text:
Audible Review – Read with Your Ears!
A brilliant way to experience books of all kinds, even if you don't have time to sit down and read, Audible is the perfect reading solution for people who are always on the go.
We may live in a world where entertainment comes thick and fast and loud from everywhere – music, movies, Netflix, concerts and more. But one thing that hasn't changed in thousands of years is the way people enjoy a great story, well told. Despite all the advances in technology and rapid shifts in entertainment, books are still seriously big business.
You only need to look at the numbers of copies that are sold of big blockbuster novels to realise that while books don't have the instant appeal of superhero movies or the latest hits on Spotify, they are an important part of the cultural lives of hundreds of millions of people.
Technology's helped with that, too. While many would argue there's no substitute for a book printed on actual paper, avid readers these days have many more options. You can read books on your phone or tablet screen, though lengthy reading sessions starting at a brightly lit display can be annoying. Then there's e-readers such as Amazon's Kindle – dedicated portable book-reading devices that use a screen specially made to look like ink printed on a page, and readable even in bright sunlight.
Audible Australia Review
All of which is fantastic if you've got the time to sit down, relax and read. But what if life's too busy for that? Or you wish you could pass the time on a long drive with a great story? That's where audiobooks come in handy – and when it comes to audiobooks, there's one name above all others that dominates. Audible.
Price: $16.45 per month
Audiobooks included in subscription: 1 per month
Additional audiobooks: $14.95 each
Extra content: exclusive podcasts
Supported Devices: iOS, Android, Windows, MacOS, Amazon Kindle (newer models only)
Free trial: Yes, 30 days & one free audiobook
What Makes Audible Different
While audiobooks have been around for decades in various forms and started gaining real popularity in the 1970s when cassettes became common, a long-standing problem with many of the audiobooks on offer was that they, well, sounded a bit dry. Merely hiring a well-spoken person to show up and spend tens of hours reading a book into a microphone is simple enough, but here's the thing – it's a performance, and potentially a very complex one. A good audiobook narrator will be someone who's great at telling stories, bringing the book and its characters to life. That's something Audible has long specialised in, and as the company has grown into a global audiobook powerhouse (it's owned by Amazon these days) it's had a real influence on the way audiobooks are produced.
That's why these days, if you buy the audiobook of The Handmaid's Tale on Audible, you'll get that classic dystopian novel read to you by Elisabeth Moss, who plays the lead character's role in the TV adaptation. The recently released sequel to that book is read by several notable people, including actress Anne Dodd (Aunt Lydia in the TV version) and author Margaret Atwood herself.
Familiar voices are everywhere on Audible – Stephen Fry reading the complete Sherlock Holmes collection, for example (71 hours of it!) and the entire Harry Potter series. Demi Moore, Arnold Schwarzenegger or Michelle Obama reading their own autobiographies, a genuinely personal touch that a printed book can't match. In many cases, the actual author of the book reads it to you.
Because Audible's parent company is Amazon, many audiobooks are linked to their corresponding Kindle eBook in two ways. On the right device (such as one of the latest Kindle readers) you can listen to an audiobook while following along with the words on screen. And across all devices, playing supported audiobooks will update your place to the same location in the Kindle eBook. So you can listen in the car on the way home, then grab your Kindle, head to bed and pick up reading right where the audio left off.
And Audible doesn't just have audiobooks. With the huge increase in popularity of podcasts, Audible is a perfect fit for some exclusive, member-only podcasts that you can listen to in between books. Audible's original podcasts are professionally produced series that are completely free to Audible members.
What Audiobooks Does Audible Have?
The question really should be "what audiobooks doesn't Audible have?" Because no matter what you like reading, it's probably in their library – to the point where brand new best-selling novels launch in bookstores and the audiobook version launches on Audible on the same day.
If you're a fan of veteran author Stephen King, for example, then you'll have a collection of over two hundred audiobooks to choose from. Prefer British fantasy writer Neil Gaiman? There are over 60 audiobooks there, many of them read by Gaiman himself. The bestseller Boy Swallows Universe is available in English or Spanish. And George RR Martin's entire Song of Ice and Fire series – the books behind Game of Thrones – can be had as a set of audiobooks totalling a phenomenal 221 hours of listening time.
Audible has also been commissioning audio versions of stage and radio plays, which are far more more dramatic – like audio-only movies. And there's even audiobook versions of popular magazines.
How Much Does Audible Cost?
While anyone can pop onto the Audible site and buy an audiobook immediately, the service is set up more as a subscription-based thing. You get the first month free – including your pick of any audiobook at no charge, along with Audible's monthly free book selection – both of which you can keep even if you cancel. But if you stick around, it'll cost you $16.45 per month, which gives you one book credit each month.
With your credit, you can pick any audiobook you want and add it to your permanent library. You don't have to pick one right away, either – you can roll over up to five credits if you're waiting on some new releases. But if you want more than one audiobook in a given month, the extras cost only $14.95, regardless of their usual retail price (which can be very high – the Game of Thrones books are usually $32.50 each and the Sherlock Holmes collection mentioned above is $125!)
If you're not loving any audiobook you choose, you can return it using an automatic process on your account page and pick another one, no questions asked.
Audible's original podcasts are all free for members, too – so there's tons to listen to even if you stick to only a single full-sized audiobook each month. There are podcasts covering a huge range of subjects, from true crime stories, to tech news to language to documentaries. There's even an exclusive podcast with hours of comedy from the Melbourne international Comedy Festival – free of charge for members, like all the others. While avid podcast fans will know all too well that there's no shortage of excellent free podcasts available through the usual sources, Audible's tend to be produced to a very high standard and there's some great stuff there to supplement your audiobook sessions with.One note, though: presumably because Amazon isn't keen to hand over a percentage of the profits to a third party, while you can browse and sample the vast catalogue of audiobooks on the mobile apps, you can't actually buy anything. To do that, you'll have to head to the web site. Anything you buy will immediately appear in your apps ready for listening.
What Devices Does Audible Support?
Originally, Audible sold a proprietary player for listening to their books on the go, but these days your smartphone or tablet serves that purpose perfectly. Audible has apps for iOS and Android devices, as well as Windows and Mac computers – and you can easily pick up listening on a different device since your progress through a book is always saved.
Recent Kindle eBook readers also offer Audible support, though you'll need a set of Bluetooth headphones to listen, since those devices don't have a headphone port. For ease of use and portability, your phone or tablet is a far better choice.
Audible – The Pros and Cons
Free 30-day trial includes two free audiobooks to keep
Monthly subscription grants two audiobooks
Ongoing discounts on extra audiobooks
Vast library of books
Many books read by authors or renowned actors
Low data usage on mobile devices thanks to pre-downloading
The Gotchas
Some books don't work well as audiobooks
Books can be very large downloads for mobile devices
You can listen to your collection in the app but can't buy new books
The Verdict – Is Audible Worth It?
While reading books is more popular than ever thanks to the widespread adoption of eBook readers and other portable devices, sometimes we just don't have the ability to sit still for a few hours reading text off the page. Audiobooks are the perfect solution for that – whether you're out for a walk down to the shops or in your car driving between cities, having a good story read to you as you do is an absolute treat. And when it comes to audiobooks, Audible is the powerhouse – a company that almost single-handedly popularised listening to your books, it has the biggest library, the best pricing and a well-designed app platform that integrates nicely with text-based eBooks. Best of all, there's nothing to lose by giving it the 30-day trial – and yes, you do get to keep the audiobook you choose to start with!
Start Your Audible 30-day Free Trial Now!
Start listening to you favourite books — including recent best-sellers to classic novels — with Audible's 30-day free trial with 2 free books you can keep. Only pay $16.45/mth afterwards, cancel anytime.
Start Your Audible 30-Day Free Trial Now
Listen to your favourite books — from recent best-sellers to classic novels and more — with Audible's 30-day free trial, which also comes with 2 free books you can keep!
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The New Anti-Intellectualism in American Legal Education
Francis A. AllenFollow
Reprinted from Mercer Law Review (1977) with permission of the copyright holder. Copyright 1977 by Walter F.George School of Law. Footnotes omitted.
Legal education in the United States is passing through its winter of discontent. Those who are new to the law schools-students and young instructors-are likely to be unaware of how recently and precipitously the present mood developed. Even those who have known the law schools longer may by now have forgotten the confidence and euphoria that were characteristic attributes of the schools until no more than a decade ago. Legal education, of course, has never lacked criticism, and the most searching and pointed complaints were those generated within the schools themselves. The "explosion" of interest in interdisciplinary studies at Columbia in the 1920's, narrated by Brainerd Currie in his well-known study; the realist movement; efforts to enlarge the scope of law school curricula, such as the foundation-nurtured movement to institutionalize international legal studies after World War II-each reflected significant dissatisfactions with the law schools at various intervals in this century. The dissatisfactions so expressed, however, rarely implied a loss of confidence in the capacity of legal education to make large and indispensible contributions to our public life. On the contrary, these movem1mts of reform affirmed the importance and potential of law teaching and research; and the frustrations experienced stemmed largely from a conviction that the capacities of legal education were being underutilized. It need not be asserted that today this confidence has been wholly destroyed or is incapable of reinvigoration; but it has surely been weakened.
Francis A. Allen, The New Anti-Intellectualism in American Legal Education, 21 Law Quadrangle (formerly Law Quad Notes) - (1977).

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text:
Shutting Down Megaupload Did Impact Digital Movie Sales
The majority of academic literature has found that piracy has a negative impact on movie and music revenues. 1See Smith & Telang, Assessing the Academic Literature Regarding the Impact of Media Piracy on Sales (Aug. 19, 2012), "Based on our review of the empirical literature we conclude that, while some papers in the literature find no evidence of harm, the vast majority of the literature (particularly the literature published in top peer reviewed journals) finds evidence that piracy harms media sales." This is accepted by all but a few filesharing denialists. The big question is, what does this mean for copyright policy? Because it's one thing to establish that online piracy reduces sales, it's another to figure out what to do about it.
And there has been no shortage of those whose answer to what to do about piracy is: nothing. Or, rather, authors and creative industries need to learn how to "compete with free", piracy enforcement doesn't work. 2See, for example, Joe Karaganis, Media Piracy in Emerging Economies (SSRC 2011). Note that this report's conclusion, that "After a decade of ramped up enforcement, the authors can find no impact on the overall supply of pirated goods," does not contradict the findings of the study discussed here. Even if true, it would seem that supply of pirated goods is a meaningless metric, especially where, as here, the goods are capable of infinite reproduction. A litany of justifications for this have arisen over the past decade and a half, but generally, the idea seems to be that most unauthorized downloading or streaming of media comes from individuals who would not have paid in the first place. Thus, while anti-piracy efforts might reduce piracy, they won't increase sales. Right?
Wrong, according to a growing body of empirical research. Last year, a group of researchers found that HADOPI, France's recent graduated response program, led to a 20-25% increase in music sales in that country. 3Danaher, Smith, Telang, and Chen, The Effect of Graduated Response Anti-Piracy Laws on Music Sales: Evidence from an Event Study in France, Journal of Industrial Economics (forthcoming). And in 2011, researchers concluded that physical music sales increased 27% and digital music sales increased 48% in Sweden following copyright protection reform that increased the risks of unauthorized downloading. 4Liang & Adermon, Piracy, Music, and Movies: A Natural Experiment, Working Paper, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (2011).
This week, Brett Danaher and Michael Smith, working at the Initiative for Digital Entertainment Analytics (IDEA) at Carnegie-Mellon University, have released another study looking at this question. The study, Gone in 60 Seconds: The Impact of the Megaupload Shutdown on Movie Sales, found that digital movie revenues from online sales and rentals increased by 6-10% following the January 2012 shutdown of the popular cyberlocker site (Megaupload execs, including Kim Dotcom, are of course currently facing criminal charges in the U.S. for copyright infringement).
The abstract says:
The growth of Internet-based piracy has led to a wide-ranging debate over how copyright policy should be enforced in the digital era. While some enforcement approaches involve policies designed to deter consumers from filesharing though incentives or penalties, other approaches target the supply of piracy by shutting down Internet sites that serve as major conduits for pirated content. In this paper we analyze how one such anti-piracy intervention, the shutdown of the popular Megaupload site, affected the digital sales of movies for two major studios.
Simply examining changes in sales after the shutdown would produce an inaccurate measure of its actual effect as sales are changing over time for a variety of reasons. Instead we exploit cross-country variation in pre-shutdown usage of Megaupload as a measure of treatment intensity. Controlling for country-specific trends and the Christmas holiday, we find no statistical relationship between Megaupload penetration and changes in digital sales prior to the shutdown. However, we find a statistically significant positive relationship between a country's Megaupload penetration and its sales change after the shutdown, such that for each additional 1% pre-shutdown Megaupload penetration, the post-shutdown sales unit change was 2.5% to 3.8% higher, suggesting that these increases are a causal effect of the shutdown.
Aggregating these increases, our analysis across 12 countries suggests that, in the 18 weeks following the shutdown, digital revenues for these two studio's movies were 6-10% higher than they would have been if not for the shutdown. Thus our findings show that the closing of a major online piracy site can increase digital media sales, and by extension we provide evidence that Internet movie piracy displaces digital film sales.
As the paper notes, not only does this research add to the empirical studies on this subject mentioned above, but it makes a couple new contributions. For one, Danaher and Smith note that this is the first paper to look at "supply-side" enforcement. The previous studies focused on "demand-side" enforcement — both the French and Swedish laws studied policed individual downloaders. Each has its pros and cons, its costs and benefits, but it seems to me that the trend in the U.S. and many other countries is to move away from demand-side enforcement and toward supply-side enforcement. For another, this is the first paper to measure digital movie sales. Both physical and digital sales of music have been measured numerous times since the late 90s, as well as DVD sales and box office receipts, but until now there has been no data on digital movie sales and rentals.
Perhaps most interestingly, Danaher and Smith were able to show that the shutdown of Megaupload did not just correlate with the subsequent increase in digital film revenues but actually caused it. Filesharing denialists are quick to discredit the numerous studies showing negative effects of piracy on sales by spouting that "correlation does not imply causation", but by looking at the data country-by-country and comparing sales with Megaupload's penetration rate in each country, the researchers were able to conclude that the shutdown "caused some customers to shift from cyberlocker-based piracy to purchasing or renting through legal digital channels."
Also interesting is the discussion from Danaher and Smith at the end of the blog post announcing the study. The authors say, "While some have argued that you can't compete with free, we think a more productive view is that competing with free (pirated) content is just a special case of price competition." They note that convenience is sometimes more important that prices to consumers and explain that "we would expect that some consumers would be willing to buy through legitimate channels if content in those channels is more valuable than the 'free' pirated alternative." But then they apply the results of their study to this line of thinking:
[W]e believe that another key part of competing with free piracy can be making content on illegal channels less valuable to consumers. In this regard, our finding of a 6-10% increase in digital movie revenue suggests that even though shutting down Megaupload didn't stop all piracy, it was successful in making piracy sufficiently less reliable, less easy-to-use, and less convenient than it was before, and some consumers were willing to switch from piracy to legal channels as a result.
Taken this way, one might say that enforcing against piracy is necessary to ensure a vibrant, functional marketplace for expressive works online (though this alone is not sufficient). That's not to say that the goal must be the complete elimination of piracy (that has never been the reality), nor is it to say that there is not a point where the costs of enforcement (monetary or otherwise) overtake the benefits. Efforts to mitigate piracy also do not need to be limited to law enforcement efforts or new legislation. They can include voluntary, market-based solutions aimed at education, like the Copyright Alert System that began operations on Monday, or reducing financial support of infringing sites, like the Statement of Best Practices to Address Online Piracy and Counterfeiting adopted last year by the Association of National Advertisers and American Association of Advertising Agencies.
But simply ignoring online infringement, and the harm it causes creators of all levels, forestalls the development of that vibrant marketplace and impedes the progress of the arts and sciences.
See Smith & Telang, Assessing the Academic Literature Regarding the Impact of Media Piracy on Sales (Aug. 19, 2012), "Based on our review of the empirical literature we conclude that, while some papers in the literature find no evidence of harm, the vast majority of the literature (particularly the literature published in top peer reviewed journals) finds evidence that piracy harms media sales."
See, for example, Joe Karaganis, Media Piracy in Emerging Economies (SSRC 2011). Note that this report's conclusion, that "After a decade of ramped up enforcement, the authors can find no impact on the overall supply of pirated goods," does not contradict the findings of the study discussed here. Even if true, it would seem that supply of pirated goods is a meaningless metric, especially where, as here, the goods are capable of infinite reproduction.
Danaher, Smith, Telang, and Chen, The Effect of Graduated Response Anti-Piracy Laws on Music Sales: Evidence from an Event Study in France, Journal of Industrial Economics (forthcoming).
Liang & Adermon, Piracy, Music, and Movies: A Natural Experiment, Working Paper, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (2011).
"…in the 18 weeks following the shutdown, digital revenues for these two studio's movies were 6-10% higher than they would have been if not for the shutdown."
1) What were the specific dates for the sampling?
2) What were the tentpole releases during that period for those two studios that weren't available before the MegaUpload closing?
3) How were those factors incorporated into the findings?
4) How was the projected estimate for the period (that was beaten by 6-10%) conceived?
5) What about after the "18 weeks"? Have the digital revenues remained consistently-high since?
Ellen Seidler
I will leave the specifics to the researchers, however, from my experience researching piracy on the web, this finding isn't surprising. Obviously Megaupload was a major conduit for pirated films, but beyond that, the takedown had a big impact on the rest of the black market cyberlocker culture. Several of the other big sites like Filesonic and Wupload disappeared once their business model was exposed for the criminal enterprise it was.
The vacuum created by their absence gave legit outlets a fighting chance. No matter how you spin it, it's hard to compete with free. Megaupload not only offered free content, but did so in a user-friendly way. Once they and their ilk were gone, legit, user-friendly options became more attractive to consumers.
Glad this study was able to quantify what common sense and experience tells us to be true.
All these questions are answered in the report, which I have linked to in the article. It would probably be easiest for you to just read the report.
I'm not familiar with Megaupload's specific terms of service, but if they were like other cyberlockers, the content was only free to an extent. In addition to advertising, most cyberlockers make money from selling unthrottled access to the files so people could download them faster. If someone was getting enough material from Megaupload, they probably would have been paying for this unthrottled access. When Megaupload went down, the money they were spending there would have been freed up to spend elsewhere, such as on sites offering legitimate material.
In that sense, from the consumer's point of view, it was never free. Depending on how much someone downloaded, Megauploads unthrottled access fees might have been less than what they would have paid to get the material elsewhere, but the monetary cost to them was never zero. So switching to a legitimate source is less a case of suddenly having to start paying for their movies/songs/television shows/books/etc. and more a case of redirecting the money they were already spending.
The big difference, of course, is that some of the money spent would go to the creators of the material rather than all of it going into Megaupload's coffers and Kim Dotcom's pockets.
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It's been a long, hard year getting to this point but finally it is here - the opening of About Brick Lane. I struggled at first, finding inspiration. Yes, I know that seems strange in such a vibrant, exciting community but the artist in me just couldn't find anything to connect with and develop. There were a few ideas but I just wasn't happy with what I produced during those initial stages.
Finally I started reading On Brick Lane written by an author who had actually had a history with the place I was trying to be inspired by, Rachel Lichtenstein. Her grandparents had lived there and she also went back to live on Brick Lane herself. In her book she shares many experiences gathered from her family, people that she had become friends with and people that she had heard about when talking to other local community members.
For some reason, something inside of me was awoken and I began to take my thought processes along the route of the textiles trade as Brick Lane had been renowned for this between 1880 until just before the outbreak of the second world war. I continued to read her book and also dipped into other sources to find out more about the Jewish 'rag trade'. I wanted to combine photographs of the area as it is now along with floral fabric reminiscent of that which would have been produced around the period I was looking at. I tried sewing my photos together with fabric between them, unsuccessfully and then inspiration was struck when my boyfriend suggested cutting parts out of the photographs. This looked great! (What would I have done without him!?) I stuck fabric behind to add the extra dimension of the fabric, relating it back to a 'multi-layered portrait of a place'. Finally I was getting somewhere and my creativity was flowing!
The dress and I definitely had a love/hate relationship and it really was a challenge but that is probably why I am proud of the outcome as it has taken me away from the framed photographs I usually produce for an exhibition. Don't get me wrong, there is nothing wrong with framed images, I'd just had enough of sticking them on gallery walls and wanted to produce something that was a little different!


Rejecting an appeal from the company, a Moscow municipal court confirmed today an earlier court decision to consider LinkedIn as violating the Russian legislation on personal data storage, according to Russian news agency Interfax.
As a consequence, the telecom regulator Roskomnadzor — which had initiated the legal procedure against LinkedIn — will require operators to block access to the site from Russia. This may happen as early as next week, according to Roskomnadzor's spokesman Vadim Ampelovsky.
Russia's new legislation on personal data, which came into force in September 2015, requires that companies store Russian citizens' personal data only on servers located on Russian territory (see white paper by EWDN and EY).
Many Russian and foreign organizations, including Alibaba, Apple, Booking.com, and Google, have already transferred user data from foreign data centers to Russia or announced plans to do so, while others have not complied so far.
Virtual space or Russian territory?
LinkedIn launched a Russian version of its platform five years ago. Earlier this year, the soon-to-be Microsoft subsidiary had not provided any "substantial answer" to two inquiries from Roskomnadzor, according to the regulator.
In addition, Roskomnadzor pointed to "big disorders with leaks of personal data from LinkedIn since 2010," as stated by Ampelovsky last month.
These arguments proved insufficient to convince the Moscow court.


We have modeled the economic and distributional effects of the Senate tax bill passed last night. The first set of tables below show the results of modeling the basic components within the Senate bill – the 39.6% bracket, the capital gains and dividend tax rate increase to 20%, and the new PEP and Pease phase-out. There is no business expensing provision in this first set, because the Senate provision is not permanent (1 year extension) and would have no lasting effect on capital accumulation. The model is run at 2008 income levels, then inflated to 2012 dollars. First, GDP effects and static and dynamic revenues. Second, static revenue over the budget window. Third, distribution tables, static and dynamic. The second set of tables below does include the effects of a permanet 50 percent expensing provision.
Budget window static revenue from top income tax rate of 39.6% and 20% rate on capital gains, dividends at CBO nominal growth rates assuming no change in the amount of realized gains and dividend payments.
The tables below show the results of adding 50% expensing to the Senate 39.6% bracket, the capital gains and dividend increase to 20%, and the new PEP and Pease phase-out. The expensing provision in this set is assumed to be permanent, which it is not in the Senate bill. The model is run at 2008 income levels, then inflated to 2012 dollars. First, GDP effects and revenues static and dynamic. Second, static revenue over the budget window. Third, distribution tables, static and dynamic.


text:
A eleição para o senado do estado americano da Virgínia Ocidental foi realizada em 6 de novembro de 2012 em simultâneo com as eleições para a câmara dos representantes, para o senado, para alguns governos estaduais e para o presidente da república. O senador democrata Joe Manchin concorreu a reeleição para um primeiro mandato completo. Em 6 de novembro Joe Manchin foi reeleito com 60% dos votos.

Resultados

Ligações externas
Secretaria de estado da Virgínia Ocidental
Contribuições de campanha no OpenSecrets.org
Gastos no Sunlight Foundation
Posições políticas dos candidatos no On the Issues
Sites oficiais de campanha
Joe Manchin para o senado
John Raese para o senado

Virgínia Ocidental
Senado 2012

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Place the fruit and nuts in a bowl and pour over the brandy. Cover and allow to soak overnight. Preheat the oven to 140˚C (285˚F).
Place the butter and sugar in the bowl of an electric mixer and beat until light and creamy. Gradually add the eggs and beat well. Place the butter and fruit mixtures, flour, bicarbonate of soda and cinnamon in a bowl and stir to combine.
Line a 20cm (8 in) square cake tin with two layers of non-stick baking (parchment) paper. Spoon in the mixture and bake for 2 hours or until cooked.
Pour over the extra brandy while the cake is hot. Cool in the tin. Serves 12.


text:
openDemocracyUK presents a debate about how to build a just, sustainable, and resilient economy. Find out more about the project & submit your ideas.
Celebrating the 800th anniversary of the Charter of the Forest
The Forest Charter. The British Library. Public domain.
This year is the 800th anniversary of a founding document of the British constitution, and of other constitutions as well. Issued in the name of a ten-year-old King Henry III alongside the modified Charter of Liberties that had been sealed by King John and the barons at Runnymede on June 15, 2015 that became Magna Carta on November 6, 1217, the Charter of the Forest is among the first ecological charters in history and among the first to assert the rights of the common man and woman.
As it coincided with the first feminist advance, in a modified Article 7 of the Magna Carta, which could have been in the Forest Charter, it could also be called a first feminist charter. That new Article 7 gave widows the right to refuse to be remarried, to retain some of their husband's land and to have the right to estovar on the commons, to take the means of subsistence, for the remainder of their lives. In effect, widows were given the right to a basic income. For the time and place, that was a remarkable advance.
The Charter has the distinction of being the most durable piece of legislation in British history, having only been superseded in 1971, with the Wild Creatures and Forest Laws Act, by when most of its principles had been embedded in other legislation, including the Commons Act of 1876, which ruled that enclosure should be allowed only if there were public benefit, and by the establishment of the Forestry Commission in 1919.
The legislation that chipped away at its principles turned it from being a fundamental assertion of common rights to a generalised plan to handle nature and turn it into resources, for production and commercial ends. From its origins as a great act of decommodification of commoners it gradually evolved into a body of legislation and institutions for the managed commodification of natural resources.
Yet the Charter is almost unknown, rarely mentioned in children's history lessons. Almost certainly, this is because it is an assertion of the rights of ordinary people to the right to subsistence. Yet for hundreds of years after 1217 it was more influential than the Magna Carta itself; every church was required to read it out four times a year in designated services.
Some historians believe that it was the Charter of the Forest that carried the Magna Carta forward in the centuries after they both came into effect, not the other way round. This was partly because the commoners were obliged to struggle to maintain the rights to subsistence enshrined in the Charter.
Rights always begin with class-based demands made against the state. The Forest Charter was about restoring and preserving the right to common, the rights of commoners and their right to the commons. Of course, it was incomplete in all respects, and is hard to read, with words and concepts that have drifted into history, such as agistment (right to use the commons for livestock) and pawnage (right to pasture your pigs). Even the great verb 'to common' is scarcely recognised today, though users of it have a twinkle in their eyes in perceiving a revival.
The context of the Charter in 1217 was the aftermath of a period in which the monarchy, notably King John, had begun to use the forests to extract rents and fines, had curtailed the rights of commoners to use the land for their subsistence, and had imposed heavy sanctions on behaviour that did not serve the interests of the elite. Forests symbolised the land, since half the country was covered by them, but the idea of the forest covered much more than it conveys today. It included all forms of public, common spaces, including villages and towns.
What the Charter did was nothing less than provide a legal foundation for living, by asserting the commoners' usufruct rights, the right to subsistence, on common land and water. It also asserted the right to reparation, if the high and mighty encroached on the commons, through commercialisation of its products, enclosure or encroachment.
The Charter of the Forest has been integral to class struggle throughout British history. Tweet This!
It has influenced class struggles in many parts of the world. For many years after 1217, it carried the Magna Carta forward, rather than the other way round. It provided the basis for riots in defence of common rights. But it has been abused throughout its history, with the Tudors being egregious spoilers. For centuries, commoners protested against the threat to the commons, most notably in the 17th century in a series of riots that helped to precipitate the Civil War.
Although formally superseded in 1971, the ethos of the Charter has been preserved in several institutions. The closest it came to defeat was the Coalition Government's plan in 2010 to privatise the Forestry Commission. The plan was withdrawn after concerted public protests. But those who wanted to implement it are still in government or in the circles of influence supporting it.
Now, its values are under more surreptitious attack, through the micro-politics of privatisation. The government is deliberately running down the management of the commons, to the point where more and more people will not care whether it is privatised, commercialised or simply lost. We are at a critical point.
We must use this anniversary year to revive and to defend the Charter's principles, including its assertion that every commoner has the right to subsistence. It is a wonderful opportunity to organise a series of events to celebrate, defend and revive the commons, thereby exposing the ideology behind the ongoing plunder of the commons and the micro-politics behind it.
In short, a tragedy of the neo-liberal era (roughly since 1980) is that, as rentier capitalism has grown by the extension of private property rights, the state has orchestrated a plunder of the commons, against the spirit of the Charter of the Forest.
We may divide the commons into five types – spatial (or natural), social, civil, cultural and intellectual or educational.[i] The spatial commons are the foundation – land (and what is on or under it), water and air. They are natural assets that belong to all of us, as citizens. They do not belong to any government, just as they do not belong to any individual owner. They convey an array of common rights, including the right to roam. They are 'nature's bounty' handed down to us by our ancestry. They were either never privatised or at some time became part of the commons. They belong to us collectively, and belong to nobody. Parts of the commons were improved by the labour of numerous people put to work in a public cause.
The social commons consist of amenities created and paid for by generations before us, including public libraries, public hospitals and clinics, public transport systems, public roads and squares, and parks and public gardens that are a combination of spatial commons and the efforts of numerous people who have shaped their design and their character.
The cultural commons include public art, for which we as society are stewards, not owners with a property right to buy and sell. One ugly aspect of the austerity era has been the stealthy selling of art works from public museums and public places, the most symbolic of which has been the tussle over Henry Moore's statue, Old Flo, which he bequeathed to the borough of Tower Hamlets to give beauty to a public space.
Other works of art have been sold under duress, in a buyers' market, in response to budget cuts forced by central government, so that the latter can continue with its policy of cutting taxation for affluent groups and its donors. If we knew the full extent of what has been done and what is planned, perhaps we would riot. We should.
The fourth form should be called the civil commons, encapsulated for eternity in the Magna Carta of 1217. These may be defined as a universal and equal right to justice, with respect to due process, affordable and accessible legal representation and so on. It is insufficiently appreciated how far those principles have been eroded in the past three decades. The current Government is merely continuing what New Labour and the Coalition accelerated, which is perhaps why there has been little parliamentary opposition to its erosion. If the right to legal aid is lost, the civic commons is eroded.
Privatising social and employment services has also been a means of shredding the civic commons. There is no due process in welfare sanctions and benefit denial. We should demand it, in the name of the rights of commoners.
The final form is the educational or intellectual commons. Think of our great universities and colleges. They should not be commodities to be bought and sold, or turned from bodies for nurturing learning, scholarship and research, and a culture of reflection, into an industry for maximising profits by churning out breadwinners, degrees and commodified academics. The educational commons must be rescued by reversing the commodification of education
The several types of commons – spatial, civil, social, cultural and educational – are integral to a good society. They have a value in themselves and contribute disproportionately to the social income of low-income groups in society.
The primary tragedy of the commons is not what is usually regarded as the depletion by over-use by commoners. It is that successive utilitarian governments, wedded to neo-liberal economics and private property rights, have seen all forms of the commons as resources and as capital, to be turned into revenue. The austerity rhetoric has been used to accelerate the plunder of the commons. Under the guise of decentralisation, the Government has made local authorities more responsible for the commons, and then cut their budgets, leaving under-funded authorities with painful choices. Most have buckled.
This is a wilful ideologically-driven campaign to privatise, enclose and commercialise the commons. Consider just a few examples. The iconic Sheffield public library is to be sold to foreign capital, so that it can be turned into a five-star hotel. That library belongs to the people of Sheffield, and not just today's people, who are the stewards of the commons for the generations to come. In the same city, the authorities have turned the care of public trees along roads to a private firm, which has promptly cut down thousands of trees, on commercial grounds.
What is happening to our parks is scandalous. For instance, with its budget slashed, the authorities in the Lake District, an iconic part of our commons, have put prime sites up for sale to private buyers. In the Royal Parks, bequeathed to the nation by Queen Victoria for the use by rich and poor for rest and recreation, commercialisation is being allowed, rationalised by a need to raise money for their upkeep because of government budget cuts. A result is 'eventism', commercial events that shatter the calm and leave the grass needing months to recover, thus denied to the commoners.
Allotments, that wonderful legacy of commons for growing fruit and vegetables, and for connecting people to nature, are under commercial siege, some being converted to car parks or sites for supermarkets. The privatisers and their rich clients have no moral right to take it away. And yet they are being allowed to do so.
Then there is fracking, denuding our spatial commons. The Energy Secretary said before the General Election in 2015 that there was 'an outright ban' on fracking in national parks. Immediately afterwards, the same Minister said drilling would be allowed around and under them. Shamelessly, the Government has also hastily politicised the granting of drilling licences, bypassing democratic processes. It has no right to do this. Whether or not we favour fracking (and most of us do not), this year we should make it a matter of fighting to preserve the commons.
Then there is the farce of the Garden Bridge over the Thames in London, mercifully killed by the Mayor of London. The national river is part of the commons. A bunch of privateers, orchestrated by a well-connected actress, should not be allowed to build a private bridge, much of the time to be closed to the public, and to receive millions of pounds of public money and loan guarantees to enable them to do so. That is what happened. Happily, the new Mayor has killed the project. But one would be naïve to think it will be the last of its kind.
Meanwhile, the erosion of the social commons is extraordinary, with social housing, libraries, public toilets and much else quietly being lost. Thousands of routes of public bus services have been closed, which were used predominantly by low-income people. When libraries, bus services, allotments and parks are shrunk, the social income of the precariat falls, because low-income people, particularly those in and out of short-term jobs rely on public spaces and amenities much more than the affluent, who have their private cars, gardens and second homes.
Taking away the intellectual commons has been a globalisation trick. In 1813, Thomas Jefferson said that ideas cannot be property, and yet in the current era institutional and regulatory mechanisms for privatising so-called intellectual property have been built into a fortress since the passage of TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Property Rights) in 1995. Patents, copyrights, trademarks and other wheezes have proliferated, all giving monopoly income flows for many years, sucking up rental income for those perceived to own ideas.
Supposedly a return to risk-taking, many patented ideas are actually the result of generations of ideas produced by numerous people. Many result from publicly funded research, in public universities, colleges and research institutes. Many are filed with the intention of just being artificial barriers to entry, not for actual use. They are the base of rentier capitalism. In this year of the Charter that established the rights to the commons, there should be a campaign to roll back so-called intellectual property rights. They enrich plutocratic corporations that are patent hoovers, buying up thousands of patents and stringing them together to earn billions of dollars, pounds or euros.
What should have priority in this momentous year? Let us demand that every local authority identify and produce an inventory of all commons under its stewardship or the stewardship of central government. Let us demand that no piece of the commons should be enclosed, commercialised or sold without public knowledge, proper public debate and adequate time for contestation. Instead of having referenda for complex issues that people cannot be expected to understand, let us have them around simple acts of plunder of the commons.
Let us expose the false vocabulary that conceals the plunder. To call a government body the National Capital Committee is a provocative, ideological trap. The commons are not capital. The fact that the Committee was set up by a 'business-led Ecosystem Markets Task Force' designed to 'harness City financial expertise to maximise revenue streams' tells us of the commercial priorities, a shield for a plunder that must be resisted. The voice of the commoners was excluded.
Let us demand an inventory of the POPS (privately owned public spaces) that are being spread surreptiously in cities and towns, demand to know why they are being allowed and demand that they be stopped. No POPS without representation by commoners! Why should a Malaysian business consortium be allowed to turn an iconic part of London into a mock Malaysian jungle? It should be part of London, embedded in the traditions and culture of generations of its commoners.
Let us demand our urban spaces back. Think of the implications of an injunction issued barring protesters from the Broadgate Estate covering Bishopsgate and Liverpool Street. It said pompously and arrogantly, 'The are no public rights over the common parts.' More of our cities and towns are being denied to the commoners.
In sum, now that an ill-judged General Election has ended messily, in the second half of this year of its 800th anniversary, let us launch events across the country to celebrate and revive the values of one of the great charters of British history.
Among them, a group of us are hiring a barge to go up the Thames to Runnymede on September 16, holding workshops on critical issues en route and then a public event under the majestic Ankerwycke yew, over 2,500 years old, surely the finest tribute to the forest and the commons one could imagine in the country. There we hope to expand on a demand that the government, of whatever complexion, should organise a Domesday Book of the Commons, to be drawn up by 2020, listing all the commons that still exist. It would act as a defence line and a point from which to advance.
[i] This typology is developed elsewhere. G.Standing, The Corruption of Capitalism: Why Rentiers thrive and Work does not pay. London: Biteback.
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Kevin M. Kruse
Professor of History, Princeton University
Op-Eds & Essays
Voter Suppression in U.S. Elections offers an enlightening, history-informed conversation about voter disenfranchisement in the United States. By gathering scholars and activists whose work has provided sharp analyses of this issue, we see how historians in general explore contentious topics and provide historical context for students and the broader public.
Voter Suppression in U.S. Elections
By Carol Anderson, Heather Ann Thompson, Heather Cox Richardson, Kevin M. Kruse and Stacey Abrams
Two award-winning historians explore the origins of a divided America.
By Kruse, Kevin M. and Zelizer, Julian E.
One Nation Under God: How Corporate America Invented Christian America
By Kevin M. Kruse
Fog of War: The Second World War and the Civil Rights Movement
By Kevin M. Kruse and Stephen N. G. Tuck
The Spaces of the Modern City: Imaginaries, Politics, and Everyday Life
By Gyan Prakash and Kevin M. Kruse
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RECOMMENDED READS : Women Writers, Women's Books — Read on booksbywomen.org/recommended-reads/ These look interesting and worth exploring.
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The Korat cat breed's coat is short, glossy and fine and lies close to its body. It comes in just one colour that is a shade of blue tipped with silver. The nose leather, lips and paw pads are dark blue-grey or lavender. It is similar to the Russian Blue cat in appearance, but has a single rather than a double coat, is more rounded in shape and has peridot green rather than emerald eyes. The head has a characteristic heart shape with large ears, large eyes and an alert expression. The body is strong and muscular, neither long like a Siamese cat nor stocky like a British Shorthair cat.
The Korat cat breed is named after a province in Thailand. In Thailand, where the breed is often known as 'Si-Sawat' (meaning good fortune) - a pair of Korat cats were a traditional gift for a bride. A Korat cat may have been entered in a British cat show in the 19th century as a Blue Siamese cat. They first appeared in America in the 1950s and arrived in Great Britain from there in 1972. They are one of the few breeds that are only available in one colour, in this case silvery blue.
Korat cats have a quiet, sweet nature but are very intelligent and playful. They make ideal household pets and can be devoted to their human companions.
The Korat cat is quite a long-lived cat with ages of 18 and 19 not uncommon. Korat cats are known to suffer from gangliosidosis, an inherited enzyme deficiency that affects the nervous system causing paralysis. There is a test for this and owners should check that the breeder's cats have been tested and are free from the problem before buying a kitten.


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My father purchased a ULIP from Bajaj Allianz in February 2007 (Policy #0038885078).
The annual premium was Rs 10000, which had to be paid for 3 years and a lock in period of 5 years.
In Feb 2007 and mar 2008, 2 payments were made accordingly of Rs. 10000 each.
The 3rd premium was missed, in 2009, but was paid in Dec 2010.
In September 2012, we logged into the Bajaj Allianz web site to check the performance of the fund. To our surprise, we found that the total fund value has trickled down to Rs. 12093.94.
An amount of Rs. 11040.98 had been deducted in the name of "Charges", with no break down whatsoever. And under the head for "Lapse Capital Withdrawal Regular" Rs. 9089.82 had been deducted, but once the 3rd premium was made that same amount had been added to the account again as "Reinstatement Capital Regular". But at the time of deduction, the NAV was 8.6440 and when it was added back it was 17.0679. So, the number of units present in the fund almost got halved.
I called up the Bajaj Allianz helpline, where the associate explained to me that Mortality Charges @Rs. 100.74 per month, Policy Administration Charges @Rs. 63.82 per month and Service Tax @Rs. @20 per month is being deducted which amounts to the above mentioned "Charges".
He also said that as the premium had not been paid in 2009, the policy got lapsed and the funds were frozen, hence, the units available at that time were sold @Rs. 8.6440 per unit, and when the third premium was paid, the same amount was utilized to buy units at the prevalent price of Rs. 17.0679 per unit.
The conversation id for the call with the representative is 27934071.
So right now, the total fund value has amounted to Rs. 12093.94 on payment of a premium of Rs. 30000. Plus every year, 22% of the premium is being deducted @22.14%, with no significant development of the fund whatsoever, in addition to allocating only 95% of the paid premium.
I feel defrauded by Bajaj Allianz.
Can anyone please suggest the right course of action here?
You can do NOTHING! yes nothing, all that they have done is in perfect accordance with the terms and conditions mentioned in the 25 page or more Policy Document which we never bother to read when we get it and we tend to believe what the agent/adviser told us at the time of selling the plan. The charges are nothing but what the agent got as commission and the company Merrily goes on deducting units as long as the policy is in force, even then try sending emails to the company people, the branch manager, the area manager and every top management email id you can get hold of, a complaint to IRDA should also be done. Hopefully somebody will answer you.
Please also read the latest article by Manish on jago investor about Mis-Selling or Mis-Buying?


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Home>World >2020 Democrats debate: Biden slammed on race record
2020 Democrats debate: Biden slammed on race record
By IANS Updated: Jun 28, 2019 11:14 pm
Washington, June 28 (IANS): Former US Vice-President and Democratic White House frontrunner Joe Biden has been slammed by Senator Kamala Harris, who is of Indian and Jamaican descent, for his record on race in a televised debate and challenged on his previous comments about segregationists.
The debate on Thursday night came a day after the first batch of the 10 presidential hopefuls squared off in an event hosted by television network NBC in Miami, as the party decided to divide the field of 20 candidates into two groups of 10.
The debate – the second over two days to accommodate the huge field of candidates vying for the Democratic nomination – saw Biden face off against Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, the US media reported.
The dramatic moment of the evening came in response to a question about race and policing, when Harris interjected, saying that she had a right to respond as the only black candidate on stage.
She then directed her comments to Biden, denouncing his record on race. "I do not believe you are a racist," Harris said, looking directly at the former Vice-President.
"But," she continued, "it is personal and it was actually hurtful to hear you talk about the reputations of two US senators who built their reputations and career on the segregation of race in this country."
Her attack was a reference to a remark Biden made recently on the campaign trail in which he spoke fondly of his relationship with segregationist senators. When called upon by his rivals to apologize, he refused, Efe news reported.
Harris also accused Biden of supporting policies that would have prevented young minority students like herself from attending school in white majority districts. She said when he opposed bussing, there was a little black girl in Oakland, California, who was being bussed to a better school.
"There was a little girl in California who was part of the second class to integrate her public schools and she was bussed to school every day," Harris said. "That little girl was me."
Biden sought to defend his record, saying he was only against "busing ordered by the Department of Education" but didn't oppose local integration efforts, and tried to put his comments about former Senate colleagues in context.
"It's a mischaracterization of my position across the board. I did not praise racists," he said.
Biden drew criticism last week when he referred to the two racist Southern senators when speaking of a time when the Senate could achieve "civility".
The candidates also criticized President Donald Trump and sparred over racial issues, the scope of healthcare policies and the universality of government assistance programmes.
Thursday's stage featured Biden, Sanders, Harris, South Bend Indiana Mayor Pete Buttigieg, New York Senator Kirsten Gillibrand, Colorado Senator Michael Bennett, former Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper, California Representative Eric Swalwell, activist and author Marianne Williamson and tech entrepreneur Andrew Yang.
The common denominator between all candidates was a withering criticism of Trump's actions in his time in office, as well as their rejection of the tax cut package passed by the Republican-dominated Congress in 2017 that benefited the wealthiest segments of the American society and is estimated to carry a loss of $1.5 trillion to US coffers.
Biden also faced challenges from a new generation of presidential hopefuls who took aim at his decades-long record as a Delaware senator and questioned whether the party's Obama-era policies have gone far enough in achieving progressive goals.
The arguments pivoted over the role of government in healthcare and other issues – and whether the party should embrace aspects of democratic socialism, a position repeatedly pushed by Sanders.
Two of Biden's chief rivals — Sanders and Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren — have advocated steep tax increases for the wealthy and corporations to fund their sweeping plans for an expansive healthcare system, college affordability and safeguards against climate change.
The two rounds of debates were held ahead of Sunday's second-quarter fundraising deadline, which may yield more clarity on the candidates' viability as their totals trickle out ahead of a July 15 reporting deadline.
By IANS Updated: Jun 28, 2019 11:14:40 pm
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Once you've heard what bluesman Henry Butler's hands can create on those ivories, there's no going back. Those hands boogie that keyboard like no one else's. Throw in a classically trained voice aching us through the blues, and you're someplace you have never been before and would give anything to return to, again and again.
A rich amalgam of jazz, Caribbean, classical, pop, blues, and R&B, his music is as excitingly eclectic as that of his New Orleans birthplace. Blinded by glaucoma at birth, Butler has been playing the piano since he was six years old, and arranging, composing, and performing professionally since he was twelve.
To date, Butler has played almost every major club and festival in the United States, as well as venues in Brazil, France, Norway, Italy, Japan, Australia, and more. For over forty years, he has conducted workshops, clinics, and master classes throughout the country; he also developed a camp for blind and visually impaired teen musicians, the subject of a 2010 documentary, The Music's Gonna Get You Through.


1. "Diffusionism" and its Effects on Traditional Music (A case study of Contemporary Traditional Music by Victor Kunonga).
2. Music Performance in Retrospect: Memories of New Brighton Female Vocalists' Apartheid Experiences.
3. The challenges facing the music industry in Zimbabwe: a case of the National Arts Council of Zimbabwe.
4. The impact of the "decade of crisis" on the careers of secular urban musicians in Zimbabwe.
5. The promotion of popular music in the major cities of Zimbabwe: a contested terrain by musicians and promoters.


UAB had a huge 64-47 victory over 25th ranked Cincinnati last night. Elijah Millsap scored 22 points and pulled down 15 boards, his fifth double-double of the season. Millsap's older brother, Paul, plays for the Utah Jazz in the NBA, and Millsap looks like he could get there, too. He's a junior. Howard Crawford added 14 and George Drake chipped in 10. UAB moved to 9-1 and looks for real.UAB now has won 30 consecutive games against non-conference opponents at home.UAB held Cincy to 32 percent shooting for the night. Made some 3's (5-21), but outrebounded Cincy, 47-34. Jamaar Sanders added 11 boards.
Next game against South Alabama Saturday Night in Mobile at 5:30 on CSS. Tough game in Mobile. USA (8-3) has already beaten Arkansas this season.
No.21 Butler (AP) comes to Bartow Arena for a 7 p.m. game next Tuesday. No TV. Butler (7-3) has a win over Ohio State (74-66) and tough losses to Clemson (70-69) and Georgetown (72-65). All three are ranked and very good teams. Butler is typical Butler; they hustle and they can really shoot when they're on. Homewood's Ronald Nored is Butler's starting point guard.
The Blazers aren't deep, but they play so hard. Like this team a lot. If they can stay healthy, could make tourney. Two tough games coming up though.
'Bama beat Samford last night, 60-45. Mikhail Torrance scored 15 and had seven assists. JaMychal Green added 14. Alabama (7-3) plays 17th ranked (AP) Kansas State Saturday at 7:30 p.m. in Mobile. The game will be televised by CSS.
AU (5-4) plays Florida State tonight in Tallahassee. Tip off is at 6 p.m. CST. Game will be televised by the Sun Network. If you have DirecTV or Charter Deluxe Cable you may be able to watch it. Tough game for AU. Florida State (10-2) beat Alabama earlier this season, 60-51 at FSU.


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Q: Is it true that every injective function must be surjective? I believe it is false, because an injective function never maps elements of the domain to the same element of its codomain, where as the surjective function can map an element of the codomain to any element in the domain.
I have some other explanations but they make little sense and are very messy, like this, can someone write a better explanation, or correct me entirely if I am wrong?

A: Let $A$ be a subset of $B$ and prescribe the function $f:A\rightarrow B$ by $a\mapsto a$.
Then $f$ is evidently injective. However, if $A$ is a proper subset of $B$ then the function is not surjective. For elements $b\in B-A\neq\emptyset$ there is no $a\in A$ with $b=f(a)$.

A: My informal way to remember the definitions of injectivity, surjectivity, and bijectivity:
Injective:  Every element of the codomain has at most one preimage.
Surjective:  Every element of the codomain has at least one preimage.
Bijective:  Every element of the codomain has exactly one preimage.
More precisely, if $f : A \to B$ is a mapping of set $A$ to set $B$, then $f$ is
Injective if for every $b \in B$, there is at most one (and possibly no) $a \in A$ such that $f(a) = b$.
Surjective if for every $b \in B$, there is at least one $a \in A$ such that $f(a) = b$.
Bijective if for every $b \in B$, there is exactly one $a \in A$ such that $f(a) = b$.
Under these definitions, clearly, injectivity and surjectivity are not the same concept:  an injective mapping does not require every element in its codomain to have a preimage.  Can we take any injection and make it a surjection by modifying the codomain to be the image of $A$ under $f$?  That is to say, is $f : A \to f(A)$ trivially surjective?  Sure, but then the mapping is no longer between the same sets.  This illustrates an important concept of mappings that is frequently overlooked by students new to the concept; namely, that a mapping is characterized by three components:  two sets, and a "rule" or association between them.  The rule is frequently taken to be the focus of attention when working with mappings, but the sets under consideration are also important.

A: $f(n)=2\cdot n$ is injective from $\mathbb N$ to $\mathbb N$, but not surjective.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Paul explains in this 3 minute and 28 second video lesson that the backward inside bracket turn is one of the easiest of the bracket turns because the upper body doesn't have to do very much. You enter and exit the turn facing inside the circle. While there is very little upper body movement, Paul points out that he does feel a little tension in his core and that his left side is pulling back a little bit. Paul then releases that tension prior to the turn and that the tension then moves to the right side. The release allows Paul to get into a position where he is able to show and maintain a strong outside edge.
Next Paul addresses the hips and free leg for this turn. On the entry, Paul's left (free) leg, hip and knees are quite open, with the free foot slightly behind the skating leg, with the toes of each foot facing in opposite directions.
Once Paul executes the turn, his hips are in a closed position with hips, legs and feet facing the same direction. Notice how the free leg remains still throughout the turn and that it is the skating leg that does the work of going from a backward to forward position.
Remember that if you can avoid extraneous body movement, you will be better able to control the skating foot and repeat the turn with greater consistency. Paul acknowledges that skaters may choose to embellish the free leg position and this is fine. However, Paul maintains that simple is better and that moving or repositioning the free leg often negatively affects the quality of the turn.
the quality of the turn.
Categories: Field Moves, Steps & Turns, Steps & Turns, Step Sequences, Brackets Product Coach: Paul Matheson. Product Skill Level: Intermediate. Product Lesson Type: Private, Tips, Technique.


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Equal civilian pay at Dix, McGuire, Lakehurst?
For years, civilian employees at the Navy base in Lakehurst, N.J., have earned more than their counterparts at nearby Army and Air Force installations.
by By Matthew Spolar, Inquirer Staff Writer
With federal officials planning to merge the three bases, Rep. John H. Adler (D., N.J.) has introduced legislation that would equalize pay across the combined, 42,000-acre facility.
Yesterday, he released a report detailing the discrepancy in the "locality pay areas" that cover Fort Dix, McGuire Air Force Base, and Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst. Locality pay areas are cost-of-living zones that determine salary adjustments for federal employees across the country.
The Burlington County bases of McGuire and Fort Dix are in a Philadelphia-area zone; their civilian employees are paid 7 percent less than those at Lakehurst, in Ocean County and a New York-area zone.
In Adler's report, he calculates that Lakehurst civilian employees make $2,747 more per year than their Dix and McGuire counterparts.
As part of a nationwide realignment initiated by the Department of Defense in 2005, the adjacent bases are to become a joint base by Oct. 1.
"For the first time you have people working for the same boss . . . but they're getting paid at different rates," said Col. Gina Grosso, the joint-base commander.
Adler said that civilian employees - administrative assistants, mechanics, nurses, and engineers - working at the joint base but earning different wages could create a "morale" problem. The bases have a combined 4,000 civilian workers.
In the past, Grosso said, the different pay rates typically meant that employees from Dix and McGuire quickly filled any openings at Lakehurst.
"If you could do the same thing and only drive 20 minutes but make 7 percent more, wouldn't you do it?" Grosso said.
Additionally, Adler pointed out, the Defense Department has called for closing Fort Monmouth, which is also in the New York-area locality pay zone.
Though Fort Monmouth employees are being moved to Aberdeen, Md., federal civilian employees can work wherever they prefer, Adler spokeswoman Kathryn Prael said. If the salaries at the Burlington County bases are raised to make them more attractive to the Monmouth employees, Adler said, his legislation could help save jobs in New Jersey.
"We'd like as many of those folks that want to work with us as possible because we have a lot of vacant jobs," Grosso said.
Adler said his bill would cost about $3 million, which would come from the existing defense budget.
He added that the bill had support from Rep. Ike Skelton (D., Mo.), chairman of the Armed Services Committee.
"I'm very optimistic we'll get this done in the next few weeks," Adler said.
By Matthew Spolar, Inquirer Staff Writer


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Colorado redistricting: See where you landed on…
Colorado redistricting: See where you landed on newly approved statehouse maps
State Supreme Court supports independent commission's proposal all but concluding the state's once-a-decade redistricting process
David Zalubowski, The Associated Press
Bundled against freezing temperatures, a lone pedestrian moves along Bannock Street with the State Capitol in the background early Election Day Tuesday, Nov. 2, 2021, in downtown Denver.
By Alex Burness | aburness@denverpost.com | The Denver Post
PUBLISHED: November 15, 2021 at 10:44 a.m. | UPDATED: November 15, 2021 at 2:26 p.m.
Democrats will be favored to maintain their statehouse majorities under new state House and Senate district lines approved Monday morning by the Colorado Supreme Court.
The state's Independent Redistricting Commissions have posted interactive maps for both the House and Senate. Members of the public can enter their addresses to see where they fit in.
With new congressional district lines having been approved earlier this month, Monday's ruling all but concludes the state's once-a-decade redistricting process. This year marked the first time the state has used independent redistricting commissions — one for the statehouse, one for Congress — that comprise equal numbers of Democrats, Republicans and independents. Voters requested that setup when they approved two ballot measures in 2018 that were meant to reduce the possibility of partisan gerrymandering in the state.
The court's ruling states: "(T)he Commission, its nonpartisan staff, its outside counsel, and numerous members of the public, interested parties, and their counsel worked tirelessly to ensure that the process worked as the people of Colorado intended, and the court expresses its gratitude to all those who participated in this process for their exceptional efforts in these most extraordinary of times."
The final Colorado state Senate map as approved Monday, Nov. 15, 2021, by the Colorado Supreme Court. (Via the Colorado Independent Legislative Redistricting Commission)
One of the commission's mandates was to promote competitiveness, and the new maps show the state Senate, where Democrats now hold a 20-15 advantage, could be especially competitive.
There are 35 Senate districts, each with about 165,000 people, and under the new map only 12 of the 35 districts lean in Republicans' favor, according to a summary of recent election results. But 11 districts are projected to land within 7.1 percentage points. Five districts are projected under 3 points, and two districts — District 15 in Larimer and Boulder counties and District 16 in Jefferson and Arapahoe counties — are projected to be toss-ups.
There are 65 House districts, each with about 88,000 people. Democrats hold 41 seats now, and recent election results indicate the party would have an advantage in 42 seats under the new district lines. But 15 districts are projected to be separated by 7.4 or fewer percentage points. District 18 in El Paso County and District 61 in Arapahoe County are projected to be toss-ups.
The final Colorado state House map as approved Monday, Nov. 15, 2021, by the Colorado Supreme Court. (Via the Colorado Independent Legislative Redistricting Commission)
The new map for Colorado's eight U.S. House of Representatives districts preserves (and in some cases increases) partisan advantages for each of the state's seven incumbent congresspeople: Republicans Lauren Boebert, Ken Buck and Doug Lamborn, and Democrats Jason Crow, Diana DeGette, Joe Neguse and Ed Perlmutter. All are expected to seek reelection in 2022.
A new 8th District, in the suburbs north of Denver, was granted to Colorado due to population growth here over the last decade. It's expected to be the most competitive of the bunch next year. Members of the public can use an interactive map to find out where they fall under new congressional lines.
Colorado Supreme Court
Alex Burness | Politics Reporter
Alex Burness covers politics for The Denver Post after previous work for The Boulder Daily Camera, Colorado Independent and Loveland Reporter-Herald. He is a Maryland native and a graduate of Northwestern University.
aburness@denverpost.com
Follow Alex Burness	@alex_burness


The Sacramento Drill Tower, Sacramento, California, is two-thirds water tank, one-third offices for the city.
Jenny and Aaron Stash built their home in Northbrook, Illinois, with a focus on sustainability, indoor air quality and energy efficiency.
Mitsubishi Electric's VRF zoning system gave the school comfort through Ohio's icy winters and cost savings to the tune of $11,000 a year.
The Cambulos Building is a mixed-use facility in downtown Medellin, Colombia, with 23 shops and a 12-story tower with 80 offices.
The Washington, D.C. area's first certified Passive House is extremely energy-efficient and high-end.


A young school girl age 11 has been honoured as "America's top young scientist" for inventing a quick, low-cost test to detect lead-contaminated water.
Gitanjali Rao was selected from 10 finalists who had spent three months collaborating with scientists to develop their ideas.
According to the BBC news, her device uses carbon nanotubes to detect the presence of lead.
Gitanjali's portable invention named Tethys, after the Greek goddess for fresh water allows a sensor linked to a mobile app to give an accurate, almost immediate analysis via a mobile app.


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The Five Greatest Jets Of The 2000s
In light of TOJ Editor-In-Chief Joe Caporoso's absence, the weekly 12 pack will be put on hold until next Friday. For today, we have a special request from TOJ Twitter frequenter Tommy Lessman to breakdown the five greatest New York Jets from the year 2000 on.
Vinny Testaverde – Although Testaverde is certainly a fan favorite of New York Jets fans, primarily for his vast bravado, along with taking the Jets to a game within the Super Bowl in 1998, Vinny's best years with Gang Green came prior to the new millennium.
Mo Lewis – Lewis was All-Pro in 2000, but like Testaverdere, his best years as a Jet came during the 90s. Lewis is also responsible for propelling the New England Dynasty by famously knocking out Drew Bledsoe in week 2 of the 2001 season, paving the way for Tom Brady and three Super Bowls.
Chad Pennington – I always say that if injuries didn't hamper his career, Pennington would have been an outstanding quarterback for the Jets. He led New York to two playoff victories in two separate seasons, including a 41-0 rout of Peyton Manning and the Colts in the 2002 playoffs. Pennington also holds the highest completion percentage in league history (with a minimum of 1,000 attempts), having completed 66.0 percent of his passes over his 11 year career. Unfortunately, countless rotator cuff injuries did hamper his career, and by the time he left New York in 2008 upon the arrival of Brett Favre, Pennington's throwing shoulder was seemingly hanging on by a paper clip. Still, we love you Chad.
Wayne Cherbet – Cherbet is the ultimate underdog. Undrafted out of Hofstra in 1995, he churned out a very solid 11 year career with the Jets, and remains 2nd in franchise history in receptions with 580, while he is 5th in yards from scrimmage with 7,365. Cherbet compiled 41 touchdowns over his 11 seasons, and was awarded the Jets Alumni Association's "Jets Player of the Year" Award in 2001, while also receiving the Ed Block Courage Award in 2005. Unfortunately, like Pennington, Cherbet's career was hampered by injuries, and he was forced into retirement in 2005 after a long history of concussions.
T-5.) Nick Mangold – Upon being drafted by the Jets in 2006, Mangold had the immense responsibility of stepping in for New York legend Kevin Mawae at the Center position. The first round pick out of Ohio State did not disappoint one bit. Starting all 16 games as a rookie, Mangold allowed only 0.5 sacks, while committing just 3 penalties throughout the entire season. He is a 4 time consecutive Pro Bowler from 2008-2011, as well as a 3 time consecutive All Pro from 2009-2011. He was the anchor for the league's top rushing offense in 2009, and the fourth best rushing offense in 2010. In 2010, the Jets rightfully made Mangold the highest paid Center in the history of the NFL. His value was even more exposed last season, as displayed by the Jets' horrific offensive struggles during his absence due to injury.
T-5.) Shaun Ellis – Over his 11 seasons as a Jet, Ellis compiled 559 tackles, 72.5 sacks, 13 forced fumbles and an interception. Prior to departing via free agency to rival New England last season, Ellis was the longest tenured New York Jet. He was a 2 time Pro Bowl selection in 2003 and 2009, and was the recipient of the 2010 Ed Block Courage Award. He always handled his business with class, and was the foundation of the Jets defensive line for over a decade. Ellis will always be remembered in the history of Gang Green, and could eventually find himself a spot in the Jets Ring of Honor.
4.) John Abraham – In his 6 seasons with the Jets from 2000-2005, Abraham compiled an astonishing 275 tackles, 53.5 sacks, 19 forced fumbles, and 5 fumble recoveries. He was a 3 time Pro Bowl selection as a Jet in 2001, 2002, and 2004, and is a member of the New York Jets All-Time Four Decade Team. Abraham is also the last Jets player to record double digit sacks in a single season. Oh, what New York would surely give to have a healthy John Abraham in his prime with Rex Ryan at the helm.
3.) Darrelle Revis – Revis came on the scene after the Jets traded up in the 2007 NFL Draft to obtain him with the 14th overall pick. At the young age of 26 years old, Revis already holds the franchise record for most career passes defended with 95, along with holding the record for the longest interception returned for a touchdown (100 yards vs. Miami on 10/17/2011) in franchise history. Other than the two records the young CB already holds, he has compiled 283 tackles, 18 interceptions, 3 touchdowns, and 1 sack during his 5 seasons as a Jet. Revis is a 4 time consecutive Pro Bowler from 2008-2011, as well as a 3 time consecutive All Pro from 2009-2011, was the AFC Defensive Player of the Year in 2009, and is widely regarded as the best defensive back in all of football. By the time it is all said and done, we may not be deeming Revis the greatest Jet of the 2000s, but rather of all time.
2.) Kevin Mawae – Mawae was the Jets ultimate Iron Man, having started 177 games from 1994-2005. In 2000, he anchored the Jets offensive line that ranked 1st in the NFL in fewest sacks allowed with only 20 throughout the entire season. He was a 6 time consecutive Pro Bowl invitee with the Jets, including five in the 2000s from 2000-2004. Mawae was also a 6 time All Pro with Gang Green, 4 of which came in the 2000s from 2000-2004. He was voted to the NFL's 2000s All-Decade Team, while maintaining a spot on the Jets All-Time Four Decade Team. A torn left triceps in 2005 not only ended his consecutive starts streak, but his career as a Jet as well. Mawae was a vital part of Curtis Martin's immense success as a Jet, and is one of the greatest contributors to the star Running Back's Hall of Fame career.
1.) Curtis Martin – No one can argue that the first ballot Hall of Famer has been the greatest Jet to date since the year 2000. Martin was a 5 time Pro Bowler, including 3 with the Jets, 2 of which came in the 2000s. He was also a 5 time All Pro, and was the oldest player to ever win the NFL Rushing Championship at age 31 in 2004, when he compiled a total of 1,697 yards on the ground. Martin was the NFL Alumni Running Back of the year in that same year, along with the FedEx Ground Player of the Year. The following season, he was awarded the Bart Starr Man of the Year Award.
Martin is the New York Jets All-Time leading rusher with 10,302 rushing yards as a Jet, and his total career rushing yards of 14,101 rank 4th all time among the NFL's all time leading rushers, behind only Barry Sanders, Walter Payton, and Emmitt Smith. He ranks 7th All-Time in yards from scrimmage with 17,430 yards. Martin is a member of the New York Jets Ring of Honor, while holding franchise records not only in rushing yards, but touchdowns as well (58). He ran for over a thousand yards in each of his first 10 seasons, including 7 of his 8 years with the Jets, 5 of which came in the 2000s. While Darrelle Revis certainly has the potential to eventually dethrone him, Curtis Martin is undoubtedly the greatest Jet since the turn of the century.
Author: Chris Gross
Chris Gross is a Staff Writer and Head NFL Draft Editor who is a graduate of Union College where he obtained a degree in history and captained the football team as a defensive end. Doug Brien is the only grown man to make him cry. Chris will assist me in leading our Jets and NFL coverage along with leading our 2013 NFL Draft coverage. He will also run the site when Editor-In-Chief Joe Caporoso is unavailable.	View all posts by Chris Gross
Author Chris GrossPosted on May 25, 2012 Categories AFC East, Chris G, New York JetsTags Curtis Martin, Darrelle Revis, Jets, NFL, Nick Mangold
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Decoration Gold "Li'l Red Express Truck" logo on doors. "Dodge" & "Adventurer 150" badging on front fenders. Gold 50th Anniversary Hot Wheels logo on rear fenders. Gold "Li'l Red Truck" on tailgate. Detailed front signals, sidemarkers & taillights. Gold pinstriping & silver door handles. Woodgrain bed floor & tailgate.


text:
Adnan F.
Last updated: February 11th, 2020 at 22:30 UTC+01:00
Samsung Galaxy S20 Ultra hands-on review: Pure dominance
It's not often that one model in a new flagship series from Samsung stands so far apart from the rest that it really becomes necessary to talk about it separately. But that's absolutely the case with the Galaxy S20 Ultra. Samsung has thrown everything but the kitchen sink at this device and it really is a strong statement from the company that it means business.
So let's dive right into this Galaxy S20 Ultra hands-on review and see what kind of a first impression Samsung's most expensive and most feature-packed flagship ever leaves. For our hands-on review of the Galaxy S20 and S20+, check out this article.
Design and feel
You can pick the Galaxy S20 Ultra out of a lineup pretty easily. It has an imposing personality because of its sheer dimensions and larger display; in fact, the largest yet on a Samsung flagship. Yet, it never feels like a smartphone that you couldn't possibly use as a daily driver. It will fit in your pocket easily, isn't too heavy and maintains a thin profile despite all of the crazy tech that it's packing inside.
It has all of the same new design elements as its siblings which we have detailed in our Galaxy S20 and Galaxy S20+ hands-on review. The Ultra does stand out because of its massive rear camera module. It's vertically aligned and dominates the back. Given that there's a decent amount of advanced tech inside, the module does noticeably protrude from the back. Yes, we did the wobble test on a flat surface, and it has great wobbling potential, a consequence of that protrusion.
There's no mistaking the fact that this is a Samsung flagship. It has the very familiar look and feel that we've come to expect from the company's high-end devices. The subtle curves at the back allow for a comfortable grip while the metal and glass build feels premium in the hand. There are absolutely no complaints here.
The display size of the Galaxy S20 Ultra is stretching the limits of what could conceivably be called a smartphone and not just a small tablet. The 6.9-inch Quad HD+ AMOLED display is accompanied by slim bezels and subtle curved edges. Given how we use our phones these days with content consumption being our biggest priority, there's a reasonable chance that most customers who can shell out the extra dollars for the largest model will go for the Ultra partly because of the display, the other amazing tech notwithstanding.
Samsung has equipped the entire Galaxy S20 lineup with a 120Hz refresh rate panel. The fluidity and smoothness that it allows in animations and games is hard to miss. It's great that Samsung has finally shifted to 120Hz panels for its flagship – it's a welcome addition to the lineup. The panel's quality is nothing short of exceptional. Samsung's AMOLED displays rarely give an opportunity to complain and that doesn't change with the Ultra.
An ultrasonic fingerprint sensor is present as well. Samsung isn't saying that a second-generation sensor has been installed but it does say that were will be noticeable improvements in speed and reliability compared to the Galaxy S10. That's partly because the sensor has been repositioned and additional enhancements have been made. We'll compare its performance to the Galaxy S10's sensor in our full review.
This is a new Galaxy flagship so you already know that it's coming with the latest version of Google's Android OS and Samsung's custom skin. The Galaxy S20 Ultra ships with Android 10 and One UI 2.1, a minor upgrade of Samsung's UX which brings a handful of new software features to the lineup.
These new features include Single Take, an AI-based camera mode that uses the full variety of cameras on the device to automatically capture different versions of a scene so that you can decide which one you'd keep. There's native integration with Google Duo for Full HD video calls with up to 8 people and the ability to share 8K videos directly to YouTube.
This is what you're really here for, the camera, the one thing that makes the Galaxy S20 Ultra a certifiable beast. Its quad camera system consists of a 108-megapixel f/1.8 OIS primary sensor with a 12-megapixel f/2.2 ultra wide sensor and 48-megapixel f/3.5 OIS telephoto sensor. There's a ToF sensor as well for AR experiences.
Samsung won't exactly say what the optical magnification level of the actual hardware is, but it's boasting 10x lossless zoom. Lossless zoom by definition means that the image will not suffer from a quality loss when it's scaled up. It features revolutionary prism tech to allow the handset to achieve such levels of optical magnification. Samsung is putting on-device AI to great use with its cameras. By combining the hybrid optic zoom and digital zoom, the Galaxy S20 Ultra is able to hit 100x Space Zoom. There will obviously be a loss of quality at that level since the device is essentially cropping an image from the 108MP camera to emulate 100x zoom.
However, having seen some examples of the feature in action, it really does allow for an unprecedented level of optical magnification on a smartphone. Just how useful this will prove to be in daily use is something we'll test in our full Galaxy S20 Ultra review. It utilizes nona-binning technology to combine nine pixels into one super pixel, which lets more light in and allows for improved quality in low-light conditions. That's also something we'll be testing thoroughly in the review. The Ultra is also the only model in the new lineup to feature a 40-megapixel f/2.2 selfie camera.
Samsung is really clear about the customer that it wants to target with the Galaxy S20 Ultra. It's going after pro photographers, at least the ones who shoot with smartphones and not swear by their full frame cameras. To add to the camera setup's capabilities, Samsung has developed several new camera features to enable users to do more with their device. There's a Pro video mode which allows for adjustments to exposure and aperture when capturing videos. A new Single Take mode uses AI to capture multiple varieties of a scene using all of the cameras on the device to provide easily shareable options that include photos and videos. We also liked the crop-zoom feature, which lets you easily achieve the desired crop without considerably altering the image quality. It's these little common sense features that really go a long way in making our lives easier with the phones we use as our daily driver.
It's also possible to capture 8K video on the device and even share it to YouTube directly. We played around with all of these new features during our time with the Galaxy S20 Ultra and they seem to be much more useful than some of the features that Samsung has previously built into the camera app just for the sake of announcing something new. Single Take is something that particularly has a lot of potential to be a hot favorite during social gatherings.
The Galaxy S20 Ultra gets the largest battery of the bunch, 5,000mAh to be precise. This is the largest battery yet on a Galaxy S flagship. For those with a light foot, it will easily last them two days, and will comfortably see even the most demanding of users through an entire day.
Samsung does offer 45W super fast charging support on the Galaxy S20 Ultra but there's some bad news. It's not shipping the charger with the phone. Much like it did with the Galaxy Note 10+, customers will have to purchase the 45W charger separately if they want to juice up their device at those speeds. All Galaxy S20 models come with a 25W charger in the box.
As far as its specs are concerned, the Galaxy S20 Ultra is in a league of its own right now, thanks to its advanced camera tech and impressive internals. It's definitely the phone to beat for Android manufacturers in the first half of this year.
Does it work, though, beyond the distinction of being the world's first 100x zoom phone? There's no denying the fact that this level of camera tech will come in handy. There are high expectations from the 108MP camera's low light performance as well and Samsung says that low-light photography is one of the pain points that it has addressed with this device.
The Galaxy S20 Ultra does two things for Samsung. It's a symbol of Samsung's technological dominance. The Korean giant has worked very hard to come out from the shadows and establish itself as a leader instead of a follower. If anything could signal to its competitors that it means business in 2020, it's this, the Galaxy S20 Ultra.
It's also an ode to Samsung's fans. Long before the rumors began, our founder Danny wrote an opinion highlighting the fact that Samsung's next flagship needs to be a true camera powerhouse as the company had seemingly been slipping in this department and would quickly be bested by its rivals. That was always difficult for fans to see. The Galaxy S20 Ultra is something that will make them feel proud. It's usually these fans who are waiting with wallets in hand for the top-tier flagship from Samsung every year. We're pretty sure they're already throwing money at their monitors, and after playing around with it for a few hours, so are we.
Galaxy S20 Galaxy S20 Ultra
Galaxy S21 pre-orders reportedly higher than Galaxy S20 Asif S.|15 hours
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Galaxy S20 Ultra vs Galaxy S21 Ultra: How big of a difference is there? Mihai M.|1 week
Galaxy S21/S21+ vs Galaxy S20/S20+: Better, same, worse, all at once Mihai M.|1 week
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Quiz More »
Weekly SamMobile Quiz 57 – Come test your Samsung knowledge!


text:
/* @flow */

import Git from '../../src/util/git.js';

test('cleanUrl', () => {
  expect(Git.cleanUrl('git+https://github.com/npm-opam/ocamlfind.git'))
    .toEqual('https://github.com/npm-opam/ocamlfind.git');
  expect(Git.cleanUrl('https://github.com/npm-opam/ocamlfind.git'))
    .toEqual('https://github.com/npm-opam/ocamlfind.git');
  expect(Git.cleanUrl('git://github.com/npm-opam/ocamlfind.git'))
    .toEqual('git://github.com/npm-opam/ocamlfind.git');
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The Spanish team's work in preparation for LTT in Portugal
The Greek team's work in preparation for LTT in Portugal
The Italian team's work in preparation for LTT in Portugal
The Portuguese team's work in preparation for LTT in Portugal
The Romanian team's work in preparation for LTT in Portugal


text:
require_relative "shared_examples"

describe UnpackStrategy::Tar do
  let(:path) { TEST_FIXTURE_DIR/"cask/container.tar.gz" }

  include_examples "UnpackStrategy::detect"
  include_examples "#extract", children: ["container"]

  context "when TAR archive is corrupted" do
    let(:path) {
      (mktmpdir/"test.tar").tap do |path|
        FileUtils.touch path
      end
    }

    include_examples "UnpackStrategy::detect"
  end
end