text:
Q: Game counter does not do an increment - Javascript I have this javascript/html program of a game in which prompts a user to enter a number between 0 to 9 inclusive. When i click on the numbers my score counter does not go up or down depending on which number I click. If it is the wrong number, the score is supposed to subtract by 1 and vice versa. Below is my code snippet.

var score = 0;
var scoreOutput = score;
var refresh;
var number = document.getElementById("input").value;
var number1 = document.getElementById("firstNum");
var number2 = document.getElementById("secondNum");
var number3 = document.getElementById("thirdNum");
var alertsc;

function startGame() {
    var number = prompt("Enter an integer between 0 to 9");

 if (number != null) {
      document.getElementById("input").value = number;
    }
  document.getElementById("input1").value = score;

     alertsc = setInterval(generateNum, 2000);

}

function generateNum() {
     var number1 = document.getElementById("firstNum");
     var number2 = document.getElementById("secondNum");
     var number3 = document.getElementById("thirdNum");

     number1.innerHTML = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10);
  number2.innerHTML = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10);
  number3.innerHTML = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10);
}

function point(x) {
     if( number1 == document.getElementById("input").value)
  {
     x.scoreOutput+= 1;
  }
  else if( number2 == document.getElementById("input").value)
  {
     x.scoreOutput+= 1;
  }
  else if( number3 == document.getElementById("input").value)
  {
     x.scoreOutput+= 1;
  }
  else
  {
     x.scoreOutput-= 1;
  }
}

function stopGame() {
     clearInterval(alertsc);
}
#input{
  width: 4%;
  border: none;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  color: green;
  font-size: 150%;

}

#input1{
  width: 4%;
  border: none;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  color: red;
  font-size: 150%;

}

#firstNum {
    color: red;
 margin: 40px;
 width: 100%;
 font-size: 500%;
}

#secondNum {
    color: orange;
 margin: 40px;
 width: 100%;
 font-size: 500%;
}

#thirdNum {
    color: blue;
 margin: 40px;
 width: 100%;
 font-size: 500%;
}

#firstNum:target, #secondNum:target, #thirdNum:target {
  display:inline;
}

Part 3

<button type="submit" onclick="startGame()">Start Game</button> &nbsp
<button type="submit" onclick="stopGame()">Stop Game</button>

Your chosen number is:&nbsp <input type="text" id="input">

Your score so far: &nbsp <input type="text" id="input1">

A: I've changed several things to make it work as expected.
You didn't write the score to input1 element. I moved the click event handler to each of the tree numbers so that this refers to the number element itself. I also added the flag clickedAfterRefresh to disable score update several times in one cycle. Also your input1 and input elements are of type input - I changed them to be of type span, as input elements are intended to accept user interaction, like typing into. Also changed cursor type to pointer to show the hand. Also cleaned some variables that were duplicates or unneeded.

var score = 0;
var number = document.getElementById("input");
var number1 = document.getElementById("firstNum");
var number2 = document.getElementById("secondNum");
var number3 = document.getElementById("thirdNum");
var scoreElement = document.getElementById("input1");
var alertsc;

var clickedAfterRefresh = false;

function startGame() {
  var chosenNumber = prompt("Enter an integer between 0 to 9");

  if (chosenNumber != null) {
    number.innerHTML = chosenNumber;
  }
  scoreElement.innerHTML = score;

  alertsc = setInterval(generateNum, 2000);
}

function generateNum() {
  number1.innerHTML = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10);
  number2.innerHTML = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10);
  number3.innerHTML = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10);
  clickedAfterRefresh = false;
}

function updateScore(x) {
  score += x;
  var scoreElement = document.getElementById("input1");
  scoreElement.innerHTML = score;
}

function point(target) {
  if (clickedAfterRefresh === true) {
    return;
  }

  if (target.innerHTML === number.innerHTML) {
    updateScore(1);
  } else {
    updateScore(-1);
  }
  clickedAfterRefresh = true;
}

function stopGame() {
  clearInterval(alertsc);
}
#input {
  width: 4%;
  border: none;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  color: green;
  font-size: 150%;
}

#input1 {
  width: 4%;
  border: none;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  color: red;
  font-size: 150%;
}

#firstNum {
  color: red;
  margin: 40px;
  width: 100%;
  font-size: 500%;
}

#secondNum {
  color: orange;
  margin: 40px;
  width: 100%;
  font-size: 500%;
}

#thirdNum {
  color: blue;
  margin: 40px;
  width: 100%;
  font-size: 500%;
}

#firstNum:target,
#secondNum:target,
#thirdNum:target {
  display: inline;
}

Part 3

<button type="submit" onclick="startGame()">Start Game</button> &nbsp
<button type="submit" onclick="stopGame()">Stop Game</button>

Your chosen number is:&nbsp

Your score so far: &nbsp

A: your problem is how you are calculating the scores using this.
you already had a score variable on the top, there you can keep the count, another thing is your if comparison, it is comparing against a HTML OBJECT instead of the value of that item.
here you have :) check the point() the only thing I changed.

var score = 0;
var scoreOutput = score;
var refresh;
var number = document.getElementById("input").value;
var number1 = document.getElementById("firstNum");
var number2 = document.getElementById("secondNum");
var number3 = document.getElementById("thirdNum");
var scoreInput = document.getElementById("input1")
var alertsc;

function startGame() {
  var number = prompt("Enter an integer between 0 to 9");

  if (number != null) {
    document.getElementById("input").value = number;
  }
  document.getElementById("input1").value = score;

  alertsc = setInterval(generateNum, 2000);

}

function generateNum() {
  var number1 = document.getElementById("firstNum");
  var number2 = document.getElementById("secondNum");
  var number3 = document.getElementById("thirdNum");

  number1.innerHTML = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10);
  number2.innerHTML = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10);
  number3.innerHTML = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10);
}

function point(x) {
  const value = document.getElementById("input").value;
  const number1Val = number1.innerHTML;
  const number2Val = number2.innerHTML;
  const number3Val = number3.innerHTML;

  if (number1Val === value || number1Val === value || number1Val === value) {
    score += 1;
  } else {
    score -= 1;
  }
  scoreInput.value = score;

}

function stopGame() {
  score = 0;
  clearInterval(alertsc);
}
#input {
  width: 4%;
  border: none;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  color: green;
  font-size: 150%;
}

#input1 {
  width: 4%;
  border: none;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  color: red;
  font-size: 150%;
}

#firstNum {
  color: red;
  margin: 40px;
  width: 100%;
  font-size: 500%;
}

#secondNum {
  color: orange;
  margin: 40px;
  width: 100%;
  font-size: 500%;
}

#thirdNum {
  color: blue;
  margin: 40px;
  width: 100%;
  font-size: 500%;
}

#firstNum:target,
#secondNum:target,
#thirdNum:target {
  display: inline;
}

Part 3

<button type="submit" onclick="startGame()">Start Game</button> &nbsp
<button type="submit" onclick="stopGame()">Stop Game</button>

Your chosen number is:&nbsp <input type="text" id="input">

Your score so far: &nbsp <input type="text" id="input1">

A: There are several issues, when you capture the event, you're doing at parent and is tough to know where it is come from. you can do it in each one of the rows and comparte the value with the input to plus or substract to score.

var score = 0;
var scoreOutput = document.getElementById("input1");
var refresh;
var number = document.getElementById("input").value;
var number1 = document.getElementById("firstNum");
var number2 = document.getElementById("secondNum");
var number3 = document.getElementById("thirdNum");
var alertsc;

function startGame() {
    var number = prompt("Enter an integer between 0 to 9");

 if (number != null) {
      document.getElementById("input").value = number;
    }
  document.getElementById("input1").value = score;

     alertsc = setInterval(generateNum, 2000);

}

function generateNum() {
     var number1 = document.getElementById("firstNum");
     var number2 = document.getElementById("secondNum");
     var number3 = document.getElementById("thirdNum");

     number1.innerHTML = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10);
  number2.innerHTML = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10);
  number3.innerHTML = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10);
}

function point(x) {
     let numberSelected = x.querySelector('span').innerText;
     console.log(numberSelected);
     if( numberSelected == document.getElementById("input").value)
  {
     score+= 1;
  }
  else
  {
     score-= 1;
  }
     scoreOutput.value = score;
}

function stopGame() {
     clearInterval(alertsc);
}
#input{
  width: 4%;
  border: none;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  color: green;
  font-size: 150%;

}

#input1{
  width: 4%;
  border: none;
  background-color: #FFFFFF;
  color: red;
  font-size: 150%;

}

#firstNum {
    color: red;
 margin: 40px;
 width: 100%;
 font-size: 500%;
}

#secondNum {
    color: orange;
 margin: 40px;
 width: 100%;
 font-size: 500%;
}

#thirdNum {
    color: blue;
 margin: 40px;
 width: 100%;
 font-size: 500%;
}

#firstNum:target, #secondNum:target, #thirdNum:target {
  display:inline;
}

Part 3

<button type="submit" onclick="startGame()">Start Game</button> &nbsp
<button type="submit" onclick="stopGame()">Stop Game</button>

Your chosen number is:&nbsp <input type="text" id="input">

Your score so far: &nbsp <input type="text" id="input1">


text:
Jump River es un pueblo ubicado en el condado de Taylor en el estado estadounidense de Wisconsin. En el Censo de 2010 tenía una población de 375 habitantes y una densidad poblacional de 4,04 personas por km².

Geografía
Jump River se encuentra ubicado en las coordenadas . Según la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos, Jump River tiene una superficie total de 92.88 km², de la cual 92.88 km² corresponden a tierra firme y (0%) 0 km² es agua.

Demografía
Según el censo de 2010, había 375 personas residiendo en Jump River. La densidad de población era de 4,04 hab./km². De los 375 habitantes, Jump River estaba compuesto por el 100% blancos, el 0% eran afroamericanos, el 0% eran amerindios, el 0% eran asiáticos, el 0% eran isleños del Pacífico, el 0% eran de otras razas y el 0% pertenecían a dos o más razas. Del total de la población el 0.53% eran hispanos o latinos de cualquier raza.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Pueblos de Wisconsin
Localidades del condado de Taylor (Wisconsin)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Six Men's Soccer Players Honored by the NECC
MARSHFIELD, Mass. – Six members of the Mitchell College men's soccer team were recognized by the New England Collegiate Conference on Tuesday morning when the league announced its annual awards.
Juniors William Ferguson and Christian Urena were named to the all-conference first team while classmate Seth Strader earned a spot on the all-conference second team. Senior TJ Condon and sophomore Eduardo Tineo each garnered all-conference third team honors, and freshman Mason Rubino was selected to the all-sportsmanship team. All awards were determined by a vote of the conference's head coaches.
Ferguson, a defender, is a repeat first-team pick and a three-time all-conference recipient. He has started in all 16 games this season and produced a career-high five goals with one assist for 11 points. Three of his scores have come in NECC play, including game winners against New England College and Eastern Nazarene College.
Urena earns all-conference honors for the first time in his career. In 15 starts he has supplied two goals and an assist for five points. Both of his goals came in league action, as he netted game-winning tallies in road games at Elms College and Becker College.
Strader has played every minute in goal for the Mariners this season. In eight league games he has recorded four shutouts and posted a goals-against average of 0.97. He earns all-conference recognition for the second time in his career, as he was also a second team selection in 2016.
Condon, the only four-year starter on the roster, received all-conference honors for the third time in his career. The defender has started all 16 games and recorded one assist while contributing to four shutouts.
Tineo has played in 11 games while making eight starts in the midfield. The first-time all-conference honoree finished the regular season with one goal, a game winner against Suffolk University.
Rubino was one of nine NECC players selected to the all-sportsmanship team. The rookie has played in 14 games and made 12 starts in his first season with the Mariners, seeing action all over the field.
Mitchell (8-8-0 overall, 6-2-0 NECC) will host either sixth-seeded Lesley University or third-seeded Eastern Nazarene College in the semifinals of the NECC Championship on Friday, November 2. The game, which will be played at Connecticut College's Silfen Field, kicks off at noon.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Its always better to rest the column bars on the mat. Also, please ensure that column stirrups are provided throughout the beam depth.
is there any technical reason or code book reference??
Column bars should be embedded for a minimum length of ldc (Development length in compression) Anything in excess of this will always be fine.
The bar should be developed to transfer the forces to the footing. Refer Dr. N.subrmanian's Rcc book for more detail on developing the rebar.
Can you provide design calculation ? Pdf?


Andrew DesGaines is a video editor, videographer, and producer based in New York City. He has a passion for storytelling and uses video as a way to express it. He has worked for a wide variety of brands including Esquire, Cosmopolitan, Ikea, Converse, Men's Health, and many more. His skill sets include video editing, GFX, sound editing, color grading, videography and production.


Psychic Compared To Prophet: Is There A Difference?
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What does JCH carry in his bag?
Well, I post a lot of other peoples bags, but not often do you get the chance to have a look inside my bag. So, this is your chance to see what JCH has been carrying lately.
It was a rainy day and I decided to take a picture of my current bag for you all, because I often get asked what I shoot with. So here you go, here is my current set up. I say current as my bag changes almost daily. I have about 10 camera bags and multiple cameras so I change my setup pretty often.
I love this bag, it is really well designed and thought out. The bag is inconspicuous and has enough space to hold tons of stuff. Although in my heart I am a Domke man, when I am going somewhere that needs me to be a little dressed up this back covers all of the bases. I would heartily recommend this bag to anyone.
I was very lucky to be given this camera as a gift. The original owner did not use the camera and it had been sitting on a shelf for a while. It was dusty and dirty. I gave it a clean up and polish and it came out as good as new. The movements are perfect and the lens is stunning. The 3.5cm lens is one of the earliest available for Nikon rangefinders and is a very simple 4 element 3 group design. I have been experimenting with colour film with this lens and it gives stunning old world effects whilst remaining very sharp. I am having a great deal of fun with this camera.
This is my baby. My M6 was completely rebuilt by one of the best private repair men in Tokyo. It is smoother than you could imagine. The lens is pretty much the perfect lens in my opinion. It is so sharp and constantly blows me away when I look at negatives. The case and the soft release come from the company that I used to work for, and for me add a beautiful classic look to the camera.
I love this compact and I always keep one around. This particular camera was one that I bought for a customer but I found that it was not acceptable to sell with good conscience, it is beaten and battered and the motor is on the way out, but when it goes I will get it repaired and keep it. A great camera to have in your bag.
In this bag you will find all kinds of wonders. Actually you will find a cleaning cloth, a duster, rolls of neopan and a small pocketknife (screwdrivers can be very helpful).
This is the case for the Summicron, but I use it to keep the MS Optical Perar 28mm lens that I have with me at all times. I love this little lens and I am having a lot of fun using it.
Back when I worked in the industry I was very lucky to get some pretty cool gifts, and one of them was this. A card case from Nikon showing a series of cameras from 1950 to 2008. I keep my JCH cards in here.
I love the Gradeselect stickers and I carry some with me all the time to give to people or to stick on things that I think are in need of a good sticker. You can get yours by going to gradeselect.
That is the bag I have been carrying recently, but it often changes. Some people have asked me why there are no film cases in there. I only carry them when I am going somewhere that I know will require a lot of film. Usually I only shoot the rolls that are in the camera and carry a couple of spares.
Thanks for looking and thanks for your support. JCH is getting bigger and it is all because of you. Please don't hesitate to ask me questions and leave comments, it is good for your camera karma.
Would you like to see your bag on Japancamerahunter.com? Send me a hi resolution image of the bag (please make sure it is horizontal) and its contents, with some details about yourself and what you shoot. Oh and don't forget your contact details (twitter, flickr, tumbler et al). Send the bag shots here.
cool stuffs you got there!
So, do you share your photography anywhere online? If so, where?
Hi Bellamy, can I know what has been done to your M6? Sounds like more than just CLA!
Well, it had a CLA and overhaul. There is no real magic to it, but a skilled master technician will be able to make your Leica sing. There are many repair people in the world, and they are very good, but they deal with volume repairs and cannot take the time to really do something special. When you find a specialist repair guy, you tend to hang on to him.
The current 35mm Cron on the M6 is a beautiful setup, a lens I nearly sold before I gave it a chance, so pleased I didn't.
The Nikon S2 is a camera I really want to add to my collection, however yesterday I bought something a little special and I now spend my night sleeping with dogs in the garage!!
feeling embarrassed being a digital nikon/canon dslr person … how common.


text:
package com.github.besherman.lifx.impl.entities.internal;

import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

import com.github.besherman.lifx.impl.entities.internal.structle.LxProtocol;
import com.github.besherman.lifx.impl.entities.internal.structle.LxProtocol.Type;
import com.github.besherman.lifx.impl.entities.internal.structle.StructleTypes;
import com.github.besherman.lifx.impl.entities.internal.structle.StructleTypes.LxProtocolTypeBase;
import com.github.besherman.lifx.impl.entities.internal.structle.StructleTypes.UInt64;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Set;

public class LFXMessage {
    private static final String PAYLOAD_SIZE_METHOD_NAME = "getPayloadSize";

    private static final short ADDRESSABLE_BIT = 0x1000;
    private static final short TAGGED_BIT = 0x2000;
    private static final int PROTOCOL_VERSION_BITS = 0x0FFF;

    //private static final short ACKNOWLEDGEMENT_BIT = 0x0001;
    private static final int LX_PROTOCOL_V1 = 1024;
    private static final int CURRENT_PROTOCOL = LX_PROTOCOL_V1;
    private static final int BASE_MESSAGE_SIZE = 36;
    private static final int PAYLOAD_START_INDEX = 36;

    // When the message was received (incoming) or created (outgoing)
    private final long timestamp;

    // incoming/outgoing
    private final LFXMessageDirection messageDirection;

    private final Type messageType;

    // For outgoing messages
    private final LFXTarget target;

    // LIFX Protocol Header Properties
    private final int size;

    private final int protocol;

    private final long atTime;

    private final LFXBinaryPath path;

    private final LxProtocolTypeBase payload;

    // Network host (this will be set by the Message Router to be the host of the receiving
    // network connection). For outgoing messages, this will be nil.
    private final InetAddress sourceNetworkHost;

    //
    private final int incomingHash;

    /**
     * Creates a new message with specific type. Used for outgoing messages.
     */
    public LFXMessage(Type type) {
        this.timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
        this.messageDirection = LFXMessageDirection.OUTGOING;
        this.protocol = CURRENT_PROTOCOL;
        this.path = new LFXBinaryPath(new LFXSiteID(), new LFXBinaryTargetID());
        this.payload = null;
        this.messageType = type;

        // final
        this.sourceNetworkHost = null;
        this.target = null;
        this.size = 0;
        this.atTime = 0;
        this.incomingHash = 0;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new message with type and target. Used for outgoing messages.
     */
    public LFXMessage(Type type, LFXTarget target) {
        this(type, target, null);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new message with type, target and payload. Used for outgoing messages.
     */
    public LFXMessage(Type type, LFXTarget target, LxProtocolTypeBase payload) {
        this.timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
        this.messageDirection = LFXMessageDirection.OUTGOING;
        this.protocol = CURRENT_PROTOCOL;
        this.path = new LFXBinaryPath(new LFXSiteID(), new LFXBinaryTargetID());
        this.payload = payload;
        this.messageType = type;

        this.target = target;

        // final
        this.sourceNetworkHost = null;
        this.size = 0;
        this.atTime = 0;
        this.incomingHash = 0;
    }

    public LFXMessage(Type type, LFXBinaryPath path) {
        this(type, path, null);
    }

    public LFXMessage(Type type, LFXBinaryPath path, LxProtocolTypeBase payload) {
        this.timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
        this.messageDirection = LFXMessageDirection.OUTGOING;
        this.protocol = CURRENT_PROTOCOL;
        this.payload = payload;
        this.messageType = type;
        this.path = path;

        // final
        this.sourceNetworkHost = null;
        this.target = null;
        this.size = 0;
        this.atTime = 0;
        this.incomingHash = 0;
    }

    public LFXMessage(byte[] data) {
        if (data == null || data.length == 0) {
            throw new RuntimeException("data is missing");
        }

        byte[] bytes = new byte[data.length];
        LFXByteUtils.copyBytesIntoByteArray(bytes, data);

        if (!messageIsAddressable(bytes)) {
            // We don't know how to deal with non-addressable messages, but the bulbs are sometimes not setting this flag correctly
            throw new RuntimeException("Message claims to be non-addressable");
        }

        int protocol = getProtocolFromMessageData(bytes);
        if (protocol != CURRENT_PROTOCOL) {

            // TODO: can't we just remove this?

            Logger.getLogger(LFXMessage.class.getName()).log(Level.WARNING, "Handling non-protocol message of protocol {0}", protocol);
            //return LFXMessageA.initWithNonProtocolMessageData(data);
            this.messageType = getTypeFromMessageData(data);

            this.timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
            this.messageDirection = LFXMessageDirection.INCOMING;

            byte[] bytes_2 = new byte[data.length];
            LFXByteUtils.copyBytesIntoByteArray(bytes_2, data);

            this.size = getSizeFromMessageData(data);
            this.protocol = getProtocolFromMessageData(data);

            LFXSiteID site = new LFXSiteID(getSiteIDFromMessageData(data));

            LFXBinaryTargetID target = null;
            if (getIsTaggedFromMessageData(bytes_2)) {
                Set<LFXTagID> tags = LFXTagID.unpack(new UInt64(getTargetFromMessageData(bytes_2)));
                target = new LFXBinaryTargetID(tags);
            } else {
                LFXDeviceID deviceId = new LFXDeviceID(getTargetFromMessageData(bytes_2));
                target = new LFXBinaryTargetID(deviceId);
            }
            this.path = new LFXBinaryPath(site, target);

            // final
            this.atTime = 0;
            this.payload = null;
            this.incomingHash = 0;
        } else {
            this.messageType = getTypeFromMessageData(data);

            this.timestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
            this.messageDirection = LFXMessageDirection.INCOMING;

            byte[] bytes_1 = new byte[data.length];
            LFXByteUtils.copyBytesIntoByteArray(bytes_1, data);

            this.size = getSizeFromMessageData(bytes_1);
            this.protocol = getProtocolFromMessageData(bytes_1);
            this.atTime = getAtTimeFromMessageData(bytes_1);
            this.incomingHash = getHashFromMessageData(bytes_1);

            LFXSiteID site_1 = new LFXSiteID(getSiteIDFromMessageData(bytes_1));

            LFXBinaryTargetID target_1;
            if (getIsTaggedFromMessageData(bytes_1)) {
                Set<LFXTagID> tags = LFXTagID.unpack(new UInt64(getTargetFromMessageData(bytes_1)));
                target_1 = new LFXBinaryTargetID(tags);
            } else {
                LFXDeviceID deviceId = new LFXDeviceID(getTargetFromMessageData(bytes_1));
                target_1 = new LFXBinaryTargetID(deviceId);
            }

            this.path = new LFXBinaryPath(site_1, target_1);

            this.payload = getPayloadFromMessageData(bytes_1);
        }

        // final
        this.sourceNetworkHost = null;
        this.target = null;
    }

    private LFXMessage(LFXMessage other, LFXBinaryPath path, InetAddress sourceNetworkHost) {
        this.timestamp = other.timestamp;
        this.messageDirection = other.messageDirection;
        this.messageType = other.messageType;
        this.target = other.target;
        this.size = other.size;
        this.protocol = other.protocol;
        this.atTime = other.atTime;
        this.path = path;
        this.payload = other.payload;
        this.sourceNetworkHost = sourceNetworkHost;
        this.incomingHash = 0;
    }

    public static int getSizeFromMessageData(byte[] data) {
        int size = StructleTypes.getShortValue(data[0], data[1]);
        return size;
    }

    public byte[] getMessageDataRepresentation() {
        byte[] data;

        if (payload != null) {
            data = new byte[getMessageDataRepresentationLength()];
        } else {
            data = new byte[BASE_MESSAGE_SIZE];
        }

        writeSizeToMessage((short) data.length, data);
        writeProtocolToMessage((short) protocol, data);
        writeIsAddressableToMessage(true, data);
        writeAtTimeToMessage(atTime, data);
        writeTypeToMessage(messageType, data);

        if(LFXMessage.getTypeFromMessageData(data) != messageType) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("failed to encode the message type properly");
        }

        writeSiteIDToMessage(path.getSiteID().getDataValue(), data);

        if (path.getBinaryTargetID().geTargetType() == LFXBinaryTargetType.DEVICE) {
            writeTargetIDtoMessage(path.getBinaryTargetID().getDeviceID().getDeviceDataValue(), data);
            writeIsTaggedToMessage(false, data);
        } else {
            UInt64 tags = LFXTagID.pack(path.getBinaryTargetID().getGroupTagField());
            //writeTargetIDtoMessage(path.getBinaryTargetID().getGroupTagField().tagData, data);
            writeTargetIDtoMessage(tags.getBytes(), data);
            writeIsTaggedToMessage(true, data);
        }

        if (payload != null) {
            byte[] payloadData = payload.getBytes();

            LFXByteUtils.copyBytesIntoByteArrayAtOffset(data, payloadData, PAYLOAD_START_INDEX);
        }

        if(LFXMessage.getTypeFromMessageData(data) != messageType) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("failed to encode the message type properly");
        }

        return data;
    }

    public long getTimestamp() {
        return timestamp;
    }

    public Type getType() {
        return messageType;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a hash of the data (excluding the time) from an incoming message.
     * This is 0 if no hash is available.
     *
     * TODO: remove this?
     */
    public int getIncomingHash() {
        return incomingHash;
    }

    public boolean isAResponseMessage() {
        switch(getType()) {
            case LX_PROTOCOL_DEVICE_STATE_PAN_GATEWAY:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_DEVICE_STATE_TIME:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_DEVICE_STATE_RESET_SWITCH:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_DEVICE_STATE_DUMMY_LOAD:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_DEVICE_STATE_MESH_INFO:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_DEVICE_STATE_MESH_FIRMWARE:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_DEVICE_STATE_WIFI_INFO:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_DEVICE_STATE_WIFI_FIRMWARE:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_DEVICE_STATE_POWER:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_DEVICE_STATE_LABEL:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_DEVICE_STATE_TAGS:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_DEVICE_STATE_TAG_LABELS:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_DEVICE_STATE_VERSION:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_DEVICE_STATE_INFO:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_DEVICE_STATE_MCU_RAIL_VOLTAGE:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_DEVICE_STATE_FACTORY_TEST_MODE:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_LIGHT_STATE:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_LIGHT_STATE_RAIL_VOLTAGE:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_LIGHT_STATE_TEMPERATURE:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_LIGHT_STATE_SIMPLE_EVENT:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_LIGHT_STATE_POWER:
            //case LX_PROTOCOL_WAN_STATE:
            //case LX_PROTOCOL_WAN_STATE_AUTH_KEY:
            //case LX_PROTOCOL_WAN_STATE_KEEP_ALIVE:
            //case LX_PROTOCOL_WAN_STATE_HOST:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_WIFI_STATE:
            //case LX_PROTOCOL_WIFI_STATE_ACCESS_POINTS:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_WIFI_STATE_ACCESS_POINT:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_SENSOR_STATE_AMBIENT_LIGHT:
            case LX_PROTOCOL_SENSOR_STATE_DIMMER_VOLTAGE:
                return true;
        }
        return false;
    }

    public <T extends LxProtocolTypeBase> T getPayload() {
        return (T)payload;
    }

    public LFXBinaryPath getPath() {
        return path;
    }

    public InetAddress getSourceNetworkHost() {
        return sourceNetworkHost;
    }

    public LFXTarget getTarget() {
        return target;
    }

    public LFXMessage withPath(LFXBinaryPath path) {
        return new LFXMessage(this, path, sourceNetworkHost);
    }

    public LFXMessage withSource(InetAddress sourceNetworkHost) {
        return new LFXMessage(this, path, sourceNetworkHost);
    }

    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // Static methods
    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    private static boolean messageIsAddressable(byte[] data) {
        boolean addressable = false;
        short protocol = StructleTypes.getShortValue(data[2], data[3]);

        if ((protocol & ADDRESSABLE_BIT) != 0) {
            addressable = true;
        } else {
            addressable = false;
        }

        return addressable;
    }

    private static int getProtocolFromMessageData(byte[] data) {
        short protocol = StructleTypes.getShortValue(data[2], data[3]);
        int protocolVersion = (protocol & PROTOCOL_VERSION_BITS);
        return protocolVersion;
    }

    private static long getAtTimeFromMessageData(byte[] data) {
        byte[] atTimeArray = new byte[8];

        atTimeArray[0] = data[24];
        atTimeArray[1] = data[25];
        atTimeArray[2] = data[26];
        atTimeArray[3] = data[27];
        atTimeArray[4] = data[28];
        atTimeArray[5] = data[29];
        atTimeArray[6] = data[30];
        atTimeArray[7] = data[31];

        return StructleTypes.getLongValue(atTimeArray[0], atTimeArray[1], atTimeArray[2],
                atTimeArray[3], atTimeArray[4], atTimeArray[5], atTimeArray[6], atTimeArray[7]);
    }

    /**
     * Returns a hash of the message data, excluding the time.
     */
    private static int getHashFromMessageData(byte[] _data) {
        byte[] copy = Arrays.copyOf(_data, _data.length);

        // clear out atTime because that will be different every time even
        // if the message is the same
        copy[24] = 0;
        copy[25] = 0;
        copy[26] = 0;
        copy[27] = 0;
        copy[28] = 0;
        copy[29] = 0;
        copy[30] = 0;
        copy[31] = 0;

        return LFXByteUtils.byteArrayToHexString(copy).hashCode();
    }

    private static byte[] getSiteIDFromMessageData(byte[] data) {
        byte[] siteIdArray = new byte[6];
        siteIdArray[0] = data[16];
        siteIdArray[1] = data[17];
        siteIdArray[2] = data[18];
        siteIdArray[3] = data[19];
        siteIdArray[4] = data[20];
        siteIdArray[5] = data[21];

        return siteIdArray;
    }

    private static byte[] getTargetFromMessageData(byte[] data) {
        boolean tagged = getIsTaggedFromMessageData(data);
        byte[] targetByteArray = null;

        if (tagged) {
            targetByteArray = new byte[8];
            targetByteArray[0] = data[8];
            targetByteArray[1] = data[9];
            targetByteArray[2] = data[10];
            targetByteArray[3] = data[11];
            targetByteArray[4] = data[12];
            targetByteArray[5] = data[13];
            targetByteArray[6] = data[14];
            targetByteArray[7] = data[15];
        } else {
            targetByteArray = new byte[6];
            targetByteArray[0] = data[8];
            targetByteArray[1] = data[9];
            targetByteArray[2] = data[10];
            targetByteArray[3] = data[11];
            targetByteArray[4] = data[12];
            targetByteArray[5] = data[13];
        }

        return targetByteArray;
    }

    private static boolean getIsTaggedFromMessageData(byte[] data) {
        short protocol = StructleTypes.getShortValue(data[2], data[3]);
        boolean tagged = false;

        if ((protocol & TAGGED_BIT) != 0) {
            tagged = true;
        } else {
            tagged = false;
        }

        return tagged;
    }

    private static Type getTypeFromMessageData(byte[] data) {
        short typeValue = StructleTypes.getShortValue(data[32], data[33]);
        Type type = LxProtocol.typeMap.get((int) typeValue);
        if(type == null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("message data has type value=" + typeValue + " which is not in LxProtocol.typeMap");
        }

        return type;
    }

    private static LxProtocolTypeBase getPayloadFromMessageData(byte[] data) {
        if(data == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("data can not be null");
        }
        LxProtocol.Type messageType = getTypeFromMessageData(data);
        if(messageType == null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("messageType is null in message data");
        }

        Class<? extends LxProtocolTypeBase> messagePayloadClass = LxProtocol.typeClassMap.get(messageType);
        if(messagePayloadClass == null) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(messageType + " is missing from LxProtocol.typeClassMap");
        }

        LxProtocolTypeBase payload = null;
        try {
            payload = messagePayloadClass.getDeclaredConstructor(new Class[]{byte[].class, int.class}).newInstance(data, PAYLOAD_START_INDEX);
        } catch (InstantiationException | IllegalAccessException | IllegalArgumentException | InvocationTargetException | NoSuchMethodException e) {
            String msg = String.format("Faild to create class %s from payload %s", messagePayloadClass.getName(), StructleTypes.bytesToString(data));
            Logger.getLogger(LFXMessage.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, msg, e);
        }

        return payload;
    }

    private int getMessageDataRepresentationLength() {
        int prePayloadLength = BASE_MESSAGE_SIZE;

        Class<? extends LxProtocolTypeBase> payloadClass = LxProtocol.typeClassMap.get(messageType);
        int payloadLength = 0;

        try {
            Method method = payloadClass.getMethod(PAYLOAD_SIZE_METHOD_NAME);
            Object o = method.invoke(null);

            if (o != null) {
                payloadLength = (Integer) o;
            }
        } catch (IllegalAccessException | IllegalArgumentException | NoSuchMethodException | InvocationTargetException e) {
            Logger.getLogger(LFXMessage.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, e);
        }

        return (payloadLength + prePayloadLength);
    }

    private static void writeSizeToMessage(short size, byte[] data) {
        data[0] = (byte) (size & 0xff);
        data[1] = (byte) ((size >> 8) & 0xff);
    }

    private static void writeProtocolToMessage(short protocol, byte[] data) {
        short protocolField = StructleTypes.getShortValue(data[2], data[3]);

        short version = (short) (protocol & PROTOCOL_VERSION_BITS);

        protocolField = (short) (protocolField | version);

        data[2] = (byte) (protocolField & 0xff);
        data[3] = (byte) ((protocolField >> 8) & 0xff);
    }

    private static void writeIsAddressableToMessage(boolean isAddressable, byte[] data) {
        short protocolField = StructleTypes.getShortValue(data[2], data[3]);

        if (isAddressable) {
            protocolField = (short) (protocolField | ADDRESSABLE_BIT);
        }

        data[2] = (byte) (protocolField & 0xff);
        data[3] = (byte) ((protocolField >> 8) & 0xff);
    }

    private static void writeAtTimeToMessage(long atTime, byte[] data) {
        UInt64 wrappedAtTime = new UInt64(atTime);
        byte[] atTimeBytes = wrappedAtTime.getBytes();

        data[24] = atTimeBytes[0];
        data[25] = atTimeBytes[1];
        data[26] = atTimeBytes[2];
        data[27] = atTimeBytes[3];
        data[28] = atTimeBytes[4];
        data[29] = atTimeBytes[5];
        data[30] = atTimeBytes[6];
        data[31] = atTimeBytes[7];
    }

    private static void writeTypeToMessage(Type type, byte[] data) {
        int typeValue = LxProtocol.typeValueMap.get(type);
//        short typeValueShort = (short) typeValue;
//        data[32] = (byte) (typeValueShort & 0xff);
//        data[33] = (byte) ((typeValueShort >> 8) & 0xff);
        data[32] = (byte) (typeValue & 0xff);
        data[33] = (byte) ((typeValue >> 8) & 0xff);

        short enc = StructleTypes.getShortValue(data[32], data[33]);
        if(typeValue != enc) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("failed to encode short, was " + typeValue + " as integer, and became " + enc);
        }
    }

    private static void writeSiteIDToMessage(byte[] siteID, byte[] data) {
        int siteOffsetIndex = 16;
        for (int i = 0; i < siteID.length; i++) {
            data[siteOffsetIndex + i] = siteID[i];
        }
    }

    private static void writeTargetIDtoMessage(byte[] targetID, byte[] data) {
        int targetOffsetIndex = 8;
        for (int i = 0; i < targetID.length; i++) {
            data[targetOffsetIndex + i] = targetID[i];
        }
    }

    private static void writeIsTaggedToMessage(boolean tagged, byte[] data) {
        short protocolField = StructleTypes.getShortValue(data[2], data[3]);

        if (tagged) {
            protocolField = (short) (protocolField | TAGGED_BIT);
        }

        data[2] = (byte) (protocolField & 0xff);
        data[3] = (byte) ((protocolField >> 8) & 0xff);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


When I first met Andrew and Holly I could tell they wanted the best Maine DJ to host their wedding party. The way they discussed their reception, the importance they placed on music and the emphasis they placed on finding the right Maine Wedding DJ made me excited. When I got that email saying they were securing my DJ services for their Bristol, Maine wedding reception I couldn't have been more thrilled. I've traveled to the 1812 Farm many times in the past and I always love working with everyone there. The property is gorgeous, the staff is amazing and the food is always phenomenal. I could certainly see why Andrew and Holly selected the property to host their Maine Wedding!
We spent months planning all of the ceremony, cocktail and reception details and when the day came, I couldn't have been more excited for these two lovebirds. In addition to event host Greg Young providing DJ services we also provided a secondary sound system for the outdoor ceremony and color controlled uplighting inside the reception location. It was an absolute pleasure working with Andrew and Holly. Their wedding was intimate and their dance floor was packed.


Eddie Redmayne is planning a visit to see Stephen Hawking as soon as he returns to Britain so he can show Hawking his Oscar.
Redmayne won Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role at the Academy Awards last night for playing Hawking in The Theory of Everything.
Speaking after his big win, Redmayne revealed he is now planning a trip to Cambridge, England to visit Hawking and his ex-wife Jane, who was played by Felicity Jones in the movie.


Say bye bye to complicated sizing charts and hello to the infinitely adjustable Hotslings AP!
Two strategically placed tri-glides allow the AP to fit comfortably on multiple users while also easily accommodating postpartum body changes.
Fits Infants to Toddlers 8 lbs. – 35 lbs.
Available in two adjustable sizes (Regular and Large).


text:
Tag Archives: Meet the Press
Metaphors vs Slang and Analogies
November 18, 2014 Figurative Language, Media, Metaphors, Politics, RhetoricDemocrats, ESL/EFL learners, media, Meet the Press, politicians, politics, RepublicansAndrew Gallagher
Hello! I have a different type of blog post today. It may appear to some of my loyal readers that all types of non-literal language can be classified as metaphors. This is not true. There are many different types of figurative language in addition to metaphors including similes, slang, idioms, clichés, proverbs, and analogies. One of the greatest challenges of doing metaphor research is sorting out these different types of language use. This past week after the midterm elections, there were many examples of slang and analogies that were confusingly similar to metaphors. I am certainly no expert on figurative language, but allow me to provide a few examples of when terms and phrases are not metaphors.
Slang: Red States and Blue States
We cannot turn on the television or radio during an election without hearing about red states and blue states. Here is a brief history of these terms: The United States has two dominant political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans. During presidential elections, each state will be won by either party. In the 1990s, television stations and newspapers struggled to show which party had won each state. Eventually the media began using two contrasting colors for the two parties, red for Republican-won states, and blue for Democrat-won states. In time, people began to shorten the names to simply red states and blue states. States that can be either predominantly Democratic or Republican may be referred to as purple states.
It is very confusing as to whether or not these terms are actually metaphors. In fact, I may have described them incorrectly in a previous post. After a great deal of research and consultation with a few other experts, I have concluded that they are not metaphors. There is nothing intrinsically red or blue about any political party. In this case, the color-based origin of these slang terms is completely arbitrary.
The confusion arises when one considers that some color terms are metaphors while others are not. A metaphor is constructed when a person compares the attributes of an object or process to a person or another object or process. For example, describing a cold-hearted person as a block of ice makes sense to us because we understand that ice is cold. Or if we say that a person is a sharp thinker, we understand that the person's mind is being compared to the sharpness of a knife. However, in some cases, there is no real-world experience with which to form the comparison. For example, we can call a cowardly person yellow even though there is there is nothing yellow about that person's skin. Similarly, one can be green with envy, although the person is most likely not green. In these cases, the terms are not metaphors.
However, we can say that a person is green if he or she is new to a job. This usage is derived from the fact that, as any gardener knows, a new plant will have bright green shoots and leaves when it first emerges from the ground. The immaturity of the plant is compared to the immaturity and lack of experience of the person. We can also refer to something as being silver or golden based on our experiences with the colors and value of these precious metals. As another example, people have no doubt experienced red tape when dealing with a bureaucracy. In this case, the phrase is derived from the old practice of tying up government documents with red tape. Or we can have blue-collar workers because many factory workers wear light blue shirts as their uniforms. As you can see, the phrases red, blue or purple states have no basis in physical reality, so I would call these slang terms instead of metaphors.
Analogies: Bulls, Fire, Fuses, and Wells
A completely different type of confusion arises when people use longer phrases to describe a situation. In the aftermath of the midterm elections, Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell claimed that if President Obama made any executive actions on immigration reform it would be like "waving a red flag in front of a bull." He also said it "would poison the well" and prevent further dialog on the issue.
Speaker of the House John Boehner warned President Obama not to go through with an executive order regarding immigration. He stated, "He's playing with fire." "He's going to burn himself if he continues down this path."
Later, Former House Majority Leader Eric Cantor talked about the same issue on Meet the Press (11/9/14) "We're going to work together and the president cannot sign that executive order. He's going to light a fuse."
What are these types of phrases? I noticed that some articles on the Internet described these as idioms, but I believe that they are more correctly described as analogies. Idioms are notoriously difficult to define and describe. However, one common criterion among linguists is that idioms are noncompositional, meaning that the words used to make up the idiom do not provide its meaning.
For example, describing a heavy rain as raining cats and dogs is very confusing. There is nothing about cats or dogs that indicate why a heavy rain would have them falling from the sky. There are some theories about the origins of this phrase including the idea that some animals lived in the roofing thatch of houses during the Middle Ages, and jumped down to the ground when it started raining. Another idea is that dead animals were washed down city sewer drains after a heavy rain. But these explanations are what are known as being apocryphal or as folk etymologies, a layperson's explanation for the origin of a phrase without any basis in fact. We also have the phrase kick the bucket describing a death. Once again, there seems to be no historical precedent for a person kicking an actual bucket while dying. In any case, there seems to be no real-world experience to call these examples anything but idioms.
Sometimes unusual phrases that appear to idioms actually turn out to be metaphors because of real-life experiences. One such example is the phrase to bury the hatchet used to describe a peace making process. This phrase actually dates back to the 1700s when some Native America tribes actually threw a hatchet into the ground symbolically indicating that the war between two tribes was over. The phrase winning hands down also may seem too unusual to be historical in origin. However, as I explained in a previous post on horse racing, the phrase is derived from the practice of jockeys lowering their arms when they are winning a horse race by a large margin since they no longer have to spur the horse to a faster pace.
Back to the colorful phrases of the Republicans. I believe these to be analogies. We may remember analogies from our high school SAT tests as in dog:puppy :: cat:kitten. These, like metaphors, are also a type of comparison. People may use analogies to explain a complex process or situation. In politics, we may hear politicians explaining the federal budget, for example, in terms of a household budget, e.g., "The government has to pay its bills every month just like you do at your kitchen table."
Using analogies is a rhetorical strategy to compare a familiar process to a new, complex one. Thus, for example, comparing President Obama's executive action on immigration as waving a red flag in front of a bull indicates that it is a dangerous situation for Obama analogous to a bullfighting scenario. However, I heard several pundits on TV wondering out loud who was whom in the analogy, i.e., who is the bull in this analogy? Who is the matador in the bullfight? The main idea is that the Republicans will be as angry at Obama as the bull will be at the matador, but in many cases, the bull ends up being killed by the matador, so perhaps they did not think the analogy all the way through.
Similarly, Eric Cantor's reference to lighting the fuse also implies a dangerous situation for the president, but it is not clear why President Obama is lighting the fuse for a bomb, and who would be injured by the bomb if it exploded. Mitch McConnell's reference to playing with fire has similar implications but similar ambiguities.
The analogy comparing the executive action as poisoning the well is even more confusing. The main idea is that poisoning a well is analogous to spoiling the working relationships between two groups of people. However, this is a rather sinister analogy. A person who deliberately poisons a well would most likely end up accidentally killing innocent people. I don't see how making an executive action would accidentally kill people.
In any case, these sayings are clearly not simply metaphors but complex analogies. It remains to be seen if President Obama does indeed go through with executive actions without the support of Congress and what the reaction of the Republicans will be. Stay tuned for further developments!
Next time: Metaphors of the Night Sky
More Metaphors of the ISIS Crisis
October 8, 2014 Figurative Language, Media, Metaphors, PoliticsESL/EFL learners, figurative language, media, Meet the Press, metaphors, metonymy, synecdocheAndrew Gallagher
Hello dear readers! Before getting to the metaphors of the day, I would like to say thanks to everyone who continues to read my blog. As my Facebook or email group members have already heard, I reached a few milestones this past week. For one, this past week I sent off my 100th post! My, how time flies! It is hard to believe, but I have been doing this for 22 months now. And, according to the stats on my blog software, I have also just reached a total of 50,000 views of my blog. Pretty amazing for an academic blog! I am not sure if that is 50,000 different people reading the blog one time each, or 500 people reading it 100 times each, most likely the latter. Once again, thanks for reading. As always, feel free to leave comments or questions after the blog post. I would love to hear from you!
Today I would like to add a few more metaphors used in the discussion about the ISIS terrorist group that President Obama did not use in his national speech.
The first example the common phrase boots on the ground. This phrase is technically not a metaphor but an instance of the type of figurative language called synecdoche (sin-NECK-duh-key). I have discussed this linguistic phenomenon in a previous post, so I won't provide too many details here. However, I should point out that synecdoche occurs when a part of something is used to refer to the whole. Common examples include all hands on deck, when hands refer to the sailors working on a ship, or the Yankees have a great glove at third base, when the glove refers to the baseball player. With the phrase boots on the ground, the boots refer to the soldiers who wear them when they go into battle.
Example: A few weeks ago, American military advisors have been saying that there would be no American boots on the ground. Now, some experts are saying that it might be inevitable to have American soldiers in battle in Iraq or Syria.
large footprint
In a strange mixture of synecdoche and personification, we can also talk about a country leaving a footprint in another country. People and animals leave footprints in sand or soft soils as they walk. Metaphorically, countries can leave footprints in another country if they have many people working in that country. Recently, I have heard pundits on TV talking about not having American boots on the ground in Syria because we don't want to have a large footprint there.
Example: After the U.S. government spent billions of dollars on the War in Iraq, many Americans are vehemently against having another large footprint in Iraq or Syria trying to defeat ISIS.
As explained in the analysis of President Obama's speech in my previous post, it is common for people to talk about countries as if they are people. Another example worthy of mention is the notion of a neighborhood of countries. We may say for example, that Mexico and Canada are American neighbors as if they are families that live on the same street. On TV news shows the past few weeks, some commentators have wondered why the other countries in the Middle East are not helping more to defeat ISIS. President Obama himself used the metaphor of a neighborhood in a television interview.
Example: "Saudi Arabia needs to help take down ISIS because it's in their neighborhood." – Pres. Obama on Meet the Press, Sep. 7.
war fatigue
Yet another example of personification is the phrase war fatigue. People and animals can get tired or have fatigue. Metaphorically, countries can be described as being fatigued if its citizens collectively share a common emotion. Specifically, a country can have war fatigue if most of its citizens are tired of their country being at war.
Example: After more than 10 years of wars with Afghanistan and Iraq, most Americans are suffering from war fatigue and are very reluctant to see more American boots on the ground in the Middle East.
People and countries can also have a collective vision. This is indeed a strange metaphor since no one can see through someone else's eyes. And yet we can talk about the United States having a clear vision of how a war against ISIS will develop militarily and/or diplomatically.
Example: Supporters of President Obama claim that he laid out a clear vision of the war against ISIS with the four-step strategy he explained in his national speech.
what does a victory look like?
Another odd metaphor of vision is the question one might hear on a news show: "What does a victory look like?" We have all had the experience of listening to someone describe a physical object in answer to a request, as in "What did the 1958 Ford Edsel look like?" Metaphorically, we can also talk about an event as if it is a physical object, as in what winning a war looks like in terms of government takeovers, captured soldiers or the end of combat.
Example: Many TV news commentators are asking American military advisors what a victory against ISIS would look like.
threading a needle
In a totally different conceptual metaphor, we can describe military strategies in terms of a sewing technique. Anyone who has tried to sew a garment knows that it is very difficult to thread a needle, inserting the slender thread through a tiny hole at the top of the needle. Metaphorically, threading a needle indicates a situation that is very difficult and takes great precision to do accurately.
Example: "Obama and his top advisers appeared to be threading a needle as they carefully clarified how exactly U.S. troops might be used, a day after Joint Chiefs Chairman Gen. Martin Dempsey opened the door to approving 'U.S. military ground forces'" ("White House: No 'combat role,' but US troops could 'forward deploy' with Iraqis" Foxnews.com, Sept. 17, 2014).
hawks and doves
Finally, I must mention one of the most common metaphors from our experiences with animals. Traditionally, hawks are symbolic of war since they are very skilled at killing prey, while doves are symbolic of peace since they are quiet, calm birds with a soothing call. Metaphorically, people who support military activities are commonly referred to as hawks, while people who are anti-war and who support diplomacy and peace negotiations are often called doves. The recent crisis in the Middle East has caused TV commentators to begin describing experts as being hawks or doves. (I discussed other metaphors of birds in a previous post.)
Example: Despite a country filled with war fatigue, some hawks in Congress immediately supported air strikes against ISIS, while the doves argued for restraint in getting involved in another war in the Middle East.
Next time: Metaphors of vision
Metaphors of Tools
September 9, 2014 Figurative Language, Media, Metaphors, PoliticsDavid Gregory, Democrats, Ferguson, figurative language, media, Meet the Press, metaphors, politicians, politics, RepublicansAndrew Gallagher
There have two distinct metaphors of tools in the news lately: the word tool itself and the phrase to ratchet up something. The word tool came up a few weeks ago when it was announced that David Gregory was no longer going to be the host of Meet the Press. In fact, yesterday was the first day for the new host, Chuck Todd. David Gregory was the host of the news show for seven years and by some accounts did a fine job. However, ratings were dropping and he was removed. Moreover, many people on the Internet, mostly Democrats, were extremely critical of him, often calling him a tool, implying that he was being used by the GOP and that he was not critical enough of his Republican guests and their political positions.
The usage of the word tool in this metaphorical sense indicates a person who is being used by someone else. The Urban Dictionary describes the meaning even more harshly, indicating that a tool is a person who does even have the mental capacity to know he or she is being used. I think this is an unfair criticism of David Gregory. Regardless of his interview abilities, the guests and talking points are most likely dictated by the producers and corporate sponsors of the Meet the Press, not the host. Regardless of Gregory's interview skills, he has been roundly criticized on the Internet. Here is just one blunt example.
Example: "David Gregory is a tool." (Daily Kos, June 22, 2014). http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/06/22/1102181/-David-Gregory-is-a-tool
The other tool metaphor common in the news lately is to ratchet up something. When the young black man, Michael Brown, was killed by a policeman in Ferguson, Missouri on August 9 of this year, many journalists reported that the police force had to ratchet up their presence in Ferguson in response to widespread protests by the local people angered about the death. A ratchet is a type of wrench for tightening or loosening nuts and bolts. It has gears that prevent it from turning in the opposite direction that one is working. When tightening something, the more one uses the ratchet, the tighter the nut or bolt becomes. Figuratively, to ratchet up something means to increase it in gradual steps or degrees.
Example: "The calls for Obama to take a leading role in this drama seem likely to ratchet up this week, with protests spinning out of control in the St. Louis suburb and Obama briefly interrupting his vacation to return to Washington for meetings." Newsnet5, August 18, 2014. http://www.newsnet5.com/decodedc/as-tensions-rise-in-ferguson-pressure-mounts-on-president
Here are a few more examples of metaphors of tools used in American newspapers and magazines, TV and radio broadcasts, and Internet news sources.
Most of us are familiar with household tools such as hammers, saws, drills, and rakes, along with nails, screws and bolts for attaching parts of metal or wood together. The concept of tools has led to many metaphors of fixing or repairing. Instead of physical objects, tools can be any strategy, plan or action that helps one achieve a goal.
policy tool or planning tool
Government officials can use specific strategies for achieving a fiscal or military goal. These strategies are sometimes referred to as policy or planning tools.
Example: Raising taxes is one policy tool that the government can use to reduce the deficit.
recruiting tool
Governments can also use strategies to recruit people for governmental or military service. These methods may be known as recruiting tools.
Example: Terrorist organizations sometimes use American military actions around the world as recruiting tools to train new terrorists.
retool
When a factory updates its equipment to improve its production, this is known as retooling the plant. Metaphorically, any changes made to a process can be called a retooling.
Example: For the 2012 presidential election, Barack Obama had to retool his campaign strategies to earn the votes of progressives that had supported him in 2008.
Another word for tool is instrument especially when referring to specialized tools for science and medicine. The word instrument can also be used metaphorically to refer to any method of measuring steps in a process or to achieve a goal.
Example: The U.S. Constitution has proven to be an excellent instrument of preventing the government from abusing the civil rights of the American people.
The adjective form of instrument is instrumental. Metaphorically, something or someone can be instrumental in accomplishing a goal if they are very useful or helpful in the process.
Example: Harry S Truman was instrumental in ending World War II by 1945.
well equipped, ill equipped
Factory workers, mechanics or repairpersons need a specific set of tools to do the jobs they are trying to do. If they have the right tools, we might say that they are well equipped to do the job. If not, we say that they are ill equipped.
Example: Some Americans thought that Sarah Palin's lack of experience in the federal government made her ill equipped to become Vice President in 2008.
unwieldy
Some tools such as shovels and axes are very heavy and difficult to use or wield in a work situation. When a tool is difficult to lift or swing, we may say that it is unwieldy. Metaphorically, a process or policy may be unwieldy if it is difficult to implement.
Example: Consisting of thousands of pages, the U.S. government's tax codes are very unwieldy for Congress to regulate.
A hammer is a powerful tool used to pound in nails in building houses and other wooden structures. The action of hammering is used metaphorically to describe any forceful and repetitive action as in reporters hammering away questions at people.
Example: Some critics have hammered Joe Biden for being outspoken and making errors when he is giving speeches.
sledgehammer
A sledgehammer is a very large, heavy hammer used to break apart concrete or wooden structures. Metaphorically, to sledgehammer something means to destroy it completely.
Example: Some military dictators around the world take a sledgehammer to civil rights in their countries and arrest and detain anyone they please.
make one's mark on
When one uses a heavy tool such as a hammer, the action makes a mark or dent on the surface of the material that is struck. In a figurative phrase, to make one's mark on something means that the person has made a lasting contribution or had an effect on a cultural or political process.
Example: John F. Kennedy made his mark on progressive Democratic policies in his short term as president in the early 1960s.
Drills and Needles
Drills are used for making or boring holes in wood or metal. The word bore has come to mean the size of a tube that is used in machines. In a combustion engine a carburetor running wide open (as fast as possible) is said to be operating at full bore. Metaphorically, anything that is done with great effort may be described as being full bore.
Example: Presidential candidates often come out with full-bore assaults on their opponents in the last few weeks of the campaign.
In an opposite sense, a device with a small bore lacks power. If a gun or rifle has a small-bore barrel, it can only shoot small bullets so cannot be very powerful. Figuratively, any action, statement or idea that is weak may be described as being small bore.
Example: Conservatives may accuse liberals of having small-bore ideas when it comes to reducing the deficit since the liberals like to increase spending for social programs.
A needle is a small, sharp instrument used in sewing. Figuratively, to needle a person means to tease, mock or ask him or her many repeated questions.
Example: Newspaper reporters often needle politicians on important issues to get the most information as possible for their articles.
move the needle
Needle is also the name of a small piece of metal in machines used to measure the strength or pressure of something. For example, a loud noise will move the needle of sound recording equipment. Figuratively, saying an action moves the needle means that it has made a large increase in the amount of something.
Example: In a political campaign, thousands of small donations barely move the needle while a huge corporate donation can make a big difference in the campaign funds.
rake in
A rake is a common garden tool for collecting leaves and other yard debris. In a common metaphor, collecting lots of money in sales or campaign donations is called raking it in.
Example: In most presidential campaigns, the candidates rake in millions of dollars in donations.
We all use keys in our daily lives to open locked doors. The concept of a key being something important is one of the most common of all English metaphors. In politics, important problems can be called key issues. We can also speak of key states, key districts, key cabinet posts, etc.
Example: American voters like to hear candidates discuss the key issues during presidential debates.
A rivet is a small bolt used to connect two sheets of metal. Sheets that are riveted together are firmly attached to each other. In a figurative phrase, something that is riveting is very interesting or fascinating to a viewer or listener.
Example: Martin Luther King, Jr. was famous for his riveting and inspiring speeches on civil rights.
A lightning rod is a metal device placed on a roof of a building to absorb any lightning strikes instead of the lightning going into the building. Figuratively a lightning rod is any person who seems to be the focus of controversy wherever he or she goes.
Example: As soon as Mitt Romney picked Paul Ryan for his running mate prior to the 2012 presidential election, Ryan became the lightning rod for all Democratic criticisms against the Republican budget proposals.
cobble together
To cobble means to repair something quickly and ineffectively. Metaphorically, to cobble together something form a makeshift alliance of people or combination of ideas.
Example: Presidential candidates may try to cobble together a coalition of minority voters to try to help them win the election.
Minority Whip
A whip is a long braided piece of leather used to make horses or farm animals work harder or run faster. In a strange metaphor from the British Parliament, a person who is in charge of maintaining order among the members of the minority party is known as the minority whip.
Example: Normally it is the job of the Minority Whip in the House of Representatives to rally the members of Congress to support the party's national policies.
Next time: Book Review – Politicians and Rhetoric


This second edition of the Burks Behavior Rating Scales (BBRS) helps you diagnose and treat children with behavior problems. Administered and scored in minutes, these scales identify the nature and severity of pathological symptoms in children from prekindergarten through 12th grade (ages 4 through 18 years). This revision features updated norms, simpler and more efficient administration and scoring, and fewer scales for easier interpretation.
All changes in this edition respect the strengths of the original BBRS and take into account the input of the many school psychologists who continue to use this assessment for effective and economical evaluation of disruptive and troubled children.


The automotive paradigm is quickly shifting towards the electrification of cars. But despite key industry players investing in fast charging stations around the world, the number of chargers isn't increasing parallel to the number of electric vehicles on the road. This poses a problem mostly in dense environments where charging and parking are both scarce, and short commutes are the name of the travel game. Unfortunately, another layer of complexity has made its way to those looking for a charge: treating chargers like parking spaces.
Electric Car owners call it "being ICE'd"; a non-electric car with an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) pulls up to a charging station and parks there because (to them) it equates to an empty spot. For those driving EVs, these spaces are more akin to a gas pump than just another spot in a parking lot. Imagine needing to fuel up at the last station for 25 miles, and every single spot was filled by a person inside gallivanting the snack and soda isles for half an hour or more. That's what this feels like.
A member of a Tesla owners Facebook group posted a photo taken on one of Canada's busiest times to shop: Boxing Day. At the Vaughan Mills Mall in Ontario Canada, there were 20 Tesla Superchargers available for owners to charge their cars. Of those 20 chargers, 16 contained non-electric cars who utilized the spaces to park rather than charge, despite the "no parking" signs on every space. We reached out to Vaughan Mills Mall for comment on its standard operating procedure when non-charging vehicles are parked in charging stalls, however, no person that we spoke with was able to provide a comment on how this event is handled.
This behavior isn't exclusive to just traditional gas-powered cars. Tesla owners have called out other Tesla drivers for the same behavior; treating the chargers as if they were exclusive parking for anyone with a green enough carbon footprint to own an EV. This thought process is also damaging, especially as the charging situation continues to worsen as EV sales continue to jump in numbers. In order to combat this, Tesla has even been charging owners "idle fees" of up to 40 cents per minute if they continued to stay connected to a Supercharger after their charge was completed.
It's possible that owners of non-charging cars simply don't realize that they're doing something wrong, though it's hard to imagine missing the signs saying otherwise. Those offending might also simply not care about their actions. This could be the mindset of "nobody has an electric car," or believing that the spots are a sign of entitlement and nothing more (this also goes for owners parking and not charging). It's hard to say which category offenders fall under, but the public charging model isn't efficient or sustainable this way.
Simply put, stop parking cars in charging spots if you're not charging, no matter if you own a petrol-powered or an electric car. Just remember that as an average consumer in a world shifting towards EVs, you very well may fall victim to ICEing one day when you really need a charge.
Valet drivers and fleet managers can now monitor charging statuses of the electric vehicles in their lots to maximize use of charging stations.


The Knight Yearbook and Lance Newspaper won the top journalism awards at the recent S.I.S.P.A. Convention. Twenty-one members of the yearbook and newspaper staffs, along with newspaper advisor Mrs. Donna Goetz, attended the Southern Illinois School Press Association's Spring Convention at Southern Illinois University-Carbondale on February 27. While there, students participated in onsite journalism and writing contests or attended workshops. The Lance received the Blue Banner Award for excellence in newspaper production, while the Knight received the Golden Dozen award for outstanding yearbook. The Knight also received first place for Theme, and Honorable Mentions for Graphics and Dividers. Students placing in the onsite contests are Adam Holbrook, Honorable Mention for Review Writing; Hannah Albers, Second Place for Editorial Writing; Zoe Timmermann, First Place for Editorial Writing.
The Southern Illinois School Press Association helps student journalists and advisers as they publish their schools' newspapers and yearbooks. Through the support of the SIU Carbondale's School of Journalism, the organization offers support, critique services, workshops, and much more to high schools and junior highs in Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri and Indiana.


text:
Q: Creating instance of a connection method for login use I have defined my connection in my method. However, I want to be able to create an instance of this connection for use on a login page.
Normally the way I do this on pages such has insert, select etc.
$con = new dbclass(); //class where my methods are housed
$con-> createcon(); //create con has the connection handler, ($con=mysqli_connect(x.x.x.x)

Fair enough, I use this a lot. However, I'm not having any luck with this procedure on my login page. It appears inadequate. Errors returned are :
    Warning: mysqli_real_escape_string() expects parameter 1 to be mysqli, object given in C:\xampp\htdocs\a\login.php on line 103

Warning: mysqli_real_escape_string() expects parameter 1 to be mysqli, object given in C:\xampp\htdocs\a\login.php on line 104

Warning: mysqli_query() expects parameter 1 to be mysqli, object given in C:\xampp\htdocs\a\login.php on line 109

Warning: mysqli_fetch_array() expects parameter 1 to be mysqli_result, null given in C:\xampp\htdocs\a\login.php on line 111

This is an example piece of code that returns an error :
$user = mysqli_real_escape_string($con, $user);

To date I have only used real_escape_string on an update method within a class. I managed to satisfy the connection handler requirement on real_escape_string by doing this
$esc_id = mysqli_real_escape_string($this->conn, $id);

So my question is, do I somehow need to create an instance on my login page. And if so, how?

A: $user = mysqli_real_escape_string($con, $user);

In this code you use variable class wrongfully.replace with this code:
$user = mysqli_real_escape_string($con->$con, $user);

Variable $con in the class should be public.

A:
$con = new dbclass();

But you've not shown us the source for this class.

$con-> createcon(); //create con has the connection handler, ($con=mysqli_connect(x.x.x.x)

The comment doesn't make any sense. Where do you put the return value from mysqli_connect() if it's in a local variable then it's no longer accessible after the method returns. It needs to be stored somewhere so you can pass it to mysqli_functions(), e.g.
class dbclass {
 var $dbhandle;
 function createcon() {
   $this->dbhandle=mysqli_connect(...);
 }
}

$con=new dbclass();
$con->createcon();
// then you can do....
$user = mysqli_real_escape_string($con->dbhandle, $user);

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Promised Land font here refers to the font used in the poster title of Promised Land, which is an American drama movie released in 2012. The movie follows two salesmen who visit a rural town to tap into the available resources there.
The movie title in the poster is set in Akzidenz Grotesk Std Ext Bold, which is a commercial font and you can follow this link to view more details about it and purchase it.
In addition to Promised Land, Akzidenz Grotesk typeface is also used in the following logos, movie posters or album covers etc., including: The Taking of Pelham 123, Dunkirk (film), The Biography Channel, Macromedia, Above & Beyond (Band), The Town, Halloween (2018 film), Memorial Day, Analog Devices, Panic At The Disco, The Prestige, Million Dollar Baby, Undefeated, In Time, Argo.


Published: Feb 20 at 3:10 p.m.
WHAT'S GOING ON: Johnny Miles Ice Jam. Event includes a silent auction, along with live entertainment from different performers each hour. A bar menu will be available through the legion kitchen.
REASON: A major fundraiser for the annual Johnny Miles festival.
WHERE: Ice Jam will be held at Royal Canadian Legion branch 008 on Main Street in Sydney Mines.
WHEN: Sunday from 5 p.m.-12 a.m.
ADMISSION: Event is $5. Open to those ages 19 and over.
COMMENT: "It's very important to the community of Sydney Mines because Johnny Miles is our hometown hero." – Committee member Eugene Ramsey.
INSPIRATION FOR FUNDRAISER: Sydney Mines gathers each year to honour two-time Boston marathon winner Johnny Miles who grew up in the former mining community. Miles died in 2003 in Hamilton, Ont., at age 97.
ORGANIZER: The Johnny Miles Festival Society.
FOR MORE INFORMATION: Eugene Ramsey at 902-736-8739.
If you would like to submit information for a future Helping Hands feature, a new addition to the Cape Breton Post where local organizations can let readers know about special fundraising initiatives on the Northside and surrounding communities, send an email to news@cbpost.com .


Zoom buttons on digital devices let us examine images from many viewpoints. They also provide an apt metaphor for modes of strategic thinking. Some people prefer to see things up close, others from afar. Both perspectives have virtues. But they should not be fixed positions, says Harvard Business School's Kanter. To get a complete picture, leaders need to zoom in and zoom out. A close-in perspective is often found in relationship-intensive settings. It brings details into sharp focus and makes opportunities look large and compelling. But it can have significant downsides. Leaders who prefer to zoom in tend to create policies and systems that depend too much on politics and favors. They can focus too closely on personal status and on turf protection. And they often miss the big picture. When leaders zoom out, they can see events in context and as examples of general trends. They are able to make decisions based on principles. Yet a far-out perspective also has traps. Leaders can be so high above the fray that they don't recognize emerging threats. Having zoomed out to examine all possible routes, they may fail to notice when the moment is right for action on one path. They may also seem too remote and aloof to their staffs. The best leaders can zoom in to examine problems and then zoom out to look for patterns and causes. They don't divide the world into extremes-idiosyncratic or structural, situational or strategic, emotional or contextual. The point is not to choose one over the other but to learn to move across a continuum of perspectives.


text:
using namespace clang;
using namespace CodeGen;

CGOpenCLRuntime::~CGOpenCLRuntime() {}

void CGOpenCLRuntime::EmitWorkGroupLocalVarDecl(CodeGenFunction &CGF,
                                                const VarDecl &D) {
  return CGF.EmitStaticVarDecl(D, llvm::GlobalValue::InternalLinkage);
}

llvm::Type *CGOpenCLRuntime::convertOpenCLSpecificType(const Type *T) {
  assert(T->isOpenCLSpecificType() &&
         "Not an OpenCL specific type!");

  llvm::LLVMContext& Ctx = CGM.getLLVMContext();
  uint32_t ImgAddrSpc =
    CGM.getContext().getTargetAddressSpace(LangAS::opencl_global);
  switch (cast<BuiltinType>(T)->getKind()) {
  default:
    llvm_unreachable("Unexpected opencl builtin type!");
    return nullptr;
  case BuiltinType::OCLImage1d:
    return llvm::PointerType::get(llvm::StructType::create(
                           Ctx, "opencl.image1d_t"), ImgAddrSpc);
  case BuiltinType::OCLImage1dArray:
    return llvm::PointerType::get(llvm::StructType::create(
                           Ctx, "opencl.image1d_array_t"), ImgAddrSpc);
  case BuiltinType::OCLImage1dBuffer:
    return llvm::PointerType::get(llvm::StructType::create(
                           Ctx, "opencl.image1d_buffer_t"), ImgAddrSpc);
  case BuiltinType::OCLImage2d:
    return llvm::PointerType::get(llvm::StructType::create(
                           Ctx, "opencl.image2d_t"), ImgAddrSpc);
  case BuiltinType::OCLImage2dArray:
    return llvm::PointerType::get(llvm::StructType::create(
                           Ctx, "opencl.image2d_array_t"), ImgAddrSpc);
  case BuiltinType::OCLImage3d:
    return llvm::PointerType::get(llvm::StructType::create(
                           Ctx, "opencl.image3d_t"), ImgAddrSpc);
  case BuiltinType::OCLSampler:
    return llvm::IntegerType::get(Ctx, 32);
  case BuiltinType::OCLEvent:
    return llvm::PointerType::get(llvm::StructType::create(
                           Ctx, "opencl.event_t"), 0);
  }
}


Police Horse in Pencil. I was particularly taken by this very handsome horse when visiting the constabulary stables last year. Mounted original for sale £50. All profits from the sales will be donated to the Retired Police Horse Benevolent Fund.


On their last night together, Clara, a young Austrian tourist, and Tomer, an Israeli student, find themselves in an unexpected search for the "Morning after pill". The cultural and personal gaps create a distance between them, confronting the realities of two worlds apart. Those being illuminated through the background of multicultural Jerusalem, with its extreme figures, who the two encounter on their nightly search. Tomer and Clara try to open up to each other, but every chance they have of closeness is being interrupted by the outside world.


nl decomposes its input into (logical) pages; by default, the line number is reset to 1 at the top of each logical page. nl treats all of the input files as a single document; it does not reset line numbers or logical pages between files.
A logical page consists of three sections: header, body, and footer. Any of the sections can be empty. Each can be numbered in a different style from the others.
The two characters from which these strings are made can be changed from `\' and `:' via options (see below), but the pattern and length of each string cannot be changed.
A section delimiter is replaced by an empty line on output. Any text that comes before the first section delimiter string in the input file is considered to be part of a body section, so nl treats a file that contains no section delimiters as a single body section.
number only lines that contain a match for regexp.
Increment line numbers by number (default 1).
Consider number (default 1) consecutive empty lines to be one logical line for numbering, and only number the last one. Where fewer than number consecutive empty lines occur, do not number them. An empty line is one that contains no characters, not even spaces or tabs.
Do not reset the line number at the start of a logical page.
Separate the line number from the text line in the output with string (default is the TAB character).
Set the initial line number on each logical page to number (default 1).
Use number characters for line numbers (default 6).


I'm from Philippine but working and living China. I don't have kids and have never been married, i hope to meet the right one here.
I am looking for a man who wants to be in a dedicated relationship and who wants to realize the joy of sharing their life with someone special.


text:
October 31, 2021 October 31, 2021 outsourcingseoservicestyler eros escort0 Comments
The 1972 GSS review reported that 63 % accepted premarital coitus under some disease and 37 per cent inspected the a€?always wronga€™ market. That has been a significant increases from your 52 % acceptance claimed by Klassen for 1970. By 1975 the GSS surveys stated that approval got risen to 69 percentage. The rise was small after 1975 and recognition was actually 74 % in 1998 (Davis and Gret 1999 , p. 235). Viewing every one of the nationwide studies in america from 1963 to 1998 the data is the fact that the amount of the majority of fast transformation in recognition of premarital coitus is from 1963 to 1975, with a general build up from twenty percent to 69 percentage. That's the time period that many of us can more truthfully label as a premarital erectile wave. In the reports discussed the data indicated that women, more than men, greater their acceptance of premarital coitus and also this generated a whole lot more sex equivalence in attitudes towards premarital coitus. The gender reviews in 1963 had been ten percent female acceptance to 30 percent male approval. By 1975 the reviews comprise 65 percent female approval to 74 percentage male approval.
Scientific studies in a number of American communities suggest that after the elevated popularity of premarital coitus in the USA, several Western nations remained a lot more acceptant compared to the United States Of America. Like, utilizing information from your International public research regimen (ISSP) of 1994, measuring up america to five other societies, Scott has found that simply Ireland had been a lesser amount of acceptant of premarital coitus as compared to UNITED STATE. Germany and Sweden happened to be additional acceptant, and even Britain and Poland comprise much more acceptant (Scott 1998 , p. 833). Unlike in the USA, Scott has found goes up in recognition of premarital coitus proceeding in england through the 1980s and 1990s.
There are various other national studies that have been learnt for example the 1971 and 1992 national surveys in Finland that reveal close styles from what is discovered in the united states (Kontula and Haavio-Mannila 1995 , Chap. 12). Repeated reference to similar modifications in premarital sex-related mindsets can be found in the International Encyclopedia of sex with its records of 31 societies (Francoeur 1997 ). You can also find many other europe with national studies drawn in the 1980s and 1990s but missing previous national studies for evaluation. Still, precisely what facts we now have on these other civilizations generally seems to support an enormous increase in the approval of premarital coitus very much like what was taking place in america, although not fundamentally in same a long time.
Erotic Possibility Behaviors
Much Safer Gender Ways
Three primary more secure sex techniques which happen to be suggested to reduce the potential risk of STI/HIV disease and slipping expecting a baby ar (1) sex-related abstinence, (2) staying away from many sexual partnerships, and (3) using condoms, both male and female sort, precisely and continually every single time one has gender. But this can be easier said than done specifically among those which have gotten to the age of permission of their particular cultures, as it is thought about fully grown sufficient to have intercourse along with drive to experience sexual intercourse are primordial. Most people find it too difficult to apply safer intercourse and therefore hazardous sex-related practices take place often.
The only way to fully eliminate every one of these challenges would be to refrain completely from sexual activity. Nevertheless, sex-related abstinence is hard especially for those who have accomplished age agree in every traditions. As an alternative, delaying erectile debut stays a crucial attention for STI/HIV reduction, particularly for teens. Some interventions that advertise key or secondary abstinence and delayed erotic debut can reduce a person's danger of being exposed to STIs/HIV although their efficiency remains dubious (view Kantor et al., 2008 ; UNAIDS, 2013 ). Reports have unearthed that reasons for delaying early sex among younger girls often include religious injunction against premarital love , reduction of HIV disease, concern about maternity, and connected to this, worries of losing out of school ( Ankomah et al., 2011 ). These factors should be thought about whenever creating STI/HIV anticipation systems.
Lowering lover upset and total amounts of erectile partners was an essential element of a great STI/HIV protection reaction ( UNAIDS, 2013 ). The normal information may be the promoting of fidelity to 1 sexual mate whose STI/HIV position may be known. Software are required that suppress many erectile relationships, or a€" just where this is simply not achievable a€" to emphasize the consistent escort service in tyler the application of condoms. Specifically, it is advisable to address the friendly norms, which approve the interest of males in a number of sexual partnerships. This problem ought to be taken up by entire networks and ought to end up being dealt with by people to be dealt with.
Condoms, both male and female, are the available and most efficient modern technology in order to avoid HIV because STIs, and unintentional pregnancies, among sexually energetic folks ( UNAIDS, 2013 ). Increasing the accessibility of female condoms ( Guerra and Simbayi, 2014 ; UNAIDS, 2013 ) and push steady condom make use of remain essential key segments for modification. Mens condoms happen to be low-cost, great value, their particular use doesn't need help of medical or healthcare workers, and additionally they can be employed by anybody who is intimately productive. Eliminate and constant using both men and women condoms is definitely a vital element of blend HIV avoidance tactics that people can make at differing times within physical lives to decrease probability of erectile exposure to HIV and other STIs, or as a dual safety process.
When it comes to love-making succeed, methods for creating sex safe for both sex professionals and their clients is important. For example both boosting the option they've been handled from law and enhancing the company's having access to medical service, with supply of, or usage of, men and women condoms and even lubrication ( UNAIDS, 2013 ). In a similar fashion, means should be realized to promote people to drink alcohol responsibly, particularly when they desire to make love. Recent am employed in South Africa has proved that multilevel treatments that desired both guy just who take in in relaxed sipping places (or a€?shebeensa€™) and associated with areas may help lower danger for STI/HIV issues (see Kalichman ainsi, al., in newspapers ).
While you will find neurological limitations on what before long during her life a female can carry a baby, and a mens can father one, cross-culturally there is certainly predetermined period within the start intimate readiness to intimate debut. In a number of cultures, a long time may complete between menarche and primary son or daughter, as a matter of someone's normal life-course trajectory, whilst in other folks, the break between menarche and basic son or daughter is actually fleetingly quick ( Udry and Cliquet, 1982 ). Happening of China are demonstrative below, since friendly changes following social movement simplified the period between erotic ability and erectile first. Premarital sex turned out to be prevalent for cohorts produced after 1950, as well history of earlier different types of friendly group may glimpsed across years cohorts belonging to the present Chinese public.
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