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Journal of Prolotherapy
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Tensegrity to Tendinosis
By Thomas Ravin, MD
Biotensegrity or hierarchical tensegrity can explain how prestressed structures function in animals to transfer the stresses created by gravity, movement, digestion and emotional factors to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Tensegrity's connection to the ECM is explored, and the mechanotransduction of signals that prompt cellular changes in entheses, ligaments and tendons is discussed. The relationship between stress to the ECM and its effects on development of tendinosis at the cellular level is introduced. Recent findings demonstrating that tendinosis begins long before the patient experiences pain are examined, and the importance of balance between stress and rest in recovery is explored.
Journal of Prolotherapy. 2011;3(4):826-835.
I first started my "case for Prolotherapy" wanting to further examine several areas of interest to me, such as the method by which fibroblasts morph into myofibroblasts, new developments in understanding tendinosis, and the differences between ligaments and tendons. In the five to seven years since I looked into these areas for the book I co-authored, Principles of Prolotherapy, I have read numerous articles and research papers that have helped me in treating my patients and I wanted to share this information. As my research progressed in each of these areas of musculoskeletal medicine a common thread emerged—tensegrity. Tensegrity explains how altering the extracellular matrix (ECM) with a needle leads to wound healing, why excessive tendon stress leads to tendinosis and how the mechanochemistry of tendons and ligaments defines their function. It also explains why fibroblasts change to myofibroblasts and shorten ligaments and how tenocytes repair overuse injuries in tendons.
This paper will superficially explore some of the major new research about tensegrity as it applies to the ECM, the entheses, ligaments, tendons and tendinosis.
The word tensegrity can be used to describe many ideas employed in architectural design, bicycle wheels, spider webs and toys and even Carlos Castaneda's "warrior's path with heart." In architecture and animals tensegrity is associated with a type of structure in which the integrity is based on a balance between tension and compression components. Buckminster Fuller in 1948 coined the term tensegrity after he saw a sculpture created by Kenneth Snelson for Black Mountain College. (Wikipedia)
Steve Levin, MD, first presented it to the orthopedic medical community at a meeting of the North American Academy of Manipulative Medicine in 1980. It often is illustrated using Snelson sculptures (See Figure 1.) or architectural models such as the Wright flyer. (See Figure 2.) These models have some distinct relationships:
Loading members only in pure compression or pure tension, which means the structures will fail only if the cables yield or the rods buckle.
The structure has mechanical stability, which means the members remain in tension/compression as the stress on the structure increases.
The cables are prestressed, which means the cables are rigid in tension. Tensional forces naturally transmit themselves over the shortest distance between two points. This makes them precisely positioned to withstand stress.
These features of tensegrity mean that no structural member experiences bending.
Figure 1. This is an example of sculpture tensegrity by Kenneth Snelson at the First Bank Building in downtown Denver. Ref: Ravin T. AAMM. 2003
Figure 2. This is an example of mechanical tensegrity by the Wright brothers. Ref: Ravin T. AAMM. 2006
Donald Ingber, MD, a Harvard researcher in the biological sciences working at about the same time, wrote about the concept of mechanotransduction or biotensegrity in 1993.1 The idea of usinghierarchical tensegrity structures as a means of explaining how the animal model of tensegrity works was in the biochemical and biophysical literature, but a recent article by Dr. Ingber discusses many biological applications of this idea.2 Knowledge gleaned from study of hierarchical tensegrity structures explains how large land animals can be mechanically strong, flexible and lightweight and yet respond by changing the shape of the body to accommodate specific tasks, such as altering the bony architecture because of gravity or guiding the bony growth from fetus to adulthood. Tensegrity enables the immediate response to changes in force by altering the stiffness in direct proportion to the applied mechanical stress.3
Hierarchical tensegrity structures have all the features of architectural models but also have prestressed elements of different size scales.2 (See Figure 3.) One element can be as large as the bones, ligaments, muscles and tendons of the legs and within it can be an element that might include a single muscle bundle and its tendon attachment to the bone. (See Figure 4.) Smaller still is a collagen fiber of the tendon attaching to the cell wall of a fibroblast in the ECM.4 Hierarchical tensegrity at the cellular level affects cell wall function that alters the cytoplasm, including the actin and α-actin that give the cell its shape and mobility. The tensegrity continues even further to the intracellular proteins that change shape and function depending on stresses to the cytoskeleton and this explains how our tissues respond to growth, work, play and injuries. The whole cell itself is the final sensor because it integrates multiple local signals with other environmental inputs before reacting to the stress. (See Figure 5.)
Figure 3. This is one example of biotensegrity by Tom Ravin, MD. Ref: Ravin T. AAMM. 2004
Figure 4. This example of biotensegrity by Tom Ravin M.D. conveys the idea of progressively smaller units that extend to the smallest joints. There are prestressed elements beyond the joints down to the extracellular matrix and into the cell walls. Ref: Ravin T. AAMM. 2004
Figure 5. The smallest collagen fibers of the ligaments, tendons, fascia and bones in the ECM attach to the proteoglycans and to fibronectin. Proteoglycans are long sugar molecules (10,000 to 25,000 units) combined with long protein molecules and have many sulfated sugars as side chains. These molecules are rigid and resist compression and the sulfated sugars allow the ECM to change the turgor. There are two molecules that connect the ECM with the cytoplasm of the cell—these are the integrin molecules and the focal adhesion complexes. The integrin molecule spans the cell wall and attaches to the focal adhesion complex in the cytoplasm. The α-actin molecule, which has some contractile elements, attaches to the focal adhesion complex and the actin filaments. The actin filaments then transmit the forces throughout the cell to the nucleus and to other signaling organelles. This arrangement allows the biotensegrity of whole body to almost instantly transmit information from the outside world to the inside of a cell and visa versa. Ref: Ravin T. AAMM. 2011
The ECM is the principal extracellular component of all tissues and organs. Its main components—collagen, elastin, proteoglycan, fibronectin and laminin—allow it to play a pivotal role in hierarchical tensegrity. As a structural material, it controls the spatial organization in the tissue, from nanometer, micrometer, millimeter, and centimeter to meter length scales. It is the connection between the nanometer features and the larger-scale organization that controls the motility and positions of cells, their geometry and mechanical connectivity. This ability to alter the composition and organization lends itself to a wide range of forms and functions ranging from solid in bone to pliable in tendons and cartilage.5 The major components of the ECM are incredibly stable and over time may develop covalent bonds in response to stress that can change their functional properties. An illustrative example is provided by collagen, the most abundant molecule in the ECM. The half-life for collagen before turnover through degradation by the matrix metalloproteinases is 2–4 years in bone, 10–15 years in skin and ~100 years in tendon.6
Strains of the ECM of only a few percent translate into very small alterations in the cytoskeleton and these tiny mechanical stimuli can be transduced into chemical and electrical signals, causing a number of cellular responses.3 The most common are the chemical ones, such as stretch-sensitive ion channels and G-protein coupled receptors. Despite the prevalence of these receptors, only a relatively small set, the integrins and cadherins, appears to be capable of responding to mechanical cues. (See Figure 5.) Integrins have elements that connect to the fibronectin in the ECM and molecular components that transverse the cell walls and attach to the intracellular focal adhesion complexes.7 These dynamic protein complexes consisting of multiple integrins linked to a focal adhesion complex, as an integrated unit, provide the mechanical link between the cytoskeleton and the ECM.5 This bridging between cellular components and the ECM enables the this complex to serve as the conduit through which signal mechanotransduction occurs in response to physical force. The extent and degree of the stress can alter the configuration of the focal adhesion complex such that in one situation it might cause unraveling of a protein molecule and reveal a hidden binding site or in another alter the nuclear membrane. These simple and other more complex reactions enable the focal adhesion complex to act as a strain gauge and allow for varying degrees of response.
In another situation the strain might stabilize the integrin-ECM connection and provide a way to concentrate intracellular stresses on some molecules while shielding most of the other cellular components.5 This gives the ECM and focal adhesion complex the ability to organize and modify their structures instantaneously at the cellular level and still respond to long-term low-level stresses that create physiological changes, such as alterations in the shape of a bone, at the tissue level. All of these features cause the ECM to also be a source of "tissue memory" by binding, integrating and controlling the presentation of growth factors and other ligands to cell wall receptor sites. This allows the ECM to act in some ways like DNA.8, 9
Entheses, Ligaments and Tendons
ENTHESES
Both ligaments and tendons share the enthesis organ's biology and biomechanics.10 The entheses also include structures adjacent to the entheses themselves to help reduce stress concentration at the attachments sites. The ligaments and tendons (LTs) are similar in the way they link the soft to the solid structures. The entheses provide strong and stable anchorage for these structures but also protect them from damage and injury by aiding in the smooth transfer of force between the soft and hard tissue. The gross structure of the enthesis reveals a flaring in order to increase the surface area of the attachment. Individual entheses also combine to form a larger and stronger attachment site called a conjoined enthesis, just as the sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus combine on the tibia at the pes anserinus.11 In the last ten years there has been an increasing interest in the concept of "conjoined LTs enthesis," or where the tendons and ligaments blend together as they attach to bone. This is demonstrated at the lateral epicondyle where the common extensor tendon merges imperceptibly with the lateral collateral ligament and the annular ligament. Another example is the conjoined LT enthesis in the shoulder where the distal glenohumeral ligaments meld with the rotator cuff tendons on the humerus. The plantar aspects of the foot have multiple layers of conjoined tendons and LT combinations, such as where the long and short plantar ligaments, tibialis posterior and the peroneus longus share entheses to all the tarsal bones except the talus.12
Benjamin, Shaw and others have studied the enthesis in detail and have found that it is more than just the LT attachment site. It includes the bony prominences such as the superior tuberosity adjacent to the Achilles tendon that acts like a pulley, reducing stress on the tendon in dorsiflexion. The Achilles tendon also has Kager's fat pad, the tip of which presses into the retrocalcaneal bursa. These particular structures are adapted to resist compression or shear when the foot is dorsiflexed and reduce friction and the build up of heat. LTs often attach to bone near tuberosities or are sunken into pits, which also act like pulleys to dissipate stress away from the attachment site itself. It is interesting that the Achilles tendon fat pad is the only part of the normal Achilles tendon enthesis organ that is innervated. This makes it the probable source of pain from the normal tendon.13
LTs are designed to bear and transmit high tensile loads along their longitudinal axes so they have structural characteristics that confer a greater stiffness and resistance in the axial dimension. The highly nonlinear response of the LT tissues is due to the hierarchical tensegrity structure of the collagen network. The structural integrity and the viscoelastic characteristics of LTs result mainly from the interaction between collagenous proteins and non-collagenous proteins-proteoglycans in the ECM. This interaction allows both reversible (slip-links) and irreversible (rupture) detachment of the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) from the proteins.14 There also are other cellular and molecular tensile stress absorbers that are discussed in the tendon and tendinosis sections.
Recent ligament research supports the idea that ligaments have two functions and anatomies. One function is that they are the static stabilizers of joints and the second function is sensory or proprioceptive. The presence of mechanosensors implies a sensory role for some ligaments and that this afferent information could regulate the stiffness of the muscles surrounding the joint and improve its stability.15
The anatomic vision of ligament anatomy—that ligaments are static structures that fail by fracturing like pieces of soft iron (as illustrated in Strollers' book) and that they are avascular—is being replaced as their microanatomy is unraveled.16 Immunohistologic chemisty and newer microimaging techniques available in the last fifteen to twenty years are showing them to be dynamic structures closely connected to the tensegrity transduction system and the ECM.
It now is clear that there are two types of ligaments: those that consist of densely packed collagen fibres and fascicles and those with the fascicles surrounded by an area of loose connective tissue called the epifascicular region. The ratio of epifascicular to fascicular regions varies greatly in ligaments and when individual ligaments are subjected to scrutiny it can be observed that some ligaments have a lot of epifascicular space and others very little. The ligaments that are predominantly densely packed collagen fibers have only a minimal epifascicular region and almost no innervation. In the other type of ligaments the fascicular bundles and the epifascicular spaces are nearly equal in size. The ligaments with more epifascicular space contain the innervation and blood supplies. The majority of fascicles at the entheses have a high percentage of epifascicular space.17, 18
The ligaments with a high percentage of fascicules are the static stabilizers or, in tensegrity terms, the tension elements. The ligaments with a high percentage of epifascicular space are involved in gathering afferent information such as tension, position and speed of movement. The sensory elements in the ligament are similar to those in the skin. A brief review of these sensors is helpful in understanding how ligaments function:
Free nerve endings are pain fibers and are mostly in the epifascicular region with just a few in the fascicles.
The Ruffini corpuscles function as pressure sensors and low vibration sensors and have a low threshold in relation to pressure. They are slow adapting and respond to static conditions of position and stretch.
The Pacini corpuscles sense pressure and higher vibrations. They sense dynamic changes such as changes in velocity or acceleration and deceleration.
Golgi apparatuses sense tension. These are slow adaptors and give information about passive stretch and active contraction and they inhibit muscle contraction.
In the wrist there are many ligaments and these have been studied extensively in research correlating their anatomy with their function. In particular the epifascicular anatomy of wrist ligaments was correlated with their known functions. The dorsal ligaments of the wrist have densely placed collagen fibers and limited innervation and function mainly to constrain the scapholunate relative motion. The volar ligaments, which work together to support the wrist throughout its entire range of wrist motion, have a high percentage of epifascicular space and are among the most innervated ligaments in the wrist.18, 19
The wrist ligaments have been the subjects of the most extensive studies comparing form to function, but similar research currently exists for the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).20 In the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) almost 1% of the total area is nerve.21 These studies also have demonstrated the presence of blood vessels throughout the ligaments, particularly in the epifascicular space. So the idea that ligaments have limited blood supplies only applies to the densest regions of the fascicular portions of the ligaments. Immediately following injury the blood supply is derived from the epifascicular and epiligamentous tissues. The injured, frayed or disrupted area is pink or even red from the blood clots and increased blood supply. As the wound heals and the energy demands of the wound decrease, the hypervascular region disappears.22
The basic functions of tendons are simple enough. They just connect muscles to bones and transmit forces so that they create movement. The musculoskeletal physician, however, needs to know more about how these complex and elegant structures actually go about these tasks. It seems that at almost every level of this tensegrity structure something important to know has been learned in the last two to eight years. Understanding more about tendons in general might be helpful in making decisions about how best to treat tendinosis.
A quick review of tendon anatomy will help reveal where the new research and some old ideas can aid in our understanding of the structure and function of these complex entities. Tendons have many hierarchical tensegrity scales beginning with individual collagen fibers, which attach to the cell walls of tenocytes and tenoblasts by way of the focal adhesion complex. In the ECM three collagen molecules arrange in helices that are held together by hydrogen bonds in a coiled shape and are called tropocollagen. Five tropocollagen molecules constitute a microfibril and multiple microfibrils aggregate and form fibrils. The fibril is defined as a collection of fibers that is surrounded by an endotendon.10Fibrils are grouped into fibres; collections of fibres form bundles and bundles form fascicles. The endotendon is mostly ECM with most of the tenocytes (TC), tenoblasts (TB), blood vessels and nerves. Some tendons have little or no endotendon and are thought to be involved in transferring stress.18There is a helical organization of the whole tendon, from the shiny white tendon to the collagen molecules. This allows the collagen molecules to behave like cables or ropes that deform under tensile stress and improve the handling of their loads.23 These loads are defined as tensile stress, which is a measure of the internal forces acting within a deformable body. (Wikipedia)
Many of the tendons that are of particular interest to a musculoskeletal physician have to do with joints used in throwing and walking. These muscles do not transmit their load just to bone but also to adjacent muscles and "non-muscular tissue" or the fascia. Wood Jones first explored this idea in the 1940s. A good example of this is where the gluteus maximus attaches to the tendon of the tensor fascia lata and the iliotibial band and not to the greater trochanter.24 This anatomic arrangement links muscles together to form "mechanical chains" and most muscles in the legs have some direct attachment to the fascia.25 These muscle and tissue arrangements allow the muscles to distribute tensile stress to the fascicles, then to the fibrils and eventually to the microfibrils and the tropocollagen and finally to the collagen molecules in the ECM that attach to the integrin complex on the cell wall.
Another feature of tendons is the ability of the fascicles to slide independently, which allows them to transmit tensile stress while changing direction, such as going around the medial malleolus. This feature also allows them to change shape as the muscle contracts and also creates a space for the blood vessels.26 The fibrils also can slide relative to adjacent fibrils and this may account for up to 50% of a tendon's ability to absorb tensile strain.27
As tensile stress is further distributed down the tensegrity scale another feature of tendons comes into play—the crimp in the collagen. At rest, LTs' collagen fibrils are in a wavy or crimped configuration. The crimp acts like a shock absorber or a buffer, permitting slight elongation to occur without fibrous damage. The crimp performs like a shock absorber that stores the stretch energy and when the stress is released the elastic recoil returns up to 90% of this stored energy.28 As the tendon is stretched, the crimps begin to disappear progressively or individually rather than simultaneously from the ends toward the centre of the collagen fascicle. The collagen crimp allows for a graded response to acute stretching and works with increasing stress up to about 4% of the LTs' length.29
As the length of the tendon exceeds 4% the tensile stress shifts to the collagen fibril, which is the primary force-transmitting unit of the tendon.30 The stress at this level leads to some slippage of the ECM's protein and GAG molecules relative to each other as their crosslinks break.31 This level of tensile stress also causes the tenocytes and fibroblasts that are in the fibrils and inter-fascicular spaces to be deformed. The collagen molecules of the ECM that attach to the integrin molecules on the cell surface sense the collagen stress and signal the cells to produce more collagen and ECM. This induces a two- or three-fold increase in collagen formation that peaks around 24 hours after exercise and remains elevated for up to 80 hours. The degradation of collagen proteins also increases in response to exercise and is a physiological response to healing. This illustrates that to increase tendon collagen some period of rest (from 36 to 72 hours) is required. This time frame may be compressed with training and conditioning. In any case, without sufficient rest a continuous loss of collagen is likely to occur.32 (See Figure 6.)
Figure 6. Acute exercise in humans is followed by an increase in both the synthesis and degradation of collagen in tendons. Notice that there is more degeneration than synthesis until 36-72 hours after the stress. If the rest periods are too short degradation will prevail and lead to tendinosis. Ref: Magnusson PS. The pathogenesis of tendinopathy; balancing the response to loading. Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2010.
The tenocytes also have mechanisms for continuing to dissipate the stress on the tendons. Tenocytes are like myofibroblasts and respond to rapid length increases with a rapid force increase associated with elastic resistance. This is followed by rapid loss of tissue tension associated with both viscoelastic relaxation and actin cytoskeleton disruption. The recovery of the tension is biphasic, described as rapid active response (RAR) and gradual active response (GAR), restoring the tissue tension and rebuilding the actin cytoskeleton. The RAR occurs within seconds of a sudden stretch and is completed in less than a minute, and GAR begins a few minutes post-stretch and lasts more than 20 minutes. Both of these responses are mediated by Ca++ channels and reflect the distortion of the cell walls. Both result in cytoskeletal structural changes that include increased actin molecules in the direction of the force and are proportional to the applied stress.33
Cytoskeletal disruption may shield cell-cell adhesions, cell-matrix adhesions and internal cellular components connected to the actin cytoskeleton from large stresses. This suggests that the structure, mechanics and biochemistry of myofibroblasts combine in an intricate choreography to enable stress release for protection of internal structures followed by rapid tissue tension recovery as the cell rebuilds and remodels its cytoskeleton.34, 35
TENDINOSIS
Painful tendon "tendinosis" was considered not too long ago to be an inflammation that could be treated with rest, stretching, NSAIDs or cortisone. In the last five years, however, there has been an explosion of research and ideas on the nature and treatment of tendinosis. The observation today is that tendinosis is present in 35% of adults over the age of 35 years and that 50% of the shoulders of 65-year-olds have evidence of tendinosis even though they are asymptomatic.36
The factors that lead to tendinosis can be divided into two major groups: intrinsic and extrinsic. The intrinsic ones seem obvious but often are overlooked. These issues may be major causes of asymptomatic tendinosis that is present in the older population.37 These include:
Genetic variation sequence of amino acids in Type I collagen as well as the ratios of Type I to other types of collagen.38
Endocrine issues such as estrogen in younger women and older men.39
Metabolic issues such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, lipid disorders and hypertension that alter microvascularity.40
The extrinsic factors are also familiar to most of us in the musculoskeletal medicine community. These include:
Using tendons too much, too hard and for too long, all at one time.
Training errors that may be the result of a bad habit, which for many individuals can be hard to identify. In the adult athlete who has been doing a sport for many years these bad habits often are the result of compensation for another old injury. To find these training errors coaching and video often are the best answers.
Training in either very hot or cold conditions. There is developing evidence that heat injury to tendons is a real problem. The heat generation is the result of friction in the tendinous structures and increased metabolic activity. The heat inside the tendon can easily achieve a temperature of greater than 42.5˚C with continuous hard exercise. It is above this temperature that the tendon proteins begin to denature.37, 41
Training or competing while on fluoroquinolone drugs and possibly on statins in the older populations.42
The understanding of the pain in tendons has undergone a major shift in the last ten years. The working theory that the pain is the result of inflammation has shifted to a new theory that it is the result of degeneration. Research to explain the nature of the chronic arthroidides that involve the entheses resulted in the paradigm shift. The nature of tendon pain and dysfunction was evaluated anatomically and pathologically and it was clear that normal tendons under stress showed evidence of restructuring. It also was evident that healthy exercise led to both synthesis and degradation of collagen but synthesis prevailed. Figure 6 shows the overall picture and illustrates the fine line between progressive growth and degeneration. The balance between synthesis and degradation is taking place at the cellular level and if the balance is tipped to degeneration by any of the factors discussed above, the process becomes progressive. The disruption of one adhesion complex causes the adjacent elements to take up the load and then they fail. This begins a cascade that becomes self-sustaining and eventually leads to tendinosis. The degenerative changes progress until pain develops and finally the tendon ruptures.43
Tendinosis creates a wide variation in cell density, ranging from areas of near zero cells to areas with many cells that are metabolically active. These areas also have collagen fascicules with unequal crimping, loss of transverse bands, ruptured fibers and increased type III collagen with decreased crosslinks. The abnormal microenvironments and altered tensegrity of tendinosis induce differentiation of some tenoblasts into adipocytes, others to chondroblasts and even to osteoblasts, which explains the existence of lipid accumulation, mucoid formation and tissue calcification in areas of tendinosis.44 In these areas of tendinosis there is a considerable increase in both nerves and vessels.45
Rest alone is not the solution to tendinosis. Figure 7 illustrates that some stress is necessary for the tendon to regenerate. The challenge for the patient and clinician is to find the right balance between stress and rest in all activities.
Figure 7. This image portrays the progression of tendinosis from (on the left) a normal response to stress by a progressively weaker and painful tendon to a structure that ruptures with the slightest additional stress. The image should give one an idea of the time for progression and recovery. It may be possible to go from normal to very painful or even rupture in one day but recovery is slower. Ref: Ravin T. AAMM. 2011
A CASE FOR PROLOTHERAPY
Hierarchical tensegrity explains why it makes more sense to treat lax ligaments or compression elements before fixing tendons. If the ligaments are lax, there will be more stress on the tendons. This is particularly true in the case of conjoined LTs, where the injury or degeneration of one component directly affects the other. Prolotherapy allows the physician to repair the compression elements when they are stretched or torn.
In all the musculoskeletal system problems that we diagnose and treat, the ECM plays a critical role that is just beginning to be unraveled. Understanding how the tissues relate to the ECM and the ECM relates to the cells opens up whole new avenues for understanding the musculoskeletal system. The ECM allows the smallest movements of our body to be transmitted almost instantly to every cell by way of tensegrity and prestressed elements. It now is clear that altered movement patterns not only waste energy but also change how our whole body works. It now is possible to imagine how postural decompensation can affect every cell in the body and how this could be critical in both health and disease. The developing awareness of the ECM as a key part in the mechanotransduction of stress from the tissue level to the cell opens up new avenues to explain how tissues heal their wounds and repair themselves.
Understanding the different functions of ligaments and their innervations should begin to influence how we treat them and with what. The idea that there are two different ligament types in at least three joints means that probably all joints have similar arrangements. Do we treat them all the same with our cocktail of choice or should we consider the function of the ligament before we start the injection? The ligament examination now takes on a whole new meaning. It will be interesting to see if the newer ultrasound and MRI machines and techniques will be useful defining the ligament function or functions and aid us in treatment decisions. "Proliferative therapy" seems the right phrase to explain what we are doing here by stimulating the growth of new ligament, and in 99% of the treatments the response to therapy is consistent with the well-established understanding of tissue repair and wound healing.
Tendons provide clear examples of hierarchical tensegrity in both health and disease. The new information on tendons, from the entheses to the tenocyte cytoskeleton, challenges all of us to integrate these ideas into our practices. This newer information should begin to help us reconcile the clear differences among the clinical history, physical examination, MRI, ultrasound and surgical findings. The wide discrepancies among these methodologies need to be reconciled to improve the diagnosis of tendinosis.
The current therapy for tendinosis once tendons are degenerated may best be described as regenerative. Rest now seems essential to healing. The question is how we balance stress and rest. Beyond rest, the treatment options for tendinosis seem to be equal to the number of doctors treating. This emphasizes the need for a better and more complete diagnosis of tendinosis. Understanding of tensegrity can shed light as physicians seek to understand how ligaments repair, why tendinosis occurs and how cells respond to the stresses of living, working and playing.
1 Wong J, et al. Cell attachment and protein adsorption to polypyrrole thin films. Mat Res Soc Proc. 1993;293:179-184.
2 Ingber D. Cellular mechanotransduction: putting all the pieces together again. J FASEB. 2006;20:811-827. (This is a must read article but hard to read. It puts together some of the most important building blocks for musculoskeletal medicine of the future.)
3 Chiquet M, et al. From mechanotransduction to extracellular matrix gene expression in fibroblasts. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2009;1793:911-920.
4 Ingber D. Tensegrity I. Cell structure and hierarchical systems biology. J Cell Sci. 2003;116:1157–1173.
5 Dufort C, et al. Balancing forces: architectural control of mechanotransduction. Nature. 2011;12:310-319. (This article has several illustrative images summarizing the intracellular components of intracellular biotensegrity and its relationship to mechanotransduction.)
6 Avery N, et al. Enzymic and non-enzymic cross-linking mechanisms in relation to turnover of collagen: relevance to aging and exercise. Scand J Med. Sci Sports. 2005;15:231–240.
7 Geiger B, et al. Environmental sensing through focal adhesions. Nature Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2009;10:21–33.
8 Hynes R. The extracellular matrix: not just pretty fibrils. Science. 2009;326:1216–1219.
9 Wozniak M, et al. Mechanotransduction in development: a growing role for contractility. Nature Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2009;10:34-43.
10 Shaw H, et al. Structure–function relationships of entheses in relation to mechanical load and exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007;17:303–315.
11 Benjamin M, et al. Structure-function relationships in tendons: a review. J. Anat. 2008;212:211-228. (This article and the one above by Shaw HM unify the gross anatomy down to the cellular components of the enthesis. The anatomy images are worth looking at.)
12 Milz S, et al. Molecular composition and pathology of entheses on the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus: a structural basis for epicondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:1015-1021.
13 Shaw H, et al. The innervation of the enthesis organ of the rat Achilles tendon. J Anat. 2005;208:402-408.
14 Ciarletta P, et al. A finite dissipative theory of temporary interfibrillar bridges in the extracellular matrix of ligaments and tendons. J R Soc Interface. 2009;6:909-924.
15 Barrack R, et al. The sensory function of knee ligaments. In Daniel BM, Akeson WH, O'Connor (ed). Knee Ligaments: Structure, Function, Injury and Repair. New York: Raven; 1990;95-114.
16 Stoller D. Stoller's Atlas of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine. New York, NY: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
17 Hagert E, et al. General innervation pattern and sensory corpuscles in the scapholunate interosseous ligament. Cells Tissues Organs. 2004;177:47-54.
18 Hagert E, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of wrist ligament innervation in relation to their structural composition. J Hand Surg. 2007;32A:30-36. (This is a major contribution to our understanding of ligaments and how they function and changes the way we should think about our treatment of ligaments.)
19 Mataliotakis G, et al. Sensory innervation of the subregions of the scapholunate interosseous ligament in relation to their structural composition. J Hand Surg Am. 2009;34(8):1413-1421.
20 Del Valle M, et al. Immunohistochemical analysis of mechanoreceptors in the human posterior cruciate ligament. J Arthroplasty. 2009;13(8):916-922.
21 Schutte M, et al. Neural anatomy of the human anterior cruciate ligament. JBJS. 1987;69(A)(2):243-247.
22 Thomopoulos S, et al. The effect of muscle loading on flexor tendon-to-bone healing in a canine model. J Orthop Res. 2008 December; 26(12):1611–1617.
23 Bozec L, et al. Collagen fibrils; nanoscale ropes. Biophys J. 2007;92:70-75.
24 Wood Jones F. The Principles of Anatomy as Seen in the Hand. London, England: Balliere, Tindall and Cox; 1944.
25 Myers T. Anatomy Trains: Myofascial Meridians for Manual and Movement Therapist. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone; 1987.
26 Ravin T, et al. Principles of Prolotherapy. Denver, CO: American Academy of Musculoskeletal Medicine; 2008.
27 Screen H, et al. An investigation into the effects of the hierarchical structure of tendon fascicles on micromechanical properties. Proc Inst Mech EngH. 2004;218:109-119.
28 Franchi M, et al. Crimp morphology in relaxed and stretched rat Achilles tendon. J Anat. 2007;210(1):1–7. (The images in the article are very effective; I regret that I was unable to get permission to use them.)
29 Hansen K, et al. Recruitment of tendon crimp with applied tensile strain. J Biomech Eng. 2002;124:72-77.
30 Perry D, et al. A comparison of the size distribution of collagen fibrils in connective tissues as a function of age and possible relation between fibril size distribution and mechanical properties. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1978;203:305-321.
31 Bailey A. Molecular mechanisms of ageing in connective tissues. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001;122:735-755.
32 Magnusson S, et al. The pathogenesis of tendinopathy: balancing the response to loading. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6:262-268. (This is a very useful review article. It is going to influence how we think about treating tendinosis and already is doing so in Europe. The key graph from this article is in this paper as Figure 5.)
33 Nekouzadeh A, et al. Stretch-activated force shedding, force recovery and cytoskeletal remodeling in contractile fibroblasts. J Biomech. 2008;41(14):2964-2971.
34 Hinz D, et al. Mechanisms of force generation and transmission by myofibroblasts. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2003;14(5):538-546.
35 Tomasek J, et al. Myofibroblasts and mechano-regulation of connective tissue remodeling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002;3(5):349-363.
36 Mehta S, et al. Etiologic and pathogenetic factors for rotator cuff tendinopathy. Clin Sports Med. 2003;22:791-812.
37 Holmes G, et al. Etiologic factors associated with symptomatic Achilles tendinopathy. Foot ankle Int. 2006;27:952-959.
38 Magra M, et al. Genetic aspects of tendinopathy. J Sci Med Sport. 2008;11:243-247.
39 Inkovic A, et al. Overuse injuries in female athletes. Croat Med J. 2007;48:767-778.
40 Batista F, et al. Achilles tendinopathy in diabetes mellitus. Foot Ankle Int. 2008;29:498-501.
41 Li Z, et al. Inflammatory response of human tendon fibroblasts to cyclic mechanical stretching. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:435-440.
42 van der Linden P, et al. Increased risk of Achilles tendon rupture with quinolone antibacterial use, especially in elderly patients taking oral corticosteroids. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1801-1807.
43 Abate M, et al. Pathogenesis of tendinopathies: inflammation or degeneration? Arthritis Research & Therapy. 2009;11:235-250.
44 Zhang J, et al. Mechanobiological response of tendon stem cells: implications of tendon homeostasis and pathogenesis of tendinopathy. J Ortho Res. 2010;28:639-643.45.
45 Magnusson S, et al. The pathogenesis of tendinopathy: balancing the response to loading. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6:262-268.
biotensegrity, collagen, ECM, extracellular matrix, Prolotherapy Research, tendinosis, tensegrity, Thomas Ravin, MD, Volume 3 : Issue 4 : December 2011
The Journal of Prolotherapy is owned by Sorridi Business Consulting | 9738 Commerce Center Ct. Fort Myers, FL 33908 | 708-434-4141 | Find a Prolotherapy doctor, or become listed as a Prolotherapy physician.
© 2019 The Journal of Prolotherapy.


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Veterinary Schools In Maryland
In Maryland, there are 3 accredited schools where veterinary classes faculty can find employment. Below are statistics and other relevant data to help analyze the state of veterinary and veterinary training in Maryland, which includes veterinary training at the following levels:
Associates degree in Veterinary
Bachelors degree in Veterinary
Masters degree in Veterinary
PhD degree in Veterinary
3400 N Charles St, Mason Hall, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2688
13 U.S. News National University Ranking
University of Maryland-College Park
College Park, Maryland 20742
The Community College of Baltimore County
7201 Rossville Blvd., Baltimore, Maryland 21237
Veterinary Schools in Baltimore, MD2 Schools
Veterinary Schools in College Park, MD1 Schools
Maryland Vs. National Veterinary Employment
Maryland 8,630
Approximately 3% of the country's veterinary professionals work in Maryland state.
Employment Growth for Veterinary professionals In Maryland
Veterinary is a growing field in Maryland. In 2010 there were 1,110 more veterinary professionals working in Maryland than there were in 2006. Thus, the field of veterinary has grown by 15% in Maryland. This growth is faster than the change in the number of veterinary professionals around the country. Nationally, the number of veterinary professionals has grown by 13% from 2006 to 2010.
Veterinary VS. All Professions salaries in Maryland
Light Blue: Veterinary
The amount earned by veterinary professionals is increasing in Maryland. In 2006 veterinary professionals made a mean salary of $41,860 per year, and in 2010 they made $57,346 per year.
Salary percentiles for Veterinary professionals in Maryland
Thus, veterinary professionals' salaries grew by 27% in 4 years. State trends for all professions mirror this growth. In the state of Maryland, there is a huge variation in pay, within the field of veterinary. The pay differential between the highest paid veterinary professionals and those in the bottom 10% of the pay bracket is 135%
Average Salaries for Veterinary professionals and related professions in Maryland
Biology $83,323
Veterinary $57,346
In Maryland, veterinary professionals earn, on average, less than professionals in related fields.
Veterinary programs available for each degree type for all schools in Maryland
As the number of veterinary professionals is increasing in Maryland state, the number of students graduating from the 3 accredited veterinary schools in Maryland state is decreasing. In 2006, 152 students graduated from veterinary courses in Maryland. And in 2010, 79 students graduated.
There was a decrease in the number of veterinary school degree or certificate graduates in Maryland by 48%. Most of these graduates, or 50%, earned an doctor's degree in veterinary.
Veterinary Faculty Salaries in Maryland
We currently gathering data for the number of veterinary faculty, growth in the field of veterinary academia and veterinary faculty salaries in Maryland. If you are involved in teaching veterinary courses to students at the associates degree in veterinary, bachelors degree in veterinary, masters degree in veterinary, and doctoral degree in veterinary levels, please anonymously submit your information in the field below. By doing so, you will be helping us build a valuable database resource for the benefit of current and future veterinary faculty in Maryland. Once you submit your information, you will get a chance to see an overview of what we have learned thus far from you and your peers.
Biology Schools in Maryland
Schools in Washington DC
Schools in Delaware
Schools in West Virginia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What this means is that you cannot remove the house edge; you can only get the odds in favour of yourself as much as possible.
As a roulette ball does not have any memory and each spin is random, no matter what you do, you just simply cannot apply a mathematical system.
Note that the American wheel has an extra double 0 making the house advantage almost double the European wheel where the house edge is just a meager 2.63%.
Always use bets where the payouts mirror the stake, that is black or red, odd or even.
Understand that to win at roulette you need to know the best bet of all and this is the bet on the European table known as the en prison bet, which is available on all even-money bets.
For example if the ball has landed on red for 20 times the chances of it falling on red next time are 50 – 50 and this is the same if it had fallen on the same number 50 times in sequence the odds are always 50 – 50.
Immediately you have used up your bankroll, just quit.
While the best bets are the ones outlined previously, usually it is nice to throw a different bet in for a bit of variety.
Try not to win back losses and don't get too excited when you win. Treat it as a fun game and one where you can win and if you do it is a bonus.
The online gaming development has seen more players than ever discover that with roulette how to win actually comes by hard work, dedication, and sometime luck/chance. And do as you continue to practice these tips in while playing roulette how to win soon becomes a part of you, and a part of your success.


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SELECT BOOKS
This dazzling exploration of the work of renowned horologist Breguet is also a fascinating look at what makes watches and other timepieces tick. Abraham-Louis Breguet invented many of the standard components of today's most prestigious watches, earning the title "The Father of Modern Horology." The selfwinding watch, the gong spring, the first shockprotection device, and the enameled dial-all were created by Breguet. In addition, he invented the first travel clock, sold to Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798, and the first wristwatch, delivered to Caroline Murat, queen of Naples in 1812. This fascinating, elegantly designed volume features more than seventy watches and clocks that were constructed by the Breguet company, and it contains many insights into the inner workings that made these objects so innovative and valuable.
Breguet: Art and Innovation in Watchmaking
Breguet, Emmanuel; Martin Chapman
* Please contact us if you would like to purchase multiple copies of the same title.
A Taste of Asia: Noodles, Rice & Spice
World at War - 1914-1939
The Saga of Siti Mariah
Select Books Pte Ltd
65A Jalan Tenteram, #02-06
St Michael's Industrial Estate
info@selectbooks.com.sg
We accept payment by PayPal and credit card.
© 2019 by Select Books.


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Heartache as devoted Sheffield couple die one day apart after 42 years of marriage
Damien Bendall: All we know about alleged Killamarsh murders, near Sheffield, after today's court developments
Therapist funded by Captain Tobias says 'I will do everything to make him proud'
A therapist employed with money raised by inspirational Sheffield fundraiser "Captain" Tobias Weller has said: "I will do everything I can over the coming weeks and months to make him proud."
By Lloyd Bent
Tuesday, 2nd November 2021, 9:14 am
Tobias, 10, of Beauchief, who has cerebral palsy and autism, was nicknamed "Captain" after he was inspired by Captain Sir Tom Moore to start raising money during the pandemic lockdowns.
He completed his third challenge in September and has so far raised more than £150,000 for his school and The Children's Hospital Charity in Sheffield.
The money raised for the hospital has funded a two-year position for an exercise and physical activity therapist at the Ryegate Centre at the hospital.
Tobias Weller who has funded a two-year position for an Exercise and Physical Activity Therapist at the Ryegate Centre at the hospital with money raised during the pandemic lockdowns. Issue date: Tuesday November 2, 2021.
The first person to fill the position is Reece Goodwin, from Rotherham, who works alongside physiotherapists and occupational therapists at the centre and said it is his 'dream job'.
The 25-year-old said: "I would like to say a special thank you to Tobias and his mum for all they've achieved and for making my role here possible.
"I saw them on TV at the time and their example gave me a huge lift, but I never thought I'd be involved in continuing their legacy.
"I've met Tobias, he's quite a character, and it's lovely to be here because of him. I will do everything I can over the coming weeks and months to make him proud."
Reece Goodwin who has been given a two-year position as an Exercise and Physical Activity Therapist at the Ryegate Centre at the hospital. The position was funded with raised by inspirational fundraiser "Captain" Tobias Weller. Issue date: Tuesday November 2, 2021.
Two interviewed over stabbing after crash on Sheffield's Manor estate
He added: "For me, it's a really exciting opportunity to give back and help children become more active. I have cerebral palsy, so I have personal experience on how to help children with neurological conditions.
"It's really rewarding, not only to offer help and support, but to take families through the kind of challenges I've had to overcome and give them hope. It's a dream job for me and, although it's a very new role, everyone here has been so willing to help me settle in."
Tobias's fundraising challenges have been followed around the UK and praised by Prime Minister Boris Johnson and Olympic gold medallist Jessica Ennis-Hill.
And, in December, he won the inaugural Captain Sir Tom Moore Young Unsung Hero Award at the BBC Sports Personality of the Year event and met the 100-year-old.
His most recent challenge involved an Ironman completed over the course of a year, involving 180km on his trike, a 4km swim and running the length of a full marathon.
Speaking when the hospital charity announced the therapy role, Tobias said: "It makes me feel magnificent. If another child managed to achieve what I have achieved because of my fundraising I will be chuffed to bits."
Sheffield university staff and students to offer their research as solutions to climate crisis at COP26
His mother, Ruth Garbutt, said: "The Ryegate Centre plays a huge part in Tobias's ongoing care. He has visited regularly since he was less than a year old, seeing a range of therapists and consultants who endeavour to help Tobias progress as much as possible.
"It is quite overwhelming to know that Tobias has raised money that will, potentially, change the lives of other children."
Tobias's fundraising efforts have also benefited his school – Paces School in Sheffield, which is a specialist centre for people with cerebral palsy and motor disorders.
Tom MooreSheffield
Garden furniture ideas: the best outdoor furniture still in stock 2021, including outdoor tables and chairs


Memorial services for Carmen LaVern Couch, 78, of Sedalia, will be held at 11 a.m. Friday, April 12 at Rea Funeral Chapel. Visitation will be one hour prior to service time at the funeral chapel.
Funeral services for Edgar John Rudy Gerken, 88, of Cole Camp, will be held at 11 a.m. on Friday, April 12, at Fox Funeral Home in Cole Camp. Committal services will be held at 10 a.m. Monday, April 15 at Lakeview Cemetery, Lake Andes, South Dakota.
The family of Kenneth Guy Holstine, 78, of Sedalia, will receive friends from 2 to 4 p.m. Sunday, April 14 at Heckart Funeral Home. Burial will be in the Missouri State Veterans Cemetery in Higginsville, with full military honors provided by VFW Post 2591, the United States Navy, and the Patriot Guard Riders.


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What Things To Expect From Japanese Girls?
Tomoko Yoshino (second from the suitable), vice-president of Japanese Commerce Union Confederation (JTUC)-Rengo, says that Japanese girls are preventing towards gender discrimination on a number of fronts, from precarious work to sexual harassment. That is another attribute of Japanese girls:: most of them need to build a tight-knit household with an trustworthy man. In case your girlfriend considers you to be a accountable, respectful and loving man, she is going to do all the things possible to create a powerful and lasting relationship. Possibly a relationship for life. You never know.
Economics scholar primarily based in Tokyo. Focused in writing about socioeconomic issues in modern Japan. Such a special attitude and a leading role in mass culture make Japanese brides so standard among men around the world. Their deserves turn them into lovely, caring and attentive wives and moms. This additionally signifies that once you begin relationship a Japanese mail order bride, you must show her the same respect, in addition to to her shut ones. No intercourse talks on the dawn of the relationship, no mean jokes or in any respect.
Practical Systems For Hot Japanese Girls – Updated
The vast majority of Japanese ladies know learn how to be affectionate towards their man. Maybe it has to do with all of the insane quantity of Disney motion pictures they watched growing up, however if you treat them like a princess (or better but, a queen), they WILL treat you want a prince (or perhaps a king).
When the ladies did transfer to the US, some attended Japanese bride schools at navy bases to discover ways to do issues like bake cakes the American manner, or walk in heels reasonably than the flat footwear to which they have been accustomed. Okamura, M. (1973). Changing Japan: Girls's status. Tokyo: The International Society for Academic Info.
To begin with, it's good to listen to your date rigorously. Do every part attainable to indicate that you are excited by her life, household, and background. It is important to notice that nonverbal communication, reminiscent of gestures, physique language, and different cues are extremely in style in Japanese tradition. Although it is likely to be difficult, you must notice these clues that your date may ship you. Quite a lot of guys say that it is extremely difficult to figure out if their Japanese girlfriends and wives are mad or upset. Thus, to be affectionate, you may depend on physique language and gestures as these are fairly frequent in Japan and Asia on the whole.
Japanese ladies do not wish to kiss or hug publicly. If initially of your acquaintance she's going to enable it (to show others that she is with a foreigner), however when the relationship develops, it would go away. It 's additionally not widespread here to hug at a meeting, particularly at a public assembly.
Step-By-Step Painless Solutions In Japanese Woman
This trait additionally applies to the choice to start a relationship together with her husband, the Japanese lady could be the first who invite to the date. Japanese girls of all ages sincerely believe that courting sites will assist them in finding japanese girls are hot the right man for themselves. Their willpower, wisdom, and need to be blissful is the rationale they visit courting websites, create their accounts and transform from single girls to Japanese brides.
However even with these benefits, Japanese girls—whether or not single or married, full-time or half-time—face a troublesome financial future. A confluence of factors that embrace an growing old population, falling start charges and anachronistic gender dynamics are conspiring to wreck their prospects for a cushty retirement. In line with Seiichi Inagaki, a professor at the Worldwide University of Well being and Welfare, the poverty price for older Japanese girls will more than double over the subsequent forty years, to 25%.
I had no need to work while taking good care of my kid," she mentioned in an interview. As an alternative, Nakajima spent a decade raising two kids earlier than returning to work. Now forty six, the mother of two works as a part-time receptionist at a Tokyo tennis middle. Although her husband, who is also forty six, has a full time job, Nakajima stated she fears for her future, given the faltering pension system.
However in unprecedented numbers, Japanese girls are defying the stereotype with a firm No" – and trying to cheer up others like them. You never know what a Japanese woman feels because she at all times hides her emotions. Tomoko Yoshino (second from the precise), vice-president of Japanese Commerce Union Confederation (JTUC)-Rengo, says that Japanese girls are combating in opposition to gender discrimination on a number of fronts, from precarious work to sexual harassment.
Japanese mail order brides are very respectful. This helps them to avoid dramas and complaining that Western males are prone to do. Sushi restaurant is one of the best restaurant as a result of any Japanese woman eats sushi day-after-day. Walthall, Anne. Girls and Literacy from Edo to Meiji," in P. F. Kornicki, Mara Patessio, and G. G. Rowley, eds., The Feminine as Subject (Ann Arbor: College of Michigan Heart for Japanese Studies, 2010), pp. 215-235.
That development is decreasing. The options for Japanese ladies have grown extra numerous, somewhat than the outdated formulation of marriage being the one method to happiness," mentioned Kaori Haishi, 38, a meals critic who has arrange an internet web page with different women to advocate restaurants and resorts friendly to solitary females.


J.A. Bayona makes his Jurassic debut with Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, but there was a time when the filmmaker could've entered the franchise a lot sooner. During our Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom set visit, producers Frank Marshall and Pat Crowley revealed that Bayona was the original choice for Jurassic World director before Colin Trevorrow got the job.
Colin Trevorrow is the godfather of the Jurassic World franchise. He helmed and co-wrote the first Jurassic World, co-wrote Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, and is coming back to co-write and direct Jurassic World 3. But we came very close to having Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom director J.A. Bayona in charge of the new series. During a Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom set visit, producers Frank Marshall and Pat Crowley revealed that Bayona was the first choice for Jurassic World director, but scheduling got in the way.
As Marshall tells it, when plans were being formed for Jurassic World, he called Bayona because he was a fan of Bayona's films The Impossible and The Orphanage. Bayona was a big Jurassic fan, but he said he needed more prep time than was allotted to get his film made.
Once Bayona came on board the film, it was Marshall and Crowley's job to surround him with the right behind-the-scenes people to help make Fallen Kingdom a reality. For Bayona, that meant leaping into the biggest, most expensive production of his career, which included a world of untapped resources.
In the end, it all worked out. Fallen Kingdom may have been Bayona's largest production to date, but the filmmaker clearly took to the process and delivered the best Jurassic sequel he possibly could.


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Posted on Saturday, May 30, 2020 Saturday, May 30, 2020
by Karen Osborne
Interview with Sarah Kozloff, author of A QUEEN IN HIDING & the Nine Realms series
I'm so pleased to welcome Sarah Kozloff to the ball today! Sarah and I met through our editor at Tor and I was amazed at her journey — from film & TV professor to fantasy author, with her entire series released earlier this year by Tor! That's right, Sarah debuted with FOUR books! THE NINE REALMS series, beginning with A QUEEN IN HIDING, is the kind of epic fantasy fans have been waiting for, and I loved being able to gobble down Cerulia's journey one after another. It's such a fabulous series and it's perfect for people who want their fantasy queens smart, daring, and bold.
About Sarah Kozloff:
Sarah has spent her life immersed in literature, narrative, and film.
After a degree in English at Dartmouth she worked in film production in NYC. She earned a Ph.D. from an interdisciplinary program at Stanford University, joining the Film Department of Vassar College in 1988. In 2009 she was awarded the William R. Kenan Jr. Endowed Chair.
In 2012, while teaching a senior seminar on American Women Directors, she realized that neither the books nor films of Lord of the Rings could pass the Bechdel Test. That summer, she grabbed her laptop and started imagining a world that awaited the return of the queen.
She didn't know then that this leap into creative writing would spark a new career. Her epic fantasy quartet, The Nine Realms, is forthcoming from TOR. All four books, A Queen in Hiding, The Queen of Raiders, A Broken Queen, and The Cerulean Queen, will be published in monthly installments.
She lives in the Hudson Valley with her husband and a shifting menagerie of pets, who mistakenly believe they are suitable replacements for grown sons.
Sarah's website | Twitter
What do you like about writing?
I like that the whole process is about discovery. What genre do I want to attempt and which conventions do I want to follow or deviate from? What point of view is right for this action? What's the deal with this minor character and why are they grabbing all my attention? Can I make this thread more meaningful, weave it into other places? What research do I need to do? What does the location look like and is the world consistent?
Every time I sit at the computer is a new adventure.
Which talent do you wish you had?
I wish I were a decent speller. Seriously. First of all, I find it embarrassing that I make so many mistakes. But second of all, my weak spelling is tied to the pace at which I read, which is lickety-split. I don't see the letters as separate and don't sound out syllables. I don't really see the words as words, I just inhale their meaning.
I recognize characters by the first letter and length of their names. If a book has two characters whose made-up three-syllable names start with "J," I'm lost from the start.
I think this habit started early. I remember that as a child I was talking about E.B. White's book, Stuart Little, in which the tiny mouse-boy had a bird friend. Her name (I just looked it up), is "Margalo." But I called her "Mumbo"! Hey, my version started with an "M" and ended with an "o". My brother laughed and laughed.
The road to publication is twisty at best—tell us about some of your twists.
One of the things that happened was I didn't know that when authors write series they generally write the first book, sell it, and then move on with the next installments. I wrote the whole four volumes before I even approached an agent. In the end, this turned out to work in my favor (everyone knew the series had an ending). But my ignorance led to a sizeable investment of time and energy and a big risk.
Another twist is that the agent I found after about 30-some queries retired before The Nine Realms went into production. Losing the first professional who believed in you feels a little like being orphaned. In the end, I moved to another agent at Sterling Lord Literistic and everything turned out well.
Do you have a regular first reader? If so, who is it and why?
Sort of. For The Nine Realms, the only person who stuck with me through the first draft of all four books was my best friend for thirty years, Dawn Freer. (That's why the series is dedicated to her.) When I read acknowledgment pages, I'm very jealous of writers who have family members who accompany them every step of the way, reading and rereading.
In recent years I've found another writer, James E. Graham, and we exchange drafts. This works well because we pay each other back the favor. Also, our strengths and weaknesses complement each other.
At two stages of the process, I'm desperate for feedback: at the beginning, when I'm so proud of getting something down on paper and crave to hear I've got a promising start, and near the end, when I've done everything I can do on my own and need suggestions on how to make it better. The intermediate
drafts—according to Scrivener I edited a random chapter of A Queen in Hiding 67 times—I can handle on my own.
Though thank God Tor does a super job of copy-editing. You won't be surprised to hear that I sometimes
misspelled my own character's names.
Tell us about one of your writing disappointments or failures.
This goes back to my academic career. I had successfully written two books of film history and theory: Invisible Storytellers: Voice-Over Narration in American Fiction Film and Overhearing Film Dialogue. I'd written smaller chapters, articles, and monographs but for my third major publication I was casting around. Eventually, I decided I wanted to write about three of my favorite directors of different generations: William Wyler (The Best Years of Our Lives, Roman Holiday), Sidney Lumet (12 Angry Men, Serpico), and John Sayles (Matewan, Lone Star). What tied them together for me was their serious approach to social problems and their avoidance of fashionable postmodern irony. I thought I'd title the book "The Cinema of Sincerity."
After years of watching all their films, traveling to archives, reading everything about them, and drafting
chapters . . . I lost steam. I knew that my central argument, that narrative cinema can be a force for social
progress or at least humanistic empathy, was hopelessly out of touch in a climate where casual viewers
worshipped Quentin Tarantino and the Coen Brothers and other academics valorized avant-garde experiments.
I re-used some of the material I'd gathered in smaller publications, such as a BFI Classics on Best Years and a chapter on social problem films, but I never found the energy to make the broader argument.
If I'd finished and published that academic book, would I have stayed in academia longer? Or was that failure one of the reasons I started trying to write fiction?
Debut author Sarah Kozloff offers a breathtaking and cinematic epic fantasy of a ruler coming of age in A Queen in Hiding first in the quartet of The Nine Realms series.
Four books. Four months. Nine Realms.
Readers will be able to binge this amazing fantasy series with beautiful interlocking art across the spines of all four books.
Orphaned, exiled and hunted, Cerulia, Princess of Weirandale, must master the magic that is her birthright, become a ruthless guerilla fighter, and transform into the queen she is destined to be.
But to do it she must win the favor of the spirits who play in mortal affairs, assemble an unlikely group of rebels, and wrest the throne from a corrupt aristocracy whose rot has spread throughout her kingdom.
The Nine Realms Series
#1 A Queen in Hiding
#2 The Queen of Raiders
#3 A Broken Queen
#4 The Cerulean Queen
Posted in 2021 Debs, blog post, Debutante Ball, Guest AuthorTagged authors, Fantasy, fantasy fiction, Guest Author, guest blogger, guest debutante, guest post, sarah kozloff, SFF, the writing life
Author: Karen Osborne
KAREN OSBORNE is a writer, visual storyteller and violinist. Her short fiction appears in Escape Pod, Robot Dinosaurs, Beneath Ceaseless Skies, Uncanny and Fireside. She is a member of the DC/MD-based Homespun Ceilidh Band, emcees the Charm City Spec reading series, and once won a major event filmmaking award for taping a Klingon wedding. Her debut novel, Architects of Memory, is forthcoming in 2020 from Tor Books. View all posts by Karen Osborne
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text:
Periphyllus mamontovae är en insektsart. Periphyllus mamontovae ingår i släktet Periphyllus och familjen långrörsbladlöss. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Långrörsbladlöss
mamontovae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Le roman paysan (anciennement qualifié de roman rustique, ou encore de roman rural) est un style romanesque dont l'action se déroule essentiellement dans le monde rural, dont le thème principal ou du moins sous-jacent est la vie paysanne, et dont les protagonistes sont essentiellement des paysans. Ce genre, né au , connaît un développement important au .

Définition
D'après le CNRTL, le « roman paysan » se définit comme « roman qui dépeint le monde paysan ». Paul Vernois, lui, définit le « roman rustique » comme « tout roman qui s'inscrit dans le cadre exclusif de la campagne et dont les protagonistes essentiels sont des paysans ».

Histoire
Les origines du « roman rustique » sont communément attribuées à Honoré de Balzac et surtout à George Sand ; le premier par sa volonté de faire . La seconde, par ses nombreuses descriptions de la vie rurale berrichonne.

La véritable expansion du roman paysan date de la fin du , parallèlement au développement du régionalisme.

Le terme roman rustique disparaît en France après la seconde Guerre mondiale car il a trop été valorisé par le régime de Vichy. On lui préfère alors le terme « roman rural ».

Diffusion géographique
Le roman paysan est un genre très présent (et par conséquent bien étudié) en France, en Allemagne, en Suisse et en Italie du Sud durant la fin du  et le début du  ; au Québec, il prend la forme particulière de roman du terroir. En revanche, ce style est presque inexistant, par exemple, en Russie.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Roman du terroir (Québec)
 Littérature de terroir française

Bibliographie

Paysan


text:
Strategic academic unit
Research and Staff
'Education and Self-development' Journal
KFU professor became a laureate of the State Prize of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan
The decree of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov on the award of the State Prize of the Republic of Tatarstan to the professor of KFU Valeryan Gabdulkhakov was signed on September 21, 2019.
In 2017, the President of Tatarstan Rustam Minnikhanov established the State Prize of the Republic of Tatarstan named after Mirza Makhmutov. The prize is intended to stimulate the scientific and methodological activities of teachers and perpetuate the memory of an outstanding Russian teacher and orientalist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Russian Academy of Education, honored scientist of the Russian Federation Mirza Makhmutov.We remind our readers that Mirza Ismailovich Makhmutov is a teacher-theorist, orientalist. Known for his work in the field of lexicology of oriental languages. He developed the theory of methods of problem-developing education in secondary and vocational schools.
In 2019, the State Prize laureate was a doctor of pedagogical sciences, professor, head of the Scientific and Educational Center for Pedagogical Research of the Institute of Psychology and Education of Kazan University Valeryan Faritovich Gabdulkhakov.
– The award is given for significant scientific, methodological and practical achievements in the field of didactics, training of teaching staff and the introduction of effective technologies in the educational process. This award is an important sign of public recognition, it is the result of painstaking and hard work, scientific research and tireless research by Valeryan Faritovich, "commented Aidar Kalimullin, director of the Institute of Psychology and Education.
The persons awarded the title are awarded the title "Laureate of the State Prize of the Republic of Tatarstan named after M. I. Makhmutov", monetary remuneration, diploma and badge of honor are awarded.
The badge of honor is made of gold-coated metal and has a circle shape with a diameter of 32 mm. On the front side of the honorary mark in the center is a portrait of Academician Makhmutov. On the back there is an inscription "For scientific and practical achievements in education".
· Honored teacher of the RT
· Honored Scientist of the Republic of Tatarstan
· Full member of the Academy of Pedagogical and Social Sciences, International Pedagogical Academy, chairman of the coordinating council for psychological and pedagogical research of the Tatar branch of the APSS (RAO).
· Member of the dissertation council on psychology at the Kazan (Volga) Federal University, on pedagogy at the Kazan National Research Technological University.
· Editor-in-chief of the scientific journal "Continuing Pedagogical Education: Problems and Searches" (KFU), member of the editorial board of the scientific journal "Bulletin of the Kazan Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia", yearbook "Almanac of Social Communications" (Poland).
· The field of scientific interests is connected with the theory and practice of the formation of a linguistic personality.
Professor V.F. Gabdulkhakov is the organizer of international conferences on theoretical issues of giftedness, developing education, multicultural education, innovative educational technologies.
He is a member of 4 dissertation councils (in KFU and KNITU). He prepared 43 scientists – candidates and doctors of sciences.
Ten times the books of Professor V.F. Gabdulkhakov won in the All-Russian competitions "The Best Scientific Book" (Kazan, Moscow, Sochi), organized by the Foundation for National Education.
KFU Rankings In Subject Area Education
International Forum on Teacher Education
Вooklet in Сhinese
ВидеоФото
Participation of KFU Scientists in International Conferences
Kazan Federal University


Green Bay Wedding Venues - The Wellington Green Bay WI Wedding Venue If you are after have fun with any old-time country side do that comes with DIY bunting and plenty of room to get skating, now you're going to absolutely adore these barn wedding day sites inside UK. Green-fingered gardeners may perhaps be familiar with all the Bressingham Landscapes for the Norfolk/Suffolk perimeter, however masters also have a brick-and-stone High Barn readily available marriage ceremonies and also a Georgian manor, Bressingham Lounge, what sleeps up to 18 (with a different butler and chef, you'll find it ideal for your espousal party). Neighborhood catering service Chopping Prevent looks after the food, supplying cheesecake systems and even raspberry braid for the reason that extras. Also could you require?
Radisson Hotel & Conference Center Green Bay WI Wedding This particular 100-acre natural grind in any south-facing area in the proximity of Truro houses hunting for decades from maqui berry farmers what person turn out award-winning beef cattle and even lamb. Regionally, they can be famous for a obtain feasts which means that you an depend upon delightful food. At Nancarrow Grind, your five barns, utilizing rambling flowers rising in the outer surface, are actually become occasion spaces. Immediately after a product around the Hay Barn, put straight to seasonal the dishes - sharing beginners, slow-cooked dear make, adust bramley iphone – in the Pine B in long-term conference tables overlooking your pulverisation pond.
Olde 41 Weddings Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall's 65-acre doing business organic and natural town may be a genuine gourmet favorite not to mention for a simple reason: considerably on the manufacture relating to the custom menus can be harvested and additionally reared for site. After expression an individual's vows at River Bungalow HQ in the renowned farmhouse or perhaps the Threshing B, guest visitors will be able to look at their particular good fortune for the coconut fearful inside the matches paddock in addition to glass knock rummy drinks in the yurt. Embellish rooms through mess jars containing appearance out of the causes and even choose by way of chutneys and even seminal fluid packets seeing that wedding day favours.
Green Bay wedding photographer Archives James Stokes Self-praise probably none and yet a few interlinked barns surrounding your court, Merriscourt is just heart-fluttering Cotswolds cutie. Occur 500 demesne involving moving country side within the Oxfordshire/Gloucestershire perimeter, you are likely to wander right from Effervescent wine toasts inside art-adorned Verandah Barn on the Jewel Barn for the formal procedure additionally,the Whitened Barn for use on your breakfast. Attendees may relaxation on-page within the farmhouse not to mention renovated Send Residential home – along with have most people say you will find there's gleaming Bentley intended for bride?
Hyatt Regency Green Bay KI Convention Center Green Bay Cripps B, next to Bibury, can be so beautiful going without shoes unlikey necessities designing in any way (we've found would-be brides plainly place an individual floral design from ceiling as well as stay chapel in addition to inside aluminum lanterns in the final analysis of rowing associated with chairs). Cuisine, that is certainly baked along the grilling and / or smoking afficionado rotisserie, is functioned to be a family-style party as there are a good hearth services about the lawn. Complimentary going camping with the next-door particular field will mean guest visitors will never include significantly to assist you to fall down in the bottom with the night.
Green Bay Distillery Weddings Jimmy's Neighborhood is most beneficial noted to its alluring gross blimp event (and internet marketing operated by means of Jamie Oliver's my childhood mate Jimmy Doherty) as a result go for amazement the fact that copper has become the big event your morning meal alternatives, very (barbecue or perhaps bangers and even mash). Immediately following seated to eat in the 17th-century barn, inspire attendees to explore the adjacent forest, satisfy the meerkats and additionally walk-through Any Dally House.
fort Suites Rock Garden Wedding Ceremony & Reception Next to nothing incorrect significantly difficulty for any power team at The particular Tythe Barn, what individuals take care of the smallest facts, into who requires these poker table a flower bouquet house along with the napkins are generally folded. Ceremonies come to pass out in the open or perhaps with a barns (St Mary's, this vlg church, can be talk a walk away). This pergolas and even paddocks tend to be superb regarding graphics; the Territory Rover is undoubtedly used in portion pre-ceremony Prosecco; and then the bendable in-house cooks might belt all the way up the latest self-carve beef roasts articulation regarding meats, lamb or possibly chicken, or possibly a picnic. Your Shepherd's Hovel, afre the wedding of a walkway for sparklers, is mostly a snug hideout for the purpose of two.
Wedding Venues Green Bay At The actual Granary Properties, a set 18th-century barns within the hamlet involving Woodditton, associated as a result of an open window walkway and additionally surrounded by cornfields, seem to be postcard-pretty by using classic flinty partitions, initial solid timber cross-bow supports including a court with respect to drinks. Meadow Cottage, one of two self-catering cottages, possesses a handy make-up sofa for the purpose of wedding ceremony parties. Pop into your property retail outlet to lease a myriad of package, as a result of fire place leaves to help good looking very old magnifying wall mount mirror and extra-large confetti cannons.


For over 25 years, GRATA International has represented international and local construction companies in courts and arbitrations of Kazakhstan and other CIS countries and contributed to the effective settlement of most complex commercial disputes in the area of construction.
With GRATA, you will have the support of one the largest and most experienced teams in construction disputes resolution. We represent construction and infrastructure companies, developers, banks and other financial institutions, equipment suppliers, and service and management companies in all types of commercial litigations at any stage of a construction project.
Our key advantage is in-depth knowledge of the industry, which allows us not to waste time learning business specifics in the area of construction but to offer practical solutions proven by many successful proceedings of a similar kind. Therefore, we not only contribute to the settlement of disputes in the clients' favour but also assist our clients in managing their expenditures and obtaining quality services at a reasonable price.
Our high-level performance and acknowledgement by clients is supported by high ratings issued by international resources such as the Legal 500, Chambers and Partners, Who's Who Legal, and many others. Our dispute resolution practice recognised as top ranked in Kazakhstan in 2014 by Chambers Global. GRATA was recognized as the Construction Law Firm of the Year in Kazakhstan in 2011, the Energy Law Firm of the Year in Kazakhstan in 2013 by Acquisition International M&A Awards, and as the Highly Recommended Law Firm by AsiaLaw Profiles in 2014 in the area of Construction and Real Estate and Energy and Natural Resources.


text:
Winand, Wignand – imię męskie pochodzenia germańskiego, złożone z członów wig – "walka, wojna", i -nand – "dzielny, odważny", które mogło oznaczać "odważny wojownik" (por. Wigbert, Ferdynand).

Patronem tego imienia jest św. Winand, ksiądz z Maastricht, zm. ok. 1233 roku.

Winand imieniny obchodzi 1 lutego.

Znane osoby noszące imię Winand:
 Winand Osiński – polski lekkoatleta, maratończyk

Żeński odpowiednik: Winanda

Przypisy

Męskie imiona germańskie


text:
5G at Mobile World Congress – the next generation of connectivity
Onecom, UK's largest independent business telecoms provider 27th February 2019 Blog
After the hype of the new product announcements that kicked off this year's Mobile World Congress, the focus has now shifted to the enormous potential of 5G connectivity – huge bandwidth, blisteringly-fast data services that will transform the way we work.
So far Samsung, LG, Huawei, Nokia and LG are among the manufacturers to underline the 5G capability of their devices – many using a Qualcomm 5G chip which, it is claimed, is twice as fast as its competitors. Interestingly, in the knowledge that battery life is a huge concern for consumers, Qualcomm has moved to reassure tech-watchers that its PowerSave technology will ensure the faster speeds and more powerful processors don't leave handsets drained of juice before the day is over.
OnePlus gave audiences a sneak peek at its 5G phone during MWC, but it was just a prototype so don't expect it to debut any time soon. It looks as if Samsung's Galaxy S10 range will be the first 5G release in the UK, as consumer favourite Apple is believed not to be launching a 5G phone this year.
Although 5G networks are currently in their infancy, there's no mistaking that manufacturers are straining at the leash to be among the first to take advantage of its strengths, including the ability to download high-definition movies in seconds and to stream gaming and virtual reality apps on the go.
Away from entertainment, 5G phones will likely bring major change to business and everyday life – starting slowly at first but developing to support 'The Internet of Things' which can link smart devices including computers, cars, robotics and infrastructure. Faster speeds mean shorter delays when watching videos or sending and receiving data – important for transferring documents and presentations and working remotely.
Olaf May, Vice President IT & Mobile Communication at Samsung Germany, is on record as saying that "5G will transform the way we live, work, connect and communicate" – a view echoed by Onecom CEO Ben Dowd, who recently told trade publication Comms Dealer that although the new technology would take time to bed in, 5G will have a huge impact, driving convergence in communications and IT and much greater collaboration.
"5G, like other previous technology upgrades, will be more about the outcomes and use cases it delivers rather than the technology,' he said. "The advent of 5G feels like the convergence of many strands that we have seen coming for some years – Internet of Things and smart cities, truly converged communications and a mobile first approach."
Away from smartphones, MWC had a few surprises for gadget-watchers. Microsoft announced the HoloLens 2, which it is hailing as the next generation of augmented reality – where digital images are imposed on the real world scenes to create interactive scenes. The first version of the HoloLens headset suffered problems with calibration and a small field of view, but Microsoft's second take on the technology has more sophisticated cameras and a wider visible area. It's aimed at professionals – such as medical practitioners – rather than consumers, but the tech could become more widely used in years to come.


text:
Tanzania sets general election for 25 October
Nation will select new president and parliament
Presidential and parliamentary elections in Tanzania have been set for 25 October, according to a statement by the National Electoral Commission (NEC) on 25 May.
The announcement has ended speculation that the election – which until now had been scheduled tentatively for late October – would be postponed. It has also scotched rumours that the incumbent president Jakaya Kikwete would attempt to remain in power at the end of his second five-year term of office despite being barred by the constitution from running a third time.
Kikwete's ruling party Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) dominates Tanzanian politics and a CCM candidate would be expected to win the presidency which is won by simple majority.
The CCM party's front-runners for presidential candidates so far include incumbent premier Mizengo Pinda, who has been in office since 2008, and Edward Lowassa, who served as prime minister under Kikwete from 2005 to 2008.
CCM politicians who wish to run for president must have the backing of at least 450 party members.
The country's main opposition parties have pledged to unite behind a single presidential candidate, however political commentators believe that the plan could be problematic due to in-fighting and policy differences. Opposition leaders also claim the elections could be delayed by the slow pace of the country's ongoing biometric voter registration process.
Meanwhile a separate constitutional referendum which was due to be held on 30 April was suspended indefintely at the last minute by the electoral commission. A new date for the referendum is expected to be announced once voter registration is finished.
Some of the proposed changes to the 1977 constitution include the creation of an independent electoral commission, the right to challenge election results, limits to the number of ministers appointed by the president, 50/50 per cent representation of men and women in parliament and equal land rights for women.
The are 232 seats in the country's 323 unicameral parliament, or Bunge, up for grabs in the parliamentary election on 25 October. There are also 75 seats reserved for women, five for Zanzibar, ten to be appointed by the president and the remaining seat is reserved for the attorney general.
The national electoral body will publish the lists of candidates for the parliamentary and presidential elections on 21 August, and campaigning will run from 22 August until 24 October.
Elections have been relatively peaceful in Tanzania since the restoration of the multi-party system in 1992, and the CCM has won the past four general elections in 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010.
Tanzania sets general election for 25 October - image 1
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text:
smart forfour coolstyle
Less power but a little more funkiness for smart's most conventional car.
The substantial and expensive changes that have taken place at smart in recent months - as an alternative to DaimlerChrysler pulling the plug on the marque altogether - have given new significance to the forfour range. These are almost the only cars to have emerged intact from the revival plan, which has led to the early death of the roadster and roadster-coupé and the abandonment of plans to develop the formore SUV, with the fortwo being due for replacement anyway in the near future.But the forfour hatchback isn't continuing quite as before. The range is being extended in both directions, with a massive five-figure variation in prices at the new extremes. Right at the top sits the remarkable Brabus (see launch review), and at the bottom lurk the new purestyle and coolstyle.Both of these cars use a detuned version (down from 75bhp to 64bhp) of the three-cylinder 1.1-litre petrol engine. Since the marque first came to the UK five years ago, "pure" has always been smartspeak for "entry-level", and sure enough the purestyle is the cheapest forfour of all at £7295. The coolstyle tested here is mechanically identical but costs £8595. Colour schemes aside, the obvious visual difference comes in the form of a set of 15" alloy wheels instead of the 14" steel ones used on the purestyle.The coolstyle is also better-equipped. Standard equipment includes air-conditioning, a height-adjustable driver's seat and a cover for the small luggage compartment. It was always a mystery that the forfour did not have such a cover, but it's being introduced to the rest of the range at the same time as it appears on the coolstyle.A 15% drop in power is bound to have a significant effect on a car which, in 1.1-litre form, was none too rapid in the first place. On paper, the coolstyle is certainly no ball of fire, unable to reach 100mph flat out and with a 0-62mph acceleration time of about a quarter of a minute. But its customers are unlikely to drive around on full throttle, no doubt preferring to enjoy the generic delights of a small hatchback combined with the undoubtedly stylish looks of this particular car.To the extent that the coolstyle needs performance, it has it in sufficient measure. Except when heavily laden it seemed quick enough to me, particularly on the open road when it was already up and running and acceleration from rest was not an issue. When pushed hard it's a bit bouncy at the front, but in all other conditions it's very pleasant to drive, especially in the urban environment where it is likely to spend most of its working life.The only real irritant is the fact that those cussed windscreen pillars are so wide and so close that you can easily lose track of objects (other cars, trucks, people) positioned about ten feet away diagonally in front of the car. That's a basic design problem, common to all other forfours and indeed to all Mitsubishi Colts, which amount to the same thing.One visibility issue that seems unique to the coolstyle - at least among the forfours and Colts I've driven up to now - relates to the interior trim. The test car was red and silver on the outside and predominantly red on the inside. The top of the dash was reflected in the windscreen and gave a pink tinge to the section of glass I was looking through; it was as if I had stared at a bright light just before getting into the car, though unlike the bright light scenario the effect never went away.If I'd had more than a week with the coolstyle I would probably have forgotten all about this, and in any case it says a lot for the car that I could not find anything more significant to complain about. The customer profile for the coolstyle is probably quite specific and therefore limited, but the people who want it will like it when they get it. Engine 1124cc, 4 cylinders Power 64bhp Transmission 5-speed manual Fuel/CO2 39.2mpg / 133g/km Acceleration 0-62mph: 15.3 seconds Top speed 99mph Price £8595 Details correct at publication date
David Finlay
Mazda 2 2019 Review
15/07/2019 - Ryan Hirons
Volvo S60 2019 review
Skoda Octavia Sportline 2019 review
Nissan Leaf e+ 2019 Review


The Musketeer is a great choice for single story living, giving you the traditional Cape Cod look but keeping all of your living space on one floor. This makes it a great choice as a retirement home, or any of the many reasons you may have for wanting to keep everything on one floor.
The flat ceilings allow for generous attic space above, accessible by pull-down stairs. If you love porch space, there's plenty to enjoy with the Musketeer. A 6' deep porch across the front of the home provides plenty of space for relaxation. The beautiful log railing system offers safety and security while being quite aesthetically pleasing.
Musketeer sizes range from 24' to 28' wide, and up to 52' long. Catskill Mt. Cabins will work with you to customize the space to your liking, making sure you get the design that works best for you.


text:
Ivanečka rudarska četa je postrojba za spašavanje unesrećenih rudara osnovana 1898. godine u Ivancu. Bila je izuzetno važan segment i nezaobilazan faktor u rudarstvu i općenito u društvu. Pretpostavlja se da je rudarska četa osnovana 1898. godine, ali službeno se uzima 1900.godina koja se nalazi na staroj zastavi.

Ivanečka rudarska povijest

Poznata je činjenica da se organizirana eksploatacija rudnog bogatstva na području Ivanca vršila od 18. stoljeća. Vlasnici rudnika bili su Austrijanci, Belgijanci, Francuzi i Šveđani. Djelovali su samostalno ili udruženo i vadili cinkovu i željeznu rudu, lignit, mrki ugljen, pješčani i vapneni kamen. Rudarska okna bila su na području Ivanca i ivanečke mikroregije (Ladanje, Brodarevec, Tiglin, Golubovec, Željeznica, Kuljevčica i Vinica. Najveća i najpoznatija okna bila su u Ivancu, okno Josef (1895.), jama Flora (1901.) i Olga (1937). Zahvaljujući jami Flora, ljeti je bilo zaposleno 200, a zimi 600 rudara što je bilo važno za gospodarski razvoj Ivanca. Oko same jame razvio se krug Ivanečkih ugljenokopa. Ova jama radila je do 1962. godine. Jama Olga otvorena je 1937. godine, a zatvorena je 1952. godine. Lokacija je zatvorena zbog eksploatacije južnog dijela tog ležišta. Okno Josef prestaje raditi 1906. godine, no ono je ponovno aktivirano 1953. godine samo pod drugim nazivom, Kuljevčica. Ugljeni sloj na području Kuljevčice bio je najkvalitetniji u cijelom bazenu.
Valja spomenuti činjenicu vezanu uz ivanečko - golubovečke rudnike, a to je postojanje prvog dioničkog društva osnovanog 1877. godine pod nazivom Golubovecer   glanzkohlenbergbau  (Golubovečko rudokopje svetlog ugljena).  Rudarski posao bio je iznimno težak, uvjeti za rad bili su nepovoljni, a plaće rudara ispod svakog minimuma. Na području Hrvatske upravo su ivanečki rudari bili najmanje plaćeni, samo 23 krajcara, za usporedbu u Rijeci gdje su plaće rudara bile 55-60 krajcara.

Ivanečka rudarska četa

Poticaj za osnivanje rudarske čete bile su česte nesreće koje su se događale u rudnicima. Prije nije bilo strojeva, gotovo sve se radilo rukama i jedino se ljudskom snagom moglo pomoći unesrećenima. Upravo zbog čestih nesreća u rudnicima, Dionička društva koja su bila vlasnici rudnika, davali su poticaj za osnivanje Rudarske čete uz odobrenje Kraljevskog rudarskog satništva. Četa je imala zadatak brigu o rudarima i spašavanju unesrećenih, a imala je dvadesetak članova. Sačinjavali su ju bolji radnici rudari, zanatlije i službenici obučeni za različite specijalnosti pri spašavanju, bolničari i liječnik. Zahvaljujući rudarskoj četi spašeni su brojni životi.
Uniforma člana rudarske čete sastojala se od kape koja je na sebi imala rudarski znak s lovorovim vijencem od mesinga, (simbol slave) s jedne strane, a s druge strane hrastov vijenac (simbol izdržljivosti i dugovječnosti), kaputa s gumbima i na kojima je bio rudarski znak s vijencem, opasača koji je na kopči imao rudarski znak s vijencem, hlača i visokih cipela. Oznake su izrađivane od mjedi i bile su pozlaćene. Sastavni dio uniforme bila je rudarska sjekirica koja nije bila namijenjena za rad, već dio uniforme. Izgled uniforme rudarske čete bilo je točno propisana i šivana je isključivo po odobrenju kraljevskog rudarskog satništva i ministarstva, što se točno može vidjeti po ušitku unutar odijela.
Na inicijativu Borisa Jagetića Daraboša 2006. godine ponovno je oformljenja Ivanečka rudarska četa kao povijesna postrojba. Ponovnim osnivanjem čete željelo se zahvaliti nekadašnjim rudarima, ali i sačuvati dio ivanečke tradicije od zaborava i aktivno ju uključiti u turističku promidžbu grada Ivanca. Prva smotra čete bila je 24. lipnja 2006. godine u sklopu proslave Dana grada Ivanca. Atraktivne uniforme sašivene su prema sačuvanom primjerku s kraja 19. stoljeća. Ivanečka rudarska četa jedina je ovakva postrojba u ovom dijelu Europe.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 ivanecki-vitezovi
 Ivanec

Rudarstvo u Hrvatskoj
Ivanec


text:
Modify your Lua code to `init()` the plugin. This can be done anyplace, however it must be done before trying to use the plugin's features.
```lua
sdkbox.PluginAdColony:init()
```

### Showing Ads
Display an ad wherever you want from your code, by specifying ad type:
```lua
sdkbox.PluginAdColony:show("video")
```
or:
```lua
sdkbox.PluginAdColony:show("v4vc")
```

### Catch AdColony events (optional)
This allows you to catch the `AdColony` events so that you can perform operations such as providing player rewards for watching the video.

* Create a listener (demonstrated by logging events):
```lua
sdkbox.PluginAdColony:setListener(function(args)
    if "onAdColonyChange" == args.name then
        local info = args.info  -- sdkbox::AdColonyAdInfo
        local available = args.available -- boolean
				dump(info, "onAdColonyChange:")
        print("available:", available)
    elseif "onAdColonyReward" ==  args.name then
        local info = args.info  -- sdkbox::AdColonyAdInfo
        local currencyName = args.currencyName -- string
        local amount = args.amount -- int
        local success = args.success -- boolean
				dump(info, "onAdColonyReward:")
        print("currencyName:", currencyName)
        print("amount:", amount)
        print("success:", success)
    elseif "onAdColonyStarted" ==  args.name then
        local info = args.info  -- sdkbox::AdColonyAdInfo
				dump(info, "onAdColonyStarted:")
    elseif "onAdColonyFinished" ==  args.name then
        local info = args.info  -- sdkbox::AdColonyAdInfo
				dump(info, "onAdColonyFinished:")
    end
end)
```

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub