The nine songs on Tim Robbins and the Rogues Gallery Band have a more classic and even traditional Americana flavour, however, rootsy, richly composed and full of nuanced arrangements and detailed narratives.
With his Rogues Gallery collection, he has won praise throughout the fashion industry for his cutting-edge designs and reinterpretations of classic American styles.
He said: "The idea for Rogues Gallery came about because I wanted to give the reader a look behind the 'respectable' facade of art dealing, auctioneering and a fictionalised account of when I was offered a stolen painting, worth PS45million, in a bar in Partick.
Away from the partnership, Reeves has featured in various adverts, hosted historical series Rogues Gallery, been a contestant on I'm A Celebrity.
A ROGUES gallery of shoplifters is being used to crack down on crime.
Bruce Mactaggart's five- year old showed plenty of promise when third to Blue Buster - who had found only the very smart Refinement too good previously - and Rogues Gallery on her debut here last month.
The rogues gallery of pictures is then published in school newsletters and distributed for all the world to see.
A rogues gallery featuring suspected criminals thought to have carried out 100 crimes across Staffordshire has been released by police.
Not content with the usual rogues gallery of one-time soap 'stars' - "I don't want to get typecast, I'd love to do more theatre" - the Neptune has hit new depths of so-called celebrity to fill its panto cast.
Police have received a mass of information since the rogues gallery was made public.
The database will be a rogues gallery and highlight the kind of scum The Mirror's Sorted column exposes.
Harold Lloyd's Rogues Gallery, a unique collection of historic, autographed photographs of golden era Hollywood stars and other notables will be exhibited at the Telluride Historical Museum, Aug.
TIM ROBBINS AND THE ROGUES GALLERY BAND Time To Kill Great track from debut album of Oscar-winning actor, soon to play Glasgow.
The rogues gallery of medieval carved faces is being unveiled by Midlands history expert Dr Colin Harris at a meeting of the Mid-Warwickshire Antiques Society on Monday.
He will also introduce guests to a Crimewatch-style rogues gallery of crimes which take place in our woods including a burnt-out car, a pile of fly-tipping, a forest barrier cut in half and a drugs stash hidden under some turf.


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Дибиапур () — город на севере Индии, в штате Уттар-Прадеш, в округе Аурайя.

География
Город находится к северу от реки Джамны и города Аурайя, на высоте 135 метров над уровнем моря. В нескольких километрах к юго-западу от Дибиапура находится небольшой город Пхапхунд.

Демография
По данным официальной переписи 2001 года численность населения города составляла 20 602 человека, из них 10 962 мужчины и 9640 женщин. Уровень грамотности населения города составляет 76 %, что выше, чем средний по стране показатель 59,5 %. Уровень грамотности среди мужчин — 80 %, среди женщин — 72 %. Доля лиц в возрасте младше 6 лет — 14 %.

Экономика и транспорт
Дибиапур является важным промышленным городом округа Аурайя. Здесь расположены нефтехимический завод и газокомпрессорная станция индийской газовой компании GAIL, а также электростанция NTPC.

Дибиапур — железнодорожная станция на основной дороге Дели — Хаора. Город соединён автомобильными дорогами с центром округа, городом Аурайя (около 20 км) и городом Канаудж (около 60 км). Ближайший аэропорт расположен в Канпуре (около 127 км), откуда осуществляются регулярные рейсы в Дели и Калькутту.

Примечания

Города Уттар-Прадеш

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Based in Los Angeles, clothing and jewelry designer Michael Schmidt's clients include Madonna, Cher, Lady Gaga, Rihanna, Lenny Kravitz, Fergie & the Black Eyed Peas, Steven Tyler, Deborah Harry, Ozzy Osbourne, Tina Turner and many others. In 2013, Schmidt designed the world's first fully articulated, 3D-printed gown for burlesque icon Dita Von Teese.
Schmidt's fine jewelry collection utilizes many of the same materials and techniques he has honed for his celebrity clientele. For the past 14 years Michael has designed an exclusive collection of jewelry, clothing, bags and sculptural works for the luxury goods firm Chrome Hearts. Additionally, he has collaborated with other designers and stylists, including Jeremy Scott, Arianne Phillips, B Akerlund and Mel Ottenberg.
Schmidt has designed large-scale, interior design art projects for the Ace Hotels in Palm Springs and downtown Los Angeles, Palms Place Resort in Las Vegas, Palladium nightclub in New York City, and Whole Foods emporium in Newport Beach, California.
His work has been featured in exhibitions at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Museum of Arts and Design, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Pasadena Museum of California Arts and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum.


I was thinking(not like me I know)about ship generation. Maybe the size of the ship would be the starting point; size '0' being a scout all the way up to a battle cruiser or something. Then, depending on the size, add in the jump drive, manoeuvrability or agility, armour, number and type of weapons or anything else that springs to mind. Or is the star ship side of things more stylised? I'll think a bit more and create a star ship.
The Starship rules are a bit hard to understand, well for me anyway.
Roughly i would think about 400 tons ....maybe more ??????
24 crew , Jump 2, a couple of hard points. A grapnel gun in one ....Laser in the other.
Pretty much going to handwave most of the technical stuff go with something like the Enterprise in the Captain Archer Star Trek series.
Though i was still going to use the Traveller rules for Jump Speed / Fuel / Skimming gas giants.
The Enterprise never runs out of fuel....it only seems to be in trouble when its Dilithium chrystals burn out ???
Been googling Star Trek stuff....their Starships have ramjet scoops, and pick up stuff ( atoms ) that they use for fuel.
So its not that far away from Traveller after all !!!
If we do away with the huge fuel tanks in Traveller it might work out easier ???
When I posted earlier I was thinking more of general ship stats rather than Traveller style ship design. How do ships from different worlds compare with each other? In combat this is the main thing, I think.
One race might have a standard configuration....while another could have better sensors and armour but weaker guns and a smaller crew ?....That kind of thing ?????????????
How many factors do we need to take into account ?
Yeah! That's the idea. Damage capacity, Armour (are shields the same?), Guns, Missiles, Manoeuvrability are the most important I think in combat but the others are important too. Depends what the ship's built for .
Yep, we may need a quick and dirty Starship combat system.
We could work from a standard template ....and then tweak the different styles from there.
Sensors / Sensors 8+ / 10 tons + 10 tons per bonus.
A few notes on travelling times on the Sector Map.
Jump 1 = 3 days for 1 Hex.
Jump 2 = 3 days for 2 Hexes.
Jump 3 = 3 days for 3 Hexes.
Jump 4 = 3 days for 4 Hexes.
Jump 5 = 3 days for 5 Hexes.
Jump 6 = 3 days for 6 Hexes.
Manouever Drive 1 takes 300 Days for 1 Hex.
Manouever Drive 2 takes 150 Days for 1 Hex.
Manouever Drive 3 takes 100 Days for 1 Hex.
Manouever Drive 4 takes 75 Days for 1 Hex.
Manouever Drive 5 takes 60 Days for 1 Hex.
Manouever Drive 6 takes 50 Days for 1 Hex.
Jump drive fuel is Deutorium, it is stored in tanks and skimmed from gas giants.
1 tank is used per Jump number.
Manouever drive fuel is stored in batteries, it is 100% replenished after each Jump Drive. It lasts 1 year.
Roll Navigation 8+ to chart the Deutorium. Each pip above 8+ finds another Deutorium point.
Roll Pilot 8+ to skim gas giant....each pip above 8+ fills another fuel tank.
note....the Pilot cannot skim more fuel than was found by the Navigator.
1 Torpedo bay 5 tons ( 5 tons @ ) with 4 torpedoes.
32 Crew, 30 staterooms @ 5 tons = 150 tons.
40 Crew, 20 staterooms @ 5 tons = 100 tons.
Cargo bay, ( 80 tons ) for transportation of troops and Mechs.
6 Crew, 3 staterooms @ 5 tons = 15 tons.


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Saint-Avit Hotels
Hotels & Accommodation in Saint-Avit
Search Saint-Avit Hotels
View Saint-Avit Hotels on a map
Best Saint-Avit Hotels
What's Saint-Avit Like?
If you're looking for a place to get away, look no further than Saint-Avit. Whether you're planning to stay for a night or for the week, the area around Saint-Avit has accommodations to fit every need. Search for hotels in Saint-Avit with Hotels.com by checking our online map. Our map displays the areas and neighborhoods around all Saint-Avit hotels so you can see how close you are from landmarks and attractions, and then refine your search within the larger area. The best Saint-Avit hotel deals are here with our lowest price guarantee.
Where are the Best Places to Stay in Saint-Avit?
Below are the number of accommodations by star rating in Saint-Avit and the surrounding area:
How to Get to Saint-Avit
Flights to Saint-Avit
• Castres (DCM-Mazamet), 9 mi (14.4 km) from central Saint-Avit
• Carcassonne (CCF-Pays Cathare), 22.9 mi (36.9 km) from central Saint-Avit
Things to See and Do in Saint-Avit
Things to See near Saint-Avit:
• Abbey of Saint Benedict Calcat (2.1 mi/3.4 km from the city center)
• Saint-Ferreol Basin (7.1 mi/11.4 km from the city center)
• Canal du Midi Museum and Gardens (7.3 mi/11.8 km from the city center)
• Travet Stadium (8.7 mi/14 km from the city center)
• Museum of Wood and Marquetry (6.9 mi/11.1 km from the city center)
Things to Do near Saint-Avit:
• Goya Museum (8.7 mi/14 km from the city center)
• School Abbey of Sorèze (5.1 mi/8.2 km from the city center)
• Revel Market (6.9 mi/11.1 km from the city center)
• Jean Jaures Museum (8.8 mi/14.2 km from the city center)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Home Africa Live South Sudan's Machar hints at postponement of 2023 election
South Sudan's Machar hints at postponement of 2023 election
FILE PHOTO: South Sudan President Salva Kiir (C) gives a press conference jointly with first vice-president Riek Machar (R) at the State House in Juba, on February 20, 2020, /VCG
South Sudan's First Vice President and leader of the main opposition group, Sudan People's Liberation Army in Opposition (SPLA-IO), Dr. Riek Machar, on Thursday said that elections slated for 2023 would be impossible without the graduation of a unified army that would take charge of security during the polls, local publication Sudans Post reported.
"People talk of elections but there are prerequisites for elections to be conducted because you want free, fair, and credible elections. If you don't have unified forces, then you don't have security for elections. There is debate these days, can elections be conducted without unified forces, and personally I said no, you need to secure the environment in which you conduct elections," Machar said while speaking during the opening session of the 4th SPLM-IO National Liberation Council meeting in Juba this morning.
Machar said the implementation of security arrangements is critical for credible and transparent elections.
"So, for elections to be conducted the first prerequisite is you should have security, and two we have a lot of refugees, and this is our next neighbor in the south; there are more than 1.1,000 refugees in Uganda, they will need to come back," he said.
Machar said for elections to be conducted, the refugees must be brought back into the country and resettled.
"Also, another prerequisite for elections to be conducted is a census. We now have 550 PMs at the national assembly and the council of states is 100"
"These are arbitrary figures done to resolve the crisis but if you are to go for elections, our population let us say is 15 million, our members of parliament in national assembly can't be 550, it would be maybe half of that number," he added.
According to the 2018 peace deal, the unified forces, composed of oppositions and government forces, were supposed to be graduated before the end of the pre-transitional period which ended in February 2020 with the appointment of Dr. Machar as First Vice President.
South Sudan's army renamed 'South Sudan Defense Force '
South Africa offers refuge to South Sudan's Riek Machar
South Sudan frees Machar's associates from prison
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The Math Counts Competition Program is designed to excite and challenge middle school students. With four levels of competition: school, chapter (local), state and national. The Competition Program provides students with the incentive to prepare throughout the school year to represent their schools at these Math Counts hosted events.


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Capitalist breakdown and the drive to war
The most striking aspect of this week's meeting of the governing council of the European Central Bank (ECB) was not the decisions it took to further reduce official interest rates and initiate the purchase of asset-backed securities, significant as they were.
Rather, it was the deep sense of malaise that hung over the meeting as the financial powers-that-be confronted the fact that six years after the breakdown of the global financial system in 2008, not only are they no closer to finding a set of policies to bring about economic "recovery," the situation is worsening.
With output in the euro zone still below its level in 2007, the dismal outlook was reflected in the remarks of ECB President Mario Draghi. He referred to "downside risks," "a loss of cyclical growth momentum," and a "lack of confidence in the future." As if to underline these comments, a report published the following day revealed that investment in the euro area had fallen in the second quarter.
The worsening trends in the European economy are only the most graphic expression of global developments. In Japan, the world's third largest single-nation economy, "Abenomics," which was supposed to have provided a boost through a fiscal and monetary stimulus plan, is widely acknowledged to be "running out of steam."
China, the world's second largest economy, is said to be "unravelling" as concerns mount over the instability of the financial system, amid falls in the property market and real estate investment, which provided much of the economic expansion after 2008.
The fact that the United States economy, where economic growth has been only 1.0 percent overall for the first half of this year, is regarded as a "bright spot" is indicative of the worsening global economic outlook.
These facts and figures make clear that the financial collapse of September-October 2008 was not a conjunctural event, but the start of what has become an ongoing disaster.
The extent of the breakdown was revealed in evidence presented on August 22 in a US court hearing. In a document filed with the US Court of Federal Claims, Ben Bernanke, the chairman of the US Federal Reserve during the height of the crisis, stated: "September and October 2008 was the worst financial crisis in global history, including the Great Depression. Of the 13 most important financial institutions in the United States, 12 were at risk of failure within a period of a week or two."
The far-reaching consequences of the breakdown can be seen in every aspect of economic, social and political life.
Having no economic solution to the crisis of the profit system, the ruling elites worldwide are stepping up their attacks on the working class, determined to crush any resistance by military means, as the events in Ferguson, Missouri so clearly demonstrate.
Social inequality is widening, as evidenced by data from the US Federal Reserve that shows median American incomes declined by 5 percent from 2010 to 2013, during the so-called economic "recovery."
The geo-political situation is characterised by ever-increasing militarism, bringing the prospect of another world war closer than at any time since 1939.
Analysing the underlying reasons for the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Leon Trotsky drew out the connection between the crisis of the world economy and the turn to militarism. His remarks have lost none of their relevance for today.
The years leading up to the outbreak of World War I, like the period prior to 2008, were marked by stormy economic growth. But by 1913–14, the limits to that growth had been reached and the world economy experienced a fundamental shift.
From the middle of the 1890s, Trotsky explained, the basic curve of capitalist development climbed steeply upwards. But this very upswing created the conditions for a breakdown.
"In 1914," Trotsky wrote, "a crisis broke out which marked not merely a periodic oscillation, but the beginning of an epoch of prolonged economic stagnation. The imperialist war was an attempt to break out of the impasse."
Further economic development at the pace of the previous period was "extremely difficult," as the bourgeoisie "flinched against the limits of the market."
"This created class tensions, made worse by politics, and this led it to war in August 1914."
History, of course, does not repeat itself. But the parallels between the period leading up to 1914 and our own times are nonetheless striking. In 2006, barely a year before the financial system began to experience increasing turbulence, the world economy enjoyed its highest level of growth in more than three decades.
According to the official version of events, the American economy was characterised by a "great moderation" in which the problems it had confronted in the 1970s and 1980s had finally been overcome. China and the so-called "emerging markets" were providing a new foundation for the world economy. Even Africa was viewed as a new basis for global capitalist expansion.
However, the expansion was based on quicksand—the exponential growth of financial speculation and parasitism. Like a tuberculosis victim, capitalism had acquired rosy cheeks before plunging into a disaster.
The ruling classes have no way out, other than the provision of endless supplies of cash to financial markets that are terrified of the consequences of being cut off, coupled with the intensification of militarism as each of the capitalist great powers seeks a solution at the expense of its rivals.
The drive to war is also being fuelled by the rise of class conflict at home, as governments attempt to deflect tensions outwards while creating a police-military state apparatus to defend the capitalist order against the coming social explosion produced by worsening social conditions and rising inequality.
The only way forward for the international working class—the producers of the economic wealth that could provide a decent future for all—is the development of a mass anti-war movement based on the program of socialist internationalism. The working class must take the wheel of political power in its own hands and turn it towards the reconstruction of the world economy based on human need, not the dictates of profit. There is no other way out of the catastrophe into which global capitalism is plunging mankind.
Nick Beams
The Libya conference and the new scramble for Africa
The Suleimani assassination, imperialist strategy and the crisis of the Iranian regime
The international witch-hunt of Julian Assange
US-China trade deal leaves basic conflict festering
Transatlantic digital tax trade war looms
Russia, Ukraine reach last minute gas transit deal
UK retailers report "worst year on record" as 140,000 job are shed
Poverty in Germany remains high, 2019 report finds
One day after impeachment: Democrats back Trump trade, budget bills


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Oluremi Tinubu @ Senate
About Oluremi
My Stewardship
Oluremi: An Amazon behind the Throne
As a teacher, she had moulded thousands of lives. As former First Lady of Lagos, she was formally inducted into politics to play behind the scene roles. Yet, in that capacity, she was not idle as the founder of the trail-blazing New Era Foundation. Now, as politician, she is learning the ropes and making an impressive mark. Behind the successful political megastar, Asiwaju Bola Tinubu, is her delectable and colourful wife, Senator Oluremi.… Read the rest
A Senator's Thought for the Elderly
Mrs. Oluremi Tinubu, who represents Lagos Central District in the Senate, has a heart of gold. Long before her election last year, she had been involved in uplifting the youth and the vulnerable. Last week, she presented a ground breaking Bill in the Senate towards ensuring social security for the elderly. Assistant Editor ONYEDI OJIABOR reports the session.
WHEN she stepped into the Senate that day, Mrs. … Read the rest
Let me begin by giving gratitude to God Almighty, because it is by His grace that we are all gathered here again, to witness this second edition of our Town Hall Meeting. I welcome you, dear leaders of our great party the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), party supporters, distinguished guests and gentlemen of the press to this second edition of Lagos Central Senatorial District Town Hall Meeting.… Read the rest
Senator Tinubu renders account of stewardship
Senator Oluremi Tinubu yesterday rendered her account of stewardship at a Town Hall meeting attended by leaders and people of the Lagos Central District, Lagos State.
The meeting, which trailed the maiden edition held at Muson Centre, Onikan four months ago, was chaired by the senatorial leader, Prince Tajudeen Olusi, who said that the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN) would insist on accountability among legislators representing various districts and constituencies on its platform.… Read the rest
Senator Tinubu puts the Elderly on the front-burner
Posted on March 9, 2012 March 9, 2012 By admin
The Senate yesterday took steps to create a national social agency with the responsibility to care for the elderly.
This followed the second reading of a bill entitled "A Bill for an Act to establish the National Social Agency charged with the responsibility to, for among others things, provide financial assistance to elderly persons in Nigeria and for related matters."
Sponsored by Senator Oluremi Tinubu (Lagos Central), the Bill, which was seen by most Senators as timely, sailed through second reading.… Read the rest
Looking ahead with Purpose
Good Tidings of Hope
My Diamond Jubilee appreciation
Rise Up and Build
MUHAMMAD AHMAD NASHAGA on Nurturing our Democracy
Prince Adegbenga Adeboyejo on UNITY IN DIVERSITY
Ojo Olayiwola on One Nigeria
Sogaolu Muyiwa Timothy on Be part of the coming change: Nigeria can still achieve
Prince Oronier Adewunmi Aloba on FRAUD ALERT!
Copyright. Oluremi Tinubu. 2018. All rights reserved
Copyright © 2021 Oluremi Tinubu @ Senate. All Rights Reserved. | Catch Fullscreen by Catch Themes
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Country Valley Foods has signed up to support the life-changing work of Middlesbrough Football Club's charity arm.
The Billingham-based food service, which already acts as a supplier to the club, has joined MFC Foundation's Friends of the Foundation scheme.
Funds generated by the scheme this year are being used to launch a programme to help children struggling in the transition from primary to secondary school, support those with mental health problems and develop projects to improve disabled provision at community venues.
The charity was set up by club chairman Steve Gibson in 1996 and has so far invested more than £25m in the Tees Valley and has worked to improve the lives of more than 500,000 people.
It uses the power of the club's brand and popularity to engage with young people and its achievements played an important part in the club being named as EFL Checkatrade North East & Yorkshire Community Club of the Year.
James Munro, Managing Director of Country Valley Foods, said: "We are a family-run company whose roots are firmly in the community so this is an ideal way of supporting a great cause which benefits local people.
Ann-Marie Anderson, Business Development Manager at MFC Foundation, added: "We're delighted to welcome Country Valley Foods as a member of our Friends of the Foundation scheme.


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EntertainmentBooks
Talking with Judy Blundell, author of 'The High Season'
Stony Brook author Judy Blundell, author of "The High Season" (Random House, May 2018) Credit: John Keon
By Marion Winik Special to Newsday Updated May 16, 2018 11:41 AM
Summer reading kicks off early this year with the publication of "The High Season" (Random House, 416 pp., $27) by Stony Brook author Judy Blundell. The novel opens in Orient Point on Memorial Day weekend, when this North Fork town — a place of "pies and parades and stony beaches that hurt your feet, banging screen doors and peaches eaten over the sink" — prepares for its annual invasion by the rich and famous. Blundell's main character, Ruthie Beamish, is the director of a small museum but makes ends meet by renting out her house every summer. This summer, though, her tenant, the widow of a famous artist, takes a lot more than Ruthie was planning to give.
The year-rounders vs. the summer people — it's a classic Long Island story. How do you expect locals to react to the novel?
I think Long Islanders will get a huge kick out of it. We all love to read about where we live, and the people who have been here a long time have seen so much change. Reading about that change, if I got it right, should be really entertaining, while also illuminating the real stresses that have come along with it. On one hand, the North Fork is constantly fighting against becoming the new Hamptons, but on the other, its residents are economically dependent on what happens here every summer.
"The High Season" by Judy Blundell (Random House, May 2018) Credit: Ramdon House
So is the plot inspired by a real situation?
My husband and I lived in Montauk in the '90s. We moved there in January, when it was really pretty deserted except for the year-rounders, then when the summer came and the whole explosion happened, we knew people who rented out their houses and moved in with family or lived in a trailer. That lodged in my head and stayed there until I started crafting "The High Season." Ruthie has to rent out her house every summer in order to afford to live in it. On one hand it's hugely lucky to get that extra income, but on the other it's kind of depressing to have to leave your house during the most glorious months of the year.
What about the small museum that Ruthie directs — is that real?
The museum in the book is a composite of the many small regional museums I have gotten to know in my years as an art spouse. Currently, my husband directs the Long Island Museum in Stony Brook; we live across the street. Museum workers are wonderful storytellers, and all the details and anecdotes and conversations I've heard over the years went into this writer's brain and came out as a totally fictitious place and plot.
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Talk about the role of social media in your book.
There are three points of view in "The High Season." One is Ruthie, who's in midlife; there's Doe, a millennial with a secret Instagram account; there's Ruthie's daughter, Jem, who's 15.
Doe is a museum worker, which means she doesn't make much money, but she has infiltrated the upper social circles of the Hamptons and takes pictures with her iPhone that she posts online and also sells, when she can, to local publications. Her goal is to have a million followers by the end of the summer. She manages to get herself personally involved with a very wealthy family, gaining closer access than she's ever had before.
As for Jem, I had the idea for this book when my own daughter was just a baby. But as the years went by, I came to realize that the life of a teenager is in her phone, that it contains secrets her parents will never crack. Eventually I decided to tell Jem's story entirely through her texts. And then one day Ruthie casually picks up her daughter's phone and sees a text that she shouldn't see.
Your previous books were for young adults. What inspired you to write an adult novel?
The story I wanted to tell is an adult story, about parenthood, marriage betrayal and risk. But I set out consciously to use all the tricks I'd learned in writing for middle grades. There's no more reluctant reader than a 14-year-old — you have to have a propulsive kind of plot where something twists or turns every four pages. The idea was to marry that dynamic to an adult literary novel, to make it as difficult as possible to put down the book.
Another adult novel set on Long Island. I'm superstitious, so I won't say more.
Judy Blundell discusses 'The High Season'
WHEN | WHERE Thursday, June 7, at 7:30 p.m., East Meadow Public Library, 1886 Front St.
INFO Free, 516-794-2570, eastmeadow.info
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Nothing says rock and roll like electric yellow. The yellow graphic really pops on the dark colored tee. Printed on 100% ring-spun cotton tees for a soft, comfortable fit. This is a print-on-demand item. Please allow two extra days for processing and shipment of your order. Print-on-demand items may only be returned or exchanged in the case of a damaged item.


Aims: Vine-growers worldwide are concerned about climate change effects on grape yield and quality. Drip irrigation systems are increasingly being installed even in humid regions such as Galicia (NW Spain). In this context, a field experiment was carried out over three seasons (2012-2014) on white Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Albariño' to assess the effects of deficit irrigation on vine physiology, yield and must and wine composition.
Methods and results: Rain-fed vines were compared with a treatment irrigated to 50% of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) from bloom to two weeks before harvest. Irrigated vines showed more positive stem water potentials than those rain-fed. Yield was unaffected by irrigation except in 2014 (19% increase). Pruning weight was increased by irrigation. Must soluble solids tended to decrease and total acidity to increase with irrigation; however, wines were similar between treatments. Water productivity was slightly higher under rain-fed conditions.
Conclusion: Under the conditions of this experiment, irrigation was of no interest either in terms of grape and wine quality or in terms of net income.
Significance and impact of the study: These results may be useful for managing water resources in vineyards under similar climate conditions.
Irrigated vineyard (Vitis vinifera L.) area has increased in Spain from 6% to 22% in the last 20 years (MAGRAMA, 2015) due to vine-growers' concern about the negative impacts of water deficits on vine growth and yield (Gouveia et al., 2012), even in Galicia (NW Spain), which receives high amounts of rainfall (700-1900 mm, depending on the site). However, irrigation studies in Galician vineyards are scarce (Fandiño et al., 2012), and vine-growers need technical information in order to use water more efficiently.
Adequate soil water availability, according to the phenological stage of the vines, must be maintained over the growing season in order to obtain good-quality grapes (Jackson and Lombard, 1993; Deloire et al., 2004). Water stress must be avoided at the beginning of the growing season, between bud-break and flowering, since it may reduce vegetative growth causing small canopies that would diminish the vine's capacity to set the fruits. From fruit set to veraison, mild water stress is advisable but severe water stress would reduce berry weight and decrease yield. Between veraison and harvest, water stress might cause a reduction in photosynthesis, although if this stress is very mild then it would be beneficial for accelerating berry maturation. In summary, excessive rainfall or irrigation slows ripening, increases yield partially by berry enlargement, elevates juice pH and acid content, and reduces anthocyanins due to shading from continuous and excessive shoot growth. In contrast, water stress causes early ripening but reduces yield, berry weight, and malic acid (Jackson and Lombard, 1993).
Global warming predictions estimate reductions in rainfall and increases in evapotranspiration for the near future (IPCC, 2007). In Galicia, an increase in temperature of up to 1.1 ºC (0.37 ºC for each decade from 1972 to 2006) has already been reported (Cruz et al., 2009) as well as modifications in the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall, with less rainfall in summer months (June-September) (Mirás-Avalos et al., 2009), which could affect berry set and fruit maturation. These changes might cause Galician grapevine cultivars, adapted to temperate and cool climates, to reach more rapidly their optimum temperature and, consequently, lose their specific organoleptic qualities. In this context, the need for conducting field trials about timing and amount of water applied through irrigation in accordance with the characteristics of the different regions has been highlighted (van Leeuwen et al., 2009; Intrigliolo and Castel, 2010; Basile et al., 2012), even under cool-humid climates (Reynolds et al., 2007).
Deficit irrigation strategies have been successfully adopted as management tools to ensure an adequate balance between vine vegetative and reproductive development while preserving yield and water resources and improving fruit composition (Dry et al., 2001; Intrigliolo and Castel, 2008). However, irrigation must be applied (amount and time) in accordance with the climate and soil characteristics of the region and the type of wine to be produced to avoid potential negative impacts on vine vigour, berry composition and wine quality. Some authors remarked that irrigation must be customized for each cultivar (Basile et al., 2012) and research reports are scant for white grapevine cultivars.
'Albariño' is one of the Spanish white grapevine cultivars recognized worldwide for giving high-quality wines and it is the main cultivar from Galicia. It is characterized by its great aromatic potential, giving fruity and floral odours (Versini et al., 1994).
Several studies have investigated the irrigation and plant water stress effects on grape composition and wine quality of grapevine cultivars; however, the results differed due to the variety of climatic conditions and vineyard managements (Jackson and Lombard, 1993; Deloire et al., 2004). With no history of vineyard irrigation in the area and minimal information in the literature on the behaviour of Albariño (Fandiño et al., 2012; Martínez et al., 2016), the aim of the current study was to assess the effects of deficit irrigation as a strategy for reducing water stress from flowering to two weeks prior to harvest (the most sensitive period of grape development to water deprivation) on soil-water relations, agronomic performance, and grape and wine composition of this renowned white cultivar.
The experiment was conducted over three consecutive growing seasons (2012-2014) in a 0.2-ha vineyard (Vitis vinifera L.) located in the experimental farm of the Estación de Viticultura e Enoloxía de Galicia (EVEGA), in Leiro (42º 21.6' N, 8º 7.02' W, elevation 115 m), Ourense, Spain. The vines were 'Albariño' grafted on 196-17C rootstock and planted in 1998. They were trained to a vertical trellis on a single cordon system (10-12 buds per vine). Rows were east-west oriented; spacings between vines and between rows were 1.25 and 2.4 m, respectively (3333 vines ha-1).
The soil at the site was sandy-textured (64% sand, 16.4% silt, 19.6% clay), slightly acidic (pH 6.3), and of medium fertility (2.7% organic matter). It has a rather shallow profile (≈1.2 m) and available water capacity is 100 mm m-1, approximately.
The climate of the studied site is considered temperate, humid with cool nights (Fraga et al., 2014). Average annual rainfall amounts to 900 mm, about 70% of which falls during the dormant period. In spite of high annual rainfall (1283 mm), the second experimental growing season (April to mid-September 2013) was the driest one with 163 mm, similar to the last year of study (185 mm) and half the rainfall recorded in the 2012 growing season (313 mm). In contrast, annual rainfall increased from year to year: 841, 1283 and 1301 mm for 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. Average temperatures over the growing season also increased from year to year (17.2 ºC in 2012 and 18.0 ºC in 2014), causing higher potential evapotranspiration values: 698, 745 and 739 mm for 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively (Figure 1). As a summary, in 2012, environmental water deficit (ET0 – rainfall) began later than in the other seasons (around day 157, 115 and 98 for 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively). This was caused by the high rainfall amounts registered in spring 2012. Moreover, cumulated environmental water deficit reached 582 mm in 2013, whereas it was 367 and 460 mm in 2012 and 2014, respectively.
Figure 1 - Daily rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (ET0) for the three studied growing seasons.
The reference evapotranspiration (ET0) per week for the site was calculated from weather variables recorded at a station located 150 m away from the experimental vineyard using the Penman-Monteith equation (Allen et al., 1998). The ET0 was used, along with a constant crop coefficient (Kc = 0.8) to compute the amount of water required by the vines (ETc), using the equation ETc = Kc x ET0. The value of Kc was taken from previous reports that considered similar values (between 0.7 and 0.8) for vineyards with developed canopies (Reynolds et al., 2007; Williams, 2012; Romero et al., 2013), as our vineyard when irrigation was triggered. Moreover, similar Kc values for Albariño were found using the basal crop coefficient approach (Table 6 in Fandiño et al., 2012). Precipitation was subtracted from ETc each week. The calculated amount of water required was applied the following week.
Deficit irrigation treatment (irrigated), following this expression: Irrigation amount (mm) = ((Kc x ET0)/2) – rainfall.
Irrigation was applied from full bloom (late June) till mid-August, approximately two weeks prior to harvest.
Each treatment had three replicates in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of three rows with 12 vines per row. The eight vines in the centre of the middle row were used for measurements and the rest acted as buffers.
Water was applied with two pressure-compensated emitters of 4 L h-1 located 25 cm on either side of the vine. Frequency of water applications varied from 3 to 5 days per week, depending on the amount of water required, in order not to apply more than 3 mm per day (the equivalent of 50% daily ETc). Irrigation water was of good quality, with pH of 6.35, electrical conductivity of 163.4 S cm-1 and 0.4 mg L-1 of suspended solids. The water amount applied each season was 50, 79 and 50 mm for 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively.
Soil water content (SWC) was measured at 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm depth using a PR2 probe (Delta-T Devices, UK). One access tube was installed in each replicate at the beginning of 2013, with a total of three tubes per treatment. Access tubes were located between the vine trunk and the emitter.
Midday stem water potential was measured using a pressure chamber (Pump-Up, PMS Instruments, Albany, OR, USA) on mature leaves (one per vine) of three representative vines per replicate (9 readings per treatment). Leaves were enclosed in plastic bags covered with aluminium foil at least one hour prior to the measurements (Choné et al., 2001), which were carried out fortnightly between 12:00 and 13:00 h solar time. This modality of leaf water potential has been proven the most appropriate for assessing vine water stress under Galician conditions (Mirás-Avalos et al., 2014).
Stomatal conductance was measured on the same dates as stem water potential, around solar midday using a leaf porometer (model SC-1, Decagon Devices, WA, USA). Measurements were performed on mature and healthy leaves (one per vine) of three representative vines per replicate (9 readings per treatment).
Chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluorescence parameters were measured in situ with a pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorometer (FMS 2, Hansatech Instruments, Norfolk, UK) as described by Moutinho-Pereira et al. (2012). Leaves were dark-adapted for at least 10 minutes using dark-adapting leaf-clips. Several photosystem II (PSII) parameters were obtained (Maxwell and Johnson, 2000): the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), the photochemical efficiency of PSII (PSII) and the electron transport rate (ETR). Chl a fluorescence measurements were always performed between 11:30 and 13:30 h. In 2013, these determinations were not taken due to equipment malfunctioning.
Chlorophyll concentration index (CCI) was estimated non-destructively using a CCM-200 portable chlorophyll meter (Opti-Sciences, Tyngsboro, MA, USA) that calculates a unit-less CCI value from the ratio of optical absorbance at 655 nm to that at 940 nm, which is correlated with total foliar extractable chlorophyll (Richardson et al., 2002; van den Berg and Perkins, 2004). These measurements were performed from ripeness to harvest on three leaves per plant and three plants per replicate (total of 9 vines per treatment). Major veins and areas of obvious visual damage or disease were avoided. In 2012, measurements were not collected, due to equipment unavailability.
Yield was determined at harvest on each of the internal rows (8 vines per row) of each replicate. The number of clusters per vine was also recorded. Average cluster weight was obtained by dividing yield per plant by the number of clusters. Berry weight was determined on random samples of about 200 berries per replicate. Pruning weight was assessed in winter on six vines per replicate. Exposed leaf area was estimated after veraison on six vines per replicate, when shoot growth had ceased, following the method proposed by Sánchez-de-Miguel et al. (2010), in which the width and height of the canopy are collected at five different spots along the vine using a measurement tape.
Basic parameters of musts (total soluble solids content, pH, titratable acidity, tartaric and malic acid contents) and wines (alcohol content, pH, titratable acidity, tartaric and malic acids contents) were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) using a WineScan FT120 analyser (FOSS Electric, Barcelona, Spain) calibrated according to the official methods (OIV, 2009).
Grapes from the different treatments were manually harvested on the same day and transported to the experimental winery in field boxes. Vinifications were performed at EVEGA separately on samples of about 40 kg from each replicate (total of three vinifications per treatment).
Grapes from each replicate were separately destemmed, crushed and pressed in a pneumatic press; SO2 (50 mg L-1) was added to avoid oxidation and for microbiological control. After one day, musts were racked and then fermented in 35-L stainless steel tanks; commercial yeast (Excellence FW, Lamothe-Abiet, Bordeaux, France) was added at a rate of 20 g hL-1. Density and fermentation temperature were monitored daily. Wines were racked and sulphited to 35 ppm free sulphur dioxide once alcoholic fermentation finished. A tartaric stabilization was carried out at 4 ºC for one month. Finally, wines were filtered, bottled and stored. Analytical determinations in the wines were performed just after alcoholic fermentation.
Water productivity (WP) was determined as the annual crop yield (in kg per ha) divided by the amount of water received during the same period (rainfall over the growing season + irrigation applied).
For the assessment of the gross incomes, prices of grape yield for each treatment were calculated according to the regulated contracts issued in 2008 by the Consellería of Medio Rural of the Xunta de Galicia (Diario Oficial de Galicia 16th July 2008), regional government of Galicia, for the Ribeiro DO. Grape is paid according to its probable alcoholic grade. Hence, the price of one kg of Albariño grapes with 13% vol. probable alcoholic grade would be 1.39 €, whereas that of one kg with 11% vol. would be 1.06 €. Further cost-benefit and financial feasibility analyses were not considered since, in our case, both treatments received the same management practices except for the additional costs of irrigation. Therefore, gross incomes might indicate the sustainability of this practice in the medium term.
Sensory evaluation of wines was performed by ten judges, consisting of 7 males and 3 females, with experience in tasting Galician white wines. Panellists were between 30 and 62 years old. These individuals were oenologists and technicians either from EVEGA or from Galician commercial wineries. A scorecard including attributes for colour, aroma and taste was used. The descriptors were scored from 0 (absence) to 9 (very intense). Each wine sample (30 mL) was served at 12 ºC in a standard wine glass and was coded in order to prevent tasters from knowing its origin. The tasting sessions were held on different days (April and May of each vintage) at the tasting room of EVEGA. A more comprehensive description of the tasting sessions and scorecard used can be found elsewhere (Trigo-Córdoba et al., 2014).
Two-way ANOVA was carried out for analysing the data (R software version 2.11.1; R Development Core Team, 2010). Factors considered were irrigation treatment, year and their interaction. Differences were considered significant when p < 0.05.
Soil water content on the topsoil was greatly affected by the rainfall regime of the corresponding year, causing an erratic behaviour of this variable. Deeper in the soil profile, soil water content was similar between treatments at bud-break and bloom (Figure 2). However, irrigation caused significant increases in soil water content down to a depth of 40 cm at veraison. At harvest, both treatments presented similar soil water contents at 10 and 20 cm depth, whereas at 30 and 40 cm, soil water content was slightly higher under the irrigation treatment (Figure 2).
Figure 2 - Soil water content (% vol.) at four different stages of vine development over the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons of an Albariño vineyard under rain-fed and irrigation conditions.
Values are treatment means ± standard errors.
Although 2012 was the wettest growing season, the lowest values of stem water potentials (–1 MPa) were recorded that year at harvest (Figure 3). The other years, stem water potentials reached –0.9 MPa. Significantly more negative stem water potential values were found for rain-fed vines from mid-July (day 200) till harvest (Figure 3), which occurred between 11th and 18th September depending on the year.
Figure 3 - Seasonal variation of midday stem water potential for Albariño cultivar under rain-fed and irrigation conditions. Values are treatment means ± standard errors.
Asterisks indicate significant differences between treatments at p < 0.05. Arrows indicate the beginning of vine developmental stages (B: bloom; V: veraison; H: harvest).
In 2013 and 2014, stomatal conductance values were high. Rain-fed vines presented a significantly lower stomatal conductance than those irrigated in mid-July (day 196), late August (day 234) and early September (day 262) in 2013 and mid-August in 2014 (day 230) (Figure 4).
Figure 4 - Effect of irrigation on stomatal conductance during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons for Albariño cultivar. Bars indicate the standard error of the mean.
Asterisks indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) for each date.
Chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters at veraison (Table 1) showed significant differences between treatments. Effective quantum efficiency of PSII was higher for irrigated vines in both years. In addition, ETR was greater in irrigated vines in 2014. In contrast, the maximum quantum efficiency did not show significant differences between treatments. CCI values were significantly higher under the irrigation treatment for all the measurement dates (Figure 5).
Table 1 - Maximum (Fv/Fm) and effective (PSII) quantum efficiency of photosystem II and apparent electron transport rate (ETR) in 'Albariño' grapevine attached leaves, subjected to rain-fed and irrigated conditions, determined at veraison.
Different letters in the column, for each date, indicate significant differences between treatments at p < 0.05. ns = not significant, * p < 0.05.
Figure 5 - Effect of irrigation on the chlorophyll content index during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons for Albariño cultivar. Bars indicate the standard error of the mean.
Different letters above bars indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) for each date.
The vintage effects on vine growth and yield components were highly significant (Table 2). In addition, no significant interactions between treatment and year were detected, except for the exposed leaf area. Exposed leaf area was significantly increased by irrigation as well as pruning weight, which increased by 11% on average for the three studied years (Table 2). For the entire study period, irrigation exerted significant effects on yield and cluster weight (Table 2). On average for the three studied seasons, irrigation increased yield by 11.6% and cluster weight by 11%. Other yield components such as cluster number per vine and berry weight did not significantly increase due to irrigation. Although no significant differences between treatments were detected, rain-fed vines tended to show greater water productivities (6-30%, depending on the year) in comparison with irrigated vines (Table 2). In contrast, the irrigation treatment provided greater gross incomes than the rain-fed treatment, mainly in the last two years of the experiment, when 10-15% increases were observed (11% on average for the three years). However, these increases were not significant (Table 2).
Table 2 - Exposed leaf area, pruning weight, yield components, water productivity and expected gross incomes of rain-fed and irrigated vines averaged for the three studied years (2012-2014).
Values are means ± standard error. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, ns = not significant.
Vintage effects on must attributes were significant for tartaric and malic acid concentrations but not for total soluble solids content, titratable acidity and pH (Table 3). Overall, musts from the irrigated treatment were more acidic and presented a greater concentration of malic acid. However, no significant differences between treatments were detected for total soluble solids content, pH and tartaric acid concentration (Table 3). In addition, no significant interactions between year and treatment were found for any of the must attributes.
Table 3 - Must attributes of rain-fed and irrigation treatments averaged for the three studied years (2012-2014). Values are means ± standard error.
** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, ns = not significant.
Wine pH and titratable acidity were significantly affected by season (Table 4). Irrigation significantly increased wine acidity and tartaric acid concentrations; however, this treatment did not affect alcohol content, pH and malic acid concentrations on average for the three seasons studied (Table 4). No significant interactions between factors were detected for any of the considered wine attributes. At the sensory level, colour descriptors did not produce significant differences between treatments (data not shown). In contrast, aroma descriptors such as white fruit, terpenic, persistence and intensity were given higher marks in wines from the rain-fed treatment than those from the irrigated one (Figure 6a). Similarly, rain-fed wines obtained higher scores for mouth descriptors such as softness, balance, alcohol and body (Figure 6b).
Table 4 - Wine attributes of rain-fed and irrigation treatments averaged for the three studied years (2012-2014). Values are means ± standard deviations.
*** p < 0.001, * p < 0.05, ns = not significant.
Figure 6 - Sensory profiles of 'Albariño' wines from the medians of the vintages 2012, 2013 and 2014, as a function of the irrigation treatment: a) aroma attributes; b) mouth attributes and global quality.
Under our experimental conditions, the level of water stress experienced by non-irrigated vines was low, particularly in 2012 when rainfall over the growing season amounted to 313 mm. This fact explains the small differences between treatments in regards to yield. Nevertheless, midday stem water potential reached values of –1 MPa, which can be considered as mild or moderate water stress (van Leeuwen et al., 2009), and were more negative for rain-fed than for irrigated vines. However, this moderate water stress occurred 2-3 weeks before harvest, which is rather positive for grape maturation. According to Ojeda (2008), midday stem water potential must be maintained around –0.9 MPa during berry maturation in order to obtain quality young wines, as those produced with Albariño.
The low level of water stress over the study period was caused by sufficient soil water availability and high relative humidity in the atmosphere (never lower than 45%); hence vines developed large canopies and presented an active transpiration. In fact, stomatal conductance values were higher than those reported for Mediterranean areas (e.g. Williams and Araujo, 2002; Intrigliolo and Castel, 2009), where vines are subjected to greater water restrictions. Nevertheless, Williams and Trout (2005) and Teszlák et al. (2013) found peak values of stomatal conductance greater than 0.8 mol H2O m-2 s-1 in well-irrigated 'Thompson Seedless' and 'Riesling' vines, respectively, similar to those observed for Albariño in the current study.
Similarly, the low water stress conditions did not negatively affect vines at the photochemical level, and Fv/Fm was close to 0.8, the threshold for healthy terrestrial plants (Cavender-Bares and Bazzaz, 2004). However, a greater activity of the PSII and a higher electron transport rate were observed for irrigated vines. CCI confirmed the fluorescence readings and reflected a greater concentration of photosynthetic pigments in vines from the irrigation treatment, since CCI is directly correlated with chlorophyll concentration in leaves (Steele et al., 2008).
Despite the low level of water stress in the rain-fed treatment, irrigation significantly increased vine vigour (both exposed leaf area and pruning weight). In 2012, no differences were detected because there was no water stress before day 240 (27th August); however, in 2013 and 2014 a moderate stress was observed in the non-irrigated treatment, causing the reduction in pruning weight. In addition, yield increased with irrigation due to a significant increase in cluster weight. This finding agrees with previous reports on cool and humid climates (Reynolds et al., 2007; Martínez et al., 2016).
In accordance with the differences in yield and cluster weight, irrigation significantly modified must composition, and musts from the irrigated treatment were more acidic and had higher malic acid concentrations than those from the rain-fed treatment. Moreover, although not significant, musts from the irrigated vines tended to show lower total soluble solids concentrations. These results are consistent with previous reports on other cultivars (e.g. dos Santos et al., 2003; Reynolds et al., 2007; Intrigliolo and Castel, 2009).
Similarly to that observed in the musts, wine attributes such as titratable acidity and tartaric acid concentration were significantly increased by irrigation. In addition, there was a trend toward lower pH and alcohol content in wines from the irrigation treatment. These variations in wine attributes might be detected at the sensory level, as previously reported (Trigo-Córdoba et al., 2014). In fact, aroma and mouth-feel descriptors were significantly altered by irrigation, and rain-fed wines received higher marks for relevant aspects such as softness, balance or aroma intensity, clearly indicating that agricultural practices may exert a significant effect on sensory perception of wines (García-Muñoz et al., 2014).
In spite of the higher yield under irrigation, WP was greater in rain-fed vines, although these differences were not significant. As suggested by Cancela et al. (2016), this may be explained by the fact that this index has been developed for Mediterranean climates, where summer rainfall is much lesser than that registered in an Atlantic climate such as the one of our study site. Moreover, the rainfall amount and distribution over the growing seasons studied caused rain-fed Albariño wines to be subjected to low levels of water stress, and as a consequence, rain-fed vines showed a reasonable yield when compared to irrigated vines, which caused the lack of differences in WP. From an economic point of view, irrigation seems not to be a viable practice for Albariño under the conditions of our trial, since gross incomes were not significantly increased and higher costs must be faced when using irrigation. From our data, and given the fact that management costs were the same for both treatments, except for irrigation, net revenues would be greater for the rain-fed approach due to lower production costs. In order to recover within 10 years the investment made on the drip irrigation systems (installation, power, maintenance and water), growers will need to get around 1300 €/ha more than under rain-fed conditions. In addition, the prices for grape yield used in the current study were those officially issued by the regional government in 2008 and nowadays the revenues are lower, although no official prices have been released. Therefore, it would be difficult for growers to obtain those extra 1300 €/ha under the current conditions. Besides, yield is regulated under the Galician DO, hence growers must not exceed a given threshold, usually 12500 kg/ha; therefore, irrigation will cause vineyard yield to surpass this upper threshold, leading to economic punishments.
In summary, yield was significantly increased and berry composition was affected (more acidic and lower soluble solids content) when using irrigation. Under the water scarcity scenario that the world is facing, our results indicated that irrigation in Albariño vineyards from a humid region is not necessary and, likely, not sustainable, confirming previous results obtained for other white cultivars (Trigo-Córdoba et al., 2015). However, studies with other irrigation periods and amounts in other areas of Galicia may produce different results (Martínez et al., 2016), as observed for other white varieties in cool-humid (Reynolds et al., 2007) and Mediterranean climates (Basile et al., 2012).
Albariño vines showed no water stress under the condition of this study, and even those under the rain-fed treatment remained in a comfortable situation, suggesting that water supplied by rainfall was sufficient for adequate plant functioning. Irrigation increased yield on average for the three seasons studied. However, must composition was affected by irrigation, causing higher concentrations of tartaric acid and titratable acidity. Wines from the irrigation treatment were more acidic than those of the rain-fed and obtained lower marks for relevant aroma and mouth-feel descriptors. Water productivity tended to be greater in rain-fed vines; although no significant differences between treatments were detected. As a consequence, gross incomes were not significantly increased by irrigation. The results obtained in this study provide useful information for saving water in agriculture, suggesting that irrigation is not a viable agricultural practice under the conditions of this trial.
Acknowledgements: This research was supported by the INIA project RTA2011-00041-C02-01, with 80% FEDER funds. J.M. Mirás-Avalos thanks Xunta de Galicia for his "Parga Pondal" contract. E. Trigo-Córdoba and Y. Bouzas-Cid thank INIA for their respective FPI fellowships. The useful comments from the editor and the reviewers are appreciated.
Allen R.G., Pereira L.S., Raes D. and Smith M., 1998. Crop evapotranspiration. Guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper No 56, Rome, Italy.
Cavender-Bares J. and Bazzaz F.A., 2004. From leaves to ecosystems: using chlorophyll fluorescence to assess photosynthesis and plant function in ecological studies, 737-755. In: Chlorophyll a fluorescence: a signature of photosynthesis; Papageorgiou GC, Govindjee G. (eds.). Springer.
Cruz R., Lago A., Rial M.E., Díaz-Fierros F. and Salsón S., 2009. Evolución recente do clima de Galicia. Tendencias observadas en variables meteorolóxicas, 19-58. In: Evidencias e Impactos do Cambio Climático en Galicia. Consellería de Medio Ambiente e Desenvolvemento Sostible, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Dry P.R., Loveys B.R., McCarthy M.G. and Stoll M., 2001. Strategic irrigation management in Australian vineyards. J. Int. Sci. Vigne Vin, 35, 129-139.
Gouveia J., Lopes C.M., Pedroso V., Martins S., Rodrigues P. and Alves I., 2012. Effect of irrigation on soil water depletion, vegetative growth, yield and berry composition of the grapevine variety Touriga Nacional. Ciência Téc. Vitiv., 27(2), 115-122.
Intrigliolo D.S. and Castel J.R., 2008. Effects of irrigation on the performance of grapevine cv. Tempranillo in Requena, Spain. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 59(1), 30-38.
IPCC, 2007. Climate Change: The physical basis summary for policy makers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Jackson D.I. and Lombard P.B., 1993. Environmental and management practices affecting grape composition and wine quality. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 44(4), 409-430.
OIV, 2009. Recueil des méthodes internationales d'analyses des vins et des moûts. Office International de la Vigne et du Vin, Paris.
Ojeda H., 2008. L'irrigation de précision en onction des particularités et les objectifs du vignoble. Cahier Technique Revue Française d'œnologie, 229, 1-8.
R Development Core Team, 2010. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org.
Reynolds A.G., Lowrey W.D., Tomek L., Hakimi J. and de Savigny C., 2007. Influence of irrigation on vine performance, fruit composition, and wine quality of Chardonnay in a cool, humid climate. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 58(2), 217-228.
Trigo-Córdoba E., Bouzas-Cid Y., Orriols-Fernández I. and Mirás-Avalos J.M., 2014. Irrigation effects on the sensory perception of wines from three white grapevine cultivars traditional from Galicia (Albariño, Godello and Treixadura). Ciência Téc. Vitiv., 29(2), 71-80.
Versini G., Orriols I. and Dalla Serra A., 1994. Aroma components of Galician Albariño, Loureira and Godello wines. Vitis, 33, 165-170.
Williams L.E. and Araujo F.J., 2002. Correlations among predawn leaf, midday leaf, and midday stem water potential and their correlations with other measures of soil and plant water status in Vitis vinifera. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 127(3), 448-454.
Williams L.E. and Trout T.J., 2005. Relationships among vine- and soil-based measures of water status in a Thompson Seedless vineyard in response to high-frequency drip irrigation. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 56(4), 357-366.


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Latrell just needs to back himself: Cook
Chris Kennedy NRL.com Reporter
Rabbitohs hooker Damien Cook believes under-fire teammate Latrell Mitchell's fullback transition has shown positive signs already and the big leap will come when the former Rooster builds more confidence and backs himself to run the ball more.
Latrell has faced fierce criticism from commentators including Phil Gould and Braith Anasta, plus former teammate Cooper Cronk, with critics pointing to low run metre totals in particular.
"I think they've been pretty hard on Latrell, not just now but even before," Cook said.
"It's been a tough couple of months for Latrell, media-wise. He's someone that just wants to come to the Bunnies and enjoy his footy.
"At the moment fullback's a work in progress. But to be honest, it's not on Latrell. He almost put Campbell Graham over for an early try on the weekend … he put Jimmy Roberts through for another try.
"He's done some really good things, I think he's building nicely."
If anything the rest of the team is making Mitchell's job harder by not getting on the front foot, particularly in a possession-starved opening to the Brisbane loss, according to Cook.
Cook: 'We aren't doing right by Latrell'
"We've just got to keep making sure we stick to what we worked on in the pre-season, get our forwards going forward, building some momentum, and that backline we've got, which is outstanding, we'll give them some good space to run the ball. And I think that's where we'll see the best in Latrell," Cook added.
There have been some calls to shift Mitchell back to the left centre role he dominated during his Roosters career but Cook said that would be completely premature.
"It's only been two games. We're one out of two so I think there's obviously still room for improvement as a team," he said.
"To take him out of fullback right now and put him at centre would probably knock his confidence a little bit. We brought him here to be the fullback, we've seen some good signs and things to work on and that all comes with combinations. I believe it will happen.
"I back him to get the job done and I'm expecting big things, hopefully this weekend against his old club the Roosters."
Mitchell just needs to back himself a bit more, according to Cook.
"Sometimes I think he underestimates how big and strong he is," he said.
"When he does run the ball back from kick returns he makes some great metres and on the end of the shift plays he's got great passing, he knows when to hit the winger and when to run it himself.
"At the moment we'd probably like to see him back himself a bit more and run because we've seen how dangerous he can be with the ball when he backs his ability.
"Hopefully moving forward that's what we see from Latrell. We don't want to put too much pressure on him, we need the forwards doing a great job and it's up to the halves to ensure he gets the right ball and he'll do his thing."
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Admit it, you feel better with a tan. Now imagine achieving that golden glow guilt-free. Thanks to Anna Velocci, founder of Glow in Vaughan, Ont., now you can. The spray tanning expert sat down with City Life to discuss her unique approach to achieving that natural glow you oh-so desire. "My clients range in age and culture. Whether they come to me as part of their beauty regime or in preparation for an event, they all desire to enhance their features with a natural-looking tan that is both beautiful and harmless," says Velocci. With over a decade of experience in the tanning industry, Velocci has managed to eliminate the common misconceptions and fears of spray tanning.
"Product and technique go hand in hand. The solution I use is Canadian-made, organic, vegan and doctor recommended. I believe the key to a perfect spray tan is choosing the right solution for the customer, based on their skin type, tone and hair colour. This is not something you become good at overnight, it takes years of experience and training," says Velocci. Interest in health and beauty products and services that embody holistic concepts continues to rise. So, go ahead, get your glow on. We promise you'll love it and so will your skin.


Gorgeous curb appeal on this 2 story home in Miller Farm! Spacious entry greets you, along with a study and formal dining room with trey ceiling. The large kitchen features an island with granite countertops, 42 cabinets, stainless steel appliances, and double pantries. Open concept to the living room, which has a gas fireplace, large sitting room with vaulted ceilings and french door to the wood deck. First floor Master suite features his/her closets, soaking spa tub, walk-in shower. Upstairs loft area, 3bedrooms, each with large closets. Full bath with double vanity. The lower level offers a large unfinished basement, rough in for full bath. 3 car garage, beautifully landscaping with irrigation system. Freshly Painted, Newer Windows, Lennox High Efficiency Furnace with UltraMax whole house UV Air Treatment, Lennox High Efficiency A/C unit, Rain Soft computer controlled water softener, ADT Security and Radon Mitigation.


text:
Legal Fight!
Britney Spears Granted Temporary Restraining Order Against Sam Lutfi
Former manager's actions have 'caused anxiety and fear,' state court docs!
Getty Images; MEGA
Stay far away, at least 200 yards! Britney Spears' lawyers filed a temporary restraining order against her former manager Sam Lutfi on May 7, and a judge has signed off, according to court documents obtained by The National ENQUIRER.
Lutfi, 44, must keep his distance from the pop princess, her two sons Sean and Jayden James, and parents Lynne and Jamie Spears.
In the restraining order request obtained by The Enquirer, Spears and her team allege that her ex-pal's "actions have caused severe mental trauma at a time where Ms. Spears is recovering from stress related to her father's health and her work. Mr. Lutfi's unjustified interference in her life and with the conservatorship threaten Ms. Spears' safety and well-being, as well as caused anxiety and fear in those work with and for her."
Per the documents, Lutfi was allegedly sending threatening texts and tweets to the troubled pop star and her loved ones.
In the former manager's opposition to the restraining order, he argued that his tweets couldn't have caused anyone reasonable to suffer "substantial emotional distress" that is required to grant a restraining order. The documents, which were obtained by The ENQUIRER, also insists that Spears' team cannot prove that if the restraining order were not granted, that it would cause "great or irreparable harm" to the pop star.
Lutfi also argues that not allowing him to make "disparaging public statements" about the star would be an infringement upon his First Amendment rights. He also countered that it was actually the songstress who disparaged him! "Spears recently made highly disparaging comments accusing Mr. Lutfi of forgery and impersonation," according to the filing, which cites Spears' April 23 Instagram post in which she tells her followers that her ex-manager wrote fake emails to her team and pretended they were from her."
After the judge's ruling, Lutfi's attorney Marc Gans said in a statement to The ENQUIRER: "We are disappointed at the outcome. I think it is overly broad and violates Mr. Lutfi's constitutional rights. This is a temporary order and we look forward to coming back May 28."
A judge will decide on that day whether or not to make the restraining order more permanent.
The Blast was first to break the news.


So now it's the second week of Advent. I want to talk some about the next two symbols on our Advent cope but first I would like to discuss the color of the cope. You know it's blue! For many of us the color of Advent is purple but here at St Luke's the color of Advent is blue. I noticed last week that many had purple on at church on the First Sunday of Advent so I hope no one is disappointed by the lack of purple.
I have always been told that blue vestments in Advent was a Sarum Rite usage so I thought I would check some sources on the use of blue vestments in Advent. I thought it would be an easy task, a fact checking that would take a few minutes. I was wrong. I could find nothing that says blue was the color of Advent in the Sarum. I found lots of rants written by priests of Rome against the use of blue vestments as illegal that makes the Protestant in me so proud that we use blue in Advent. In The Parson's Handbook written by Percy Dearmer in 1899 (he was rector of the Church of St. Mary, Primrose Hill, London and a great champion of the Anglo-Catholic movement) lists from an inventory of Salisbury Cathedral in 1222 that there were vestments made of "blue silk". So even in the 13th century someone somewhere was wearing blue vestments.
O Root of Jesse, which stands for an ensign of the people, at whom kings shall shut their mouths, to whom the Gentiles shall seek: Come and deliver us.
This antiphon is represented by the symbol of a flower, a stylized rose, and in our view we can see the roots which give the flower life. Jesse, King David's father, is the root and stock of Jesus.
O Key of David and Scepter of the house of Israel: that opens and no man shuts, and shuts and no man opens: Come and bring the prisoner out of the prison house and him that sits in darkness, and in the shadow of death.
The second symbol is a key. Keys open locked doors and allow entry into places that have been locked, as Jesus is the way to the Father.
There are eight symbols, so we're half-way through. Next week we'll talk about two more of the cope's symbols. Meanwhile, keep your eye pealed for the beauty and intricacy of this magnificent contribution to our communal spiritual life.
I love our Advent blue vestments, but the low Mass purple set is also very beautiful. I wonder if your post will inspire the curious to stop by the sacristy to see the hidden purple set.
I take it the purple set is used in the chapel on weekdays during Advent?
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