text:
Having Wealthy Neighbors May Skew Beliefs About Overall Wealth Distribution
5:13 July 22, 2015
"If you're rich, there's a good chance you know lots of other rich people and relatively few poor people; likewise, if you're poor, you're likely to know fewer wealthy people and more poorer ones," says study co-author Robbie Sutton. "Even if people think objectively and follow rules of statistical inference, richer and poorer people may be led, by the information available to them, to very different conclusions about how wealthy their fellow citizens are, on average, and how wealth is distributed across society."
"These results suggest that the rich and poor do not simply have different attitudes about how wealth should be distributed across society; rather, they subjectively experience living in different societies," adds psychological scientist Rael Dawtry at the University of Kent, the study's lead author. "In the relatively more affluent America inhabited by wealthier Americans, there is perhaps less need to distribute wealth more equally."
The findings suggest that attitudes toward wealth distribution stem from more than just an economic motivation to protect one's self-interest or a fiscally conservative political ideology – the information provided by our surrounding environment also plays an important role.
The research, also co-authored by Chris Sibley of the University of Auckland, recruited over 600 US adults to complete an online survey in two studies. The participants were asked to estimate the distribution of annual household income for their social contacts and also for the entire US population — in one study, they estimated what percentage of people fell into each one of 11 income bands; in the other study, they estimated the average income of people within each income quintile.
Then, the participants were asked how fair they thought income distribution in the US was and how satisfied they were with it. The participants also answered questions gauging their attitudes toward redistribution.
The resulting statistical model revealed a link between participants' personal household income and their attitudes toward redistribution that was driven by average social-circle income. Starting with household income, the researchers found evidence for a chain of associations: Household income was linked to estimated social-circle income, which was linked to estimated population income, which was linked to perceived fairness, which was finally linked to attitudes toward redistribution.
This chain-like relationship remained even after the researchers took participants' political orientation and perceived self-interest into account.
To ensure that the findings were actually related to individual's social circles and not some other psychological bias, the researchers then analyzed data from over 4000 voters in New Zealand. The data showed that the relationship between voters' household income and their perceptions of economic fairness in New Zealand was driven by the level of economic deprivation in their neighborhood.
"These results highlight the importance of examining ecological processes, in addition to political ideologies or self-interest, for understanding economic preferences," says Dawtry. "Attitudes to redistribution and the economic status quo appear to be subject to informational biases in the environment as well as biases in the mind."
According to Sutton, the findings may also help to explain the political polarization observed in countries liked the United States:
"As richer and poorer people increasingly live segregated lives, the information available to becomes increasingly distorted, and increasingly different," he notes. "People are, effectively, living in an informational bubble, surrounded by people with incomes like theirs but unlike many other Americans'."
All data and materials have been made publicly available via Open Science Framework and can be accessed at https://osf.io/3mftr/. The complete Open Practices Disclosure for this article can be found at http://pss.sagepub.com/content/by/supplemental-data. This article has received badges for Open Data and Open Materials. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki/1.%20View%20the%20Badges/ andhttp://pss.sagepub.com/content/25/1/3.full.
For more information about this research, please contact study author:Rael Dawtryrd299@kent.ac.uk.For a copy of the research article and access to other Psychological Science research findings, please contact:Anna MikulakAssociation for Psychological Science202.293.9300


Whether you are new to the game or a seasoned veteran, Pebble Creek provides you an opportunity to play and enjoy the game of golf in a social or competitive setting.
Pebble Creek offers golfers a unique chance to work on their short game.... on a real course. With holes ranging in distance from 90 to 180 yards you'll get the opportunity to test and develop your iron skills, with plenty of wedge and chip shots to boot.
Pebble Creek also provides the rare opportunity to walk a course and gather the added benefit of moderate exercise. And as far as a time commitment, most can finish 18 holes in less than 3 hours.
For what ever the reason, come and join us for a special golf experience.... and a whole lot of fun.


It's October and that means fall is in the air, and Halloween is around the corner! Thanks to The Kids Did It & The Mommy Island, we have some not so spooky giveaways for you!
No, I'm not a fan of candy corn.
I am not a fan of candy corn…but I do like chocolate!
YES I love candy corn!
I absolutely love Candy Corn and my 5 year old loves it too. He always looks for Candy Corn at the gas stations.
I do not like Candy Corn. I ate too much of it when I was growing up.
Yes I like candy corn.
Do you like candy corn? Yes or No?
I do like candy corn.. in small doses though.
No, I am not really a candy corn fan. I used to love it when I was a kid though.
Yes, I like candy corn, but I can't eat much, because it is so sweet!
I do like candy corn but I liked it better when you could only buy candy corn during Halloween now I can get it year round and it just doesn't taste the same.
I like candy corn in moderation.
Yes – I like candy corn. I love the candy corn and mallow creme pumpkin mix.
I do like candy corn, and it can be addicting. I have not had any for years, because it is too much sugar for me.
I don't like candy corn very much… when I was little I hated it.
Yes, I like candy corn!
When I was younger, I hated candy corn. But now I kind of love it.
Yes! I LOVE candy corn!
Nope. Definitely don't like candy corn. I find that it has a weird taste, personally. I like seeing all the things that people create with it, whether it's crafts or food/desserts, just can't eat it.
I do not dislike or like candy corn.
I actually do like candy corn!
I don't like candy corn, but my husband loves it. I made him candy corn cupcakes once for Halloween.
Our whole family loves candy corn! We eat as much as we can!
I like it. My husband loves it mixed with peanuts, too!
I like candy corn in moderation! I prefer the original ones.
I don't dislike it, but not my first choice either!
I love candy corn, I only indulge a little though during Halloween.
I do like Candy Corn, but eating too much gives me a tummy ache!
Yes, I like candy corn.


text:
The Masons: Into the Light - The Awakening
Boogie-Wall
Thursday, 24 November 2022 - 6:00pm
#art #photography #contemporary
193 Piccadilly, London, W1J 9EU
Exhibition dates: 24 November – 21 January 2023
Boogie-Wall is delighted to present Into the Light — The Awakening, the first solo exhibition from the photographic duo, Donna-Marie and Maruska Mason, who are known professionally as The Masons. The show explores the dissociation from nature felt by black people that Donna-Marie, a child of Caribbean parents who grew up in London, sees as a legacy of slavery.
Into the light features eleven medium-scale portraits of Donna-Marie taken by Maruska at a variety of locations around the world, including Slovenia, the islands of the Caribbean and the Italian Dolomites. Together, they examine the interrelationships between culture, history, the body and nature, providing a compelling visual record of a personal journey taken by Maruska with Donna- Marie.
Maruska grew up in Slovenia surrounded by mountains, lakes and the sea; nature is very much at the centre of her being. For Donna-Marie, it was the opposite. As a child, she had no contact with nature, nor was she especially aware of the changing seasons. She says that despite both her parents coming from the Caribbean, 'nature didn't come easily' to them. 'It just wasn't on their radar. They were hustling every day to make ends meet to survive. Being in nature just wasn't part of our culture. They just weren't shown that way of life.'
'Although there are many epic stories of black culture before colonialism, it's a fact that colonialism and slavery has a huge hand to play in the disconnect of black people with nature. It's known that thousands of slaves threw themselves into the Atlantic ocean rather than live a life of slavery and many were told that the ocean was cursed so when they arrived across the waters to their new so-called home many were afraid of the sea. It was a way to control them.'
The Masons wanted to dive deeper into this. Looking into Donna-Marie's journey and the culture that surrounded her, she felt that nature was very rarely a part of black stories, probably owing to these cultural and historic reasons.
Donna-Marie says: 'The fear of the sea and ocean has been built into our psyche. Even today it's known that the majority of black people can't swim, because we are scared of the water. Working in the fields for long hours under the hot sun, with little food and water, whipped if they did not perform accordingly, the field workers' skin would go darker under the sun and they were valued less. Still to this day the brainwashing is hard to reverse. Today young women and men still struggle to be heard and seen because they have darker skin tone, and are seen as uglier and less worthy. Even judged within our own community.
'Looking back, my ancestors were continuously told nature was the enemy in one shape or another, surrounded by all that nature represented pain for them and this has been a massive trauma for our culture, a trauma that has led to generations of pain and consequently a big disconnect with nature. There is a thick layer of our untrust in nature. Which is very ironic as nature is a very core of who we were before colonialism. Many black people today fear the water, don't like hiking, would never think to climb a mountain. And wouldn't even entertain the idea of being in the snow, only for a short time throwing snowballs, only to rush inside quickly so as not to ruin our clothes, or to feel cold. There is this fear.'
Donna- Marie has had to push through that fear and embrace the emotions that come with that. She experienced her first sunset when she was 25 .The experience made her feel things she hadn't felt before: 'It made me feel special to witness such beauty, to feel beautiful inside. It made me know that there was more to life than the life I had been shown."
She sees it in terms of an 'awakening'. 'I began to wonder why is this love and appreciation of nature often never experienced in the black culture I grew up in. For we as a community need this therapy to ease away the pain of centuries of trauma and suffering. Which is carried on for generations. I wanted to break my generation's cycle and take myself places where black people just were not seen.'
The Masons
Partners in life and creativity, Maruska and Donna-Marie Mason — known as The Masons — are a photography and directing duo based in London. The Masons creativite landscape is honed in from backgrounds in photography, film & TV.
Donna-Marie, born in London, graduated from London College of Fashion where she found her true love for photography. Her love for creativity and self-expression led her to work in Costume Design across Film & TV, where she would channel her creativity through storytelling. This soon opened up the world of directing and photography. Maruska, born in Slovenia, comes from an academic background however after graduating in Law, decided to pursue a more creative route. Maruska moved to London soon after meeting Donna-Marie in 2007 and the pair later joined their creative forces with the aim to start telling their own stories that they felt hadn't been seen, but needed to be told, through their own visual expression.The Masons bring their distinct back- grounds together to create a unique style and redefine the cultural narrative.
Their work is a blend of the two very different worlds that they come from, but with a very unified message and visual approach. They capture complexity of characters and real emotion in a dra- matic and bold style and champion unconventional beauty. Inspired by nature, human connection & people who break boundaries, they explore diversity and equality in a timeless style with an edge, always pushing and allowing for their subject's personality and stories to shine through.
The Masons are particularly well known for storytelling focused photography and treatment of skin and challenging outdated notions with honest, empowering, and positive representations of different cultures.
Clients include L'Oréal, Hugo Boss, Stella McCartney, NYX Professional Make Up, Vogue, Vanity Fair, Elle, Teen Vogue, The New York Times, , McCann, High Snobiety, Exposure, Chanel, Coco de Mer, BBC, AKQA, M&C Saatchi, Marie Claire, Space NK, Nataal, National Theatre, T Brand Studio, Harper's Bazaar, Allure, Dazed, Jo Malone, The Macallan, Audemars Piguet, Bloomsbury, Simon&Schuster, and Unsaid Jewellery.
https://boogie-wall.com
Albany Arts Communications , London
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Lisa Baker Ltd

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
class ExperimentDataController < MynewdataController
  before_action :signed_in_user, only: [:create, :destroy]
  before_action :correct_user,   only: :destroy
  before_action :get_exp_id

  def index
  	@experiment_data = Experiment_datum.all
  end

  def import
    @new_exp = Mynewdatum.where(:user_id => @id).maximum(:id)
    if @new_exp == Experiment_datum.maximum(:exp)
      redirect_to (:back), notice: "Upload metadata first!"
    elsif @new_exp == nil
        redirect_to (:back), notice: "Upload metadata first!"
    elsif params[:file] != nil
      Experiment_datum.import(params[:file], @new_exp, @id)
      redirect_to root_url, notice: "Experiment imported."
    else redirect_to (:back), notice: "No file selected!"

    end
end

def get_exp_id
  @id = current_user.id

end

end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


You've almost got it there.
Not quite OME, but were an accessory option from Nissan dealerships.
I knew someone who worked there and I got to see the factory a few times.
They made Maxibar, Excalibur and a few other brands.
Looks like they've dropped the bar manufacturing and focused on exhaust systems lately & they've got a facility in CT now as well.
That is Anton (Mamba)'s car.
Wie het gaan toer in die Weste?
Ons het Vrydagmiddag met die N14 uit Pretoria weswaarts gery. Op pad terug naby Coligny het ons 4 Patrols gekry wat duidelik gepak was. Twee wittes en 'n silwer een. Ek kan nie die vierde een onthou nie.
Was dit dalk iemand op die forum?
Re: Wie het gaan toer in die Weste?
En wie was vanmiddag teen 12:30 net buite Stella met 'n silwer Patrol? Ek het te laat gesien dat jy wou stop.
Spotted this at Mopar Spares in Centurion - really rugged and hard working bakkie!
Michael wrote: I think those bumpers are actually OEM and were an option on the NA pickups prior to the 4.2TI bakkies. I had about 2 Patrols in the last month with those bumpers and currently have one at my place.
They came out Standard (OEM) on the first batch of Patrol Pickups (early 2007 models).
Late 2007 models then sported all ONCA bars, front, rear, rollbar, sliders,.. on the "SAFARI" pack, offered Standard by Nissan, which also included the double skin rear Bak. My Pickup is a Safari pack example.
I was in Maseru for work on Monday. Etienne, a mate of mine with a very bad case of "FOMO"1, decided he'd never been in Maseru before, and wanted to see the place, so he went down with me. Stayed over in Ladybrand on Sunday evening. On Monday morning, "dou-voor-dag", we crossed into Lesotho at Maseru Bridge. It was 2 degrees in Ladybrand when we left, but by the time we reached the border, this had dropped down to -5..... :confused: :confused: That is beside the point.
I drove to where I was working, gave Etienne the keys, and he took my truck for the day to explore Maseru and its surrounds whilst I did my project.
Sometime around lunch, I got a call from a Lesotho number. A very excited masotho guy mentioned "bearded man", Patrol, my number plate and similar. I got a bit of a fright - thinking my mate had perhaps had an accident or something, but the next moment they guy was telling me that he had the exact same vehicle. He'd bought it after an accident, and was trying to get it fixed. He'd got everything sorted, but was trying to sort out the front axel.
Discussing the incident with Etienne over a Maluti after work, he said the guy had followed him for about 15km before eventually being able to chat with him when he stopped for lunch. He said the guy was very apologetic and so on, but appeared to be quite "desperate" to get hold of me.
In any case, I'll track down a front diff for him, and get it to Bloemfontein. He can collect if from there.
PS: we checked out of Lesotho at Peka Bridge border post yesterday morning. It was absolutely amazingly quiet. At 09h30, when we crossed back into ZA, we were the only people at the border post apart from immigration and customs officials. Absolutely amazing.
I saw this Hulkie in Linden this morning.


Arden locked out the podium in Race 1 Rockingham, as Patrik Pasma takes a double victory.
Arden Motorsport locked out the podium at Rockingham, following a double pole position for Patrik Pasma – which the Flying Finn converted into a double victory. Arden took five podiums in another great British F4 weekend.
The F4 British Championship – certified by FIA powered byFord headed to Rockingham for the seventh round and Races 19-21 of the 2018 Championship.
Qualifying saw Patrik Pasma continue his brilliant run ofform, taking a double pole position by setting the fastest lap and fastestsecond-best time in the crucial session.
Red Bull Juniors Jack Doohan and Dennis Hauger qualified in 2nd and4th respectively, with the pair starting the final race from 3rdand 4th on the grid based on second-fastest lap times.
Sebastien Priaulx qualified 7th on the grid to round out the Ardenquartet and would also start the third race from 6th position.
The opening race of the weekend on Saturday saw Pasma fireaway from pole position and immediately set about opening an advantage on thechasing pack. The Finnish driver reeled off the laps well, setting the fastestlap in the process on his way to taking his maiden British F4 victory indominant style.
Behind him, Doohan also got away well and maintained 2nd position –keeping Pasma honest throughout the race to finish in a comfortable 2ndat the chequered flag. Teammate Hauger got the jump on championship leader KiernJewiss off the line, as the two battled side by side for most of the lap,before Hauger made the move stick and pulled away to lock out a 1-2-3 on thepodium for Arden.
Priaulx stalked the championship leader throughout the race in the battle for 4thposition, however Jewiss and Simmons defended hard which meant Priaulx finishedthe opening race in 6th position.
Race two took place early on Sunday morning. Heading intothe 'Deene' hairpin on the opening lap, a three-way collision involving Jewiss,Simmons and Priaulx saw one of the Arden's eliminated through no fault of hisown early on.
Hauger survived the opening lap carnage to run in 3rd position earlyon and before the Safety Car was deployed. At the restart, Doohan made a boldmove on the inside of his fellow Red Bull Junior to take 3rdposition and the Rookie lead of the race.
Pasma joined the battle as the three Arden's battled for the final spot on thepodium. Hauger dropped to 5th as Pasma moved up into 4thposition – as the Arden trio got close on track.
Doohan held off Pasma to take 3rd position, leading an Arden 3-4-5in the partially reversed grid race to bag a solid haul of points for theTeam's Championship.
The final race took place not long after a rain shower atlunchbreak had soaked the track. When the British F4 boys hit the track, thecircuit was dry but low grip off line.
Pasma once again made a great start from pole position as he led the pack awayinto 'Deene' hairpin. Hauger misjudged his braking and made contact withteammate Doohan – sending them both into race retirement due to damage, puttingan end to a great weekend for both Red Bull Juniors until then.
Priaulx survived the opening lap skirmishes to move himself into 2ndposition, latching onto the back of Pasma as the two red Arden's began to moveaway from the field.
A Safety Car was deployed due to a stopped car on the pit-straight, theiradvantage was wiped out. Nevertheless, on the restart the pair once againpulled away from the chasing pack – with Pasma leading and Priaulx still in histow to keep the pressure on.
Pasma took the chequered flag to bag his 2nd victory of the weekendby 1.2s from teammate Priaulx, completing an Arden 1-2 in the final race of theweekend.
After Rockingham, Hauger is the lead Arden driver in thechampionship standings, currently sitting 3rd overall on 258 points.Doohan is 4th with 234 points, Pasma 6th with 188 pointsand Priaulx 7th on 186 points.
The next round of the F4 British Championship takes place atKnockhill in Fife, Scotland in a fortnights time, on the 24-26 August.


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We pride ourselves in consistently exceeding our customer's expectations. Stop by our dealership or give us a call for more information.


text:
Q: Como Manejar una fecha variable dentro de un bucle Problema
Tomo datos de un documento excel xls (uso librerías jxl), los datos pasan a texto, y las fechas deben ser convertidas a YYYY-MM-DD.
Pero cuando los leo con la aplicación los toma de la siguiente forma (length de la fecha va variando):

Pregunta
¿Cómo puedo hacer para poder cambiar el formato y que quede YYYY-MM-DD?
Resultado esperado
Mes y día con 2 dígitos.

Código
do{

            codigo_cuenta = hoja.getCell(columna_codigo_cuenta,fila).getContents();
            debe_apertura = "0";
            haber_apertura = "0";
            tipo_comprobante = "U";//hoja.getCell( columna_tipo_comprobante,fila).getContents();
            numero_comprobante =  hoja.getCell(columna_numero_comprobante,fila).getContents();
            fecha_contable =  hoja.getCell(columna_fecha_contable,fila).getContents();
            glosa = hoja.getCell(columna_glosa,fila).getContents();
            deber = hoja.getCell(columna_debe,fila).getContents();
            haber = hoja.getCell(columna_haber,fila).getContents();

            auxiliar = hoja.getCell(columna_numero_comprobante,fila).getContents();
            deber = deber.replace(",",".").replace("-", "0");
            haber = deber.replace(",",".").replace("-", "0");

            //dia = fecha_contable.substring(0,2);
            //anio = fecha_contable.substring(6);
            //mes = fecha_contable.substring(3,5);

            //fecha_contable = anio+"-"+mes+"-"+dia;

                DecimalFormat formatea = new DecimalFormat("###,###.##");
                int debe_punto = Integer.parseInt(deber);
                deber = formatea.format(debe_punto).replace(",",".").replace("-", "");;
                int haber_punto = Integer.parseInt(haber);
                haber = formatea.format(haber_punto).replace(",",".").replace("-", "");

            if (tipo_comprobante.compareTo(detener) != 0)  {                                                 // String impresion = String.format("|%s|%-18s|%-10s|%-40s|%-18s|||||||%s|%s|",tipo_comprobante,numero_comprobante,fecha_contable,glosa,codigo_cuenta,debe,haber);

                //System.out.println("Valor de Auxiliar 1 :"+auxiliar);
                // System.out.println("Valor de Auxiliar 2: "+auxiliar2);
                if(numCuentaAux.compareTo(codigo_cuenta) != 0)
                {
                    numCuentaAux = codigo_cuenta;
                    System.out.println(String.format("|%-20s|%-18s|%-18s|%-1s|%-18s|%-10s|%-40s|||||||||%-18s|%-18s|",codigo_cuenta,debe_apertura,haber_apertura,tipo_comprobante,numero_comprobante,fecha_contable ,glosa,deber,haber));
                    // salArch.printf(String.format("|%-20s|%-18s|%-18s|%-1s|%-18s|%-10s|%-40s|||||||||%-18s|%-18s|",codigo_cuenta,debe_apertura,haber_apertura,tipo_comprobante,numero_comprobante,fecha_contable ,glosa,deber,haber));
                    // salArch.println();

                }
                else
                {
                    System.out.println(String.format("|%-20s|%-18s|%-18s|%-1s|%-18s|%-10s|%-40s|||||||||%-18s|%-18s|","","","",tipo_comprobante,numero_comprobante,fecha_contable ,glosa,deber,haber));
                    // salArch.printf(String.format("|%-20s|%-18s|%-18s|%-1s|%-18s|%-10s|%-40s|||||||||%-18s|%-18s|","","","",tipo_comprobante,numero_comprobante,fecha_contable ,glosa,deber,haber));
                    // salArch.println();
                }

            }
            fila = fila +1;
            this.txt_contador.setText(Integer.toString(fila));
            // fila < hoja.getRows() usar cuando el doc termina en nada importante !! getRow Salva la vida!!
        }while(fila < hoja.getRows() );

        System.out.println("Termine!");
        salArch.close();

    } catch (IOException | BiffException ex) {
        Logger.getLogger(VENTANA_PRINCIPAL.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, null, ex);
    }

}

A:
Pero cuando los leo con la aplicación los toma de la siguiente forma (length de la fecha va variando):

Para que java te acepte tanto las fechas con un solo digito como las que tienen 2 para mes y dia no hace falta que lo hagas a mano, te vale con un SimpleDateFormat("d/M/yy") como parseador.

¿Cómo puedo hacer para poder cambiar el formato y que quede YYYY-MM-DD?

Con un formateador, en este caso SimpleDateFormat("yyyy/MM/dd").

Datos de muestra:
private static final String[] fechas = {
    "1/1/16",
    "10/1/16",
    "1/10/16",
    "12/10/16"
};

Parseando y formateando dentro de un bucle:
for (String fecha : fechas) {
    try {
        Date d = parseador.parse(fecha);
        System.out.println(formateador.format(d));
    } catch (ParseException e) {
        System.out.println("fecha " + fecha + " no valida");
    }
}

Resultado:
2016/01/01
2016/01/10
2016/10/01
2016/10/12

DEMO EN IDEONE

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
J.C. Penney's New Old CEO
Leadership Content
With the company's stock price tanking (12% yesterday), sales falling (25% for the year) and store traffic dropping off, J.C. Penney's board decided on Monday to replace CEO Ron Johnson with former CEO Myron Ullman. Johnson, a retailing whiz at Apple before he moved to Penney, failed to get mileage out of a new strategy that eliminated coupons, cut out hundreds of brands and introduced a new boutique-type store-within-a store concept.
Was the board's move a surprise? Long overdue? And what lies ahead for Penney given the retail sector's ongoing challenge to persuade consumers to keep buying?
"It was clear that there were problems. The issue was how long the board's patience would last," says Wharton marketing professor Barbara Kahn, director of the school's Jay H. Baker Retailing Center. "Ron Johnson asked for a full two years to test his ideas; [the board] didn't grant him that…. He burned through money, no question. So from a business point of view, the ouster might be considered long overdue."
If Johnson had been given more time, could he have made his new strategy work?
"That's the big question," says Kahn, who wrote a blog post about Penney before Johnson's ouster. "Johnson says 'yes'. Most in the industry say 'no'. They say he didn't test his strategies; he didn't understand the customers; he didn't understand his employee base. The margins are quite different in this business than at Apple — significantly lower at JCP – and he didn't seem to appreciate that."
His biggest mistake, she adds, is that he "didn't test any of his ideas to see customers' response and understanding. There is no question that his pricing strategy was flawed. Originally, the new pricing strategy was too confusing. The initial advertising was negative, and telling customers that they were stupid to adhere to the old price promotions is not effective or smart advertising. A few more pricing mishaps later, and finally JCP was back to coupons – which the customers demanded. And why did they demand the coupons? Because they provided a reason for the customer to come into the store. Because having a discount price provides a reference price, and we know customers base value on relative pricing strategies."
Furthermore, in bad economic times, Kahn notes, "JCP customers needed even more incentive to go shopping. The coupons provided all of that. But by the time Johnson understood this, it was too late, and even the coupons were not effective."
Kahn, however, also offers praise for parts of Johnson's merchandising strategy: "It is creative and has potential. Whether there are the resources and time to implement it now is questionable." She points to his proposal for "stores-within-stores on a 'street' around a 'town center.' The street would encourage people to linger in the store, surf the net, drink coffee. The town center would feature events. Both would increase the in-store retail experience and the initial response was good…. But there were too many stores-within-stores planned, and it was too difficult to get them implemented quickly enough. And the trouble with Martha Stewart … didn't help at all." Macy's sued Penney last year after Johnson partnered with Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia to sell Stewart's housewares in Penney stores, despite the fact that Macy's has an exclusive contract with Stewart for certain housewares categories.
As for Ullman, "he came back out of loyalty for the store and the brand. He's in a very tough position," Kahn says. "There is a possibility that the store will have to go through bankruptcy to get out of the mess." In addition, "it should be noted that some of these problems were exacerbated by a customer base that was likely hit hard by the recession. Many stores suffered during this time, although none as badly as Penney."
Wharton marketing professor Stephen Hoch wonders why Johnson took the job in the first place. "It was a career move from hell, and I'm not sure why he wanted to leave Apple. More importantly, I never could understand his enthusiasm for 'reinventing' the moderate-[priced] department store," which Hoch considers a flawed concept.
Ullman, he says, "is a seasoned retailer so he will do okay. But he was responsible for where they were when Johnson took over, and that [situation] obviously needed fixing." Johnson's pricing approach, Hoch adds, "was obviously not going to work, and he should have known that from his pre-Apple days." The company has "suffered a tremendous body blow in terms of lost sales and a huge cash drain. It will not be easy for them to get back into the thick of things and succeed. The brand name is not that strong and never has been."
Wharton management professor John R. Kimberly says Johnson's ouster "came sooner than I expected. It was clear that his magic hadn't transferred from Apple, but boards typically are slower to move." And while the huge drop in sales no doubt played a role in the board's decision, "it's more about what was behind the drop that shook the board's confidence, particularly the waffling on the 'no sales' policy and the Martha Stewart mess."
Kimberly doesn't think giving Johnson more time to execute his strategy would have worked. "Penney's customers were not Apple's customers, and it's hard to imagine that you could really turn a JCP store into an Apple store. The whole 'customer experience' in the two rests on fundamentally different bases." One of Johnson's mistakes, he adds, is that "he may not have understood the roots of his success at Apple; he may have drawn the wrong lessons from his experience there. Certainly it wouldn't be the first time that's happened when a senior executive transitions from one industry to another."
As for Penney's chances of surviving in this increasingly difficult market, Kimberly acknowledges it will be tough. "They have some formidable competition, and they were already losing market share, which is why they [hired] Johnson in the first place. They are now even further behind. I can't imagine investors are going to be thrilled, and it's a stretch to imagine how they will win back customers. It will take a turnaround executive with a cast iron stomach and Teflon outerwear to rescue this one."
"J.C. Penney's New Old CEO." Knowledge@Wharton. The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 10 April, 2013. Web. 21 January, 2022	<https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/j-c-penneys-new-old-ceo/>
J.C. Penney's New Old CEO. Knowledge@Wharton (2013, April 10). Retrieved from https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/j-c-penneys-new-old-ceo/
"J.C. Penney's New Old CEO" Knowledge@Wharton, April 10, 2013,
accessed January 21, 2022. https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/j-c-penneys-new-old-ceo/
The Leader's Checklist for Board Directors
In this Nano Tool for Leaders, Wharton's Michael Useem offers guidance on how to evaluate a board's performance regarding pressing strategic and leadership issues.
Wanda: Strategic Transition to an Asset-light Model
The Chinese conglomerate Dalian Wanda Group is one of the world's largest commercial property companies, with operations in real estate management, financial services, and the tourism and cultural businesses. The company is well known throughout China by way of its[…]


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Hip Hop Culture
Writing Music About Augmentation
Musicians will have a better chance of attracting a mass audience if they write songs that many people can relate to. It is difficult to choose a theme that has universal appeal. If the track only relates to a niche type of listener then the singer will struggle to break into the mainstream.
The key is to write about subjects that smash through cultural barriers. Augmentation is one option. In recent years an increasing number of people around the world have decided to try plastic surgery. Companies such as Motiva UK offer implant services which can change client's lives for the better. There are several routes to go down when creating a song focused around this type of procedure.
Singing About The Benefits
There are plenty of methods available when it comes to musical composition. Some people like to focus on the mood of the notes. However, others will want to start with the lyrics. They could write about the numerous positive things about augmentation. Each verse might list specific benefits such as improved appearance and enhanced self esteem. The musician will have a lot of options when it comes to lyrical content.
Writing From Personal Experience
The most successful tracks tend to be written by people who have lived them. Personal experience will give the writer insight into the subject. They might obtain implants from Motiva UK and then create a song about their post surgery life. It would make the song autobiographical instead of entirely fictional. When done correctly the listener will connect with the lyrics more.
Creating A Character
On the other hand many musicians prefer to make up stories. The best fictional figures manage to have a cultural impact which lasts for decades. The person depicted in the song may undergo augmentation. Their journey would appeal to a large number of people. If the musician wants to create this kind of track then the first verse could be about life before surgery. The end of the song may then depict the positive effects of implants.
Focusing On An Audience Type
Whilst some singers like to cater to a mass audience this is not always the wisest idea. It is often better to choose a type of listener before starting to write the song. Musicians who choose augmentation fans will be off to a good start. Their target audience will be from a range of backgrounds.
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brittany-light


My wife Monica spotted this well-camouflaged small dragon in the leaf litter. I recognized it as a Diporiphora species that I had not previously seen, but wasn't familiar enough with the different species in this genus to identify it further. After some research, I concluded that it is probably D. magna, though I haven't yet seen another photo that is this mostly uniform dark brown color.
Not far down the road, we pulled over to poke around near a very attractive rock pile, because it looked like the kind of place in which the cool lizards would hang out. And indeed this little guy was doing that very thing.


Via a cool Diablo anniversary Easter egg.
For years, World of Warcraft players have wondered whether the gargantuan MMO houses a secret Cow Level, despite Blizzard insisting THERE IS NO COW LEVEL. Well, now there is.
StarCraft and Diablo II hax0rs pwned.
Having banned nearly 8,000 people for cheating at Warcraft III a fortnight ago, Blizzard has now banned over 350,000 StarCraft and Diablo II accounts also "found to be using third-party hacks" on Battle.net.


On this day, 15 years ago, I joined about one million others in central London to march against the impending Iraq war. We were not just part of the biggest political demonstration in British history, but the largest simultaneous protest event in the world, with millions marching in every continent. We gathered in Hyde Park and heard many famous voices speaking out against the war, from Labour politician Tony Benn to playwright Harold Pinter.
How terrifyingly right he was. And again when he made the same arguments in respect of Libya and Syria. In the 2011 debate on Libya, as a backbencher under Ed Miliband, Corbyn warned: "We have not thought through the implications of what we are doing." I for one should have listened, rather than obeying the Labour three-line whip.
And as party leader, his speech in the 2015 Syria debate – pilloried by the Tory government and Labour critics at the time – now reads like the cries of Cassandra. Corbyn warned that with no credible Syrian opposition forces, no long-term strategy and no plan for a political settlement, the refugee crisis and civilian casualties would only grow, and mission creep was inevitable.
"Is it right," he asked, "for us here in Westminster to see a problem, pass a motion and drop bombs, pretending we are doing something to solve it? That is what we did in Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya. To oppose another war and intervention is not pacifism; it is hard-headed common sense." Instead, he said, all Britain's efforts should be directed to producing a peaceful and just political settlement to the war. More than two years on, that goal is further away than ever, even though the justification for the US-led coalition's intervention in Syria – denying Islamic State a haven – was achieved months ago.
Just in the past four weeks, we have seen unprecedented levels of escalation, aggression and land-grabbing by the competing foreign powers enmeshed in this terrible war. he US announces plans for an "open-ended" occupation of northern Syria; Turkey launches a brutal assault on Kurdish-held areas; Russian and coalition bombers trade devastating blows against each other's proxy armies; Israel launches its biggest air strikes inside Syria for 36 years in response to Iran sending a drone across its borders; and the Gulf states continue to feed money and weapons to the dwindling opposition and jihadist militias.
Needless to say, none of these acts have been justified by reference to international law or a UN mandate; they are instead what always happens when the world order ceases to apply and wars of intervention become a global free-for-all. That is not just mission creep, it is mission explosion. Ask the British government how our own personnel are involved in current efforts and you get obfuscation. Ask what they are doing to help stop this awful slaughter and you just get a shrug. The Tories have long since abdicated any pretension of principled global leadership.
And what is bitterly depressing about the situation in Syria is this: it may be the prelude to something unimaginably worse. Iran is nine times the size of Syria, with a population three-and-a-half times as big as Syria's before the war. This month, the New York Times published an important comment piece accusing the Donald Trump administration of employing exactly the same playbook used before the Iraq war to manufacture a pretext for battle with Iran. It estimated coldly that such a conflict would be "10 to 15 times worse than the Iraq war in terms of casualties and costs".
This was not written by some anti-war campaigner like Seymour Hersh or Bernie Sanders, but by Lawrence Wilkerson, former chief of staff to US secretary of state Colin Powell. Wilkerson warned simply: "I helped sell the false choice of war once; it's happening again." In other words, the only lesson Trump and his colleagues have learned from Iraq, Libya and Syria is not how catastrophic military interventions can be, but how best to market them.


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COLUMN ONE : First Lady Takes the Gloves Off : Barbara Bush is speaking out on tough issues and is under fire by some in the press. The shift from her American Queen Mum image, and her convention speech tonight, show she's entered the political fray.
By JOHN M. BRODER
For the first time in her long run in the public eye, Barbara Bush is taking a beating in the press.
Nothing personal, of course. But George Bush is on the mat and there's no fun in slapping him around anymore. So the nabobs of the cultural elite have turned on Barbara, the nation's revered Grandmother-in-Chief, heroine of the white-haired and chubby masses, the untouchable Bar.
The New Republic, ever ahead of the trend curve, started it off in late June with a touching little essay about the First Lady titled "Sacred Cow." She is described as Nancy Reagan with impeccable WASP manners, a backstage manipulator of a weak husband who makes Hillary Clinton look like a novice, and a "shameless" master politician who gets away with murder by alternately charming and intimidating the press.
But it fell to Vanity Fair, chronicler of modern American mores and purveyor of high-tone celebrity smut, to serve as picador of the President's wife.
In a long profile in the July issue, Vanity Fair informs us that the public Barbara Bush is just a cunningly constructed mask concealing the real First Shrew. We learn that her stepmother fears her, anonymous White House staffers describe her as "difficult" . . . "tough as nails" . . . "demanding" . . . "autocratic."
The author's own judgment is that she is "a caustic and judgmental woman, who has labored to keep her sarcasm in check--with incomplete success." There's no mistaking the Barbara Bush portrayed here--she is a hard, mean, manipulative woman hiding behind her fake pearls, her false modesty and her upper-class demeanor.
In short, Vanity Fair can't quite say it, but it rhymes with rich.
Why this sudden turn in Barbara Bush's image?
Mrs. Bush, sitting primly in a straight-backed chair in the formal West Sitting Room of the White House residential quarters during an interview last week, agreed that--until now--she has been treated very kindly by the press, portrayed for years as a sort of an American Queen Mum. Why the change now, she is asked.
"Let's guess," she says with a tight smile that barely conceals a hint of menace. "We've got four months before the election. How do you get to George Bush? Clobber his wife."
This is not the docile, restrained Barbara Bush we have seen until now. This is not so much a new Barbara Bush--she has always been a woman of immense will, wicked wit and hidden hurt--but a calculated use of the First Lady as a new weapon in her husband's depleted political arsenal.
This is Barbara Bush without the kid gloves, a combative, sharply partisan First Lady, who, like the President, will do whatever it takes to extend their lease on the White House.
This change in style and tone is a measure of her husband's desperation, and of her own frustration at a lifetime of self-imposed restraint. No longer will she limit herself to the safe subjects of family, literacy and good works. Starting with a series of media interviews last week, Mrs. Bush has begun to speak out on abortion (a matter of "personal choice"), negative campaigning (she upbraided GOP Chairman Richard N. Bond for attacking Hillary Clinton), unfounded allegations of marital infidelity ("disgusting") and the press itself (it is biased against her husband because of a "liberal" tilt).
Mrs. Bush addresses the Republican National Convention tonight--a first-ever prime-time convention address by a First Lady. But, like the seasoned political professional she is, she tried to play down expectations for the speech. "It's not going to be a great speech," she said. "It's just sort of a little Mighty Mouse. It's nothing."
The speech is clearly designed to bring before the public this comforting figure, this paragon of family values, this warm-hearted matron to assure us that George Bush really is a good and decent man who has been unfairly maligned for trying to do the right thing for his country.
But don't be surprised if she drops in a few zingers, as she did last week when asked about Democratic nominee Bill Clinton's "family values."
"He never denied he had a fling, did he?" she asked cattily. She had a back-of-the-hand slap for Hillary, too. " I certainly don't want to be co-President," Mrs. Bush said sweetly.
There's little doubt that Mrs. Bush is one of the struggling President's most powerful assets. Her approval ratings have been running 40 to 50 percentage points ahead of her husband's in polls this year. And there's no more dramatic evidence of her perceived value to the President than her appearance on the convention podium tonight.
After four years of demonstrating to the country that she is not Nancy Reagan, the President's wife tonight is staking out a new identity: Barbara Bush, mother of five, grandmother of 12, college dropout, uncomplaining spouse of 47 years, is not Hillary Clinton.
The strategy is not without risk, notes Ruth Mandel, director of the Center for the American Woman and Politics at Rutgers University.
"Barbara Bush has chosen to play the role (of political spouse) in a classically traditional manner. She has played the role to the pattern. Unlike Hillary, she has never presented herself as a woman with a political profile or public image independent of her husband's," Mandel said.
Accordingly, her convention appearance represents "a risky decision," Mandel said. "I think it weakens the President's image. Can you imagine if Hillary had been given a prime-time speaking role at the convention? There'd have been an uproar. Mrs. Bush has never projected herself as a policy adviser; she has primarily concerned herself with home and family. Why then is she making a prime-time speech at a national political convention?"
The message that the Bush campaign is sending is unmistakable, Mandel said: We're safe and they aren't. But giving Mrs. Bush a high-profile political role muddies the message, she said. Mrs. Bush's immense appeal derives from the fact that she has never appeared to lust for power or play the political game. Now, Mandel said, the White House is "taking advantage of her popularity to reassure Americans that (Bush) is a nice guy."
When George and Barbara Bush moved from the vice president's mansion to the White House four years ago, it was widely suggested that she would serve as the President's conscience on issues from homelessness and AIDS to education and gun control.
It is she who has shown the nation the compassionate side of the first couple, as he has tried to follow in the macho footsteps of his predecessor, Ronald Reagan. It was she who cuddled the AIDS babies, read to underprivileged schoolchildren, visited countless hospitals and homeless shelters, while George sent the troops marching off to Panama and Kuwait and killed fish and game with First Buddy Jim Baker.
Beneath this performance, however, is a woman of enormous resolve and political savvy who has propped up her wavering husband at several critical junctures. On these occasions, she has been not so much George Bush's conscience, as his spine.
Two telling anecdotes from Richard Ben Cramer's exhaustive new book on the 1988 campaign, "What it Takes," are illustrative.
After Bush's embarrassing third-place finish (to religious broadcaster Pat Robertson and Kansas Sen. Bob Dole) in an Iowa straw poll in the fall of 1987, senior campaign staffers Lee Atwater and Bond were dissecting the loss and deciding what to do next. Barbara wandered into the staff section of Air Force Two and fixed her gaze on Bond.
According to Cramer's reconstruction, Barbara said: " 'So, Rich, when are you going back to Iowa to manage the vice president's campaign?' "
Cramer continues: "Bond jerked in place, for an instant, like a specimen pinned to a lab table. 'Um . . . right away, Mrs. Bush!'
" 'Good!' said Bar. Her mouth was smiling, but her eyes had Bond's, as her head tilted back an inch or two. '. . . Because that's what George and I want.' "
Cramer's second story relates to Bush's indecision about launching a stinging attack ad against Dole, who was leading the vice president in the days before the crucial New Hampshire primary in early 1988. The spot accused Dole of straddling the fence on tax increases and other key issues. Bush wasn't sure he wanted to air the ad; it just wasn't nice. Atwater pressed Bush to hit Dole, to hit him hard. Bush wavered.
Barbara, who had seen the ad, and had seen those of Dole and the others that painted Bush as a wimp, a lap dog of Ronald Reagan, had made her decision. "I don't think ours is that bad," she told the staff. That was all the authority they needed. They put the ad on the air, helping Bush sweep the state and launching him toward the White House.
"Mrs. Bush is a very shrewd political animal," said Lewis L. Gould, a professor of history at the University of Texas-Austin who teaches a course in first ladies. "She is intelligent and can do very well at that game."
Perhaps the greatest element of that skill is that she does it so discreetly. Her kid gloves seldom leave fingerprints.
She is widely credited with altering the President's view on banning semiautomatic assault rifles, which her husband, a member of the National Rifle Assn., had felt should remain legal. She is also assumed to be the one who gave former Chief of Staff John H. Sununu the final push out the door last winter, after his government-paid personal travel became a continuing Washington scandal.
Neither Mrs. Bush nor anyone on her staff would confirm her role in these or other policy matters. Former senior White House aide Ed Rogers said her influence on the President was the subject of "endless speculation" among the White House staff and the press corps, but few people know the truth, and those who do don't talk, he said.
In a May interview with the Los Angeles Times, Mrs. Bush said that she and her husband talk frequently on matters of policy and personnel, but that the discussions are and will remain private.
"If I thought someone was ill serving the President, you may be sure I would tell him. I would. . . . But I certainly wouldn't tell anyone else. That's what husbands and wives do. . . . I tell George right in there," she said, pointing toward their bedroom in the White House living quarters. "Quietly."
The outlines of Barbara Bush's life are by now familiar. The third child of an upper-middle-class family, she was reared in Rye, N.Y., a tony suburb overlooking Long Island Sound. Her father, to whom she was devoted, was publisher of McCall's magazine; he delighted his daughter and her friends by bringing home huge home-sewing catalogues from which Barbara made hundreds of cut-out dolls. They lived in a spacious five-bedroom house on a large wooded lot, attended by a pair of live-in servants.
The chubby and mischievous Barbara had a difficult relationship with her mother, Pauline Robinson Pierce, who was the daughter of an Ohio Supreme Court justice. Mrs. Bush has described her mother as a cold and humorless spendthrift, more devoted to her garden and her antique collection than to her children.
Barbara was the acknowledged ringleader of a group of girls in her prewar suburban paradise. Although well-behaved at school, Barbara could be a cruel tormentor of her contemporaries, as recounted in a new book on the First Lady by Pamela Killian.
Killian quotes childhood friend June Biedler as recounting that before school Barbara would prearrange to freeze out one of the girls on the bus that day.
"She would determine who was speaking to whom when we got on the bus together," Killian quotes Biedler. "It would be all planned, nobody's going to talk to June this morning. You'd sit there on the bus with your friends and no one spoke to you. Dreadful feeling."
Another childhood friend, Posy Clarke, said: "She'd call ahead and say, 'We're not going to speak to June this morning.' Or she'd call June and say, 'We're not going to speak to Posy.' "
Barbara also aimed her stiletto at her friends' weaknesses, taunting one for her stammering and bullying others who couldn't take the teasing.
"We were all pretty afraid of her because she could be sarcastic and mean," Biedler recalled. "She was clever, never at a loss for what to say--or what not to say."
After attending public and private schools in Rye through 10th grade, her parents sent her to the private Ashley Hall finishing school in Charleston, S.C., where her manners were honed and she was prepared for college and a life of noblesse oblige.
It was during the Christmas break of her junior year, at a country club dance in Greenwich, Conn., 10 miles from Rye, that she met George Bush, scion of an aristocratic family of bankers and investors. She was swept off her feet by the tall, handsome senior at Phillips Academy, and spent the rest of her abbreviated school career thinking of nothing but George.
"I didn't like to study very much," Mrs. Bush recalled in an interview years later. "The truth is, I just wasn't interested. I was just interested in George."
She dropped out of Smith College at the beginning of her sophomore year and returned home. Bush by then was a Navy pilot flying combat missions in the Pacific. After being shot down over Chichi Jima, he was rotated home for Christmas leave in 1944. The couple was married Jan. 6, 1945, at the First Presbyterian Church in Rye.
"I married the first man I ever kissed," Mrs. Bush says.
After mustering out of the service later that year, Bush sped through Yale in 2 1/2 years, then set out for a job arranged by a friend of his father's in the wilds of West Texas. The Bushes moved into a modest duplex they shared with a mother-daughter prostitute team.
With timely financial help from the Bush family, George prospered in the oil business. In 1949, the growing family moved to California, where they lived in five cities in a single year--Compton, Huntington Park, Bakersfield, Whittier and Ventura. Then on to Midland, Tex., and Houston.
In late 1952, tragedy struck with the fatal illness of their second child, 3-year-old daughter, Robin. Her care and comfort fell to Barbara, because George was preoccupied with a new business venture. Barbara traveled back and forth to New York with the child for unsuccessful treatment for her leukemia. She died two months shy of her 4th birthday. George arrived at the hospital just hours before her death.
The following years brought three more children and, as Mrs. Bush recalled in a 1985 speech, "a period for me of long days and short years, of diapers, runny noses, earaches, more Little League games than you could believe possible, tonsils and those unscheduled races to the hospital emergency room; Sunday school and church, of hours of urging homework, short chubby arms around your neck and sticky kisses and experiencing bumpy moments--not many, but a few--of feeling that I'd never, ever be able to have fun again, and coping with the feeling that George Bush, in his excitement of starting a small company and traveling around the world, was having a lot of fun."
Barbara Bush never lost that feeling of being the neglected homebody as her husband rose in business and politics, through two terms in the House of Representatives, stints as U.N. ambassador and GOP chairman. She successfully repressed it until 1976, when the couple returned from China, where Bush had served as U.S. envoy. He took up the post of CIA director, a job that required long hours and that shut Barbara almost completely out of his professional life.
She entered a period of near-clinical depression, which she blamed on the women's movement that left her with deep feelings of inadequacy. "Suddenly, women's lib had made me feel that my life had been wasted," she said in 1989 interview.
George urged her to get counseling, but she refused. Brought up to believe that people solve their own problems, she pulled herself out of it with volunteer work and by touring the country showing slides of her adventure in China. She then threw herself into a crusade for literacy, having chosen that endeavor as a safe and politically profitable focus at the time Bush decided to run for President in 1978. He lost the 1980 race, but was chosen by Reagan to be his running mate.
The eight years of Bush's vice presidency were, for Barbara, a period of endless entertaining and hundreds of public appearances to promote literacy. She seldom spoke out on matters of policy or politics, except for her celebrated remark in 1984 about Democratic vice presidential nominee Geraldine A. Ferraro, to whom Mrs. Bush referred as "that $4-million--I can't say it, but it rhymes with rich."
She was mortified that she had let slip the mask that had concealed the mean streak that had first emerged in childhood. She immediately apologized to Ferraro and kept her salty tongue in place for years afterward.
But this year, the mask is coming off, the tongue has been loosed. This is Barbara Bush's last campaign, and, win or lose, she's going to run it as herself.
She acknowledged in the interview last week that she had come "close" to deciding that the pain and dissembling of politics were no longer worth it to her.
"It's not too difficult (to endure), but too filthy, and it's just not fun to run when lies and things, hurtful lies, (are published)," Mrs. Bush said, the years and years of silent suffering etched on her face. "Having said that, I know that considering the alternate choice, that George Bush must be President. . . . But three more months. I can do anything for three months."
Barbara Bush: Notes and Quotes
Here are some biographical notes on First Lady Barbara Bush, who will speak tonight:
Age: 67.
Parents: Pauline and Marvin Pierce. He was president of the company that published McCall's and Redbook magazines. She was the daughter of an Ohio Supreme Court justice and was a gardener, violin player, antique collector and a prominent civic booster.
Famous distant relative: President Franklin Pierce, who served from 1853 to 1857 and was the only incumbent President who was willing to seek reelection but was denied renomination by his party.
Children: Five survive--George, Jeb, Neil, Marvin and Dorothy. Second-born Robin died at 3 of leukemia.
As an author: Mrs. Bush has written two books, under the byline of her dogs: "C. Fred's Story: a Dog's Life" and "Millie's Story." She contributed the royalties to charities.
Famous confession: "I married the first man I ever kissed. When I tell this to my children, they just about throw up."
Candid quote: "People can be so rude about the fact that George looks so young and I look so old. It's not nice."
Her trademark: Three-to-five strand artificial pearls.
Favorite cause: Promoting literacy. Once delivering a speech on the effects of illiteracy she said: "I hope I'm scaring you to death. I'm scared. What do I want you to do about it? . . . I'm cheering for teachers. In most cases, they are underpaid and overworked."
Source: Times wire services


We know you love to take care of sweet little fluffy animals, so you should really enjoy grooming these squirrels in your very own grooming center. You can play this fun game either in time mode, where you will have to take care as many squirrels as you can in three minutes, or in free mode, where you can take your time on one pet of your choosing. You will have to wash them with water, dry them with a soft towel, brush them, help them clean their forest, which is their natural habitat, feed them with delicious acorns, help them bury their food so they can find it in the cold season, prepare a treat for them with different kind of nuts, tickle them, cure them when they are sick and accessorize them with adorable items. Have a lot of fun playing Squirrel Care!


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Super Car Center
The Greatest Cars In The World
Supercar Manufacturers
By Hunter James
In Aston Martin
Check Out This Aston Martin Vulcan Video
Aston Martin Vulcan Specifications
Production 2015-Present
Length unknown
Width unknown
Height unknown
Weight 1,350 kg (2,976 pounds)
Fuel Delivery Naturally Aspirated
Transmission Sequential
Engine Size 7 Litre
Cylinders 12
0-60Mph 2.9 seconds
Top Speed 360 km/h (224 mph)
Power 600 kW (800 hp)
List Price (US) $2,300,000
Manufacturer Website Aston Martin
Aston Martin Vulcan Exterior
You don't need to be a rocket scientist to understand why the Aston Martin Vulcan is a premium car. It is beautiful, powerful, and fast.
The car looks and feels like a supercar. The design of the exterior obviously took inspiration from the current design of Aston Martin as well as other vintage race cars.
The nose of the Vulcan, however, is strikingly different from what you would expect from Aston Martin. Its headlamps and grilles have been relocated into the fascia. The grille, for one, is integrated into a carbon-fiber piece that also includes the side canards and splitter.
Vulcan Rear View
The LED headlamps are thin and barely noticeable. The vented hood is also wide compared to those of other cars in Aston Martin's lineup.
The fenders have been redesigned as well but still have that patented Aston Martin vent. The design of the rear fascia is also new, although some details like the tail lights and side vents will remind you of the Vantage GT3 race car.
Other than that, everything else about the look of the Vulcan is unique. We're talking here about details like the rear diffuser and the design of the deck.
When you look at the Aston Martin Vulcan from the side, you won't think that it belongs to the current line-up of sports cars of the British automaker. It looks rugged and muscular, with race-spec side mirrors, rear haunches, and side-exit exhaust giving you the impression that this one is designed for use on the race track and not in the highways.
The entire body of the Aston Martin Vulcan is made from carbon fiber, which makes it the lightest Aston Martin car in history.
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Obtain a script from a medical doctor for physical therapy (this can be from a family practitioner or a board certified specialist but is needed in the state of Missouri).
Call to schedule at Boost Physical Therapy & Sports Performance (Lee's Summit Missouri location) at 816-524-1442.
Ask to schedule an evaluation with Dr. Aaron Horschig!


text:
DC Teachers Overwhelmingly Ratify New Contract
Landmark Agreement Will Support Kids and Increase Base Salaries
Andrew Crook
o: 202-393-8637 | c: 607-280-6603
acrook@aft.org
WASHINGTON—District of Columbia educators voted 97 percent to 3 percent this evening to ratify a new three-year contract with D.C. Public Schools that will deliver significant salary increases, improve learning, and kick-start a new era of collaboration between the union and the district.
The agreement provides teachers with a 9 percent salary boost and addresses issues related to extended school years, among other highlights.
Elizabeth Davis, president of the Washington Teachers' Union, and Randi Weingarten, president of the American Federation of Teachers, applauded the members of the 4,300-strong WTU who approved the new contract in tonight's ballot. The WTU is an affiliate of the AFT.
The WTU's Davis said: "I know it is only a first step, but it's a crucial one toward building a truly collaborative relationship between DCPS and the educators represented by our union. I ran for WTU president on a platform of equity for all students and fairness for every teacher. This agreement will help make that happen."
The AFT's Weingarten added: "This contract is yet another sign that the old era of attacking and de-professionalizing teachers is over. It was a bad idea when it started back in 2007, and it is bad idea today. This new agreement flips the switch—it sets educators and the district on a collaborative path to meet the needs of children, while building teacher capacity and creating a supportive school environment.
"We know collaboration isn't easy and earning trust doesn't happen overnight, but this contract is a genuine starting point for a more equitable and successful partnership that will benefit kids, parents and educators alike."
As with all labor contracts in the District of Columbia, the final step will be approval by the D.C. Council, expected in the next few weeks.


Geoff Boyd - Most senior hardware engineer, probably designed most of the MTX computer and related peripherals. When the MTX home computer business folded, he took it over and changed the Memotech business to one which designed, manufactured and sold video walls. He since moved the business to the US.
Robert Branton - Most senior software engineer.
The Fateh family - They probably owned and ran the Memotech company, certainly from around the beginning of the MTX home computer project, and the building of the factory in Witney. I negotiated my first game royalty deal (the princely sum of 1 GBP per copy sold) with Mark Fateh, and promptly sold a few hundred.
Ed Hollingshead - Ran Continental Software. Wrote Blobbo and Toado.
Tony Brewer - a talented contract programmer. He wrote Silicon Disc drivers, cassette loaders/savers, speech recording and playback software. Also wrote the "Speculator". I learned a lot from his code.
Jim Wills - Ran Megastar Games, helped write some games.
Chris Sawyer - I met him when he visited Megastar Games, which was headquartered at the Witney Memotech building. He wrote Mission Omega, Sepulcri Sclerati, Qogo and various others. Went on to work on the amazingly successful Rollercoaster Tycoon game.
David Fazackerley - author of Reversi and MTX CP/M related software, such as drivers.
Keith Clatworthy - wrote Tapeworm and Towers of Hanoi.
Andy Southgate - wrote Obliteration Zone and others.
Anne Selene Fiko - part of Norbit Elektronikk in Norway, who made an I/O extender called Super ToolBox.
Andy Key - games and Video Wall developer. Worked for Continental Software.
Per Persson - author of the MacTX Memotech Emulator.
Bemmu Sepponen - author of the MtXemu Memotech Emulator (a port of MacTX to Windows).
Jim Wills - maintainer of the MEMOTECH MTX COMPUTER website, Memotech collector, tape sampling, etc..
Lez Anderson - contributor of electronic components and advice supporting my Memotech related hardware projects.
Mike Rudkin - interested in attaching IDE to MTX.
Claus Bækkel - maintainer of the MTX World website, provider of MEMORUM forum, game disassembly and porting.
William Brendling - provided various listings contributed lots of code to MEMU, developed hardware for the MTX, and has even ported MEMU to Raspberry Pi.
Jan-Willem Ooiman - has FDX (with no 5.25" boot disk).
Marco Virginio - has Memotech Business/2 system.
Dave Stevenson - has a Memotech site and has built the third known REMEMOTECH as described here.
Peter Kretschmar - has a Memotech site, has MTXs and Video Wall hardware, and has done some serious hardware customisations to MTXs.
Andy Key - maintainer of this website, author of MEMU, REMEMOTECH, REMEMOrizer and other projects.
Let me know if I've missed you out, or your contribution.


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Institute News,
People News,
Welcoming Daniel Sulmasy
The Kennedy Institute of Ethics is proud to welcome Daniel Sulmasy, MD, PhD, as its newest Senior Research Scholar. Dr. Sulmasy joins us as part of a dual appointment here at Georgetown. He will hold offices here at the Institute and also at Georgetown's Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, reflecting his expertise in both philosophical and clinical bioethics.
Sulmasy earned a PhD in philosophy from Georgetown, and has cited it as foundational to his work as an ethicist and practicing physician. "I think [a] solid training in epistemology, metaphysics, and ethical theory are essential to doing good work in bioethics," says Sulmasy. "Georgetown prepared me exceptionally well for this."
He joins us from the University of Chicago, where he previously served as Kilbride-Clinton Professor of Medicine and Ethics in the Department of Medicine and Divinity School, Associate Director of the MacLean Center for Clinical Medical Ethics, and Director of the Program on Medicine and Religion.
Sulmasy's research interests include end‐of‐life decision making, ethics education, and spirituality in medicine. He is the author or editor of six books and has written more than 200 peer‐reviewed journal articles on topics such as the ethics of stem cell research, physician assisted suicide, informed consent, and surrogate‐decision making.
He is a member of the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, serves on the editorial boards of several academic journals, and is the editor‐in‐chief of Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics. He previously served as Chair of the Ethics Committee of the Society of General Internal Medicine and on the Board of Directors for the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities.
"We are just delighted to welcome Dan to the Kennedy Institute of Ethics — and to welcome him back to Georgetown," says Institute Director Maggie Little.
Meet Dr. Sulmasy »
Read more news about: Daniel Sulmasy, Hiring


Reduce pain and friction associated with crooked, overlapping and/or flexible hammer toes with this comfortable slip-on pad. Adjustable loop gently encourages proper toe alignment while a soft, dual-layer cushion comforts the ball-of-foot area. 1 per pack.


It's very handy to have some shortcuts in the left-hand pane (the "sidebar") of your Finder windows. In the screenshot below you can see I have shortcuts, in the sidebar, for a bunch of folders. One click on a folder in the sidebar and it opens in the main window pane to the right, even though I don't know where the folders really are.
You are probably guessing that the Favorites are still there, but hiding. Good guess!
Try moving the cursor until it is parallel with the word "Favorites." See the tiny, grey-on-grey writing that says "Show?" Click it, and your stuff isn't hidden anymore. Of course you can hide things again later.


text:
Women's Basketball: DMACC's Geopfert signs with Valdosta State University
Des Moines Area Community College (DMACC) sophomore Cassie Geopfert of Sioux City has signed a national letter of intent to attend Valdosta State University (VSU) in Valdosta, Ga., and play women's basketball.
"I am thrilled for Cassie to get this opportunity to play and compete for VSU," DMACC women's basketball coach Steve Krafcisin said. "Cassie had numerous opportunities from many colleges and universities but coach (Kiley) Hill and his staff did a great job to make Cassie comfortable and eager to start a new chapter in her life in Georgia."
Geopfert was DMACC's third leading scorer and top rebounder in helping the Bears to a 26-7 record in 2015-16. She scored 273 points (8.8 points per game) and made 52 of 79 free throws. Geopfert pulled down 249 rebounds, at a 7.5 rebound per game clip. She led the team in steals at 3.03 per game (100 total steals) and dished out 96 assists (2.9 per game), while swatting 16 shots.
Geopfert finished her DMACC career as the all-time leader in total steals and steals per game. She also finsihed in the top 10 in total rebounds, total defensive rebounds and total offensive rebounds.
VSU is an NCAA Division II school with more than 11,000 students. The Blazers are members of the Gulf Coast Conference and Hill is in his 16th year as the women's coach. His overall record at VSU is 275-180, including a 11-17 mark in 2015-16.


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The Empty Sky Paradox: Why Are Stars (in Your Professional Field) So Rare?
February 2nd, 2014 · 19 comments
The Empty Sky Paradox
In many fields, people are eager to produce top results. A non-trivial fraction of the Internet is dedicated to tips and hacks for accomplishing this exact goal.
So why are so few people stars?
This past week provided me a good opportunity to reflect on this question. I attended a Dagstuhl seminar on wireless algorithms, which means I spent a week in a castle (pictured above), tucked away in rural west Germany, working with top minds in my particular niche of theoretical computer science.
Here's what I noticed:
In theory, the people who tend to consistently produce important work seem to be those who consistently take the time to decode the latest, greatest results in their subject area.*
Only when you're at the cutting edge are you well-positioned to spot and conquer the most promising adjacent intellectual territory (for more detail on this idea, see Part 3 of SO GOOD).
This sounds like simple advice — stay up to date on the latest work! — but most practicing researchers probably don't follow it. Why? Because this turns out to be incredibly hard work.
(These results are tricky, and presented in short conference papers where key mathematical steps are elided, requiring days [and sometimes much more] to decode.)
This brings me back to the general question of why most fields have so few stars. The answer, I conjecture, is that most fields are similar to theoretical computer science in that the path to becoming a standout includes a prohibitively difficult step. It's this step that limits stars, as most people simply lack the comfort with discomfort required to tackle really hard things.
At some point, in other words, there's no way getting around the necessity to clear your calendar, shut down your phone, and spend several hard days trying to make sense of the damn proof.
(Photo by Nic McPhee)
* This is a skill that I've been systematically developing for the last three to five years. I'm better than I was, but not yet as good as I want to be. I can attest from personal experience that these proof decoding efforts: (a) are extremely difficult — deep work purified to its most stringent form; (b) are crucial for producing useful results; and (c) get easier (though, quite slowly) with practice.
19 thoughts on "The Empty Sky Paradox: Why Are Stars (in Your Professional Field) So Rare?"
David Stern says:
In economics, new results are published as working papers which are often more detailed than the eventual journal articles. Of course, there are presentations before that and so it also helps to go to seminars and conferences. I think also there is scope for novelty from people bringing ideas from other areas to address questions (which is what I often try to do) not all advances are based on decoding the latest results in detail and building on the incrementally.
I think based on observing people that stars in my field need a combination of traits, which don't combine a lot: Intuition/creativity, logical ability, attention to detail, conscientiousness, high energy level, good interpersonal skills, ability to focus on what is important. Most people only have a couple of those. And you need time free from heavy teaching or administrative loads. I just complete two years with a heavy admin load and it makes such a difference time wise.
Michael W. Perry says:
I doubt it's "stay up to date on the latest work." I suspect it's keep up with the latest fads and promote yourself within them. Not so much hard work as simply giving up on caution, good sense and integrity.
It all depends on what you want to be, a Henry Goddard, who flashed across the skies of fame with The Kallikak Family (1912) or a G. K. Chesterton, author of Eugenics and Other Evils (1922).
Here's what Wikipedia says about the star-quality Goddard:
"He was the leading advocate for the use of intelligence testing in societal institutions including hospitals, schools, the legal system and the military. He played a major role in the emerging field of clinical psychology, in 1911 helped to write the first U.S. law requiring that blind, deaf and mentally retarded children be provided special education within public school systems, and in 1914 became the first American psychologist to testify in court that subnormal intelligence should limit the criminal responsibility of defendants."
But all that turned sour. Here's what Wikipedia concludes the rest of his life was like:
"By the 1920s, Goddard had come to candidly admit that he had made numerous errors in his early research, and regarded The Kallikak Family as obsolete. It was also noted that Goddard was more concerned about making eugenics popular rather than conducting actual scientific studies. He devoted the later part of his career to seeking improvements in education, reforming environmental influences in childhood, and working toward better child-rearing practices. But others continued to use his early work to support various arguments with which Goddard did not agree, and he was constantly perplexed by the fact that later generations found his studies to be dangerous to society. Henry Garrett of Columbia University was one of the few scientists to continue to use The Kallikak Family as a reference."
Henry Garrett, if you've not heard, rose to become President of the American Psychological Association in 1946, but finished out his life defending school segregation and opposing 'race mixing' at the University of Virginia.
In contrast, G. K. Chesterton went so much against the flow of his era, that he almost had to title his book, Eugenics and Other Evils to make clear he was against what in 1912 the NY Times called a "wonderful new science." He spent much of his life as a writer being the 'Catholic reactionary' foil to the media stars: H. G. Wells and George Bernard Shaw.
The contrast is even more jarring if you look at the long-term impact. I published an textbook edition of GKC's eugenics that's still used today in college courses. It's that 'right on' in its predictions that it is still worth studying. He was even right in his prediction that it was Germany where eugenics would bear its bitterest fruit. In 1922, he was warning of 1942. And in the 1932 Illustrated London News he warned that Germany would find itself a dictator and plunge Europe into war over a border dispute with Poland, which is precisely what happened seven years later.
I suspect much the same is now happening with global warming. The flag they were waving so triumphantly a decade ago has begun to look a bit battered, much like eugenics, riding high in the 1910s, was looking a big dog-eared by the late 1920s.
In a few decades, historians will note that, for some of these warmest champions, the work that brought them fame is only used as a textbook by some quirky Columbia professor much like the Henry Garrett above.
I'm not sure which is worse, to be a Henry Goddard and lament the harm done by the ideas of your youthful vigor or to be Henry Garrett and continue to champion them long after they'd become recognized as despicable.
I even found a relevant poem called "The Great Man" from a long ago book that says:
But fame is deceitful, uncertain its ray,
And to-morrow oft glooms on the star of today;
I given you a bit of poem, so it must be time to end.
–Michael W. Perry, Henry Goddard and a host of others, including Chesterton and Wells get to give their POV about eugenics and related issues in my Pivot of Civilization in Historical Perspective (2001).
Mark Cancellieri says:
Your post reminds me of a Richard Feynman quote:
"Know how to solve every problem that has been solved."
https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman
It should come as no surprise that Feynman consistently produced important work.
Pingback: Daily Linkage – February 3, 2014 | The Dark Enlightenment
Your use of the word "star" reminds me of a well-researched book by Robert Kelley called "How to Be a Star at Work." The book is based on years of research from Bell Labs aimed to determine what predicts "stars'" achievement. Here, "stars" are defined as engineers considered excellent by customers, peers and management. Initially, the project aimed to test all engineers across every conceivable dimension from SAT scores to college ranking to see if there was a discernible pattern amongst the stars. It turns out that there wasn't. So, Robert Kelley and his team observed and interviewed all the stars at Bell Labs and discerned a "star" framework that is the basis of the book. Initiative is the first and most important "star" quality for instance.
Pakeezah says:
I have been reading your blog for quite a long time now. I must say you have some absolutely useful advice on this blog.
Nickn says:
This sounds like it might hold for people who are stars to other people within a particular field. To be a star in general, I think it would be necessary to "translate" those cutting edge academic papers into something captivating to the public.
Cutting edge of research + (ability to translate it + willingness to do so) = stardom?
Blake,
If you've been reading Study Hacks for a while, you would surely know that Cal hardly encourages the virtue of "Initiative". It surely is important, but is as far away as possible from being the "most important", when it comes to making an impact.
Cal, I disagree. You don't become a star by learning the works of others and making marginal improvements on their ideas. You become a star by looking within yourself for your own original ideas.
Economics nobel prize winner James Tobin who said something to that effect.
Original ideas don't "exist". What I mean by that is that every new idea is composed of multiple old ideas. For example, think about the invention of the airplane. Was it a brand-new idea? I don't think so. This idea was just a combination of the flight of birds with the mechanical apparatus of machines.
The bottom line is, no idea is an island.
Dave Small says:
Thanks for the post Cal.
In the long run, what is most effective – studying the "latest and greatest"/"cutting edge" material or being rooted in the "classics" of a particular field?
I have been a long-time fan of Cal.
Here is my humble opinion…
There are only 2 factors that matter when it comes to achievement: deep work and distraction.
You want to maximize deep work, and minimize distraction. Sounds simple, but this is a life-long struggle to strike the balance between these two forces.
Getting back to your original question. What you have to ask you self is "Does reading the "classics"/"cutting-edge" research fall into the category of deep work or distraction?"
I know this sounds stupidly simple, but it is really is the formula to achievement. It applies to all fields. Think of marathon running. Winning the Olympic marathon is fairly simple, just run 100 miles a week for 15 years and you will win the race. The same applies to academia or any other domain.
I am sorry, but we all just have to do the work. 🙂
Thanks for taking the time to respond. I like your distinction: deep work or distraction and we are always making a choice between the two.
I'm enjoying these comments. There's an idea that is showing up several different places here that I wanted to quickly address: incrementalism. There seems to be this sense in some comments that taking the time to understand other people's work means that you will only produce marginal, incremental improvements that are hard but do not really advance human knowledge much. This doesn't match my experience. Big breakthroughs — the type that catch people off guard — more often than not come from a commitment to really understanding cutting edge tools. If you read Richard Feynman's writing on research, for example, you'll see that his "genius" came from constant reading and understanding of other's work. This meant he knew what problems were open, why they were hard, and what a solution would look like. It also meant that he kept learning new tools he could try to apply to these open problems. Einstein was similarly a voracious reader. We know him for relativity, but he published hundreds of influential papers that started from a premise of really understanding the cutting edge, then having insight on how to advance it. Coming back down to earth some more, the theory students at MIT that I observed have the most meteroic rises, were those that put in the time to understand the latest greatest. Deep understanding yields deep insight.
Cal – thanks for the additional thoughts.
I'm paraphrasing Francis Bacon (Of Studies). Reading makes us full, conference (or discussion) makes us ready, writing makes us exact. Learning, understanding and ultimately output comes from a great volume of input.
I agree that studying others' work is a great way to learn the tools required to answer difficult research questions. It may very well be the only way.
I don't know about Computer Science, but in Economics, formulating an original research question (in plain english; not math) is the first and most important steps. Without a good question, the results you find are not interesting. Once the question is established, you then go find out what tools you need to answer it. Simply put, questions come before tools. Maybe in Computer Science (and physical sciences), tools come before questions, and what is why you benefit more from intensive literature reviews before starting your own work?
Jennifer Lawler says:
Have read your blog for a long time, felt moved to comment today. I think the spark that bridges the gap between "understanding others' work/knowing how to solve the problems that have been solved" and "big breakthroughs"–what makes a person contribute more than incrementalism–is imagination (or possibly something more narrowly defined like "creatively visualizing solutions"). Not my field at all, but I understand that Tesla could "see" his machines years before he could bring them into being.
But what allows people to be creative/visualize/connect the dots in this big way? Doing the work, doing the work, doing the work.
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Floor shall be of noncombustible material and shall slope in the direction of the main vehicle entry doorway, section R309.2, I.R.C.
Appliances in garage to be protected (concrete curb, concrete wheel stop, concrete filled steel bollard) from vehicle impact, section M1307.3.1, I.R.C.
Appliance ignition sources to be elevated a minimum 18 inches above floor, section M1307.3, I.R.C.
Electrical receptacles (bottom of outlet box) to be elevated minimum of 18 inches above floor, City policy.
Gas appliance single-wall metal vent connector must have a minimum 6 inch clearance to a gypsum wallboard surface, Table G2427.10.5, I.R.C.
Gas appliance single-wall metal vent connector must be installed per manufacturer's listing with a minimum slope of ¼ inch rise per foot of run, securely supported with minimum three (3) sheet metal screw joints, section M1803.3, I.R.C.
Water heater T&P relief valve drain line termination, at a point where discharge is observable, but where discharge will not cause personal injury or structural damage (terminate max. 6 inches above surface below), City amended section P2803.6.1, I.R.C. ***Please note: If a pressure-reducing valve, backflow prevention device or check valve is installed, a thermal expansion control device shall be installed in accordance with section P2903.4, I.R.C.
Occupancy separation door (between house and garage), shall be a min. 1 3/8 inch solid core or 20 minute fire rated, with self-closing and self-latching hardware, City amended section R302.5, I.R.C.
Ground-fault circuit-interrupter garage receptacles, section E3902.2, I.R.C.
Combustion, ventilation and dilution air vents, section G2407.6, I.R.C.
Automatic garage door openers with obstruction activation devices (both sides of garage door opening), installed in compliance with UL 325, section R309.4, I.R.C.


text:
Withdrawal, Retraction, Correction
Article Publishing Fee
Vol. 10 No. 1 (2022): Archives of Business Research /
Starting and Subsequent Earnings of Young Workers in Different Sized Firms
Michael Tannen University of the District of Columbia
https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.101.11500
Young Worker Pay, Firm Size and Earnings, Early Career Advancement
Based upon the highly innovative Project TALENT Longitudinal Database, this study tracks the starting earnings and subsequent early earnings growth of young males who began their work careers at either a smaller (<100 employees) or larger private firm more than a generation ago. Prior evidence based upon less rich databases found that earnings were systematically higher in larger firms but did not have access to many other variables that could affect projected earnings which are available in the TALENT database. Earnings regressions are estimated here including not only usual explanatory variables of years of schooling and labor market experience, but also adding other variables pertaining to prior job experience, military service, IQ, socioeconomic background and some other factors. The findings indicate that while starting earnings of those in this database were indeed higher in larger firms, the gap evaporated fairly quickly with projected earnings of those in smaller firms featuring a small earnings premium. The results here suggest guidance based upon the body of prior evidence may have been less reliable than thought, and that evidence itself may not provide as useful a baseline as desired for subsequent research addressing whether this pattern continues for recent cohorts.
Becker, Gary. Human Capital, Second Edition. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1975.
_____ and Stigler, George J. "Law Enforcement, Malfeasance and Compensation of Enforcers," The Journal of Legal Studies, 3, No. 1, January 1974, 1-18.
Borjas, George J. "Job Mobility and Earnings Over the Life Cycle," Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 34, No. 3 April 1981, 365-376.
Doeringer, Peter B. and Piore, Michael J. Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis. Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Co., 1971.
Dunn, L. F. "work Disutility and Compensating Differentials: Estimation of Factors in the Link , 475-492.Between Wages and Firm Size," Review of Economics and Statistics, 68, No. 1, February 1986, 67-73.
Heckman, James J. "The Common Structure of Statistical Models of Truncation, Sample Selection and Limited Dependent Variables and a Simple Estimator for Such Models," Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, 5, 1976.
Lazear, Edward P. "Why is There Mandatory Retirement?" Journal of Political Economy, 87, No. 6, December 1979.
Lester, Richard. "Pay Differentials by Size of Establishment," Industrial Relations, 7, October 1967, 57-67.
Masters, Stanley H. "Wages and Plant Size: An Interindustry Analysis," Review of Economics and Statistics, 51, No, 3¸August 1969, 341-345.
Mellow, Wesley. "Employer Size and Wages," Review of Economics and Statistics, 64, No. 3, August 1982, 495-500.
______ "Employer Size, Unionism and Wages," Research in Labor Economics, 5, Supp. 2, 1983, 253-282.
Meyer, Robert H. and David A. Wise. "High School Preparation and Early Labor Force Experience," in The Youth Unemployment Problem, edited by Richard B. Freeman and David A. Wise. Chicago: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1982, 277-239.
Mincer, Jacob. Schooling, Experience and Earnings. New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1974.
Topel, Robert. "Job Mobility. Search and Earnings Growth: A Reinterpretation of Human Capital Earnings Functions," Research in Labor Economics, 8, Part A, 1986, 199-233.
Schiller, Bradley R. Early Jobs and Training: The Role of Small Business. Final Report to the Small Business Administration. Washington, D.C. Dec. 1986.
. Wise, Lauress L., McLaughlin, Donald H., and Steel Lauri. Project TALENT Data Bank Handbook, Revised Edition. Palo Alto: American Institutes for Research, May 1979.
Tannen, M. (2022). Starting and Subsequent Earnings of Young Workers in Different Sized Firms. Archives of Business Research, 10(1), 43–50. https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.101.11500
Vol. 10 No. 1 (2022): Archives of Business Research
Copyright (c) 2022 Michael Tannen
Michael Tannen, The Effect of Diesel Exhaust Exposure on Railroad Worker Health and Mortality , Archives of Business Research: Vol. 9 No. 8 (2021): Archives of Business Research
'To what extent does Amazon.com, Inc success be accredited to its organizational culture and ND Jeff Bezos's leadership style?
Strategic Planning and Organization Performance: A Review on Conceptual and Practice Perspectives
Strategy Implementation: Mckinsey's 7s Framework Configuration And Performance Of Large Supermarkets In Nairobi, Kenya
Impact Of Taxation On The Performance Of Small And Medium Enterprises In Aba, Abia State, Nigeria
Influence of Product Placements in Films and Television on consumers Brand Awareness
Archives of Business Research (ISSN 2054-7404)
Services for Science and Education, United Kingdom


text:
Final person sentenced in theft from Blackfeet Nation program (October 23, 2014)
Gary Joseph Conti received the harshest punishment among the six people who were convicted.
Former health executive from Chippewa Cree Tribe sentenced (October 23, 2014)
Fawn Patricia Ann Tadios was using tribal funds to visit her husband while he was in prison.
Agua Caliente Band and DOJ submit briefs in water rights case (October 23, 2014)
The tribe, with the support of the Obama administration, is seeking to quantify its water rights.
President Barack Obama urges early voting for Alaska Natives (October 23, 2014)
Voting is a big issue at the Alaska Federation of Natives conference.
Native advocates come together to combat domestic violence (October 23, 2014)
The Montana Native Women's Coalition is hosting a conference in Billings.
Crow Tribe seeks renewal of Indian Coal Production Tax Credit (October 23, 2014)
The tax credit expired in 2013 and the tribe says its revenues have taken a hit.
Ho-Chunk Nation woman named president of Girl Scouts board (October 23, 2014)
Kathy Hopinkah Hannan is the first Native American in the post.
Navajo Nation's top court orders new ballots without candidate (October 23, 2014)
The November 4 election will likely be postponed.
3rd Circuit won't force town to repatriate Jim Thorpe's remains (October 23, 2014)
The legendary athlete's sons want to bring him home to Oklahoma where he was due to be buried in 1953.
Opinion: Tribes exploit loopholes in America's political system (October 23, 2014)
A board member for the anti-Indian group Citizens Equal Rights Alliance rails against tribal participation on the U.S. political system.
Rep. Don Young blames government 'largesse' for suicide rate (October 23, 2014)
Alaska's lone congressional representative expands on controversial comments in a state with the highest suicide rate.
Alaska Federation of Natives ready to open annual convention (October 23, 2014)
Some 5,000 people are expected for the event and state politicians are all appearing in hopes of winning votes and endorsements.
Alaska governor to sign Native language bill six months later (October 23, 2014)
The bill that designates 20 Native languages as official was passed in April.
Michael Baines: Senate candidate battles Alaska Native rights (October 23, 2014)
The chairman of the Sitka Tribe, says Republican Dan Sullivan has trampled on Alaska Native rights.
Washington player says tattoo represents Cherokee heritage (October 23, 2014)
Santana Moss said his Cherokee ancestry comes from his mother's side of the family.
Native Sun News: Oglala Sioux Tribe heads to election season (October 23, 2014)
The Oglala Sioux Tribe is set for some major turnover on the tribal council if the results of last week's primary election are any indication.
Al Caroll: Recognize tribal sovereignty in new US Constitution (October 23, 2014)
Professor calls for inclusion of tribal sovereignty and an apology to Native peoples in a new U.S. Constitution.
Master of Jurisprudence in Indian Law - University of Tulsa
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