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Alfred Tarski
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Alfred Tarski (January 14, 1901 – October 26, 1983) was a logician and mathematician of considerable philosophical importance. A brilliant member of the interwar Warsaw School of Mathematics and active in the United States after 1939, he wrote on topology, geometry, measure theory, mathematical logic, set theory, metamathematics, and most of all, on model theory, abstract algebra, and algebraic logic. His biographers, Anita Feferman and Solomon Feferman (2004), wrote that he was "one of the greatest logicians of all time...along with his contemporary, Kurt Gödel, he changed the face of logic in the twentieth century, especially through his work on the concept of truth and the theory of models."
2 Mathematician
3 Logician
4 Truth in formalized languages
5 Logical consequence
6 What are logical notions?
7.2 Secondary sources
8.1 General Philosophy Sources
Tarski was born Alfred Teitelbaum (Polish spelling: Tajtelbaum) in Warsaw to parents who were Polish Jews in comfortable circumstances. His mother, Rosa Prussak, is considered to be responsible for his later brilliance. Tarski first revealed his mathematical abilities while at Warsaw's Schola Mazowiecka, an unusually good secondary school for that place and time. Nevertheless, in 1918 he entered the University of Warsaw intending to study biology.
In 1919, Poland regained its independence for the first time since 1795, and the University of Warsaw became a Polish university for the first time in generations. Under the leadership of Jan Łukasiewicz, Stanisław Leśniewski, and Wacław Sierpiński, the university immediately became a world leader in logic, foundational mathematics, the philosophy of mathematics, and analytic and linguistic philosophy. At the University of Warsaw, Tarski had a fateful encounter with Leśniewski, who discovered Tarski's genius and persuaded him to abandon biology for mathematics. Henceforth, Tarski attended courses taught by Łukasiewicz, Sierpiński, Stefan Mazurkiewicz, and Tadeusz Kotarbiński, and became the only person ever to complete a Ph.D. under Leśniewski's supervision. Tarski and Leśniewski soon grew cool to each other; in later life, Tarski reserved his warmest praise for Tadeusz Kotarbiński.
In 1923, he and his brother Wacław changed their surnames to Tarski, a name they invented because it sounded very Polish, was simple to spell and pronounce, and was unused (years later, he met another Alfred Tarski in northern California). The Tarski brothers also converted to Roman Catholicism, the dominant religion in Poland. Tarski did so even though he was an avowed atheist because he was about to finish his Ph.D. and correctly anticipated that it would be difficult for a Jew to obtain a serious position in the new Polish university system (the pre-1918 universities had been controlled by the Imperial Russian and Austro-Hungarian governments). Tarski was caught up in the Polish nationalism of the time and wished to be fully accepted as a Pole. He remained warm to matters Polish in conversation throughout his later American life.
After becoming the youngest person ever to complete a Ph.D. at the University of Warsaw, Tarski did a variety of work in Warsaw: teaching logic at the Polish Pedagogical Institute, mathematics and logic at the university, and serving as Lukasiewicz's assistant. Because these positions were poorly paid, Tarski also taught mathematics in a Warsaw secondary school; before World War II, it was not uncommon for European intellectuals of research caliber to teach high school. It should be kept in mind that between 1923 and his departure for the United States in 1939, Tarski not only wrote several textbooks and many papers, a number of them pathbreaking, but did so while supporting himself primarily by teaching high school mathematics.
In 1929, Tarski married a fellow teacher, Maria Witkowski. She had worked as a courier for the army during Poland's fight for independence. They had two children. He also applied for the chair of philosophy at Lvov, but it was awarded to Leon Chwistek on Bertrand Russell's recommendation. In 1937, Tarski applied for a chair at the University of Poznan. Rather than award a chair to someone of Jewish ancestry, the position was abolished.
In 1930 Tarski visited the University of Vienna, where he lectured to Carl Menger's colloquium and met Kurt Gödel. Thanks to a fellowship, Tarski was able to return to Vienna during the first half of 1935 to work with Menger's research group. From Vienna he traveled to Paris to present his ideas on truth at the first meeting of the Unity of Science movement, an outgrowth of the Vienna Circle.
Tarski's ties to this movement ultimately saved his life as they resulted in his being invited to address the Unity of Science Congress, held in September 1939 at Harvard University. Thus he left Poland in August 1939 on the last ship to leave Poland for the United States before the German invasion of Poland and the outbreak of World War II. Tarski left reluctantly because Lesniewski had died a few months before, creating a vacancy that Tarski very much hoped to fill. Tarski was so oblivious to the Nazi threat that he left his wife and children in Warsaw; he did not see them again until 1946. Nearly all of his extended family died at the hands of the Nazis during the war.
Once in the United States, Tarski held a number of temporary teaching and research positions: Harvard University (1939), City College of New York (1940), and thanks to a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton (1942), where he met Gödel again. Tarski became an American citizen in 1945.
Tarski joined the Mathematics Department at the University of California, Berkeley in 1942, where he spent the rest of his career. Although emeritus from 1968 on, he taught until 1973 and supervised Ph.Ds until his death on October 26, 1983. At Berkeley, Tarski acquired a reputation as a demanding teacher:
Tarski was extroverted, quick-witted, strong-willed, energetic, and sharp-tongued. He preferred his research to be collaborative - sometimes working all night with a colleague - and was very fastidious about priority. (Gregory Moore, "Alfred Tarski" in Dictionary of Scientific Biography)
A charismatic leader and teacher, known for his brilliantly precise yet suspenseful expository style, Tarski had intimidatingly high standards for students, but at the same time he could be very encouraging, and particularly so to women - in contrast to the general trend. Some students were frightened away, but a circle of disciples remained, many of whom became world-renowned leaders in the field. (Feferman 1999)
Tarski supervised 24 Ph.D. dissertations—including five by women—and strongly influenced the dissertations of Alfred Lindenbaum, Dana Scott, and Steven Givant. His students include Andrzej Mostowski, Julia Robinson, Robert Vaught, Solomon Feferman, Richard Montague, J. Donald Monk, Donald Pigozzi, and the authors of the classic text on model theory, Chang and Keisler (1973).
Tarski lectured at University College, London (1950, 1966), the Henri Poincaré Institute in Paris (1955), the Miller Institute of Basic Research in Science (1958-1960), the University of California, Los Angeles (1967), and the Catholic University of Chile (1974-1975). He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and the British Academy, and presided over the Association for Symbolic Logic (1944-1946), and the International Union for the History and Philosophy of Science (1956-1957).
Tarski's mathematical interests were exceptionally broad for a mathematical logician. His collected papers run to about 2,500 pages, with most of those papers treating of mathematics, not logic. For a concise survey of Tarski's mathematical and logical accomplishments by his former student Solomon Feferman, see "Interludes I-VI" in Feferman and Feferman (2004).
Tarski's first paper—published when he was only 19 years old—was on set theory, a subject to which he returned throughout his life. In 1924, he and Stefan Banach proved that a sphere can be cut into a finite number of pieces, and then reassembled into a sphere of larger size, or alternatively it can be reassembled into two spheres whose sizes each equal that of the original one. This result is now called the Banach-Tarski paradox. "Paradoxical" here means "counterintuitive."
Cardinal algebras studies algebras whose models include the arithmetic of cardinal numbers. Ordinal algebras sets out an algebra for the additive theory of order types. Addition commutes cardinal, but not ordinal.
In a decision method for elementary algebra and geometry, Tarski showed, by the method of quantifier elimination, that the first-order theory of the real numbers under addition and multiplication is decidable. This is a very curious result, because Alonzo Church proved in 1936 that Peano arithmetic (effectively the theory Tarski proved decidable, except that naturals replace the reals) is not decidable. Peano arithmetic is also incompletable (Gödel's incompleteness theorem, 1931). In Undecidable Theories, Tarski et al. showed that many mathematical systems, including lattice theory, abstract projective geometry, and closure algebras, are all undecidable. Abelian groups are decidable but non-Abelian groups are not.
In the 1920s and 1930s, Tarski often taught geometry. In 1929, he showed that much of Euclidian solid geometry could be recast as a first order theory whose individuals are spheres, a primitive notion, a single primitive binary relation "is contained in," and two axioms that, among other thing, imply that containment partially orders the spheres. Relaxing the requirement that all individuals be spheres yields a formalization of mereology far easier to exposit that Lesniewski's variant. Starting in 1926, Tarski devised an original axiomatization for Euclidian geometry of the plane, one considerably more concise than that in Hilbert's Grundlagen der Geometrie. The result was a first order theory, devoid of set theory, whose individuals are points, and having only two primitive relations. In 1930, he proved his version of Euclidian plane geometry decidable because it maps into the first-order theory of the real numbers, whose decidability is mentioned above. The culmination of Tarski's work on geometry is Tarski and Givant (1999).
Tarski (1941) is an important paper on binary relations, whose methods matured into a powerful relation algebra and whose metamathematics Tarski (along with Roger Lyndon) and his students carefully explored. While that exploration uncovered some important limitations, Tarski also showed (Tarski and Givant 1987) that relation algebra is powerful enough to express most axiomatic set theories and Peano arithmetic. For an introduction to relation algebra, see Maddux (2006). In the late 1940s, Tarski and his students devised cylindric algebras, which are to first-order logic what the two-element Boolean algebra is to classical sentential logic. This work culminated in two monographs by Tarski, Henkin, and Monk (1971, 1985).
Logician
Aristotle, Gottlob Frege, Kurt Gödel, and Tarski are sometimes considered to be the four greatest logicians of all time (Vaught 1986). Of these four, Tarski was the best mathematician and the most prolific author. Neither Frege nor Gödel ever supervised a single Ph.D. or coauthored any papers with anyone; Frege was sternly aloof in person and often bitingly sarcastic in print, and Gödel was a notorious recluse. Meanwhile, Tarski loved to interact with people intellectually and socially.
Tarski produced axioms for logical consequence and worked on deductive systems, the algebra of logic, and the theory of definability. His semantic methods, whose culmination was the model theory he and a number of his Berkeley students developed in the 1950s and 1960s, radically transformed Hilbert's proof-theoretic metamathematics.
In Tarski's view, metamathematics became similar to any mathematical discipline. Not only its concepts and results can be mathematized, but they actually can be integrated into mathematics. ... Tarski destroyed the borderline between metamathematics and mathematics. He objected to restricting the role of metamathematics to the foundations of mathematics. (Sinaceur 2001)
All formal scientific languages can be studied by model theory and related semantic methods.
Tarski's 1936 On the Concept of Logical Consequence argued that the conclusion of an argument will follow logically from its premises if and only if every model of the premises is a model of the conclusion. In 1937, he published a paper presenting clearly his views on the nature and purpose of the deductive method, and considering the role of logic in scientific studies. His high school and undergraduate teaching on logic and axiomatics culminated in his classic short text, published first in Polish, then in German translation, and finally in a 1941 English translation as Introduction to Logic and to the Methodology of Deductive Sciences.
Tarski's 1969 Truth and Proof considered both Gödel's incompleteness theorems and Tarski's indefinability theorem, and mulled over their consequences for the axiomatic method in mathematics.
Truth in formalized languages
The "Convention T" (also T-schema) standard in his "inductive definition of truth" was an important contribution to symbolic logic, semantics, and the philosophy of language.
"The Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages" is a long (over one hundred pages) paper setting out a mathematical definition of truth for logical languages. It first appeared in 1933 in Polish ("Pojęcie prawdy w językach nauk dedukcyjnych") and then in 1935 in German, under the title "Der Wahrheitsbegriff in den Sprachen der deduktiven Disziplinen." It is thus sometimes referred to as the "Wahrheitsbegriff." Its first appearance in full in English was in 1956 in the first edition of Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics.
Tarski's concept of truth was quite influential on members of the Vienna Circle and on Karl Popper, who credits it explicitly.
Some recent philosophical debate has examined the extent to which Tarski's theory of truth for formalized languages can be seen as a correspondence theory of truth. The debate centers on how to read Tarski's condition of material adequacy for a truth definition. That condition requires that the truth theory have the following as theorems for all sentences P of the language for which truth is being defined:
'P' is True if and only if p.
(where p is the proposition expressed by "P")
The debate amounts to whether to read sentences of this form, such as:
"Snow is white" is true if and only if snow is white as expressing merely a deflationary theory of truth or as embodying truth as a more substantial property. (See Kirkham 1992)
Logical consequence
In 1936, Tarski published Polish and German versions of a lecture he had given the preceding year at the International Congress of Scientific Philosophy in Paris. A new English translation of this paper, Tarski (2002), highlights the many differences between the German and Polish versions of the paper, and corrects a number of mistranslations in Tarski (1983).
This publication set out either the modern model-theoretic definition of (semantic) logical consequence, or the basis for that modern notion. Whether Tarski's notion was the modern one turns on whether he intended to admit models with varying domains (and in particular, models with domains of different cardinalities). This question is a matter of some debate in the current philosophical literature. Etchemendy (1999) stimulated much of the recent discussion about Tarski's treatment of varying domains.
Tarski ends by pointing out that his definition of logical consequence depends upon a division of terms into the logical and the extra-logical and he expresses some skepticism that any such objective division will be forthcoming. "What are Logical Notions?" can thus be viewed as continuing "On the Concept of Logical Consequence."
What are logical notions?
Another theory of Tarski's attracting attention in the recent philosophical literature is that outlined in his What are Logical Notions? (Tarski 1986). This is the published version of a talk that he gave in 1966; it was edited without his direct involvement.
In the talk, Tarski proposed a demarcation of the logical operations (which he calls "notions") from the non-logical. The suggested criteria was derived from the Erlangen program of nineteenth-century German mathematician Felix Klein (Mautner 1946).
That program classified the various types of geometry (Euclidean geometry, affine geometry, topology, etc.) by the type of one-one transformation of space onto itself that left the objects of that geometrical theory invariant (a one-one transformation is a functional map of the space onto itself so that every point of the space is associated with or mapped to one other point of the space. So, "rotate 30 degrees" and "magnify by a factor of 2" are intuitive descriptions of simple uniform one-one transformations). Continuous transformations give rise to the objects of topology, similarity transformations to those of Euclidean geometry, and so on.
As the range of permissible transformations becomes broader the range of objects one is able to distinguish as preserved by the application of the transformations becomes narrower. Similarity transformations are fairly narrow (they preserve the relative distance between points) and thus allow us to distinguish relatively many things (equilateral triangles from non-equilateral triangles, for instance). Continuous transformations (which can intuitively be thought of as transformations which allow non-uniform stretching, compression, bending, and twisting, but no ripping or gluing) allow us to distinguish a polygon from an annulus (ring with a hole in the center), but does not allow us to distinguish two polygons from each other.
Tarski's proposal was to demarcate the logical notions by considering all possible one-one transformations of a domain onto itself (by domain here is meant the universe of discourse of a model for the semantic theory of a logic. A one-one transformation of a set onto itself is also known as an automorphism). If one identifies the truth-value True with the domain set and the truth-value False with the empty set, then the following sorts of operations are counted as logical under the proposal:
Truth-functions: All truth-functions are admitted by the proposal. This includes, but is not limited to, all n-ary truth-functions for finite n (it also admits of truth-functions with any infinite number of places).
Individuals: No individuals, provided the domain has at least two members.
Predicates:
One-place total and null (the predicate that has all members of the domain in its extension and the predicate that has no members of the domain in its extension).
Two-place total and null, as well as the identity and diversity predicates (the predicate with the set of all ordered pairs of domain members as its extension, the predicate with the empty set as extension, the predicate with the set of all order-pairs <a, a> where a is a member of the domain and the predicate with the set of all order-pairs <a,b> in its extension, where a and b are distinct members of the domain.
n-ary predicates in general: all predicates definable from the identity predicate together with conjunction, disjunction and negation (up to any ordinality, finite or infinite).
Quantifiers: Tarski explicitly discusses only monadic quantifiers and points out that all such numerical quantifiers are admitted under his proposal. These include the standard universal and existential quantifiers as well as numerical quantifiers such as "Exactly four," "Finitely many," "Uncountably many," and "Between four and nine million," for example. While Tarski does not enter into the issue, it is also clear that polyadic quantifiers are admitted under the proposal. These are quantifiers like, given two predicates Fx and Gy, "More(x,y)," which says "More things have F than have G."
Set-Theoretic relations: Relations such as inclusion, intersection and union applied to subsets of the domain are logical in the present sense.
Set-theoretic membership: Tarski ended his lecture with a discussion of whether the set theory relation of membership counted as logical in his sense. Given the reduction of (most of) mathematics to set-theory, this was, in effect, the question of whether (most of) mathematics is a part of logic. He pointed out that if you develop set-theory along the lines of a type-theory, set membership does count as logical, whereas if you develop your set theory axiomatically, as in Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, it counts as extralogical.
Logical notions of higher order: Tarski confined his discussion to operations of first-order logic. However, there is nothing about his proposal that explicitly restricts it to first-order logic (Tarski likely restricted his attention to first-order notions as the talk was given to a non-technical audience). So, higher-order quantifiers and predicates are admitted as well.
In some ways the present proposal is the obverse of that of Lindenbaum and Tarski (1936), who proved that all the logical operations of Russell and Whitehead's Principia Mathematica are invariant under one-one transformations of the domain onto itself. The present proposal is also employed in Tarski and Givant (1987).
Tarski's proposal was discussed in more recent work of Feferman and McGee. Feferman (1999) raises problems for the proposal and suggests a modification. Feferman's suggestion is to substitute preservation by arbitrary homomorphism for Tarski's preservation by automorphisms. In essence, this suggestion is made to circumvent the difficulties that Tarski's proposal has in dealing with sameness of logical operation across distinct domains of a given cardinality and across domains of distinct cardinalities. Feferman's proposal results in a radical restriction of logical terms as compared to Tarski's original proposal. In particular, it ends up counting as logical only those operators of standard first-order logic without identity.
McGee (1996) provides a precise account of what operations are logical in the sense of Tarski's proposal in terms of expressibility in a language that extends first-order logic by allowing arbitrarily long conjunctions, disjunction and quantification over arbitrarily long sequences of variables. In both cases, "arbitrarily long" admits lengths of any ordinality, finite or infinite.
Tarski, Alfred and Adolf Lindenbaum. 1936. "On the Limitations of Deductive Theories" in Tarski (1983): 384-392.
Tarski, Alfred. [1941] 1994. Introduction to Logic and to the Methodology of Deductive Sciences. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.
Tarski, Alfred. 1941. "On the Calculus of Relations." Journal of Symbolic Logic 6: 73-89.
Tarski, Alfred. 1944. "The Semantical Concept of Truth and the Foundations of Semantics." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 4: 341-375. Retrieved September 11, 2007.
Tarski, Alfred. 1948. A Decision Method for Elementary Algebra and Geometry. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp.
Tarski, Alfred. 1949. Cardinal Algebras. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tarski, Alfred. [1956] 1983. Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics, Corcoran, J., ed. Hackett. 1st edition edited and translated by J. H. Woodger, Oxford Uni. Press.
Many of Tarski's more important papers written during his Polish years are translated in this collection.
Tarski, Alfred, Andrzej Mostowski and Rafael Robinson. 1953. Undecidable Theories. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Tarski, Alfred. 1956. Ordinal Algebras. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Tarski, Alfred. 1969. "Truth and Proof." Scientific American 220: 63-77.
Tarski, Alfred, Leon Henkin and Donald Monk. 1971. Cylindric Algebras: Part I. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Tarski, Alfred, Leon Henkin and Donald Monk. 1985. Cylindric Algebras: Part II. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Tarski, Alfred. 1986. The Collected Papers of Alfred Tarski, 4 vols. Ed. Steven Givant and R. N. McKenzie. Birkauser.
Tarski, Alfred. 1986. "What are Logical Notions?" in History and Philosophy of Logic 7: 143-154.
Tarski, Alfred, and Steven Givant. 1987. A Formalization of Set Theory Without Variables. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society.
Tarski, Alfred, and Steven Givant. 1999. "Tarski's System of Geometry." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 5: 175-214.
Tarski, Alfred. 2002. "On the Concept of Following Logically", trans. Magda Stroińska and David Hitchcock. History and Philosophy of Logic 23: 155-196.
Chang, C. C., and H. J. Keisler. 1973. Model Theory. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Etchemendy, John. 1999. The Concept of Logical Consequence. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. ISBN 1575861941
Feferman, Anita B. 1999. "Alfred Tarski" in American National Biography, vol. 19, 330-332. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Feferman, Anita B. and Solomon Feferman. 2004. Alfred Tarski: Life and Logic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521802407
Feferman, Solomon. 1999. "Logic, Logics, and Logicism." Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 40: 31-54.
Givant, Steven. 1986. "Bibliography of Alfred Tarski." Journal of Symbolic Logic 51: 913-941.
Givant, Steven. 1991. "A Portrait of Alfred Tarski." Mathematical Intelligencer 13: 16-32.
Grattan-Guinness, Ivor. 2000. The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870-1940. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 069105858X
Kirkham, Richard. [1992] 1995. Theories of Truth: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0262611082
Maddux, Roger D. 2006. Relation Algebras, vol. 150 in "Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics." Elsevier Science.
Mautner, F. I. 1946. "An Extension of Klein's Erlanger Program: Logic as Invariant-Theory." American Journal of Mathematics 68: 345-384.
McGee, Van. 1996. "Logical Operations." Journal of Philosophical Logic 25: 567-580.
Sinaceur, H. 2001. "Alfred Tarski: Semantic Shift, Heuristic Shift in Metamathematics." Synthese 126: 49-65.
Wolenski, Jan. 1989. Logic and Philosophy in the Lvov–Warsaw School. Springer. ISBN 902772749X
All links retrieved May 16, 2021.
Alfred Tarski – Full MacTutor Biography
Tarski's Truth Definitions (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) by Wilfred Hodges
General Philosophy Sources
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Paideia Project Online
Alfred Tarski history
History of "Alfred Tarski"
Retrieved from https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Alfred_Tarski&oldid=1052720


Almost a third (29%) of younger drivers are wrongly blamed for road accident or sturggle to prove they are not a fault, revealed Nextbase.
The research conducted by the dash cam manufacturer also found that driving improved for over two thirds (67%) of respondants using a dash cam, Nextbase hopes to give younger drivers the benefit of low premiums whilst keepinging them safe on the road.
The firm has started an initiative with specialist young driver insurer MyFirstUK to lower premiums where a a Nextbase dash cam is fitted.
Nextbase claims that this is the "first time" that there has been a discounted alternative to the black box. The research found that 85% with a black box would happily opt for an alternative to save money.
Richard Browning, director at Nextbase, said:"With research showing that a large proportion of young drivers are getting blamed for accidents that may have not been their fault, a dash cam can act as a witness to help prove innocence.
Nextbase highlights that younger motorists often feel "flustered or panicked" in the event of an incident as they lack the driving experience to deal with road accidents, potentially leading them to "admit fault" at the scene of the crime even if they were in fact the victim.
It said that dash cams can act as an "independent witness on the road," encouraging confidence in young drivers and serving as an aid to prove innocence.
It also showed that when a dash cam is fitted in vehicles alongside a black box, 67% improved their driving over a three-month period, in comparison to a black box alone.
Insurethebox also support younger drivers but use black box telematics to positively influence premiums, recently demonstrated in its research around driving behaviour during World Cup matches.
Its road safety manager cites the firms Accident Alert service as an example of telematics making roads safer and how it works in the event of an accident.
Simon Rewell, road safety manager at insurethebox, said: "We provide young drivers the benefits of connected motoring – and they don't need to buy a brand-new car to access it. If an alert is triggered, we attempt to contact the driver to check that they are safe and help them if they have been involved in a collision.
In July Aviva launched a dash cam on the back of its Aviva Drive app, with access to the footage being controlled by the user.
Nextbase UK was established in 1999 to design and build affordable portable entertainment systems, it later launched a range of dash cams, and it currently owns 83% UK market share.


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William the Conqueror's ship list
The boat collection
The Viking Age Society
The Viking Age Geography
Viking Age People
The Longships
Ships over land
Findings of longships from the Viking Age
The historical sources
Picture-sources
Longship research
Knowledge of sailing
All about the Viking Ship
Archaeology and History
Exercises and assignments
Videoer: Test historien
Viking ships on voyages
In the so-called Battle manuscript in Oxford there is a document, a few pages in length, that was written down between 1130 and 1160. It is very likely that this is a copy of a list that was written in the monastery at Fécamp in Normandy shortly after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066. It summarises some agreements that were made between Duke William of Normandy and a number of his mightiest vassals before the invasion of England and explains who were to supply the necessary ships.
Altogether 14 vassals are listed and they are to turn up with a total of 776 vessels. We are not told much about the ships in question and it is unlikely that they were all longships. The army took many horses and much armour with them, including a whole timber fortress as a do-it-yourself kit. It is therefore reasonable to assume that at least some of the ships were cargo-ships for carrying supplies and weapons.
The ship list helps to gain an insight into the organisation of maritime power at the end of the Viking Age. Among the 14 vassals there was one who was only expected to provide one ship – otherwise they supplied 60 ships on an average. All the vassals had rights in harbour-towns, either along the coast of Normandy or on the rivers, and we must assume that it was these harbours in particular that were expected to provide the ships. This means, in fact, that the vassals whose harbours lay along the coast supplied more ships than those whose harbours lay along the rivers inland.
At the end of the document it is noted that William had 1,000 ships at his disposal for the invasion, apart from those that each of the vassals might have been willing to supply in addition to the number mentioned in the list. The vassals were rewarded for their participation in the invasion by being granted fiefs in the conquered areas so there had been a clear incentive for the vassals to contribute more ships to the expedition if they were able – the 776 ships in the list were, so to speak, the minimum contribution that William had ensured that the vassals would put at his disposal. There is, however, no explanation for the difference between the 776 pre-agreed ships and the 1,000 ships that William is claimed to have had at his disposal, apart from the voluntary contributions, and it has been discussed in the literature whether there is an error in the manuscript. This is not necessarily the case, however – it is more likely that the difference represents William's own contribution. He also had a large number of harbours that he could command to place ships at his disposition and it would be strange if he had not drawn on this resource for his great project.
The clear role played by the harbour-towns in connection with William's preparations for the invasion also throw an indirect light on the basis for the establishment of fleets of longships in Scandinavia in the Late Viking Age. The urbanisation that took place at the end of the tenth century and in the eleventh century had also made it possible to canalise much of the produce of society into the building and manning of great longships that kings and jarls could afford to expend on the battle for power at home and abroad.
Danish text: Jan Bill
Translation: Gillian Fellows-Jensen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Houston, Texas - 2 Men Die in Gulf Freeway Crash Involving Suspected Drunk Driver Lupe Longoria
2 Men Killed in Multi-Vehicle Suspected DUI Crash on Gulf Freeway
Multiple car crashes on Houston's Gulf Freeway left two men dead in the early hours of Saturday, November 23. Police believe the driver who struck those two men was intoxicated.
Click here for your options if you were hit by a drunk driver in Texas.
There was a hit-and-run crash on the Gulf Freeway near the Cullen exit at around 1:45 a.m. on Saturday. The driver of the car that was struck stayed on the highway and was involving in a second crash. A tow truck arrived after this second crash to remove the two vehicles.
As the tow truck driver was working to remove the vehicles, a third car was speeding down the freeway and crashed into the back of the tow truck. The driver of that vehicle, 27-year-old Lupe Longoria then swerved into another lane and crashed into the two drivers of the second accident, who were exchanging informations outside of their vehicles.
One of the two men died at the scene and the other was hospitalized in critical condition, according to the police. The second man would later be pronounced dead at Memorial Hermann Hospital. The southbound lanes of the Gulf Freeway near the Cullen exit were closed until around 6 a.m.
Longoria showed signs of intoxication, according to Houston Police. An investigation will be done to determine if he was in fact intoxicated. If so, he could be charged with intoxication manslaughter.
The names of the victims are not publicly available at this time.
Hello, I'm attorney Marc Lenahan. If you or a loved one is a survivor of a similar accident, I'd be happy to discuss your legal options. Call for a free consultation, it would be my honor to help you.
Financial Compensation For Drunk Driving Crash Victims and Their Families in Texas
As a personal injury and dram shop lawyer, Marc Lenahan has helped many injury victims and families recover the financial compensation they deserve following a drunk driving crash. We've asked Marc to weigh in with some of his thoughts on the legal options available to drunk driving crash victims and their families in Texas:
Drunk driving crashes often have devastating consequences. The victims may suffer debilitating injuries and these crashes are also one of the leading causes of accidental death in the United States. When families are forced to suffer due to another individual's reckless decision to drive drunk, these families should be aware of their legal options and right to financial compensation.
In Texas and all other states, people who have been injured by drunk drivers may have grounds for a personal injury lawsuit against the driver. In fatal crashes, the family of the victim may have grounds for a wrongful death lawsuit against the driver as well.
Additionally, Texas and many other states have dram shop laws. These laws allow victims and families to sue an alcohol vendor who served the drunk driver before the crash, if certain conditions apply.
According to Texas dram shop laws, an alcohol vendor can be held liable for injuries or deaths caused by a customer if:
alcohol was provided to a minor under the age of 18, or
the customer was "obviously" intoxicated and posed "a clear danger" to self and others when the alcohol was sold, and
this intoxication was a foreseeable cause of injuries or deaths.
If you or a loved one has been injured or killed after being hit by a drunk driver, you can learn more about your legal options in a free consultation with one of our experienced dram shop lawyers.
https://abc13.com/1-dead-1-injured-in-suspected-drunk-driver-crash-on-gulf-fwy/5714907/
https://abc13.com/1-dead-1-injured-in-suspected-drunk-driver-crash-on-gulf-freeway/5714907/
Editor: Paul is a staff editor who focuses on bringing you the most important legal news regarding cases of sexual assault, drunk driving, and preventable violence. Contact Paul: [email protected] This article was fact checked prior to publishing by this author to ensure compliance with our rigorous editorial standards. We will only use authoritative sources. Our values compel us to provide only trustworthy information. If you find an error, please contact us.
Hit By Drunk Driver - Lawyer Commentary


The 2018 Before I Die New Mexico Festival is being recognized with a prestigious national funeral industry award. A Good Goodbye from Albuquerque, New Mexico, has won First Place in the International Cemetery, Cremation and Funeral Association's 2018 Keeping It Personal (KIP) Awards. The KIP Award recognizes the best in personalization in the cemetery, funeral service and cremation profession.
Created by the ICCFA Personalization Committee, the KIP program honors recipients in four categories. A Good Goodbye received First Place in the Event category. Gail Rubin, The Doyenne of Death®, owns the company and served as festival event coordinator.
The ICCFA's 2018 KIP Awards contest attracted 40 entries from El Salvador, Canada and the United States. Communications and marketing professionals from outside the cemetery and funeral service profession performed the judging.
The Before I Die New Mexico Festival offered the opportunity to foster reflection about how we as individuals and society address death and dying. The Festival's objective is to get people to think about, talk about, and hopefully, do something about our 100% mortality rate by participating in outside-of-the-box activities.
These activities included Death Café conversations; field trips to funeral homes, cemeteries, casket manufacturers, and the Office of the Medical Investigator; movies; panel discussions, and more. In its' second year, this event was held from October 30 to November 4, 2018.
The six-day festival included a celebration of the rituals and meaning of Día de Los Muertos/Day of the Dead. The schedule included 32 events, most free or low cost, at multiple locations in Albuquerque, Santa Fe, and Belen, New Mexico. Up to 685 participants attended.
Gail Rubin worked with a team of students in a program at the University of New Mexico Anderson School of Management to research and create a marketing strategy that focused on Millennials.
All KIP Awards recipients will be recognized at the ICCFA 2019 Annual Convention & Exposition, April 2-6 at the Charlotte Convention Center in Charlotte, North Carolina, and featured in ICCFA Magazine.
A Good Goodbye – Death educator Gail Rubin puts the "fun" in funeral planning.
EternityGardens.com – Giving families looking for a final resting place for cremated remains guidance on the range of options available for people and pets.
National Guardian Life Insurance Company – For more than 100 years, one of America's most successful and highly rated independent mutual life insurance companies.
FRENCH Funerals and Cremations – Albuquerque's largest and oldest family-owned funeral service company, they won first place in the Event category of the KIP Awards in 2017 and 2016.
Morris Hall – New Mexico's premiere estate planning attorneys.
EstatePros – Your expert resource for property organization, distribution and administration.
Legacy Concierge – Helping prevent identity theft, secure digital access to online accounts, and provide a host of other important services to the families of the deceased.
Passages International – A leading provider of environmentally friendly funeral options for burial and cremated remains.
Zia Trust – The Advisors' Trust Company®.
Festival Partners were La Puerta Natural Burial Ground, Osher Lifelong Learning Institute at the University of New Mexico, Guild Cinema, Berardinelli Family Funeral Service, Children's Grief Center of New Mexico, Compassion & Choices NM Action Team, Daniels Family Funeral Services, and LifeIZShort.com.
A portion of sponsor fees were donated to the festival's charitable partner Fathers Building Futures. This nonprofit social enterprise provides jobs and skills to previously incarcerated parents, reducing recidivism. They build pine caskets that are kosher for Jewish burial and fine wood cremation urns in their woodworking shop.
Founded in 1887, the International Cemetery, Cremation and Funeral Association (ICCFA) is the only international trade association representing all segments of the cemetery, cremation, funeral and memorialization industry. Its membership is composed of more than 9,100 rooftop locations and 18,000 professionals in the cemetery, funeral home and crematory industries, as well as memorial designers and related businesses worldwide. To learn more, please visit www.iccfa.com or connect with ICCFA on Facebook and Twitter.
Learn more about the Before I Die New Mexico Festival by calling event coordinator Gail Rubin at 505-265-7215 or visiting the website, www.BeforeIDieNM.com.


An editorial in the South African Medical Journal about the importance of healthcare information access for institution of proper healthcare services in rural settings, especially in the context of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
Chatterjee P, Biswas T, Datta A, Sriganesh V. Healthcare information and the rural primary care doctor. S Afr Med J. 2012 Feb 23;102(3 Pt 1):138-9. PubMed PMID: 22380905.
Health inequity and improper dispensing of social justice is a huge topic of which one aspect is healthcare information and access to it. Access to health information is a 'prerequisite for meeting the Millennium Development Goals',1 and lack of knowledge and information, especially in resource-poor settings, impedes the delivery of quality healthcare and contributes to many preventable deaths worldwide. Three out of four doctors responsible for care of children in district hospitals in seven less developed countries reported inadequate knowledge in managing common childhood illnesses such as childhood pneumonia, severe malnutrition and sepsis.2 A review3 concluded that information deficiency exists 'right across the health workforce' and can be associated with provision of suboptimal care.


Requesting to let me know the plugin to be installed to visualize fastqc graphs. Thanks, Jaswanth. P.
To enable display of HTML and PDF and other sanitized datatypes resulting from a tool, add these to the Galaxy display whitelist.
The operation is within the Galaxy UI under Admin > Tool Management > Manage whitelist.
If you run fastqc in terminal at e.g. fastqc --outdir ~ file.fastq.gz it will create, in your home directory (~), an html file that you can open with your favourite web browser to view graphs, as well as a .zip archive that you can extract and view .PNG image files using your favourite image viewer program (such as the default Photo Viewer program on Windows PCs).
On Galaxy, a modern web browser like Chrome will be able to display the graphics (PNG files) in the "...: Webpage" file generated.
Has FASTQC disappeared from usegalaxy?


West Florida Public Libraries endeavor to develop resources and services that meet the informational, educational and recreational needs of the community, and the internet is such a tool for patrons.
It is our policy to: (a) prevent patron access over its computer network to, or transmission of, inappropriate material via internet, electronic mail, or other forms of direct electronic communications; (b) prevent unauthorized access and other unlawful online activity; (c) prevent unauthorized online disclosure, use, or dissemination of personal identification information of minors; and (d) comply with the Children's Internet Protection Act [Pub. L. No. 106-554 and 47 USC 254(h)].
Subject to available staff supervision, technology protection measures may be disabled for adults or, in the case of minors, minimized only for bona fide research or other lawful purposes.
To the extent practical, steps shall be taken to promote the safety and security of users of the West Florida Public Libraries' online computer network when using electronic mail, chat rooms, instant messaging, and other forms of direct electronic communication.
Knowledgeable staff may not always be available, but West Florida Public Libraries strive to provide computer classes on a regular basis.
West Florida Public Libraries has Internet computers with Internet access and printers available for use by patrons with a WFPL library card in good standing. Visitors and other non-residents may obtain a Computer Guest Pass by providing a photo ID. The cost for the Computer Guest Pass is $1 and is good for one day. All proceeds from computer guest passes go to provide library services. Computers are available during library hours except for the last 15 minutes before closing. The Computer Lab at WFPL's Main Library is open only during posted times. Black and white printing costs are $.10 per single-sided page or $.15 per double-sided page. Color printing costs are $.50 per single-sided page or $.75 per double-sided page.
The internet offers access to a wealth of material that is personally, professionally and culturally enriching to individuals of all ages. It is, however, an unregulated medium with a highly diverse user population. Consequently, the Library cannot control or monitor the vast amount of material accessible via the internet. It is possible that individuals might access information they personally find offensive or disturbing. Individual patrons must accept responsibility for determining the suitability of content for themselves and their children.
Sources on the internet do not always provide accurate, complete or current information. As with any material provided by the Library, the user must take responsibility in questioning the validity of the information found.
Patrons may use the internet computers for one-hour sessions. Patrons are assigned computers on a "first come, first served" basis. If no one is waiting to use the computer, the current patron's time will be automatically extended until another patron registers. A patron may not request another patron to relinquish or shorten their time. If all computers are in use, patrons must wait for their scheduled time that is assigned by the PC Reservation system. Interference with a scheduled patron is prohibited and may result in the loss of computer time for the offender.
All files saved to the computer are automatically removed at the end of each session and cannot be recovered. Personal data must be saved to a personal storage device or online account if needed for future use.
Library computer equipment and software must be used as installed. Patrons are not permitted to copy, delete, add or modify the installed hardware or software.
The following is the Code of Conduct for using Internet library computers, equipment and networks [wired or wireless (Wi-Fi)]. Repeated violations of these rules will result in the revocation of Library privileges.
Patrons may not use the Library computers to make unauthorized entry into any other computer or network.
Patrons may not disrupt or interfere with other computer or network users, services, or equipment. Intentional disruption of the operation of computer systems and networks is a violation of Florida state law and users may be held responsible.
Patrons may not represent themselves as another person nor use internet access to transmit obscene, threatening, or harassing materials.
Patrons may not use library computers, equipment, or networks to display or disseminate sexually explicit or sexually suggestive materials.
Patrons must respect the legal protections to data and software provided by copyright and license law.
Disruptive patrons will be asked to leave.
The West Florida Public Library Board adopted this policy on April 9, 1997.
Revised on September 9, 1998 by the West Florida Public Library Board.
Updated on January 24, 2001.
Revised on October 18, 2002 by the West Florida Public Library Board.
Revised on January 1, 2015 by the West Florida Public Library Board of Governance.
Revised and approved on February 22, 2016 by the West Florida Public Library Board of Governance.
This policy was revised and approved for adoption by the West Florida Public Library Board of Governance at a public meeting, following normal public notice, on May 24, 2017.


text:
/**
 * Created by darry on 2/27/2016.
 */
describe('testing controllers', function(){
    var mockDataSvc, rootScope, scope, passPromise, GalleryCtrl;

    beforeEach(function(){
        module(function($provide){
            $provide.factory('dataSvc', ['$q', function($q){
                function save(data){
                    if(passPromise){
                        return $q.when();
                    } else {
                        return $q.reject();
                    }
                }

                return {
                    save: save
                };
            }]);
        });

        module('myApp.gallery');
    });

    beforeEach(inject(function($rootScope, $controller, dataSvc){
        rootScope = $rootScope;
        scope = $rootScope.$new();
        mockDataSvc = dataSvc;
        mockRoute = {};
        mockTimeout = {};
        spyOn(mockDataSvc, 'save').and.callThrough();
    }));

    describe('galleryCtrl', function(){
        beforeEach(inject(function($controller){
            galleryCtrl = $controller('GalleryCtrl', {
                $scope: scope,
                $timeout: mockTimeout,
                $routeParams: mockRoute,
                Gallery: mockDataSvc
            });
        }));

        it('should have assigned pattern to number pattern', function(){
            expect(scope.gallery).toBeDefined();
            //expect(scope.numberPattern.test("100")).toBe(true);
            //expect(scope.numberPattern.test("100aa")).toBe(false);
        });

        it('should call save method on dataSvc on calling saveData', function(){
            scope.bookDetails = {
                bookId: 1,
                name: "Mastering Web application development using AngularJS",
                author: "Peter and Pawel"
            };
            scope.bookForm = {
                $setPristine: jasmine.createSpy('$setPristine')
            };
            passPromise = true;
            scope.saveData();
            scope.$digest();

            expect(mockDataSvc.save).toHaveBeenCalled();
            expect(scope.bookDetails).toEqual({});
            expect(scope.bookForm.$setPristine).toHaveBeenCalled();
        });
    });

});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Get a reputable dumpster support who provides dumpsters for rent for cleaning up overflowing garages, safe-keeping rooms, attics or cellars or for cleaning up homes.
You only have to give you the lunch, evening meal and drinks for your members of the family and friends to help you together with the construction of your home. Depending on precisely what supplies you may need you probably have previously shopped all-around for the best items and the very best deals.
As a builder you know that a great deal of supplies are important when making a house. The majority of the supplies consist of plastic having to wrap, Styrofoam, pressboard boxes, and so on. You need to continue building the property and getting reduce the garbage accruing as the building challenge moves combined.
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Be it a residence, corporate or perhaps a private business, each of these classes can make use of such services. These types of can help you get rid off the junk in a environment friendly and hassle-free way.
You ought to be offered overnight Rent a Waste Management Dumpster in Taylor so you can get your work started and done swiftly. The dumpster business should inform you about what size dumpster you will need to complete your work. Let the worker know exactly what you would be putting in the dumpster. Using this method, he or she can inform you about what size you will want. Make sure you know very well what the dumpster business does not permit to be thrown away inside of the dumpster. As an example, harmful chemicals such as Freon isn't permitted. For those who have left over paint in the college's basement, drenched paint isn't aloud although dry paint cans are usually aloud.
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Substation automation is a critical process that provides protection for valuable assets and reduced outages. To ensure that this process runs seamlessly, all devices must communicate with one another reliably and with low latency. Networking equipment plays an important role in substation automation: as active network components, they are required to keep communication flowing at times when the environmental conditions are at their worst. To enable reliable operation of mission-critical substation applications, Siemens RUGGEDCOM products offer comprehensive networking solutions that satisfy even the toughest requirements for high levels of electromagnetic immunity, shock and vibration and operating temperatures between minus 40 °C and plus 85 °C.
Ethernet is a manufacturer-agnostic international standard and ensures communications is enabled between all devices on the substation network. Redundancy schemes such as RSTP provide extremely fast recovery time from network faults to minimize downtime in the substation LAN. The use of the Parallel Redundancy Protocol (PRP) and the High-availability Seamless Redundancy Protocol (HSR) – standardized as IEC 62439-3 – provide network redundancy with no data loss. These high reliability Ethernet protocols guarantee no packets are lost for a single point of network failure. Duplicate packets on the network provide the redundancy with no requirement for active network reconfiguration and therefore no network recovery time.
Network based precision time protocol based on IEEE 1588 is becoming increasingly important in substation automation. Traditionally precision timing was based on IRIG-B, but this requires a separate network and cabling to provide time synchronization. Advances in technology have allowed the same or better timing accuracy to be achieved on the Ethernet LAN providing a convergence of data and timing networks and reducing installation and maintenance costs while increasing the reliability of the network and therefore the power system. IEC 61850-3 and IEEE 1613 certified networking equipment ensures that the communications gear meets the same stringent standards for electromagnetic immunity (EMI) and environmental performance as the protective relays on the power system.
The environmental conditions in electrical substations are very harsh. High voltage lines and switch gear generate above normal levels of electromagnetic interference; lighting strikes can cause power surges and rise in ground potential that disrupt the operation of electronic equipment. Substation networking gear is often located in outdoor equipment cabinets or substation control rooms without environment control leaving the electronic equipment exposed to high levels of humidity and extreme fluctuations in temperature. Siemens RUGGEDCOM products lead the market in comprehensive substation automation communications from initial inputs at the substation bay level right through to the utility control center.


Sale apartment Sainte-Maxime. In a residence with swimming pool, beautiful 2 rooms of env 33 m². It offers: Entrance, living room, equipped kitchen, bedroom, cabin area, bathroom and separate toilet. Collective parking.


text:
The "Signmeto" Unsigned Band of the Week: Information Harvest
Posted by valleyofsteel on 26 March 2012
Hello, Readers! It's Monday, so of course it's time once again for the "Signmeto" Unsigned Band of the Week feature. As you should all know by now, this is when I write about an artist whose songs appear on the "Sign Me to Roadrunner Records" website. People contact me there all the time, looking for reviews of their music, and I am more than happy to oblige. I listen to whatever they've got, and then I talk about it here, and then YOU (the devoted reader) can go check it out for yourself. Maybe you'll really like what you hear. There's only one way to find out, so let's get started.
This week, I've got something totally different to share with you, and I've also got a request. It's audience participation time! Usually when I check out a new artist over at Signmeto, I find a few songs that they have recorded for a collection of demos or promos, or sometimes even songs from an independently released EP or album. The goal, ostensibly, is to gain further exposure for the band, possibly even (judging by the name of the website) the chance at a contract with a record label. Well, today what we're looking at will be more like rough sketches of unfinished songs, which have been posted for the purpose of soliciting feedback. These basic outlines have the potential to turn into something pretty great, so I think you should take the time to listen to them — hopefully you'll have some great ideas of how something could be changed or improved (I've got faith in you, readers, because obviously you have good taste in music or you wouldn't be here in the first place!).
The music you are about to hear was put together by a Rhode Islander named Andrew James Liles. I've gotten to know him as a reviewer, through my interaction with other members of the Signmeto website, and he seems like a pretty nice guy. Recently, Andrew sent me a request to check out these demos for his project Information Harvest, because he is getting together with the rest of the band soon to rehearse and work on fleshing out these songs a little more fully. As it stands currently, these are instrumental pieces with Mr. Liles playing the guitar, bass, and keyboard; some of the guitar solos or leads here might be replaced by vocals but he says he is still "on the fence" about whether or not to add vocals. Also these tracks are supported by drum loops temporarily; Andrew echoes my own sentiments 100% when he tells me he hates drum loops — so let's all agree to ignore the fact that the drums currently sound terrible and fake, secure in the knowledge that they will ultimately be replaced by a living, breathing human drummer.
There are three demo tracks now available on the Information Harvest Signmeto page. "Marriage Melody" starts us off pretty simply, with about 1-1/2 minutes of a couple layered acoustic guitars. I'm not sure if this is intended as the introduction to a longer song, or perhaps a brief standalone bit — maybe an interlude between other songs or the opening or closing of an album? In any case, it sounds pretty lovely.
Being a bassist and drummer by trade, I don't know a lot of technical stuff about guitar-playing, but I try to fumble my way through, pretending like I know what I'm talking about… this starts out in a kind of classical-sounding style; there are a few points that feature some natural harmonics, which I especially like (and which remind me of the acoustic part in a particular Yes song — I'm not absolutely certain about this, but off the top of my head I believe it is "Roundabout").
Another part is added to this, which is panned a little to the right, and sounds more like a nylon-stringed 'Spanish' guitar than the other part(s), and also introduces a somewhat more Mediterranean-sounding flavor to the mix. Once again, I'm no expert, and I urge you to check it out with your own ears, but the feeling I get is that this second guitar was recorded through a microphone, while the other guitar sounds more like one that has a built-in pickup — and from what I've come to understand, using these pickups for recording often result in a duller, more compressed sound than sticking a mic in front of the guitar, which is usually a bit warmer and more natural-sounding.
This is followed by "Rainbow Bridge," a bit longer (at four-and-a-half minutes) and more fully arranged with bass, piano, and electric guitars (we agreed not to mention the drums, right?). All of these enter, bit-by-bit, on a foundation of a pretty bass-heavy synth drone (which brings to mind a Pink Floyd song like "Sorrow" or "Obscured by Clouds"). This song (or more accurately, song sketch) takes you in a few different directions; sometimes displaying more of a progressive side, such as the addition of a reverby stereo-delay guitar vamp on top of an acoustic part (the combination of which, again, reminds me of something Yes might have done); other times having a dreamy, ballady vibe led by a gentle piano in waltz-time; and in yet another instance, threatening to head in a more metallic territory with the incorporation of some synchopated distorted riffs between the guitars and bass.
Throughout all of this there is a lead guitar part that serves as the main melody; probably this is where he means when he says vocals might be substituted at some future time. Anyone who knows me and my personal inclinations could tell you that I am not predominantly a person who is generally oriented towards, or focused on, "lyrics" or "vocals" — in general I don't really mind if they are there or not, especially when there is enough else happening to keep my interest in the music. A progressive-structured work such as this would be fine with or without the addition of words, in my opinion. However, the solo guitar that is currently there leans a bit too heavily on the wah pedal and "whammy bar" for my taste, occasionally to the point of almost feeling motion sickness. If a guitar melody will be standing in for a vocal line, I think I'd prefer it not to be this particular one. On the other hand, in the points where there are two electric guitars playing a part in tandem (often soaring above the piano and acoustic parts), they make for a very pleasant-sounding harmony. Lastly, while the transitions between some of these different sections could be smoothed just a little bit, they do all work together pretty harmoniously as a complete song.
The third and final song found here is called "A Friend is Gone." It starts out interestingly, with a looped guitar part, and then a second looped countermelody. A drum loop is then added to the mix, but the timing seems to be just enough out of sync to make it difficult to really listen to parts of track with a critical ear. However, from time to time the initial guitar parts fade out to leave room for a slinky bassline and some more solo lead guitar. Here again, there seems to be a lot of reliance on the wah-pedal, which (to my ears) resembles the techniques and tone often used by somebody like Joe Satriani — which fans of that particular style would probably find very enjoyable indeed. Despite the three-minute running time, this feels short and incomplete to me; however, I wonder if the best way to fix it would be by extending it, or if the length and structure could remain as-is while giving some variety and interest to the music with the addition of some words? Readers, what say you?
Anyway, if you like what you've heard so far, please leave a review for Information Harvest at Signmeto, saying what you like and what you don't like, or what you think could be changed or added or subtracted. If you don't have an account there and you don't feel like creating one, you're also more than welcome to leave your comments on this page, and I will gladly pass them along for you. I've also been informed there are additional demos available at ReverbNation for your further enjoyment.
I hope you enjoyed this post – please feel free to share your opinion in the comments below! Until next week… if you happen to stumble across something you'd like to share (or if you are in a band and are trying to get your music heard), just write to me at my Signmeto "scout" page. Thanks for reading!
This entry was posted in Demos and tagged Andrew James Liles, Information Harvest, Joe Satriani, Pink Floyd, Rhode Island, Roadrunner Records, Steve Howe, USA, West Warwick, Yes. Bookmark the permalink.
In Case You Missed It: Krampus – Kronos' Heritage
Reblog: Argus Interview with That Devil Music
2 responses to "The "Signmeto" Unsigned Band of the Week: Information Harvest"
Andrew James Liles says:
Thank you for giving my works under development a chance to gain more critical attention! I fully encourage any and all feedback (good and bad) so that I can make these songs as good as I possibly can.
Many suggestions that I have received at SignMeTo has already been put to use. Perhaps your followers can offer something more that has not yet been mentioned or further support previous comments that I will finally be forced to address!
As for the heavy footed wah use… I blame Satriani, Vai and Petrucci for their influence on me! Of course, you are correct in your observation that it is over done in these recordings and I thank you for your honesty :o)
valleyofsteel says:
Cool… and I look forward to hearing your results.
Readers: the gauntlet has officially been thrown down. Let's hear your suggestions and comments!


I reach the paved road at the edge of Máze and walk past the houses, counting them loosely in my head, hoping there are enough to warrant a store, maybe a gas station or a small grocery.
Slowed by rain, I've been rationing out food since Olderfjord and can feel my body demanding compensation for the miles walked. The next town is two days away. I can make it, but it will be thin.
I top a hill and there it is, across from the shale-roofed church, the town store. I grab a basket and march up and down the four little aisles. The bright packaging, the stacks of food, the possibilities, they all mesmerize me. I walk back and forth, unable to decide what to slip into my basket, what cravings to give in to, what to buy and devour right there.
I have to eat more. I feel my body shedding weight. The pants that barely fit at the start have begun to sag. My stomach never feels full. I'm dropping too fast.
The first twenty or thirty pounds don't matter much, that's just fat, that's what it's for. But after that, after my body burns through its stores, what's left to burn but muscle, bone, tendons, and ligaments, the parts that make walking possible. Burn into those and I'll turn brittle and break against the miles ahead.
I stack food into my basket until it feels heavy, then stack a bit more. A loaf of bread, two pounds of sausage, chocolate, a stack of tortillas. I sit outside and gorge, eating until what's left will fit into my pack then walking on.
A few miles outside of town, just as trail is about to leave the road, I come across a parked car, with a man outside, stretching his legs for a moment from the drive.
He asks me where I'm going and I tell him Tarifa, Spain. He knows it, he has stayed in a place nearby where you can look out and see Africa across the sea. He reaches into his pocket and pulls out a chocolate bar, breaking it and asks if I want a piece.
I accept and reach for it, but he pulls it back and hands me the rest of the bar instead.
Posted in Europe North to SouthTagged backpacking, ENS, Europe North to South, featured, hiking, kind strangers, resupply, thru-hikingBookmark the permalink.
That man and his gift to you is a moment to treasure for all humanity.
Looking good D! I will always remember you and your friends in the CDT when I met you near Glacier and took you to the grocery store. The amount of food all of you eat was unbelievable. Some of you eating 6 to 7 Klondike bars in a row. Also going to the cemetery to get cell phone reception but that is another story.
Yeah, you should have seen a whole gang of PCT thru hikers coming off the trail into a buffet. I'd never seen the likes of such inhaling of food! Important to eat all those calories you'll burn. I'm so glad the little store was there for you, Daniel!
Don't know why, but that man offering you the larger piece of chocolate just brought tears to my eyes. I think part of the reason is your determination is so awe-inspiring but also it's the people you keep meeting. They are so kind to you; I'm sure part of that must be because of the positive spirit you project. Carry on, Daniel! You are our goodwill ambassador!
The kindness of strangers amazes me., I keep reading and I wonder if you have met anyone yet that acted in a manner other than friendly in your travels… Everything to this point has been friendly. I've read 390 miles worth of story in this short afternoon. I wonder if I could catch up before the weekend arrives. I want cheese for some reason!


Every network marketer has a unique reason for doing what they do. But there's a common thread: the aim for success. So how do you ensure your success and your potential to climb up through the ranks at ASEA?
Drink up this advice from three experts whose résumés indicate their advice on the matter is right on the money. Terry Latham, ASEA Triple Diamond Executive; Ed Wiens, ASEA Double Diamond Executive; and Karen Reilley, ASEA VP of U.S. Sales all shared ways to zero in on your business and go from a hobby network marketer to a serious industry professional.
Ed Wiens realized early in his rapid ascent to Double Diamond that he could make the ASEA opportunity his path to freedom—but it was going to take more than desire. He explains that you have to start with a re-examination of your "WHY." What is your motivation for building your ASEA business? Is it the product? If so, you may need to dig a little deeper.
ASEA offers fascinating products, and it's easy to embrace the incredible science behind them. However, when you marry passion for the product with a true belief in the business-building opportunity, that's when you start changing lives. Especially your own.
It's easy to focus on the money as a business person. In fact, sometimes you develop tunnel vision when it comes to your earnings. Especially if you're not quite where you want to be. This happens, but Terry Latham shares his advice for moving beyond this.
"It's not about the money, it's about what the money yields," Terry says.
What are you yielding from your work? If it's not what you imagined, it's time to think bigger about your business.
For more advice from top ASEA leaders. Watch the most reacent In-Touch call.
Posted in Business and tagged business building, network marketing. Bookmark the permalink.


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Halifax, Great Yarmouth, is a financial services provider in the centre of town. Whether it's current accounts, savings and investments, mortgages or insurance you're looking for, the Halifax can help.
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Grafoplast® Wire Markers manufactures the ultimate wire marking system for identifying cables, contactors, relays, wires and terminal blocks. We deal directly with our customers and guarantee that our wire marking devices don't smudge, smear or unwrap. Grafoplast® even has kit offerings of wire markers.
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It's easy to recognize good outdoor lighting when you see it. When the sun goes down, the house looks welcoming – there are no dark shadows, and entrances and the driveway are well-lit, secure and beautiful.
You can create the same welcoming ambiance for your home with a good outdoor lighting plan. Start with a list of your goals for lighting your home's exterior. Here is a list of five outdoor lighting basics to consider.
Make sure your entrances and paths are well-lit and shadow-free to avoid falls at night. This includes your front entrance, garden paths, and side doors. Stairs should be included in your plan, since they are a primary cause of injury.
Depending on the type of stairs – deck, stone, concrete – any of these types of lighting could be appropriate, and would greatly increase the safety of navigating stairways at night.
The security and the safety of outdoor lighting might seem to be similar goals, but security also includes when outdoor lights come on. One approach is to add motion sensors to some of your outdoor lighting, so lights turn on when someone enters your property. This includes animals, so you may want to be selective if a bedroom overlooks an area with frequent nocturnal activity.
Generally, it's fine to turn on the porch or front light at dusk, and to leave it on until bedtime. Turning off a light consistently indicates the home is in use and someone is present.
Another option is to use timers to turn outdoor lights on and off on a schedule. Remember, though, that using a timer set to a consistent schedule when you're away may not be the best way to secure your home. Smart criminals observe a home before deciding whether or not to act, so it may be better to set an irregular schedule or even skip nights occasionally.
Some outdoor lighting manufacturers now offer smart lighting apps that allow you to control the lighting remotely even when you're away. Our lighting experts are trained in the latest Smart Lighting products and are happy to show you what's available.
The fun part of your lighting plan is deciding which yard or garden features are good candidates for lighting. Do you have a striking tree or an espaliered wall to show off? Subtle uplighting will highlight these features. Outdoor sculptures or terraced gardens are beautiful at night with the addition of lighting.
Water features offer a special opportunity for lighting. The play of water and light at night is magical, and today's new waterproof LED products are a fantastic way to add drama and beauty to your swimming pool, outdoor pond, fountain or other water feature. Our lighting experts can guide you in selecting subtle but effective feature lighting.
With spring weather, or if you live in a warm weather climate, you and your family will likely spend more time outdoors. Our busy lives make every chance to relax even more important, so make sure your outdoor living space is comfortable and well-lit when you have time to enjoy it.
An outdoor chandelier adds a touch of elegance to any space – and creates a soft ambiance for evening parties or family dinners. Include a dimming system in your plan so you can increase the lighting level for a party or dim it for a romantic evening.
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Complete your outdoor lighting plan with a simple sketch of your home. Bring it in to our lighting professionals for the best advice and product selection. We know light!


text:
Living In A Madhouse
Keeping a grip on reality
London Zoo and the global warming religion
This precious piece of warmist propaganda is plastered all over London Zoo. (I reproduce the gem as it appears in the Zoo, the illiteracies and capitalisation being their own).
" 350 – THE MOST IMPORTANT NUMBER IN THE WORLD
350 parts per million (ppm) of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is the safe upper limit for almost all life
We are currently at 387 ppm and rising by 2ppm per year, higher than at any time in human history
The wild relatives of the amazing animals you see in the zoo today are already at risk from:
Melting poles and glaciers
Spread of disease carrying mosquitoes to move, warmer places
Increased drought
Warming and acidifying oceans carbonising coral reefs and other species to extinction
In fact, all life, including human life is at peril
The World Association of Zoos and Aquaria supports the urgent call to stabilise atmospheric CO2 as far below 350 ppm as is possible
Visit http://www.waza.org and 350.0rg "
CO2 is currently "higher than at any time in human history, eh? Well, maybe, but even that fact is far from certain. Take this article in Nature in 2000:
'Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years
Paul N. Pearson1 & Martin R. Palmer2
1.Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
2.T. H. Huxley School, Imperial College, RSM Building, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BP, UK
"Knowledge of the evolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations throughout the Earth's history is important for a reconstruction of the links between climate and radiative forcing of the Earth's surface temperatures. Although atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations in the early Cenozoic era (about 60 Myr ago) are widely believed to have been higher than at present, there is disagreement regarding the exact carbon dioxide levels, the timing of the decline and the mechanisms that are most important for the control of CO2 concentrations over geological timescales. Here we use the boron-isotope ratios of ancient planktonic foraminifer shells to estimate the pH of surface-layer sea water throughout the past 60 million years, which can be used to reconstruct atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We estimate CO2 concentrations of more than 2,000 p.p.m. for the late Palaeocene and earliest Eocene periods (from about 60 to 52 Myr ago), and find an erratic decline between 55 and 40 Myr ago that may have been caused by reduced CO2 outgassing from ocean ridges, volcanoes and metamorphic belts and increased carbon burial. Since the early Miocene (about 24 Myr ago), atmospheric CO2 concentrations appear to have remained below 500 p.p.m. and were more stable than before, although transient intervals of CO2 reduction may have occurred during periods of rapid cooling approximately 15 and 3 Myr ago."' http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v406/n6797/abs/406695a0.html
That is saying CO2 levels are thought to have remained below 500 ppm for 24 million years or so. That means fully fledged mammals have survived happily enough at higher concentrations than 350 ppm and in the not too distant geological past before that date, proto mammals and of course organic life in general managed to get along with a massive 2,000 ppm of CO2.
The other thing to note is the failure to make any mention of the other main greenhouse gases water vapour (the most prevalent greenhouse gas) and methane. This is a common turning of a blind eye by the warmist religionists. In the case of water vapour, they do this primarily because little can be done about reducing it, and in as much as man is responsible for producing water vapour, a great deal of this results from the creation of paddyfields. As this is something which is done overwhelmingly by developing nations , political correctness kicks in to produce silence amongst Western elites. It is also very inconvenient for the man-made warming argument to have to admit that the most prevalent greenhouse gas is effectively beyond human control. As for methane, that also has a politically correct dimension because paddyfields produce a large amount of the gas.
I particularly enjoyed the plea to reduce CO2 in the atmosphere "as far below 350 ppm as is possible. " Reduce it very substantially and, others things being equal, we would be heading for an ice age or even an earth which became a permanent snowball. The plea also ignores the fact that CO2 is plant food. Lower CO2 levels means less vegetation which means fewer animals. Atmospheric greenhouse gases including CO2 are necessary to maintain the planet in a state in which humans can live.
What this crass piece of warmist propaganda shows is how closed are the minds of the warmists and how determined they are to proselytise their creed without any regard for logic or scientific research which undermines their case . (It is important to understand that the place is not just a Zoo, but also one of Britain's leading research institutions in the field of the life sciences, this being a consequence of its foundation by the Royal Zoological Society. Hence, they have no excuse for not understanding or being aware of the science).
By Robert Henderson, on February 22, 2011 at 9:11 pm, under Greenery. Tags: global warming panic.	1 Comment
« Could Britain be self-sufficient in food?
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By London Zoo and the global warming religion | The Libertarian Alliance: BLOG on February 23, 2011 at 1:14 am
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