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Medieval Fantasy
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The life of a villager during the Middle Ages
by Dimitris Romeo Havlidis | Feb 27, 2015 | Agriculture, Architecture, Engineering & Construction, Sociology | 34 comments
During the middle ages (medieval times) the lives of villagers (serfs) were far from easy. Hard work and continuous effort – required to ensure the necessities of life – characterised most aspects of their existence.
Please note that by Villager we mean any serf, including villeins, bordars and cottagers, and exclude any Freeman who was farming land.
A villager's house
Medieval Serf House
Villager homes (also known as cruck houses) were simple structures based on a wooden frame. The walls of the frame were panelled with wattle and daub and plastered with quick lime and earth, a process also referred to as whitewashing. The colour of the local soil gave the plaster vibrant white, yellow or red colour, depending on the minerals present. The roof was usually made out of straw, reeds and other dried vegetation, commonly referred to as a thatched roof. There were no panes of glass in the windows. Instead, wooden shutters were used, closed at night or during winter, and would have made the houses quite draughty. Although this draught would have lowered the overall temperature of the house, it would have provided much-needed ventilation to combat the high concentration of smoke from the fire, and the smells of both animals and people living in close quarters. The floors were of hard, compacted earth sometimes covered in straw for warmth. The materials made the building relatively easy to erect and to maintain, because the components were readily available and frequently free to obtain.
In most cases the house was not internally separated and thus consisted of one long room. In some instances the house would have been separated in two rooms and possibly also would have had a raised floor spanning about 1/3 of the structure, which would have been accessible by a wooden ladder. This floor was used mostly as living quarters, primarily inhabited by the younger members of the family, since it was considered safer.
Furnishings and Tools
In the middle of a peasant's hut was a fire used for cooking and heating. However, there was no chimney – the whole of the house would have been filled with smoke, which would slowly escape from the thatched roof. This would have kept pests (such as rats) and some parasites under control to a certain extent. Any furniture would have been very basic. Peasants sat on benches or stools, with chairs being considered more expensive, luxury items, only usually found in the manor house of the village. They would have a simple wooden table and chests for storing clothes and other valuables. Hooks were used to hang clothes and equipment around the house. The bed mattress was made out of straw and pillows were a luxury that peasants could not afford – it is theorised that logs were used to support their neck. Houses had no fresh water or a lavatory. A bucket was used and was emptied at the closest creek nearby in the morning. Food would have been cooked in a suspended cauldron on top of the hearth.
During summertime, the peasant's animals would also live with the family in the house during the night. During winter the animals would have stayed in the house throughout the day. This contributed to a fairly low hygiene but also kept the house warm. Animals were expensive property and vital for survival, and keeping them inside would have ensured their security overnight.
These houses mostly provided shelter for a whole family; that would have included the serf, his wife, their children and quite possibly the extended family. The average household would have numbered eight peasants.
During the late middle ages the house would also have had a well and an outhouse, and also a barn.
The surroundings of the house would have had a fenced area to keep the animals inside, and also a small garden for the serf to cultivate vegetables and some basic herbs for his family.
The medieval serf's clothing was basic and practical. A medieval serf's clothing or dress consisted of:
A blouse of cloth or skin, fastened by a leather belt round the waist
An overcoat or mantle of thick woollen material, which fell from his shoulders to half-way down his legs
Shoes or large boots
Short, woollen trousers
A sheath for his knife, hanging from his belt
In cold weather or in rain he wore a woollen hat
Gloves were only worn for their practical clothing value and were padded for use in tasks such as hedging
Noble versus Villager clothing during the middle ages
Peasants 'enjoyed' a rather monotonous diet. Meat was a rare luxury and would have usually been rabbit or pork; rabbits were easy to catch, provided the villagers had permission to use traps from the Lord of the manor. Pigs were the most standard meat animal and were usually slaughtered in the early winter, since feeding them throughout the lean winter was difficult and impractical. The bulk of a peasant's diet consisted of brown bread (coarse barley bread) and cheese, made using the milk of their goats, lambs and, less commonly, cows. They only had one cooked meal a day, 'pottage', which was a broth of grains, vegetables and possibly some meat or fish. During late summer and early autumn peasants would gather nuts and fruits, as well as acorns, to fatten up the pigs for slaughter during winter time.
During the middle ages, starvation was not an uncommon cause of death, especially during times of drought. Peasants lived hand-to-mouth and anything which depleted their already meagre supplies would have had a devastating effect on the household.
Despite recent dramatisations (ahem Blackadder) the hygiene of peasants was not as bad as is commonly supposed. In fact, there is considerable evidence that most medieval people tried to keep themselves clean. The evidence also suggests that most people washed and changed their clothes quite frequently. They also tried to keep their houses clean. The idea that people were filthy and stinky is a myth.
The myth may have arisen because villagers rarely took baths. Before the 19th century it was difficult to heat a large amount of water in one go. Suppose you heated a cauldron of water and poured it into a tub. By the time you had heated a second lot of water, the first lot would already be cold.
Medieval Bathing in a wooden tab
The Romans solved this problem by having public baths, which could be heated from underneath. However, after the fall of Rome, it was much easier to have a strip wash. In hot weather people bathed in rivers. There is also evidence that villagers washed their clothes quite often.
Health manuals from the period note that it was important to get rid of dirt and grime. They also explained that it was important to keep the entire body clean. For example, the fourteenth-century writer Magninius Mediolanesis stated in his work Regimen sanitatis that "the bath cleans the external body parts of dirt left behind from exercise on the outside of the body".
During the 1330s, only 5% of the population of England had any sort of education. In fact some lords of the manor had laws against educating the serfs. Some manors allowed particularly bright children to attend grammar school if that was available in a town nearby. The lack of education was, perhaps, one of the most powerful tools that the nobles had for exerting control over the numerous serfs. The nobles of the land knew that their lack of education, combined with continuous, draining physical labour, was a very effective way to keep the populace subjugated and tame.
Farmland & Animals
Depending on his classification, a serf could have anything from one acre (1 to 5 acres for Bordars and Cottagers) to 30 acres (20 – 30 acres for Villeins).
An acre is defined as the land that a man behind one ox can plough in a day. One acre is 4840 square yards and would cover about half a full-size football (soccer) pitch.
Considering the fact that in order to make a living, a family needed about 10 acres, many of the villagers had to work on other serf's land in order to survive.
The lands of a villager were divided into strips, called selions or ridges, scattered within two of the three active fields of the manor; the third field was left uncultivated (fallow) every year to ensure the land's fertility. The strips in the first field would have been used to cultivate grains in order to pay their dues to the Lord of the Manor and the strips on the second field would have been used to grow barley and legumes for personal consumption.
In addition to their strips, each villager would have had a small vegetable garden close to his house to grow vegetables for his family.
Most of the villagers would not have been able to afford to have a team of oxen by themselves, which mostly meant that two villagers would have to team up in order to plough their fields.
In addition to an ox, which was of vital importance to all villagers, each family would also have had some geese, chickens (for eggs), goats (for milk), and lambs (for wool and milk). In some cases, a villager might have also owned cows and/or pigs. The amount of animals that a villager had depended on how many his family could afford to feed and support, and how many animals the Lord of the manor allowed to graze in the commons (pasture and meadow).
As we've discussed, serfs were not land owners; they were using the land of their lord (not renting) in order to repay their hereditary debt to him. Most of the serfs hardly ever had coins and, for their transactions with their Lord, would have to pay by working for him and with items produced.
Each household had to pay two to three man-days per week in their Lord's service, doing anything the lord needed at the time, from cleaning the manor to taking care of the fields of the lord (ploughing, seeding etc). The amount of days was completely arbitrary and each lord could have requested more household members for more days. In times of high labour need, such as during harvest, this work tax was regularly increased.
The serfs had to use the manor's mill in order to grind their grain, and the manor's oven to bake their bread and for both those services the Lord would demand a portion as a fee.
During Easter, the serfs would offer the Lord an additional dozen eggs, and during Christmas the serf would offer a goose to his lord.
When the father of the household died, his son would have to pay a Feudal relief to the Lord as a reassurance of his fealty and in order to inherit the right to use the land. This, in most cases, was the best animal or the best part of the serf's bounty. If a freeman or a serf outside the manor wanted to marry one of the serf's daughters, her father had to pay a fee to the Lord.
Last but not least, a serf had to pay a food-rent to the Lord called feorm, which was essentially a significant part of his grain production.
A serf was able to pay a very heavy fee in order to purchase his freedom, or occasionally he could prove extraordinary valour in battle in order to have a chance to gain Freeman status. In some cases, serfs who gained their freedom by showing their valour were also ennobled.
Serfs were considered part of the land of the manor. They did not own the land they were living on or cultivating. Although serfs might have enjoyed some "freedoms" that slaves did not, for all intents and purposes serfdom was considered a form of hereditary ownership. A serf could not leave the land, but he could save enough money to repay his debt and buy his freedom if his Lord wished it.
Some serfs were able to escape and hide within cities; after a year and a day they could be recognised as freemen, but if they were found the penalty was a most cruel punishment, both for them and their whole family. Accounts of these punishments are violent, graphic and extraordinarily ostentatious – clearly these were intended to serve as examples to other would-be escapees.
Work & Holidays
Serfs worked for 6 days a week either on their fields or in the service of their Lord. Sundays were days of rest and prayer. In addition to Sundays, serfs did not work during holy days (holidays) which were usually accompanied by festivities, patronised by the Lord of the manor.
Common Tasks for Medieval Workers
January & February – work indoors repairing hunting nets, sharpening tools, making utensils – on mild days work outdoors to gather firewood, prune vines and mend fences.
March – work in the fields, ploughing and cultivating.
April – clean ditches, pruning trees, fixing sheds, hauling timber, and repairing roofs.
May – sheep cleaning and shearing, planting and field maintenance.
June – mowing hay crop and raking it into piles.
July – harvest grains, bundle sheaves, weed gardens.
August – threshing and winnowing of grains, grinding of grains into flour.
September – fruits picked and dried or stored, grapes picked and pressed for juice and wine.
October – gather nuts, roots, berries, and mushrooms, fields ploughed and empty fields sown with winter wheat, repairing and cleaning equipment.
November – firewood gathered, split, and stacked for themselves and the lord, pigs and cows slaughtered and meat smoked or salted, flex and hemp processed to make thread and rope.
December – trim trees, grape vines pruned, and hunting.
Most serfs had very hard lives and, in most cases, struggled to keep their families alive and well. Most of a serf's clothing was scented with smoke (due to the lack of a chimney), though contrary to popular opinion they had a good understanding of hygiene. Their everyday food was a very humble warm meal once a day and, in some rare occasions, meat was part of it. Most, if not all of the villagers, were uneducated. All villagers had to pay very harsh taxes, consisting of both manual labour and produce; these taxes were tailored to suppress the serfs and make it impossible for them to recover from their hereditary debt and gain their freedom.
Please leave a comment! We will be more than happy to answer any questions you might have, or listen to your feedback. We have tonnes of research we cannot publish on each article (due to its size) and we are more than happy to share.
Serfdom, Wikipedia, 20 February 2015 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom
Everyday life in the Middle Ages by Tim Lambert, 20 February 2015: http://www.localhistories.org/middle.html
The Lifestyle of Medieval Peasants". HistoryLearningSite.co.uk. 2014, 20 February 2015 http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/medieval_peasants.htm
Medieval Life – Housing, 20 February 2015, http://www.historyonthenet.com/medieval_life/houses.htm
Medieval Serfs, 20 February 2015, http://www.medieval-life-and-times.info/medieval-life/medieval-serfs.htm
Peasant life in the middle ages, 20 February 2015, http://www.camelotintl.com/village/peasant.html
A brief history of baths and showers by Tim Lambert, 20 February 2015, http://www.localhistories.org/washing.html
Did people in the Middle Ages take baths?, 20 February 2015, http://www.medievalists.net/2013/04/13/did-people-in-the-middle-ages-take-baths/
About Dimitris Romeo Havlidis
My name is Dimitris Romeo. I am a dyslexic one-eyed, web architect, developer and designer with a passion for photography, User Experience and telling stories.I spend my free time taking photos, watching tv series, cooking and watering my plants.I love lemon tarts, audiobooks, top hats, fantasy and science fiction in all its forms.
Ren on March 24, 2015 at 4:57 am
Love this. Thank you for taking the time to research this so thoroughly and put it together in such an easily digestible way.
Dimitris Romeo Havlidis on March 25, 2015 at 4:06 am
Thank you for your nice words Ren, if there is anything you need or you have any questions regarding the topics we are researching please do let us know
Edna Cartagena on October 12, 2015 at 8:03 pm
What words did the serfs say (falls under the category of language)?
Kris on March 14, 2016 at 4:13 am
I have to agree. a section on language would be helpful
d on March 9, 2016 at 6:09 pm
Dimitris Romeo Havlidis did a great job
John on March 14, 2016 at 5:21 am
Did the peasants/serfs have a charter from the Lord giving them permission to harvest wood from the lord's forest? Really confused on what they take from where.
Thank you for the question John and I am sorry it wasn't clear enough.
First of all, different manors had different rules so this could vary from place to place and from person to person. There was no such a thing as a constitution or a law on this for any kingdom. Each lord of the Manor could apply rules as he pleased, after all it was his land to manage.
Having said that Counts and/or Dukes could give or revoke specific permissions to their Lords of the Manor.
As a general rule the serfs were able to work their allocated farmland and hold a number of grazing animals in the pasture (the max number per person was defined by the lord of the Manor). The lord of the Manor could allow serfs to gather wood from his woodland, fish on his pond gather acorns to feed their pigs, possibly hunt specific animals in the forest or for example make charcoal.
In most of there was a general understanding that some of the above would be allowed while others will require the permission of the Lord. It was the sheriff job to make sure that these rules are followed (Sheriff: The term, from the Old English scīrgerefa, designated a royal official responsible for keeping the peace (a "reeve") throughout a shire or county on behalf of the king but it was also used for it's manorial counterpart on behalf of the Lord of the Manor)
I most case som
Kyrie Yujing Wang on May 3, 2016 at 12:12 am
Wish I had come across this page earlier! Excellent summary, thank you 🙂
balletloverlol on May 15, 2016 at 10:29 am
for a homework assignment I need to answer the question: How might a medieval family with a deficit survive. hope you can help
Dimitris Romeo Havlidis on May 16, 2016 at 4:48 am
The simplest answer is that families with very little land (like many of the feudal subjects which had under 2 acres / family member) were subsidised by the Church and the Lord of the Manor. The church would use part of the grain that was given as tithe to feed the hungry and local lords would allow access fishing grounds or give family members jobs at the buildings of the Manor. Becoming a miller for the lord of the manor is an example. in many cases also family members would work for other Freemen as hired hands for some extra food or coin.
Rue on July 16, 2016 at 7:20 pm
I would love to get a better understanding of how villagers stored water in their homes? I love this article and love the way you presented the information. I did see the mention of wells – but I wasn't clear if every home had a well or if there was a central well shared by many…I'm trying to understand how a small village would handle water storage/usage. I'm especially interested in areas that were not exposed to Roman aqueducts, etc. Thank you!
Dimitris Romeo Havlidis on September 30, 2016 at 5:29 am
I am sorry for the late reply Rue, but this needed a bit of research. I am writing an article for you actually and I am planning for it to be out next week. I hope that helps.
Rue on October 2, 2016 at 5:44 pm
Thank you for the reply! I'm looking forward to the post next week. I LOVE this website and the way you made the research come alive by showing how the facts/figures affect a fictional family. Looking forward to learning more about water 🙂
Dimitris Romeo Havlidis on December 20, 2016 at 6:36 pm
Hey Rue! A bit late but it's here http://www.lostkingdom.net/medieval-water-infrastructure-tools/ I hope you enjoy it, let me know what you think.
silvi on September 18, 2016 at 10:05 am
It's a really good job, a pretty interesting one, but I would have prefered also some extra informations about how the families were constructed. Something about the relation between parents and their kids and about the marriage too. What people had to do to get married? Thank you!
Dimitris Romeo Havlidis on September 18, 2016 at 6:09 pm
Hey Silvi,
We dipped into this on this article ( http://www.lostkingdom.net/medieval-village-buildings-cottage/ ) . But I can certainly write a bit more about it.
Jonathan on September 29, 2016 at 1:37 am
Have you or can you do something on the different living quarters during the medieval times? This would be things like a commoners quarters, royalty quarters, and soldiers quarters. Please and thank you.
Hey Jonathan,
We do have a lot and it's a good subject which I don't have in the list, thank you for bringing it up. Just to clarify, by living quarters you mean essentially their place of residence and living conditions of it?
Rue on September 29, 2016 at 10:52 pm
I'm leaving a "repeat" comment/question because I didn't see a response. Thank you!
Rue, I have just written you a reply above, can you please let me know if you got any sort of notification for it?
john on October 17, 2016 at 11:28 pm
I would like to know if their will be any article towards Manorialism and if their is when will it be published
Dimitris Romeo Havlidis on October 18, 2016 at 6:12 am
Good day John, we already have some information on Manorialism but it is indeed a subject we will be expanding on. In fact reading through our reading list it is in there. I can push it up if you need the information 🙂
liv on January 27, 2017 at 12:36 am
how many people are in there family
Dimitris Romeo Havlidis on January 28, 2017 at 9:51 am
The medieval family unit was quite more extended than what we normally have today. It was quite common that in a single house you'd have the parents of the family, their children but also their elderly remaining parents and possibly the siblings of their children. It depended on the financial state of the family as well as the location (village or town). You should also consider that mortality rate for children was quite high which meant that people had a lot of progeny but a lot of them wouldn't survive many winters.
To conclude, A single home could have anything from 4 to 12 people together for an average of about 6.5.
Does this answer your question Liv?
Adam on February 12, 2017 at 12:03 am
Great job! I have a question. What king of protection or security did the peasants/serfs get from their Lord?
Dimitris Romeo Havlidis on February 12, 2017 at 7:03 am
That is a great question Adam.
The answer is, it depends.
Most serfs were under the ownership of a Knight, who has received a knight's fee. That was more or less 1000 – 5000 acres of land which in most cases amounted to something like 1 – 4 villages. Each Knight has to be able to support arms and horse, which meant to have the ability to purchase and maintain his horse and armours and weapons for himself and his retinue. That effectively meant that you'd expect the Knight's family members and some more possibly trained guardsmen who will keep law and order in the Knight's lands. The number of men could have been much different if the Knight was in a march (border regions need more boots on the ground) or if he had other titles like Count or Duke which mean multiple estates and possibly fortifications. Later on when Baronets come into play (people with no military service requirement who bought their land and serfs) the serfs might even had no protection, aside from that the Baronet was willing to provide to protect his assets
Conner O'Malley on February 13, 2017 at 3:37 am
This was a great article, and it helped me out a LOT on a paper I was writing. But out of curiosity for your opinion, who do you think lived a harder life? The homeless of modern America, or the medieval serfs? I personally think the Serf's lives were easier because of how much easier it was for them to attain housing, clothing and food, despite their lack luster treatment. Your thoughts?
Not Dweeb Chancellor on February 14, 2017 at 8:15 am
I think it is homeless ofc dweeb
Well in fact they cannot be compared. It's like comparing apples and pears. Difference standards, different technological level – surely different reasoning behind it.
johnsonofdaw on July 15, 2017 at 7:21 pm
Thankyou for this informative and user-friendly site. Can anyone elaborate on the methods used to store grain In feudal times? Presumably they used sacks and barnes? But what if there was no barn? And were they always in some sort of bags, or were there other ways of storing grain?
hunter on December 14, 2017 at 6:55 pm
i was wondering how many serfs lived in one village?
Dimitris Romeo Havlidis on March 6, 2018 at 10:57 am
It really depends on the location and the time but during high medieval times you were looking of villages around 120 to 200 people
Laura Lopez on January 6, 2018 at 6:29 pm
Hey! Really enjoyed all this information, but i do have 2 or three questions.
First: Are peasants and serfs the same thing?
Second:Did peasants/serfs do house keeping things? Like cleaning or cooking.
Again.Thank you for the amazing information. And i hope you can answer quickly since i have a paper to write.
The Pesky Peasantry of the Middle Ages – Richie Billing - […] https://www.lostkingdom.net/the-life-of-a-villager-during-the-middle-ages […]
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This weekend was so full and fun. I love weekends like that. We had summer weather, which is kind of annoying when it's OCTOBER, but we wouldn't let that stop us.
Friday, we had plans to go to Lincoln's New Salem for their candlelight festival. I invited my mom and dad to join us for the evening, and was so happy that they were able to come with us. We met them for dinner before the event. We made it into town a little before them, so we took the girls to see Abraham Lincoln's home. Their minds were blown to see this incredible piece of history.
At New Salem, they had all of the cabins open and illuminated with candles. They had a militia camp set up as well as a few other camps so that you could see what live was like in the 1800s. It was SO crowded. I overhead others saying that they had never seen that many people come to the event. We were determined to make it to the tavern for gingerbread and apple cider. Naturally, we headed that way first to get our snacks. We needed fuel for the night, you know?
We only made it into a few of the cabins before the kids were tired of the crowds and long lines; also a little scared of the darkness. It was past their bedtime, so we expected it to happen at some point. While we were walking, my dad was telling me stories about my grandpa building a cabin with his bare hands. I want to soak in all of the stories about my parents and grandparents. How much history has been lost by people not sharing the stories or remembering the stories?
Saturday, I had signed my mom and I up for a craft at the library. Scott ended up having to work, and I thought I was going to miss out. My dad saved the day by offering to watch all three kids for me so that I could go! It basically thrilled the three of them to spend a couple of hours with their papa. They talked about how fun it was the entire day. My younger sister and her family got into town in the evening. I popped into my parents' house to say hi to them and hug them all.
Sunday started off as it always does- with our church family. We were running a few minutes late, but were still going to make it. Then, we got stopped a train. Then, the train stopped. That is pretty typical for this town, and everyone hates it. After church and lunch, we met up with my mom and younger sister's family at the apple orchard.
I love this orchard so much. If you live anywhere nearby, you should definitely visit. They have delicious cider slushes, donuts, and all kinds of goodies. The people who work there are some of the nicest.
They have a playground, hay bale tunnels, and even a toddler playground that is all free for you to enjoy. They don't charge you for every activity, which is so common with some of the big-name orchards.
I also got to hug a friend of mine that I've really only met in person once, which was a big cherry on top of a great weekend.
I love fun weekends where you get to spend time with the people you love and do all of the fun fall things. I'm holding on until later this week when the weather will actually feel like fall again. The schools are out today, but we are still working away. Instead of taking today off and staying in the house because of the heat, we will take another day off later this week when we can walk to the park and play!
I hope you had a wonderful weekend also, and that you enjoy your Columbus Day!
Scott had to work this weekend. I was really bummed because there were several fun activities going on around town on Saturday. When he works, I am without a car unless I want to wake our kids at 4 AM. Uh, nah. My brother-in-law was awesome and brought his truck over for Scott to borrow so I could have our car.
I was so excited to be able to get out of the house. Then, Friday night came. I laid down in bed and I heard it. The bark. Just one. I let it go and laid down. I have insomnia, so I toss and turn FOREVER. After an hour or so, Harper started crying and "barking" a ton. I jumped up and threw my robe on. I turned the shower on as high as it goes and rushed into her room to bundle blankets around her. Outside into the cold air I went. No slippers or socks, in my bath robe. Thank goodness it was dark. I stood outside with her for about 10 minutes while she laid her head on my chest. Then, I took her into the bathroom so she could breathe in the steam. I put some eucalyptus rub on her, filled her diffuser with some RC and a little eucalyptus, and put her bag in bed. She was really restless and took a long time to get back to sleep. She was up and down all night. I got maybe 2 hours of sleep total. I wanted to cry.
If you don't know what bark I am talking about, I'll tell you. When kids get croup, their cough comes out like a seal barking. Their airways are constricted, so air coming out sounds super weird. Harper got bronchitis when she was three months old. We had to do steroids and breathing treatments. It was awful. They warned me that she was going to be susceptible to lung infections since she got that at such a young age. Thankfully, the only problem is that she gets croup frequently. I know how to treat it, and I know when I need to get her to a doctor or the ER. Only once have I told Scott we needed to call an ambulance. We lived close to the hospital and it was faster for him to drive. Most of the time, I'm able to treat it at home, and she only struggles for one night. No matter how many times you have been through it, it's a terrifying sound.. hearing your child struggle to breathe.
I always think of the parents of medically fragile babies. That is their every day.
Anyway, I knew we shouldn't go traipsing all over town. Harper was running a slight fever on Saturday morning. I decided that I would go for coffee, we could grab lunch and sit in the car by the lake and eat it.
Our Starbucks drive-thru is ridiculously busy every time. This was after 10 minutes of waiting..
I took the girls to the little park where Scott proposed to me. We rolled the windows down while I finished my lunch. The big girls inhaled theirs on the way, and Harper didn't have any appetite.
I decided that since no one else was there, we would get out of the car and I would take them over the hill to see where Scott asked me to marry him. They are at an age where they love hearing these stories. I hope they remember them.
Even though we didn't play much, it was still really nice to get some fresh air and sunshine.
I have been wanting to get my hair chopped for quite a while. I have been letting the platinum grow out for quite a while, and it was looking pretty trashy. I sent a message to a friend that cuts hair and asked what her schedule was like at the salon. She said she had some time that day! What?! She squeezed me in after Scott got off. I was able to donate my hair, and I feel so much lighter. My head doesn't hurt. Ahh. I love a fresh cut.
That is the best picture you are getting. My skin is stressed out; adult acne is the worst. I have huge bags under my eyes. I'm working on self-love, y'all. But, I've self-hated for so long that its a hard thing to overcome.
Harper slept really well on Saturday night. Scott went to morning service with the big girls at church. We did some yard work while it was warm out, which was really nice. We are working on removing a lot of the rock from our back yard. It is in random places, and gets drug all over the place. When we pull that out, we'll put some now soil down and put grass seed out. I need to go out and take some "before" pictures. After a few hours of working outside, I went to choir practice and evening service. It's nice that we can take turns right now when a kid is sick instead of me always having to be the one home.
Unfortunately, Harper had a rough night again last night. It wasn't as awful as Friday night. We actually got some sleep. I'm hoping it will be over soon. She's not grumpy at least, but it's really hard to hear your kid struggling so much at night. Croup is the pits.
I hope your weekend was full of love and family.


text:
State Officials Urge Flu Vaccinations as Flu Season Begins in Earnest
"In the midst of a COVID-19 pandemic, a severe flu season could be devastating for California"
By Bay City News • Published October 16, 2021 • Updated on October 16, 2021 at 3:03 pm
NBC Bay Area
State public health officials urged residents this week to get a flu vaccine, especially if they are part of a high-risk group such as those age 65 and older.
Flu season typically lasts from October to May and begins to accelerate in November and December, according to the California Department of Public Health.
Last year's flu season was likely blunted by public health measures enacted in response to the state's winter COVID-19 surge, but the potential for outbreaks of both viruses still looms this year, CDPH Director and state Public Health Officer Dr. Tomas Aragon said.
"In the midst of a COVID-19 pandemic, a severe flu season could be devastating for California," Aragon said. "Getting a flu shot is a safe and simple thing we can all do to keep people out of the hospital and reduce the strain on our health care system."
Flu vaccines are recommended for everyone six months old or older, but are particularly important for high-risk groups, including people who smoke or have underlying health issues, pregnant women, children age 5 or younger, long-term care facility residents and employees and workers in industries that are deemed essential.
CDPH officials also noted that it is safe to receive a flu vaccine and a COVID-19 vaccine on the same day.
Flu vaccines are available and low or no cost at most retail pharmacies, health care providers, clinics and some local health departments. Retail pharmacies will also accept most insurance, including Medi-Cal, CDPH officials said.
earthquake 15 hours ago
California 19 hours ago
Information about the annual flu can be found at https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CID/DCDC/Pages/Immunization/Influenza.aspx.
Copyright BAYCN - Bay City News
'Everyone Loved Him': Tyre Nichols, a Sacramento Native, Remembered as Beautiful Soul

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Wandia Njoya
Fifty years later, the caged bird still sings
Bisa Butler, 'I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings,' 2019, Cotton, wool and chiffon, quilted and appliquéd, 50 x 129 in. (127 x 327.6 cm). Private collection.
A few years ago, I attended a public lecture by Micere Mugo at the University of Nairobi. The event was electrifying, and there were three memories that have stayed with me.
First was to hear Prof Mugo's journey of being an African woman in an anti-African world. Recounting her journey was not a story about her, but a story about all of us. From the toxic space that was (and still is) Kenya, to Zimbabwe where she initially landed and finally the United States, Prof Mugo was profoundly African and connected with brothers and sisters wherever she landed. She would later say at a lecture at Riara University, words which I tweeted and may therefore not be verbatim: "If you have chosen the path of struggle, you must have the courage to build a new home wherever your path leads. Don't romanticize home; you must have the courage to make new homes and new roots."
Let's keep the university but do away with degrees
English tea at a Kenyan restaurant. Photo by Diana Ngila, Courtesy Business Daily
After two decades of the neoliberal gutting down of the Kenyan university, Kenya's president has now gone for the university's jugular. He has cut off the university as the remaining route of social advancement to the elite class which had maintained a semblance of independence from direct patronage of Kenya's aristocracy.
Covid-19 raises questions about interdisciplinary degrees
Ludovic Queuille and Valery Ridde, "Healthcare financing and access in West Africa Empirical and satirical!"
A few years ago, I noticed an interesting phenomenon in the profile of applicants for language faculty positions. A number of degree holders had studied, especially in the UK, language teaching, rather than linguistics or education. This meant that the interviews revealed gaps in the candidates' theoretical and technical grasp of either field.
An additional phenomenon, which was more worrying, was that when we asked some about their PhD aspirations, some of the applicants were not interested in pursuing their discipline. Some wanted to go into development and related fields, others into the more attractive degrees like communication. More disturbing among the literature aspirants was that some were not familiar with the latest fiction and other artistic output by Kenyans.
Strange bedfellows: CBC and homeschooling
"Hope" by Jessie Laws
In 2018, at the height of my public engagement on the competency-based curriculum, the concept of homeschooling gained prominence media discussions on education. In a few interviews, journalists asked me if homeschooling was an alternative to CBC and public schooling. I answered from my experience of having taught homeschooled students in my university classrooms in both the US and Kenya, saying that some of the students whom I consider outstanding were homeschooled.
In hindsight, I now see that I was naïve, and that I fell into a trap that I did not know I had fallen into until this week. I understood the trap after I criticized a media report on homeschooling and received an unexpected and persistent backlash from homeschooling parents.
Letter from a Kenyan artist III (On arts and the corporate sector)
Le chemin de l'exil (The path to exile) by Congolese artist Cheri Cherin, 2004
It's me again. In my last letter, I talked about how our education system destroys the arts by corrupting the meaning of education, work and the arts. And I said that these lies which are perpetuated in the name of education come from the unholy and abusive marriage between education and business (I have said elsewhere that this marriage should be immediately annulled).
In this letter, I'm going to talk about how capitalist business is the prime beneficiary of the terrible state of the arts in Kenya.
Letter from a Kenyan artist II (On arts and education)
Art Class, by William H. Johnson, at the Smithsonian, USA
Dear Kenyan artist
In my previous letter, I talked about how the arts are a divine calling. The arts make us human, because the arts provide a space for us to be social and individual at the same time. With the arts, we accept what we can't change and change what we can, while producing something creative and sometimes new.
Let me give an example of what I mean. The rituals we perform when someone we love dies help us accept death as something we all must face. However, we cannot raise our hands and say death is inevitable, because if we do, we would not have reason to live our lives to the fullest. So the arts is where we deal with that contradiction. When Amos and Josh sang "Tutaonana baadaye," they are singing "we accept your going is inevitable, but until we join you, we must still live our best lives, love with all our hearts." And from this deep truth, Amos and Josh and King Kaka produced a beautiful song.
That's what the arts are – beauty that carries deep truth.
Letter from a Kenyan artist I
Akamba Dance by William Mutua
This is an open letter to all of us Kenyans who do not behave like Jonah who tried to evade his divine calling to preach God's message in Nineveh.
I know that I speak for many when I say that in Kenya, the arts sector is abusive. To enter it is not for the faint hearted, and few of us come out of it intact. Many of us, myself included, have experienced of depression or panic attacks. A number of us are shot in the neck or are victims of rape. And each time the violence happens, the public winks and says we should have seen it coming. They say that we brought it on ourselves by talking, dressing or thinking differently.
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African. Woman. Wife. Teacher.
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Land And Environment
Love And Revolution
Racial To Ethnic Capitalism


text:
George Copeland
Bird's Richmond Migration: Activists and Officials Weigh In on the Most Recent Developments
George Copeland, Jr. | October 29, 2018
Topics: bird, Richmond city council, scooter share, vcu
A stalled bike share campaign is gathering dust on sun-baked streets. Truck beds stuffed with electric scooters are deposited across Virginia Commonwealth University's bustling campus. Police forces directed to impound those scooters have joined a campaign that stretches across the Commonwealth. The contentious state of transportation in the city of Richmond has seemingly simmered, following months of upheaval and change that included the arrival of dockless scooter company Bird. But tensions remain, with questions about how the city will handle Bird's motorized product — and how the company may respond — up in the air.
On the issue of Richmond transportation, Nicholas Da Silva, Chair of the VCU chapter of the Young Democratic Socialists of America, is familiar and experienced, saying, "It's better than some places, but it could definitely use a lot of work."
Da Silva has served as part of improving this aspect of the community through a free car repair program, in addition to his research on the now-stalled Richmond Supershoppers bus program, and his observation of the many changes the GRTC Pulse initiative brought with its completion.
"I wish the city had considered making the Pulse more accessible to more people, and maybe got more community input before they moved the bus lines," Da Silva said, citing interactions with people disappointed with the restructuring of Richmond's public transit.
This shift in how citizens now commute was picking up steam even as the the RVA Bike Share program sputtered out less than a year after its launch. It was this chaotic atmosphere that Bird landed in during the summer, as it spread throughout Virginia, leading to quick adoption from those who could find and use them and a wide variety of responses from state officials.
While Da Silva thinks Bird's products are "better than nothing," he's also aware of the requirements that come with using the motorized scooters in a city as busy and commuter-heavy as Richmond, and critical of how the company introduced themselves.
"Just as I would oppose pretty much any other private entity coming out and introducing a really disruptive element to the city, I think that all of them should be considering the effects they have on the community before they introduce a product like that," Da Silva said.
With Richmond joining other cities, including Norfolk and Virginia Beach, in confiscating hundreds of the scooters from their streets, that community could be leveraged to defend Bird.
It's worked for them before: in Santa Monica, during deliberations by the local government over who would serve as the city's e-transport provider, Bird and fellow scooter company Lime called on the public to lobby in their defense when it seemed likely that Uber and Lyft would be chosen. Lobbying efforts included citywide service outages, pre-written messages for users to send to City Hall, and invitations to rallies. Effectively, these companies used language and tactics created to defend underrepresented, marginalized communities to sell and defend a product (mostly) aimed at upper- and upper middle-class citizens — and succeeded.
This isn't the first time similar companies have used similar tactics for product promotion or against regulation. And, according to Da Silva, they've already started in Richmond, with targeted appeals from Bird's app and across social media.
"I think it's a very transparent attempt to use people. In my own opinion, it's a very cheap ploy used by a private company," Da Silva said.
Richmond's position as a seat of decision-making for both local and statewide policy makes the approach it takes to Bird a possible look into its ultimate fate in Virginia. Mayor Levar Stoney, for his part, has expressed an interest in working with the company, while ensuring they operate by the guidelines set by the city. As part of this, the Mayor introduced an ordinance to the Richmond City Council in September that includes requirements for application fees, customer service, safety standards, and parking education for riders of dockless scooters and bikes.
In a statement to RVA Magazine, Press Secretary James Nolan said Mayor Levar Stoney remains displeased with Bird's continued defiance of the Cease and Desist order issued to the company in August.
"Scooters in violation of the ordinance will continue to be picked up, impounded and have fines attached to their recovery," the statement read. "The mayor is not opposed to scooters in RVA, but he does think that for the safety, health and protection of residents, pedestrians and riders alike, this needs to be done the right way."
City Council recently delayed voting on that ordinance to November, leaving the question of whether Bird will continue to nest in Richmond unanswered for now.
*Photos by George Copeland
George Copeland, Jr.
George is a senior and Mass Communications major at Virginia Commonwealth University. His work has been featured in over a dozen outlets, including the Richmond Free Press, the Virginian Pilot, and others. He enjoys reading, podcasts and good music.
Top posts by George Copeland, Jr.
1 United Daughters of the Confederacy in Uproar Over Encyclopedia Virginia Entry
2 New VA Policy Bans Wearing Tampons, Menstrual Cups For Prison Visitors
3 Richmond's Homeless Groups Speak on Monroe Park, Its Future, and Their Work
4 Health Brigade Establishes Virginia's Second Needle Exchange Program in Richmond
5 Accusations Of Gentrification Surround Salvation Army Boys & Girls Club Renovation
Breaking News: It's Too Damn Hot!
John Reinhold
It's too damn hot outside. There's nothing you can possibly do but talk about how damn hot it is. I tried, I failed. It's just... READ MORE
Best of VA Missed Connections July 10 – July 16
Have you ever bought a beautiful stranger Taco Bell to catch her attention? It seems, if this week's Missed Connections are anything to go... READ MORE
The Hustle Season Podcast: Ep. 88 Whopperito
Kelli Strawbridge
RVA Magazine is proud to showcase The Hustle Season Podcast every Saturday afternoon. Produced at La Cocina Studio in Richmond, VA;... READ MORE


14 Inch Cut-Off Saw Rental – Stihl – TS 500i, is available for rent in Rochester NY, Ithaca NY and the entire Western New York region from the Duke Company.
The Stihl TS 500i Cutquick cutoff saw features an electronically controlled fuel injection, reduced emissions, advanced air filtration system, anti-vibration system, and semi-automatic belt tensioning and ergonomic grip. This saw features balanced performance and power.
Fuel tank capacity = 24.5 ounces.


text:
Name | Type | Description | Notes
------------ | ------------- | ------------- | -------------
**ip** | **string** | Dedicated IP available in your account |
**domain** | **string** | Domain of the IP |
**weight** | **int** | Weight of the IP for this sender |

[[Back to Model list]](../../README.md#documentation-for-models) [[Back to API list]](../../README.md#documentation-for-api-endpoints) [[Back to README]](../../README.md)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Concur Hipmunk has introduced a new feature that allows travelers to find and compare "member rates" with other options available from third-party providers. We have launched this feature with participation from Marriott.
Many hotel suppliers offer discounts beyond their standard "best available" rate to loyalty program members. These rates are only bookable directly on the supplier's website, which are called loyalty program member rates.
These rates can be an additional source of savings for the traveler and their company. If a user is not already a member of the hotel's loyalty program, they can now quickly become one and book using this discounted rate.
When a hotel's lowest rate option is a member rate, Hipmunk will show that rate and denote it as a member rate on the hotel results. In addition, the name of the supplier's program, such as Marriott Rewards, and the exact discount will be noted when the user clicks to select the supplier's site.
This feature is available on the Concur Hipmunk website and is also available when using Hipmunk's native applications for Android and iOS.


text:
Dahrendorf Programme at the European Studies Centre (1) Apply Dahrendorf Programme at the European Studies Centre filter
Dahrendorf Programme (1) Apply Dahrendorf Programme filter
The Power of the People: The dynamics and limits of social mobilization in South Eastern Europe
Michael Biggs (University of Oxford); Igor Stiks (University of Edinburgh); Srecko Horvat (University of Zagreb)
Nissan Lecture Theatre, St Antony's College, Oxford
More information, and to register
Crises, growth, and financial regulation: The case for macro-conduct policy
Kevin James (Systemic Risk Centre, LSE), Dimitri Tsomocos (Said Business School)
Migration to South East Europe: Transit or final destination?
Franck Duvell (COMPAS); Eugenia Markova (London Metropolitan University); Ioan-Dragos Tudorache (European Commission)
The Politics of Victimhood in Contemporary Spain.
Vincent Druliolle (Santander Fellow at ESC and Universidad Carlos III de Madrid)
According to Crumbaugh (2007), 'in current Spanish political discourse, claims to victim status are uniquely persuasive'. Indeed, an increasing number of actors see themselves and want to be... Read more
Greece and EEC membership: Was it a mistake?
Eirini Karamouzi (St Antony's College, Oxford)
Political contestation, state capture, and European integration in South East Europe
Milada Vachudova (University of North Carolina)
The influence of Islamic fundamentalism and new security challenges
Kerem Oktem (Graz University)
Seminar Series: Global South East Europe in a multi-polar world Since the collapse of communism, South East Europe has been approached in the context of its European vocation and its integration with... Read more
French, European or Global?: Writing Revolutionary History in the Twentieth Century
Tom Stammers (Deakin Fellow, St Antony's College)
Modern anti-discrimination laws and policies in a homogenous state - possible or exceptive? Polish example.
Dr Adam Bodnar
European Studies Centre, St Antony's College, 70 Woodstock Road.
Dr Adam Bodnar is vice-president of the Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights in Poland. He received his PhD in law from the University of Warsaw in 2006. He is an associate professor in the Faculty... Read more
Has financial globalization changed the context for US international policy?
Caroline Atkinson (Deputy Assistant to President Obama and Deputy National Security Advisor for International Economics, White House)
Security and Energy in the Eastern Mediterranean
Androulla Kaminara (St Antony's College, Oxford)
Lunch Provided
The EU Budget: Value for Money?
Gijs De Vries (St Antony's College)


Uma Paro sits nestled in Paro's dense forest and yet, is just a short drive from the airport. As I experienced on a recent trip to Bhutan, Uma Paro makes for a memorable and relaxing introduction to the magical mountain kingdom of Bhutan, or an equally perfect finale before flying home. For a first-timer to Bhutan, Uma Paro wonderfully encapsulates everything that Bhutan is, whilst adding that bit of luxury and service, some might welcome on a trip to the Himalayas. There is no doubt that Bhutan is reminiscent of Switzerland wherever you go, with its rolling valley scenery, dotted with quant wooden houses and dairy farmland. It is the quintessential scene of the Alps in summer, except in Asia and with the friendliest locals to be found in this part of the world. Upon getting out of my car at Uma Paro's beautiful and traditional main building, the smell of pine trees is so beautiful and familiar, I instantly feel at home.
Uma Paro is really more of a retreat than a hotel, and the fantastic General Manager, James, a Malaysian who fell in love with Bhutan many years ago, runs the property like a family enterprise, in so much as the atmosphere is supremely cosy and welcoming, albeit utterly serene. It's the sort of hotel you would feel completely comfortable bringing children, or enjoying just two of you. The style of the hotel is relaxed: you could come to dinner in your trekking gear from earlier in the day and feel at ease. Whilst the hotel imbues a low-key luxury style, the service is exceptional. No request to any staff member is too great – everything is executed with care and genuine attention.
There is one restaurant at Umo Paro, which has lovely views out to the Paro Valley and an exciting menu that fuses healthy COMO Shambhala dishes with fresh veggies straight from their organic garden, and a choice of Western and Bhutanese or Indian for dinner. The food is all of an excellent standard.
A stay at any COMO property is incomplete without trying one of their signature massages or facials, and the spa here is no exception. You will want to spend a few hours enjoying the typically brilliant offerings including the spa of course, a length-worthy indoor pool, sauna and yoga pavilion. This is the place to recover from a long journey, or nurture tired limbs after a holiday spent walking Bhutan's land-before-time landscapes.
All the rooms are very nice at Uma Paro, but the standalone villas are the real stars. The spacious villas comprise of 1-3 bedrooms - built entirely from wood, with Bhutanese textiles and big bathrooms with standalone tubs. A little bird told me that dozens of celebrities have found solace and privacy in these villas and it's easy to see why.
Paro is one of Bhutan's more developed valleys, which makes Uma Paro's secluded location even more desirable. You can walk out from the hotel to explore Paro's main sights on foot and there are some lovely, gentle hikes to warm up, as well as many challenging treks nearby.
With the forthcoming openings of half a dozen luxury hotels in Bhutan, Uma Paro stands humbly as somewhat of a grand-dame in Bhutan. It is no less synonymous with the Bhutan of today, as it was when it opened over ten years ago. And you could never tell it has been around for that long as it looks fresh and contemporary in the Bhutanese context. Suffice to say, that it remains a cazenove+loyd favourite.


In a series of discussions in the period 2013-2015, a core group of the Electoral Integrity Initiative, meeting under the auspices of the Kofi Annan Foundation, undertook to further develop the notion of public confidence in elections, with a view to offering practical guidance to those involved in international electoral assistance and conflict prevention. It pursued this through the lens of the respective behaviour of winners and losers in an election, particularly in the context of countries coming out of conflict or with a history of violence triggered by elections. The EII considered the questions: how might one strengthen public confidence in an election and increase the likelihood that its outcomes are accepted? In particular, what features of political institutions and processes typically lead political actors to accept electoral losses? What are the circumstances under which electoral contestants are more likely to win magnanimously or lose graciously? The present paper is an outcome of those discussions.


A few years ago I had my first experience with the Johnston County Parade of Homes. If you know me, you know (almost immediately) that I love to talk, so having prospective homebuyers come to my open house by the dozens was a dream come true! I love leading tours, answering questions, and showing off our product!
Although the media continues to shout "recession" and the economy is at the top of everyones mind it was a pleasant surprise to have a rush of "lookers" during the parade of homes this past weekend. No sooner than I unlocked the door on Saturday and tied on the last balloon, the guests began to arrive. Myself and another agent spent the weekend showing our parade home to approximately 90 people..I will say again 90 people, in 2 days!!
From speaking with many different people in many different situations it seemed apparent that their are still people looking for their dream home, some are looking for deals, a few are considering building, and many just want to see what the local builders have come up with this year. Overall it was a very productive weekend that left me with an incredibly optimistic view of the upcoming market.
I am patiently awaiting the weekend to come, but unlike most, I am looking forward to working! I have stocked up on more refreshments and cannot wait to start the parade party again.
Parade of Homes had a good turnout this weekend at Ramblewood in Raliegh as well. Pent up demand?
I am not quite sure what brought on the burst of interest, but I will definitely not complain. I will be more diligent this weekend to find out where people are hearing about the Parade of Homes.


text:
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function noop() {}

export {
	keyFilter,
	mixin,
	mkProp,
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	ensure,
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Noted educationist and school Principal Neeru Tandon passed away on Saturday night. She was fighting cancer since 2012.
Neeru Tandon had cancer at the base of right leg. She underwent an operation in 2012. It was her love for education that she started going to school in a wheelchair seven days after her operation. She would go to school in a car and after getting down would move around in a wheelchair. Such was the love and affection of students that they would drop her to the car and also pick her up from the car and help her on the wheelchair.
Neeru Tandon served as Principal of Delhi Public School, Udaipur till 2016. She then left her job owing to ill health. She however could not keep herself away from teaching and resumed as Principal of Rockwoods school in 2017. She breathed her last as an educationist.
Owing to the love and respect of students and parents alike, she was also awarded multiple times with the Best Teacher Award.


text:
Eliza Frances Andrews (August 10, 1840 – January 21, 1931) was a popular Southern writer of the Gilded Age. Her works were published in popular magazines and papers, including the New York World and Godey's Lady's Book. Her longer works included The War-Time Journal of a Georgian Girl (1908) and two botany textbooks.

Eliza Frances Andrews gained fame in three fields: authorship, education, and science.  Her passion was writing and she had success both as an essayist and a novelist. Financial troubles forced her to take a teaching career after the deaths of her parents, though she continued to be published. In her retirement she combined two of her interests by writing two textbooks on botany entitled Botany All the Year Round and Practical Botany,  the latter of which became popular in Europe and was translated for schools in France. Andrews's published works, notably her Wartime Journal of a Georgia Girl along with her novels and numerous articles, give a glimpse into bitterness, dissatisfaction, and confusion in the post-Civil War South.

Biography

Early life
Eliza Frances "Fanny" Andrews was born on August 10, 1840, in Washington, Georgia, the second daughter of Annulet Ball and Garnett Andrews, a Georgia superior court judge.  Her father was a lawyer, judge, and plantation owner, possessing around two hundred slaves. Andrews grew up on the family estate, Haywood, the name of which she would later use in a pseudonym, "Elzey Hay". attended the local Ladies' Seminary school, and later graduated among the first class of students from LaGrange Female College in Georgia in 1857. She was well-versed in literature, music, and the arts, and was conversant in both French and Latin. Upon graduating "Fanny" had returned to live at home in the care of her family when the Southern states began to secede from the Union. Her father was notoriously outspoken against secession but, despite his views, three of his sons enlisted in the Confederate States Army and his daughters, too, believed in the rebellion. Thus, while Garnett Andrews refused to allow secessionist ideals to be voiced in his home, his daughters are said to have secretly made the first Confederate flag to fly over the courthouse in her hometown. Conflicting opinions with her father agitated and confused the young Andrews. Her father, who in the words of one biographer "helped his children to learn to love books and learning", had begun suppressing her beliefs.

Late in the war Andrews and her sister were sent to live with her older sister in southwest Georgia and Andrews recorded both her journey and stay in a journal that was later published under the title Wartime Journal of a Georgia Girl: 1864-65. Though not published until 1908, the diary effectively began her career as a writer. Later in 1865, at her father's suggestion, Andrews submitted "A Romance of Robbery," her first published piece, in the New York World. It described the mistreatment of southerners by the reconstruction administrators that were now in control of the South. She penned many articles for a variety of publications on topics such as women's fashion during the war, and a piece on Catherine Littlefield Greene, the woman who was behind the success of Eli Whitney's cotton gin.

Teaching and writing career
In 1873, Andrews' father died, leaving his family with bad investments forcing them to sell the plantation. This sudden financial reversal required Andrews to work. She briefly edited the Washington Gazette but when the editor discovered she was a woman, she was fired. She then became principal at the Girl's High School in Yazoo, Mississippi, where she remained for 7 years. She resigned the position in the early 1880s in order to recuperate from a serious illness. Andrews then returned to Washington to become the principal at her former seminary school. She received an honorary Master of Arts degree from Wesleyan Female College in Macon, Georgiain 1882. In 1885 she moved to Macon, working as a professor of French and literature there from 1886 to 1896.   She also worked as a school librarian during this time period. She returned once again to Washington and devoted herself full-time to lecturing and writing.

The degree of advancement Andrews achieved in her career as a writer, textbook author, and teacher would have been unthinkable had it not been for the collapse of her beloved antebellum estate in Washington, Georgia. The question then becomes whether she was motivated to advance her career and assert her independence out of want or need. A good illustration of her often contradictory nature was her desire to remain unmarried for life. This is apparent in her first novel A Family Secret (1876) which creates a vivid image of the role of women in the post war South. She remarks upon the misery inherent in marrying for money and writes at one point "Oh, the slavery it is to be a woman and not a fool." At the same time, Andrews believed that the domestic wife and mother was the only acceptable role for women in Southern society, and she considered teaching "a mental tread-mill, a dull road traveled over and over requiring only patience." On the surface, her ideas seem to be in direct conflict with her accomplishments as a teacher and scholar, but over time she seems to have become more accepting  that she could not rescue her beloved antebellum society. As she observed in the introduction to her Wartime Journal that "In the lifetime of a single generation the people of the South have been called upon to pass through changes that the rest of the world has taken centuries to accomplish" she had been assuming a new role in an era where society was experiencing rapid economic and social changes.

The influences of the antebellum and wartime South, which Andrews describes as a "unique society," are evident in her work, from the beginning of her writing career to her last pieces.  Between the Confederate surrender in April 1865 and the end of the 1860s, Andrews wrote for several local and national magazines and newspapers, including the New York World and Scott's Monthly, providing commentary on issues the South faced during the early years of Reconstruction; she expressed concerns about universal male suffrage due to African Americans' ignorance of informed voting practices.  Her views regarding black Americans reflect contemporary Southern fears of black enfranchisement.  Similarly, Andrew's essays and novels about women's roles provide strong, often conflicting opinions about ideal females, reflecting the contrast in her commitments to both Southern idealism and her own professional independence.  For example, her early works in the late 1860s argued against women's suffrage, as women's position under the protection of men granted them social privileges, such as perceived superior moral integrity, that they would forfeit if given the right to vote.  These ideas contrast with her stated belief that women have similar governing potential to men and were capable of advancing society through private, professional work as teachers, doctors, and merchants.

All of the dissatisfaction in life made her dream of a more ideal society and from 1899 to 1918, she proclaimed herself a socialist and wrote an article for the International Socialist Review concerning socialism, but her version of socialism had a strict racial separation that mandated "the black man to improve himself without interfering in the white man's civilization."  Her racism once again came through when she wrote about the superiority of the white race over the black and boasting that with the help of the Ku Klux Klan the color line had been preserved in her home town. Despite her bitterness with the inequality of the role of women in society, she did not support women's suffrage.  Although her views regarding race and gender in the late nineteenth century reflect typical Southern beliefs, her outstanding and prolific career as an educator and botanical scientist separated Andrews from the typical plantation housewife that her earlier writings romanticized.

Botanist
While teaching at Wesleyan Female College in Macon, GA, Charlotte Ford cites Andrews as having her first formal contact with botany through contact with the botany professor, Charles Townsend, although her interest truly sparked from her childhood days exploring the forest around Haywood. Andrews styled herself as an amateur botanist, collecting samples and doing minor research whenever she could find the time.  During her botanical career, Andrews became a strong proponent of conservation, using her published pieces to rail against turpentine distillers and developers for destroying woodlands.  Her first textbook, Botany All the Year Round, published in 1903, aimed at a high school audience, was particularly useful for rural schools. It contained activities and labs aimed at attracting these schools to a low-budget scientific discipline that utilized the natural world around them, instead of pricey experimental materials. A Practical Course in Botany, her second textbook, however, was aimed more at a college and university audience and stressed the relationship between botany and more practical fields such as agriculture and economics.  Internationally acclaimed, Practical Botany was translated for use in French schools.  Andrews was also nominated to be a member of the Italian International Academy of Science, although she was too old at the time to travel to Naples and accept the honor. In the end she bequeathed the royalties from her books to the city of Rome, GA for a municipal forest reserve, although the city eventually turned the money back over to her estate because of lack of funds, probably due to the depression.

Andrews died in Rome, GA on January 21, 1931, at the age of ninety. She is buried in the family plot in Resthaven Cemetery, in Washington, GA.

Gallery

References

Ohles, John F.  Biographical Dictionary of American Educators, Vol. 1.  Westport: Greenwood Press, 1978.

External links

The War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 1864-1865. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1908.

19th-century American novelists
American women novelists
American essayists
Educators from Mississippi
American women botanists
American botanical writers
Novelists from Georgia (U.S. state)
1840 births
1931 deaths
19th-century American women scientists
19th-century American botanists
American women essayists
Women science writers
19th-century American women writers
19th-century essayists
Ohio Wesleyan University faculty

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
International Extradition Lawyers
When the FBI Seeks Extradition…
Niger Refuses to Extradite Gadhafi's Son
Niger's foreign minister said his country remains firm in its decision not to extradite Saadi Gadhafi, the son of ousted Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi.
Extradition of the former professional footballer is sought by both Interpol, which issued a "red alert" for Saadi Gadhafi, and Libya's National Transitional Council, the Daily Maverick of South Africa reported Tuesday.
Saadi Gadhafi arrived in Niger last month with eight other Libyans.
Mohamed Bazoum, Niger's minister of foreign affairs, told a news conference Monday his country "cannot extradite a citizen to a country without the assurance of equitable justice."
"In Libya there is no government," Bazoum said. "Human Rights Watch yesterday revealed new findings about the conditions in Libyan prisons."
He said Saadi Gadhafi is not wanted by the International Criminal Court that is seeking his father, brother Saif and Libya's former intelligence chief Abdullah Senussi.
Bazoum said the National Transitional Council was invited to interview Saaadi in Niger on Sept. 22 but the delegation from Libya never arrived.
This article was published by UPI on October 4, 2011.
To find additional global criminal news, please read The Global Criminal Defense Daily.
Douglas McNabb and other members of the U.S. law firm practice and write and/or report extensively on matters involving Federal Criminal Defense, INTERPOL Red Notice Removal, International Extradition and OFAC SDN Sanctions Removal.
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