text:
Q: Assembler can't open file After assembling the MINI-44.asm, I tried to run MINI-44.com_. Then it showed "unable to open file". Then I copied all the files in MyBuild to MySource and vdrive\c for just in case. But either it's not locating any files or unable to open files. How do I fix this?
;#MAKE_EXE#
.model small
.code
FNAME equ 9EH
ORG 100H
START:
MOV AH,4EH;
MOV DX,OFFSET COM_FILE;
INT 21H;
SEARCH_LOOP:
JC DONE;
MOV AX,3D01H;
MOV DX,FNAME;
INT 21H;
XCHG AX,BX;
MOV AH,40H;
MOV CL,42H;
MOV DX,100H;
INT 21H;
MOV AH,3EH;
INT 21H;
MOV AH,4FH;
INT 21H;
JMP SEARCH_LOOP;
DONE:
RET;
;COM_FILE DB 'C:\EMU8086\vdrive\C\*.com_',0;
;COM_FILE DB 'C:\EMU8086\MyBuild\*.com_',0;
COM_FILE DB '\MySource\*.com',0;
;COM_FILE DB '\vdrive\C\*.com_',0;
;COM_FILE DB '\MySource\*.com_',0;
;COM_FILE DB 'C:\EMU8086\MySource\*.com_',0;
END START;

A: To compile to a .COM file all you need is:
.model tiny
ORG 100h

The DOS.SearchFirst function needs the CX parameter. In order to search for any normal files specify CX=0:
 mov ah, 4Eh
 xor cx, cx
 mov dx, offset COM_FILE
 int 21h
 jc  Done

Use this ASCIIZ filespec with wildcard:
COM_FILE db 'C:\EMU8086\MyBuild\*.com', 0

Since the default DTA (Disk Transfer Area) is at 80h, you're right to say: FNAME equ 9EH.
If DOS found any matching file, its ASCIIZ filename will be at address 9Eh.
If however the DTA address was changed (normally that's something you would have done yourself via function 1Ah) you need to use the other address. You can always retrieve the current DTA address via function 2Fh. Result will be in ES:BX.

I have installed emu8086 on C:\emu8086 and all the COM files I want to open is on C:\emu8086\MyBuild. Assembly files is in C:\emu8086\MySource. Now which one is the correct path?

If you still can't open the file it's probably because on the one hand you searched for it in a s p e c i f i c directory (C:\emu8086\MyBuild) but on the other hand you try to open it in the c u r r e n t directory (???).
The solution is to append the filename that DOS gave you to the same path that was used to ask for the file:
 mov si, FNAME
 mov di, FileName
More:
 lodsb
 stosb
 cmp al, 0      ;Copy includes the terminating zero
 jnz More
 mov dx, Path
 mov ax, 3D01h  ;Access write-only
 int 21h
 jc  OpenFileError
 mov bx, ax     ;Handle

With these data definitions:
COM_FILE db 'C:\EMU8086\MyBuild\*.com', 0
Path     db 'C:\EMU8086\MyBuild\'
FileName db '.............'

MOV AX,3D01H;
MOV DX,FNAME;
INT 21H;

If a file can't be opened, DOS returns the CF set. Do check this!

MOV AH,40H;
MOV CL,42H;
MOV DX,100H;
INT 21H;

.Writing can fail. Check the CF!
.The size parameter is CX not just CL.

DONE:
RET

Although this works here (.COM program with an intact stack) you should make it a habbit to use the correct program termination code:
mov ax, 4C00h
int 21h

A: In addition to the things already mentioned in Michael Petch's and Peter Cordes' comments:
You should not use a fixed address (9Eh) but a label for the file name.
If you modify the code, the address is no longer correct. Using a label will fix this.
And 9Eh cannot be the correct address because a .com file starts at address 100h, so all addresses inside the .com file must be at least 100h.
It is not sure what is located at address 9Eh (it is an address inside the address space reserved for the command line; however, this address is not used if the command line arguments are less than ~20 bytes long). However, obviously the data stored at 9Eh is not a file name!
So it is clear that you'll get a "file not found" error because the dx register contains 9Eh but there is no valid file name at address 9Eh.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


For days after the crash, Paul Li could not sleep, lying awake at night thinking of Calvin. His only son was a popular, outgoing football player at Wootton High School who had just graduated and was about to start at the University of Maryland in College Park.
Calvin died in a high-speed wreck when another teen — who had been drinking — crashed the car they were riding in after leaving a party. It also killed a second teenager, Alex Murk. Both were 18, on the brink of college, excited about where their lives were headed.
Li returned home and delivered a eulogy at his son's funeral.
Since that June, there has been a lot of time for Li to reflect on Calvin's growing up. He has thought about the expectations the teenager faced at home and in school, about the cultural gap between him and his immigrant parents, about his search for identity and a desire to fit in.
Calvin's parents were from China, moving to the United States in their 20s, strongly connected to their heritage. But Calvin wanted nothing more than to be a typical all-American kid. He played sports and listened to rap music. As he grew older, his father said, he distanced himself from Chinese culture.
In some ways, his experience is like those of many children of first-generation immigrants who straddle a cultural gap, confronting stereotypes and expectations about who they should be and to what they should aspire. Li said he regrets that he did not understand his son's difficulties and do more to support him. Now he wants to help other families, in his son's memory.
"If I knew what I know now, I would've been a much better parent," he said.
The Li family said little publicly in the weeks after the fatal crash in North Potomac, Md. They also could not bear to attend court hearings deciding the fate of the car's driver — Sam Ellis, a onetime star quarterback at Wootton — who pleaded guilty to two counts of vehicular manslaughter and was sentenced to four years in prison.
With a little distance, Li now wants to share his family's story, hoping that it might make a difference for others.
He's also trying to make a concrete difference: In March, Li, who works as an investment analyst, committed to donating $1.2 million over three years to endow a U-Md. fellowship that will focus on issues facing children of Asian American immigrants.
The fellowship will build on two decades of studies on family dynamics, adjustment and identity formation among immigrants and their children, said Janelle Wong, director of Asian American Studies at U-Md. Notably, she said, research findings will be presented at community workshops and lectures so that families can benefit.
"The real question at the heart of the fellowship is, 'What does it mean to be American and to become American?' " she said.
Li said he believes that the difficulties of Asian students often go unnoticed.
In Rockville, where the Li family has lived since 2003, Calvin attended Chinese school on weekends as a child, had a gift for language and could recite poetry in Mandarin. But as he grew older, he gravitated away from his parents' culture and traditions — not showing the same interest in eating at Chinese restaurants or traveling to China.
His father recalls him switching off the television news when there was a report about China and heading to his room.
At Wootton — where more than 35 percent of students are Asian, more than in any of Montgomery's other 24 high schools — Calvin's social circle included few Asian students.
His father said Calvin defied stereotypes that Asian American students should excel in math and science. He got good grades — and was admitted to U-Md., with plans to study international business — but academic achievement was not his passion.
His friends recall Calvin as loyal, upbeat and funny. They say he loved football, and his teammates admired him for how much heart he put into the sport. He was No. 7 on the Wootton team, a wide receiver.
Calvin's friends praised his father's efforts to raise awareness. Li also has created a foundation named for his son.
Li testified before lawmakers in Annapolis this year to support "Alex and Calvin's Law," to stiffen penalties for adults who furnish alcohol to minors or allow them to drink at their homes.
The bill — which many hoped would deter parents from allowing teen parties — was weakened before it passed. Li said he still feels strongly about the importance of toughening laws, which he sees as a first step toward changing the teen drinking culture.
With his own son, he said, he believes alcohol was a way to show that he fit in. Calvin had been to other parties, he said, and the issue had strained their relationship.
Even if it would not have solved all their problems, he said, he wishes he'd talked it out more with his son. "Sometimes we can't solve the problem, but just having dialogue helps a lot," he said.
As Li has missed his son, he said, he has mulled over one difficult moment — when Calvin was in middle school and announced that he wanted to play professional football. Both father and son were Dallas Cowboys fans.
His son pressed, asking why.
The answer he gave, he said, is one of his greatest regrets.
"You are Chinese," he said.


text:
"The Emergence of Developmental Psychopathology" (1984), by Dante Cicchetti
In 1984, Dante Cicchetti published "The Emergence of Developmental Psychopathology," an article in which he argued that the previously amorphous study of developmental psychopathology was emerging as a unified discipline. According to Cicchetti, developmental psychopathology describes an interdisciplinary field that studies abnormalities in psychological function that can arise during human development.
"Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution" (1987), by Rebecca Louise Cann, Mark Stoneking, and Allan Charles Wilson
In 1987 Rebecca Louise Cann, Mark Stoneking, and Allan Charles Wilson published Mitochondrial DNA and Human Evolution in the journal Nature. The authors compared mitochondrial DNA from different human populations worldwide, and from those comparisons they argued that all human populations had a common ancestor in Africa around 200,000 years ago. Mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) is a small circular genome found in the subcellular organelles, called mitochondria.
Embryos in Wax (2002), by Nick Hopwood
Embryos in Wax: Models from the Ziegler Studio is a history of embryo wax modeling written by science historian Nick Hopwood. Published by the Whipple Museum of the History of Science University of Cambridge and the Institute of the History of Medicine University of Bern, 2002, the book, like the wax models, helps exemplify the visual and material culture of science.
Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex (1998), by Alice Domurat Dreger
Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex, by historian of science Alice Domurat Dreger, was published in 1998 by Harvard University Press. In the book, Dreger describes how many doctors and scientists treated human hermaphrodites from the late nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. She states that during this time period, many physicians and scientists struggled to determine the nature sex, and to support a classification of sex as male or female, many physicians and scientists resorted to viewing a person's gonads for identification of his or her sex.
Subject: Publications, Theories, Disorders
An Atlas of Fertilization and Karyokinesis of the Ovum (1895), by Edmund Beecher Wilson
Edmund Beecher Wilson in the US published An Atlas of Fertilization and Karyokinesis of the Ovum (hereafter called An Atlas) in 1895. The book presents photographs by photographer Edward Leaming that capture stages of fertilization, the fusion of sperm and egg and early development of sea urchin (Toxopneustes variegatus) ova, or egg cell. Prior to An Atlas, no one photographed of eggcell division in clear detail. Wilson obtained high quality images of egg cells by cutting the cells into thin sections and preserving them throughout different stages of development.
Subject: Publications, Reproduction
"Of Pregnancy and Progeny" (1980), by Norbert Freinkel
Norbert Freinkel's lecture Of Pregnancy and Progeny was published by the American Diabetes Association's journal Diabetes in December of 1980. In the lecture, Freinkel argued that pregnancy changes the way that the female body breaks down and uses food. Through experiments that involved pregnant women as well as infants, Freinkel established the body's maternal metabolism and how it affects both the mother and the infant. Freinkel's main focus of research in the latter part of his life was diabetes, specifically in pregnant women.
Where Are My Children? (1916)
Where Are My Children? is an anti-abortion silent film released in the United States on 16 April 1916. The film was directed by Lois Weber and Phillips Smalley and produced by Universal Film Manufacturing Company/Lois Weber Productions in Universal City, California. In the film, Weber tells a story of an attorney who wants to have children and raise a family, but his wife chooses to abort her pregnancies, fearing that having children will ruin her social activities. In the early 1900s, information about contraception was not freely available or legal to obtain.
"Alternative Sources of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells" (2005), by Leon Kass and the President's Council on Bioethics
Human pluripotent stem cells are valued for their potential to form numerous specialized cells and for their longevity. In the US, where a portion of the population is opposed to destruction of human embryos to obtain stem cells, what avenues are open to scientists for obtaining pluripotent cells that do not offend the moral sensibilities of a significant number of citizens?
"On the Induction of Embryonic Primordia by Implantation of Organizers from Different Species" (1924), Hilde Mangold's Dissertation
Hilde Proscholdt Mangold was a doctoral student at the Zoological Institute at the University of Freiburg in Freiburg, Germany, from 1920-1923. Mangold conducted research for her dissertation 'On the Induction of Embryonic Primordia by Implantation of Organizers from Different Species' ('Ueber Induktion von Embryonanlagen durch Implantation artfremder Organisatoren'), under the guidance of Hans Spemann, a professor of zoology at the University of Freiburg.
Subject: Experiments, Publications
A History of Embryology (1959), by Joseph Needham
In 1931 embryologist and historian Joseph Needham published a well-received three-volume treatise titled Chemical Embryology. The first four chapters from this work were delivered as lectures on Speculation, Observation, and Experiment, as Illustrated by the History of Embryology at the University of London. The same lectures were later released as a book published in 1934 titled A History of Embryology.
Images of Embryos in Life Magazine in the 1950s
Embryonic images displayed in Life magazine during the mid-twentieth century serve as a representation of technological advances and the growing public interest in the stages of embryological development. These black-and-white photographs portray skeletal structures and intact bodies of chicken embryos and human embryos and fetuses obtained from collections belonging to universities and medical institutions.
Subject: Outreach, Publications, Reproduction
"The Development of the Turtle Carapace" (1989), by Ann Campbell Burke
Ann Campbell Burke examines the development and evolution of vertebrates, in particular, turtles. Her Harvard University experiments, described in Development of the Turtle Carapace: Implications for the Evolution of a Novel Bauplan, were published in 1989. Burke used molecular techniques to investigate the developmental mechanisms responsible for the formation of the turtle shell.
"Sex Limited Inheritance in Drosophila" (1910), by Thomas Hunt Morgan
In 1910, Thomas Hunt Morgan performed an experiment at Columbia University, in New York City, New York, that helped identify the role chromosomes play in heredity. That year, Morgan was breeding Drosophila, or fruit flies. After observing thousands of fruit fly offspring with red eyes, he obtained one that had white eyes. Morgan began breeding the white-eyed mutant fly and found that in one generation of flies, the trait was only present in males.
The Germ-Plasm: a Theory of Heredity (1893), by August Weismann
Friedrich Leopold August Weismann published Das
Keimplasma: eine Theorie der Vererbung (The Germ-Plasm: a
Theory of Heredity, hereafter The Germ-Plasm) while
working at the University of Freiburg in Freiburg, Germany in 1892.
William N. Parker, a professor in the University College of South
Wales and Monmouthshire in Cardiff, UK, translated The
Germ-Plasm into English in 1893. In The Germ-Plasm,
Weismann proposed a theory of heredity based on the concept of the
"Apoptosis: A Basic Biological Phenomenon with Wide-Ranging Implications in Tissue Kinetics" (1972), by John F. R. Kerr, Andrew H. Wyllie and Alastair R. Currie
"Apoptosis: A Basic Biological Phenomenon with Wide-Ranging Implications in Tissue Kinetics" (hereafter abbreviated as "Apoptosis") was published in the British Journal of Cancer in 1972 and co-authored by three pathologists who collaborated at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland. In this paper the authors propose the term apoptosis for regulated cell death that proceeds through active, controlled morphological changes. This is in contrast to necrosis, a passive mode of cell death that results from uncontrolled cellular reactions to injury or stress.
Morphogenesis: An Essay on Development (1952), by John Tyler Bonner
Throughout his long and fruitful career John Tyler Bonner has made great strides in understanding basic issues of embryology and developmental-evolutionary biology. Indeed, Bonner's work on morphogenesis highlighted synergies between development and evolution long before "evo-devo" became a part of the scientific lingua franca. Princeton University Press published his first book, Morphogenesis: An Essay on Development, in 1952. In his autobiography Lives of a Biologist, Bonner described his motivations for writing Morphogenesis as a book about developmental biology.
Embryonic Sex Differentiation and Sex Hormones (1947), by Carl R. Moore
In 1947, Carl Richard Moore, a researcher at the University of Chicago, in Chicago, Illinois, wrote Embryonic Sex Differentiation and Sex Hormones, which was published in the same year as a first-edition monograph. In the book, Moore argues that regulation of sex differentiation in mammals is not controlled by sex hormones secreted by embryonic sex organs (gonads), but is controlled by non-hormonal genetic factors.
Subject: Publications, Experiments
"The Development of the Pronephros during the Embryonic and Early Larval Life of the Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)" (1932), by Rachel L. Carson
Rachel L. Carson studied biology at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland and graduated in 1933 with an MA upon the completion of her thesis, The Development of the Pronephros during the Embryonic and Early Larval Life of the Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The research that Carson conducted for this thesis project grounded many of the claims and observations she presented in her 1962 book, Silent Spring.
Subject: People, Experiments, Publications

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Rookie Gibbons made her mark for club, country
Rachel Gaylor
Christina Gibbons was the only rookie to appear in all 24 NWSL matches this season (photo courtesy FC Kansas City)
Over a thousand miles spans the distance from Raleigh, North Carolina to Kansas City. That's the distance that FC Kansas City midfielder Christina Gibbons, affectionately called Gibby by nearly everyone, traveled in March for preseason. Since that time, she has traveled thousands more across the country and the world representing both club and country with the beautiful game.
After being drafted 5th overall in the 2017 NWSL draft, Gibby started out as an outside back until early July when she was shifted into the midfield and hasn't left the pitch since. The Duke University product has started 23 of her 24 games played and has amassed over 2,000 minutes and has one goal and three assists, but her impact is one that rarely shows up on a score sheet.
Coach Vlatko Andonovski has known from the beginning the kind of impact that the young rookie could have on the team.
"One of the things that I liked about Gibby was that she was a true professional even in the college game," Andonovski said. "She was a good leader, a good professional and she saw the game with different eyes. Her coming in to the professional game–she didn't need much transition to step in."
At Duke, Gibbons was a superstar in her own right, leading the Blue Devils to the College Cup final in 2015, earning First-Team All-ACC honors three times, First-Team All-American honors as a senior and amassing 7,794 minutes–second-most for a field player in school history. But jumping to the professional world is a whole different challenge.
"I don't even know what I was feeling," Gibby said about being drafted. "Throughout the season, just being here I've gained a ton of experience and a ton of knowledge and hopefully been able to improve a lot."
It isn't just her domestic game that has gotten notice, it's representing the red, white and blue with the crest as well. Gibbons was called into the senior US Women's national team camp in January and represented the U-23's in June at the Nordic Cup competition in Scandinavia.
Gibbons, the only NWSL rookie to see action in every game this season, started her season on the backline, but was shifted into the midfield for the Blues' game against Sky Blue FC on July 8 and never looked back after that.
"It was a change up," Gibbons said. "I've shuffled around my whole career so changing positions isn't that foreign, but center mid is kind of new for me. I think it's gone well. I have the help of everyone around me, so it isn't too bad."
Andonovski has high praise Gibbons and puts a lot of trust in her, which is why he knew that whereever he put her, she'd be able to handle the challenge.
"She plays the game the same way she did in college," he said. "She's confident, smart, she solves problems, she's an extremely hard worker. She's just a positive person and a good person to have on the team."
With her first season coming to an end, Gibbons will finally be able to reflect back on the whirlwind that these past eight months have been.
"There are a lot of things you can prepare for or expect to see along the way," Gibby said about turning pro. "But there are also good little surprises along the way. For the most part, I knew that it would be grueling and that every game would be really, really tough, but it's been rewarding because of that."
Gibbons will have a busy off-season as she travels to Down Under on loan to represent the Melbourne Victory in the W-League's 10th season.
Related TopicsChristina GibbonsFeatured
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I am a member of West Knoxville Tn MM. Currently part of Class 8 School of the Spirit. Struggling with vocal Ministry.
You may purchase an updated copy of my chart for $13 (includes postage and box). I can put as many as 6 charts (at $6 each) in one box for the same postage. Archival copies are also available for meetinghouse display at $50 each -- heavier paper and hopefully longer lasting ink.


Design your forms fully visual in Dreamweaver and make sure that they are securely validated. Building web forms and having a powerful validation might not seem such a big deal, but it is truly crucial not only for your website security, but also for a good user experience.
Trendiest version of the world's most popular CSS framework, better than ever!
Yes - you can easily convert your old Bootstrap 3 websites to the newest version!
Use dozens of predefined classes - awesome ready-to-use elements!
Elements' insertion is context-sensitive - it suggested you components based on the current context!
Many customization options are available for each element in the user interface of Dreamweaver!
Powerful mobile-first flexbox grid that appropriately scales up to 12 columns to build layouts of all shapes and sizes.
Intuitively add as many rows as you wish within a column!
That's something standard - it's designed to look best on mobile devices.
Choose to include directly Bootstrap CDN or upload CSS files of the framework locally.
DMXzone Server Connect compatible! You can easily add a server-side validation, as well as use it with DMXzone App Connect.


Rarely do these great Regal 33 Sport Cuddy cabins become available and this one is extra special!!
This is a local FRESHWATER use only Regal.
A bow thruster was recently installed, canvas has been upgraded, a custom bow sunpad/recliner was recently made & installed, new controls & control cables, and stainless steel anchor with all-chain rode.
Powered by the upgraded Volvo 8.1's you can expect to cruise effortlessly at over 30mph and if the need arises you can expect a top speed in excess of 50mph!!
Extremely well maintained and extremely well priced.
Beam: 11 ft. 4 in.


text:
Q: Why have my .storyboards gone red in Xcode 11.1? Just updated to Mac OS X Catalina (10.15) and Xcode 11.1, and some of my storyboards have gone red. All graphics appear to be there but, everything is RED. VERY red (as you can see below).
They still publish OK and this isn't a problem on Xcode 11.0 on a OS X Mojave (10.14.6) on my MacBook Pro?
Anyone? Thx

A: Obviously a change in storyboard previews in Xcode. Seems like it's no longer acceptable to show "simulated size: freeform" greater than iPhone screen height. Changing it to "simulated size: fixed" in Size Inspector solves the issue, and you can now scroll from within the reduced size window in storyboards view...
A change for the better? Let's see what happens...

A: I know this question is old, but mine did the same thing and I want to help others who stumble on this issue. Below the storyboard section you can change the type of phone you are using. I changed mine from iPhone 13 to a different one and changed it back and it went back to normal.


text:
namespace Dapper.FastCrud.SqlStatements
{
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.Data;
    using System.Threading.Tasks;
    using Dapper.FastCrud.SqlBuilders;

    /// <summary>
    /// SQL statement factory targeting relationships.
    /// </summary>
    internal class ThreeEntitiesRelationshipSqlStatements<TMainEntity,
                                                          TFirstJoinedEntity,
                                                          TSecondJoinedEntity>
        : RelationshipSqlStatements<TMainEntity>
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Default constructor
        /// </summary>
        public ThreeEntitiesRelationshipSqlStatements(TwoEntitiesRelationshipSqlStatements<TMainEntity, TFirstJoinedEntity> relationshipSqlStatements, GenericStatementSqlBuilder joinedEntitySqlStatements)
            : base(relationshipSqlStatements, joinedEntitySqlStatements)
        {
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Combines the current instance with a joined entity.
        /// </summary>
        public override ISqlStatements<TMainEntity> CombineWith<TThirdJoinedEntity>(ISqlStatements<TThirdJoinedEntity> joinedEntitySqlStatements)
        {
            return new FourEntitiesRelationshipSqlStatements<TMainEntity, TFirstJoinedEntity, TSecondJoinedEntity, TThirdJoinedEntity>(this, joinedEntitySqlStatements.SqlBuilder);
        }

        protected override IEnumerable<RelationshipEntityInstanceIdentity<TMainEntity>> Query(
            IDbConnection connection,
            string statement,
            string splitOnCondition,
            object parameters,
            bool buffered,
            IDbTransaction transaction,
            int? commandTimeout,
            RelationshipEntityInstanceBuilder relationshipInstanceBuilder)
        {
            return connection.Query<TMainEntity, TFirstJoinedEntity, TSecondJoinedEntity, RelationshipEntityInstanceIdentity<TMainEntity>>(
                statement,
                (mainEntity, firstJoinedEntity, secondJoinedEntity) =>
                {
                    var mainEntityIdentity = relationshipInstanceBuilder.RegisterResultSetRowInstance(mainEntity);
                    relationshipInstanceBuilder.RegisterResultSetRowInstance(firstJoinedEntity);
                    relationshipInstanceBuilder.RegisterResultSetRowInstance(secondJoinedEntity);
                    relationshipInstanceBuilder.EndResultSetRow();

                    return mainEntityIdentity;
                },
                parameters,
                buffered: buffered,
                splitOn: splitOnCondition,
                transaction: transaction,
                commandTimeout: commandTimeout);
        }

        protected override Task<IEnumerable<RelationshipEntityInstanceIdentity<TMainEntity>>> QueryAsync(
            IDbConnection connection,
            string statement,
            string splitOnCondition,
            object parameters,
            bool buffered,
            IDbTransaction transaction,
            int? commandTimeout,
            RelationshipEntityInstanceBuilder relationshipInstanceBuilder)
        {
            return connection.QueryAsync<TMainEntity, TFirstJoinedEntity, TSecondJoinedEntity, RelationshipEntityInstanceIdentity<TMainEntity>>(
                statement,
                (mainEntity, firstJoinedEntity, secondJoinedEntity) =>
                {
                    var mainEntityIdentity = relationshipInstanceBuilder.RegisterResultSetRowInstance(mainEntity);
                    relationshipInstanceBuilder.RegisterResultSetRowInstance(firstJoinedEntity);
                    relationshipInstanceBuilder.RegisterResultSetRowInstance(secondJoinedEntity);
                    relationshipInstanceBuilder.EndResultSetRow();

                    return mainEntityIdentity;
                },
                parameters,
                buffered: buffered,
                splitOn: splitOnCondition,
                transaction: transaction,
                commandTimeout: commandTimeout);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Your reservation is not complete unless date is confirmed by office. If you have sales tax exemption, then please provide us with the appropriate paperwork. Any tax exempt organization will need to pay the remainder at the gate with 1 check from the Organization.
Do NOT put down deposit until you have heard from the office and they have confirmed your date and time are available.
:A collection of adorable friendly farm type animals. This is appropriate for all ages and is our gathering area for the Wildlife Walk, Presentations, Hayrides, and Pony Rides, so this is included in all the packages below. Each guest will receive one free animal feed cup.
Wagon Rides: Our hayride winds through our livestock area and past our Water Buffalo, Camels, and other hoof-stock not seen at the Petting Zoo. Hayrides can carry 20-30 people ( depending on age/size of children) and generally last 20-30 min.
Pony Rides: Saddled hand-led ponies. ( For large groups a pony carousel can be set up to do more rides per hour but additional charges may apply). This is done in the petting zoo area so while the kids are waiting their turn they can be petting and feeding the other farm animals.
5-6 of our smaller reptiles and exotics. .
Wildlife Walks: This is a walking tour of our exotic animal area. On of our Zookeepers will be your personal guide for a Behind the Scenes visit to see animals such as our Wolves, New Guinea Singing Dogs, Cougar, Serval Cats, African Porcupines, Beaver, Wallabies, Wallaroos and Red Kangaroos, Hawks, Lemurs, Binturongs, and others. This walk is along a gravel road and mulched paths with stairs. 35-45 min.


text:
FIFA 12 details leaked
It's that time of year again, when we start looking at what Pro Evolurion Soccer and FIFA will have to offer us in their next editions. In truth no-one with any sense bothers with Pro Evolution anymore, as it's been thoroughly humped by EA's beast for four years in a row.
Details of FIFA 12 have been leaked to the French Official PlayStation Magazine, and thankfully have been roughly translated for the benefit of us dunder-headed Anglophones. As you can expect the changes look to mostly be cosmetic, with EA introducing an 'Impact Engine' which 'tracks and formulates contact between players', and improved AI. The list of new features is below, so take a gander.
FIFA 12 introduces the 'Impact Engine' which properly tracks and formulates contact between players, including their hips, knees etc.
The AI will also keep track of areas of the body players have been injured during a match. Players can also become injured off the ball if abused too much, especially late in the game.
FIFA 12 also introduces 'AI Vision Game' (rough translation), which promises to make passing more realistic. If you try to complete a pass to a player that's not within visible range, for example, it's less likely you'll complete the pass. EA hopes this will get rid of "blind passing".
Personality Plus is more developed and should influence AI players' passes this time.
AI is said to be "more human", with each player acting more or less according to his abilities. One example given is when an AI player sees Fabregas coming towards him with the ball, he'll act more carefully.
OPM describes "new presentation" of matches in FIFA 12, which are said to be very much inspired by English football crowds.
The game includes three new arenas, this time with integrated benches along the sidelines and "impressive lighting effects" according to OPM France.
Integration of a new short dribble with the left stick.
The game features a new camera that's noticeably closer to the ground.
There's also a new menu interface that appears to be simpler and more ergonomic than before.
video games,
EA,
FIFA 12,
FIFA 12 details released
EA show off FIFA 12's Impact Engine
New Fifa 12 gameplay video released
Fifa 12 to cost £54.99
Fifa 12 gameplay video leaked


Are you looking for something different that the traditional fat burner? Cellucor's Super HD Capsules are cutting edge technology*. Super HD is a stimulant thermogenic that has potent nootropic compunds paired with fat-burning ingredients to give you energy and focus*. Not only does it provide focus and energy but it will make you feel better while taking it*.
Members of a popular body building community named Super HD the fat loss supplement of the year in 2012*. The next year it was awarded "Best Product Innovation" at GNC*.
So what makes Super HD award winning? Super HD contains Rauwolfia, Amla Fruit and Yohimbe extract which are high powered fat burning ingredients that also work as an energy blend*. IFAS503™ is an ingredient that included three fatty acid synthase inhibitors that work to reduce fat storage and provide you appetite support*.
Stack Super HD with Cellucor's non-stimulant weight loss products, CLK and L2, for maximum weight loss*. Super HD also works well with B-BCAA to support muscle maintenance as you shed weight*.


text:
Home > Features > Reviews > Edinburgh Festival: Jo Bannon presents Alba
Described as being influenced by the artists' albinism the performance tells a story about paleness, blending in and standing out. Review by Colin Hambrook
Jo Bannon, 'Alba'. Image © Manuel Vason
As the audience settles, becoming accustomed to being in a room of near darkness, we become aware of what appears to be a ghostly presence hovering, centre stage.
I am reminded of Anish Kapoor's enigmatic sculpture, 'Ghost', (1997) in which light is used to create a tangible ethereal presence inside a vast block of hollowed out limestone; except here the black box stage is akin to the inside of the stone.
There is a sense of suffocation, slowly relieved by a gentle melodious sound of soft voices arising. As the chorus grows so the figure of the artists' floating presence expands. Emerging slowly from a large white sheet Bannon carefully constructs an atmosphere of intimacy melded with mystery. We hear her mothers' voice telling us about the Pope arriving in her home town Coventry, on the day of her birth.
Using a few simple props: a fold-up table, steam iron, a kettle and a talc-laden linen sheet we travel between a view of an altar in a church and a domestic scene in the family kitchen.
The images Bannon creates are a meditation on her own history and through revealing perceptions of how she is seen, we are reminded of how much who we are is constructed through the eyes of others: family, friends and contemporaries.
In a series of beautiful moments we witness the washing and drying of her brilliant white 'silken' hair, which like the sheet, takes on an animate presence; at different moments being either blown using a hairdryer to make shapes in the air or to become a shimmering entity in its own right.
The title of the piece 'Alba' is an Italian word meaning sublime light. And so the superb use of light to suggest something miraculous, is at the heart of the artists' exploration of her sense of identity and the success of this elegant, effectively considered and delivered piece of performance.
Supported as part of the iF (Integrated Fringe) Platform at the Edinburgh Festival, Jo Bannon's Alba is showing from 24-28 August at the Drill Hall, home of the Forest Fringe. The iF platform is part of the larger 3-year Reach project, awarded Strategic Touring funding by Arts Council England. The Strategic Touring Partnership is led by Stopgap Dance Company and supported by partners Attenborough Arts Centre, The Point, University of Bedfordshire and Zinc Arts.
Friendly URL: http://www.disabilityartsonline.org.uk/edinburgh-festival-jo-bannon-alba


text:
Q: How to use Stencil's `EventEmitter` inside React JSX? I created an Input web component with Stencil:
...
export class Input {
    @Prop({ mutable: true }) value: string;
    @Event() changed: EventEmitter<KeyboardEvent>;

    private handleChange (e) {
        this.value = e.target?.value;
        this.changed.emit(e);
    }

    render() {
        return (

                <input
                    type="text"
                    value={this.value}
                    onInput={this.handleChange}
                />

        )
    }
}

Then after trying to use it inside React jsx file, onChanged does not call console.log
...

function App() {
  return (

      // does not call console.log
      <ui-input onChanged={(e) => console.log(e)}/>

  );
}

As I've read so far it's because React uses the synthetic event instead of Dom events.
Is there any way to use Dom events within JSX element?

A: You would have to manually attach the event listener using the DOM API, for example:
document.querySelector('ui-input').addEventListener('changed', console.log)

(You can also use the ref prop to get a reference to the DOM element which is probably more robust.)

*

*Relevant docs section: https://stenciljs.com/docs/react#properties-and-events

*Relevant Github issue: https://github.com/facebook/react/issues/7901
You have another option though, and that's to use the stencil-ds-plugins, specifically the @stencil/react-output-target npm package. When you build your component/library, the output target will generate all the necessary bindings (props, custom events, etc.) for you, and you'll be able to use your component as a react component. The only available docs so far ar in the readme: https://github.com/ionic-team/stencil-ds-plugins#react.

A: You need to bind the current context to the method.
Check Event emit error for more explanation
...
export class Input {
    constructor() {
       this.handleChange = this.handleChange.bind(this);
    }

    @Prop({ mutable: true }) value: string;
    @Event() changed: EventEmitter<KeyboardEvent>;

    private handleChange (e) {
        this.value = e.target?.value;
        this.changed.emit(e);
    }

    render() {
        return (

                <input
                    type="text"
                    value={this.value}
                    onInput={this.handleChange}
                />

        )
    }
}


This wikiHow teaches you how to enable your router's Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). DHCP automatically assigns a device-specific IP address to each device on your router's network, which ensures that no two devices will share an IP address and thus encounter connection errors.
Make sure your computer is connected to the Internet. If your computer isn't connected to the Internet, you won't be able to view your router's address.
If your wireless connection won't work, you can connect your computer to the router.
. You'll find this in the bottom-left side of the Start window.
Network & Internet. This globe-shaped icon is on the Settings page.
Click View your network properties. It's near the bottom of the page. You may have to scroll down in order to see this option.
Find the "Default gateway" number. This is the router's address; you'll use it to access the router's page, from which point you'll be able to change your DHCP settings.
. Click the Apple logo in the top-left corner of your Mac's screen.
Click System Preferences. It's near the top of the Apple drop-down menu.
Click Network. This globe-shaped icon is on the System Preferences page.
Click Advanced. It's in the middle of the page.
Click the TCP/IP tab. This option is near the top of the Advanced window.
Find the "Router:" number. This is the router's address; you'll use it to access the router's page, from which point you'll be able to change your DHCP settings.
Open a web browser and enter your router's address. Doing so will take you to your router's page.
Log into your router's page if prompted. Some routers are protected by a username and password. If you didn't set the password, you can usually find it in your router's manual.
You can also look up your router's model number and name online to see if you can find the default username and password.
If you set a password but no longer remember it, reset your router to restore the factory settings.
Open your router's settings. Each router's page will differ slightly from other routers; you'll likely find the router's settings.
Find the DHCP section. This will usually be in the "Network Settings" section (or your router page's equivalent). If you can't find DHCP there, look for it in the "Advanced" settings, "Setup" settings, or "Local Network" settings.
Enable DHCP. Click the Enable switch, checkbox, or button. In some cases, you may first have to click a Disabled drop-down box and then select Enabled from the drop-down menu.
You may also have the option to change the number of devices that can use your router. Be careful if you do this, since allowing for too few devices will result in connection errors for one or more devices.
Save your settings. Click the Save or Apply button to save your settings. Depending on your router, you may also be prompted to restart your router in order for the changes to take place.
Can an iPhone be removed from a router without access to the actual device?
Yes. Simply prevent the iPhone's Mac address or IP address from connecting to the router in the access control of your router settings.
Your best course of action is to follow your router's specific guide to changing its settings, since all routers differ from one another.
Make sure you have physical access to your network device in case you have to reset it back to factory defaults.
Never allow DHCP on an unsecured (no password) network.
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 726,121 times.


text:
RUBC Home
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Railway Union Sports Club
News & Social >
2011 Club Championships
posted 19 Sept 2011, 08:51 by Railway Union Bowling Club [ updated 19 Sept 2011, 09:34 by Nigel Daly ]
Men's Club Champion: Nigel Daly; Ladies Club Champion: TBC
The RUBC 2011 Club Championship Finals were played the weekend of Sat 17th and Sun 18th September 2010. The weather wasn't great for the second year in a row and unfortunately the finals on Sunday clashed with the All-Ireland final involving Dublin (well how were we to know Dublin would be in the final? :-)
Despite this an enjoyable weekend was had by all. The full list of the 2011 winners is below (if you look very, very carefully, you might notice a theme running through the list of men's final winners - and many congratulations to that theme for his 'Stirling' performance in the finals :-) -
2011 Men's Winners
Men's Senior Championship (Hewitt Cup):
Nigel Daly
Men's Junior Championship (Mellon Cup):
Billy Stirling
Mens Two-Wood Trophy:
Mens H'cap Singles (Shott Cup):
Mens H'cap Pairs (Wilson Cup):
Adam Kells/Billy Stirling
2011 Ladies Winners
Unfortunately, due to illness, the Ladies Championship and Two-Wood finals have had to be postponed - hopefully they'll be played soon.
Ladies Championship: Postponed
Ladies Two-Wood: Postponed
Ladies H'cap Singles: Pat Evans
As always, all competitors are to be commended for the spirit in which they played the finals. As is traditional, the club finals represent the conclusion of the outdoor bowling season for the year - RUBC's most successful season for a long time (see the entry on how the men's team barely missed out on promotion to Division 2). We intend to go one better in 2012!!!
RUBC Men's Team Pipped to the Post
posted 19 Sept 2011, 08:16 by Nigel Daly [ updated 19 Sept 2011, 08:41 ]
Following the final round of BLI League Division 3 matches this weekend, Railway Union Bowling Club's first team have been narrowly pipped to the post for promotion to Division 2 by Skerries Bowling Club.
Although Railway Union were six points ahead of Skerries going into the final week, we had played all our matches while Skerries still had a match to play. Unfortunately for us, that last match was a home game on their artificial bowling green (a playing surface that visiting teams generally have great trouble getting to grips with). Skerries very rarely lose any points at home, and true to form they scored a maximum seven points in their last match. They therefore finished ahead of Railway Union in Division 3 by the narrowest of margins - one point.
Congratulations to Skerries on their promotion to Division Two. Although disappointed with the final outcome, we were pleased to have pushed them all the way, and in the process secured our highest points total in many years. We'll be back next year, when we intend to take the final step and win promotion to the senior leagues.
RUBC Ladies reach final of LBLI Senior Triples
posted 9 Aug 2011, 16:43 by Railway Union Bowling Club [ updated 9 Aug 2011, 16:48 by Nigel Daly ]
Pat Evans, Betty Condron and Lily Lyons of Railway Union Bowling Club today reached the final of the Rhona Eager Memorial Trophy (Senior Triples), defeating a team from Bray 24 shots to 16 at the Ladies Bowling League of Ireland (LBLI) Championship Finals being held this week at Skerries Bowling Club.
The ladies now go on to play in the final against either Westmanstown or CYM, to be held on Thursday 11th August at 11am.
The very best of luck in the final, ladies!!!
RUBC wins 2011 Tyler Cup & 2011 Mecredy Cup
posted 29 Jul 2011, 15:46 by Railway Union Bowling Club [ updated 6 Aug 2011, 17:39 by Nigel Daly ]
The 2011 Bowling League of Ireland Championship has proved to be a great one for Railway Union Bowling Club, with RUBC teams winning both the 2011 BLI Tyler Cup (Junior Pairs) and Mecredy Cup (Junior Fours).
So having won the Mecredy Cup in 2009, and the Tyler Cup in 2010, this year we've gone one better and won them both!
Adam & Derek Kells won the Tyler Cup on Friday evening, defeating D Richards & P O'Flaherty of CYM Bowling Club 22 shots to 16. This means that RUBC retain the Tyler Cup, which was won by Ultan & Nigel Daly in 2010.
John Mellon, and Ultan, Vivion & Nigel Daly then won the Mecredy Cup on Saturday afternoon, defeating J O'Rourke, G O'Brien, P O'Flaherty and D Richards of CYM Bowling Club 15 shots to 13. This follows their narrow loss in the final of last year's Mecredy Cup.
Well done to all the lads on a great achievement. This is a golden era for Railway Union Bowling Club!!!
RUBC in Final of Tyler & Mecredy Cups for 3rd year running.
posted 26 Jul 2011, 16:28 by Nigel Daly [ updated 6 Aug 2011, 17:38 ]
Teams from Railway Union Bowling Club have reached the final of the BLI's Tyler Cup (Junior Pairs) and Mecredy Cup (Junior fours) for the third year in a row.
In the Tyler Cup semi-final, Adam Kells & Derek Kells emerged with a 22 - 20 victory over P Traynor & R Trayler of Greystones Bowling Club, while in the Mecredy Cup semi-final, Ultan Daly, John Mellon, Vivion Daly & Nigel Daly beat W Hyland, B Fairbrother, J C Lee & M Cowley of Crumlin Bowling Club 27 - 14. Meanwhile, Zach Martin of Railway Union was unfortunate to lose out to J Byrne of Crumlin Bowling club in the semi-final of the BLI's Railway Union Cup (under 25s). Hard luck Zach!
Derek & Adam now play in the final of the Tyler Cup on Friday 29th July at 6pm, where they hope to retain the cup won for Railway Union last year by Ultan & Nigel while, in turn, Ultan, John, Vivion and Nigel play in the final of the Mecredy Cup on Saturday 30th July at 2pm, where they hope to go one better than last year, when they were beaten in the final by one shot.
And we're not forgetting, of course, that Fiachra Tierney, Adam Kells, Wally Jackson & Derek Kells won the Mecredy Cup for Railway Union in 2009, while Fiachra & Derek were runners up in the Tyler Cup that same year.
Bests of luck in the final lads!!!
RUBC Punches Well Above Weight
posted 8 Jul 2011, 06:44 by Nigel Daly [ updated 6 Aug 2011, 17:36 ]
We're just past the half-way point of the 2011 bowling season, and Railway Union's teams are all going well in BLI/LBLI league and championship competitions. As a relatively small bowling club, we continue to punch well above our weight. Here's how we're getting on -
BLI/LBLI Leagues
Men's A Team - After a difficult start to the season, the men's first team rallied well and is currently at 3rd place in the Bowling League of Ireland's Division 3, just four points from the top. Following several year's of good progress, we are now in a position to challenge for the Division title, which would mean promotion to bowling's senior division. The second half of the season kicks off on Saturday 9th July, with a match at home to Leinster B. Follow the team's progress <<here>>
Men's B Team - The Men's second team also had slightly shaky start and were unlucky to lose several games narrowly, but have started to put some wins together and are confident of moving up in Division 5, where they currently occupy a comfortable sixth place. Follow the team's progress <<here>>
Ladies Team - The Ladies team currently holds second place in Ladies Division 3 and are only three points from the top. After a blistering start to the season, a few unfortunate losses saw the ladies reeled back in, but they are well poised to challenge for the title in the second half of the season. Follow the team's progress <<here>>
BLI/LBLI Championships
Railway Union are once again having a very good year in the BLI/LBLI Championships. Following appearances in the finals of two cups in each of the last two years, with Railway teams winning the Mecredy cup in 2009 and Tyler Cup in 2010, we are once again well represented at the business end of the championships. Progress to date is as follows -
Railway Union Cup (Under 25s) - Zach Martin has reached the semi-final, knocking out two under-25 internationals along the way.
Tyler Cup (Junior Pairs) - Derek & Adam Kells have reached the semi-finals, Derek for the second time in three years.
Mecredy Cup (Junior Rinks) - John Mellon and Ultan, Vivion & Nigel Daly have reached the semi-finals for the second year running. Ian MacArthur, Ciaran Carrick, Zach Martin & Gerry Dolan were defeated in the quarter-finals in a closely fought match.
Nassau Cup (Junior Singles) - Adam Kells and Nigel Daly were both defeated by the narrowest margin possible - one shot - in the quarter-finals.
BLI Cup (Junior Triples) - Ultan, Vivion & Nigel Daly were defeated by one shot in the quarter-finals.
LBLI Rhona Eager Memorial Trophy (Senior Triples) - Lily Lyons, Pat Evans & Betty Condron have reached the semi finals of this senior competition.
Follow our progress in the Championships <<here>>
2011 League Match dates published
posted 7 Feb 2011, 14:52 by Railway Union Bowling Club [ updated 8 Jul 2011, 15:36 by Nigel Daly ]
Railway Union's Ladies and Mens 2011 League match dates are now available on our club calendar.
Men's Division 3 kicks off on Saturday 30th April, and our first match is away to Leinster.
Men's Division 5 begins on Tuesday 26th April, with our first match at home against CYM.
Ladies Division 3 starts on Thursday 28th April, with our first match at home to Ierne.
Click here to see all our match dates on our club calendar.
posted 19 Sept 2010, 14:47 by Railway Union Bowling Club [ updated 8 Jul 2011, 15:37 by Nigel Daly ]
Men's Club Champion: Ultan Daly; Ladies Club Champion: Pat Corcoran.
The RUBC 2010 Club Championship Finals were played the weekend of Sat 18th and Sun 19th September 2010 in difficult weather conditions. Despite this an enjoyable weekend was had by competitors and spectators alike. The full list of the 2010 winners is as follows:
Ultan Daly
Adam Kells
Gerry Dolan
Ciarán Carrick/Kenny Carroll (sub) & Zach Martin
Ladies Championship: Pat Corcoran
Ladies H'cap Pairs: Maura Lysaght & Betty Condron
All competitors are to be commended for the spirit in which they played the finals, and for the way they played in what were sometimes very trying conditions. As is traditional, the club finals represent the conclusion of the outdoor bowling season for the year - RUBC's most successful season for a long time. We intend to go on to every greater things in 2011!!!
BLI 2010 Championships
RUBC win Tyler Cup, runners-up in Mecredy Cup. Railway Union's Ultan Daly & Nigel Daly have won the BLI Tyler Cup (pairs) - the first time RUBC have taken home the cup since 1943. Railway Union's Ultan Daly, John Mellon, Vivion Daly and Nigel Daly were also runners-up in the BLI Mecredy Cup (foursomes), having been narrowly beaten after an extra end when the match ended all-square after 21 ends.
This is the second year running that RUBC have won one cup and been runners-up in another. In 2009, Railway Union's Fiachra Tierney, Adam Kells, Wally Jackson, Tadgh Kenneally and Derek Kells won the Mecredy Cup, 19 years after RUBC last won it, while Fiachra Tierney & Derek Kells were runners-up in the Tyler Cup in another very tight match.
Click here for the full results of the 2010 BLI Championships.
BLI Mecredy Cup (Fours)
posted 29 Jul 2010, 15:50 by Railway Union Bowling Club [ updated 29 Jul 2010, 15:57 by Nigel Daly ]
RUBC reach FINAL!!! Railway Union's U Daly, J Mellon, V Daly & N Daly have reached the final of the BLI Mecredy Cup, to be held in Crumlin Bowling Club on Saturday 31st July at 2pm. They meet G Gibson, A Kelly, J Lee and Q Teggin of Bank of Ireland in what is a local derby game (Railway Union Bowling Green being the home green of both teams).
Railway Union are the defending Mecredy Cup Champions, with F Tierney, A Kells, W Jackson (T Kenneally [sub]) & D Kells having won it last year for the first time since 1990.
Click here for the results of the 2010 BLI Championships as they happen.
Railway Union Bowling Club, Park Avenue, Sandymount, Dublin 4, Ireland.
EMAIL: railway.bowling@gmail.com
Copyright © Railway Union Bowling Club 2010-2020. All rights reserved


text:
Article: 8 Whether the soul is in each part of the body?
Objection: 1. It would seem that the whole soul is not in each part of the body; for the Philosopher says in De causa motus animalium (De mot. animal. x): "It is not necessary for the soul to be in each part of the body; it suffices that it be in some principle of the body causing the other parts to live, for each part has a natural movement of its own."
2. Further, the soul is in the body of which it is the act. But it is the act of an organic body. Therefore it exists only in an organic body. But each part of the human body is not an organic body. Therefore the whole soul is not in each part.
3. Further, the Philosopher says (De Anima. ii, 1) that the relation of a part of the soul to a part of the body, such as the sight to the pupil of the eye, is the same as the relation of the soul to the whole body of an animal. If, therefore, the whole soul is in each part of the body, it follows that each part of the body is an animal.
4. Further, all the powers of the soul are rooted in the essence of the soul. If, therefore, the whole soul be in each part of the body, it follows that all the powers of the soul are in each part of the body; thus the sight will be in the ear, and hearing in the eye, and this is absurd.
5. Further, if the whole soul is in each part of the body, each part of the body is immediately dependent on the soul. Thus one part would not depend on another; nor would one part be nobler than another; which is clearly untrue. Therefore the soul is not in each part of the body.
On the contrary Augustine says (De Trin. vi, 6), that "in each body the whole soul is in the whole body, and in each part is entire."
I answer that As we have said, if the soul were united to the body merely as its motor, we might say that it is not in each part of the body, but only in one part through which it would move the others. But since the soul is united to the body as its form, it must necessarily be in the whole body, and in each part thereof. For it is not an accidental form, but the substantial form of the body. Now the substantial form perfects not only the whole, but each part of the whole. For since a whole consists of parts, a form of the whole which does not give existence to each of the parts of the body, is a form consisting in composition and order, such as the form of a house; and such a form is accidental. But the soul is a substantial form; and therefore it must be the form and the act, not only of the whole, but also of each part. Therefore, on the withdrawal of the soul, as we do not speak of an animal or a man unless equivocally, as we speak of a painted animal or a stone animal; so is it with the hand, the eye, the flesh and bones, as the Philosopher says (De Anima ii, 1). A proof of which is, that on the withdrawal of the soul, no part of the body retains its proper action; although that which retains its species, retains the action of the species. But act is in that which it actuates: wherefore the soul must be in the whole body, and in each part thereof.
That it is entire in each part thereof, may be concluded from this, that since a whole is that which is divided into parts, there are three kinds of totality, corresponding to three kinds of division. There is a whole which is divided into parts of quantity, as a whole line, or a whole body. There is also a whole which is divided into logical and essential parts: as a thing defined is divided into the parts of a definition, and a composite into matter and form. There is, further, a third kind of whole which is potential, divided into virtual parts. The first kind of totality does not apply to forms, except perhaps accidentally; and then only to those forms, which have an indifferent relationship to a quantitative whole and its parts; as whiteness, as far as its essence is concerned, is equally disposed to be in the whole surface and in each part of the surface; and, therefore, the surface being divided, the whiteness is accidentally divided. But a form which requires variety in the parts, such as a soul, and specially the soul of perfect animals, is not equally related to the whole and the parts: hence it is not divided accidentally when the whole is divided. So therefore quantitative totality cannot be attributed to the soul, either essentially or accidentally. But the second kind of totality, which depends on logical and essential perfection, properly and essentially belongs to forms: and likewise the virtual totality, because a form is the principle of operation.
Therefore if it be asked whether the whole whiteness is in the whole surface and in each part thereof, it is necessary to distinguish. If we mean quantitative totality which whiteness has accidentally, then the whole whiteness is not in each part of the surface. The same is to be said of totality of power: since the whiteness which is in the whole surface moves the sight more than the whiteness which is in a small part thereof. But if we mean totality of species and essence, then the whole whiteness is in each part of a surface.
Since, however, the soul has not quantitative totality, neither essentially, nor accidentally, as we have seen; it is enough to say that the whole soul is in each part of the body, by totality of perfection and of essence, but not by totality of power. For it is not in each part of the body, with regard to each of its powers; but with regard to sight, it is in the eye; and with regard to hearing, it is in the ear; and so forth. We must observe, however, that since the soul requires variety of parts, its relation to the whole is not the same as its relation to the parts; for to the whole it is compared primarily and essentially, as to its proper and proportionate perfectible; but to the parts, secondarily, inasmuch as they are ordained to the whole.
Reply to Objection: 1. The Philosopher is speaking there of the motive power of the soul.
2. The soul is the act of an organic body, as of its primary and proportionate perfectible.
3. An animal is that which is composed of a soul and a whole body, which is the soul's primary and proportionate perfectible. Thus the soul is not in a part. Whence it does not follow that a part of an animal is an animal.
4. Some of the powers of the soul are in it according as it exceeds the entire capacity of the body, namely the intellect and the will; whence these powers are not said to be in any part of the body. Other powers are common to the soul and body; wherefore each of these powers need not be wherever the soul is, but only in that part of the body, which is adapted to the operation of such a power.
5. One part of the body is said to be nobler than another, on account of the various powers, of which the parts of the body are the organs. For that part which is the organ of a nobler power, is a nobler part of the body: as also is that part which serves the same power in a nobler manner.
Question: 77 OF THOSE THINGS WHICH BELONG TO THE POWERS OF THE SOUL IN GENERAL (EIGHT ARTICLES)
We proceed to consider those things which belong to the powers of the soul; first, in general, secondly, in particular. Under the first head there are eight points of inquiry:
(1) Whether the essence of the soul is its power?
(2) Whether there is one power of the soul, or several?
(3) How the powers of the soul are distinguished from one another?
(4) Of the orders of the powers, one to another;
(5) Whether the powers of the soul are in it as in their subject?
(6) Whether the powers flow from the essence of the soul?
(7) Whether one power rises from another?
(8) Whether all the powers of the soul remain in the soul after death?
Article: 1 Whether the essence of the soul is its power?
Objection: 1. It would seem that the essence of the soul is its power. For Augustine says (De Trin. ix, 4), that "mind, knowledge, and love are in the soul substantially, or, which is the same thing, essentially": and (De Trin. x, 11), that "memory, understanding, and will are one life, one mind, one essence."
2. Further, the soul is nobler than primary matter. But primary matter is its own potentiality. Much more therefore is the soul its own power.
3. Further, the substantial form is simpler than the accidental form; a sign of which is that the substantial form is not intensified or relaxed, but is indivisible. But the accidental form is its own power. Much more therefore is that substantial form which is the soul.
4. Further, we sense by the sensitive power and we understand by the intellectual power. But "that by which we first sense and understand" is the soul, according to the Philosopher (De Anima ii, 2). Therefore the soul is its own power.
5. Further, whatever does not belong to the essence is an accident. Therefore if the power of the soul is something else besides the essence thereof, it is an accident, which is contrary to Augustine, who says that the foregoing (see OBJ 1) "are not in the soul as in a subject as color or shape, or any other quality, or quantity, are in a body; for whatever is so, does not exceed the subject in which it is: Whereas the mind can love and know other things" (De Trin. ix, 4).
6. Further, " a simple form cannot be a subject." But the soul is a simple form; since it is not composed of matter and form, as we have said above (Question [75], Article [5]). Therefore the power of the soul cannot be in it as in a subject.
7. Further, an accident is not the principle of a substantial difference. But sensitive and rational are substantial differences; and they are taken from sense and reason, which are powers of the soul. Therefore the powers of the soul are not accidents; and so it would seem that the power of the soul is its own essence.
On the contrary Dionysius (Coel. Hier. xi) says that "heavenly spirits are divided into essence, power, and operation." Much more, then, in the soul is the essence distinct from the virtue or power.
I answer that It is impossible to admit that the power of the soul is its essence, although some have maintained it. For the present purpose this may be proved in two ways. First, because, since power and act divide being and every kind of being, we must refer a power and its act to the same genus. Therefore, if the act be not in the genus of substance, the power directed to that act cannot be in the genus of substance. Now the operation of the soul is not in the genus of substance; for this belongs to God alone, whose operation is His own substance. Wherefore the Divine power which is the principle of His operation is the Divine Essence itself. This cannot be true either of the soul, or of any creature; as we have said above when speaking of the angels (Question [54], Article [3]). Secondly, this may be also shown to be impossible in the soul. For the soul by its very essence is an act. Therefore if the very essence of the soul were the immediate principle of operation, whatever has a soul would always have actual vital actions, as that which has a soul is always an actually living thing. For as a form the soul is not an act ordained to a further act, but the ultimate term of generation. Wherefore, for it to be in potentiality to another act, does not belong to it according to its essence, as a form, but according to its power. So the soul itself, as the subject of its power, is called the first act, with a further relation to the second act. Now we observe that what has a soul is not always actual with respect to its vital operations; whence also it is said in the definition of the soul, that it is "the act of a body having life potentially"; which potentiality, however, "does not exclude the soul." Therefore it follows that the essence of the soul is not its power. For nothing is in potentiality by reason of an act, as act.
Reply to Objection: 1. Augustine is speaking of the mind as it knows and loves itself. Thus knowledge and love as referred to the soul as known and loved, are substantially or essentially in the soul, for the very substance or essence of the soul is known and loved. In the same way are we to understand what he says in the other passage, that those things are "one life, one mind, one essence." Or, as some say, this passage is true in the sense in which the potential whole is predicated of its parts, being midway between the universal whole, and the integral whole. For the universal whole is in each part according to its entire essence and power; as animal in a man and in a horse; and therefore it is properly predicated of each part. But the integral whole is not in each part, neither according to its whole essence, nor according to its whole power. Therefore in no way can it be predicated of each part; yet in a way it is predicated, though improperly, of all the parts together; as if we were to say that the wall, roof, and foundations are a house. But the potential whole is in each part according to its whole essence, not, however, according to its whole power. Therefore in a way it can be predicated of each part, but not so properly as the universal whole. In this sense, Augustine says that the memory, understanding, and the will are the one essence of the soul.
2. The act to which primary matter is in potentiality is the substantial form. Therefore the potentiality of matter is nothing else but its essence.
3. Action belongs to the composite, as does existence; for to act belongs to what exists. Now the composite has substantial existence through the substantial form; and it operates by the power which results from the substantial form. Hence an active accidental form is to the substantial form of the agent (for instance, heat compared to the form of fire) as the power of the soul is to the soul.
4. That the accidental form is a principle of action is due to the substantial form. Therefore the substantial form is the first principle of action; but not the proximate principle. In this sense the Philosopher says that "the soul is that whereby we understand and sense."
5. If we take accident as meaning what is divided against substance, then there can be no medium between substance and accident; because they are divided by affirmation and negation, that is, according to existence in a subject, and non-existence in a subject. In this sense, as the power of the soul is not its essence, it must be an accident; and it belongs to the second species of accident, that of quality. But if we take accident as one of the five universals, in this sense there is a medium between substance and accident. For the substance is all that belongs to the essence of a thing; whereas whatever is beyond the essence of a thing cannot be called accident in this sense; but only what is not caused by the essential principle of the species. For the 'proper' does not belong to the essence of a thing, but is caused by the essential principles of the species; wherefore it is a medium between the essence and accident thus understood. In this sense the powers of the soul may be said to be a medium between substance and accident, as being natural properties of the soul. When Augustine says that knowledge and love are not in the soul as accidents in a subject, this must be understood in the sense given above, inasmuch as they are compared to the soul, not as loving and knowing, but as loved and known. His argument proceeds in this sense; for if love were in the soul loved as in a subject, it would follow that an accident transcends its subject, since even other things are loved through the soul.
6. Although the soul is not composed of matter and form, yet it has an admixture of potentiality, as we have said above (Question [75], Article [5], ad 4); and for this reason it can be the subject of an accident. The statement quoted is verified in God, Who is the Pure Act; in treating of which subject Boethius employs that phrase (De Trin. i).
7. Rational and sensitive, as differences, are not taken from the powers of sense and reason, but from the sensitive and rational soul itself. But because substantial forms, which in themselves are unknown to us, are known by their accidents; nothing prevents us from sometimes substituting accidents for substantial differences.
Article: 2 Whether there are several powers of the soul?
Objection: 1. It would seem that there are not several powers of the soul. For the intellectual soul approaches nearest to the likeness of God. But in God there is one simple power: and therefore also in the intellectual soul.
2. Further, the higher a power is, the more unified it is. But the intellectual soul excels all other forms in power. Therefore above all others it has one virtue or power.
3. Further, to operate belongs to what is in act. But by the one essence of the soul, man has actual existence in the different degrees of perfection, as we have seen above (Question [76], Articles [3],4). Therefore by the one power of the soul he performs operations of various degrees.
On the contrary The Philosopher places several powers in the soul (De Anima ii, 2,3).
I answer that Of necessity we must place several powers in the soul. To make this evident, we observe that, as the Philosopher says (De Coelo ii, 12), the lowest order of things cannot acquire perfect goodness, but they acquire a certain imperfect goodness, by few movements; and those which belong to a higher order acquire perfect goodness by many movements; and those yet higher acquire perfect goodness by few movements; and the highest perfection is found in those things which acquire perfect goodness without any movement whatever. Thus he is least of all disposed of health, who can only acquire imperfect health by means of a few remedies; better disposed is he who can acquire perfect health by means of many remedies; and better still, he who can by few remedies; best of all is he who has perfect health without any remedies. We conclude, therefore, that things which are below man acquire a certain limited goodness; and so they have a few determinate operations and powers. But man can acquire universal and perfect goodness, because he can acquire beatitude. Yet he is in the last degree, according to his nature, of those to whom beatitude is possible; therefore the human soul requires many and various operations and powers. But to angels a smaller variety of powers is sufficient. In God there is no power or action beyond His own Essence.
There is yet another reason why the human soul abounds in a variety of powers---because it is on the confines of spiritual and corporeal creatures; and therefore the powers of both meet together in the soul.
Reply to Objection: 1. The intellectual soul approaches to the Divine likeness, more than inferior creatures, in being able to acquire perfect goodness; although by many and various means; and in this it falls short of more perfect creatures.
2. A unified power is superior if it extends to equal things: but a multiform power is superior to it, if it is over many things.
3. One thing has one substantial existence, but may have several operations. So there is one essence of the soul, with several powers.
Article: 3 Whether the powers are distinguished by their acts and objects?
Objection: 1. It would seem that the powers of the soul are not distinguished by acts and objects. For nothing is determined to its species by what is subsequent and extrinsic to it. But the act is subsequent to the power; and the object is extrinsic to it. Therefore the soul's powers are not specifically distinct by acts and objects.
2. Further, contraries are what differ most from each other. Therefore if the powers are distinguished by their objects, it follows that the same power could not have contrary objects. This is clearly false in almost all the powers; for the power of vision extends to white and black, and the power to taste to sweet and bitter.
3. Further, if the cause be removed, the effect is removed. Hence if the difference of powers came from the difference of objects, the same object would not come under different powers. This is clearly false; for the same thing is known by the cognitive power, and desired by the appetitive.
4. Further, that which of itself is the cause of anything, is the cause thereof, wherever it is. But various objects which belong to various powers, belong also to some one power; as sound and color belong to sight and hearing, which are different powers, yet they come under the one power of common sense. Therefore the powers are not distinguished according to the difference of their objects.
On the contrary Things that are subsequent are distinguished by what precedes. But the Philosopher says (De Anima ii, 4) that "acts and operations precede the powers according to reason; and these again are preceded by their opposites," that is their objects. Therefore the powers are distinguished according to their acts and objects.
I answer that A power as such is directed to an act. Wherefore we seek to know the nature of a power from the act to which it is directed, and consequently the nature of a power is diversified, as the nature of the act is diversified. Now the nature of an act is diversified according to the various natures of the objects. For every act is either of an active power or of a passive power. Now, the object is to the act of a passive power, as the principle and moving cause: for color is the principle of vision, inasmuch as it moves the sight. On the other hand, to the act of an active power the object is a term and end; as the object of the power of growth is perfect quantity, which is the end of growth. Now, from these two things an act receives its species, namely, from its principle, or from its end or term; for the act of heating differs from the act of cooling, in this, that the former proceeds from something hot, which is the active principle, to heat; the latter from something cold, which is the active principle, to cold. Therefore the powers are of necessity distinguished by their acts and objects.
Nevertheless, we must observe that things which are accidental do not change the species. For since to be colored is accidental to an animal, its species is not changed by a difference of color, but by a difference in that which belongs to the nature of an animal, that is to say, by a difference in the sensitive soul, which is sometimes rational, and sometimes otherwise. Hence "rational" and "irrational" are differences dividing animal, constituting its various species. In like manner therefore, not any variety of objects diversifies the powers of the soul, but a difference in that to which the power of its very nature is directed. Thus the senses of their very nature are directed to the passive quality which of itself is divided into color, sound, and the like, and therefore there is one sensitive power with regard to color, namely, the sight, and another with regard to sound, namely, hearing. But it is accidental to a passive quality, for instance, to something colored, to be a musician or a grammarian, great or small, a man or a stone. Therefore by reason of such differences the powers of the soul are not distinct.
Reply to Objection: 1. Act, though subsequent in existence to power, is, nevertheless, prior to it in intention and logically; as the end is with regard to the agent. And the object, although extrinsic, is, nevertheless, the principle or end of the action; and those conditions which are intrinsic to a thing, are proportionate to its principle and end.
2. If any power were to have one of two contraries as such for its object, the other contrary would belong to another power. But the power of the soul does not regard the nature of the contrary as such, but rather the common aspect of both contraries; as sight does not regard white as such, but as color. This is because of two contraries one, in a manner, includes the idea of the other, since they are to one another as perfect and imperfect.
3. Nothing prevents things which coincide in subject, from being considered under different aspects; therefore they can belong to various powers of the soul.
4. The higher power of itself regards a more universal formality of the object than the lower power; because the higher a power is, to a greater number of things does it extend. Therefore many things are combined in the one formality of the object, which the higher power considers of itself; while they differ in the formalities regarded by the lower powers of themselves. Thus it is that various objects belong to various lower powers; which objects, however, are subject to one higher power.
Article: 4 Whether among the powers of the soul there is order?
Objection: 1. It would seem that there is no order among the powers of the soul. For in those things which come under one division, there is no before and after, but all are naturally simultaneous. But the powers of the soul are contradistinguished from one another. Therefore there is no order among them.
2. Further, the powers of the soul are referred to their objects and to the soul itself. On the part of the soul, there is not order among them, because the soul is one. In like manner the objects are various and dissimilar, as color and sound. Therefore there is no order among the powers of the soul.
3. Further, where there is order among powers, we find that the operation of one depends on the operation of another. But the action of one power of the soul does not depend on that of another; for sight can act independently of hearing, and conversely. Therefore there is no order among the powers of the soul.
On the contrary The Philosopher (De Anima ii, 3) compares the parts or powers of the soul to figures. But figures have an order among themselves. Therefore the powers of the soul have order.
I answer that, Since the soul is one, and the powers are many; and since a number of things that proceed from one must proceed in a certain order; there must be some order among the powers of the soul. Accordingly we may observe a triple order among them, two of which correspond to the dependence of one power on another; while the third is taken from the order of the objects. Now the dependence of one power on another can be taken in two ways; according to the order of nature, forasmuch as perfect things are by their nature prior to imperfect things; and according to the order of generation and time; forasmuch as from being imperfect, a thing comes to be perfect. Thus, according to the first kind of order among the powers, the intellectual powers are prior to the sensitive powers; wherefore they direct them and command them. Likewise the sensitive powers are prior in this order to the powers of the nutritive soul.
In the second kind of order, it is the other way about. For the powers of the nutritive soul are prior by way of generation to the powers of the sensitive soul; for which, therefore, they prepare the body. The same is to be said of the sensitive powers with regard to the intellectual. But in the third kind of order, certain sensitive powers are ordered among themselves, namely, sight, hearing, and smelling. For the visible naturally comes first; since it is common to higher and lower bodies. But sound is audible in the air, which is naturally prior to the mingling of elements, of which smell is the result.
Reply to Objection: 1. The species of a given genus are to one another as before and after, like numbers and figures, if considered in their nature; although they may be said to be simultaneous, according as they receive the predication of the common genus.
2. This order among the powers of the soul is both on the part of the soul (which, though it be one according to its essence, has a certain aptitude to various acts in a certain order) and on the part of the objects, and furthermore on the part of the acts, as we have said above.
3. This argument is verified as regards those powers among which order of the third kind exists. Those powers among which the two other kinds of order exist are such that the action of one depends on another.
Article: 5 Whether all the powers of the soul are in the soul as their subject?
Objection: 1. It would seem that all the powers of the soul are in the soul as their subject. For as the powers of the body are to the body; so are the powers of the soul to the soul. But the body is the subject of the corporeal powers. Therefore the soul is the subject of the powers of the soul.
2. Further, the operations of the powers of the soul are attributed to the body by reason of the soul; because, as the Philosopher says (De Anima ii, 2), "The soul is that by which we sense and understand primarily." But the natural principles of the operations of the soul are the powers. Therefore the powers are primarily in the soul.
3. Further, Augustine says (Gn ad lit. xii, 7,24) that the soul senses certain things, not through the body, in fact, without the body, as fear and such like; and some things through the body. But if the sensitive powers were not in the soul alone as their subject, the soul could not sense anything without the body. Therefore the soul is the subject of the sensitive powers; and for a similar reason, of all the other powers.
On the contrary The Philosopher says (De Somno et Vigilia i) that "sensation belongs neither to the soul, nor to the body, but to the composite." Therefore the sensitive power is in "the composite" as its subject. Therefore the soul alone is not the subject of all the powers.
I answer that The subject of operative power is that which is able to operate, for every accident denominates its proper subject. Now the same is that which is able to operate, and that which does operate. Wherefore the "subject of power" is of necessity "the subject of operation," as again the Philosopher says in the beginning of De Somno et Vigilia. Now, it is clear from what we have said above (Question [75], Articles [2],3; Question [76], Article [1], ad 1), that some operations of the soul are performed without a corporeal organ, as understanding and will. Hence the powers of these operations are in the soul as their subject. But some operations of the soul are performed by means of corporeal organs; as sight by the eye, and hearing by the ear. And so it is with all the other operations of the nutritive and sensitive parts. Therefore the powers which are the principles of these operations have their subject in the composite, and not in the soul alone.
Reply to Objection: 1. All the powers are said to belong to the soul, not as their subject, but as their principle; because it is by the soul that the composite has the power to perform such operations.
2. All such powers are primarily in the soul, as compared to the composite; not as in their subject, but as in their principle.
3. Plato's opinion was that sensation is an operation proper to the soul, just as understanding is. Now in many things relating to Philosophy Augustine makes use of the opinions of Plato, not asserting them as true, but relating them. However, as far as the present question is concerned, when it is said that the soul senses some things with the body, and some without the body, this can be taken in two ways. Firstly, the words "with the body or without the body" may determine the act of sense in its mode of proceeding from the sentient. Thus the soul senses nothing without the body, because the action of sensation cannot proceed from the soul except by a corporeal organ. Secondly, they may be understood as determining the act of sense on the part of the object sensed. Thus the soul senses some things with the body, that is, things existing in the body, as when it feels a wound or something of that sort; while it senses some things without the body, that is, which do not exist in the body, but only in the apprehension of the soul, as when it feels sad or joyful on hearing something.


What motived Yisro to leave his life of comfort and prominence in Midyan, journey to the middle of the desert and join the fledgling Jewish nation? What moved Yisro to give up the priesthood of Midyan with its fame and fortune and embrace the God of Israel? The Talmud quotes various opinions. Some explain that he heard about the miraculous splitting of the Red Sea, others explain he heard of the exceptional Jewish bravery in the battle against Amaleykand still others maintain it was the awesome glory of Sinaitic revelation that caused Yisro to travel from Midyan to the Jewish encampment. Whatever the reason, Yisro felt a burning desire to connect and be part of the Jewish people. Yet, only a few verses later the Torah states, "Moses saw his father in law off, and he went away to his land." (Shemos 18:27) The Torah in Bamidbar tells us that Yisro said to Moshe, "… I will travel back to my home and to my birthplace." (Bamidbar 10:30) Why did Yisro leave? Why did Yisro choose to return home after he had sacrificed so much to join the Jewish people?
hen Menachem Mendel from the city of Kotzk was a young boy, he was convinced by an acquaintance to spend some time learning by the great Chassidic master, the Chozeh (Seer) of Lublin (Rav Yaakov Yitzchak Horowitz, 1745-1815). After a few months away from home, Menachem Mendel's father, upset that his son had chosen to follow in the ways of Chassidus (Menachem Mendel's family were "misnagdim," those opposed to the Chassidic movement), decided to travel to Lublin to persuade his young son to return home. When he found his son in the home of the Chozeh, he said, "Menachem Mendel, this is not the way I raised you, this is not the tradition of your forefathers, I beg of you, return with me and embrace the path of service of your ancestors." Menachem Mendel replied quoting a verse from the Shira (song) in last week's Parsha, "….this is my God (Zeh Keyli), and I will make Him great, the God of my father (Elokay Avi), and I will ascribe to Him exaltation." (Shemos 15:2) "Father, I fully embrace all you have taught and conveyed to me, I fully accept the ideas and ideals you have imprinted on my soul. But it is not enough for me to live with "your God," I must find "my God." You have given me Elokay Avi, the God of my father, now I must find and cultivate a relationship with Zeh Keyli, my personal God." Young Menachem Mendel grew up to become the famed Chassidic luminary, Rav Menachem Mendel of Kotzk (1787-1859).
Elokai Avi, the God of my father – each of us inherits a spiritual legacy from the generations that preceded us. I learn the spiritual ideals and outlooks of my parents. I accept their values and appreciate their philosophy and theology.
Zeh Keyli, this is my God – but I must also strive to forge my own personal and special bond with God. I must discover, "My God," I must uncover what makes me unique and use it to build a bond between myself and my Father above.
Perhaps this is why Yisro went back to Midyan. When Yisro camped with the Jewish people, the text refers to him as "Chosein Moshe, (the father in law of Moshe)" – his individual identity eclipsed by his relationship to the Prophet of Israel. Although it was a great honor to be identified as Moshe's father-in-law, Yisro felt that he had personal contributions to make. He journeyed to the Jewish people to learn and understand God and His Torah. He journeyed to the Jewish people to establish a spiritual foundation. Once this foundation was solidified, Yisro knew he had to build his individual bond with the Almighty. This individuality was to be expressed in his ability to influence his family, friends and community back in Midyan. It would have been easy to remain with the Jewish people and bask in the perpetual holiness and revelation. But he knew he had the potential to influence and help shape the theological and spiritual thinking of others. He had to go back to Midyan. He came to the desert to find Elokai Avi and now it was his mission to find his Zeh Keyli; his personal God.
We each possess collective and individual identities. Our collective identity is forged by the generations who came before us. This identity is solidified through the lessons of our parents and their parents before them. But collective, historical identity is not enough. We must strive to create our own unique relationships and personal connections to God. We must try to find our individual strengths, talents and abilities and use them in the service of God. We may observe the same mitzvos, recite the same prayers and share common practices but we are individualistically unique when it comes to our relationship with God. We each nurture our Elokay Avi and celebrate our Zeh Keyli.
Life Lessons from the Weekly Parsha – A Women's Shiur.
Yisro made the journey from Midian to come and join the Jewish people as they traveled through the desert to the Promised Land. The reunion was emotional; Moshe greeted his esteemed father in law and was reunited with Tzipora and his sons. But by the next morning it was back to business as usual for the Jewish leader and he sat in judgement, resolving the disputes and adjudicating the disagreements of the nation. Yisro saw this "one-man show" and told Moshe that such a system is unsustainable, "you can't do it alone." Yisro advised Moshe to set up a court system. Moshe accepted the mussar and implemented the suggestion.
But why did Yisro have to suggest this idea? The problem was obvious. One man (even Moshe Rabbeinu) can't serve as the sole judge for an entire nation. The solution is seemingly straightforward: create a judicial framework. Why didn't Moshe execute this idea on his own? Why did it take Yisro' s prodding to bring the Judaic judicial framework into existence?
The Lubavitcher Rebbe (Likutei Sichos) provides an incredible insight. Moshe received the Torah with complete clarity and spiritual luminescence. This was a result of the fact it was transmitted directly from God to him. This level of clarity is called re'iah, literally, sight. Moshe understood the Torah with the clarity of someone who had seen something with his own eyes. The Jewish people didn't receive the communication directly from God, instead they chose to receive the Torah from Moshe (after the first two commandments). Their understanding was through the mechanism of shmiah, listening or hearing. Moshe wanted to convey the Torah to the people with the clarity with which he received it. His experience was the pinnacle of spiritual perfection and he wanted to share this experience with the people by adjudicating their cases, settling their disputes and teaching them through the prism of his clarity. He wanted it to be perfect. Yisro tells him, "My beloved son-in-law, your intentions are so good and pure. But if it is perfection you seek, navol tibol gam ata gam ha'am ha'zeh, you will surely wear yourself out both yourself and these people who are with you." The goal can't be perfection, the goal must be "good." As the French author Voltaire wrote, "The perfect is the enemy of the good." Perfection is rarely achievable and if by some miracle it is achieved, it cannot be sustained. Moshe, would ruin himself and the people in the pursuit of perfection.
Who is correct? Do we pursue "perfect" or "good"? In the end, Moshe accepted Yisro's advice and established a system of judges and courts. This dispute is something we struggle with each and every day. We all want "perfect." We want a perfect marriage, we want perfect children and we want a perfect career. We want our friends to do exactly what we need, when we need it and for life to follow our predetermined, charted course. And when our desires and aspirations don't materialize perfectly we become frustrated and upset. But the goal should never be "perfect." The goal is "great" (or even "good" depending on circumstance). If one expects a perfect marriage, it requires a perfect spouse. There is no human being who can deliver in that way. If we expect perfect children, we are setting them up for failure. If we wait to take advantage of life's opportunities until the perfect one arrives, we will miss out on all the great opportunities which present themselves every single day.
Perfection is alluring but not realistic. We must resist the temptation of perfection and embrace the good, great and excellent. Moshe was fortunate to have a Yisro to whisper in his ear. We are privileged to have a Torah which lights our way. May we find the strength to see the goodness in our loved ones and the greatness in our opportunities for connection and growth.


My wife and I just finished watching Blue Bloods. We watched it all through the end of season 5. There is no more for now… Groans and frustration. The next season starts in September 2015. We watched it slowly over the last few months on Netflix and Amazon Prime.
In case you aren't familiar with the show… The story centers around the Reagan family. They have been involved in NYPD law enforcement for several generations. The father, Frank Reagan (played by Tom Selleck) is the police commissioner as his father was before him. This adds an interesting dimension to the well-worn cop genre as the family often has to work through their own struggles and sometimes heated disagreements. Additionally there are the authority issues of having your dad being your boss and the most powerful law enforcement figure around. All of this makes for some good TV.
The Reagan family is far from perfect. To the contrary, they have a number of frustrating flaws. And yet the family is presented as virtuously catholic. This is not a secondary element of the series. They actually pray in Jesus name. It is a big deal and has felt so unusual that I have been shocked. The standard fair from Hollywood ubiquitously depicts christians as hypocrites or self righteous. So it came as a shock to see them create characters that actually look like the people I know. One of the important plot lines throughout the show is the Sunday dinner where the family both laughs, cries, and argues their way through the difficulties of life. It is honest and often touching, without being sappy or cliched.
The cast also consistently displays the scars and wounds that face law enforcement families. So there is a fascinating juxtaposition: It is hard to love a job that ends up hurting you. The show explores marriage problems, sibling rivalry, grief, PTSD, and moral failures that face law enforcement.
Additionally, the show is set in New York city. This provides the ready opportunity to explore a variety of topics like gang violence, racism, police corruption, terrorism, stop and frisk policing, etc.
Any show that runs for 5 years will bump up against unrealistic situations and dialogue, and Blue Bloods doesn't escape this. But it's still worthy in spite of the little blemishes. I am looking forward to season 6.