text:
package org.testmonkeys.jentitytest.comparison.strategies;

import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.Setter;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.testmonkeys.jentitytest.Resources;
import org.testmonkeys.jentitytest.comparison.AbstractComparator;
import org.testmonkeys.jentitytest.comparison.ComparisonContext;
import org.testmonkeys.jentitytest.comparison.conditionalChecks.NullConditionalCheck;
import org.testmonkeys.jentitytest.comparison.result.ResultSet;
import org.testmonkeys.jentitytest.comparison.result.Status;
import org.testmonkeys.jentitytest.framework.DateTimeComparison;

import java.text.MessageFormat;
import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
import java.time.temporal.Temporal;

import static org.testmonkeys.jentitytest.Resources.desc_datetime_delta;
import static org.testmonkeys.jentitytest.Resources.desc_datetime_precision;

@Slf4j
public class DateTimeComparator extends AbstractComparator {

    @Getter
    @Setter
    private int delta;

    private ChronoUnit chronoUnit = ChronoUnit.NANOS;
    @Getter
    private String unit = "NANOS";

    private final TypeCastingUtils typeCasting = new TypeCastingUtils();

    public DateTimeComparator() {
        registerPreConditionalCheck(new NullConditionalCheck());
    }

    public DateTimeComparator(DateTimeComparison annotation) {
        registerPreConditionalCheck(new NullConditionalCheck());
        delta = annotation.delta();
        chronoUnit = annotation.unit();
    }

    public void setUnit(String unit) {
        this.chronoUnit = ChronoUnit.valueOf(unit);
        this.unit = unit;
    }

    @Override
    protected ResultSet computeComparison(Object actual, Object expected, ComparisonContext context) {
        Temporal actualValue = typeCasting.toTemporal(actual);
        Temporal expectedValue = typeCasting.toTemporal(expected);

        Status status = Status.valueOf(Math.abs(actualValue.until(expectedValue, chronoUnit)) <= delta);
        return new ResultSet().with(status, context, actual, expected);
    }

    @Override
    protected String describe() {
        if (delta == 0)
            return MessageFormat.format(Resources.getString(desc_datetime_precision),
                    getClass().getSimpleName(), chronoUnit);
        else
            return MessageFormat.format(Resources.getString(desc_datetime_delta), getClass().getSimpleName(), delta, chronoUnit);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Franchise Hockey Manager 5 is a Simulation, Strategy and Sports game for PC published by Out of the Park Developments in 2018.
Get ready to make a hockey league and lead it to become victory and reach the medals.
Franchise Hockey Manager 3 is a Sports, Strategy and Simulation game for PC published by Out of the Park Developments in 2016. Tournaments ahead!
Get ready to choose one of the several leagues of Hockey from 2016 and start the competitions to win the tournaments.
Legendary Eleven Epic Football is a Sports game for PC published by Eclipse Games in 2019. A step toward winning the world cup!
Guide your own football team of early 70's who used to be with classic haircuts, to win the world cup.
3D MiniGolf is a Casual and Sports game for PC published by Merge Games in 2015. Get ready for a challenge made of balls and holes!
If you wanna know how to play golf, it is all here. Lots of holes are waiting for you, just pass the tutorials and hit the journey.


Welcome to our How to Create a Coinbase Account tutorial! We've used screenshots and annotations to guide you through the Coinbase signup process in an easy-to-follow, step-by-step format.
So, let's get right into it!
Enter your First Name, Last Name, Email Address and Password. Click "I'm not a robot" and then confirm that you are 18 and agree to the terms and conditions.
You will then need to verify your email address.
Log into the email inbox that you entered into Coinbase, locate the email and then click "Verify Email Address".
You will then need to enter your phone number. This is an extra security measure required by Coinbase.
Coinbase will send a text message to the phone number that you entered. You need to enter this code into Coinbase.
Once you have done this, you will be directed to the Coinbase Dashboard, from here you need to click the Buy/Sell tab and click Add Payment Method.
You then need to select your preferred payment method.
Next, you must verify your identity. Click on Upload ID.
You now need to select which form of ID you will upload to prove your identity to Coinbase. This is something that is required by the majority of reputable cryptocurrency brokers.
You should then select the mobile camera upload method. You will receive a link on your phone leading to the mobile site on which you can upload your ID.
Wait until your ID has been verified, then click Continue to add your payment method.
Wahey! Your Coinbase account is verified. All you need to do now is add your payment details!
That is the final step to opening your Coinbase account. Once your ID and bank details have been verified, you will be ready to purchase cryptocurrencies on Coinbase.
If you have experienced any problems in opening your Coinbase account, please let us know in the comments section below and we will do our best to help!
If you would like to learn how to purchase Bitcoin or Ether from your Coinbase account, please visit our How to Buy Bitcoin or How to Buy Ethereum guide.


Communism is a socioeconomic structure and political ideology that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless society based on common ownership and control of the means of production and property in general.
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Communism is the final stage of the political reform started witha revolution, according to Marx. First masses of workers will rebel in a industrialezed country; they will implant a socialist government in order to adapt the country for later changes. After private property is banished, and the people possess everything, thenthere will be no need for government, thus the state will be destroyed, to form a society with no social classes. It important to remember that Marx knew that the mentality of man needed to change in order of this to work. He believe in the concept of the "new man" who was humble and just. It is also important to remeber did not believe in a country alone with this structure, but he believed that the whole world adapt to this change. Given this, it is safe to say that no country has ever achieved communism, and anyone who has a sense of equality do agree with this utopia.
No, Russia was not communist, neither is Cuba.
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A nice idea (Everyone is equal, everything is shared) but one that falls to bits when greedy humans get in the way.
True communism has never been achieved on any significant scale in known history.
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Does taiwan do the communism?
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Communism, though recently associated with corrupt totalitarian states such as China and The Soviet Union is one of the natural states of human existance, the idea of living in a self-sustaining group that cares for its members, like they did in the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age), which is increasingly hard in the modern world. Most families live in A SORT of communism, as parents USUALLY don't make the kids work for what they eat.
Many societies, such as the Shakers in America, the Incas in Peru, the Essines in Israel, and many Early Christian groups, have practiced forms of communism.
But Communism with Das Kapital C didn't come about until the mid 1800s when Karl Marx wrote the Communist Manifesto, which stated that Society was always going through transitions (the last two being Feudalism, and Capitalism), and that now was the time for a transition into a Socialist economy, which would lead to a classless society, which he called "Communism". Marx recognised the effectiveness of Capitalism, but saw that it was only another step in this chain.
One of the most contraversial points about Modern Communism is that it is vocally Athiest, as Marx had said "Religion is the Opium of The People." This is because Marx's father was forced to convert from Judaism to Christianity in order to get a job in a largely anti-semitic country. Because of this, the young Marx decided that religion was fleeting, and was a tool of the opressor to bind the people. Despite this, many religious-based communistic societies have existed.
In the early 1900s, in Russia, long after marx's death, the Tsar Alexander II had declared war on Japan. Russia, after a devistating defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, and heavy losses in World War I, the people were ready for a new government. Many looked to Marxism. These were lead by intellectuals such as Vladamir Ulyanov "Lenin", and Leon Trotsky. They called themselves the Bolsheviks, and pelieved that the Proletariat, The workers, must triumph in an armed revolution. In 1917, the Tsar was deposed, and followed by a capitalistic Provisional Government. This didn't cut it for the Bolsheviks, and the Bolsheviks soon gained control of Russia.
At first, the new Soviet Union seemed like a genuine Marxist state, but soon an upstart named Josef "Stalin" "The Man of Steel", began his deadly regime, which effectively ended the idea of a just Communist state.
the same thing was played out all over the world in places like China, and Cuba. Corrupt dictators hijacked Communistic ideals and used them for their own personal good.
So thus the great notions of Communism will forever be tainted by the terror of corrupt dictators.
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Something that, in theory, is a good idea. Communism is an ideal that believes that everyone should share everything, so that poverty wouldn't exist, and there wouldn't be a gap between richer and poorer classes. The problem is, communist governments become corrupt, because people are greedy, so it doesn't work.
Person One: Why's that country so messed up?
Person Two: They just got rid of communism, and are now trying to put their country back together.
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An established form of government in which all men are created and treated as equals... except I'm more equal than you.
"Excuse me, could you please pass the salt?"
"No, we're equal, get it yourself."
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Adrian Zahra was not in the squad for Valetta.
Tom Rogić and Jackson Irvine were not in the squad for Celtic.
Mathew Leckie played for Ingolstadt until half-time.
Adam Federici played until half-time and kept a clean sheet while Ryan Edwards also played until half-time and scored the only goal (0-1, 8′).
James Wesolowski played a full match for Shrewsbury.
Aaron Downes played for Torquay until the 63rd minute.
Harrison Delbridge was an unused substitute.


text:
White House Rumors And Roving Reporters
Letter from Washington
By John A. Cloud, July 28, 1992
WASHINGTON--IN THE SUMMER of 1979, Jimmy Carter was attacked by a killer bunny. He was fishing near his home in Plains, Ga., when a rabbit actually swam up to his boat, prompting the ex-Navy officer to beat it back with an oar. Brooks Johnson, then an Associated Press reporter, witnessed the bizarre event and wrote a story about it. The "killer rabbit" became a metaphor for Carter's faltering presidency.
George Bush's killer rabbit was the 1992 All-Star Game in San Diego on July 14. As his name was announced over the loudspeaker, a chorus of boos arose from the crowd. Not everyone booed, of course, but The New York Times reporter there estimated a 60-40 heckles-to-cheers ratio. That would be more than a landslide on November 3.
It's even more surprising when you consider who goes to All-Star Games, especially in conservative San Diego, political birthplace of California's republican governor, Pete Wilson. Tickets to such games are expensive (40 bucks for the cheapest seats this year) and usually obtained by what Richard Ben Cramer, in his new book What It Takes: The Way to the White House, calls the "corporate perks crowd"--white and GOP-friendly.
But that crowd hissed George Bush. In fact, much like Carter, Bush can't seem to get a break the summer before what he hopes will be his second election to the White House Just last Friday, family members of POW MIAs--another group Bush advisers thought would be polite--jeered the president at their annual meeting in Crystal City, Va. Now Dukakis-like, Bush was left angrily defending his patriotism and war record.
Campaign aides and GOP members of Congress have begun to worry about their ticket. And more importantly, reporters want some explanation for Bush's inability to find the path so well- worn by expert Republican campaigners. It is this combination which has slowly cranked up the rumor mill now known as the White House.
Ironically, neither left nor right finds his broader failures hard to explain. The right constantly cites his acquiescence to a tax hike as the reason for his and the economy's collapse.
For moderates and liberals, the problems are broader: Without any vision for the country, he has allowed America to degenerate further into racial and ethnic tension and economic malaise. He had fought primarily for a capital gains tax cut instead of formulating a larger plan for the economy.
And all this has happened at a time when the Cold War's end held so much promise for America, mainly in the opportunity to reorient our national priorities. Overseas, Bush spent billions and took thousands of lives to push back a dictator the administration built up--and then left him entrenched in power. And his directionless non-policy for the break-up of communist Europe has resulted in no leadership to help stop the killing in Sarajevo.
But while this case is easily made, almost everyone is confused by Bush's failure to do what the Republicans have done best in their time in power--run decent campaigns.
Obviously no one should write him off; the Republicans haven't even had their convention yet, But boos in San Diego? A 20-point plus deficit in the polls? Bush and his aides never expected that. And neither did reporters.
THE MOST COMMON method reporters employ to investigate anything is to create a set of reference mnemonics for it. We often call this the "background," and there's a background, or subtext, for every story. Al Gore for veep? He ran before; his wife hates dirty lyrics; he's big with greens. Boris Yeltsin visits the U.S.? He was here before and got drunk; his nation desperately needs our investment; he's growing unpopular at home.
These subtexts shape the way a story gets covered. They add texture, but they certainly emphasize one set of points time and again. And often, reporters will be looking out for any bit of information that confirms their subtext.
This is no less true for White House stories. And these days, the subtext of Bush stories has become: His campaign is in a tailspin.
The subtexts (an idea I borrow from University of Virginia political scientist Larry J. Sabato and his 1991 book Feeding Frenzy) are reinforced by the chummy yet competitive nature of White House reporters.
Those folks spend years working and traveling together. On press planes they hear the same stories and retell whatever juicy morsels of gossip they have heard recently. Press hotels, press buses, filing centers, poolside chats among journalists on the road with the president--all become an echo chamber of rumor upon hearsay upon possible story idea. And the reporters are constantly pushing sources for something, anything, that The Post or The Times or CNN does not have.
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A Defense of COCA's "Shock Activism"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Oz Griebel of Hartford, who is running for governor as an independent.
Oz Griebel, the former Hartford business leader who is making a long-shot independent run for governor, paid nearly $300,000 in federal taxes over the last three years, according to summary sheets of his IRS returns for 2015, 2016 and 2017 released Tuesday by the candidate.
Griebel's transparency, however, did little to nudge the two front runners — Democrat Ned Lamont and Republican Bob Stefanowski — to give reporters a peak at the two businessmen's financial records.
In his last three returns, on income close to $400,000 a year, Griebel paid $94,925 in federal taxes in 2017, $93,026 in 2017 and $99.493 in 2015, the summaries, prepared by Hartford accounting firms indicate.
A spokesman for Stefanowski reiterated the candidate's week-old comment supporting the eventual release of his recent tax records. Asked again on Tuesday, Stefanowski's campaign remained vague.
"Yes, Bob plans to release his income tax summaries as well," said Kendall Marr, the spokesman, who did not respond to a request for further details.
Informed that Griebel had released his summary sheets, Lamont said he will not open up his records until Stefanowski does the same.
Lamont said he wanted to prod Stefanowski.
The three candidates will meet in a debate Wednesday night on the campus of the University of Connecticut.


clientId - The Client ID that you obtained from the Amazon App Distribution Portal.
clientSecret - The Client Secret that you obtained from the Amazon App Distribution Portal.
enabled - Indicates whether or not the channel is enabled for sending messages.


text:
April 21, 2018	 Blog
The football World Cup – four small words that are bound to put a smile on the faces of football fans all over the world. The tournament always promises fantastic football and great excitement. Every four years, dreams are shattered, legends formed and unforgettable moments created.
Even if you are not a football fan, you have every reason to look forward to the great spectacle – the World Cup. The biggest sporting event of the year promises to be an absolute goldmine for Matched Bettors due to the amount of free bets and bonuses available to German, Austrian and Swiss customers during those four weeks.
So, are you prepared for the World Cup 2018?
Russia is hosting this year's World Cup from 14 June – 15 July 2018. Football fans all over the world are waiting in eager anticipation to see who will lift the trophy in July. Will Germany conquer the football world once again or can Brazil, Argentina or France step up to secure the title?
From a Matched Betting perspective there is also every reason to look forward to the World Cup. The number of free bets, bonuses and other offers are likely to be overwhelming as every bookmaker will try and secure your business.
I've listed some tips and tricks below on how to make the most out of Matched Betting this World Cup and earn some extra money for your summer holiday!
4 Matched Betting tips for the World Cup
Sign up to as many bookmakers as you can
The focus from now until the World Cup should be to sign up to as many bookmakers as possible. The majority of the World Cup offers will only be available to existing customers. Hence, the more bookmaker accounts you have, the more offers you will receive. Start signing up now!
Complete the sign-up offers before the World Cup
As mentioned, it makes sense to sign up to the bookmakers now as the free bets and other offers during the World Cup will most likely only be available to existing customers. In many of the bookmaker terms and conditions, it is stated that you cannot take part in other promotional activities, i.e. free bets, while doing a sign-up offer. Therefore, it is important that you have completed the sign-up offers before the World Cup starts.
Remember that there is not much football on before the World Cup starts and after the national leagues finish. This can make it difficult to complete the sign-up offers. The Champions League Final normally marks the end of the season for all major football leagues. This year, the Champions League Final is scheduled for the 26th of May 2018. The World Cup starts on the 14th of June 2018. Hence, you should really get started now!
Sign up to the DoppelWetten newsletter
Sign up to the DoppelWetten newsletter to ensure you don't miss out on Matched Betting news, articles, guides and offers.
You can sign up on the Homepage.
Prepare to deposit into your bookmaker accounts
Once the World Cup begins and the bookmakers reveal their offers, it is important that you have some money to deposit into empty bookmaker accounts. I expect that most offers will be of the type: "Bet €x and get a €x free bet", or "bet €x and get your money back if your bet loses". Therefore, you need some money in your bookmaker accounts as you will have to use your own money to place the qualifying bets. Depending on the offer, €20 – €30 per bookmaker should be enough.
How DoppelWetten can help you prepare for the World Cup
Here is also a small list on how DoppelWetten can help you become a Matched Betting Expert before and during the World Cup:
A number of blog articles about this theme will be posted on the site. You are already reading the first one ?
World Cup Forum thread
There is an official World Cup offer thread in the Forum. This is where offers will be posted as and when the bookmakers release them. Remember to subscribe to the Forum thread, so you get notified when changes are made. Also, please use the Forum to share offers that you find.
More sign-up offers will be added to the Forum
More sign-up offers will continually be added to the Forum. The aim is to include all the sign-up offers that are available to German (and Austrian and Swiss) residents. Again, please post in the Forum if you have found a sign-up offer that is not already mentioned.
If you have any other ideas of what could be helpful please feel free to make suggestions in the DoppelWetten Forum.
Tags: World Cup 2018
The World Cup is here. Four years of waiting and[...]
You can find the video guide here. I for one[...]


text:
Overview of the Georgian language and Alphabet
Language and Nationalism
First Printed Georgian Book
Despite of some resemblance and intermingling, The Georgians, ethnically and linguistically, are unrelated to the Indo-Europeans (Russians, Armenians, or any Western European groups). They form a group of their own, named "Ibero-Caucasian", "South Caucasian" or "Kartvelian" (the latter is the Georgians' own name for their nation). Professor Nikolai Marr, a prominent scholar of the Caucasian languages, brought into use the term "Japhetic" to designate a group (which includes Georgian) which he and other scholars believed to have inhabited the Mediterranean basin before the arrival of the Indo-Europeans circa II millenium BCE. These scholars believe that of this group of people, known as "Proto-Iberians", the Georgians and the Basques (in Spain) are the sole survivors, though the extinct Etruscans in Italy may have belonged to a kindred family. Certain affinities between the Basque and Georgian languages, as well as resemblances in popular customs, traditions and legends have been (and still are ) used to highlight their probable affinity.
The Georgian language belongs to the Paleocaucasian Ethnolinguistic Family, the representative people of which are the direct descendents of the oldest population of Caucasus. This Family is divided into three branches:
1) Western Caucasian, or Abkhaz-Adighian - unifies modern Abkhazians, Abazians, Adighians, Cherkezians and Kabardians;
2) Eastern Caucasian, or Chechen-Dagestanian - Chechenians, Ingushs and Dagestanians (Avarians, Lezgians, Darguelians, Laks and etc.);
3) Southern, or Kartvelian- represented by Georgian people, which consist of three main subethnical groups - Karts, Zans or Mengrel-Chans and Svans. Division of the previous Kartvelian language into Georgian, Zanian and Svanian branches begins in the III-II mill. B.C.
The Georgian language is the state language of Georgia. Georgian is the only language in the Ibero-Caucasian family that has its own ancient script. The most ancient writings date back to the 5th century AD, though recent findings suggest earlier existence of the literary language. The Georgian script is a unique writing system, conveying the sound composition of the Georgian speech and forming the written and printed symbols of the national Georgian language.
The development of the Georgian alphabet can be broken into three stages: Asomtavruli (unknown dates), Nuskha-Khutsuri (from the 9th century, still used by the Georgians Orthodox Church), and Mkhedruli (contemporary Georgian script, from the 11th century).
Both the ancient and modern alphabets are extremely simple, precious and economic. Each sound has its corresponding symbol and vice versa. Nowadays, the Georgian alphabet includes 33 symbols (5 vowels and 28 consonants). The shape of the letters is unique but their arrangement suggests influence from Indo-European languages.
Asomtavruli Script
Asomtavruli is the oldest Georgian script, believed by some Georgian scholars to be derived from Sumerian alphabet (although their no conclusive proof for this). The script is unique in its shape and symbolism.
The Georgian alphabet showing: First column, the Ecclestical (Khutsuri) script; Second column, the Mkhedruli or modern alphabet; Third column the phonetic values
Language remains one of the key elements in the Georgian identity and a fundamental instrument in forging a nation. Its importance became evident in the late 19th century when the Russian imperial policies endangered its status within the Georgian lands. The rise of the national-liberation movement was in part triggered by the desire to save and revive the Georgian language. Thus, Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli and other prominent members of this movement sought to safeguard the language and adopted a special motto �mamuli, ena, sartsmunoeba� for their program of national awakening in which the language (ena) became one of the three pillars of the national movement. Language also became a subject of bitter dispute between conservative and progressive elements in Georgian society as the Mtkvardaleulni and Tergdaleulni groups discussed the language reform; the latter called for a language reform, which incensed the conservatives, and employed vernacular language in their publications in order to make them more accessible to the common people. The Society for Advancement of Literacy Among the Georgians played an important role in spreading literacy to the masses and Jacob Gogebashvili�s Dedaena served as an important textbook in this process.
During the Soviet era, the Communist authorities made several attempts to abolish the Georgian language as the state language in Georgia, which led to massive protests and revitalized Georgian nationalist sentiments. Georgian dissidents, especially Zviad Gamsakhurdia and Merab Kostava, campaigned under the slogan �ena, mamuli, sartsmunoeba� (language, fatherland, faith) that placed major emphasis on the Georgian language as a rallying point for the Georgian nationalism. In April 1978, the power of Georgian nationalism was revealed when thousands of Georgians took to the streets to protest the Soviet government�s decision to remove Georgian as the official state language of the republic. Facing escalating demands, the government decided against removing the disputed clause and effectively acknowledged its defeat. Currently, Article 8 of the Constitution declares Georgian as the state language of Georgia and the Georgian and Abkhaz languages on the territory of Abkhazia.
Discussions on the place and importance of the language in Georgian history often led to deviations. In 1920s, the Georgian language was studied by Nikolay Marr and his disciples, who founded the Japhetic theory in linguistics. The theory claimed that Japhetic languages, Georgian among them, had existed across Europe before the advent of the Indo-European languages and could be recognized as a foundation over which the Indo-European languages had imposed themselves. Using this model, Marr attempted to apply the Marxist theory of class struggle to linguistics, arguing that these different strata of language corresponded to different social classes. In 1924, he went even further and proclaimed that all the languages of the world descend from a single proto-language which had consisted of four enigmatic elements sal, ber, yon, rosh.
Another important discussion stems from the 10th century scholar Ioane Zosime�s hymn Kebai da didebai kartulisa enisa (Praise and Glorification of the Georgian Language) that glorifies the Georgian language and its unique mission. Ioane Zosime preached, �Buried is the Georgian language as a martyr until the day of the Messiah�s second coming, so that God may look at every language through this language. And so the language is sleeping to this day. And in the Gospels this language is called Lazarus� And friendship it spoke because every secret is buried in this language and dead for four days. Therefore David the Prophet spoke, saying: �A thousand years is like one day.� And within the Georgian Gospels, in Matthew, sits a part, which is a letter, and it will say to all the four thousand secrets. And such are the four days and the man who was dead for four days, for this [it is] buried with him through the death of its baptism. And this language, beautified and blessed by the name of the Lord, humble and afflicted, awaits the day of the second coming of the Lord��
This hymn spawned messianic tendencies in Georgia of the 1980s and 1990s. Many Georgian dissidents, especially Zviad Gamsakhurdia, explained the hymn in a strictly messianic context, turning it into a major element of nationalist ideology. It was argued that Ioane Zosime�s reference to the Georgian language as Lazarus and his four-day burial referred to the eclipsing of a Japhetic civilization, of which proto-Georgian culture was part, by Indo-European newcomers and the soon-to-be expected revival of Georgia. Furthermore, Gamsakhurdia and his supporters went so far as to claim that at the Judgement Day, the Georgian language, and nation, will take the position of universal spiritual leader and judge of the mankind. Such sentiments, although on the decline, still remain widespread in Georgia and sustain Georgian beliefs of superiority and unique spiritual mission of their language. In recent years, scholars, nationalists and populist politicians often campaign against the influx of Western, particularly American, pop culture and the perceived decline of the Georgian language through numerous English loan-words. The younger generation is especially susceptible to adopting foreign words in the vernacular language.
First Printed Georgian Books
The Catholic and Georgian missionaries in Rome (Italy) helped introduce printed books to the Georgian rulers by the early 17th century. The newly established Catholic Theatine and Capuchin missions also required manuals of the Georgian language and devotional texts for their operations. So, when, in 1626, King Teimuraz I of Kartli-Kakheti sent Nicephorus Irbach (Irubakidze-Cholokashvili) on a diplomatic mission to Rome, the Georgian envoy was enlisted to help solve these problems. During his stay at the Vatican, Nicephorus collaborated with Catholic scholars to produce an extensive Georgian-Italian vocabulary, as well as a brief collection of prayers in colloquial Georgian.
The dictionary, the first Georgian book to be printed, was printed in 1629 and contained over 3,000 words printed in large, clear type of the Mkhedruli alphabet. In 1670, Maggio�s textbook on Georgian grammar appeared in Rome as well. Other religious texts soon followed and, despite their many inaccuracies in light of the limited knowledge of Georgian in Europe, these publications played an important role in the development of Georgian printed culture. In late 17th century, King Archil emigrated to Russia, where he established a vibrant Georgian community at Vsesviatskoe near Moscow and turned his efforts to establishing printing presses that produced Georgians books.
By the late 17th and early 18th century, the number of Georgian books in print had increased but all of them were produced in Moscow or Rome and difficulties of transportation and distribution prevented their circulation within Georgia. The decision to establish a permanent printing press in Tbilisi belonged to King Vakhtang VI (r. 1704-1723), whose reign proved to be a period of constructive activity in almost every sphere. With the help of the prominent Georgian cleric Anthim the Iberian, archbishop of Wallachia (present-day Romania), King Vakhtang set about installing a printing plant in Tbilisi. Archbishop Anthim was himself a master printer and engraver of the first order and pioneer in Rumanian printing, and he sent one of his ablest disciples, the master printer Miha� Isvanovic�, known in Georgia as Mikheil Stepaneshvili, to open the first Georgian press in Tbilisi.
A page from the book published at the Tbilisi press by Miha� Isvanovic�
Opened in 1709, the press operated for the next 14 years producing mainly religious texts. One of its greatest achievements was the first print version of Shota Rustaveli's Vepkhistkaosani published in 1712. Before its destruction at the hands of the Ottomans in 1723, the press produced the following titles: Four Cospels in Georgian, 1709; Psalms of David, 1709 (2nd edition 1711; 3rd edition, 1712; 4th edition 1716); Book of Liturgies, 1710; Prayer-Book, 1710 (2nd edition 1717) Book of Hours, 1710 (2nd edition 1717; 3rd edition 1722); Germanos the Monk, Manual on How the Teacher Should Instruct His Pupil, 1711; Shota Rustaveli's Vepkhistkaosani, 1712; Missal (translated from the Greek) 1713; Book of Church Ritual, 1719-1720; Paraklitoni (a liturgical book of the Georgian orthodox Church), 1720; The Book of the Knowledge of Creation (a Persian astronomical treatise, translated by King Vakhtang VI and other scholars), 1721; books of the Bible, including the Prophets and the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke, 1709-1722


For the Burlington public schools in Massachusetts, Assistant Superintendent Patrick Larkin is the face of an ambitious effort to roll out educational technology at all levels. He has pushed the 3,000-student district into the second year of a 1-to-1 iPad initiative at its high school, he is giving high school students a pivotal role in serving as technology troubleshooters, and he runs a monthly "tech night" for parents to teach them the skills their children are learning in school. Beyond that, Larkin designed a special "playtime" after professional-development sessions to let teachers experiment with new technologies, alongside experts who offer guidance.
But Larkin, who oversees curriculum and technology, isn't just prodding others in his district to go high-tech. He is modeling the commitment by blogging and tweeting regularly about ed-tech problems and solutions, and relying on his own virtual network of peers and experts he can reach out to for advice at any time, primarily via Twitter.
Larkin embodies the belief among a growing number of school administrators that getting educators to embrace digital teaching and learning, and to use technology more effectively, requires leading by example. That approach, he believes, is the path to better leadership.
A 2012 report from Project RED, or Revolutionizing Education, a national ed-tech research and advocacy organization, further emphasizes the vital role of leadership in making educational technology efforts more effective. It found that high-quality leadership was "essential" to better use of technology, and that schools whose leaders had properly implemented 1-to-1 programs, for example, saw significant improvements in everything from test scores to dropout rates, over both schools without such programs and those without properly implemented programs.
But many school and district leaders are still unprepared for the shift in thinking and leadership attributes that such technology initiatives require, says Scott McLeod, the director of innovation for the Prairie Lakes Area Education Agency, which partners with 45 Iowa school districts. He is on leave from his position as the founding director of the Center for the Advanced Study of Technology Leadership in Education, or CASTLE, based at Iowa State University in Ames.
"I'm astounded that it's 2012, and we're still having conversations about really basic stuff, like you shouldn't block Google. It's disheartening," he says, speaking in an interview late last year. However, he adds: "I think we see most school leaders these days less resistant to ed tech than they were. Some are finally recognizing that the tech landscape is here to stay."
Patrick Larkin, left, the assistant superintendent of the Burlington public schools in Massachusetts, and Andy Marcinek, an instrumental-technology specialist at Burlington High School, chat while viewing an iPad in the "help desk" area of the high school.
There are examples of educational leaders who have fully endorsed the integration of technology into the school day and are modeling how to make that happen. And there are characteristics and techniques that successful leaders in the ed-tech field share—everything from risk-taking to regularly using pilot projects to test initiatives before expanding them.
As the march toward using online assessments for the Common Core State Standards in 2014-15 continues, those leadership traits and strategies will become even more important, says Rowland Baker, the executive director of the Santa Cruz, Calif.-based Technology Information Center for Administrative Leadership, or TICAL, a statewide effort to promote ed-tech leadership.
"We're moving into a whole new area, and we're going to have to make a quantum leap," Baker says.
It was once enough for school and district leaders to surround themselves with people who understood technology, but the leaders themselves didn't necessarily need deep technology know-how. That is changing, some say.
It's now critical for principals and superintendents to demonstrate appropriate technology use and innovation for others in their schools and districts, says Spike Cook, the principal of the 300-student R.M. Bacon Elementary School in Millville, N.J.
"Modeling is crucial. If you want your kids and teachers to be users of 21st-century tools, … you have to show that you can do it too," he says. "It shows that I'm still a teacher—I can still instruct and still learn."
Cook has been at Bacon Elementary—where 80 percent of students qualify for free or reduced-price lunch—for only about a year, but during that time he has made it a point to spur teacher and student interest in using technology for learning. At faculty meetings, he often presents potentially useful tech tools he's discovered.
Over the summer, for instance, Cook learned how to use iMovie, a software program that people can use to take videos and turn them into well-organized films. He used his iPad to make a movie trailer for the district promoting the kickoff of the new academic year and posted it on YouTube. The local newspaper wrote about it.
During his first faculty meeting at Bacon, Cook told the teachers he had created the trailer on his iPad in just a few hours. Afterward, his school's 5th grade teachers borrowed the iPad and made their own welcome-back iMovie. Another teacher used the device to have students make movie trailers about books they'd read.
Every two weeks, Cook schedules "Tech Friday" before school, in which teachers can highlight a particular app, software program, or technological device, or simply ask questions of others about various ed-tech tools or approaches. Sometimes, students give presentations about new technologies to the teachers during those sessions.
Keep up with news, ideas, and trends in education technology via our LinkedIn group: Education Week Digital Directions for Ed-Tech Professionals.
Cook also blogs regularly about his school's tech use and school issues, and though he's never mandated that his teachers blog, he's made sure they've seen its power. "Teachers have started their own blogs highlighting activities in the classroom," he says. "I never told them to do it, but I said, 'Wouldn't it be nice if a parent could find out what their child is doing?'"
A hallmark of successful ed-tech leadership is introducing rapid-fire pilot projects, working out the kinks, and scaling up quickly if the pilots are effective, says Pamela Moran, the superintendent of the 13,200-student Albemarle County schools in Charlottesville, Va.
Last school year, through Twitter, Moran learned about CoderDojo, a global initiative to bring students and teachers together informally to learn about computer programming. The mathematical thinking students use in the CoderDojo program often spurs academic improvements in math classes, Moran says.
Albemarle County scheduled a four-day CoderDojo event over the summer, just before the start of 2012-13 school year, and set aside 50 slots for students. Within two minutes of advertising the opportunity via social networking, 50 students were signed up. Within four minutes, the list had grown to 200 students, which spiked to 900 in two days.
"We could have told all those parents 'no,' but we ended up expanding the number of teachers to accommodate 200 kids," Moran says. The event included elementary students working with high school students and teachers.
Because it was so successful, the district has now put CoderDojos in place at schools across the district.
Albemarle County Superintendent of Schools Pamela Moran emphasizes rapid-fire technology pilot projects in her Virginia district.
"We don't talk about five-year strategic plans anymore, and sometimes we have to adapt our priorities in the middle of the year," Moran says. "Instead of spending two years beating an idea to death to figure out if we can do it or not, we just do it. You make some mistakes, but it allows you to scale up quickly."
Moran has also given staff members at each school the flexibility to set up a CoderDojo in a way that works well there. That approach of "high standards, but not standardization" is a characteristic of successful ed-tech projects, according to several leaders in the field.
The ability to adapt, even when pilot projects don't work as first envisioned, is crucial, says Skip Johnson, the principal of the 210-student El Crystal Elementary School in San Bruno, Calif. "Seventy-five percent of what you learn is from making mistakes," he says.
For example, when his school started an iPod audiobook project several years ago, teachers loaded one book at a time, and when a student had finished listening to it, he or she came back for another. But students were flying through books and got frustrated when they couldn't move immediately to another one. So teachers instead made "playlists" of books that increased in complexity with each successive book.
"At first, we were treating the iPod like a regular library book, when in fact it was designed to do something else," Johnson says.
Johnson makes it a high priority to give his teachers flexibility with technology to experiment and use the tools in ways that work best for their teaching styles and their students. When some of his administrators and teachers were given iPads, Johnson deliberately did not tell them which apps they needed. He gave them each a budget of $500 and told them to experiment and then share information about apps that worked well.
"That's opposed to me buying 40 of them and the teachers saying they're garbage," he says.
Of course, not all pilot projects work, and it's vital to cut losses quickly. Johnson saw some software he thought would work well as an electronic bulletin board for data collected by teachers and piloted it in one class. Teachers didn't like it, though, and the venture was scrapped after about a month.
So far, school officials feel El Crystal's culture of innovation is having a significant impact on student learning. The school's API score— California's state testing measurement—increased 65 points from last school year, to 870 this school year, the highest it's ever been. Johnson attributes the boost directly to better use of learning technologies.
But Daniel Lyttle, an assistant principal at the nearby 815-student Parkside Intermediate School, which has also seen success related to technology initiatives, acknowledges that what's happening in those schools is not the norm. Many school and district leaders feel uncomfortable with educational technology because it's so different from their own educational experiences.
"This is all very scary stuff that the kids know, but we don't know," Lyttle says.
Indeed, some educators are reluctant to try out new and sometimes unproven technology techniques for fear of doing harm to a student's experience or of violating some policy about how to use technology, says Barbara Nemko, the superintendent of schools for California's Napa County Office of Education, which oversees five area school districts.
Burlington High School in Massachusetts emphasizes the use of iPads, rather than textbooks, for students to read material for their classes.
"We're timid," she says, noting that educators in her state are fearful of a precedent set by a San Francisco superior court ruling, which requires equity for students in core subjects. Some educators have taken that to mean that students must have access to the same technology, making them reluctant, for example, to adopt "bring your own device," or BYOD, programs in schools, Nemko says.
"Human beings are risk-averse, but we can't let our timidity stand in the way of providing the best possible education," she says.
To complicate matters, Nemko says, she often sees educators buying new technologies without a clear goal for their use. Technology should be a tool to reach an educational goal, not the goal itself, she says.
One of the preschools in her area wanted to use a literacy software program with English-language learners, but it was only deliverable through the iPad. So the district started a small summer pilot program with 16 students using iPads and collected data to show it worked. The lead kindergarten teacher, despite thinking the project was a "dumb idea," observed the pilot and, "by the end of day two, she became our biggest cheerleader," Nemko says. The teacher demanded that every kindergartner in her school get an iPad.
Now they each have a device. The kindergartners use the iPads to improve language and handwriting, and teachers note that the pupils, particularly ELL students, are more verbal and collaborative, Nemko says. But she emphasizes that the project wasn't about the iPad—it was about delivering programs that improved students' educational experiences.
Some education leaders may be wary of putting ambitious ed-tech initiatives in place because their test scores are stable and high, says Cook. "What would force someone to change if their results are saying what they're doing is excellent?" he asks. "But are they preparing the students for jobs that don't exist yet?"
Though all school leaders need to think about standardized testing and test scores, many are using alternative methods to determine whether their technology initiatives are having the impact they seek.
In Virginia's Albemarle County, Moran says she goes beyond standardized testing to evaluate success, looking at evaluating "authentic assessments" conducted by teachers. That means, for example, using analytical reading assessments or determining whether students can write in powerful ways.
Focusing on traditional state testing, "we may end up with kids who pass tests, but those are not children who love learning," Moran says.
Larkin of Massachusetts' Burlington schools says his district examines test results, "but our goal in doing this [technology initiative] is not to improve" state test scores. The district is seeking to use technology to improve in other ways, such as boosting student engagement.
Technology initiatives "are improving test scores, but I'm fortunate to be in a culture that encourages and accepts risk-taking," Larkin says. "We're encouraged to take risks that are in the best interest of students and to know we're not going to be punished for it."
Pamela Moran, the superintendent of the Albemarle County public schools in Virginia, believes in using rapid-fire technology pilot projects.
That support from the highest levels of the district sets the tone, says Devin Vodicka, the new superintendent of California's 22,000-student Vista Unified School District, north of San Diego. Vodicka, who started the job in July, says he took the position in part because the school board told him it wanted a tech-oriented superintendent.
The board recently adopted a formal district vision statement that embraces innovation and risk-taking, with the understanding "that it doesn't always lead to instant success," Vodicka says. That gives him the support and courage to venture into new areas, he says.
Even so, those ventures are calculated risks. All the ed-tech leaders interviewed for this article say they research, experiment, and test the initiatives they seek to put in place before fully enacting them. And they all tap into extensive social-networking communities they have formed for themselves—a significant change for principals and superintendents, who in the past sometimes felt isolated, having to project unwavering confidence and with few peers to reach out to on a daily basis.
Most of those leaders are regular Twitter users and have a significant presence on other sites, such as Facebook and Google+.
Cook says he has learned more from his personal learning network than he ever learned getting his doctorate or during his first and second years as a principal.
Lynmarie Hilt, the principal of the 480-student Brecknock Elementary School in Denver, Pa., says her network through Twitter has made her unafraid to admit she doesn't have all the answers, since she now knows she can get advice on nearly any topic at any time of day.
"I can associate with people who are well versed in certain areas," she says. "I say to my teachers all the time, 'I'm not sure, but I know who to ask.' I know people who can help me and who have already done this."
That social-networking piece can work in another way as well. Joe Mazza, the lead learner, or principal, at Knapp Elementary School in Lansdale, Pa., has created his own personal learning network, or PLN, but has also used social networking to forge connections with parents and the wider community. He tweets school news and has his Twitter feed linked to his school's Facebook page. He estimates that 83 percent of his school's families are on Facebook.
"I want to provide the pulse of the school every day to parents," he says. "You have to invest and build relationships because if you don't, nobody is going to care about following you on Twitter and Facebook."
Mazza believes that many educators fear social networking because "we didn't get out ahead of it." Because educators didn't model proper social-networking use for students, he says, "there were no guidelines, and damage was done."
But educators no longer have the luxury of hanging back on technology, he says. "I don't think it's OK anymore to say, 'I'm just not tech-savvy,' " he says. "If we're not, we're hurting kids."
"Rural Ind. School Leader Helps Wire a Community," February 6, 2013.
"Missouri Educator Pushes Power of Social Media," February 6, 2013.


Lorca embroideries are famed throughout Spain.
Every town and city in the Region of Murcia has its curiosities, quirks and unique traditions, but none is as colourful and passionate as the Semana Santa(Easter week) celebrations in the City of Lorca, the outstanding feature of this extraordinary week being the embroideries created by the four Cofradías which parade in the processions of the Lorca Semana Santa.
In 2007 the Semana Santa week in Lorca was officially classified as an event of "international tourist interest" and in 2014 the tradition of embroidery in Lorca was officially "protected" by its classification of BIC status, or Bien de Interés Cultural. It is now an official candidate for receiving the classification of "Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" status by UNESCO, a testament to the hundreds of thousands of hours which have been dedicated to creating these unique artworks, a selection of which can be seen in the four museums run by the Cofradías in the city centre.
If your time schedule permits, try and visit all four, as each has its own unique characteristics, its own particular treasures, and its own personality, each complementing the pieces in the others, in an ebullient celebration of faith and pride.
It is possible to visit all four in one morning, providing an early start is made, and also feasible to walk between all four with a reasonable level of basic fitness, although those who are able to dedicate more than one visit to the city can spread out the visits and enjoy a more leisurely pace, with coffee breaks, time to fit in a spot of shopping and a chance to enjoy the many monuments and historic buildings encountered en-route.
It is well worth investing in the bargain wristband sold by the Tourist Office and Convento de la Merced visitor centre, which gives entry into all four museums, the castle and the visitor centre for just 6 euros and does not have an expiry date, so the visits can be spread out over a period of months.
When tickets are on sale for the Semana Santa processions these can also be purchased directly from the museums of the Paso Blanco (the whites ) and the Paso Azul (the blues).
Although all of the processions in Lorca feature embroidered standards and tunics, the city is most famous for its "Biblical processions" which include horses and chariots, daring feats of horsemanship, vast floats, vibrant embroidered cloaks and thousands of participants, recounting not only the story of the passion and the acts leading up to the crucifixion and resurrection of Christ, but also some of the best known figures and stories from the Old and New Testaments.
The cloaks are embroidered by hand, using silk, gold and silver thread and range in size from the hem of a tunic to vast cloaks of several square meters which could easily be mistaken for paintings at a first glance, so fine and detailed is the quality of the work, and cost thousands of euros to create.
These are all made in the workshops of the Cofradías themselves, financed by the sale of tickets for the processions and the membership fees paid by the Cofradía members, the money raised by opening the museums to the public paying for the maintenance of the existing collection, creation of new pieces and upkeep of the museums.
Rivalry between the two principal brotherhoods, the Paso Blanco and the Paso Azul, is intense,each striving to outdo the other with the splendour and beauty of its creations, the new cloaks a fiercely guarded secret as they are painstakingly created, a process which frequently requires years of dedicated work.
Each year the cofradías unveil their latest creations on the eve of Semana Santa, displaying their finest embroideries in their museums and churches as the floats are prepared for a week of processions and intense emotion.
Nearly everyone in Lorca will profess a loyalty to either the whites or the blues, and the extraordinary scenes in the streets as the processions file through the streets has to be experienced to be believed, so if you have the chance to come to Lorca during Easter Week, then be prepared to be amazed by the spectacle which will unfold before you.
If this isn´t possible, then visit the four museums and marvel at the extraordinary skill of the embroiderers of Lorca and the collections held by the Cofradías.
Opening Hours: The MASS is open every day of the week from 10.00 to 13.30, and during the afternoon at differing times depending on the time of year. In winter evening opening times are 17.00 to 19.30 every day except Sunday, while in summer it is possible to visit between 17.30 and 20.00.
On Sundays and throughout the month of August the MASS opens only in the morning.
The museum of the Paso Morado is on Calle Nogalte, almost next door to the 18th-century Iglesia del Carmen which is the religious seat of the brotherhood.
Opening hours: the museum is open to the public from Tuesday to Saturday between 10.30 and 13.30.
Admission fee: 1.50€ per head, reduced rates 1.10€.
The Museo de Bordados del Paso Encarnado, often known by the acronym MuPaEn, is operated by the Paso Encarnado, officially entitled the Archicofradía del Santísimo Cristo de la Sangre, with red as the core colour.
Opening times: Tuesday to Saturday 10.30 to 14.00 and 17.00 to 19.30, Sundays 10.30 to 14.00 only.
The museum is located on the northern side of the rambla which circles the east of the city of Lorca, in Calle Eulogio Periago, under 100 metres from the bridge of Puente Alberca and is the only museum on the northern bank.
if possible, it is recommended that this be the first on a route of the museums, as the remaining three museums are fairly close together and it is more logical to visit them afterwards.
The Tourist Information Office in Lorca will be happy to assist groups intending to visit the embroidery museums who would like assistance in organising routes or arranging visits to more than one location in the city, with or without accommodation, catering or guides.
Individual visitors will also find the office in the Plaza de España extremely useful as a stop-off point for leaflets, maps or practical advice.


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Human development index 2008
Index der menschlichen Entwicklung - Wikipedi
Der Index der menschlichen Entwicklung (englisch Human Development Index, abgekürzt HDI) der Vereinten Nationen ist ein Wohlstandsindikator für Staaten. Der HDI wird seit 1990 im jährlich erscheinenden Bericht über die menschliche Entwicklung (englisch Human Development Report) des Entwicklungsprogramms der Vereinten Nationen (UNDP) veröffentlicht
Download 2019 Human Development Data All Tables and Dashboards; Statistical Data Tables 7-15; Table 1: Human Development Index and its components; Table 2: Trends in the Human Development Index, 1990-2018; Table 3: Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index ; Table 4: Gender Development Index; Table 5: Gender Inequality Index
Human Development Index (HDI) Der Index für menschliche Entwicklung. Der Human Development Index (HDI 2008 - Island (HDI 0,970) 2009 - Norwegen (HDI 0,971) 2010 - Norwegen (HDI 0,938) 2011 - Norwegen (HDI 0,943) 2012 - Norwegen (HDI 0,955) 2013 - Norwegen (HDI 0,944) 2014 - Norwegen (HDI 0,944) 2015 - Norwegen (HDI 0,94 9) 2016 - Norwegen (HDI 0,951) 2017 - Norwegen (HDI 0.
The 2008 Annual Report details UNDP's engagements in supporting countries to develop the capacity of their people and institutions to improve lives and accelerate human development. Highlights In 2007, the Democratic Governance Thematic Trust Fund provided support to 130 projects around the world, allocating over $16 million to innovative initiatives
Report 2007/2008 Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world Human Development Report Office OCCASIONAL PAPER Climate change and forced migration: Observations, projections and implications Oli Brown 2007/17. 1 Climate change and forced migration: Observations, projections and implications A background paper for the 2007 Human Development Report, Prepared by: Oli Brown1 57.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and have a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions. The health dimension is assessed by life expectancy at birth, the education dimension is measured by mean of.
We aim to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies. Read more about HDI and human development composite indices and indicators >> Select data story >> Research and Publications. Our goal is to place people at the center of the development process in terms of research and analysis, economic debate, policy options and advocacy . Access. Jeni Klugman, Director of the Human Development Report Office, led the effort. vii HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2009 Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development Acknowledgements Acknowledgements This report is the fruit of the efforts, contribu-tions and support of many people and organiza-tions. I would like to thank Kemal Derviş for the opportunity to take on the daunting task of. Explore human development data from around the world using the interactive tools below. Data presented here were used in the preparation of the 2019 Human Development Report Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: Inequalities in human development in the 21st century, released on 9 December 2019 The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) ranks countries into four tiers of human development by combining measurements of life expectancy, education, and per-capita income into the Human Development Index (HDI) in its annual Human Development Report.. The HDI is a summary index using life expectancy at birth, expected years of schooling for children and mean years of schooling for. Derived from File:UN Human Development Report 2008.png by Ukelay33, released under GFDL/CC-BY-SA-3.. Map derived from File:BlankMap-World6.svg by Canuckguy (en.wp), released under PD-self. Coloured using Inkscape. Urheber: Cflm001 : Genehmigung (Weiternutzung dieser Datei) Ich, der Urheberrechtsinhaber dieses Werkes, veröffentliche es hiermit unter der folgenden Lizenz: Es ist erlaubt, die.
The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index that measures key dimensions of human development. The three key dimensions are: 1 - A long and healthy life - measured by life expectancy. - Access to education - measured by expected years of schooling of children at school-entry age and mean years of schooling of the adult population. - And a decent standard of living - measured by. Human Development Index (HDI) 2008: Anzahl Datensätze: 1 . 15.04.2008 Frankfurter Rundschau STEFAN BRÄNDLE 135: Wachstum durch Zufriedenheit Vom Glück, Franzose zu sein zum externen Volltext | BIP | HDI | Nachhaltigkeit | erstellt: 16.09.20/zgh: Human Development Index (HDI) 2008. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education (Literacy Rate, Gross Enrollment Ratio at different levels and Net Attendance Ratio), and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.A country scores a higher HDI when the lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the gross. THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS REPORT 2008 Foreword In adopting the Millennium Declaration in the year 2000, the international community pledged to spare no effort to free our fellow men, wome Wskaźnik rozwoju społecznego, WRS, HDI (od ang. Human Development Index, w dosł. tłum. wskaźnik rozwoju ludzkiego) - syntetyczny miernik opisujący stopień rozwoju społeczno-ekonomicznego poszczególnych krajów (stąd czasem nazywany wskaźnikiem rozwoju społeczno-ekonomicznego), opracowany w roku 1990 przez pakistańskiego ekonomistę Mahbuba ul Haqa
Human Development Data (1990-2018) Human Development Report
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The human development approach to development and growth as proposed by UNDP in 1990 is a widely accepted approach all over world. This paper in this connection is an attempt to describe in. Human Development Index (Punktzahl, höchste Punktzahl = beste Punktzahl). Ein zusammengesetzter Index, der den durchschnittliche Fortschritt dreier grundlegender Dimensionen der menschlichen Entwicklung misst - ein langes und gesundes Leben, Wissen und einen annehmbaren Lebensstandar Figure 1.9: Index of Economic Activity as Proxy for State GDP Per Capita 39 Figure 1.10: Zonal Population, GDP and Per Capita Income 40 Figure 1.11: Human Development Index Trends in Nigeria, 1999-2008 42 Figure 1.12: GDP Growth Rate and HDI Trends 43 Figure 2.1: Gini Index across States in Nigeria 4 An Education index is found as a component of the Human Development Index published every year by the United Nations, with the GDP Index and Life Expectancy Index, to measure the educational attainment, GDP per capita and life expectancy.. Since 2010, the Education Index has been measured by combining average adult years of schooling with expected years of schooling for children, each. The national average HDI for India in 2008 was 0.467. By 2010, its average HDI had risen to 0.519. UNDP, the sponsor of Human Development Index methodology since 1990, reported India's HDI to be 0.554 for 2012, an 18% increase over its 2008 HDI. United Nations declared India's HDI is 0.586 in 2014, a 5.77% increase over 2012. As for the year 2018, HDI for India stood at 0.647
Human Development Index 1975-2005 - Rank - Countries Ranking
sammendrag human development report 2007/2008 Forord Kampen mot global oppvarming er en del av kampen for menneskeheten. Hva vi velger å gjøre med dagens utslipp av klimagasse 'The Human Development Report 2007/2008 states plainly that climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity, and it is the world's most vulnerable populations who are most immediately at risk. The actions of the wealthiest nations those generating the vast majority of greenhouse gases have tangible consequences for people in the rest of the world, especially in the poorest. Über 7 Millionen englischsprachige Bücher. Jetzt versandkostenfrei bestellen Human Development Index (HDI) 2007/2008 Human Development Index is a tool developed by UNDP to illustrate the total life quality in a country. Factors like GDP per capita, life expectancy, enrollment rate and adult literacy rate are used to create a value where 1.0 is the highest possible score. With the calculation methods used, a country cannot score 0.0. LookLex also include the Education.
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UNDP Annual Report 2008 UND
The Measure of America: American Human Development Report 2008-2009, published by Columbia University Press and the Social Science Research Council, is the first-ever report on human development in the United States or any affluent, industrialized nation. The human development approach, developed by Mahbub ul Haq and based on work by Nobel Laureate in economics Amartya Sen, emphasizes. We used four levels (low, medium, high, and very high) of the Human Development Index (HDI), a composite indicator of life expectancy, education, and gross domestic product per head, to highlight cancer-specific patterns in 2008 (on the basis of GLOBOCAN estimates) and trends 1988-2002 (on the basis of the series in Cancer Incidence in Five Continents), and to produce future burden scenario.
In April 2008, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the Society for Maternal‐Fetal Medicine partnered to sponsor a 2‐day workshop to revisit nomenclature, interpretation, and research recommendations for intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring. Participants included. The Human Development Index (HDI) of provinces in the Philippines over the period from 1997-2009 as analyzed in the 2012/2013 Philippine Human Development Report (PHDR) launched today highlights the inequality and disparity across regions in the country and the slow pace of development The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure that includes three indicators: life expectancy at birth, level of education attained, and income. The HDI is an alternative to the purely economical GDP, that quantifies economic growth only. Thus, the HDI provide a way to gauge the development of a country. The HDI for 2012 includes 187. The Measure of America: American Human Development Report 2008-2009, produced by the American Human Development Project, is modeled on the United Nations Development Programme's global Human Development Report, which has provided authoritative analysis and a ranked index for countries around the world for almost two decades.The Measure of America, published by Columbia University Press and.
Human Development Index (HDI) Human Development Report
Methods. We used four levels (low, medium, high, and very high) of the Human Development Index (HDI), a composite indicator of life expectancy, education, and gross domestic product per head, to highlight cancer-specific patterns in 2008 (on the basis of GLOBOCAN estimates) and trends 1988-2002 (on the basis of the series in Cancer Incidence in Five Continents), and to produce future burden.
Meghalaya Human Development Report 2008Meghgalayya Human Developmpent Repoprt 2008 February 09, 2009 MESSAGE I congratulate the Directorate of Economics and Statistics of the Government of Meghalaya for bringing out the first Human Development Report of our state. The goal of governance in a welfare state is enhancement of human well-being which can be quantified by analizing the ground level.
A Human Development Index by Income Groups. Michael Grimm, Kenneth Harttgen, Stephan Klasen and Mark Misselhorn. World Development, 2008, vol. 36, issue 12, 2527-2546 . Abstract: Summary One of the most frequent critiques of the HDI is that it does not take into account inequality within countries. We suggest a methodology which allows to compute the three components and the overall HDI for.
es three core areas of well-being, namely, health, education, and income (or wealth). Numerous measures are used to exa
Human Development Reports United Nations Development
Question: In 2008, the United Nations ranked Canada fourth on the Human Development Index (HDI) - a ranking of the quality of life in many countries 2 LIVING PLANET REPORT 2008 INTRODUCTION 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 05 Fig. 1: LIVING PLANET INDEX, 1970-2005 0.8 0.6 1.4 1.6 0 0.2 0.4 1.2 1.8 Index (1970=1.0) 1.0 exceeds the planet's regenerative capacity by about 30 per cent (Figure 2). This global overshoot is growing and, as a consequence, ecosystems are being run down and wast The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard way of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing or an under-developed country, and also to measure the effect of economic policies on quality of life.
Der Index der geschlechtsspezifischen Entwicklung - englisch Gender Development Index, kurz GDI - ist ein sozialer Indikator zur Gleichstellung der Geschlechter in den Ländern der Welt, der vom Entwicklungsprogramm der Vereinten Nationen (UNDP) seit 2014 jährlich veröffentlicht wird. Der GDI ist ein Zusatz zu dem grundlegenden Index der menschlichen Entwicklung (HDI) und teilt diesen. ARAB HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2008 . CAIRO - AMMAN . 2007 - 2008 . I. BACKGROUND . In response to calls for listening to the Arab youths' opinions regarding development conditions in the Arab countries, and desiring that the report should be more representative of the different sectors, three forums were held to identify the views of the Arab youth in particular. The first forum was held in. The Human development report 2007/2008 provides an update on the state of the world and opportunities people have to live fulfilling lives. It includes the new global ranking of countries according to the human development index. As with precedent editions, the report focuses its analysis on one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity and how it affects current and future generations. Human Development Report, Nigeria, 2008-2009. Abuja, Nigeria: United Nation Development Programm, 2009. Site developed by the Head, National Data Archive NBS, Nigeria and Powered by NADA 4.2 and DD Despite over $150 billion being spent annually in development globally, virtually nobody is tracking whether the achieved progress can last, or whether it is becoming increasingly fragile without the necessary access to nature's resources. But this is changing. The United Nations Development Programme's latest flagship publication, its Human Development Report 2013, prominently features.
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Datei:UN Human Development Report 2008
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) ranks countries into four tiers of human development by combining measurements of life expectancy , education , and per-capita income into the Human Development Index (HDI) in its annual Human Development Report . World map representing Human Development Index categories (based on 2018 data, published in 2019). 0.800-1.000 (very high) 0.700-0. Source:UNDP (2009) Human Development Report Nigeria 2008-2009. Poverty Incidence by State (2004) National average S Legend 20.0 to 42.9 43.0 to 63.5 63.6 to 95.1 : 54.4 . ource: NBS (2005) Poverty Profile for Nigeria. Inequality by State (2004) (Gini Coefficient) (<0.488) (>0.488) S. ource: NBS (2005) Poverty Profile for Nigeria . Table of Contents . Poverty Indicators . Map of Nigeria. Derived from File:UN Human Development Report 2008.png by Ukelay33, released under GFDL/CC-BY-SA-3.. Map derived from File:BlankMap-World6.svg by Canuckguy (en.wp), released under PD-self. Coloured using Inkscape. Автор : Cflm001 (обсуждение) Права (Повторное использование этого файла) Я, владелец авторских прав на.
India's Human Development Index (HDI) improved from 0.545 in 1997 to 0.595 in 2002, Her HDI rank also improved from 132 in 1997 to 127 in 2002. With respect to Gender Development Index (GDI), India improved from 0.525 in 1997 to 0.572 in 2002. Her GDI rank also improved from 112 in 1997 to 103 in 2002 out of 144 countries (Table 15.2). Table 15.2 India's Global Position on Human and Gender. Der aktuellste Gini-Koeffizient Brasiliens (2008) liegt, laut IPEADATA, bei 0,548. Die Einkommensverteilung innerhalb Brasiliens ist somit im Vergleich zu anderen Schwellenländern wie zum Beispiel China sehr ungleich (s. Tabelle 1). Seit 1998 ist der Gini-Koeffizient Brasiliens von 0,600 relativ konstant gesunken (s. Tabelle), was durchaus den Schluss zulässt, dass eine aktive Sozial- und.
Further, the future cancer burden is expected to disproportionally affect less developed regions; in particular, it has been estimated that low and medium Human Development Index countries will experience a 100% and 81% increase in cancer incidence from 2008 to 2030, respectively. Disparities were also observed in risk factors and average health outcomes, such as a greater number of years of. AGORA's virtual library offers a unique collection of documents, handbooks, guidelines and articles on Parliamentary Development. More on this in the Library. Climate change, migration and displacement . Les Negotiation Internationales sur le climat. Climate Change Resilience : An Opportunity for Reducing Inequalities. Africa Climate Change Fund: Annual Report 2015. The 2015 Adaptation.
Human Development Index (HDI) - Our World in Dat
One simple way to assess sustainable development's two dimensions is by using the Ecological Footprint and Human Development Index (HDI) (Boutaud 2002). Because both these indicators apply to various geographic scales (globe, region, country, community), this framework can be used to track sustainable development progress at any scale. The United Nations considers an HDI greater than 0.8 to.
e in Malawi: Causes and Consequence
Report Author: O'Brien, K. Leichenko, R. Institution: United Nations Development Program Pages: 48 Series Title: Human Development Report 2007/2008 - Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidaritiy in a Divided World Title: Human Security, Vulnerability and Sustainable Adaptation. Human Development Report 2007/2008 UR
Human Development Report 2007/2008: Fighting Climate Change. has been cited by the following article: Article. Organic Farming Impact on Sustainable Livelihoods of Marginal Farmers in Shimoga District of Karnataka. Nazeer Udin 1, 1 Centre for Rural Development Studies, Bangalore University Bangalore, Karnataka, India. American Journal of Rural Development. 2014, Vol. 2 No. 4, 81-88 DOI: 10. Industrial Development (1138 KB) Social Sector (719 KB) Labour and Employment (394 KB) Review and Looking Forward (599 KB) Mission for Meghalaya Prosperity ( Address of His Excellency Dr. A.P.J.Abdul Kalam at the Members of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly on 16th March 2007. (2889 KB) Meghalaya Human Development Report 2008 (6046 KB
Agenda 21: Human Development Index (HDI
The Human Development Index is calculated using three components: education, life expectancy at birth and wealth. It is expressed as a value between 0 and 1, from less to most developed countries. The Ecological Footprint measures how much land and water area a population requires to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its waste. The world biocapacity is the global productive area.
Human Development Index - Wikipedi
Wed 16 Jul 2008 19.01 EDT First published on Wed 16 Jul 2008 19 the state human development index shows that people in last-ranked Mississippi are living 30 years behind those in first-ranked. Human development report 2007/2008 : fighting climate change: human solidarity in a divided world by United Nations Development Programme. Publication date 2007 Topics Sociology, Social Studies, Development - General, Earth Sciences - Meteorology & Climatology, Yearbooks & Annuals, Reference / Yearbooks & Annuals, Reference, Business / Economics / Finance, Global warming, Quality of life. The National Human Development Report 2008-2009: Toward a Citizen's State Oct 14, 2013 The fourth National Human Development Report, Toward a Citizen's State, addresses citizenship in Lebanon through three principle perspectives: citizenship and sectarian state, socio-economic citizenship and citizenship and culture and education In April 2008, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine partnered to sponsor a 2-day workshop to revisit nomenclature, interpretation, and research recommendations for intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring Global Cancer Transitions According to the Human Development Index (2008-2030): A Population-Based Study Lancet Oncol. 2012 Aug;13(8):790-801. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70211-5. Epub 2012 Jun 1. Authors Freddie Bray 1 , Ahmedin Jemal, Nathan Grey, Jacques Ferlay, David Forman. Affiliation 1 Section of Cancer Information.
Wskaźnik rozwoju społecznego - Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedi
Langkawi, Malaysia, 14-15 April 2008 Human Development Report Unit (HDRU) UNDP Regional Centr e in Colombo August 2008 . 2 Table of Contents Introduction 3 South and East Asia Stakeholders Consultation Report 5 Annexes I. Concept Note 38 II. Agenda 42 III. Break-out Session Guidance Note 46 IV. List of Participants 48 The Human Development Report Unit would like to state their appreciation and.
1 There is an ongoing debate on the usefulness of the Human Development Index as a measure of welfare. See Srinivasan, 1994 and others. 4 at a macro level across households. At the micro level there is great potential for a positive causality—individual and household consumption can be an important element in increasing human development and may respond more closely to the real needs of the.
Human Development Report 2011 Jan 21, 2012 Development progress in the world's poorest countries could be halted or even reversed by mid-century unless bold steps are taken now to slow climate change, prevent further environmental damage, and reduce deep inequalities within and among nations, according to projections in the 2011 Human Development Report
The report also contains the annual Human Development Index (Page 34) - a measure of quality of life based on life expectancy, educational enrolment and national income. This year, Iceland has overtaken Norway to take the top spot on the index, with sub-Saharan African countries again occupying the bottom places. The US slipped from eighth to 12th position. Ireland gets a 5th rank
2015 Report Development Index; EDI Archive; EDI components. One indicator is used as a proxy measure for each of the four EFA goals, and each those EDI components is assigned equal weight in the overall index in accordance with the principle of considering each goal as being of equal importance. The EDI value for a given country is thus the arithmetic mean of the four proxy indicators. Since.
, 2008 ISBN 978--231-15495-6 Citation The Measure of America: American Human Development Report 2008-2009, eds. Sarah Burd-Sharps, Kristen Lewis and Eduardo Borges Martins (New York: SSRC/Columbia University Press, 2008) 1. Int J Infect Dis. 2012 Sep;16(9):e704-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2012.04.011. Epub 2012 Jun 19. Relationships between morbidity and mortality from tuberculosis and the human development index (HDI) in Venezuela, 1998-2008 Report Human Development Across The Lifespan: Chapter 1 (2008) Please enter report details, we'll process the request within 1-3 business days. -Select Reason- Pornographic Defamatory Illegal/Unlawful Spam Other Terms Of Service Violation File a copyright complain
Human Development Report 2007/2008: Fighting climate change PeriPeri U Repositor
The report outlines steps taken in 2008 to assist countries in developing their capacities to respond to citizens' needs and reports on concrete actions undertaken by UNDP to deliver on commitments made. The demand from developing countries for capacity development support, especially in the area of developing local services, increased dramatically in 2008 as countries faced the fallout from. 2008 . This publication was developed by the National Center for Family Literacy under a grant funded by Inter-agency agreement IAD-01-1701 and IAD-02-1790 between the Department of Health and Human Services and the National Institute for Literacy. It was peer reviewed and copy edited under a contract with RAND Corporation and designed under a contract with Graves Fowler Creative. The views. Introduction to Human Development Index (HDI): Growth in national income (GNP) or per capita income considered above as indicator of economic growth does not represent a true and adequate measure of welfare and economic development of the people of a country. Therefore, a need was felt to put forward an index which should truly and correctly reflect the level of economic welfare and economic. The fourth National Human Development Report, Toward a Citizen's State, addresses citizenship in Lebanon through three principle perspectives: citizenship and sectarian state, socio-economic citizenship and citizenship and culture and education
'The Human Development Report 2007/2008 states plainly that climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity, and it is the world's most vulnerable populations who are most immediately at risk. The actions of the wealthiest nations—those generating the vast majority of greenhouse gases—have tangible consequences for people in the rest of the world, especially in the. Africa Development Indicators was a primary World Bank collection of development indicators on Africa, compiled from officially-recognized international sources. No further updates of this database are currently planned. See World Development Indicators for more recent data on Africa 3. In 2008, the United Nations ranked Canada fourth on the Human Development Index—a ranking of the quality of life in many countries. Yet in that year Canada ranked only tenth in terms of real per capita GDP. Explain how the two rankings can be different. 4. One way of estimating the size of the underground economy is to see the amount of cash Canadians are carrying relative to the.
The 2008 National Institute of Child Health and Human
Fighting Climate Change- Human Solidarity In A Divided World - Human Development Report 2007/2008 - United Nations Development Program - Climate Change - Global Environmental Protection Issues - Global Issues - Index - Issues - GENI conducts research and education on global issues: world peace, climate change, global warming, greenhouse gases, overpopulation, zero population growth. about human rights and development which were promoted by the economic and social machinery of the United Nations as its contribution to the United Nations security function. After four successive United Nations 'development decades' from the 1960s, macroeconomic indicators show that economic growth has been achieved by many developing countries and that many people are better off in. Japan policy and human resources development fund : annual report 2008 (English) Abstract. The Japan Policy and Human Resources Development (PHRD) Fund was established in 1990 as a partnership between the Government of Japan (GoJ) and the World Bank. Over the past 18 years the fund has supported a wide range of poverty alleviation and capacity..
The World Health Report 2008 - primary Health Care (Now More Than Ever) Why a renewal of primary health care (PHC), and why now, more than ever? Globalization is putting the social cohesion of many countries under stress, and health systems are clearly not performing as well as they could and should The pandemic shows no signs of slowing, while the economic impact continues to threaten decades of human development. News. Coronavirus COVID-19. Humanity needs leadership and solidarity to defeat the coronavirus. UNDP's response. Nepal begins a green recovery . While the coronavirus has shaken the whole of humanity it has also spurred new thinking about recovery. Stories. More stories. Report to the Gauteng Intersectoral Development Unit. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council. Crush, J., 2008, 'South Africa: Policy in the Face of Xenophobia', Migration Information Source, Migration Policy Institute (July 2008) The World Development Report (WDR) is an annual report published since 1978 by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) or World Bank.Each WDR provides in-depth analysis of a specific aspect of economic development.Past reports have considered such topics as agriculture, youth, equity, public services delivery, the role of the state, transition economies, labour. View Notes - gaye_amie from HB 201 at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. Human Development Report 2007/2008 Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world Human Development Repor
Teachers Guide to The Measure of America: American Human Development Report 2008-2009 Lesson plans for high school teachers to use The Measure of America for teaching topics in U.S. government, civics, history, and census data. Includes worksheets, full-color maps, assessment rubrics, and more! Order free copies from Columbia University Press. Download the PDF _____ _____ For media. Iraq: National report on the status of human development 2008. Report. from Government of Iraq. Published on 31 Dec 2008 — View Original. Download PDF (5.45 MB) Foreword Iraq has made. In 2008, the United Nations ranked Canada fourth on the Human Development. Index (HDI)-- a ranking of the quality of life in many countries. Yet in that year, Canada ranked only tenth in terms of real per capita GDP. Explain how the two rankings can be different. Which criteria do you like and why? Support your answer with 3 scholars
The 2010 Human Development Report (HDR) introduced some changes to the indicators measuring the knowledge and decent standard of living dimensions, as well is the method for calculating the HDI. This is in response to some of the criticisms leveled against the index and also to take advantage of improvement in data availability. 1 Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic. Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for The Measure of America: American Human Development Report, 2008-2009 (A Columbia / SSRC Book) at Amazon.com. Read honest and unbiased product reviews from our users The report was commissioned to advise the UK Government if there was a consensus definition to the term sustainable development and the implications of sustainable development for the measurement of economic progress and the appraisal of projects and policies . Apart from in the title of the report, there is no further reference to green economy and it appears that the term was used as an. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): The consequences of future global climate variability for pastoralists are uncertain. The general picture is one of likely desiccation - of a decrease in the amount and predictability of rainfall, combined with an increase in evaporation caused by the warmer temperatures
Human Development Index for many years, Sierra Leone recently moved 12 points upwards on the Index in 2010. 1.2 Report Preparation Process Data for writing this report were pooled from various sector reports—energy, transport, agriculture, education, health, water and sanitation, gender, an In its 2014 Human Development Report Sustaining Human Progress: But it also warns that progress has slowed down in the last five years in comparison with the 2000-2008 period, and that vulnerabilities threaten to revert the progress made. High and medium HDI On the UNDP Human Development Index, Chile is the highest ranking Latin American country, listed 41st of the 187 countries studied. The study analyzed human development problems Nigeria faces based on 2008-2009 UNDP human development report. In it I argue that Nigeria need to focus seriously on education, health and equitable income distribution indicators of Human Development Index (HDI) for urgent improvement of its HDI ranking. Further, I suggest that a comprehensive rural development strategy is required for the. Within South Asia, India's human development index (HDI) value is above the average of 0.638 for the region, with Bangladesh and Pakistan, countries with similar population size, being ranked 136 and 150 respectively. In 2016, India's HDI value of 0.624 put it at 131 rank. The HDI is a summary measure for assessing long-term progress in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and. You cannot predict the outcome of human development. All you can do is like a farmer create the conditions under which it will begin to flourish. ― Sir Ken Robinson tags: childhood, human-development, life. 42 likes. Like Gratitude is one of the most powerful human emotions. Once expressed, it changes attitude, brightens outlook, and broadens our perspective. ― Germany Kent.
Bücher bei Weltbild.de: Jetzt Der Einfluss des Klimas auf die Ressource Wasser. Die möglichen Folgen für die Migration in Somalia von Katharina Truszkowska versandkostenfrei bestellen bei Weltbild.de, Ihrem Bücher-Spezialisten Seine Überlegungen liegen dem von den Vereinten Nationen verwendeten Index der menschlichen Entwicklung (Human Development Index) zugrunde. Für seine Theorien zur Wohlfahrtsökonomik in.
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Some of these cookies will send your data to our advertising partners. You can complete the definition of carpet bombing given by the English Cobuild dictionary with other English dictionaries : Wikipedia, Lexilogos, Oxford, Cambridge, Chambers Harrap, Wordreference, Collins Lexibase dictionaries, Merriam Webster. This was then wielded by in an effort to break German morale and obtain the surrender which had predicted 15 years earlier. Mit Reverso greifen Sie auf ein Definitions -und Synonymwörterbuch auf Englisch zu, für carpet bombing and Tausende von anderen Wörtern. Many cities, both large and small, were virtually destroyed by Allied bombing.
But the only budget he's ever voted for in his time in the Senate is a budget that cut defense spending by more than Barack Obama proposes we cut it, he voted against the Defense Authorization Act every year that it came up. He didn't see that she was perspiring, worn out by her struggle with the carpet. Another 100,000 were left homeless. A city of 800,000 people? And I assume that if he voted against it, he would veto it as president. The trees were all uninjured; the carpet of velvety moss was undefiled by blood. Saturation bombing is a term similar in meaning, often used interchangeably. Carpet bombing is usually achieved by dropping many.
Visual Synonyms of carpet bomb. The bombing was concentrated in a four by three mile area preparing the way for the. The phrase evokes the image of explosions completely covering an area, in the same way that a covers a floor. On the steps, a carpet, thick and heavy, muffled his footfalls. There will also be a list of synonyms for your answer. Regards, The Crossword Solver Team If you have a moment, please use the voting buttons green and red arrows near the top of the page to let us know if we're helping with this clue. Choose the design that fits your site.
The United States joined the war and the greatly enforced the campaign. These attacks were followed by similar ones against Kobe, Osaka, and Nagoya, as well as other sectors of Tokyo, where over 9,373 tons of incendiary bombs were dropped on civilian and military targets. We've listed any clues from our database that match your search. The carpet was soft and rich; it gave back no sound of footfall. Arabic Bulgarian Chinese Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hindi Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Malagasy Norwegian Persian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Thai Turkish Vietnamese was 97% destroyed before it was finally taken by Allied troops in 1945 Carpet bombing is a large done in a progressive manner to inflict damage in every part of a selected area of land. Massive bombing concentrated in a narrow and shallow area of the front a few kilometers by a few hundred metres deep , closely coordinated with advance of friendly troops.
The obliteration bombing is especially intensified with the intention of destroying a city or a large part of the city. If you would like to suggest a new answer or even a completely new clue please feel free to use the. To sweep or push something under the carpet in the figurative sense is first recorded 1953. If a particular answer is generating a lot of interest on the site today, it may be highlighted in orange. On March 9 and 10 1945, were directed to bomb the most heavily populated civilian sectors of Tokyo.
This tactic was later used in many cases in , for example in. It was used in that sense especially during. Mr Dorrit stood rooted to the carpet, a statue of mystification. In the Pacific, carpet bombing was used extensively against Japanese civilian population centers, such as Tokyo. He spoke quietly now, heavily, and moved his feet on the carpet. By the time of the dropping of the atomic bombs, light and medium bombers were being directed to bomb targets of convenience, as most urban areas had been already destroyed.
The synonyms have been arranged depending on the number of charachters so that they're easy to find. . That's just not realistic, that's just not grounded in reality. Advertising ensures that the site free to use. Give contextual explanation and translation from your sites! In just 2 days of bombing, over 100,000 of the population had burned to death from a heavy bombardment of incendiary bombs.