I can't believe it's been eighteen years since Sliver was released. This was the follow-up movie for Sharon Stone, after that steamy performance in Basic Instinct, which catapulted her to international stardom.
Anyhow, in Sliver, her co-star was William Baldwin, and I caught the movie last night on HBO. When it was released, the idea and concept of the movie was controversial but looking back at it now, everything there is just commonplace nowadays, what with CCTVs everywhere. Big Brother is watching us 24/7! Well, in 1993, the idea was still a novelty and in the movie William watches all of his building's tenants from his room! How creepy is that!
Well, if the guy were as cute and charming and dashing as William, I wouldn't mind. However, there is a murderer in the movie so it's really a thriller! And no, the killer is not William! Spoiler alert!!


text:
UMass Lowell can't pull off comeback against…
UMass Lowell can't pull off comeback against Providence
UMass Lowell heads into the break in second place
UMass Lowell's Connor Sodergren jostles for position with Providence's Ben Mirageas during Saturday night's game in Lowell. (Photo by Rich Gagnon/UMass Lowell Athletics)
By Barry Scanlon | Lowell Sun
PUBLISHED: December 7, 2019 at 9:35 pm | UPDATED: December 7, 2019 at 9:36 pm
LOWELL — Picked to finish sixth in Hockey East, they began the night tied for first place, with a game in hand.
With 21 of the 28 players freshmen or sophomores, expectations in River Hawk Nation weren't sky high entering the 2019-20 campaign.
But, despite Saturday's 4-1 loss to Providence before 4,033 fans at the Tsongas Center, UMass Lowell head coach Norm Bazin termed the first half of the season a major success.
"I don't start looking at the standings until much later in the season," Bazin said, "but I like the way we've been developing from one week to the next. We've just got to keep getting better."
No. 16 UMass Lowell (10-4-4, 5-2-3) lost just its second Hockey East game. The River Hawks were looking for a three-game season sweep of No. 15 Providence (9-5-3, 6-4-2), but goaltender Michael Lackey (27 saves) and the Friars had other ideas.
Junior Connor Sodergren potted the lone goal — his fifth of the season — for the River Hawks, pulling the hosts within 3-1 with 12:09 left on a superb move and then pass by freshman Andre Lee. But Providence's Greg Printz scored into an empty net with 1:47 left to ice the game.
"I didn't mind the effort. I thought our special teams let us down a bit," Bazin said. "Special teams was the difference."
Providence went 2-for-4 on the power play, while UML went 0-for-4. Tyler Wall made 31 saves for the River Hawks. Providence leaped into first place, one point ahead of UML, but the Friars have played two more league games than the River Hawks.
On Friday, UMass Lowell fell behind two goals before storming back to nip Providence on the road, 3-2. A repeat did not produce the same result.
The shots were 8-8 after one period, but UML found itself in a 2-0 hole — and nearly a 3-0 one.
Providence took a 1-0 lead at 7:01 only six seconds after going on the power play. Tyce Thompson slapped a 15-foot rebound past Wall for his 13th goal.
Later, with the teams skating 4-for-4, defenseman Cam McDonald wristed a low shot which broke past two players jousting in front and into the UML cage at 10:27. Providence had four shots and a 2-0 lead.
The Friars thought they had a three-goal lead when the nation's leading scorer, Jack Dugan, wristed a shot past Wall. Dugan celebrated at 17:39 and the crowd was silent. After a video review, however, it was ruled that the puck hit the right post and did not go into the net.
On an earlier UML power play, Kenny Hausinger's long slap shot hit the top of the right post and with one second left in the period Sodergren was robbed on a shoulder save by Lackey.
Neither team scored the second period, though the River Hawks peppered Lackey with 11 shots and came close to scoring several times.
"I thought we had a slow start," Sodergren said. "I thought they were a lot better in front of our net. I thought it was a great start to the season. I think the break is coming at the right time. If you would have told me at the start of the season we'd be where we are, I think we'd take that."
UMass Lowell's defensemen were much more aggressive in the middle period, pinching up the boards to keep pucks in. Brian Chambers nearly set up fellow freshman Matt Brown for a tap-in goal, but the puck slid past inches away from Brown's stick.
At the other end, Wall rejected a breakaway bid by Providence's Jerry Harding. Late in the period, Lee had back-to-back bids at the right post rejected by Lackey.
In the waning moments of the second, Brown curled back and found defenseman Chase Blackmun. Blackmun skated down the slot and sent a backhander just wide of Lackey as the Friars left the ice still leading 2-0.
Lee's assist on the Sodergren goal gave the rookie from Sweden seven points in his last four games.
UML is hoping to get injured defensemen Jon McDonald and Seth Barton back after the Christmas break at some point. Also, promising sophomore forward Reid Stefanson, out all season with an injury, has begun to skate.
The River Hawks host the CCHL All-Stars for an exhibition game four days after Christmas and return to the ice for real Jan. 4 at Merrimack.
Barry Scanlon
49ers run past Packers to earn Super Bowl berth
Mahomes lifts Chiefs past Titans, into Super Bowl
Westwood takes title in Abu Dhabi
Local roundup: Grey Ghosts battle past Chelmsford

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Thanks to the Sportheim's setting, just a short walk from Altenmarkt, school groups will be in their absolute element with numerous things to see and do. The ski lifts are also close by and provide easy access to the Salzburger Sportwelt ski region which is definitely something to get excited about. More excuses to get happy can be found within the hotel's sleeping arrangements which provide comfortable and modern accommodation for up to 100 guests within rooms suitable for two to seven occupants. After a good night's rest there's a good choice of in-house activities including: darts, table tennis, table football and TV/DVD. When it's time for students to let off steam there's a well-equipped disco room with a traditional stube lounge for when it's time to relax. Three dining rooms provide more than enough space for sustenance and the availability of hot lunches always comes in handy after a morning's ski session. Thanks to internet access, students will have no excuses not to contact home with après ski activities in Altenmarkt always providing plenty of fuel for frenzied Facebook updates. In a nutshell: good choice of on-site and local amenities and ski lifts within walking distance.


text:
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Home FEATURES Women Minister Abandons Her 'God-Father' Atiku, Says APC Will Rule Nigeria Forever
Women Minister Abandons Her 'God-Father' Atiku, Says APC Will Rule Nigeria Forever
Women Affairs Minister, Aisha-Alhassan
The Minister of Women Affairs, Aisha Alhassan, who last year, openly supported her god-father, Atiku Abubakar in his ambition to rule Nigeria under the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), has turned her back on him, singing a new song of "All Progressives Congress (APC) will rule Nigeria forever."
Aisha Alhassan, who was addressing news men shortly after the inauguration of the chairman of the APC in Taraba State today, Monday in Abuja, said that the APC would not only win the presidency but more states in 2019.
She indicated her intention to contest for the governorship slot in Taraba, which she lost in 2015. The minister, who is popularly known as 'Mama Taraba' said that the APC´s coming national convention would be peaceful.
"Crisis is normal in a big party like APC, once we can do our national convention, then we face the opposition PDP and I assure you that APC will win more states like Taraba in 2019.
"I will make sure that in my zone, I follow up and by God's grace, Gombe and Taraba (states) will be taken over in 2019. And don't even talk about Nigeria because it's already APC and it will continue to be APC forever."
'Mama Taraba' argued that she won the election in 2015 "but wasn't destined to be governor."
"I won the 2015 election, everyone knows that, even the Peoples Democratic Party. I will re-contest the election again in 2019 if God keeps me alive and well.
"It is God that gives power to whoever he desires, I won the election 2015, but God did not give me power. I will keep trusting in him and the grassroots people of Taraba and God willing, I will win the election," she said.
See also: Ex Ogun Gov, Osoba Insists Tinubu Has The Right To Contest 2023 Presidency
Speaking on the APC factions in Taraba State, she said: "I have a right to choose who becomes the chairman of the party in the state; There is no faction in Taraba. We are very much together, there was no love lost in the state, we were never divided. It was all about political interests."
The fire brand female politician caused a stir a few months ago when she said she would support the presidential bid of a former vice president Atiku Abubakar in 2019 even if her principal, President Muhammadu Buhari decided to run.
Abubakar has since left the ruling party for allegedly being sidelined by the APC leadership.
She referred to Atiku Abubakar as her political godfather. She ruffled some nerves when she said President Buhari had not indicated that he would re-contest. Buhari has since done this.
The minister was later summoned by the National Working Committee, NWC, of the APC in a bid to clarify her controversial statement.
In a follow-up interaction with reporters a few days later, she said she was not scared of losing her job over her statements adding that President Buhari would not be swayed by her traducers seeking sanctions against her.
The Kaduna State governor, Nasir El-Rufai, and his Ogun State counterpart, Ibikunle Amosun, tackled her, days later saying that she (minister) had "never believed in the Buhari ideology".
'Mama Taraba' on January 14. denied speculations that she is planning to dump the APC.
The minister also pledged allegiance to President Muhammadu Buhari, saying "I am and I will continue to remain in APC." [myad]
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text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.AspNet.FileProviders;
using Microsoft.Framework.Expiration.Interfaces;

namespace Wyam.Modules.Razor
{

    /// <summary>
    /// A IFileProvider that provides files based on their stream for use with arbitrary documents.
    /// </summary>
    public class WyamStreamFileProvider : IFileProvider
    {
        private readonly WyamFileProvider _wyamFileProvider;
        private readonly Stream _stream;

        public WyamStreamFileProvider(WyamFileProvider wyamFileProvider, Stream stream)
        {
            _wyamFileProvider = wyamFileProvider;
            _stream = stream;
        }

        public IFileInfo GetFileInfo(string subpath)
        {
            IFileInfo fileInfo = _wyamFileProvider.GetFileInfo(subpath);
            return new DocumentFileInfo(fileInfo, _stream);
        }

        public IDirectoryContents GetDirectoryContents(string subpath)
        {
            return _wyamFileProvider.GetDirectoryContents(subpath);
        }

        public IExpirationTrigger Watch(string filter)
        {
            throw new NotSupportedException();
        }

        private class DocumentFileInfo : IFileInfo
        {
            private readonly IFileInfo _info;
            private readonly Stream _stream;

            public DocumentFileInfo(IFileInfo info, Stream stream)
            {
                _info = info;
                _stream = stream;
            }

            public bool Exists => true;

            public long Length => _stream.Length;

            public string PhysicalPath => _info.PhysicalPath;

            public string Name => _info.Name;

            public DateTimeOffset LastModified => DateTimeOffset.Now;

            public bool IsDirectory => false;

            public Stream CreateReadStream() => new NonDisposableStreamWrapper(_stream);
        }

        // This prevents the underlying stream from being disposed when the wrapper is
        private class NonDisposableStreamWrapper : Stream
        {
            private readonly Stream _stream;

            public NonDisposableStreamWrapper(Stream stream)
            {
                _stream = stream;
            }

            public override void Flush()
            {
                _stream.Flush();
            }

            public override long Seek(long offset, SeekOrigin origin)
            {
                return _stream.Seek(offset, origin);
            }

            public override void SetLength(long value)
            {
                _stream.SetLength(value);
            }

            public override int Read(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count)
            {
                return _stream.Read(buffer, offset, count);
            }

            public override void Write(byte[] buffer, int offset, int count)
            {
                _stream.Write(buffer, offset, count);
            }

            public override bool CanRead => _stream.CanRead;
            public override bool CanSeek => _stream.CanSeek;
            public override bool CanWrite => _stream.CanWrite;
            public override long Length => _stream.Length;

            public override long Position
            {
                get { return _stream.Position; }
                set { _stream.Position = value; }
            }
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The search for IgG: What you need to know about antibody testing
28-Apr-2020 5:05 PM EDT, by University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
Newswise — The first few U.S. studies investigating antibody testing for COVID-19 revealed that there were far more community cases of the virus than previously anticipated. As officials consider how to reopen the country safely, researchers say antibody testing will play an important role in navigating those future decisions. But not all antibody tests are created equal, and the presence of antibodies doesn't necessarily equate to COVID-19 immunity.
Public health experts with The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) help break down what we know so far about antibody testing, also referred to as serology, and what we can expect to see in the future.
Simply put, antibodies are proteins in your blood that your body produces when you have an infection to help fight it off and also protect you from getting it again, said Catherine Troisi, PhD, an associate professor and epidemiologist with UTHealth School of Public Health. They are tested through a blood draw.
Antibodies are also known as immunoglobulins (Ig) and there are two different kinds. George Delclos, MD, MPH, PhD, a respiratory disease and occupational medicine specialist with UT Physicians explains:
IgM – These proteins start to show up during the acute phase of the infection. As the infection progresses, they continue to rise until the infection begins to resolve.
IgG – Typically, as the levels of IgM decline, IgG proteins appear. The IgG proteins may help protect you from a repeat infection.
"When IgM levels are low and IgG levels are high, that indicates a past infection and possible immunity," said Delclos, professor at the Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health and Marcus M. Key, MD, – Shell Occupational and Environmental Health Endowed Chair at UTHealth School of Public Health. "In COVID-19, most antibody tests are focusing more on levels of IgG and their meaning."
How quickly does your body make them?
"It takes about two weeks from the first time your body is introduced to a new pathogen to develop antibodies, and COVID-19 is new to everyone because it is a novel virus. The next time your body comes in contact with that pathogen, your antibodies will ramp up quicker, keeping you safe from the infection or ensuring that it is less severe," Troisi said.
Will an antibody test tell you if you're immune to COVID-19?
An IgG antibody test will only confirm if you had the disease at least two weeks ago – it won't tell you if you have it currently, Troisi said.
"Since between 25% and 50% of people who have the virus don't show symptoms but can still transmit the disease, we don't know how widespread it is. By looking at who's immune, we can see who had it and who's gotten over it, and get a better sense of how far it spread," Troisi said.
"If IgG antibodies are detected in someone's blood, there's likely to be some level of immunity. We just don't know yet for how long, and what level of antibodies are needed to be effective," Delclos said.
There will be upcoming research studies following people who have antibodies over a couple of years to see if the antibodies wane, if chances for reinfection rise, and if a second-time infection would be less severe, Troisi said.
Pros and cons of testing
Antibody testing will be critical to understand how widespread the COVID-19 infection is and who might be immune. This could be especially important as people begin to return to work, but there are also some concerns to consider, Delclos said.
"The first is the lack of accurate tests – most of the commercially available tests in the U.S. have not been validated. So far, only a handful of tests have been validated for clinical use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). There is work being done to validate all the tests that are out there, but it will take some time," Delclos said.
The FDA is working with the National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and other partners to validate the more than 70 commercial tests that have been created in the wake of the pandemic, some of which are falsely claiming they've been FDA-approved and can detect antibodies to COVID-19.
"The second issue is how we interpret the test results, since we're really not sure what level of antibody detection we're looking for to be effective against COVID-19. Antibody testing can confirm that someone had the virus, but to assume they have immunity is a big jump. We need more data to be able to see whether or not that is the case," Delclos said.
Troisi also worries that once we start identifying who has already had COVID-19 and who hasn't, it could put some people at a disadvantage.
"For example, would someone with potential immunity have privilege over someone still susceptible to the virus in terms of getting a job or returning to work? Especially if that person was already in a vulnerable population, it could add another layer of difficulty to their life," Troisi said.
And there's another unintended consequence that people could try to infect themselves on purpose to gain potential immunity.
"People, especially the younger population, might think it's okay to have COVID parties so that they can get it, get it over with, and go back to work. That is extremely dangerous because even young people can be hospitalized and die, or could transmit the virus to vulnerable populations, such as seniors or those with comorbid conditions," Troisi said.
Can I be tested now?
Antibody testing studies are being done in phases.
During the week of March 30, the CDC and its public health partners started the first stage of studies of community transmission using samples collected from the state of Washington and New York City.
Then testing will expand into areas with high numbers of confirmed cases. It will also include studies of households in some states.
"This completely new virus was first reported late last year, and look how much we've learned in the first few months. The pace at which we're gaining knowledge and learning has been spectacular, and I think with time we will continue to gain the knowledge we need to handle this virus," Delclos said.
For more information on antibody testing, visit the CDC website.
Healthcare Immunology Infectious Diseases Public Health Coronavirus
Coronavirus COVID-19 Antibody


Nine-year-old Bella Crowley daughter of Jim Crowley finished third on her pony Summer Colours in the 'Ponies 138cm and Under Novice Race' over six furlongs in the famous silks of Sheikh Hamdan Al Maktoum.
Daisy Dace daughter of Luke Dace had a double on the day and won the 'Ponies 128cm and Under Race' on Crofthill Montague and also won the 'Ponies 138cm and Under Intermediate Race' on her pony Diptford Moonwalker. Her brother Jack also had a ride on his pony Humbel Mind.
Lucy Aspell daughter of Grand National winning jockey Leighton Aspell finished third on her pony Tiny Dancer in the 'Ponies 138cm/148cm and Under Combined Open' and Lucy's sister Niamh also rode her pony Artic Fox.
We look forward to following the next generation of Coombelands Jockeys!


Shock is often given as the cause for many observations in meteorites due to the assumed previous exposure of most meteorites to at least one impact event that ultimately led to their ejection from their parent body. Here we present electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) results on a substantially shocked dunitic achondrite, chassignite Northwest Africa (NWA) 8694, and question the general culpability of shock exposure for the formation of preferred orientation fabrics of meteoritic olivine crystals. Despite the ubiquitous presence of substantial shock indicators, the EBSD results for NWA 8694 reveal an absence of preferred orientation of olivine crystals, displaying instead an overall random fabric. We propose that the passage of shock waves through olivine crystals within a solid, crystalline, dunitic rock does not produce an overall preferred orientation, nor is it likely to actively form a whole‐rock random fabric but instead has likely no bearing on the formation of olivine orientation fabrics.


text:
Amilcar Flores-Morales
Novo Nordisk FoundationDenmark
Estrogens in the Control of Growth Hormone Actions in Liver
By Leandro Fernández-Pérez and Amilcar Flores-Morales
Part of the book: Sex Steroids
Growth Hormone Receptor Signaling Pathways and its Negative Regulation by SOCS2
By Leandro Fernández-Pérez, Amilcar Flores-Morales, Borja Guerra, Juan C. Díaz-Chico and Diego Iglesias-Gato
Growth hormone (GH) is a critical regulator of linear body growth during childhood but continues to have important metabolic actions throughout life. The GH receptor (GHR) is ubiquitously expressed, and deficiency of GHR signaling causes a dramatic impact on normal physiology during somatic development, adulthood, and aging. GHR belongs to a family of receptors without intrinsic kinase activity. However, GH binding to homodimers of GHR results in a conformational change in the receptors and the associated tyrosine kinase Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) molecules. Activated JAK2 phosphorylates the GHR cytoplasmic domain on tyrosine residues, and subsequent JAK2-dependent and JAK2-independent intracellular signal transduction pathways evoke cell responses including changes in gene transcription, proliferation, cytoskeletal reorganization, and lipid and glucose metabolism. JAK2 phosphorylates STAT5b, which is a key transcription factor in GH regulation of target genes associated with body growth, intermediate metabolism, and gender dimorphism; although STAT1, 3, and 5a have also been shown to be recruited by the GHR. In addition, many transcripts are regulated independently of STAT5b as a result of GHR activation of Src, ERK, and PI3K-mTOR signaling pathways. The analysis of molecular mechanisms involved in inactivation of GHR-dependent signaling pathway is also imperative for understanding GH physiology. This is clearly illustrated in the case of hepatic GHR-JAK2-STAT5b activation where signal duration regulates gender differences in liver gene expression. An early step in the termination of GH-dependent signaling is removal of GHRs by endocytosis and ubiquitination. The level of ubiquitin ligase SOCS2 is constitutively low, but its expression is rapidly induced by GH. SOCS2 binding to GHR complex promotes their ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation, contributing to the termination of the GH intracellular signaling. Clinically relevant, SOCS2 is a key negative regulator of GH-dependent body growth and lipid and glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, several cytokines, growth factors, xenobiotics, and sex hormones can regulate SOCS2 protein level, which provides a mechanism for cross-talking where multiple factors can regulate GHR signaling during somatic development. A better understanding of this complex regulation in physiological and pathological states will contribute to prevent health damage and improve clinical management of patients with growth and metabolic disorders.
Part of the book: Restricted Growth
Leandro Fernandez-Perez
University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Dragos Cretoiu
Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania
Scott M. Kahn
Eline M. Van Der Beek
Danone (Netherlands), Netherlands
Nigel Noriega
University of California, Davis, United States of America
Harmke H. Van Vugt
Annelieke N. Schepens-Franke
Bert J.M. Van De Heijning
Nicholas Romas
William Rosner


Shopping for home insurance in Canadian, OK doesn't have to be difficult. Simply enter your Zip Code at the top of this page and you will be presented with the list of the top recommended insurance companies in your area. Compare quotes from these carriers and you will be on your way to saving on your homeowners coverage premium.
When it comes to homeowner's insurance in Canadian, OK, there are quite a few different factors that can affect how much you have to pay. Understanding what these factors are can give you a better idea of how Oklahoma insurance companies come up with the quotes that they give you.
Most Canadian homeowner's insurance policies also cover the value of the belongings inside the home. If you need additional coverage for expensive items that you have on the premises, you may have to pay more for your insurance. If you aren't sure whether or not you need additional coverage for items inside your home, be sure to check the amount of coverage that is available for personal belongings with your existing homeowner's insurance policy.
All of these factors come into play when getting Canadian, OK homeowner's insurance quotes. If you want to keep your costs as low as possible, consider choosing a policy with less coverage or with a higher deductible. Just make sure that you fully understand how these decisions will affect you if you ever need to file a claim. You may find it more beneficial to go for a policy that offers more coverage or a lower deductible so that you don't have to come up with a lot of money on your own if something does eventually happen to your home.
To get the best savings on your Canadian, Oklahoma coverage for your home, make sure to use our comparison tool. Enter your Zip Code below and get the list of the best Oklahoma insurers.
There are a lot of companies out there competing for your business as a property operator, but it's up to you to uncover out which company is offering the best possible insurance policies for you and your family members. While your property wants defense, you are not able to select a random policy. The subsequent suggestions will give you the assistance you need.
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No 1 is risk-free forever and the procrastinating mentality can only lead to much more suffering. There is no reason to stay away from investing a little income every single thirty day period to keep your self from spending enormous sums in the instance of an incident. Guarding your residence must always be at the prime of your listing and home owner's insurance policy can do this.


text:
Swedish election: Vote begins amid anti-immigration surge
Europe migrant crisis
"Either we stay with a decent democracy or we choose another path," the PM said.
The people of Sweden are voting in a general election - where an anti-immigration party is vying to make large gains.
The nationalist Sweden Democrats (SD), which polls suggest have 20% support, are tipped for second place.
Prime Minister Stefan Lofven called the SD a "racist" party as he cast his ballot in Stockholm.
The SD - which has its roots in neo-Nazism - has rebranded itself and says it is inclusive.
Neither the governing Social Democrats nor the main centre-right party, the Moderates, is likely to win a majority.
Immigration has been a central issue of the campaign. The SD doubled its seats in the 2014 election and it is predicted to double them again in this election.
Sweden Democrats tap into immigration fears
Have online bots affected the campaign?
More than a quarter of Sweden's voters were still undecided in the final week of campaigning, according to national polling company Sifo.
"I'm still hesitating between the Moderates and SD. SD is quite close to the Moderates but they're a little more clear in what they want. They're more direct," Elias, an 18-year-old voting in his first election, told AFP news agency.
Immigration and asylum have been major issues in the campaign
On Saturday, SD leader Jimmie Akesson countered that Sweden had been "an extreme country in many ways, not least when it comes to immigration" and that his plan to take in fewer migrants would be regarded as "normal politics in the rest of Europe".
Other European countries have also seen a surge in support for anti-immigration parties in recent years. The Danish People's Party won 21% in 2015, and the far-right Alternative for Germany won 12.6% in 2017.
Who are the Sweden Democrats?
The SD was linked for years to neo-Nazis and other far-right groups, only entering parliament in 2010.
It has been working to rebrand itself, changing its logo from a flaming torch (similar to the one used by the UK far-right National Front) to a blue-and-yellow daisy, the colours of the Swedish flag.
Image source, EPA
Jimmie Akesson of the Sweden Democrats after Friday's heated party-leader debate
Traditionally appealing to working-class men, it wants to attract more women and higher-income voters.
Mr Akesson, who became leader in 2005, says there is zero tolerance towards racism in the party and several members have been expelled.
However, the party has still been embroiled in various racism scandals.
One municipal candidate shared a song on Facebook with the lyrics "Swedes are white and the country is ours", according to a report in tabloid Aftonbladet.
Last year, some of its ex-members went on to found the far-right Alternative for Sweden (AfS).
What are the key issues?
Sweden's economy is booming but many voters are concerned that housing, healthcare and welfare services have come under pressure from a wave of immigration during the 2015 migrant crisis.
That year Sweden took in a record 163,000 asylum seekers - the highest such intake in the EU, per head of population.
Sweden's traditional parties have since hardened their tone to reflect concerns about integration.
Many voters are also concerned about violence. The SD links a rise in shootings to increased immigration, although official figures show no correlation.
Is Malmo the 'rape capital' of Europe?
The SD also wants to leave the European Union and has proposed a "Swexit" referendum. However, the powerful centrist parties all oppose such a vote, so it is unlikely to go ahead.
Aside from immigration, climate change is an issue many Swedes care about - particularly after a long, hot summer and severe forest fires.
In pictures: Fighting the Swedish wildfires
Sweden country profile
During the heatwave, around 25,000 hectares of forest burned in wildfires and many farmers were forced to destroy livestock after their pasture land dried up.
Swedish teen's sit-in climate protest
Support for the Green party, which had been struggling after various internal scandals, has crept up across the country.
The Left party is making gains too, from the environmentally concerned and from centre-left voters dissatisfied with the mainstream parties' approach to migration.
Who could be in charge?
Prime Minister Lofven currently heads a minority, centre-left coalition government made up of his Social Democrats and the Green Party.
In recent years there has been a fall in support for the Social Democrats and the largest traditional opposition party, the Moderates.
However, polls suggest that the Social Democrats are narrowly ahead of other parties and may be in a position to lead another minority government.
Both the Social Democrats and the Moderates have said they will not enter a coalition with the SD, however well they perform.
Nationalist vote set to shatter Swedish calm
Sweden Democrats


text:
'Crossing Jordan' Cast Set Virtual Reunion To Promote Stacey Abrams' Fair Fight In Georgia
November 25, 2020 9:38am
The cast of NBC's crime drama Crossing Jordan have reunited in a bid to support Stacey Abrams' nonprofit organization Fair Fight in Georgia.
Jill Hennessy, Jerry O'Connell, Kathryn Hahn, Brooke Smith, Steve Valentine and Ravi Kapoor got back together in a virtual special, which will air online on Friday, November 27.
The cast of the Tim Kring-created show tell stories of their six years on the show, which ran from 2001-06, including Hahn's first day on a television or film set; memories of cast members Miguel Ferrer and Ken Howard, who both have died; and their support for Abrams' organization and the work its doing ahead of the Georgia runoffs.
Crossing Jordan, which was produced by Tailwind Productions in association with NBCUniversal, ran for 117 episodes and starred Hennessy as Jordan Cavanaugh, a crime-solving forensic pathologist employed in the Massachusetts Office of the Chief Medical Examiner.
The virtual reunion was organized by Chad Darnell, a Georgia native who was a showrunners' assistant on the show and has gone on to write movies including Shannon Sossamon-fronted The Undertaker's Wife.
"The cast and crew was a very closeknit family for those six years on the Universal backlot," he said. "I'm so grateful the cast came together to share stories about our years together and to help raise awareness and donations for Fair Fight."
Hennessy added, "I'm so grateful to hang with this brilliant and hilarious family again in support of Fair Fight. It's like we never left the morgue."
Fair Fight


There are only two roads out of Anchorage: the one that heads north and the one that heads south.
Our van driver who takes us from the Hilton Garden Inn Anchorage to pick up a rental car, asks where we are headed. I tell him that today we are planning to drive up to Flattop Mountain. I sit directly behind him and see his head shake in the negative.
Simultaneously, I have pulled out a notebook as the couple seated behind us is telling an oddly fascinating story about a famous golfer from Chile who owns a restaurant.
I assume this restaurant is in Anchorage, but no, it turns out – it's in Chile. So now I look at the first notation in my shiny new notebook for documenting a visit to Anchorage: a restaurant suggestion in Chile.
I hear our van driver say, "go north." Wisely, he's probably given up on his van of tourists talking about restaurants in Chile. He now must be addressing someone through his radio.
He points towards what I can only assume is south and an ominous looking cloud bank, the sole blight on Anchorage's morning blue sky. For Pete's sake, I imagine him thinking, shouldn't these people already be grounded in their sense of direction and know the two ways out of town?
Getting a bit more specific the van driver suggests driving two hours towards the town of Takeetna, located at the base of Mount McKinley, the tallest mountain in North America.
After hearing the lame story of how Ohio congressmen from President McKinley's district continue to block an official name change of the mountain back to the original Denali, meaning "high one," from this point in the story on, we will do as the Alaskans do and refer to both mountain and park as Denali.
Although I'm still grateful for this mini adventure the van driver has sent us on, we learn the valuable lesson that Alaska weather isn't always as easy to forecast as looking at the sky.
During our drive "north," each time I blink or even think about something else for a second or two, the weather seems to switch from sun to rain and back again.
When we arrive in Talkeetna it is drizzling.
Denali, formerly known to us as Mt. McKinley, is obscured while directly above us puffy low lying clouds look as if they might break apart at any minute.
In the past hour or so we have learned from our guidebook that Denali the park is huge – as in 6 million acres huge, and that Denali the park entrance is still 200 miles away.
Dave and I had discussed earlier how a day trip to Denali didn't seem feasible for this visit to Anchorage. Nine hours of driving – definitely too much, we decided – whatever a decision looks like in these circumstances – but I couldn't miss the glint in Dave's eye.
"You've come this far, you might as well go all the way," the lady from the grocery store says.
One person's perfect day trip is another person's day from hell. For us, hitting the road fixes just about everything.
Over 25 years of marriage has taught us to always move forward once we are committed to doing so, hopeful but not expecting much. The one thing I know for sure is that both low and high points in life, days, weeks or years always come at you better with a dose of cautious optimism.
Once we decide to go all the way to Denali, the park with rangers and the one we'd heard so much about, we let this part of our visit to Alaska unfold as it will.
Besides, what else were we going to do?
No – the weather wasn't crystal clear perfect on what became our Denali day trip.
No – we never did get much of a look at Denali the mountain (it can stay hidden for weeks at a time apparently.) But we are surprised given there wasn't any fall color yet in Anchorage that we were there during what the park ranger tells us is peak week for fall color in Denali. We saw a moose and two bears – dumb luck according to people we have told.
Dave and I love planes, trains and day trips planned by more sane people; we also love staying in one place.
But sometimes, even though we wouldn't change one of them, our life choices sometimes begin to feel uncomfortably restrictive. This is not a lament, but I think this past week in Anchorage, we needed to drive.
Whenever we do rent a car and hit the road, we always seem to find something we only think we may have lost.
Only you can decide if this is a day trip you would like to take, or if you would prefer to take a day or two staying in closer proximity to Denali instead. Or maybe another one of Anchorage's other day trips by boat, train, plane or car would suit.
I'm curious though – what is your ideal kind of day trip? Also have you been to Alaska? What did you think?
I look forward to sharing more about Anchorage and Alaska soon! Happy travels!
Huge thank you to the Hilton Garden Inn Anchorage for putting us up and getting us to Alaska as part of their blogger campaign, #HGIAdventure. What a great place to rest your head after a long drive! No – I would not rather be camping!


The CMT Music Awards are going down on June 6th with CMA Music Festival following up the awards making it a crazy, star-studded week in Nashville, Tennessee.
Before the CMT Music Awards, the CMT Remotes happen where Bobby, Amy, and Lunchbox get to sit down with the artists performing and presenting to talk new music, life and basically whatever else comes to mind.
Lunchbox interviewed Kelsea Ballerini and in true Lunchbox fashion, the interview started off a little bizarre. He told Ballerini, "You walked in the room and it smells beautiful!" It was meant to be taken as a compliment but turned into a weird conversation. We're here for it.
Not to be taken from the fact that Lunchbox got Ballerini to admit the first person she'd thank if she won an award. Ballerini said it would be her mother, but then quickly retracted saying her new husband Morgan Evans.


text:
CBS Student Board
Fall 2022 Career Exploration Group
Feeling lost and alone in your career path?
Been in spaces where it seems like you're the only person in CBS who doesn't have their future mapped out?
Thought you wanted to go to medical school, but you actually don't and don't know what your options are?
Wondering what you can do with your bachelor's degree?
Wanting to learn about yourself and how you fit into the world of work?
...then the Career Exploration Group is for you! Connect with others to find a community of other CBS students who are having similar experiences to you. Participants in this group will be led through the process of exploring careers through informational presentations, hands-on activities, discussions, and personal reflection.
This group is led by CBS Career Coach, Mary Shannon Bocock, and meets biweekly on Thursdays from 5:30-6:30 p.m. in MCB 2-122. Food will be provided.
Session dates and topics:
September 29 – What does it mean to explore careers and Strong Interest Inventory Assessment.
October 13 – Strong Interest Inventory results and exploration resources.
October 27 – Talking about our interests/passions and the Flow concept.
November 10 – Exposure to careers and LinkedIn and Maroon and Gold Network profiles.
December 1 – Setting goals and creating action steps for future success.
Students who join the group should plan to attend all five sessions.
REGISTER HERE >
Undergraduate students, Career support


Valentine Week List 2019: Hello all here in this post we are going to brief you about the valentines week list and their dates. So lets get into this without wasting time. So what is extended valentines week? Confused? or easy to get an idea? I guess its quite easy to get idea from the name itself 😛 , yes you got it right. Its a extended valentines week so that couples can celebrate and have fun over a week extra.
Normally a valentines week is from 7th to 14th feb – This we shall discuss in our upcoming sections. So now lets get into the section of 7 to 21 february days. So ready to know? Here you go.
So cleared your doubts on extended week? some may sound really weired!! i guess i'm right. particularly the last one, breakup day 😛 .
Okay chill, now lets get into the 7 feb to 14 feb days list ofcourse i already mentioned it previously itself. But for our readers who comes through search will be directly comes to this section. so for them we are again making a separate row only for feb 7 to 21 days list.
Guys, here you go, don't trouble your valentine in these days. Particularly in kiss and hug day. If you know what i mean lol. Yes i mean it.!
Lets discuss each and every day in brief here.
What is 7th feb of valentines week? its Rose day <3 . What was that? Let me explain dont worry.
Rose day is the first day of valentines week. Most people will choose between color red and white roses. so people will give white rose to the person who they like to be best friends forever, and people prefer red color rose for the one who wants to be their life partner. Hope you are clear about this one.
Which day the 8th of feb refers to? its none other than propose day.
Its a no slap day, you should not slap the person who proposes to you on this day. either he/she accept or reject, you will not get slap, I repeat you will not!
For promise day, be prepared to promise to your loved one's in a special way that you will not let him/her go away from his/her life. Its like promising that i will not cheap her, literally.
Its time for you to hug your most loved person. This day will definitely create some positive energy around you and your partner. Because i already said its a hug day. On this day hug your partner for 30 or more seconds and create trust and positive thoughts. Be gentle man/women. You have valentines day left so be very gentle.
Its a most waited kiss day! yahhhhh. Kiss Kiss Kiss that's all i can say. But everything has an end stop when you are done. dont over do. you have the next day i.e 14th feb to do all stuffs you want more than a kiss.


The cast iron enameled Kohler Reve Collection soaking tub features a Delta Tesla floor mounted tub filler complete with a hand sprayer.
A spacious upstairs bonus room features a roughed in mini bar location, finished storage closet and additional attic storage space accessible from the finish floor level.
The spacious 2.5 car garage features finished mill work, a painted floor and a utility sink.
The sizable master features large master bath with garden tub, walk-in shower, and dual-vanities.
Relax on your covered patio overlooking privacy fenced backyard and sparkling salt system pool with new Polaris pump and pool heater.
Updated eat-in kitchen features stainless steel appliances, new garbage disposal, plenty of counter and cabinet space, breakfast bar, and large breakfast nook.
This 5 bedroom, 4 bathroom home has been recently renovated and boasts new carpet, new paint, updated fixtures and finishes, new A/C unit, vaulted ceilings, spacious rooms with large closets throughout, three-car garage with added overhead storage, formal dining room, lots of natural light, beautiful new landscaping, and an open floor plan for the ultimate in flow for entertaining.
Multiple picture windows overlook oversized deck with large pergola, deck swing, gorgeous 12' gazebo, and deep back yard.
The kitchen is a cook's dream boasting custom maple cabinets, brand new fridge, double ovens, gas cooktop, large island, and new lighting.
Whole house vacuum system, 2 hot water heaters (1 tankless), newer AC (2013), and unbelievable storage throughout make this one really special!
Large gas fireplace in living with built-in shelving and window seat.
3 car garage with bonus golf cart bay.
A split floor plan with huge master suite.
Brand new roof and HVAC systems!
Steps from the tennis courts, community pool and clubhouse.
Rear of house opens to a concrete patio area ideal for cook outs.
The master bathroom features a double vanity, soaking tub, and a shower stall water closet combination.
It offers a very functional floor plan that features volume ceilings downstairs, crown molding, 5 1/4 baseboards, large living room, and so much more.
There is a half bath downstairs and large living area that is overlooked by galley style kitchen which has solid surface countertops.
Incredible spacious master suite on main level with 2 shower heads, rain head, jetted tub, separate vanities, and massive walk-in closet.
Additional bedroom suite on main level.
Landscaped yard with irrigation system.
Wet bar with copper sink accessible to dining and formal living areas.
The right side of the upstairs offers great space extra bedroom and closet or for office or big work out room/play room or media area.
Gated entry from rear offers priviacy and easy single step entry from two car garage.
Built in cabinets around the wood fire place are perfect for TV and special books and objet d'art Back part of main living area has a half bath; laundry room and hall to the garage.
Large front entry offer gleaming wood floors for the entire main level This leads to large dining area and super large master bedroom to the right with large bath and closetit includeds a jetted Tub and shower make this a great suite.
Light & bright kitchen with utility hook ups.
21x12 concrete floored basement with tall ceilings, electrical and lighting.
Lovely archway opens to dining room with original light fixture.
Living room has wood burning fireplace and opens to 15x9 screened porch through French Doors.
Kitchen has granite counters with ample bar seating, sizeable pantry, cabinets with deep pot drawers, and is completely open to family room and dining area.
Unusually HUGE backyard for Bull Run is completely privacy-fenced and has tall scrubs and trees in the back section for added privacy.
Family room has gas stone fireplace and hearth, an entertainment nook designed for large flat screen TV's, beautiful wooden built-ins and more.
Master suite is opposite the other three bedrooms and has trey ceilings, with large bathroom to include double sinks, separate shower with seamless walking entry, separate jetted tub, large linen closet, and private water closet.
There is a brand new gas water heater in the garage and the sellers will provide a home warranty with an acceptable contract!
There is an oversized side entrance garage that will easily accommodate two cars, with built in storage racks and access to the attic.
The kitchen and master bathroom were recently renovated.
You will find a duel vanity sink in both the master (with granite countertop) and 2nd bathroom making getting ready a breeze.
The master bathroom and dining room light fixtures are excluded from the sale.
You'll notice the custom wide plank hardwood floors, high ceilings with a tremendous amount of natural light and open living areas with gourmet kitchen.
All main living areas over look the outdoor living space with beautiful pool - there's a pool bath off of the patio as well, adding to the functionality of this well laid out home.
The guest rooms are on the other side of the home and a full guest suite is upstairs.
Split Plan with private master suite.
Over 1, 100 square foot of covered porch living area (wired for sound and tv) custom stone pavers around pool/porch area, and hot tub.
Beautiful yard with mature trees, and well landscaped.
Updated kitchen with stainless steel appliances, granite counter tops.
LOTS of cabinets and counter space and quality stainless appliances complete the kitchen!
Formal dining room has a built in china cabinet and triple window overlooking the back yard.
There's even a private sunroom off the owner's suite perfect for nursery, office or sitting area.
There is a mud room entry into the kitchen from the carport.
Eat in kitchen offers stainless appliances, gas range, double gas oven, large island with bar seating and white subway tile.
Bright and spacious open floorplan, well appointed with beautiful upgrades including crown and toe molding, wood like tile flooring, lit tray ceilings, quartz countertops and gas fireplace with built-ins on both sides.
Large laundry off garage with drop zone, ample storage, screened porch and fenced backyard that backs up to a greenspace.
5 spacious bedrooms with downstairs master featuring walk in closet, tile shower and soaking tub.
Separate flex room ideal for office, media room or formal dining room.
This is an open concept home with tray ceilings up to 14' in living area and 9 or 10'ceilings elsewhere.
The master includes HUGE walk-in closet w/ deluxe master bath featuring double lavatories, walk-in shower & separate soaking tub.
Laundry sink in laundry room, 2-car side-entry garage, covered front entry porch and covered rear porch overlooks beautiful backyard.
Recently Sold Homes in Tallahassee, FL have a median listing price of $195,000 and a price per square foot of $126. There are 1,582 active recently sold homes in Tallahassee, Florida, which spend an average of days on the market. Some of the hottest neighborhoods near Tallahassee, FL are Killearn Estates, Southwood, Betton Hills, Killearn Acres, Centerville. You may also be interested in recently sold homes in popular zip codes like 32312, 32303, or in neighboring cities, such as Crawfordville, Havana, Quincy, Monticello, Jacksonville.


You worked hard building your estate, so don't let bad timing, exorbitant estate taxes or the economy destroy it. At CA Wealth Management, we work with you to establish multigenerational wealth.
Your estate will go to either your heirs, a charity or the government –but with our help, the choice can entirely be yours. Our advisors will help you understand how your assets will be distributed through the years, keeping the changing market and taxes in mind. We work closely with your CPA and current estate planner to make sure all the pieces of your financial plan are working together in harmony – something many estate plans fail to do.
Our objective is to give you a better sense of where you are, where you want to go and how we can help you get there. Keeping a long retirement in mind, our advisors work with your existing counsel to give you peace of mind by helping you coordinate a comprehensive plan to create a lasting legacy and security for your family.


My tutorial, SAMtools: A Primer is now available online. My hope is that the primer eases some of the "information pain" usually associated with learning next-generation sequence analysis. To that end, the primer is completely self-contained — you only need to install SAMtools, and the tutorial section walks you through a complete next-generation sequence analysis work-flow.
Sample data sets are provided on the companion github repository, and a short glossary is also included at the end of the document.
If you identify any errors or have suggestions for improving the primer, I would love to hear from you. Just drop me an email at: cerami AT gmail.com.
August, 2013 Update: The Primer now has a new section where you can immediately post feedback and questions. Thanks for all the feedback so far!


text:
Q: Chrome extension web server I would like to ask, is it possible to store a chrome extension on a web server?
I have tried storing it on a file server, but I would like to know if it's feasible to do it on a web server.
Any suggestions and suggested links would be greatly appreciated; thanks!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Schindler Elevator Corporation recently petitioned the Supreme Court of New Jersey to rebuke the plaintiffs' bar's most recent attempt to circumvent the longstanding prohibition on "Golden Rule" arguments. During closing arguments in Tufaro v. Headquarters Plaza, et al., a personal-injury trial, plaintiff's counsel asked the jurors to think of awarding compensation "in terms of putting a want ad in the paper." The hypothetical want ad would describe a job offer, one in which the applicant's only duty is to suffer the plaintiff's specific injuries. The insinuation is simple: How much payment would the jurors require to voluntarily endure the plaintiff's injury? In other words, plaintiff's counsel asks the jury to award damages based on how much compensation they would negotiate ex ante before agreeing to suffer the plaintiff's injuries. This is exactly the type of Golden Rule argument that courts have long forbidden.
At least since the Nineteenth Century, American courts have recognized that Golden Rule-type arguments should be prohibited. Courts began striking down various iterations of these arguments, such as asking the jury to place themselves in the position of one party; to award the damages for an injured body part based on what value a juror would place on their own body part; or to estimate what price the market may set for the voluntary infliction of pain. Then, in the 1950s, courts began using the nomenclature "Golden Rule" as an umbrella term covering various forms of improper argument.
Such a standard cannot be applied in actions for personal injury … which result in severe pain. There is no market in which the price of a voluntary subjection of one's self to pain and suffering can be fixed. There is no market standard of value to be applied, and to suggest the idea of price to be paid to a volunteer as an approximation to the money value of suffering is to give loose rein to sympathy and caprice.
Baker exposes the thinly-veiled reality of the plaintiffs' bar's "want-ad" tactic: it is not new and it is not legally permissible. This specific variation of the hypothetical was not even novel. Rather, it was the product of a concerted effort by the plaintiffs' bar to circumvent over a century of jurisprudence by adding a slight wrinkle to a generic argument. In fact, at least three California appellate courts have already recognized that these want-ad hypotheticals are Golden Rule arguments and thus amount to misconduct.
New Jersey's Supreme Court should review Tufaro and instruct the state's trial courts that Golden Rule arguments are per se impermissible—regardless of the varying verbiage or how many hypothetical layers an attorney may place between the jury and the plaintiff's position. The result is the same: these want-ad closing arguments jeopardize the jury's impartiality and ask jurors to award compensation based on bias and emotion rather than the proper legal standard. They also prejudicially ask jurors to take an ex ante volunteer perspective when assessing a non-volunteer's ex post damages.
The court should draw a bright-line rule so that defendants aren't forced to appeal each time the plaintiffs' bar fabricates a new iteration of the same tired misconduct. Jurists around the country have recognized the need for clarity, yet trial courts continue to skirt the issue. Considering that reviewing courts only subject improper argument violations to harmless-error analysis, the courts' failure to state the law with precision only further insulates the plaintiffs' bar's misconduct each time they alter slightly the language of their improper arguments—thus denying defendants their right to a fair trial. New Jersey should draw a clear line and remove the incentive for misconduct during closing arguments.


text:
package com.amazonaws.eclipse.core.ui;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;

import org.eclipse.core.databinding.AggregateValidationStatus;
import org.eclipse.core.databinding.DataBindingContext;
import org.eclipse.core.databinding.beans.PojoObservables;
import org.eclipse.core.databinding.observable.ChangeEvent;
import org.eclipse.core.databinding.observable.IChangeListener;
import org.eclipse.core.databinding.validation.IValidator;
import org.eclipse.core.runtime.IStatus;
import org.eclipse.jface.dialogs.IDialogConstants;
import org.eclipse.jface.dialogs.TitleAreaDialog;
import org.eclipse.jface.layout.TableColumnLayout;
import org.eclipse.jface.viewers.ArrayContentProvider;
import org.eclipse.jface.viewers.ColumnLabelProvider;
import org.eclipse.jface.viewers.ColumnWeightData;
import org.eclipse.jface.viewers.DoubleClickEvent;
import org.eclipse.jface.viewers.IDoubleClickListener;
import org.eclipse.jface.viewers.ISelectionChangedListener;
import org.eclipse.jface.viewers.IStructuredSelection;
import org.eclipse.jface.viewers.SelectionChangedEvent;
import org.eclipse.jface.viewers.TableViewer;
import org.eclipse.jface.viewers.TableViewerColumn;
import org.eclipse.jface.window.Window;
import org.eclipse.swt.SWT;
import org.eclipse.swt.events.SelectionAdapter;
import org.eclipse.swt.events.SelectionEvent;
import org.eclipse.swt.events.SelectionListener;
import org.eclipse.swt.layout.GridData;
import org.eclipse.swt.layout.GridLayout;
import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Button;
import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Composite;
import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Control;
import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.Shell;
import org.eclipse.swt.widgets.TableColumn;

import com.amazonaws.eclipse.core.AwsToolkitCore;
import com.amazonaws.eclipse.core.model.KeyValueSetDataModel;
import com.amazonaws.eclipse.core.model.KeyValueSetDataModel.Pair;
import com.amazonaws.eclipse.core.validator.KeyNotDuplicateValidator;
import com.amazonaws.eclipse.core.widget.TextComplex;
import com.amazonaws.eclipse.databinding.NotEmptyValidator;

public class KeyValueSetEditingComposite extends Composite {

    private final KeyValueSetDataModel dataModel;

    private TableViewer viewer;
    private Button addButton;
    private Button editButton;
    private Button removeButton;

    private Button saveButton;
    private final KeyValueEditingUiText uiText;

    private String addButtonText = "Add";
    private String editButtonText = "Edit";
    private String removeButtonText = "Remove";
    private String saveButtonText = "Save";

    private String keyColLabel = "name";
    private String valueColLabel = "value";

    private final List<IValidator> keyValidators;
    private final List<IValidator> valueValidators;
    private final SelectionListener saveListener;

    private KeyValueSetEditingComposite(Composite parent,
            KeyValueSetDataModel dataModel,
            List<IValidator> keyValidators,
            List<IValidator> valueValidators,
            SelectionListener saveListener,
            KeyValueEditingUiText uiText) {
        super(parent, SWT.BORDER);
        this.dataModel = dataModel;

        this.keyValidators = keyValidators;
        this.valueValidators = valueValidators;
        this.saveListener = saveListener;
        this.uiText = uiText;

        setLayoutData(new GridData(SWT.FILL, SWT.FILL, true, true));
        setLayout(new GridLayout());
        createControl();
        initButtonsStatus();
    }

    private void createControl() {
        createTagsTableViewerSection();
        createButtonsSection();
    }

    private void createTagsTableViewerSection() {
        Composite container = new Composite(this, SWT.NONE);
        TableColumnLayout tableColumnLayout = new TableColumnLayout();
        container.setLayout(tableColumnLayout);
        container.setLayoutData(new GridData(SWT.FILL, SWT.FILL, true, true));
        viewer = new TableViewer(container, SWT.MULTI | SWT.H_SCROLL | SWT.V_SCROLL | SWT.FULL_SELECTION | SWT.BORDER);
        viewer.getControl().setLayoutData(new GridData(GridData.FILL, GridData.FILL, true, true));
        viewer.getTable().setHeaderVisible(true);
        viewer.getTable().setLinesVisible(true);

        viewer.setContentProvider(new ArrayContentProvider());
        createColumns(viewer, tableColumnLayout);
        viewer.setInput(dataModel.getPairSet());
        viewer.addDoubleClickListener(new IDoubleClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void doubleClick(DoubleClickEvent e) {
                onEditButton();
            }
        });
        viewer.addSelectionChangedListener(new ISelectionChangedListener() {
            @Override
            public void selectionChanged(SelectionChangedEvent arg0) {
                onSelectionChanged();
            }
        });
    }

    private void createButtonsSection() {
        Composite buttonPanel = new Composite(this, SWT.NONE);
        buttonPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(4, false));
        buttonPanel.setLayoutData(new GridData(GridData.FILL, GridData.CENTER, true, false));

        addButton = new Button(buttonPanel, SWT.PUSH);
        addButton.setImage(AwsToolkitCore.getDefault().getImageRegistry().get(AwsToolkitCore.IMAGE_ADD));
        addButton.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
            @Override
            public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
                Pair newPair = new Pair("", "");
                if (Window.OK == new KeyValueEditingDialog(getShell(), dataModel.getPairSet(), newPair,
                        uiText.getAddDialogTitle(), uiText.getAddDialogMessage(),
                        uiText.getKeyLabelText(), uiText.getValueLabelText()).open()) {
                    dataModel.getPairSet().add(newPair);
                    refreshOnEditing();
                }
            }
        });
        addButton.setText(addButtonText());

        editButton = new Button(buttonPanel, SWT.PUSH);
        editButton.setImage(AwsToolkitCore.getDefault().getImageRegistry().get(AwsToolkitCore.IMAGE_EDIT));
        editButton.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
            @Override
            public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
                onEditButton();
            }
        });
        editButton.setText(editButtonText);

        removeButton = new Button(buttonPanel, SWT.PUSH);
        removeButton.setImage(AwsToolkitCore.getDefault().getImageRegistry().get(AwsToolkitCore.IMAGE_REMOVE));
        removeButton.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
            @Override
            public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
                for (Pair pair : getSelectedObjects()) {
                    dataModel.getPairSet().remove(pair);
                }
                refreshOnEditing();
            }
        });
        removeButton.setText(removeButtonText);

        saveButton = new Button(buttonPanel, SWT.PUSH);
        saveButton.setImage(AwsToolkitCore.getDefault().getImageRegistry().get(AwsToolkitCore.IMAGE_SAVE));
        if (saveListener != null) {
            saveButton.addSelectionListener(saveListener);
        }
        saveButton.addSelectionListener(new SelectionAdapter() {
            @Override
            public void widgetSelected(SelectionEvent e) {
                saveButton.setEnabled(false);
            }
        });
        saveButton.setText(saveButtonText);
    }

    private void onEditButton() {
        Collection<Pair> selectedPairs = getSelectedObjects();
        for (Pair pair : selectedPairs) {
            String oldKey = pair.getKey();
            String oldValue = pair.getValue();
            if (Window.OK != new KeyValueEditingDialog(getShell(), dataModel.getPairSet(), pair,
                    uiText.getEditDialogTitle(), uiText.getEditDialogMessage(),
                    uiText.getKeyLabelText(), uiText.getValueLabelText()).open()) {
                pair.setKey(oldKey);
                pair.setValue(oldValue);
            }
            refreshOnEditing();
        }
    }

    public void refresh() {
        updateUI(true);
    }

    private void updateUI(boolean initialRefresh) {
        viewer.refresh();
        addButton.setText(addButtonText());
        addButton.setEnabled(dataModel.isUnlimitedPairs() || dataModel.getPairSet().size() < dataModel.getMaxPairs());
        saveButton.setEnabled(!initialRefresh);
    }

    private void refreshOnEditing() {
        updateUI(false);
    }

    private String addButtonText() {
        return dataModel.isUnlimitedPairs() ? addButtonText :
            String.format("%s (%d left)", addButtonText, dataModel.getMaxPairs() - dataModel.getPairSet().size());
    }

    private void initButtonsStatus() {
        editButton.setEnabled(false);
        removeButton.setEnabled(false);
        saveButton.setEnabled(false);
    }

    private void onSelectionChanged() {
        boolean objectSelected = getSelectedObjects().size() > 0;
        editButton.setEnabled(objectSelected);
        removeButton.setEnabled(objectSelected);
    }

    private void createColumns(TableViewer viewer, TableColumnLayout layout) {
        createColumn(viewer, 0, keyColLabel, layout);
        createColumn(viewer, 1, valueColLabel, layout);
    }

    private Collection<Pair> getSelectedObjects() {
        IStructuredSelection s = (IStructuredSelection) viewer.getSelection();
        List<Pair> pairs = new LinkedList<>();
        Iterator<?> iter = s.iterator();
        while (iter.hasNext()) {
            Object next = iter.next();
            if (next instanceof Pair)
                pairs.add((Pair)next);
        }
        return pairs;
    }

    private TableViewerColumn createColumn(final TableViewer viewer, final int index, final String text, final TableColumnLayout layout) {
        TableViewerColumn viewerColumn = new TableViewerColumn(viewer, SWT.NONE);
        TableColumn column = viewerColumn.getColumn();
        column.setText(text);
        viewerColumn.setLabelProvider(new ColumnLabelProvider() {
            @Override
            public String getText(Object element) {
                Pair pair = (Pair) element;
                switch (index) {
                case 0: return pair.getKey();
                case 1: return pair.getValue();
                }
                return element.toString();
            }
        });
        layout.setColumnData(column, new ColumnWeightData(50, 200, true));
        return viewerColumn;
    }

    public static class KeyValueEditingUiText {
        private String addDialogTitle = "Add Tag";
        private String addDialogMessage = "Add a new tag";
        private String editDialogTitle = "Edit Tag";
        private String editDialogMessage = "Edit the existing tag";
        private String keyLabelText = "Tag Name:";
        private String valueLabelText = "Tag Value:";

        public KeyValueEditingUiText() {}

        public KeyValueEditingUiText(String addDialogTitle, String addDialogMessage, String editDialogTitle,
                String editDialogMessage, String keyLabelText, String valueLabelText) {
            this.addDialogTitle = addDialogTitle;
            this.addDialogMessage = addDialogMessage;
            this.editDialogTitle = editDialogTitle;
            this.editDialogMessage = editDialogMessage;
            this.keyLabelText = keyLabelText;
            this.valueLabelText = valueLabelText;
        }

        public String getAddDialogTitle() {
            return addDialogTitle;
        }

        public void setAddDialogTitle(String addDialogTitle) {
            this.addDialogTitle = addDialogTitle;
        }

        public String getAddDialogMessage() {
            return addDialogMessage;
        }

        public void setAddDialogMessage(String addDialogMessage) {
            this.addDialogMessage = addDialogMessage;
        }

        public String getEditDialogTitle() {
            return editDialogTitle;
        }

        public void setEditDialogTitle(String editDialogTitle) {
            this.editDialogTitle = editDialogTitle;
        }

        public String getEditDialogMessage() {
            return editDialogMessage;
        }

        public void setEditDialogMessage(String editDialogMessage) {
            this.editDialogMessage = editDialogMessage;
        }

        public String getKeyLabelText() {
            return keyLabelText;
        }

        public void setKeyLabelText(String keyLabelText) {
            this.keyLabelText = keyLabelText;
        }

        public String getValueLabelText() {
            return valueLabelText;
        }

        public void setValueLabelText(String valueLabelText) {
            this.valueLabelText = valueLabelText;
        }
    }

    public static class KeyValueSetEditingCompositeBuilder {
        private List<IValidator> keyValidators = new ArrayList<>();
        private List<IValidator> valueValidators = new ArrayList<>();
        private SelectionListener saveListener;
        private KeyValueEditingUiText uiText = new KeyValueEditingUiText();

        public KeyValueSetEditingComposite build(Composite parent, KeyValueSetDataModel dataModel) {
            return new KeyValueSetEditingComposite(parent, dataModel, keyValidators, valueValidators, saveListener, uiText);
        }

        public KeyValueSetEditingCompositeBuilder addKeyValidator(IValidator validator) {
            this.keyValidators.add(validator);
            return this;
        }

        public KeyValueSetEditingCompositeBuilder addValueValidator(IValidator validator) {
            this.valueValidators.add(validator);
            return this;
        }

        public KeyValueSetEditingCompositeBuilder saveListener(SelectionListener saveListener) {
            this.saveListener = saveListener;
            return this;
        }

        public KeyValueSetEditingCompositeBuilder uiText(KeyValueEditingUiText uiText) {
            this.uiText = uiText;
            return this;
        }
    }

    private class KeyValueEditingDialog extends TitleAreaDialog {

        private final DataBindingContext dataBindingContext = new DataBindingContext();
        private final AggregateValidationStatus aggregateValidationStatus;
        private final List<Pair> pairSet;
        private final Pair pairModel;

        private TextComplex keyText;
        private TextComplex valueText;

        private final String title;
        private final String message;
        private final String keyLabel;
        private final String valueLabel;

        public KeyValueEditingDialog(Shell parent, List<Pair> pairSet, Pair model, String title, String message, String keyLabel, String valueLabel) {
            super(parent);
            this.pairSet = pairSet;
            this.pairModel = model;
            this.aggregateValidationStatus = new AggregateValidationStatus(
                    dataBindingContext, AggregateValidationStatus.MAX_SEVERITY);
            this.title = title;
            this.message = message;
            this.keyLabel = keyLabel;
            this.valueLabel = valueLabel;
        }

        @Override
        public void create() {
            super.create();
            setTitle(title);
            setMessage(message);
            aggregateValidationStatus.addChangeListener(new IChangeListener() {
                @Override
                public void handleChange(ChangeEvent event) {
                    populateValidationStatus();
                }
            });
            populateValidationStatus();
        }

        @Override
        protected Control createDialogArea(Composite parent) {
            Composite area = (Composite) super.createDialogArea(parent);
            Composite container = new Composite(area, SWT.NONE);
            container.setLayoutData(new GridData(SWT.FILL, SWT.FILL, true, true));
            GridLayout layout = new GridLayout(2, false);
            container.setLayout(layout);

            keyText = TextComplex.builder(container, dataBindingContext, PojoObservables.observeValue(pairModel, Pair.P_KEY))
                    .labelValue(keyLabel)
                    .defaultValue(pairModel.getKey())
                    .addValidator(new NotEmptyValidator("The key name cannot be empty."))
                    .addValidator(new KeyNotDuplicateValidator(pairSet, pairModel, "This field must not contain duplicate items."))
                    .addValidators(keyValidators)
                    .build();

            valueText = TextComplex.builder(container, dataBindingContext, PojoObservables.observeValue(pairModel, Pair.P_VALUE))
                    .labelValue(valueLabel)
                    .defaultValue(pairModel.getValue())
                    .addValidators(valueValidators)
                    .build();

            return area;
        }

        @Override
        protected boolean isResizable() {
            return true;
        }

        private void populateValidationStatus() {

            IStatus status = getValidationStatus();
            if (status == null) return;

            if (status.getSeverity() == IStatus.OK) {
                this.setErrorMessage(null);
                getButton(IDialogConstants.OK_ID).setEnabled(true);
            } else {
                setErrorMessage(status.getMessage());
                getButton(IDialogConstants.OK_ID).setEnabled(false);
            }
        }

        private IStatus getValidationStatus() {
            if (aggregateValidationStatus == null) return null;
            Object value = aggregateValidationStatus.getValue();
            if (!(value instanceof IStatus)) return null;
            return (IStatus)value;
        }
    }
}


Today is the birthday of Our Mother, Mary. On our mother's birthday we, as good children, try offer her a present. In order to make the right choice of gift, you have to put yourself in your mother's place and think what she would love to have. And we know that, much more than material things, mothers long for affection, thoughtfulness. They love to have their children around and to see them happy. That's always the best gift for a mother and Mary is very much Our Mother.
Little children offer little things… but with great love. Blessed Álvaro told a story that can help us to pray today. During the month of May, an African Catholic family lived the custom of offering something special to Our Lady every day. At the end of the day, each member of the family would leave a note with the offering under a small image of Mary. The offerings were very simple: study better, help the younger brother or sister, do their jobs, pray with more attention and devotion… One day, however, the boy (who was about 12 years old) had a horrible day: he was especially lazy that day and was told off in school, he was disobedient, he had a few fights at home, he didn't finish his homework… and, finally, he was sent to bed without dinner. His mother thought he wouldn't dare to leave a note that day. But before she went to bed she checked and was surprised to see his note at the feet of Our Lady. She never read those notes, but that day she felt curious to know what he had written. This is what the note said: "I'm sorry, Mother. I've done everything wrong today." His mother was moved. And so was Bl Álvaro when telling the story. And, surely, so was Our Lady. Because mothers know that, even if we have nothing else to offer, contrition is a great present. Happy Birthday, Mother!


Theophile POUGET-ABADIE, (2016), London School of Economics and Political Sciences, Msc Economic History.
Latin America is a fascinating case for anyone studying modern economic development. How does one explain the economic divergence of North and South America? How do you account for the East Asian miracle on one side of the Pacific, and the "lost decade" of the 1980s on the other? When placed in perspective, Latin America's current level of development is perplexing at best, shameful at worse. In the late 19th century, it was a land of opportunity. Thousands of Europeans migrated to the continent to profit from the abundant natural resources and nascent manufacturing sector. In 1890, Argentinian GDP per capita was twice that of South Korea, and higher than France or Germany. Today, the situation is reversed.
Over the course of the 20th century, Latin America oscillated from free-market capitalism to state-led dirigisme. The latter was epitomized in the import substitution industrialization (ISI) strategy adopted in the mid-century. The question we ask ourselves is: how successful was ISI policy in promoting economic development in Latin America?
By definition, ISI is an attempt by economically less-developed countries to break out of the world division of labor. It consists of establishing domestic production facilities to manufacture goods that were formerly imported. The textbook history of Latin America can be summarized as follows. From the 1870s to the 1930s, Latin Americans played by neoclassical rules, fully integrating in the world economy. But the Great Depression and World War II forced autarky upon them. Faced with shortages and deteriorating terms of trade, they adopted ISI policies. However, in the 1980s, a series of debt crisis and subsequent IMF structural adjustment programs ended the ISI experience. The fact that it was abandoned in the 1980s and 1990s seems to point to its failure. Or does it? Does the data corroborate the failure of ISI? If so, was it a failure of policy, or of policy implementation? Does this help us understand the divergent experiences of Latin America on the hand, and East Asia on the other?
The thesis I will be defending is that it was not so much ISI in itself but its implementation that failed. This failure stems from the fact that it did not address the fundamental causes of economic growth: physical and human capital accumulation.
In the first section, we will begin by looking at the standard story of ISI in Latin America. In the second section, we will outline three important qualifications, drawing from Rodrik, Haber and Baer. These nuances will enable us to elaborate our thesis in the third section.
We begin with a brief historical overview of the implementation of ISI in Latin America. From the late 19th century to the mid-20th century, Latin American development was consistent with the neoclassical ideas of comparative advantage and free trade. Export-oriented growth, primarily of primary products, made the continent rich.
Construction by governments of infrastructure especially designed to complement industries.
Thus, ISI was a policy implemented in Latin America from the 1930s to the 1980s as a response to the international environment.
What are the results of ISI on Latin American development? At first sight, they appear dismal. Indeed, the GDP pc numbers show a clear reversal of fortunes between Latin America and Asia in the 20th century.
After World War II, Latin America's share of world exports declined sharply: from 11% in 1950 to 4% in 1975. As early as 1972, Baer sensed the failure of ISI to achieve its goals2. He notes that in the late 1960s, over 90% of Argentinian and Brazilian exports still consisted of primary products. In his introduction, he writes that by the late 1960s, "industrial growth had slowed, job opportunities in industry for Latin America's rapidly growing urban population were scarce, income distribution had in many countries either remained unchanged or had become more concentrated than in the early post-World War II years, and most industrial goods produced within the region were priced so high that export possibilities were severely limited." When contrasted with the East Asian experience, typically characterized as export or outward oriented, ISI policies in Latin America seem to have failed.
The shift to outward orientation in the 1980s brought the ISI experience to an end. In the 1970s, the failure of ISI had become clear to economists and policy makers. Thus, Latin American governments were faced with a dilemma. They could put an end to market distortions by opening up to foreign trade (which meant tearing down trade barriers and devaluing their currencies). Or, they could benefit from the boom in international capital markets and borrow to subsidize a system that had run into decreasing marginal returns. This is what they chose to do. In the words of Stephen Haber, they "bought time by borrowing abroad"3. This ended in numerous debt crises in the 1980s, and the IMF stepped in and brought an end to ISI through structural adjustment programs that liberalized trade and capital flows. Overall, the story seems to be that, in a world of globalization, inward looking development is very costly. Latin America missed out on the benefits of openness, championed in the Washington Consensus. These are: imports of investment and intermediate goods that are not available domestically at comparable costs, access to foreign savings, and the transfer of technology and ideas. In contrast, ISI was distortionary and prevented an efficient allocation of resources along the lines of comparative advantage. Critics point to the indiscriminate way in which ISI was carried out. Given small domestic markets, limited capital and a dearth of skilled manpower, autarkic industrial growth led to the development of inefficient and high cost industries, export structures lacking diversity and an agricultural sector bereft of investments. In contrast, the arguments in favor of openness were laid out in an article by Sachs and Warner4. They argued that open economies grew faster than closed economies over the course of the 20th century.
Under this light, the ISI experience was a complete failure in Latin America. But this textbook version has been contested and nuanced by different economic historians.
In the following section, we will qualify the textbook story of ISI in three different ways.
To begin with, one could argue that all countries must go through some form of ISI. This is the argument Baer makes in his 1972 essay. He argues that Western Europe and the United States went through a stage where investments in industries were made to replace imports from Britain. Protectionism was used to shield nascent manufacturing sectors. He also points to the decisive role of the State in the industrialization of these two regions over the course of the 19th century. In an 1892 speech, US president McKinley even gave a moral justification for protectionism: "Under free trade the trader is the master and the producer the slave. Protection is but the law of nature, the law of self-preservation, of self-development, of securing the highest and best destiny of the race of man"5. In the same vein, Stephen Broadberry describes how European states led the way in infrastructure, and in railroads in particular6. For example, the French state provided hefty subsidies to private investors. Even in Latin America prior to World War I, the region had very high tariffs on a select group of goods. Moreover, East Asian countries applied ISI policies during their "miracle", and the Chinese economist Zhu argues that the success story of China and Taiwan is that of export-orientation supporting (but not displacing) import substitution7. Thus, why didn't Latin America follow Western Europe's path in the 19th and 20th century? Baer points to the socio-economic structures in Latin America. Elites controlling attractive external markets for the region's primary exports had little desire to change the status quo. Moreover, Latin America did not have the entrepreneurial classes, labor force, infrastructure, market size, or administrative capacity to cope with an extensive industrialization process. Here, the benefits of outward orientation over import substitution, as they appear in the standard story, are not as straightforward as they first seemed. Interestingly, Baer underlines the importance of institutions in the failure of Latin America.
To add to this complexity, Rodrik raises interesting issues in his book Making Openness Work8. He points to the fact that ISI actually worked in the 1960s and 1970s, with high GDP growth rates. Moreover, as the argument goes, when Latin America did end up liberalizing trade, reforming labor markets and opening up to globalization, the rate of industrial growth and TFP expansion was way below the levels experienced under the ISI period. Therefore, the developmental failure was not of ISI policy but of the external shocks that wrecked Latin economies in the 1980s. Essentially, the point is that openness has not worked much better for Latin America. This is easily borne out by the evidence in the "lost decade", the debts crises in the 1990s, and the Argentinian debacle of the early 2000s. Consequently, Rodrik makes three propositions about openness, stimulating for the purpose of our argument. First, openness by itself is not a reliable mechanism to generate sustained economic growth. There are potential benefits to be reaped, but the fundamental determinants of economic development are the accumulation of physical and human capital, and technological development. Secondly, openness will likely exert pressures that widen income and wealth disparities within countries. Again, this is borne out by the evidence, in the lost decade.
Finally, openness will leave countries vulnerable to external shocks that can trigger domestic conflicts and political upheavals. Thus, our concerns with import or export strategies may be overstated: maybe economic development should focus on investment and not the degree of openness.
Lastly, ISI policy was not a clean break for Latin America but had deeper roots than suggested in the standard story. This is Haber's main thesis, as he reinterprets the history of Latin American industrialization. For one, he points to the fact that Latin America did have a substantial industrial sector well before the 1930s. Given the unfavorable terms of trade, this means that there must have been policies favorable to industrialization during the so-called era of export-led growth. Indeed, he finds evidence of substantial protectionism before the 1930s. For example, before World War I, Latin American tariffs were five times those of Western Europe. Furthermore, Latin American governments did not adopt protectionism because of vague economic goals but because of political pressures. He does not question the highly protected and woefully inefficient characteristics of Latin American economies. But Haber makes the point that this was not the product of the "developmental state", but of a historically longer political process that involved economic agents making specific demands on politicians not accountable to broad constituencies. Basically, politicians were not accountable to the group that pays the ultimate cost of protectionism: consumers, who were not unified and lacked electoral mechanisms to sanction public officials.
These qualifications shed a new light on ISI policy in Latin America. First, the dichotomy between export-oriented industrialization (EOI) versus ISI is not straightforward, and a certain form of ISI is necessary for development. As a result, the failure of Latin American development is not to be found in ISI policy in itself, but in its implementation. We posit that the reasons for the faulty implementation of ISI are of a deep-rooted institutional nature.
We have seen that ISI was used in Western Europe, the United States and East Asia in the early stages of industrialization. In addition, openness did not succeed in Latin America. We come to the logical conclusion that ISI in itself did not cause Latin America's relative backwardness, but the way it was achieved. Can this be proven? In fact, in Latin America, ISI policies created massive distortions, on a much larger scale than in East Asia. Alan Taylor argues that the main difference between East Asia and Latin America was that policy in the latter was very price distortionary and affected incentives, whereas in Asia, interventions were numerous but less distortionary and left incentives intact10. Notably, Latin American policies prevented long term investments in physical capital. Henry Bruton explains the mechanisms11. He first points to the underutilization of the capital stock, due to a lack of qualified labor, limited demand for specific output, and limited availability of intermediate goods (the last two being direct consequences of the policies implemented). Secondly, he argues that distortions prevented high investment rates. So ISI in Latin America failed to promote physical capital accumulation. Another major difference between Latin America and East Asia was the role the State played. In the former, policy was ad hoc, and responsive to the needs of industrial lobbies. As Haber points out, there never was a global policy, only individual industries lobbying for protection. In East Asia, from the 1960s onwards, there were carefully thought-out plans, or "growth strategies". There, Pranab Bardhan argues that the State was very present, but acted in decisive and subtle ways12. Through credit allocation, the promotion of industrial investment, guaranteeing loans, and nudging firms to upgrade their technology, States enhanced the market instead of replacing it.
So how does one account for the difference in implementation? We posit that the institutions were very different in Latin America than in Western Europe or in East Asia. In Latin America, policy makers were unconstrained by electorates. Consumers had no political voice, so there was no need for a growth strategy and no political cost for tariff protection. Moreover, vested interest groups were much stronger in Latin America. In Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, Daron Acemoglu describes Argentina as a classic case of democracy failing to consolidate because of high inequality13. Kenneth Sokoloff and Stanley Engerman explain the presence of these traditional interests through factor endowments. These vested interest groups had no interest in promoting primary education, and human capital remained low in Latin America. On the contrary, Bruton shows how the institutional context in East Asia after World War II was very different. He argues that the Japanese occupation had three unintended but positive consequences: it raised the human capital level of the population, enabled the transfer of productive technologies, and more importantly, the Japanese broke vested interests. Therefore, land reform in Taiwan and South Korea was possible because the Japanese had stripped landowners of their land, and the absence of a powerful landowning class in Korea and Taiwan gave governments and policymakers more flexibility. On the contrary, the institutions in Latin America failed to address the fundamental causes of development: physical and human capital accumulation. These translated into faulty implementations of ISI. Meanwhile, the institutional endowment in East Asia enabled the "Tigers" to commit fully to economic development, to adapt to and adopt new technology (higher human capital), and to stimulate investment.
The institutional failure of Latin America sheds a new light on the question. In the end, what is important in driving economic development is not reducing imports or boosting exports. The fundamental focus is on boosting investment and human capital. To do so requires a domestic investment strategy. As we have seen briefly, the East Asian miracles were due to outstanding investment efforts. These efforts came from domestic investment incentives driven by a set of institutions. South Korea and Taiwan both heavily subsidized investment. Zhu argues that Taiwan and China combined ISI and EOI. Both strategies worked hand in hand: EOI provided foreign exchange to ISI, while ISI developed East Asian economic independence Behind this was a set of institutions, which played a key role (the government, public enterprises, and the banking sector in particular). On the contrary, Latin America failed to implement a domestic investment strategy. In Making Openness Work, Rodrik argues that these investment strategies need to be backed up by a set of strong domestic institutions of conflict management. In order to work, comparative advantage requires restructuring economies. These adjustments are painful. But successful countries were those that had social and political institutions that maintained overall macroeconomic stability. The "wild" liberalization of Latin America and the 1980s and 1990s and the failure of IMF programs did the contrary.
To briefly conclude, the standard literature depicts ISI as an inadequate strategy in a globalized world. Latin America has been the prime example, when compared to East Asian miracles. However, our findings show that it was not ISI per se that was at fault in Latin America, but its implementation. This was due to a poor institutional context, which constrained policy makers and economic actors. I began this essay by writing that Latin America is a fascinating case for anyone studying modern economic development. I believe that the Latin American and East Asian experiences show that policy makers should not focus on reducing imports or boosting exports, but on raising investment in a stable macroeconomic environment. However, political choices are heavily constrained by the institutional environment, and this explains the failure of structural adjustment programs in Latin America. This institutional failure continues to permeate economic life in the Southern Cone today. One needs only to read the headlines on the political situation in Brazil to understand how corrupt Brazilian political life is; and, in the case of the Brazilian oil company Petrobras, how this translates into inefficient economic development.
Panagariya, A. (2002) A Case for Import Substitution?
Bardhan, P. (2005) Institutions Matter, But Which Ones?
 For example, innovations in shipping enabled Argentina to ship frozen meat to Europe.
 In 1950, he published an essay outlining his thesis, entitled The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal Problems.
 This point will be developed further on in the essay.
 Although Arvind Panagariya points to the exceptional growth rates in the developed world as essentially pulling growth rates in Latin America8.
 This is crucial. As Krugman shows, East Asian growths in the second half of the 20th century were driven by physical capital accumulation.
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