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The elephant has been a contributor to Thai society and its icon for many centuries. The elephant has had a considerable impact on Thai culture. The Thai elephant (, chang Thai) is the official national animal of Thailand. The elephant found in Thailand is the Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus), a subspecies of the Asian elephant. In the early-1900s there were an estimated 100,000 captive elephants in Thailand. In mid-2007 there were an estimated 3,456 captive elephants left in Thailand and roughly a thousand wild elephants. By 2017 the number of captive elephants had risen to an estimated 3,783. The elephant became an endangered species in Thailand in 1986.

Description
There are three species of elephant: two African species and the Asian elephant. Asian elephants are divided into four sub-species, Sri Lankan, Indian, Sumatran and Bornean. Thai elephants are classed as Indian elephants. However, Thai elephants have slight differences from other elephants of that sub-species. They are smaller, have shorter front legs, and a thicker body than their Indian counterparts.

Elephants are herbivores, consuming ripe bananas, leaves, bamboo, tree bark, and other fruits. Eating occupies 18 hours of an elephant's day. They eat 100-200 kilograms of food per day. A cow (female) will eat 5.6 percent of her body weight per day. A bull (male) will eat 4.8 percent. Thus a 3,000 kilogram cow will consume 168 kg per day, a 4,000 kg bull 192 kg per day. As elephants can digest only 40 percent of their daily intake, the result is dung amounting to 50–60 kg daily. As elephants will not eat in unclean surroundings fouled by dung, their instinct is to roam to a new area.

Habitat
Because of their diet, the natural habitat of the Thai elephant are in tropical forests which are found in the northern and western parts of Thailand: Mae Hong Son, Chumphon, and the border near Burma (Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Erawan Falls National Park), Petchabun range, Dangrek Range, and peninsular Thailand (Ranong, and Trang). Each elephant requires an area of at least 100 km2 to ensure sufficient food.

Thailand formerly was 90 percent forested. Illegal logging and agriculture has reduced forest cover dramatically. Forest cover shrank to 31.6 percent in 2015. In 1961 forests are estimated to have covered 273,628 km2. By 2011, forests had dwindled to only 171,586 km2. This has meant death to the Thai elephant, resulting in the plummeting numbers of the animal, placing them on the endangered species list.

On Elephant Day 2017, the Department of National Parks announced that the number of wild elephants was rising 7-10 percent. Areas that had seen the most marked increase in wild elephants were the western forest in Thungyai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary and the eastern forest in Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai forest complex.

History

In Thai society elephants have played a substantial role in manual labour, war, royal iconography, and the tourism industry. For thousands of years, elephants were captured and trained to be a form of transport and heavy labour. When logging in Thailand was still legal, they hauled heavy logs through forests, which in turn gave many Thai people jobs. In recorded Thai history, during the reign of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great of Sukhothai, Thais used to hunt and trade elephants.

Known for their strength and intelligence, elephants were used as war elephants since the days of Alexander the Great. They were referred to as a warm-blooded armoured-tank. Each elephant has a distinctive personality. Mostly male elephants that are aggressive yet tameable were selected to be war elephants. They were trained with lightly pricked spear on their skin in order for them to move forward. The training was conducted in a loud environment of shouting and drum sounds to accustom them to the sounds of warfare.

Thai royals and elephants established a relationship over thousands of years. The first recorded Thai elephant was in the stone inscription of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great of Sukhothai. In this inscription he mentioned being nineteen and said his elephant, Bekhpon, advanced their attack on Khun Sam Chon to protect his father, while his father's soldiers fled in fear. Chao Praya Prabhongsawadee was the elephant of King Naresuan of Thailand that came out triumphant in the elephant duel () between the King of Burma and King Naresuan during the war with the Burmese. For a very long time, it was a law that when a white elephant was found and a tradition that when an elephant with good build was found, it was to be presented as property to the King of Thailand. The Thai sacred and royal symbol was the white elephant ( or ). They are not albinos but are genetically different. White elephants are not white, they are a dusky pinkish grey. Phra Savet Adulyadej Pahon was a white elephant that belonged to Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej.

Exploitation
Logging was banned in Thailand in 1989. Logging had been the primary occupation of Thai elephants and their mahouts. After the ban, elephants trainers had to find other ways to feed themselves and their elephants. Most of them turned to the entertainment industry and tourism. Many mahouts took their elephants to Bangkok, roaming the streets with baskets of fruits for the tourists to buy and feed the animal. Elephants now had to beg for food and perform tricks or act as party props in exchange for money. On 17 June 2010, elephant protection laws were passed making these acts illegal.

An Asian Elephant Range States Meeting in 2017 estimated the number of captive elephants in Thailand at 3,783. The Department of Livestock Development says that some 223 elephant camps exist in the country. They fall into three categories: camps for observation purposes only; non-riding camps that allow other activities; and elephant riding camps.

Laws
King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) in 1921 decreed in the Wild Elephant Protection Act that all wild elephants were the property of the government, to be managed by the Department of the Interior as the King's representative. Elephants with special features—white elephants—were to be presented to the king.

The law pertaining to captive elephants is the Beast of Burden Act 2482 B.E. (1939). This act classifies elephants as draught animals along with horses, donkeys, and oxen. It allows domesticated elephants to be treated as private property. This act has no additional measures for animal welfare protection. The Wild Animal Reservation and Protection Act, B.E. 2535 (1992) protects wild elephants, but excludes registered draught animals.

Preservation and conflict
Logging—licit and illicit—destroyed much natural elephant habitat. This resulted in a plunge in the number of elephants in Thailand. Organizations were established to better the lives of the elephants. The National Elephant Institute is the only organization that is government-owned. It is in Lampang, a province in northern Thailand. There are many more private organizations contributing to preserving this endangered species as well. These organizations generate revenue by letting people experience elephants in their natural state. They have a schedule of elephant shows which are not harmful or too tiring for the elephants. But according to the NGO, World Animal Protection, "A true elephant-friendly venue would be purely observational for visitors,..."  The organisation has published a list of the elephant venues with the best treatment of elephants. Unfortunately this call to boycott all camps ignores the bigger problem of all domestic elephants requiring care and nurturing. In addition the complexity of herd dynamics in domestic elephants, the strong bonds that elephants form with their mahouts, the existence of killer and dangerous elephants, the history and culture of elephants are all factors that must be also factored into caring for elephants and what tourist solutions are appropriate. A variety of solutions must be considered and implemented to ensure the well-being of elephants.

The Centre of Elephant and Wildlife Research has conducted scientific studies to ensure welfare of Thailand's domestic population will be scientifically informed rather than emotionally based. One study Elephants in the observation only program had higher stress hormone levels (fecal glucocorticoid metabolites) compared to elephants that participated in other types of work. The elephant in the observation program might get higher stress hormones from being bored, no exercise, and feeling unsafe because of attacks by other elephants. The same study found, longer durations of work and longer distance and time of walking were associated with lower stress hormones.

Human-elephant conflicts seem to have escalated since about 2000. Between 2012 and 2018 there were 107 elephant or human casualties—death or injury—due to increased confrontation. At least 25 wild elephants died during this six-year period, most from electrocution by live wires strung by farmers to keep elephants from their crops. Over the same period, 45 humans have been killed by wild elephants. Conflicts are most intense in Chachoengsao, Chantaburi, Prachinburi, and Kanchanaburi. Besides electric fencing, efforts to keep elephants at bay have included tree barriers; burning tires; loud noise from sirens, firecrackers, and radios; vinegar-chili infused fences; and bees.

The global coronavirus pandemic in 2019–20, halted the country's tourism industry and left nearly 4,000 elephants at risk of starvation; their owners cannot afford to feed them without revenue generated by the tourism industry. Owners have sold their animals to zoos or bartered them to the illegal logging business.

Cultural significance
Historically, elephants in Thailand are considered to be very important culturally. There are many elephant's references to artworks, literature and national emblems. Since Thailand is a majority Buddhist country, elephants are portrayed as sacred animals from their special symbolism in the practice of Buddhism. Many artworks in Thai royal palaces and temples have drawings of elephants on the paintings on the walls. In 1917, Thailand's official flag was a white elephant in the middle of the scarlet background. White elephants in Thai society also represent wealth and power because of their past association with the Thai royals. The royal Thai navy flag also bears the symbol of the white elephant. Many provinces in Thailand used to have elephants as part of their official emblems as well. In the Thai animal and planetary zodiac, the elephant is the fourth animal zodiac of the Thai people.

Asian elephants share a close relationship with the Thai people, from being used warriors on battlefields, worshiped as religious icons, and faithful laborers to loggers. Environmental exploitation, massive landslides, and mudflows led the government to ban logging in Thailand in 1986. This led to almost 70% of domesticated elephants to be out of work  but they still help a large amount of cultural significance in Thailand and were are a large part of the local's livelihood.

Thai elephant has served as a mascot for the 1998 Asian Games and 2005 Asian Indoor Games.

In provincial seals

See also
 Asian elephant
 Cultural depictions of elephants
 Ivory trade
 Khan Kluay
 Thai Elephant Orchestra
 White elephant
 War elephant

References

External links
 Elephant Reintroduction Foundation
 Centre of Elephant and Wildlife Research
 Friends of the Asian Elephant
 Elephant Family
 Thai Elephant Conservation Center (TECC)

Elephants in culture
Thai culture
National symbols of Thailand


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Biography Daniel Cormier
by John Max 12 Nov,2016
Body Stats
Height 5 Feet 11 Inch
Date of Birth 1979, March 20
Famous Name
Horoscope Acer
Country United States US
Birth Name Daniel Ryan Cormier
Birth Place Lafayette, Louisiana
Famous Name Daniel Cormier
Father Joseph Cormier
Mother Audrey Cormier
Net Worth $5 million
Ethnicity Afro-American
Currently Married Yes
Married to Robin
Children Marquita Kalani Cormier, Kaedyn Cormier, Daniel Cormier II
Affair with Salina Deleon
Daniel Ryan Cormier popularly known as Daniel Cormier is an American MMA fighter who is currently signed to the UFC, where he is the reigning champion of the heavyweight division. Furthermore, he is ranked #1 pound-for-pound (P4P) and #1 Heavyweight fighter in the UFC. Also, he competed in UFC's Light Heavyweight from 2014-2018. Prior to the UFC, Cormier was King of the Cage Heavyweight Champion and Strikeforce Heavyweight Grand Prix Champion.
The forty-years-old is married and has two children with his spouse, Salina Deleon. Furthermore, he and his ex-girlfriend had one daughter who died in a car accident in 2003. As of 2019, his net worth is approximately $5 million.
How Much Is Daniel Cormier Net Worth In 2019? Know His UFC Earnings & Endorsement
Daniel Cormier has an estimated net worth of $5 million in 2019, including all of his properties and earnings. As he is an MMA fighter, he doesn't receive fix salaries instead of earns the per fight. He is currently signed to UFC where he reportedly summoned $5,616,500 from his fights.
His Total UFC Career Earnings:
Date Events Earnings
April 20, 2013 UFC on Fox: Henderson vs. Melendez $126,000
October 19, 2013 UFC 166 $140,000
February 22, 2014 UFC 170 $160,000
May 24, 2014 UFC 173 $170,000
January 3, 2015 UFC 182 $140,000
October 3, 2015 UFC 192 $280,000
July 9, 2016 UFC 200 $540,000
April 8, 2017 UFC 210 $640,000
July 29, 2017 UFC 214 $1,040,000
January 20, 2018 UFC 220 $590,000
November 3, 2018 UFC 230 $640,000
Besides UFC, he has also competed at Strikeforce and XMMA through which he amassed decent sum.
Not to mention, he made a massive amount of money through his fights. Back in 2015, his estimated net worth was around $2,597,000.
Thanks to @onelifeprints for the hook up on my truck!!! Love the wrap boys!!! Black with the gold flakes. Love it. Thanks again DC
A post shared by Daniel "DC" Cormier (@dc_mma) on Feb 22, 2018 at 7:13pm PST
Cormier was reportedly set to take home a major payday for his main event fight against Jon Jones on Saturday at UFC 200. Unfortunately, Jones was removed for a potential anti-doping violation, due to which Cormier's fight salary was cut in half.
Cormier also made the highest earnings in UFC 2014 despite losing the fight against Jon Jones. Cormier earned $1 million while the winner Jon Jones made only $500 thousand.
Also an analyst and commentator for Fox UFC, his annual salary is around $100,000.
Also Read: Conor McGregor
Is Daniel Cormier Married? Know His Affair, Married, Wife, & Children
Daniel Cormier is a married man. He tied the knot with his long-time partner, Salina Deleon, on 27 May 2017, among their family and friends. The couple is living a blissful life together.
Daniel Cormier wife, Salina Deleon SOURCE: Reddit
Salina gave birth to her first child a son named Daniel Jr. on February 16, 2011, and their second child, a daughter named Marquita Kalani Cormier was born on March 4, 2012.
The Cormier Family SOURCE: YouTube
Talking about his past affairs, he and his unknown girlfriend had one daughter named Kaedyn who unfortunately died in a car accident on June 14, 2003. Previously, he was married to Robin. The couple dated together for several years before they decided to get married.
Unfortunately, their marriage did not sustain for a long period of time. Eventually, they divorced each other and the reason behind their divorce is not yet disclosed. He has a great physique and a physical appearance to endeavor it.
He has a standard height of 5 feet and 11 inches. His body weight is 205lb.
Early Life of Daniel Cormier
Daniel Cormier was born as Daniel Ryan Cormier on 20 March 1979, and this makes his age 38 years at this time. He was born to American parents, Audrey Cormier and Joseph Cormier in Lafayette, Louisiana, United States.
#louisianaplayer
A post shared by Daniel "DC" Cormier (@dc_mma) on Apr 24, 2019 at 5:58pm PDT
He has an older brother named Joseph, a sister named Felicia and a younger brother named Feral. His father was shot and killed on Thanksgiving Day in 1986 by the father of his second wife when he was 8 years old. He is an American by his nationality and is of white ethnicity. His horoscope is Pisces.
Daniel Cormier's Professional Career
Daniel Cormier started his career as a wrestler. He wrestled during his high school. He participated and performed in several junior wrestling tournaments. During his high school, he was also voted as most outstanding wrestler state of the tournament. In 1995, he managed to win the bronze medal at the world championships in Greco-Roman wrestling.
He has also excelled in football at linebacker position during his high school. He has a successful career in wrestling. He also competed at the 2004 Olympics. He also took part in the 2008 Olympic Wrestling. After the 2008 Olympics, he started his career as a mixed martial artist.
Before landing his feet at the MMA, he was properly trained by Cain Velasquez, Jon Fitch, and Josh Koscheck at American Kickboxing Academy.
#championshipweight #realfight #andstill #ufc214
A post shared by Daniel "DC" Cormier (@dc_mma) on Jul 28, 2017 at 9:42am PDT
On 3rd February 2018, The UFC heavyweight champion Stipe Miocic and UFC light heavyweight king Daniel Cormier came face-to-face for the first time and starred each other. Subsequently, two competed for UFC Heavyweight Championship on 7 July 2018, at the super fight at UFC 226. Cormier won the bout and became the UFC Heavyweight Championship.
On 3rd November 2018, at UFC 230, Cormier successfully defended the UFC Heavyweight Championship in a match against Derrick Lewis.
Cormier is expected to face Stipe Miocic to make his next title defense in a rematch on August 17, 2019, at UFC 241.
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