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Justia Patents Interrogation ResponseUS Patent for Product carrier and system made up of product carrier and receiver unit Patent (Patent # 8,456,280)
Product carrier and system made up of product carrier and receiver unit
Jun 12, 2008 - Alcan Technology & Management Ltd.
The invention relates to a product carrier comprising a first packaging unit wherein when opened a first switch of an integrated circuit of the product carrier is opened and at least one second packaging unit wherein when opened a second switch of the integrated circuit is opened. The circuit is configured and/or arranged to cooperate with electronic means so that a value correlating with the degree of filling of the product carrier can be determined on the basis of the number of closed and/or opened switches. Further, an antenna cooperates with the electronic means to transmit said value, the electric power for the electronic means may be introduced without contact, and the first and the second switch are connected in parallel.
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The invention relates to a product carrier with a first packaging unit, on the opening of which a first switch of an integrated circuit of the product carrier is opened and with at least one second packaging unit, on the opening of which a second switch of the integrated circuit is opened. In this case, the circuit is configured and/or arranged to cooperate with electronic means, by means of which a value correlating with the degree of filling of the product carrier can be determined on the basis of the number of closed and/or opened switches, it being possible to transmit said value by means of an antenna cooperating with the electronic means, wherein the electric power for the electronic means may be introduced without contact. Furthermore, the invention relates to a system of a product carrier and a receiver unit for receiving the value correlating with the degree of filling of the product carrier.
Blister or press-through packagings are known on the market as product carriers, in which medicines such as pills, coated tablets or ampoules are packaged. There is a need to be able to read the number or, in the case of liquids and powders, the quantity of products still packaged in the product carrier or already removed therefrom in order to be able to use this information suitably, for example to remind the user to remove a product or to inform the user about the number or quantity of the goods still available, etc.
The invention is therefore based on the object of proposing a product carrier in which it is suitable to read therefrom, with simple means, the number or the quantity of the products still available and/or already removed, i.e. the degree of filling. Furthermore, the object consists in proposing a system, by means of which information on the degree of filling can be read from the product carrier and optionally further processed and/or stored.
This object is achieved with regard to the product carrier described at the outset in that the first and the second switches are connected in parallel.
With regard to the system, the object is achieved with a product carrier according to the invention in combination with a suitable receiver unit for receiving the value correlating with the degree of filling of the product carrier.
The invention is based on the idea of associating a circuit with the product carrier, i.e. to integrate it therein, preferably in that the circuit is applied to the product carrier or is introduced therein. In this case, the packaging units themselves may in each case form a switch or a component of a switch and therefore be a direct part of the circuit, or else a switch, which is part of the circuit, is associated with the packaging units in each case. In the preferred, simplest case, the switches are formed, in each case, by a circuit board conductor, which is interrupted on opening the packaging unit associated therewith, in other words, for example, on pressing through a cover film of a product carrier configured as a blister packaging, wherein, by interrupting the circuit board conductor, the switch formed thereby is opened and therefore the current flow through this circuit board conductor is interrupted. The essential core idea of the invention is to connect the switches, in other words, in particular, the circuit board conductors in each case forming a switch in parallel so that the circuit only has to have a few, in particular only one or two, connections to electronic means, which are configured in such a that, with them, the number of closed and/or opened switches or a value correlating therewith, and therefore the number or quantity of still remaining or already removed products can be determined. A value which correlates with the degree of filling of the product carrier and is determined by the electronic means is transmitted by means of an antenna cooperating with the electronic means, the electric power to supply the electronic means and the circuit, i.e. for operating the electronic means and the circuit, according to the invention, not coming from a battery arranged on the product carrier, but it being possible to introduce this electric power required without contact, in particular inductively and/or capacitively and/or electromagnetically.
In a broadest scope of protection, the invention merely comprises the product carrier with its packaging units and with the circuit, in which the switches formed by the packaging units or associated therewith are connected in parallel. The electronic means and/or the antenna may (at least partially) be configured as a separate component/components from the product carrier and be connectable to the product carrier in a suitable manner. It is conceivable, for example, for the end user to glue the electronic means and/or the antenna to the product carrier, latch it or fasten it in another manner thereto, in particular detachably. In this manner, the electronic means and/or the antenna can be used for other product carriers. A design of the product carrier in which the latter, in addition to the packaging units and the circuit, is already configured (at the factory) with the electronic means and the antenna is preferred, so the product carrier can immediately be used as intended without additional steps by the end user being necessary. In this case, it is conceivable to print the electronic means on the product carrier, or to integrate them between two layers, in particular film layers of the product carrier. According to a first preferred embodiment, the product carrier already comprises (at the factory) the packaging units and the circuit as well as the antenna, it being possible to connect the electronic means configured in particular as a microchip or comprising a microchip in a suitable manner to the circuit and the antenna, for example to glue or latch them.
Advantageous developments of the invention are disclosed in the sub-claims. All the combinations of at least two features disclosed in the description, the claims and/or the figures also fall within the scope of the invention.
As mentioned at the outset, an embodiment is preferred in which the electronic means are rigidly, in particular non-detachably, arranged on the product carrier, wherein the power for operating the electronic means may be introduced without contact, in particular by means of suitable energy receiving means. This embodiment has the advantage that the end customer does not have to fix the electronic means, which in particular have evaluation means for determining the number of opened and/or closed switches or a value correlating therewith as well as transmission means for cooperation with an antenna, to the product carrier prior to the proper use of the product carrier.
Although it is within the scope of the invention that the antenna associated with the electronic means is also not rigidly arranged directly on the product carrier, but can be fixed thereon and can be contacted by the electronic means, an embodiment is, however, preferred in which the product carrier is already directly equipped with an antenna for transmitting the value correlating with the degree of filling, wherein the antenna may, for example, be printed on the product carrier and/or may be slotted into a metal foil of the product carrier. The electronic means are preferably configured in such a way that they are configured for transmitting the value correlating with the degree of filling in the NFC protocol (near field communication protocol).
In a development of the invention, it is advantageously provided that the antenna is configured as a slot antenna, which is slotted, for example, in a metal foil of the product carrier, or is configured as a coil antenna, which is preferably arranged on a non-electrically conductive portion of the product carrier. A slot antenna is suitable, in particular, for UHF operation, in particular at 886 MHz, whereas a coil antenna is preferably suitable for operation in a high frequency range, in particular at 13.56 MHz. The non-conductive portion of the product carrier may, for example, be a plastics material film or a lacquer coating on a metallic carrier layer. However, an embodiment is preferred in which the antenna is arranged on a non-conductive material, below which no electrically conductive material is located. In the case of a blister packaging, it is conceivable to cover the base part with its cavities only in the region of the cavities with a cover film having at least one metal foil and to arrange the antenna, in particular the coil antenna in the region of the base part, preferably consisting exclusively of plastics material and/or paper or a portion of the cover film consisting exclusively of plastics material and/or paper.
An embodiment is particularly advantageous, in which the electric power, which can be introduced without contact, may be introduced by means of the antenna cooperating with the electronic means to transmit the value correlating with the degree of filling, so no separate power receiver antenna has to be provided, although an embodiment of this type is also within the scope of the invention.
An embodiment is particularly advantageous, in which the electronic means are configured in such a way that they are configured to determine the value correlating with the degree of filling of the product carrier on the basis of the electrical resistance, in particular on the basis of the total electrical resistance of the circuit, wherein the total resistance correlating with the number of opened and/or closed switches, in the resistances connected in parallel is calculated as
1 R total = 1 R 1 + 1 R 2 + … + 1 R n
wherein Rtotal designates the total resistance of the circuit and R1 to Rn designate the electrical resistances of the switches or the electrical resistances associated with the switches. In this case, it is within the scope that the value correlating with the degree of filling is either only calculated on the basis of the total resistance, or that the value corresponds to this total resistance. Alternatively, the value correlating with the degree of filling is determined on the basis of the measured electric current which flows through the circuit, or the value corresponds to the current intensity. The total resistance is preferably determined by a current measurement and a simultaneous voltage measurement. For the correct measurement of the current or the resistance in the electronic means, a voltage stabiliser and/or a current stabiliser is to stabilise the voltage or the current, as the power introduced without contact is not the same size in each repetition.
With regard to the parallel connection of the at least two switches, there are different possibilities. According to a first, preferred, alternative two main lines (phase line and zero line) are provided, which are connected to one another by means of the switches, the electronic means either being connectable or already connected to the two main circuit board conductors. In this case, the switches are preferably formed, in each case, by a connecting line connecting the main circuit board conductors to one another.
Alternatively, it is conceivable to provide only a main line (phase line), which supplies the individual switches (connecting lines) with current, the connecting lines leading from one main line preferably to a metallic face, in particular a metal foil of the product carrier, which is then the earth for the circuit. Depending on the configuration of the electronic means, these may also be connected to the metallic face, in particular the metallic film, or may not be connected.
In a development of the invention, it is advantageously provided that at least a main line is formed by an electrically conductive foil of the product carrier. If two main lines are provided, an embodiment is advantageous in which one of the main lines, in particular the phase line, is not directly formed by an electrically conductive foil of the product carrier, but by a circuit board conductor provided on an electrically insulating layer/foil, in particular imprinted. If, when proceeding from two main circuit board conductors, the two main circuit board conductors are to be formed in portions by an electric foil of the product carrier, it is necessary to insulate these two foils from one another electrically.
As already explained above, an embodiment is advantageous in which when two main lines are provided, the switches are formed by parallel connecting lines connecting the main lines to one another, which are interrupted when opening the packaging, whereby the total resistance of the circuit changes, which can in turn be evaluated, i.e. measured by means of the electronic means, in particular by evaluation means of the electronic means.
Likewise, even in the event that only one main line is provided the switches are preferably formed by connecting lines connected to the main line and arranged parallel to one another, wherein the connecting lines electrically conductively connect the main line and an electrically conductive region, in particular a metal foil of the product carrier, to one another and are interrupted as soon as a packaging unit is opened.
The configuration of the switches as circuit board conductors has the advantage that these cannot be closed again so these are one-way switches.
As mentioned, by opening at least one switch, the total resistance of the circuit changes. To increase the measuring precision or the determining precision of the number of opened and/or closed switches, an embodiment is advantageous in which a resistor is associated in each case with the switches, wherein the resistances associated with the individual switches, which may also be formed by the switches themselves, are preferably at least approximately of the same size, which can be achieved by the same choice of material and/or the same line cross-section and/or the same length.
It is within the scope of the invention that the first electrical resistor which is associated with the first switch, in other words preferably the first connecting line, is connected thereto or is formed by this connecting line. The same applies additionally or alternatively to the remaining resistors of the circuit. A high resistance of a connecting line may, for example, be achieved by a small line cross-section and/or by the selection of a corresponding connecting line material and/or by a large line length.
An embodiment is preferred in which the at least one, preferably both, main lines have a higher conductivity than the connecting lines. This can be achieved, for example, in that the at least one main line is formed from a different material to the connecting lines and/or in that the at least one main line has a larger line cross-section than the connecting lines.
This can be realised, for example, in that the main lines are silver-containing, in particular are formed from a silver-containing paint or a silver-containing lacquer and/or the connecting lines are graphite-containing, for example made of a graphite-containing lacquer or a graphite-containing paint.
It is preferred if the electronic means are configured as a microchip, which is either already rigidly arranged on the product carrier or can be fixed to the product carrier, so it can cooperate with the circuit. It is within the scope of the invention that only one part of the electronic means is configured as a microchip, which cooperates with separate electronic components.
An embodiment is preferred in which the microchip is configured as an RFID microchip (radio frequency identification) or at least comprises an RFID unit. The antenna for transmitting the value correlating with the degree of filling of the product carrier is preferably formed separately from the microchip. However, it is within the scope of the invention to configure the antenna as part of the microchip.
In order to obtain a constant voltage and/or a constant current to measure the resistance or the current intensity and optionally also the voltage from the power introduced without contact, an embodiment is advantageous in which the electronic means comprise a voltage stabiliser and/or a current stabiliser. An embodiment is preferred in which the electronic unit comprises a voltage divider, the circuit preferably being a part of the voltage divider and the circuit being connected by means of the, in particular, two-pole voltage divider, to the microchip configured, in particular, as an RFID chip. In order to be able to electronically evaluate the current flowing through the circuit, or resistance, the electronic means preferably comprise an analogue-to-digital converter.
Depending on the configuration of the antenna and/or of the electronic means, the electric power may be introduced inductively and/or capacitively and/or by means of electromagnetic radiation without contact.
An embodiment is particularly advantageous, in which an identifier associated with the product carrier is stored in a memory of the electric means, in particular in a memory of the RFID microchip and can be transmitted together with the value correlating with the degree of filling by means of the antenna, so a specific product carrier can be associated with the value correlating with the degree of filling.
In a development of the invention, it is advantageously provided that the product carrier is configured as a blister packaging, in particular for the medical sector. The blister packaging preferably comprises a base part with a plurality of cavities, at least one cavity being part of a packaging unit in each case, which is sealed with a cover film which can be pressed through and is arranged on the base part. The circuit is preferably arranged on this cover film or inside this cover film, in particular imprinted, etc.
There are the most varied possibilities for forming the cover film. An embodiment is preferred in which a cover film is provided below the circuit with an electrically insulating layer, for example a plastics material film, or paper or an electrically insulating lacquer, onto which the at least one main line and the connecting lines, i.e. the switches are applied, optionally with additional resistors. The cover film may be formed from paper, plastics material or from a metal foil or be formed as a composite material at least partially of these materials. A composite cover film of this type may have a plurality of layers, for example two or more plastics material layers, from case to case with a barrier layer in between. Additionally or as an alternative, it is conceivable to metalise the plastics material layers, or to arrange a metal foil between two plastics material layers or a plastics material film between two metal foils. Likewise, the cover film may be formed as a metal foil lacquered on one or both sides, the lacquer used preferably being electrically insulating. The metalising layers for coating plastics material films and/or paper films may be formed from gold, silver, iron, steel, copper, tin, aluminium or alloys of these metals. Likewise, the metal foils being used may be formed from gold, silver, iron, steel, copper, tin, aluminium or alloys, in particular aluminium alloys.
Metallised plastics materials are preferably used, in particular metallised plastics material films, on which the metal is applied by a chemical and/or physical deposition method. In particular, the so-called electroplating of plastics can be used as the chemical method. Likewise, metallic solutions may be applied or sprayed on, in particular by cathode sputtering. Sputtering or vacuum deposition are to be mentioned by way of example for a physical deposition. If the metal layer is sputtered on or deposited in a thin vacuum layer method, the deposited or vapour-deposited metals may be, in particular gold, silver, copper, iron, nickel, zinc, tin, aluminium, alloys or mixtures of these metals. Preferably, the metallic layers on plastics material films have a thickness of between 2 and 200 nm.
Additionally or alternatively, papers, in particular coated papers, semi-cardboard, cardboard or paperboard or plastics material may be used as materials for cover films. Coated papers may be coated with waxes, hot melt or plastics materials. Plastics materials which can be used, in particular, for coating or for forming a plastics material foil are, in particular, polyvinylchloride, polyolefins, polyethylene or polypropylene, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyesters, polyacrylonitriles, polystyrenes or the copolymers or graft polymers thereof etc. The films being used may be formed as composites, laminates or layer materials of two or more plastics material layers, which are formed, for example, by lamination or extrusion. Possible composites being used can be connected to one another by means of primers, by means of primers and adhesive, or by means of adhesives, by lamination. In another manner, the plastics material can be extrusion-laminated as a layer onto the metal foil. The circuit is preferably printed, at least partially, onto the cover film, chemically applied wet or vapour deposited or a whole-area conductor layer on an insulating layer is removed, for example by evaporation or etching to such an extent that the required circuit board conductor structure or circuit board conductor portions of the circuit, in particular with the portion-wise action of a circuit resistor, remain.
An embodiment is particularly preferred, in which hard-rolled aluminium foils are used as a carrier foil for the cover film. In this case, the carrier foil is preferably provided in a planar manner with an insulating layer, for example with a cover lacquer layer. The various circuit board conductors and/or connection contact faces for the electronic means and/or for the antennas can be printed on the cover lacquer layer, for example by the gravure printing method, in one or more layers with an electrically conductive paint (material), preferably a silver conductive paint and/or an organic conductive paint. From case to case, the connection lines (switch+resistor) can be imprinted with a further conductive paint, such as a silver and/or graphite paint. Advantageously, the resistor faces of the connecting lines, which consist, for example, of graphite conducting paint and are fed by input and output lines (main lines) preferably consisting of silver, are imprinted by the gravure printing method. The required loss line of the resistors can be achieved by a relatively large-area configuration of the imprinted resistor faces. In addition or alternatively, it is conceivable to form the resistors which are associated with the switches or the connecting lines by a course of the connecting lines which meanders at least in portions.
An advantageous embodiment provides that the at least one main line, preferably in the case of two main lines both main lines, and all the connecting lines be configured from an identical material (paint) and the resistances of the at least one main line be kept low by the selection of a large line cross-section and that comparatively high switch resistances be produced by connecting lines with a small line cross-section.
An embodiment is preferred in which the antenna is already rigidly connected (at the factory) to the product carrier configured as a blister packaging. The antenna is preferably arranged, in this case, on the cover film and/or the base part. In particular if an antenna configured as a slot antenna is used, the latter is advantageously introduced into a cover film having at least one carrier layer made of metal, in particular of aluminium or an aluminum alloy, in particular scored in. Slot antennas are suitable for the ultra high frequency range, in particular for the range of about 886 MHz. Alternatively, it is conceivable to configure the antenna as a coil antenna, for the high frequency range, preferably for the range of about 13.56 MHz. Particularly good transmission results were achieved when this type of antenna is not applied directly to a metal foil, but that an adequately large spacing is provided either between the coil antenna and a metal foil of the cover film, in particular by the provision of a correspondingly thick plastics material film, a correspondingly thick insulation coating and/or a correspondingly thick insulating lacquer, or that the antenna configured as a coil antenna is applied in a cover film region, which consists exclusively of a non-conductive material. In addition or as an alternative, an antenna configured in this manner may be provided on the base part, in particular imprinted, the base part preferably being produced from nonconductive plastics material, for example by deep drawing.
An embodiment of the product carrier is preferred in which the latter is already equipped, i.e. filled with at least one product, in particular at least one medicine, preferably configured as a pill, coated tablet and/or ampoule, the individual medicines being received here in the different packaging units, in other words, in a blister, in the cavities, which are sealed by the cover film.
The subject of the invention is also a system made up of an aforementioned data carrier with or without electronic units and/or an antenna already fixed thereto, and a receiver unit having a receiver antenna for receiving the value correlating with the degree of filling of the product carrier.
The electronic means of the product carrier and the receiver unit are preferably configured in such a way that they can communicate with one another in the NFC protocol.
In a development of the invention, it is advantageously provided that the receiver unit is configured in such a way that it is configured for the introduction without contact of power for the electronic unit and the circuit of the product carrier. An embodiment is preferred in which the receiver antenna of the receiver unit is configured to receive the value correlating with the degree of filling of the product carrier and simultaneously for transmitting or outputting electric power.
It is of particular advantage if the receiver unit is configured to store the value correlating with the degree of filling of the product carrier and/or passing it, in particular sending it on (by radio or cable), to a database. In addition to the value, a confirmation to be requested from the user of the proper use of a product removed from a packaging unit of the product carrier, in particular medication, and/or the non-confirmation is preferably passed on to the database. In addition to the value correlating with the degree of filling or the confirmation/non confirmation of the proper use, it is advantageous if the receiver unit stores a received identifier of the product packaging and/or passes it to the database. In addition it is advantageous if, at the same time, the time of receiving the value correlating with the degree of filling and/or the time of receiving the identifier of the product packaging and/or the time of confirmation are stored and/or passed to a database.
It is particularly advantageous if the receiver unit, which preferably simultaneously has power supply means for the product carrier, is integrated in a mobile telephone or is formed by a mobile telephone.
The removal history may, for example, be stored in the receiver unit, preferably the mobile telephone with the time information and/or the identifier of the product carrier and displayed. By transmitting at least parts of this data to a database, every removal and preferably intake which has taken place worldwide can always be clearly assigned. In order to be able to check the intake, it is advantageous if software of the receiver unit, preferably of the mobile telephone, requests the user to confirm each removal. If a confirmation of this type does not take place after a previously established deadline, corresponding measures, such as reminding the user and/or in particular subsequently the alerting of a call centre or the activation of other auxiliary measures may optionally be initiated. The information which can be inferred with the removal unit and optionally passed on can in addition be used for marketing actions, in particular for pharmaceutical producers, insurances and/or pharmacists as well as for a reimbursement system for proven conscientious taking of expensive medicines, the long term taking of which is of particular importance for success.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described below with the aid of the drawings, in comparison to the prior art, which is partly also shown. These are not necessarily to show the embodiments to scale, rather the drawings, where they are useful for explanation, are implemented in a schematic and/or slightly distorted form. With regard to supplements to the teachings which can be directly recognised from the drawings, reference is made to the relevant prior art. It should be taken into account here that diverse modifications and changes relating to the form and the detail of an embodiment may be undertaken without deviating from the general idea of the invention. The features of the invention disclosed in the description, in the drawings and in the claims may be important both individually and in any combination for the development of the invention. In addition, all combinations of at least two features disclosed in the description, the drawings and/or the claims, fall within the scope of the invention. The general idea of the invention is not limited to the exact form or the detail of the preferred embodiment shown and described below or limited to a subject which would be restricted in comparison to the subject claimed in the claims. In the case of dimension ranges disclosed, values lying within the limits mentioned are also to be disclosed as limit values and can be used and claimed as desired. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of a product carrier configured as a blister packaging with a slot antenna,
FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of a product carrier configured as a blister packaging with a coil antenna,
FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of a product carrier configured as a blister packaging without electronic means, the product carrier being configured to cooperate with electronic means and
FIG. 4 shows an embodiment of a product carrier configured as a blister packaging, in which the switches are only connected by a main line to the electronic means.
The same components and components with the same function are designated in the figures by the same reference numerals.
FIG. 1 shows a product carrier 1 configured as a blister packaging in a plan view of a cover film 2 of the product carrier 1. Located below the cover film is a base part, not shown, made of plastics material with a large number of cavities K1 to K12 indicated by dashed lines, which are sealed by the cover film 2. The cover film 2, in this embodiment, consists of a carrier foil made of an aluminium alloy, which is covered by an insulating lacquer layer. An integrated circuit 3 is printed on the cover film 2, more precisely on the lacquer layer of the cover film 2 of the product carrier 1, the circuit 2 being connected by a first and a second main line 4, 5 to electronic means 6, the electronic means 6 in turn being connected by means of two connections to an antenna configured as a two-pole slot antenna, which is scored into the carrier foil of the cover film 2.
The two main lines 4, 5 extend along the longitudinal extent of the product carrier 1. The two main lines 4, 5 are connected to one another by means of twelve connecting lines V1 to V12, which are connected in parallel, the connecting lines V1 to V12 and the two main lines 4, 5 in this embodiment being configured from an identical graphite-containing material and differing only by the line cross-section, the line cross-section of the main line 4, 5 being larger than that of the connecting lines V1 to V12.
Each connecting line V1 to V12 extends in a portion above one of these associated cavities K1 to K12. In this region, each connecting line V1 to V12 in each case forms a switch S1 to S12 shown symbolically in each case. At the same time, each connecting line V1 to V12 in each case forms a resistance R1 to R12. This at least approximately produces a total resistance Rtotal of
The cover film, together with a respective cavity K1 to K12, forms a packaging unit E1 to E12. The products received in the packaging units E1 to E12, in this case tablet-form medicines, are removed, in that the base part in the region of those cavities K1 to K12, from which the product is to be removed, is pressed in the direction of the cover film 2, so the cover film 2 of the product is broken through and the associated connecting line V1 to V12 is interrupted and therefore the switch S1 to Sit formed thereby is opened, so the total resistance Rtotal of the circuit 3 is changed. The electronic means 6 determine this, for example by measuring the intensity of the current at constant voltage and sends a value correlating with the degree of filling of the product carrier 1, in particular the current intensity or the total resistance or a number or quantity emerging therefrom of removed or still available products by means of the antenna 7 to a suitable receiver unit, not shown. Together with the transmission of the value, an identifier of the product carrier is advantageously transmitted.
The electric power which is required to provide the circuit 3 with current and is required for the mode of functioning of the electronic means of 6, is introduced by an external power source associated, in particular, with the receiver unit, without contact into the antenna 7.
The electronic means 6 which is configured as a microchip comprise an RFID microchip 8 and an analogue-to-digital converter 9 with a suitable resolution. The imprinted circuit 3 integrated into the product carrier 1 is part of a voltage divider 10, which is connected to the analogue-to-digital converter 9, and this is connected in turn to the RFID microchip 8, the RFID microchip 8 being connected to the antenna 7. A constant working point (constant voltage) is obtained by means of the voltage divider 10 in order to be able to infer the number of opened and/or closed packaging units V1 to V12 by measuring the current intensity. The electronic means 6 furthermore comprise a rectifier, not shown.
As an alternative to the circuit arrangement shown, it is also conceivable for connecting lines to branch off on both sides of the main line 4, which are guided to the second main line 5 or to a further main line, not shown, which is then also guided again with the electronic means.
FIG. 2 shows a further embodiment of a product carrier 1 configured as a blister packaging, substantially only the differences with respect to the embodiment according to FIG. 1 being dealt with below to avoid repetitions. With regard to the features in common, reference is made to the previous figure description and to FIG. 1. A difference from the embodiment according to FIG. 1 is that the antenna 6 is not configured as a slot antenna, but as a coil antenna and is located on a cover film portion 11, which is made of plastics material. The component which is designated by the reference numeral 11, apart from a cover film portion, for example made of plastics material, may be formed from a portion of the base part of the product carrier 1 which is not covered by the cover film 2. The antenna 6 configured as a coil antenna according to FIG. 2 is preferably printed or glued onto the portion designated by the reference numeral 11.
In contrast to the embodiment according to FIG. 1, the main lines 4, 5 are made from a different material to the connecting lines V1 to V12. For example, the main lines 4, 5 consist of a silver-containing material, whereas the connecting lines V1 to V12 consist of a graphite-containing material with a lower conductivity to thus form the resistors R1 to R12. The connecting lines and the main lines are preferably applied, to obtain good contact points, wet-in-wet, for example by the gravure printing method. The electric power to operate the electronic means 6 and the circuit 3 may, for example, be introduced by means of electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetically) into the electronic means 6.
FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of the product carrier 1, in which electronic means 6 are not provided on the product carrier 1 from the start, i.e. from the factory, but in which the electronic means have to be fastened, for example by gluing or latching, onto the product carrier 1 by the end user. In this case, the electronic means 6 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 may be used, for example. Only a reliable contacting of the main lines 4, 5 and the antenna 7 have to be ensured, in particular by a suitable configuration of the contact points. Except for the fact that the electronic means 6 are not yet fixed to the product carrier in FIG. 3, the embodiment according to FIG. 3 corresponds to the embodiment according to FIG. 1, so to avoid repetitions with regard to further comments, reference is made to the description of the embodiment according to FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 shows a further embodiment of a product carrier 1 configured as a blister packaging. It is possible to see the merely schematically indicated electronic means 6 to evaluate the total resistance or the current and to transmit the value correlating to the degree of filling of the product carrier 1 by means of the antenna 7.
It can be seen that issuing from the electronic means 6 there is only an imprinted or glued-on main line 4, from which, as in the other embodiments, the main lines V1 to V12 which form the resistances R1 to R12, branch off. In contrast to the embodiments described above, the connecting lines V1 to V12 are, however, not connected to an imprinted or glued-on second main line, but to an electrically conductive foil of the cover film 2. Depending on the configuration of the electronic means 6, the latter may either be connected to this electrically conductive foil, or not.
1. Product carrier comprising a first packaging unit wherein when opened a first switch of an integrated circuit of the product carrier is opened and at least one second packaging unit wherein when opened a second switch of the integrated circuit is opened, wherein the integrated circuit is configured to cooperate with electronic means so that a value correlating with the degree of filling of the product carrier is determined on the basis of the number of closed or opened switches, wherein an antenna cooperates with the electronic means to transmit said value, wherein the electric power for the electronic means may be introduced without contact, wherein the first and the second switch are connected in parallel.
2. Product carrier according to claim 1, wherein the switches are connected to the electronic means so that a value correlating with the degree of filling of the product carrier is determined on the basis of the number of closed or opened switches, wherein the power for the electronic means can be introduced without contact.
3. Product carrier according to claim 1, wherein the product carrier has an antenna associated with the electronic means for transmitting the value correlating to the degree of filling of the product carrier.
4. Product carrier according to claim 3, wherein the antenna is configured as a slot antenna slotted into a metal foil of the product carrier, or as a coil antenna arranged on a nonelectrically conductive area of the product carrier.
5. Product carrier according to claim 1, wherein the electrical power for the electronic means may be introduced by way of the antenna without contact.
6. Product carrier according to claim 1, wherein the electronic means are configured to determine the value correlating with the degree of filling on the basis of the electrical resistance, which can be varied by opening at least one of the switches, of the integrated circuit.
7. Product carrier according to claim 1, wherein the first and the second switch are electrically conductively connected by means of at least one circuit board conductors, to the electronic means.
8. Product carrier according to claim 7, wherein at least one of the circuit board conductors is formed, at least in portions, by an electrically conductive foil of the product carrier.
9. Product carrier according to claim 8, wherein the first switch is formed by a first connecting line electrically connecting the circuit board conductors to one another and is interrupted by opening the first packaging unit and wherein the second switch is formed by a second connecting line electrically connecting the circuit board conductors to one another and is interrupted by opening the second packaging unit.
10. Product carrier according to claim 8, wherein the first switch is formed by a first connecting line electrically connecting the circuit board conductors to an electrically conductive foil of the product carrier and is interrupted by opening the first packaging unit and wherein the second switch is formed by a second connecting line electrically connecting the circuit board conductors to an electric foil of the product carrier and is interrupted by opening the second packaging unit.
11. Product carrier according to claim 1, wherein a first resistor is associated with the first switch and a second resistor is associated with the second switch.
12. Product carrier according to claim 11, wherein the first resistor is formed by the first connecting line and is connected to the first connecting line and the second resistor is formed by the second connecting line and is connected thereto.
13. Product carrier according to claim 12, wherein at least one of the circuit board conductors has a higher conductivity than at least one of the connecting lines and in that at least one of the main lines is formed from a different material to at least one of the connecting lines and in that at least one of the main lines has a larger line cross-section than at least one of the connecting lines.
14. Product carrier according to claim 9, wherein at least one of the circuit board conductors or at least one of the connecting lines is graphite-containing or silver-containing or polymer containing.
15. Product carrier according to claim 1, wherein the electronic means comprise a microchip.
16. Product carrier according to claim 15, wherein the microchip includes an RFID unit.
17. Product carrier according to claim 1, wherein the electronic means, comprise an analogue-to-digital converter or a voltage divider or a voltage stabilizer for obtaining a constant voltage or a current stabilizer for obtaining a constant current, or a rectifier.
18. Product carrier according to claim 1, wherein the electrical power may be introduced inductively or capacitively or by means of electromagnetic radiation.
19. Product carrier according to claim 1, wherein an identifier associated with the product carrier is stored in a memory of the electronic means and can be transmitted together with the value correlating with the degree of filling by means of the antenna.
20. Product carrier according to claim 1, wherein the product carrier is configured as a blister packaging.
21. Product carrier according to claim 20, wherein the blister packaging has a base part with a first cavity and a second cavity, the first cavity being a component of the first packaging unit and the second cavity being a component of the second packaging unit and in that a cover film sealing the cavities is arranged on the base part.
22. Product carrier according to claim 21, wherein the cover film is made of paper or plastics material or metal or as a composite material film.
23. Product carrier according to claim 21, wherein the electronic means or the integrated circuit or at least one of the switches or at least one of the resistors are provided on the cover film.
24. Product carrier according to claim 21 wherein the cover film has a metallic carrier film, coated with an insulating layer, or an insulating lacquer, at least in portions, and in that at least one of the circuit board conductors or at least one of the connecting circuit board conductors or at least one of the resistors or at least one of the switches, is printed, on the insulating layer, or glued on, or sprayed on at least one electrically conductive material.
25. Product carrier according to claim 21, wherein the cover film comprises an electrically non-conductive film, or is configured as such, having at least one of the circuit board conductors or at least one of the connecting circuit board conductors or at least one of the resistors or at least one of the switches is printed thereon, or glued on, or sprayed on.
26. Product carrier according to claim 1, wherein the antenna is arranged in or on the cover film or wherein the antenna is arranged on the base part.
27. Product carrier according to claim 1, wherein at least one respective product is received in the packaging unit.
28. System of a product carrier according to claim 1, comprising a receiver unit having a receiver antenna for receiving the value correlating with the degree of filling of the product carrier.
29. System according to claim 28, wherein the electronic means are configured to communicate with the receiver unit of the product carrier in the NFC protocol (RFID system).
30. System according to claim 28, wherein power supply means for the introduction of power without contact are associated with the receiver unit.
31. System according to claim 28, wherein the receiver unit is configured to store or pass on to a database a value transmitted by means of the antenna of the product carrier and correlating with the degree of filling of the product carrier or a confirmation of the proper use of a product taken from a packaging unit of the product carrier or an identifier of the product carrier or time information characterizing the receiving time of the value or the identifier or the confirmation time.
32. System according to claim 28, wherein the receiver unit is integrated into a mobile telephone or a personal computer.
7219545 May 22, 2007 Salzmann et al.
7458260 December 2, 2008 Roesner
20080135446 June 12, 2008 Pohl
03055769 July 2003 WO
2006007867 January 2006 WO
International Search Report dated Oct. 17, 2008 (PCT/EP2008/004711); ISA/EP.
Filed: Jun 12, 2008
Date of Patent: Jun 4, 2013
Assignee: Alcan Technology & Management Ltd. (Neuhausen Am Rheinfall)
Inventors: Hans Layer (Ulm), Martin Werner (Singen)
Primary Examiner: Vernal Brown
Current U.S. Class: Interrogation Response (340/10.1)
International Classification: H04Q 5/22 (20060101);


text:
Elements International Environmental Film Festival
501-150 Athletes Way
Vancouver, BC V5Y 0B5
View Map TELUS World of Science
Vancouver, British Columbia V6A 3Z7
Duane Sharman
Maureen Sullivan
The ELEMENTS Film Festival in Vancouver, Canada is returning after a tremendously successful year in 2019. We showcase the best films from around the world with an environmental theme, including wildlife, science, nature, technology, adventure sports, exploration and social justice. Festival programming includes programming for adult and family audiences. All screenings are held at Science World at Telus World of Science.
The 3rd Annual ELEMENTS Film Festival is April 2-5, 2020 and includes film screenings, panel discussions, workshops, and parties. Filmmakers are encouraged to attend and will have the opportunity to engage with the audience through Q&A sessions and panel discussions.
The ELEMENTS Film Festival is located in Vancouver, Canada which is one of the greenest cities in the world, and the third-largest television and film production centre in North America.
Awards will be provided for juried films, an Audience Favorite Film, and Best Student Film.
The Elements Film Festival accepts films in any genre with an environmental theme. We do not exclude films with prior screening although new and premiere submissions are encouraged.
Elements International Environmental Film Festival Society ("Festival") is hereby granted the right to utilize publicity materials related to the production (i.e. press kits, posters, stills, trailers, preview tapes, etc.) and an excerpt from any film submitted and accepted for exhibition at the Festival for promotional purposes.
The individual or corporation submitting the film ("Submitter") hereby warrants that it is authorized to commit the film for screening, and understands and accepts these requirements and regulations.
By submitting this form and film entry, Submitter guarantees that the film and all publicity materials provided to Festival are original work and that there are no ownership or copyright disputes regarding my entry.
Submitter shall indemnify and hold harmless Festival, its Board of Directors, Employees, and Agents, from and against any and all claims, liabilities, losses, damages, and expenses (including but not limited to attorney's fees, and costs of the court) which may be incurred by reason of any claim involving copyright, trademark, credits, publicity, screening, and loss of or damage to the screening videos entered.
Festival endeavours to take all reasonable anti-piracy precautions for copyrighted materials in our possession. By submitting to the Elements Film Festival, Submitter releases Festival from all risk and liability in the event of theft or breach of copyright of materials while on Festival premises.
I, the undersigned as Submitter, do hereby consent and agree that Festival and its employees, or agents have the right to present my film and to use the film and all publicity materials in any and all media, now or hereafter known, and exclusively for the purposes of Festival and to promote the Elements International Film Festival. I further consent that my name and identity may be revealed therein or by descriptive text or commentary. I do hereby release to Festival, its agents, and employees all rights to exhibit this work in print and electronic form publicly or privately. I understand that there will be no financial or other remuneration for showcasing the film, either for initial or subsequent transmission or playback. I represent that I am at least 19 years of age, have read and understand the foregoing statement, and am competent to execute this agreement.
Joe Chang
This is a very good film festival with the theme of protecting the environment. I am very honored to have selected my work at the festival. I fully understand that the COVID-19 film festival has been postponed, but I believe tomorrow will be even better, as long as we protect our environment.
Thanks, Joe, for your feedback! This is a challenging year for everybody, filmmakers and film festivals included. We will get through this period, and not lose our momentum. Planning is underway for a deferred festival schedule in the fall - we will do our best to give your films an audience!!
Rose Steller Burke
What an amazing line up of excellent environmental films and filmmakers! Thank you to the ELEMENTS team for including FERRET TOWN in your 2019 program. The communication was excellent from start to finish. Our only regret was that we couldn't attend the festival.
Kathryn Jankowski
A Great Festival for environmental awareness during which I had the honour of meeting David Suzuki. The organizers are kind, supportive and down to earth. I felt super privileged when they gave me the opportunity to do an interview with Global news Vancouver. I hope to do it again next year, I better get working on the next film!
KATHARINA STIEFFENHOFER
Great Environmental Film Festival with high-quality programming and high-profile presenters. The Telus World of Science Center is a perfect and stunning landmark venue for this event in the heart of Vancouver. Thank you, Team ELEMENTS, for including FROM SEED TO SEED in your 2019 program, for the ward and media coverage, and for raising awareness and public support for environmental issues concerning our beautiful Planet Earth. Best wishes for the continued success of this important film festival event!
Elcid Asaei
Happy that my film 'Think' was selected for screening, and good communication from the festival, but unfortunately I could not attend the screening, so I hope it screened well and got a good reaction guys? :)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What is effexor used for olive oil Anergan-50/Pentazine/Phenergan/Promethazine/Promethazine Hydrochloride Intramuscular Inj Sol: 1mL, 25mg, 50mg Anergan-50/Pentazine/Phenergan. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) is the fourth leading cause of death in the. Fenoterol; Levalbuterol hydrochloride (Xopenex Levalbuterol tartrate. They include doxycycline, tetracycline, and minocycline).
Rothnie, K (2016) Relationship between copd exacerbations and Dyspnoea is found among people who take Tetracycline hydrochloride, especially for people who are female, 20-29 old, have been taking the drug for 2 – 5 years, also take medication Sodium Bicarbonate, and have Multiple myeloma.


text:
Birobidjan (em russo Биробиджа́н; em íidiche ביראָבידזשאן) é uma cidade da Federação Russa, a capital do Oblast Autônomo Judaico.

A cidade é cortada pelos rios Bira e pelo Bidjan, na fronteira com a China, e é atravessada pela ferrovia Transiberiana, que garante o contato entre Birobidjan e Moscou. Suas coordenadas geográficas são: 48°48′N 132°57′E. Segundo o censo de 2002, a cidade possui 77 250 habitantes. No livro O Exército de um Homem Só de Moacyr Scliar, os personagens principais migraram de Birobidjan para Porto Alegre, o livro conta a história do Império Russo e da União Soviética, sendo que os personagens principais são judeus e um deles é um comunista que sonha com um mundo livre, querendo fundar uma nova sociedade nas vizinhanças de Porto Alegre, com o nome de Nova Birobidjan.

Clima
O clima é continental com bastante influência monçônica, onde de acordo com a Köpen-Geiger o clima dessa cidade entre os anos de 1961 a 1990 é Dwb, o tempo é bastante frio no inverno, com temperaturas .

Ligações externas

Cidades do Oblast Autônomo Judaico
Judaísmo na Rússia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Mexican Hat is the quintessential dusty western town. Everyone knows everybody else, and occasionally you see someone riding down main street on horseback. There are two restaurants, a gas station, and no stoplight. Soon everybody knows me as the guy from Texas waiting for the motorcycle tire to arrive. The locals explain that FedEx can be hit or miss in this part of the country, and even the Post Office forty miles away cannot guarantee delivery within a certain timeline. I eat at the same outdoor chuckwagon restaurant both nights. The cook wears a cowboy hat and a bandanna around his neck and cooks over an open fire. The waitress jokes that I have my own table now. This isn't such a bad place to break down. The San Juan River runs right behind my hotel, and everyone here is very friendly and accommodating. Even the locals tell me that this is a lot like the Australian outback.
These Swedish bikers razzed me for not riding a Harley, but one of them stayed behind after the rest departed and told me he didn't like his rented Harley and missed his F650 Dakar back home.
As I'm refueling in Escalante, UT, a shiny black Ford truck pulls up next to me and a guy with tattoos up and down both arms asks me, "Are you the guy who needs the new battery?" I say it's not me, and he hands me his business card. It turns out he is the famous "Desert Doctor" you may have heard about on advrider before. He owns the only bike shop for 200 miles. It's obvious he has his PR campaign down to a science, and he tells me to let every rider know about him. The next time you are refueling your bike in Escalante, UT and a guy in a truck asks you, "Are you the one looking for the (tire/battery/whatever)?" please say, "YES! I can't believe you found me." I want to know what his next line is.
I depart Salt Lake City. My riding gear is clean, my bike's oil has been changed, and my mind and body are rejuvenated!


14K Yellow Gold Small "Good Luck" Charm | Body Jewelry Live!
14K Yellow Gold is used to craft this small charm that features the symbol for "Good Luck." The charm features a polished finish for maximum shine and hangs from a thin gold bail.


Describes the beers of Brasserie de l'Abbaye des Rocs. Multilingual site is a bit basic on content, fortunately the beer is much better.
A silly beer indeed. Nicely done multilingual site for this Hainaut region brewery.
Multilingual site for la Brasserie d'Achouffe. The pleasure of playing "La joyeuse marche de la Chouffe" makes a visit to this site very worthwhile.
The best part of this multilingual site is the painstaking instruction on just how to pour and serve a Brunehaut beer, even going so far as to point out that the vitamin B in the yeast has positive health connotations.
Site is entirely in Walloon so I don't understand a word of it... Nice castle though.
The site is nice but a bit disappointing in that it contains little information for the beer geek. However, there are a couple of recipes for good, hearty "beer meals" which is a nice touch.
This "devil of a beer" also has a "devil of a (multilingual) site" that had me drooling in anticipation of my next foray to the fridge for one of these fine beers. The site covers it all, from the history of the brewery to its range of beers (Maredsous is a favorite abbey beer of mine) to desktop wallpaper and a spiffy screensaver. A great site that is a must-visit.
The beer, not the band. My French isn't what it used to be, but it is still a very nice site with what looks like a good amount of information on the brewery and its beers.
Yes, yet another great Belgian beer site. Looks good, has loads of info, and provides great insight into some foundations of Belgian culture -- beer, food, and the draught horse. Has a nice selection of recipes for dishes prepared with beer.
Multilingual site for the Brouwerij Rodenbach, has an extensive list of recipes made with Rodenbach beer...sure to leave the mouth watering!
The site is still under construction, but will give you some basic information on there beers.
I visted this brewery with the Ale Street News trip in March 2001, very well kept neat and orderly brewery. We get three or thier beers on this side of the Atlantic, all are worth a try.
This site is a subsite of thier importer D & V INTERNATIONAL, gives good basic information.


By Chad E. Harris, CAE, Executive Director, FarmHouse Fraternity, Inc.
Two audiences are essential to the success of KCSAE – our volunteers and our members. These two constituencies over the last few months provided a wealth of information to the KCSAE Board of Directors, through two specially-appointed task forces: Education & Networking and Sponsorship. The work of, findings and recommendations from these task forces will help the Board in the coming months advance the mission of KCSAE and the Board's commitment to always providing value to you, our members.
Education & Networking – Marilyn Bier (chair), Mike Chamberlain, Hannes Combest, Callie Castro, Heather Lehman, Melissa Mahoney and Crystal Roberts.
Sponsorship – Kim Heck and Bob London.
Next, to you, our members, thank you! We appreciate those who shared your insight with these volunteers when they called, emailed or talked to you about KCSAE. Such feedback ensures the voice of our members is ever-present in the decisions made by KCSAE leadership. Based on the feedback you shared, each task force reported findings and offered key recommendations with the Board at its January meeting.
From the Education & Networking Task Force, it recommended the creation of an overarching Professional Development and Networking Committee, which will focus, develop and enhance the educational opportunities, combined with networking opportunities for all KCSAE members. The Board approved the establishment of such a committee to further develop the strategies recommended by the task force to achieve these recommendations. President Melinda Farris, will identify co-chairs for this new committee this month. If you have a specific interest in assisting with this effort, please contact Cynthia Edmunds at cedmunds@kcsae.org.
The Sponsorship Task Force reported that our allied members and vendors value and appreciate their affiliation with KCSAE and our programs provide for positive interaction with our members. Opportunities exist, however, to incorporate stronger elements of technology, recognition and more networking, as part of broader sponsorships and partnerships.
The volunteer work of these two essential task forces is greatly appreciated and their recommendations will continue to be reviewed and implemented by the Board in the weeks ahead. In the meantime, all KCSAE members will have the opportunity to share your thoughts directly about your KCSAE-experience through the upcoming Annual Member Survey. Watch for it in your inbox and thank you in advance for sharing your feedback about the KCSAE member experience.
The Board looks forward to sharing more with you in the weeks ahead, as we implement the feedback you offer, so as to continue to add value to the KCSAE-member experience. To you our members, to you our volunteers, we say thank you!


text:
By Andrew C. Chan	 Last updated Dec 29, 2021
What will the next-generation Webb telescope reveal? How is it different from Hubble? What will he allow us to see at the ends of the universe?
The story so far: The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), launched into space by the Ariane 5 rocket from the European Space Agency's spaceport in French Guiana, South America, on December 25 at 7:20 a.m. EST (5:50 p.m. HIST), is on his way to his destination. After a 29-day journey, the spacecraft will arrive at a point in space called "Lagrange point 2", also known as L2. At a cost of 9.7 billion dollars, this joint project of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the ESA (European Space Agency) and the Canadian Space Agency is presented as the next-generation telescope . It is planned to unveil distant invisible parts of the universe and help unravel the mysteries of the cosmos.
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), projected into space by the Ariane 5 rocket, will now be able to observe the far reaches of the universe without any atmospheric turbulence.
After a 29-day journey, the spacecraft with the telescope will arrive at a point in space called "Lagrange point 2", also known as L2. At this point, the gravitational forces of the Earth-Sun system and the orbital motion of the spacecraft would balance out. Therefore, the spacecraft positioned at L2 will orbit the Sun, accompanying the Earth in 365 days. It will also give the telescope the temperature required to detect weak signals from distant stellar objects.
Since the diameter of JWST is larger than that of Hubble, it will collect more photons than Hubble's 2.4 meter mirror. JWST will have about seven times more light collecting capacity than Hubble. Therefore, the JWST would observe fainter stellar objects that Hubble cannot detect.
What awaits the telescope in the next part of the journey?
The successful launch is just the start of an arduous journey of almost a month. The telescope was intricately folded like an origami toy before it was launched. Now in space, hundreds of moving parts will need to snap into place precisely as intended for the telescope to deploy. Over the next few weeks, step by step, various components must be deployed before the telescope reaches its final configuration. One misstep can reduce the entire telescope to space debris.
Accelerating to its destination, the JWST has now successfully deployed its solar panel, released its antenna, and completed its mid-term correction burn. Before day 7, the sun visor would be deployed. On day 10, nerves will be on edge as engineers hoist his secondary mirror to its position. The rest of the mirror segments would be deployed, step by step, by day 14. On day 29, JWST should fire its thrusters to enter its predestined orbit around L2. Once at the destination, the 18 segments of the telescope mirror should be perfectly aligned; it will take about 10 days. This will be followed by weeks of testing and calibration. The first telescope image is at least six months away.
Why are telescopes in space?
The thermal turbulence of the Earth's atmosphere hinders telescopic observation of the universe. Stars twinkle, light from faint stellar objects is absorbed into the thick lower atmosphere, and part of the spectrum, like infrared rays from space, barely reaches the ground. By placing the telescopes on top of a high mountain, we avoid as much atmosphere as possible. Yet atmospheric turbulence hinders ultra-sharp images of objects in space.
Telescopes in space completely avoid atmospheric disturbances and give us a clear, crisp and deeper view of the far reaches of the universe. While the largest terrestrial telescopes have revealed galaxies more than 5 billion light years away, the Hubble Space Telescope has identified the most distant known galaxy 13.4 billion years in the past.
Why is JWST an infrared telescope?
The telescope mounted on the JWST is an infrared telescope. The invisible magic rays that change channels in our TV remote control are infrared. They are like visible light and radio waves, being part of the electromagnetic spectrum, but of different wavelengths. Why take an infrared telescope rather than a telescope capable of seeing the visible spectrum? The answer to this lies in the Big Bang.
After the Big Bang, galaxies, stars and planets evolved. Since the Big Bang, the universe has been constantly expanding. As the universe expands, space expands. As light travels far in space, the wavelength lengthens. The aged light becomes redder. Light from the first massive young stars and nascent galaxies was mostly visible and ultraviolet. However, passing through the vast expanses of expanding space, they transform into infrared rays before reaching Earth. An infrared telescope is able to observe the ancient and early universe, which is the main objective of the JWST.
What is the temperature at L2?
Primarily, the JWST is designed to detect weak signals from distant stellar objects in the infrared region of electromagnetic radiation. The IR telescope must be cooled to -220C or less. About 15 million kilometers from Earth, or four times the distance from the Moon, L2 is a freezing place. At this point in space, the second Lagrange point (L2), the gravitational forces of the Earth-Sun system, and the orbital motion of the spacecraft would balance out. Therefore, the spacecraft positioned at L2 will orbit the Sun, accompanying the Earth in 365 days.
As satellites orbit the Earth, they periodically switch from sunlight to Earth's shadow and vice versa and are subject to thermal fluctuations. Placed at L2, JWST is permanently behind the Earth. When viewed from space, the Sun and the spacecraft will appear on opposite sides of the Earth.
Even at L2, the side of the telescope facing the sun will be at + 85C. However, on the opposite side, the temperature is -233 ° C. Using the tennis court-sized sunscreen would protect the telescope from the heat and glare of the sun.
Will JWST see better than Hubble?
Suppose we keep two bins in the open, one with a smaller radius and the other with a larger radius. During rain, the larger tub will collect much more rainwater than the smaller one during a given time. Likewise, the 6.5 meter diameter JWST telescope will collect more photons than Hubble's 2.4 meter mirror. JWST will have about seven times more light collecting capacity than Hubble. Therefore, the JWST would observe fainter stellar objects that Hubble cannot detect. The further a thing is, the weaker it is. The JWST would see objects much further out in the universe with a larger collection area than Hubble. With its sharp eye, JWST can see the details of a twenty-five paise (penny) coin held at a distance of 40 kilometers.
The average time for light to reach Earth from the Moon is approximately 1.282 seconds. This means that the shining moon has 1.282 seconds. Because light takes nearly eight minutes for the Sun to reach Earth, the image of the Sun we see is about eight minutes old. The red giant Betelgeuse (Thiruvathirai Nakshatra) is 548 light years away. Therefore, the light of this star must have started its journey at the roundabout when Azhagan Perumal Jatavarman Parakrama Pandyan crowned himself king in 1473 AD. Take-home message: As we look far away, we look back.
How far can JWST look into the past?
Imagine the time of the Big Bang right now as a one-year calendar. In this cosmic calendar, the Big Bang occurred precisely at midnight on January 1. In this timeline, we are currently December 31st at midnight. JWST would allow us to see the universe as it has been since January 6. It was then that the first stars began to shine. Literally, the JWST would take us on a journey through time to an unimaginable ancient past.
A telescope can detect an object and show what it looks like. The spectroscope, a key instrument mounted on the telescope, can analyze light rays and tell us what is in them. From the spectral image, we can understand the elemental composition, the temperature of the stellar object and much more. Unlike Hubble, JWST carries the spectroscope, which should unravel the elemental makeup of early stars and galaxies.
TV Venkateswaran is Scientist F at Vigyan Prasar, Department of Science and Technology
More and more young people are turning to street vendors
What is Hindu Samrajya Diwas and how is Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj related to it?
Knife attack in German town kills three, suspect arrested
UFO evidence 'largely inconclusive', US intelligence report says
China demolishes 99-foot Buddha statue in Drago County
"Hindu swamis" insulted Hinduism with their hate speech: Karan Singh headed the foundation
UAE and Saudi Arabia seek extradition of 19 Indian nationals
The third wave will delay the resumption of multiplexes: Crisil
Hindu leader Sena moves Supreme Court to Gurugram namaz line: the Tribune India


The goal of managing a rotational grazing system is to keep the pasture forage plants healthy and growing so that grazing livestock can meet their nutritional needs by eating those plants.
The goal of managing a rotational grazing system is to keep the pasture forage plants healthy and growing so that grazing livestock can meet their nutritional needs by eating those plants. This goal is accomplished by adhering to some general grazing principles within a context of understanding an animal's nutrient needs. The summer months of July and August typically are months of hot temperatures and limited rainfall. Let's examine some specific management decisions required by summer conditions.
There are two general grazing principles to keep in mind; residual leaf cover, the take half, leave half rule, and second, provide a rest period until the plant is ready to be grazed again. Specifically, in the summer, do not graze pasture grasses below 4 inches in height. Keeping some leaf cover will result in quicker plant recovery after a grazing pass. The leaves will provide some shading of the soil, helping to keep the soil cooler and more conducive to cool season grass growth. Shading the soil from the sun will also conserve moisture, and provide better regrowth conditions.


Nathan Terri Phelps is a Unclassified business in Turtle Lake, ND.
Nathan Terri Phelps classified under Unclassified, with principal employer Nathan Phelps Full Name Report is located in 1604b 1st St Sw, Turtle Lake, North Dakota ND 58575. For sales, support, account inquiries, and how to be an affiliate, the best way to get in touch is through numbers: (701) 448-9212 Full Phone Report.
It has been operating since , boasting total quality assurance, and an annual revenue of $50.000 to $99.999. Their Single Location can be reached with the use of the following coordinates: 47.429532,-100.900622. They currently have 1 to 4 employees, and you can learn more about their offerings at .
You can also view their clients' testimonials, government compliance and annual reports through their website. Nathan Terri Phelps aims to strengthen their B2B relationships through advertisements and brand promotion.


Home / Uncategorized / Terrell Owens back in the Bay? April Fools!
Terrell Owens back in the Bay? April Fools!
Apparently Corey Dillion is going to have to wait for a bay area move. The man who cried his way out of San Francisco may be suiting up in the bay area once again. The rumor mill went into overdrive early this morning when news of what could be one of the strangest 3-team trades in NFL history.
When ask why Coach Reid replied "We got the call early this morning and though we had no plans of making any moves with Terrell this offer makes sense for us as a team".
Philly has acquired two big name players in Jevon Kearse and Terrell Owens this off-season in an effort to solidify a team that has been on the cusp for quite sometime. But this sudden move has many wondering if the risk is worth the reward.
The ever-crafty Al Davis, owner of the Oakland Raiders, made the first call to a Washington team that just acquired WR James Thrash from the Philly. In an effort to update an aging WR crew Davis offered to take one of their wide receivers off their hands. After a few callbacks the first part of the deal was made. The Raiders will send Warren Sapp and Ted Washington to Washington for WR Laveranues Coles. But don't expect to see Coles in the Silver and Black. Instead he will be wearing Green.
After a few more calls and a little negotiation the deal was set, Davis will send Coles and the Raiders first round draft pick (second overall) to a Philly for none other then Terrell Owens. He will be the one wearing the Silver and Black this season.
This deal looks to have many upsides for the Eagles as they will save money on the contract, get the second pick in the draft, and lose what could have been a major headache. Though Coles doesn't have the kind of talent Owens does he is still one of the top receivers in the league and doesn't have the history of tempter tantrums Owens has.
If, for whatever reason, Coles should not produce Reid knows that he will get a more then a slap on the wrist from the Tough Eagle fans.
"I know it may seem idiotic but in the end we think we will come out with the better end of this deal".
It is unknown whether or not the Eagles will look to trade the 2nd pick in the draft but it is speculated that they are shopping it around for help in the running back arena.
Oakland Raiders Owner Al Davis was visibly happy with his new employee.
"I think that Terrell is going to a perfect fit to what this organization represents and our scheme for next season. I have had this plan in the mix for some time but it wasn't till today that we decided to make our move".
Terrell Owens was unavailable for comment. April fools!


The Automation Technician will be based in Manchester CT. The Technician will support, operate, and perform preventative and basic maintenance on Automation Equipment that runs in a 24/7 cleanroom production environment.
Understanding of PLCs (bonus) Training will be provided on local PLC systems.
Read and interpret electrical schematics, mechanical diagrams including automated system drawings.
Analyzes errors or obstacles and recommends changes to Automation Engineering on how to resolve the problems.
Assists in maintaining software, documentation and equipment to the latest revision or operational specifications.
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Home / Insects / Beetles / Stag Beetle
Suborder: Polyphaga
Infraorder: Scarabaeiformia
Superfamily: Scarabaeoidea
Family: Lucanidae
Stag beetles are the biggest beetles existing in Europe. They are a set of nearly 1200 categories of beetles in the scientific categorization Lucanidae. Lucanus Cervus is a distinguished class in Europe. Everyone will be surprised to hear the name of an arthropod as Stag Beetle and will be curious to know about the reason. One reason can be that the male beetle"s jaw resembles the deciduous horn of male deer. Pliny the Elder acclaimed that the Stag beetles were called as Lucanus by Nigidius as they were used as a charm in an Italian province, Lucania. Cervus is a genre of deer and thus another possibility behind the name can be the attributed to the combination of their scientific name along with Cervus.
Stag beetles resemble the adult male deers in many ways. They scuffle with one another by employing the bones of their chin to get mastery over their preferred cohabiting areas, just like the deers struggle to win the females. Their combat will restrict not only for females, but also for edible materials like the fluids present in trees and rotting berries. Usually, they are not aggressive to man, regardless of their frightful visual aspect.
Stag beetle females, while they are in the form of larvae, can be recognized from their males as they have bulky cream shaded ovaries with which can be seen along the epidermis, somewhat two-third below the hind portion of the larvae.
Physical Structure
Stag beetles, usually, don"t bite anyone, though they are comparatively bigger in size. A few of them grow larger up to 1.25 inches or further than that. The big unique antenna of the males contains various lamellate plates (Leaf like layers), similar to the rest of the representatives of the genre. They close on being frightened. The main purpose of these sensing appendages is to discover the chemical substance produced and released by the females. The two wing cases (Elytra) have four elongated white lines along with a single tiny bar respectively. The bottom part of the rib cage is camouflaged with copper colored thread like growth.
Wheel of Life
Ahead of coming out as beetles, Stag beetles have to pass six years below the earth. They continue to be as larva for the best part of that time. On becoming mature in all respects, larvae stretch to a maximum of 8 cm. Nevertheless, the longevity of their life as a beetle follows a shorter period.
Materialization of the larva starts from the egg shell, and on getting prepared to come out of it, a larva starts gnawing the outer covering. Right at that time, it will be most probably white in color, partially crystalline and the length will be only a few millimeters. The unique head in orange shade will evolve within some more hours. This is the starting point of the long journey before reaching adult beetle-hood.
The larvae develop a huge stock of adipose tissue, which makes them a mature beetle,. The larvae continue to stay beneath the earth for five to six years using most of the time chomping the decaying logs. They move about among the neighboring dust and stale timber. While nibbling the log, subsequently it creates a chain of covered passageway and C modeled cubicles.
The sheath covering the larvae begins to become stiffened in the process of their moderate growth and finally their epidermis will be thrown away. The protective covering of the head will crack and the larva slowly maneuvers out of its aged outer covering. As part of the development, this action happens four times in a larva"s growing period.
Augmentation Practices
In the extended larval phase, Stag beetles allocate the best part of their time below the earth"s surface. It mainly depends on the climatic conditions. Atmospheric conditions can halt this process in between three to seven years. These processes can take longer during the chilly periods. On completing the larva stage, they go away from the decayed logs, on which they were feeding on till this time, in order to construct a big egg shaped sheath in the dust. At this place they come into the pupal phase and lastly transform into mature beetles.
Male Stag beetles fight with the other males to win the females. All along the period of reproduction, the male Stag beetles utilize their wonderful jaws as a cautionary indicator to other males. They move them up in an opposing and aggressive mode to compete with a rival. They prove themselves to be talented fighters who overpower the opponents and are able to stand erect upon their back limbs.
Their jawbones are also termed as "Antlers" as they look similar and may use it as the antler; so much for stag beetles being named as such.
Stag beetle males maintain their own domain and they travel through that in search of females in that region. At the eating places, males assemble near the females. It may be mainly due to the presence of the chemical substance produced and released into the environment. Feeding areas may witness fierce fights and the adversaries try hard to knock out the other by forcing them to lose their equilibrium. It lasts until the competition is eliminated and driven out. The longevity of the combat, the time interval or the amount of harm suffered by the opponents is not known precisely as supporting information available are inadequate or deficient. Though the proper information is not available, these battles are termed as ceremonial contests… But in certain groups, critical damages and even the end of their life can happen. This community of beetles is undergoing a transition phase. They have not yet arrived at a substitute plan of action. It is unfortunate that we don"t have the necessary information regarding the manner of conduct of differently sized males, For that reason, we can say that this category of beetles is the best experiential creatures to research on the highly fascinating breeding characteristics.
As a Pest
The Southern part of the United States consists of a large quantity of Stag beetles. They can also be seen in plenty in the northern states all along the moderately hot spring seasons. They usually take up their residence in the timber and form their homes in the decaying remains of the tree having its root still attached to the ground. They become stronger by taking in the wet decomposing juices of logs and can attack and encroach in huge volumes when the conditions are favorable. The Stag beetles may bite occasionally, if you try to grasp them.
While considering their appearance, Stag beetles are, most probably, judged wrongly as ruthless. Actually, they are not commonly aggressive to man. Ahead of approaching adulthood, the larvae live by consuming the rotting logs for some years and at this phase; they can be the worst destructive force to trees as well as harvests. The matured male beetles will engage physically throughout the cohabiting time. If you want to dispel these beetles from your property, one effective preventive measure that can help you to reduce their proliferation is to prevent them from their combat for females for a limited period. By doing this, you will be able to interrupt and avoid their mating process.
Astonishing Succinct Regarding Stag Beetles
Stag Beetle – Photo by: Eddy Van 3000
Britain"s biggest indigenous beetle that resides beneath the earth is the Stag beetle. Length of the matured females is about five centimeters and that of a few males is around seven centimeters.
Stag beetles can move through the air using their wings. All along the wet climate, males may travel rapidly in search of females as they copulate in twilight.
Though the females are able to fly, they seldom perform it. Instead, they discharge a synthetic substance in order to draw the attention of the males.
Larvae are helpful as they consume large amounts of decaying logs, thus giving back valuable inorganic substances to nature.
Jaws of male Stag beetle resemble the horns of a deer, thus the name, but female mouths, though small, are also powerful ones.
Males utilize the antlers to overpower the other males all along the copulation period.
Stag beetles have other names like Billywitch, Oak-Ox, Thunder-Beetle and Horse Pincher.
A lot of superstitions exist in British, German and Greek mythology regarding the Stag beetles.
Stag beetles can"t withstand chilly seasons and most of them pass away if they are not able to discover any of the moderately hot places similar to a pile of organic fertilizer.
In short, the life span of Stag beetles is very long – seven years from ovum to attain maturity.
Why Are Stag Beetles in Trouble Now?
The stag beetles in London, with their large mouths and jaws is an extremely charming animal that many people love and recollect with fondness the first time they laid their eyes on this wonderful creature. Their fearsome looks belie their soft and harmless demeanor.
These beetles are on the decline and are now placed on the endangered list because of steady loss of habitat, forest clearance, and the establishment of parks and gardens in their erstwhile habitat. These Stag Beetles fully rely on the decayed timber for most of their lives that they spend there, so that clearing their original habitats in favor of entertainment and commerce has had a shocking effect on their very subsistence. Moreover, their short life above the ground is fraught with many risks like, primarily, the human beings, cars, cats, magpies and what have you.
The one thing that we, as human beings can contribute with are building wood stockpiles in our homes in order to offer them, abode, and make sure that our children, grandchildren and the generations that follow can continue to watch and love these lovely creatures.
earth, head, large, white
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Soldier Beetle
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Activation of p53 in Down Syndrome and in the Ts65Dn Mouse Brain is Associated with a Pro-Apoptotic Phenotype
Authors: Tramutola, Antonellaa; 1 | Pupo, Gildaa; 1 | Di Domenico, Fabioa | Barone, Eugenioa; b | Arena, Andreaa | Lanzillotta, Chiaraa | Broekaart, Diedec | Blarzino, Carlaa | Head, Elizabethd | Butterfield, D. Alland; e | Perluigi, Marziaa; *
Affiliations: [a] Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy | [b] Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Salud, Providencia, Santiago, Chile | [c] Department of Neuropathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands | [d] Sanders-Brown Center of Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA | [e] Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
Correspondence: [*] Correspondence to: Marzia Perluigi, Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy. Tel.: +39 0649910885; Fax: +39 064440062; E-mail: marzia.perluigi@uniroma1.it.
Note: [1] These authors contributed equally to this work.
Abstract: Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability, resulting from trisomy of chromosome 21. The main feature of DS neuropathology includes early onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with deposition of senile plaques and tangles. We hypothesized that apoptosis may be activated in the presence of AD neuropathology in DS, thus we measured proteins associated with upstream and downstream pathways of p53 in the frontal cortex from DS cases with and without AD pathology and from Ts65Dn mice, at different ages. We observed increased acetylation and phosphorylation of p53, coupled to reduced MDM2/p53 complex level and lower levels of SIRT1. Activation of p53 was associated with a number of targets (BAX, PARP1, caspase-3, p21, heat shock proteins, and PGC1α) that were modulated in both DS and DS/AD compared with age-matched controls. In particular, the most relevant changes (increased p-p53 and acetyl-p53 and reduced formation of MDM2/p53 complex) were found to be modified only in the presence of AD pathology in DS. In addition, a similar pattern of alterations in the p53 pathway was found in Ts65Dn mice. These results suggest that p53 may integrate different signals, which can result in a pro-apoptotic-phenotype contributing to AD neuropathology in people with DS.
Keywords: Apoptosis, caspase, p53, sirtuins, Ts65Dn mouse model, trisomy 21


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This picture is not only very fitting when it comes to the current weather situation, since today was all rainy and gloomy. It also showcases remarkable tailoring, beautiful fabrics and a thoughtful details. For example, I like the idea of two different kind of scarves tied around the neck. It does not appear so much as the result of a helpless moment of indecision, but much more like a thoughtful act when preparing oneself for the outside world (and probably weather). Maybe I should add that the person in question here, is Haider Ackermann. A fashion designer not dressed entirely in black. Maybe that's enough of a surprise for today.
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A good looking, well-designed website and a thoughtful digital marketing strategy can establish you in your area and generate leads to new clients. Here is an overview of how real estate professionals can become expert marketers in 2018.
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Business development executives often blame the marketing team for sending poor quality leads. The marketing team points back to sales for not being able to close the deal. Is there a line in the sand?
In this industry, it can be hard to tell the fly-by-night amateurs from the professionals. These days, it's easy to setup a relatively professional-looking website and call yourself a freelance designer or digital marketer but there's more to it than that.
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It is also important to look for associated anomalies corresponding to syndromes with renal cystic involvement .
Intra-abdominal calcifications and echogenic masses are relatively common findings during fetal US. They may arise from any fetal part (e.g., liver, gallbladder, kidneys, spleen, adrenals).
Detection of such anomalies should prompt a detailed survey for additional findings, and a maternal history. In most cases, conservative management is sufficient. However, for some, a transfer to a tertiary care centre will be necessary.
In case of peritoneal calcifications, an important associated finding would be dilated intestinal loops, which would orient the diagnosis towards meconium peritonitis.
Another important finding would be an underlying fetal mass with calcifications (see below) [19-21].
In case of an abdominal mass, the role of imaging is to determine its anatomical origin, its content and the anatomic relation with the regional structures. The most common cystic tumor is an ovarian cyst.
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In conclusion, a step-by-step analysis helps to define the anomalies affecting the fetal abdomen. For selected indications, US first and MR imaging thereafter, can be used to evaluate the malformation.


I am following the tutorial for a default for "Logo.ls" I have changed the extrude of the dimension but it doesn't seem to make any difference when I create Text in Modeler. What am I doing incorrectly?
Never mind. I just figured out that "Text" and "Logo" are two different things.