuary paddling from Brightlingsea to Colchester Castle Park.
Walton Backwaters Safari - Explore the wildlife mecca, home to a wonderful seal colony, and one-time playground for Arthur Ransome (Swallows and Amazons).
Scheduled Trip Dates can be found on our Facebook Events Page. Alternatively each of these 1 day trips is available for private groups from 2 to .


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CONCACAF Notebook: CONCACAF League Preview
New CONCACAF tournament debuts this week.
By El Chico Carmona@ElChicoCarmona Aug 2, 2017, 9:30am CDT
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The brand new CONCACAF Champions league format kicks off this week, as the first (fall tournament) of two tournaments gets underway. The Scotiabank CONCACAF League, as the fall tournament is called, will pit the best non-champions from around Central America and the Caribbean, against each other. The winner of CONCACAF League will advance to the spring tournament (CONCACAF Champions League) in 2018, and could be a potential first round opponent for FC Dallas, depending on the draw.
All games will be streamed live on YouTube & concacafleague.com
All times are Central Standard Time.
Chorrillo FC (PAN) v CD Honduras Progreso (HON) 7pm: One of the best matchups in the 1st round, as both teams have Scotiabank CCL experience. Honduras Progresso is a defensive oriented team and is one of the favorites to reach the final, but they are in preseason form. Chorillo is more than capable of getting the win, as they are in excellent form, with three straight wins to start Panamanian League play, but it's hard to envision Chorillo breaking through Progresso's defense.
Editor's note: Chorrillo won 1-0
Santos de Guapiles FC (CRC) v San Juan Jabloteh (TRI) 9pm: One of the bigger mismatches in the tournament, as Santos is a top 4 team from the tough Costa Rica League, while Jabloteh is a top 4 finisher from the weak Caribbean tournament.
Editor's Note: Santos won 6-2
CD Aguila (SLV) v Real Esteli FC (NCA) 7pm: Nicaraguan kingpins Real Esteli are CCL regulars, and are slight favorites over San Salvadorian power CD Aguila, due mainly to their vast international experience.
Portmore United FC (JAM) v CD Plaza Amador (PAN) 7pm: Plaza Amador is the favorite here, as they are in fine form, winning 3 games to start their season, and are a defensive oriented team. Portmore United were the top team in Jamaica, and are capable of advancing, but they are offensively challenged, lacking a difference making scorer.
Platense FC (HON) v Alianza FC (SLV) 9pm: Alianza gave NY Redbulls all they could handle in last years CCL, and should be the favorites here. Platense had a a terrible second half of the season, and it's hard to envision them being a much better team at this time.
CD Olimpia (HON) v LD Alajuelense (CRC) 9pm: The best matchup of the 1st round, pits two of the best Central American teams against each other. Both teams have defeated Liga MX and MLS teams in the past. The winner of this series, will be considered the tournament favorite.
Central FC (TRI) v Deportivo Arabe Unido (PAN) 7pm: Arabe Unido are still mostly the same team that lost to FCD in last year's CCL, and will be a big favorite in this match against a team that lost Kenwyne Jones from last years CCL squad and has struggled since. Arabe Unido is one of the favorites to reach the final.
CD Walter Ferretti (NCA) v Belmopan Bandits (BLZ) 9pm: This is a battle of minnows, as both teams have fared poorly in past CCLs. This provides both with a rare chance to advance in an international competition, and as a result, may be the most entertaining 1st round matchup.
2nd Leg
Real Esteli FC (NCA) v CD Aguila (SLV) 7pm
San Juan Jabloteh (TRI) v Santos de Guapiles FC (CRC) 9pm
Alianza FC (SLV) v Platense FC (HON) 9pm
CD Plaza Amador (PAN) v Portmore United FC (JAM) 7pm
CD Honduras Progreso (HON) v Chorrillo FC (PAN) 9pm
Deportivo Arabe Unido (PAN) v Central FC (TRI) 7pm
Belmopan Bandits (BLZ) v CD Walter Ferretti (NCA) 9pm
LD Alajuelense (CRC) v CD Olimpia (HON) 9pm
Players to Watch:
Carlos "El Mango" Sanchez, Left Back, Honduras Progresso - The team captain was a starter for the Honduras National team that played in the Gold Cup, and is rumored to be a transfer target of FC Dallas for next season.
Alexander Lopez, Attacking Midfielder, Olimpia - Alex played for the Houston Dynamo from 2013 to 2015, and spent last season in Saudi Arabia. He's a difference maker for Olimpia, pulling the strings on offense.
Jonathan "Big Mac" McDonald, Forward, Alajualense - A member of the Costa Rica National team, Big Mac had 14 goals last season, and will be counted on to lead the Alajuelenses assault in this tournament.
Eric Small, Forward, Arabe Unido - Small scored 23 goals for Arabe Unido last season, and could be a complete terror to opponents in this tournament.


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Norwich City keeper Angus Gunn helps England U21s to draw in the Netherlands
Published: 7:20 PM September 1, 2017 Updated: 11:02 PM October 10, 2020
Angus Gunn started for the England U21s earlier today. Picture by Paul Chesterton/Focus Images Ltd - Credit: Paul Chesterton/Focus Images Ltd
Norwich City goalkeeper Angus Gunn helped England get off to a solid start to their 2019 European Under-21 Championship qualification campaign.
The Norwich-born keeper started as the Young Lions drew 1-1 away from home against the Netherlands this afternoon, in their first match of Group Four.
The Manchester City loanee played the full match, with Everton's Dominic Calvert-Lewin putting the visitors ahead in the 20th minute before PSV Eindhoven midfielder Bart Ramselaar equalised 12 minutes later.
Aidy Boothroyd's side continue their qualification campaign on Monday when they take on Latvia in Bournemouth (7.45pm).
Gunn is spending the season on loan with his boyhood club and has so far made seven appearances. The son of Canaries legend Bryan Gunn won his seventh U21 cap for England but remains eligible to play for Scotland at senior level.
Norwich youngster Glenn Middleton started his second match in two days for the Scotland U19s – scoring his first goal at that level.
The Scots had lost 3-1 to hosts Serbia on the first day of an international friendly on Thursday and followed that up with a 3-3 draw with Ukraine today, Middleton scoring the opening goal. A final match of that tournament is set to follow on Monday.
More City players are set to be on international duty over the weekend, as World Cup qualification continues at senior level.
Wes Hoolahan is in Georgia tomorrow (5pm) with Republic of Ireland, in Group D, ahead of a tough home encounter with Serbia on Tuesday (7.45pm).
Marley Watkins is hoping to win his first Wales cap when Wales host Austria tomorrow evening, also in Group D, before Chris Coleman's team travel to Moldova on Tuesday (both 7.45pm).
Nelson Oliveira was on target as Portugal won 5-1 at home against the Faroe Islands in Group B on Thursday and will hope to feature again in Hungary on Monday (7.45pm)
Academy striker Brandon Oddy is also with Wales U19s for friendly games against Iceland in Rhyl tomorrow (3pm) and Monday (5pm).


An excellent way to know a place is to discover its literature. La Rue Cases Nègres by Joseph Zobel is a classic novel from the French West Indies.
The semi-autobiographical novel recounts the early life of a young boy named Joseph Hassam in Martinique. José—as he is called—lives with his grandmother, M'man Tine, on a sugar cane plantation in the 1930s during a time when Blacks were free, but kept extremely poor working in the fields for Whites (called Békés). The title of the book—Black Shack Alley—comes from the row of "houses" where all the black laborers live. The beginning of the novel is mostly a description of José's world, as well as a narration of his adventures, as seen from the point of view of a child.
It was marvelous. The breathless attention with which I watched my line, the intense emotion that jolted my heart by the smallest movement of the buoy … Even more wonderful, the world of the shrimps as I imagined: hills, paths and trails, fields, shacks. All of it submerged in water. Here lived translucent shrimps, the papa-shrimps, the mamas, the children, who spoke in the language of water. When I got a large shrimp, it was perhaps a papa-shrimp, or a mama-shrimp returning from work. And I thought about the grief of the children, who cried inconsolably, and whose tears swelled the river perhaps. When it was a little shrimp, I imagined the desolation of the its parents … and I regretted even more those that got away, whom I feared would advise the others to stay away from the appetizing earth worm hiding my suspended hook.
The second half of the story tells of José's struggles in school and his new life in Fort-de-France.
It's a wonderful story, and the characters are incredibly memorable. José is precocious and the reader is quickly charmed by his intelligence and sincerity. M'man Tine is an impressive force and the reader, like José, treats her with equal parts affection and fear.
The book was adapted to film in 1983 by Euzhan Palcy. The film follows the overall plot of the book, but diverges in the details. Asked during an interview, whether or not he liked the film, Zobel answered, "I don't regret the adaptation that Miss Palcy made, it's something else from my book, it doesn't matter how the two were received by the audience…" (2). I believe the film captures the essence of Zobel's book. The principal actors, Garry Cadenat as José, and Darling Légitimus as M'man Tine, are marvelous.
An English translation of the book is available by Keith Q. Warner.
(1) a type of panic grass, may be used as forage, considered a weed among sugar cane plantings.