Gunrock creek falls located on Meryla road in the Southern Highlands is a speculated swimming hole with spectacular vistas of the waterfall and surrounding escarpment. Gunrock creek falls are found 1km up the gunrock creek fire trail, you can drive right to the top of the falls if you have a 4wd and have at least intimidate skills in off-road 4wding as some technical driving is required on the track in on the fire trail. If you don't have access to a 4wd you can always park in a nearby clearing of the trail head and go in on foot, just keep in mind other cars that may use Mmaryla road when parking as it is a narrow unsealed road. Also keep in mind that you don't block any 4wd access trails as the area is very popular with 4 wheel drivers.
The start of the trail is not marked but is marked on the map below, it will be on your left going down Meryla road 250m after the second bridge you cross. The trail head is a rough 4wd track pictured just below.
The trail is relatively easy to navigate, follow the trail until you come to a Y in the road 525m into the track, at the Y take the road to the left. follow this road until you reach an opening where a few different tracks all split at 550m into the trail. From here you can either tack any of the track to your slight right that take you to a river crossing, this river leads to the top of the falls.
Proceed with caution getting to the top of the falls as you will need to walk through the shallow water down the falls which pose a high risk of slipping. Alternatively, you can go down to the bottom of the falls where there is a larger swimming hole and a better view of the Gunrock creek falls, the trail head for getting to the bottom is found to your left just before you get into the open area where the tracks split.
To your left(as pictured just below) is a fairly overgrown 4wd trail, follow this for 50m where it will come to and end and you can then climb down the rocks, there should be some orange ribbons(keep in mind that the ribbons may have been removed by the time you undertake this bush walk). The walk down goes for roughly another 50 meters and brings you out at the base of the falls.
There are no facilities near by so make sure you take everything that you need with you, including plenty of water and food, take everything with you leaving nothing but foot prints.


text:
Home Gallery NEWS N PICS – World
NEWS N PICS – World
Asian Lite News
In the Egyptian capital Cairo over an airplane flying over the full moon.
Selected pictures from the world events
Image provided by Mexico's Presidency shows Mexican President Enrique Pena Nieto (L) taking part in an act to commemorate the World Indigenous People's Day in Chamula, Chiapas, in Mexico, on Aug. 8, 2014. (Xinhua/Mexico's Presidency) (da) (sp)
Two men clean cars during a classic car exhibition in Tehran, Iran, on Aug. 8, 2014. More than 70 classic cars are displayed during the six-day-long exhibition. (Xinhua/Ahmad Halabisaz)
The 11th Panchen Lama (L), Bainqen Erdini Qoigyijabu, attends a religious ceremony to pray for the victims and survivors in quake-hit Yunnan Province, at the Tashihunpo Monastery in Xigaze, southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region, Aug. 9, 2014. (Xinhua/Chogo) (ry)
Rescuers dig a channel in quake-hit Pingdi Village of of Qiaojia County, southwest China's Yunnan Province, Aug. 7, 2014. (Xinhua/Tao Liang) (ry)
A Long March-4C carrier rocket carrying the Yaogan XX remote-sensing satellite blasts off from the launch pad at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in Jiuquan, northwest China's Gansu Province, Aug. 9, 2014. The satellite will be used to conduct scientific experiments, carry out land surveys, monitor crop yields and aid in preventing and reducing natural disasters. (Xinhua/Yang Shiyao) (ry)
Rescuers dig a channel in quake-hit Pingdi Village of of Qiaojia County, southwest China's Yunnan Province,
TEHRAN: Visitors watch a car displayed during a classic car exhibition in Tehran, Iran, on Aug. 8, 2014. More than 70 classic cars are displayed during the six-day-long exhibition. (Xinhua/Ahmad Halabisaz)
Keiji Fukuda, assistant director-general for health security of the World Health Organization (WHO), speaks during a press conference at the WHO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 8, 2014. The WHO declared on Friday that the Ebola outbreak in West Africa constitutes a public health risk, and met the conditions for a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. (Xinhua/Zhang Miao)
Jordanian supporters of Muslim Brotherhood gather in Amman, capital of Jordan on Aug. 8, 2014. Thousands of Muslim Brotherhood members gathered during a rally for solidarity with Palestinians in Gaza. (Xinhua/Mohammad Abu Ghosh)
Tourists watch "Pan Da", which is designed to be an image of panda in Shanghai World Financial Center in Shanghai, east China, Aug. 8, 2014. 1000 "Pan Da", which were made by different crafts, appear in Shanghai World Financial Center on Friday. (Xinhua/Lai Xinlin) (hpj)
Protestors chant slogans in eastern Pakistan's Lahore, on Aug. 8, 2014. Pakistan police used tear gas shells to disperse anti-government protesters in Lahore late Friday after they seized a police bus, witnesses and officials said. (Xinhua/Sajjad)
The 11th Panchen Lama, Bainqen Erdini Qoigyijabu, attends a religious ceremony to pray for the victims and survivors in quake-hit Yunnan Province, at the Tashihunpo Monastery in Xigaze, southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region, Aug. 9, 2014. (Xinhua/Chogo) (ry)
– Rescuers work on the scene of a three-vehicle pile-up in Nyemo County, southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region, Aug. 9, 2014. A tour bus carrying about 40 people fell off a valley following a three-vehicle pile-up here on Saturday. The bus crashed into a sports utility vehicle and a pick-up truck at 4:25 p.m. along the No. 318 National Highway in Nyemo County before plunging into the valley, said a spokesman with the regional government. The number of casualties is being verified. (Xinhua/Chogo) (lmm)
– A Pakistani man pushes his auto-rickshaw in a flooded street after heavy monsoon rain in eastern Pakistan's Lahore on Aug. 9, 2014. (Xinhua/Jamil Ahmed)
– Margaret Chan, director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO), speaks during a press conference at the WHO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, Aug. 8, 2014. The WHO declared on Friday that the Ebola outbreak in West Africa constitutes a public health risk, and met the conditions for a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. (Xinhua/Zhang Miao)
— An Afghan man pours petrol over expired medicine and food in Nangarhar province in eastern Afghanistan on Aug. 9, 2014. Around 150 tons of expired medicine and food collected from Nangarhar province were burned on Saturday according to officials of the Ministry of Health. (Xinhua/Tahir Safi)
– An Iranian boy takes photos during a classic car exhibition in Tehran, Iran, on Aug. 8, 2014. More than 70 classic cars are displayed during the six-day-long exhibition. (Xinhua/Ahmad Halabisaz)
– Bolivians from Bolivian community in Sao Paulo, celebrate the 189th anniversary of Bolivia's Independence at Latin American Memorial in Sao Paulo, Brazil, Aug. 9, 2014. About 300,000 Bolivians live in Brazil. (Xinhua/Rahel Patrasso) (djj)
— People go across a muddy road after heavy rainfall in Kathmandu, Nepal, Aug. 8, 2014. (Xinhua/Sunil Sharma)
Villagers check their damaged houses in quake-hit Longtoushan Town of Ludian County, southwest China's Yunnan Province, Aug. 9, 2014. (Xinhua/Xing Guangli) (ry)
Protestors gather in eastern Pakistan's Lahore, on Aug. 8, 2014. Pakistan police used tear gas shells to disperse anti-government protesters in Lahore late Friday after they seized a police bus, witnesses and officials said. (Xinhua/Sajjad)
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Deputies arrest sex offender again
Matthew Leon Arotin faces several new charges
Matthew Leon Arotin: Accused of child porn, solicitation
A convicted sex offender has again been charged with sex crimes involving minors.Deputies said they were notified Tuesday of sexually explicit images of minors being texted by Matthew Leon Arotin. After Arotin was identified as a registered sex offender, detectives, pretending to be juveniles, engaged in additional text conversations with Arotin.Detectives said that Arotin believed he was talking to a 14-year-old girl that he tried to persuade to have sex with him.Deputies arrested Arotin at his home without incident. He is being held in the Pickens County Detention Facility on dissemination of obscene material and criminal solicitation of a minor.Arotin was convicted in Abbeville County in 2009 for Solicitation of a minor. He registered with the Pickens County Sheriff's Office in April of 2014 after relocating to Pickens County.A release from the Sheriff's Office said the investigation is ongoing and a review of additional phone records will be conducted.
PICKENS COUNTY, S.C. —
A convicted sex offender has again been charged with sex crimes involving minors.
Deputies said they were notified Tuesday of sexually explicit images of minors being texted by Matthew Leon Arotin. After Arotin was identified as a registered sex offender, detectives, pretending to be juveniles, engaged in additional text conversations with Arotin.
Detectives said that Arotin believed he was talking to a 14-year-old girl that he tried to persuade to have sex with him.
Deputies arrested Arotin at his home without incident. He is being held in the Pickens County Detention Facility on dissemination of obscene material and criminal solicitation of a minor.
Arotin was convicted in Abbeville County in 2009 for Solicitation of a minor. He registered with the Pickens County Sheriff's Office in April of 2014 after relocating to Pickens County.
A release from the Sheriff's Office said the investigation is ongoing and a review of additional phone records will be conducted.


Remember! Postponed laying of the turf can cause the root systems to dry out!
Start layint the turf in length, parallel to the longest side of the area. The mats must be as tight as possible, but the must not overlap.
Always place the next row parallel to the previous row so that he joints between the ends of the turf sods do not share the same side. You should do it as if you were building a brick wall.
Use a harp knife to cut the turf to the shape you want. Do not step on the turf sod when laying the turf. If necessary, lay a wide board on it. Use a garden roller obliquely of the turf sods.
On sloped surfaces, use wooden pins to prevent the turf from moving before rooting.
The turf must be laid down in 24 hours. If it is not possible, you must unroll the turf strips in a shady place and water them.
The basic rooting is done in two weeks and then the turf can be used. You can have a beautiful green turf in one day if the soil is well-prepared. The turf like that is thick, with no weeds and resistant to trampling. Turf should not be laid when it is freezing. It is advised to lay the turf from the beginning of April until the end of October.
Lay the turf on the moist surface. Use a rake so that the turf sod connects with the soil.
Start laying the turf in length, parallel to the longest side of the area.
Place the turf sods in a row parallel to the previous one.
Use boards to walk and ride on the prepared surface.
Lay the turf from the top to the bottom of sloped surfaces. The turf sods must be laid oblique or vertically. Do not lay the turf sods horizontally.
Use the garden roller after laying the turf.


text:
Racial wage differentials in developed countries
The variation of racial wage gaps across and within groups requires differing policy solutions
Simonetta Longhi
University of Reading, UK, and IZA, Germany
one-pager full article
In many developed countries, racial and ethnic minorities are paid, on average, less than the native white majority. While racial wage differentials are partly the result of immigration, they also persist for racial minorities of second and further generations. Eliminating racial wage differentials and promoting equal opportunities among citizens with different racial backgrounds is an important social policy goal. Inequalities resulting from differences in opportunities lead to a waste of talent for those who cannot reach their potential and to a waste of resources if some people cannot contribute fully to society.
Racial wage differentials can be observed even in the absence of wage discrimination.
Racial wage differentials are often the result of differences in individual characteristics (such as education or experience) or of segregation into low-paid jobs.
Racial wage differentials vary substantially not only between, but also within racial groups, e.g. across generations and between men and women.
Since there are various sources of racial wage differentials, policies need to address more than one source of inequality.
For some racial groups, sample sizes are too small to permit separate empirical analyses.
Lack of empirical evidence for some racial minorities can make it more difficult to identify targeted policies.
A lack of targeted policies can leave some racial minorities behind and experiencing persistent inequality.
It may be difficult for the public to accept policies that are targeted toward some racial minorities but not to others.
Author's main message
Racial wage differentials can be apparent even in the absence of wage discrimination, since minority groups segregate in poorly paid occupations and lack career progression. Policy should hence be based on a better understanding of what characteristics and situations prevent racial minorities from moving into better jobs. There are also important differences between and within minorities, with some experiencing large wage penalties and others being paid better than white natives. Policy should therefore move away from a "one size fits all" approach and instead target, where possible, specific issues affecting specific minorities.
There is clear empirical evidence that in many developed countries the salaries of racial and ethnic minorities are, on average, less than the (white) native majority. Although these racial wage differentials have been decreasing over time, they still persist in most countries. Even though it is almost impossible to identify all reasons for the persistence of racial wage differentials, it is known that one of these reasons is that many people belonging to racial minorities are immigrants who may face difficulties communicating in the language of the host country, who may be unfamiliar with its labor market, may not have their qualification recognized, or may lack the social networks necessary to obtain a suitable job. However, in countries such as the US, the UK, or Australia, a large proportion of racial minorities are second generation, or further generation, and do not face such typical problems. Nevertheless, there are also wage inequalities among native racial minorities in these countries.
Reducing racial wage differentials and promoting equal opportunities among citizens with different racial backgrounds are important social policy goals. The skills and talents of racial minorities may be under-utilized if they are prevented from reaching their potential and contributing fully to society. Ultimately, reducing racial wage inequalities is likely to lead to a more cohesive, productive, and egalitarian society.
Discussion of pros and cons
Various studies have focused on discrimination as a source of racial wage differentials. Theoretical models suggest that minorities may be discriminated against because of negative social attitudes toward them (often referred to as "taste-based" discrimination), or because employers may infer the quality of a job applicant from a minority background based on the perceived average quality of people from that background (often referred to as "statistical discrimination"). Stereotyping, such as a widespread belief that people from a certain racial or ethnic background work less hard than others, may be a reason for employers not offering a job to racial minority applicants, or offering them lower wages, at least initially. Racial stereotypes may even become a self-fulfilling prophecy: Recent research on French supermarket workers suggests that those belonging to a racial minority work less hard if they have racially biased supervisors [2].
From an empirical perspective, the identification and measurement of discrimination is very difficult. Recent evidence suggests that job applicants with minority-sounding names are less likely to be recalled for an interview than similar job applicants with majority-sounding names. However, the evidence of the role that discrimination plays in racial wage differentials, and whether this is due to taste-based or statistical discrimination, is not very strong [3]. The debate on the existence and importance of discrimination and how it operates is still open.
Clearly, policies to reduce racial wage differentials should differ depending on whether discrimination is the result of a dislike of minorities or of lack of information. However, the understanding and elimination of discrimination is not the only avenue for policies that seek to reduce racial wage differentials. It is important to keep in mind that there may be racial wage differentials even in the absence of (wage) discrimination.
An important reason why racial minorities may receive lower wages than white natives is that they might be different in terms of characteristics. In the US, for example, Latinos have lower levels of education than white natives, as do black Caribbean people in the UK. On the other hand, black African Americans in the US and second-generation Pakistanis and Bangladeshis in the UK tend to have high levels of education, but they are also more likely to go to worse schools than white natives, which is in turn likely to have a negative effect on their wages. In addition, racial minorities tend to concentrate in poorly paid occupations.
The empirical evidence consistently shows that racial wage differentials decrease when characteristics are taken into account. However, because empirical analyses can often be constrained by data availability, different studies may take into account a different set of characteristics, thus potentially estimating different—but equally correct—levels of racial wage differentials. The question then arises as to what the various measures of racial wage differentials actually mean, and how they can best be employed for informing policy.
Measuring racial wage differentials
One commonly accepted way to measure racial wage differentials is to use models using only racial-minority type to explain hourly wages. When the models only include the racial-minority type and no other variables, they measure "unadjusted" differentials. Whereas the models measure "adjusted" differentials when they include other variables, such as education or experience. While unadjusted wage differentials can measure the average difference in wages between the majority and the minority group taken as a whole, the adjusted differentials measure the residual difference in average wages across groups, after taking into account some of the relevant characteristics.
When the other characteristics, such as level of education or work experience, are included in the model, then the racial variable can be interpreted as the remaining racial wage differential, which is not due to differences in education and work experience [4]. Some researchers employ a particular approach (known as the "Oaxaca Decomposition") to measure how much of the racial wage differential remains unexplained. This approach divides racial wage differentials into two components: one which is explained by differences in average characteristics across groups (such as education and experience), and one which is due to differences in average returns to these characteristics. This second component is called the "unexplained" part, since it is not clear why returns to characteristics should differ between minorities and the majority.
Most studies focus on measuring how much the racial wage differential is reduced when certain characteristics are included in the model, and what proportion of the differential remains unexplained [5]. It is important to note, however, that the inclusion of certain characteristics may lead to the estimation of larger (rather than smaller) gaps (see below).
Some researchers interpret the unexplained part of the racial wage differential as "discrimination." This, however, is incorrect. The unexplained part is a measure of how much, or how little, the chosen characteristics explain the racial wage differentials. The unexplained part includes the possible impact of discrimination, but also the impact of all other factors not included in the model. For example, a part of the reason why racial wage differentials remain unexplained may be due to differences across groups in the occurrence of career breaks, spells of self-employment or unemployment, or other factors that are not measured in the data and cannot therefore be taken into account. Unemployment spells may have a negative impact on wages, and may themselves be the result of discrimination or lack of opportunities. However, they are not a source of discrimination in wages. Since it is not possible to compare the importance of unmeasured causes, the unexplained part should hence not be all attributed to discrimination alone.
Although the role that discrimination may play (directly or indirectly) in shaping racial wage differentials should not be completely discounted, one useful direction for policy would be to focus on those characteristics that have been shown to be important determinants of racial wage differentials, such as education. These could be used as intermediate policy targets.
Possible determinants of racial wage differentials
A comparison of unadjusted and adjusted wage differentials, and an analysis of which characteristics are most relevant in their determination, can be quite revealing and useful for policy. First, some characteristics can contribute more than others. Second, not all characteristics decrease wages (thus contributing to the racial wage differentials): Some characteristics may increase wages and contribute to a reduction of racial wage differentials [6], [7]. For example, the authors of one study find that the most important determinant of racial wage differentials in the UK is concentration in low-pay occupations, while the comparatively higher level of education of minorities partly compensates for the negative effect of occupational segregation [6]. This suggests that the problem may lie in the access to highly paid jobs, or in the lack of career progression, rather than in the lack of high levels of education.
The situation appears to be slightly different in the US, where evidence suggests that racial segregation in the workplace is largely due to segregation by skills and language proficiency, although this seems to be more relevant for Hispanics than for black people [7]. Note, however, that occupational and workplace segregation are slightly different concepts: while workplaces (or employers) may offer jobs in different occupations, the same—or similar—occupations may be available in different workplaces.
The literature rarely compares the relative importance of the various characteristics as determinants of racial wage differentials; instead, various strands of literature focus on one, or a few, possible determinants. The comparison of studies using different data and methodology, which are also designed to address different research questions—some not even focusing on wage differentials—is not straightforward, which means that generalization is not always possible. Nevertheless, by comparing the wider literature it is possible to draw conclusions on what factors may play a role in racial wage differentials, but without being able to directly compare their relevance.
Among the first characteristics considered in the literature are education, qualifications, and skills. Evidence for various countries, including the US, the UK, France, and Germany [1], [7], suggests that racial wage differentials are partly due to lower levels of education of many minority groups, especially when they include a large proportion of immigrants. However, there are important differences across minority groups. While some racial minorities are less qualified than the white majority, others tend to be more qualified. One explanation why racial wage differentials may persist, even after taking into account qualifications, is that minorities are more likely to attend lower-quality schools than the white native population, which may have a negative impact on their overall skill level. Skills, nevertheless, tend to increase with labor market experience. Evidence for Israel, focusing on university graduates, suggests that racial wage differentials tend to decrease with more time spent in the labor market [8].
Another important factor in the determination of racial wage differentials is that minorities tend to segregate in low-pay occupations [6]. Although one study points to the importance of skills and language proficiency (at least for some minorities in the US) for workplace segregation, the causes of occupational segregation have not been systematically analyzed [7]. Economic and sociological theories suggest that racial minorities may prefer to work in occupations where a large proportion of the workers are co-ethnics, and may therefore be prepared to accept comparatively lower wages to work in these occupations. It has also been suggested that, as the size of the minority in a country increases, people from the majority may increasingly fear competition for jobs and other opportunities. The majority would then react by preventing minorities from obtaining high-quality jobs, thereby increasing their political power. There is evidence of this from the US [9], [10]. As the size of the minority increases, and the majority adapts to the presence of minority groups, who in turn become more integrated into the host society, occupational segregation should decrease.
Following this strand of literature, various empirical studies have estimated the impact of the relative size of the various minority groups on their labor market outcomes, although the outcome of interest is often the level of wages of the minority group, rather than wage differentials compared to the majority. In addition, these studies analyze the impact of the size of the minority groups by comparing regions within one country, or neighborhoods within a city, and focus on the impact of residential segregation. These studies tend to find worse labor market outcomes, in terms of wages, for minorities living in more segregated areas in the US [10], although some argue that segregation has a positive impact on wages, once selection across areas is taken into account.
One of the mechanisms that may explain the importance of residential segregation on racial wage differentials is the quality of networks and the types of people that minority and majority groups are more likely to interact with, since these play a relevant role in the type of job people may find. A recent study focusing on the US and Estonia finds that racial wage differentials are larger in areas where people are more likely to choose friends from the same racial background [11]. However, besides being related to co-ethnic networks, this may also be the result of social class [6].
All these, as well as other, factors may contribute to racial wage differentials, and are also likely to interact with each other in a complex manner. In addition, it is likely that different factors may have a different degree of importance for each racial minority. For example, for some minorities, the main issue may be lack of appropriate qualifications, while for other minorities, qualifications may not be an issue and residential location may play a more crucial role. Policy should therefore take into account that the literature has found important differences across and within ethnic minorities: racial wage differentials as well as their determinants are likely to vary across groups. Therefore, adopting a unified approach to reducing racial wage differentials may be inappropriate.
Differences between and within racial minorities
Although nowadays most countries host increasing proportions of racial minorities, either immigrant or from second or further generations, the size of the minority population, the history and size of immigration fluxes, as well as integration policies vary across countries [1], [5]. It is therefore not surprising that racial wage inequalities, even for second generations, vary across countries. The experience of black African Americans in the US is hardly comparable to the experience of second-generation black Africans in the UK. Similarly, because of differences in colonial ties, people of African origin who settled in the UK are likely to be very different from those who settled in France or in Portugal.
More important from a policy perspective is that racial wage differentials vary across groups, even within one country. While some minorities, such as Latinos or Mexicans in the US, experience large wage penalties, others, such as Asians, often receive higher wages than white natives. For example, Figure 1 and Figure 2 shows important differences in racial wage differentials across minority men in France and Germany. In France (Figure 1), the worst outcomes are experienced by Turkish and African people, while immigrants from Northern Europe appear to be paid more than French natives [1]. In Germany (Figure 2), it is immigrants from Italy and Greece who have the worst outcomes, while those from other EU countries appear to perform much better [1]. As shown in the illustration on page 1, in the UK, second-generation white immigrants have the best outcomes overall, while immigrants from Bangladesh and Pakistan have the worst [1]. Among graduates from Israeli universities it is those from Ethiopia who experience the largest wage penalties, while those from the former Soviet Union experience the smallest wage differentials [8].
Besides differences across racial minority groups, there is also considerable heterogeneity within each racial group. An interesting example is that of gender. The literature focusing on men consistently finds large racial wage differentials. In contrast, the literature analyzing racial wage gaps among women finds that, in general, women who belong to a racial minority tend to be paid the same—or even more—than white native women. This finding is consistent across various countries, including the UK, the US, and Israel [1], [3], [8], with some exceptions, such as France and Germany [1]. The smaller racial wage differentials among women may be the result of self-selection: i.e. women, especially those belonging to racial minorities, are often less likely than men to participate in the labor market, and those who do participate are likely to have qualities (such as higher education or motivation) that make them more likely to receive comparatively higher wages. Nevertheless, there is not much evidence on the reasons for smaller racial wage differentials among women than among men.
Most studies estimate gender-specific racial wage differentials, where wages of minority men are compared with wages of white native men, and wages of minority women are compared with wages of white native women. Nevertheless, it is also interesting to see how wages of ethnic-minority men and women compare to wages of white native men. This allows us to measure racial wage differentials and how they interact with gender wage differentials across minority groups.
Figure 3 shows an example for the UK that allows a comparison of wage differentials by race and gender. The figure shows that the gender wage gap for white British women was about 22% in the period 2013–2016. Indian men receive similar wages to white British men, Indian immigrant women (first generation) experience a gender wage gap, which is similar to that of white British women, while British-born Indian women (second generation and further generation) are paid more than white native British women and therefore experience a smaller gender wage gap. Bangladeshi men and women experience large racial wage gaps compared to white native British men and, on average, receive lower wages than white native British women. However, the racial wage gap is smaller among women and there seems to be no gender wage gap among British-born Bangladeshis. In contrast, Bangladeshi immigrant women seem, on average, to receive higher wages than Bangladeshi immigrant men, suggesting that the gender wage gap for this group may even be in favor of women. It is possible that self-selection into the labor market plays an important role for this group. Among black Caribbean immigrants, both men and women are paid on average similarly to white British women, i.e. they both experience racial wage gaps compared to white British men, but the gender wage gap between black Caribbean immigrant men and women is almost non-existent. Black Caribbean men and women, who are British-born, experience only small racial wage gaps and, on average, appear to be paid more than white British women, although still less than white British men.
Besides differences between men and women, there are also important differences between those born abroad and those born in the host country. Although, in general, racial wage differentials tend to be lower for people born in the host country, this is not always the case (e.g. Turkish men in France; see Figure 1). More recent literature also suggests that racial wage differentials may be larger among workers with low skills, while they may be essentially non-existent among high-skill workers, at least in the US [3], and generally tend to vary across the wage distribution and by type of salary. For example, in the US, in jobs paying performance-related wages the white–black wage differential is higher at higher levels of wages, while in jobs where pay is not related to performance the differential is lower at higher levels of wages [12]. In contrast, in the UK the wage differential is smaller in jobs paying performance-related wages than in jobs paying a time rate [13].
Limitations and gaps
As discussed earlier, the labor market experience is specific to each racial group. However, data available to researchers often do not have an adequate sample size to analyze each group separately. For example, sometimes researchers analyze the group of so-called "other" whites; this group generally includes people from different countries of origin, ranging from the US, Australia, or New Zealand, to various European countries. Even if they all have similar skin color, people from such different countries of origin are likely to have different histories and to experience very different wage differentials compared to the majority (see, for example, Figure 1). In general, the analysis of minority groups that include people who are too different from each other will be of little use for policy, since statistical analyses may fail to highlight useful patterns and results may not be specific enough to represent any of the minorities included in such a heterogeneous group. It is the separate experiences of groups from each country of origin which would be of interest. Similarly, in many developed countries the group of people born of interracial marriages is also becoming more important. However, due to different skin colors and cultural backgrounds, the experience of a person with an Asian and a British parent is likely to be different from the experience of someone with an African and a British parent. The main reason for the lack of empirical research is that most existing data sets do not provide large enough sample sizes to disaggregate these groups. As a result, most evidence is based on the largest racial groups, neglecting the smaller ones.
Finally, some of the labor market determinants of racial wage differentials, such as education or occupational segregation, are not well explained. It is yet not clear what determines educational or occupational segregation, i.e. whether they are due to pre-labor market discrimination, or to choices or aspirations (e.g. in terms of desired occupation), which may themselves be the results of real or perceived additional difficulties faced by minorities compared to the majority. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms may help in the design of new policies to reduce inequalities.
Summary and policy advice
In many developed countries, racial and ethnic minorities are paid, on average, less than the white majority. Although decreasing over time, racial wage differentials still exist in most countries, even for second and further generations.
While it is likely that racial wage differentials are partly the result of direct and/or indirect discrimination, the empirical evidence on the relevance of discrimination in generating racial wage differentials is lacking. Nevertheless, anti-discrimination legislation is not the only way to reduce racial wage differentials. The empirical literature suggests that minorities tend to segregate in more deprived neighborhoods into poorly paid occupations, which often lack career progression. New policies to reduce racial wage inequalities should hence be based on a better understanding of what characteristics and situations prevent racial minorities from moving into better jobs. For example, improving mentoring practices, or increasing the aspirations of minority workers, may decrease racial wage inequalities.
Another important issue is that in many countries there are important differences across and within minorities. While some minorities experience large wage penalties, some are paid similarly or even more than white natives. Racial wage differentials tend to be smaller among women than among men, and they may also vary by other characteristics such as education. Policy should therefore move away from a "one size fits all" approach, where race is seen as one single issue, and should take into account that reasons for lack of success differ across minorities. Policy should target, wherever possible, particular issues affecting specific minorities. For some minorities, policies may need to focus on increasing skills or improving education. While for other minorities policies may need to focus earlier on in people's lives, for example by improving children's aspirations in terms of education and type of jobs, such policies may also differ by gender and generation. However, the risk with policies targeted to very specific groups is that some other groups may be left behind, simply because there is not enough empirical evidence regarding their situation. Policies that favor some small groups over others may also be perceived to be controversial.
Instead of policies specifically targeted to some narrowly defined minority groups, it would thus be beneficial to adopt policies that target issues rather than groups. For example, policies designed to increase aspirations and mentoring for career progression could be targeted to all workers in certain low-pay occupations. They may mostly benefit minorities (which tend to segregate in these occupations) but may also benefit white natives from poorer socio-economic backgrounds if the reasons for lack of success in their job are shared with racial minorities.
The author thanks two anonymous referees and the IZA World of Labor editors for many helpful suggestions on earlier drafts. Financial support provided by ESRC through the Research Centre on Micro-Social Change (MiSoC) (award no. RES-518-28-001) based at the Institute for Social and Economic Research at the University of Essex, where part of this work was undertaken, is gratefully acknowledged.
The IZA World of Labor project is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The author declares to have observed these principles.
© Simonetta Longhi
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race, ethnicity, wage, inequality, discrimination
Do immigrant workers depress the wages of native workers?
Giovanni Peri
Anonymous job applications and hiring discrimination
Ulf Rinne
Correspondence testing studies
Dan-Olof Rooth
Immigrants and entrepreneurship
Magnus Lofstrom Chunbei Wang
Ethnic minority self-employment
Ken Clark
Immigrant labor and work-family decisions of native-born women
Delia Furtado
Income of immigrants and their return
Govert E. Bijwaard
Migrants and educational achievement gaps
Horst Entorf
Performance-related pay and productivity
Claudio Lucifora Federica Origo
Can immigrants ever earn as much as native workers?
Kathryn H. Anderson Zhen Huang
Intermarriage and the economic success of immigrants
Language and culture as drivers of migration
Alicía Adserà
What drives the language proficiency of immigrants?
Ingo E. Isphording
Occupational choice of return migrants
Matloob Piracha
Ethnic networks and location choice of immigrants
Sholeh A. Maani
Ethnic enclaves and immigrant economic integration
Simone Schüller Tanika Chakraborty
Immigrants' occupational mobility—Down and back up again
Aslan Zorlu
How do social networks affect labor markets?
Ian Schmutte
Skills or jobs: Which comes first?
Jesko Hentschel
Identifying and measuring economic discrimination
Sergio Pinheiro Firpo
Why does unemployment differ for immigrants?
Stephen Drinkwater
Family-friendly and human-capital-based immigration policy
Harriet Duleep Mark Regets
The labor market in Switzerland, 2000–2018
Rafael Lalive Tobias Lehmann
Do anti-discrimination policies work?
Marie-Anne Valfort
Why do STEM immigrants do better in one country than another?
Garnett Picot Feng Hou
Public attitudes toward immigration—Determinants and unknowns
Mohsen Javdani
The labor market in South Africa, 2000–2017
Jacqueline Mosomi Martin Wittenberg
Altonji and Blank (1999)
Altonji, J. G., Blank, R. M. "Race and gender in the labor market" In: Ashenfelter, O. C., Card, D. (eds). Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume 3. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1999.
Carneiro et al. (2005)
Carneiro, P., Heckman, J. J., Masterov, D. V. "Understanding the sources of ethnic and racial wage gaps and their implications for policy" In: Nielsen, L., Nelson, R. (eds). Handbook of Employment Discrimination Research. Amsterdam: Springer, 2005.
[1] Algan et al. (2010)
[1]Algan, Y., Dustmann, C., Glitz, A., Manning, A. "The economic situation of first and second-generation immigrants in France, Germany and the United Kingdom" The Economic Journal 120:1 (2010): F4–F30.
[1]French Labour Force Survey (FLFS)
[2]German Microcensus
[3]Quarterly Labour Force Survey UK
[1]Survey data (Micro data): Household data - Cross section
[2]Census/Microcensus data (Micro data) - Cross section
Micro-level analysis - Regression
France, Germany, United Kingdom
[2] Glover et al. (2016)
[2]Glover, D., Pallais, A., Pariente, W. Discrimination as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Evidence from French Grocery Stores NBER Working Paper No. 22786, 2016.
[1]Dataset from Glover et al. (2016)
[1]Experimental data (Micro data): Field experiments - Cross section
[3] Lang and Lehmann (2012)
[3]Lang, K., Lehmann, J. -Y. K. "Racial discrimination in the labor market: Theory and empirics" Journal of Economic Literature 50:4 (2012): 959–1006.
[4] Elder et al. (2010)
[4]Elder, T. E., Goddeeris, J. H., Haider, S. J. "Unexplained gaps and Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions" Labour Economics 17:1 (2010): 284–290.
[1]Current Population Survey (CPS), USA
[5] Aeberhardt et al. (2010)
[5]Aeberhardt, R., Fougère, D., Pouget, J., Rathelot, R. "Wages and employment of French workers with African origin" Journal of Population Economics 23:3 (2010): 881–905.
[1]Formation Qualification Professionnelle
[6] Longhi et al. (2012)
[6]Longhi, S., Nicoletti, C., Platt, L. "Occupation and pay across the generations: The labour market experience of four ethno-religious groups in Britain" In: Lambert, P. S., Connelly, R., Blackburn, B., Gayle, V. (eds). Social Stratification: Trends and Processes. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2012.
[7] Hellerstein and Neumark (2008)
[7]Hellerstein, J. K., Neumark, D. "Workplace segregation in the United States: Race, ethnicity, and skill" The Review of Economics and Statistics 90:3 (2008): 459–477.
[1]US Census Bureau
[8] Epstein et al. (2015)
[8]Epstein, G. S., Gafni, D., Siniver, E. Even Education and Experience Has Its Limits: Closing the Wage Gap CREAM Discussion Paper No.01/15, 2015.
[1]Central Bureau of Statistics Israel
[2]Income Tax Authority, Israel
[3]Population Registry, Israel
[1]Administrative data (Micro data) - Cross section
[9] Huffman and Cohen (2004)
[9]Huffman, M. L., Cohen, P. N. "Racial wage inequality: Job segregation and devaluation across U.S. labor markets" American Journal of Sociology 109:4 (2004): 902–936.
[1]5-Percent Public Use Microdata Sample
[1]Survey data (Micro data): Household data - Longitudinal or Panel
[10] Tienda and Lii (1987)
[10]Tienda, M., Lii, D. -T. "Minority concentration and earnings inequality: Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians compared" American Journal of Sociology 91:1 (1987): 141–165.
[11] Toomet et al. (2013)
[11]Toomet, O., van der Leij, M., Rolfe, M. "Social networks and labor market inequality between ethnicities and races" Network Science 1:3 (2013): 321–352.
[1]Social Capital Benchmark Survey (SCBS)
Estonia, United States
[12] Heywood and Parent (2012)
[12]Heywood, J. S., Parent, D. "Performance pay and the white-black wage gap" Journal of Labor Economics 30:2 (2012): 249–290.
[1]Panel Study of Income Dynamics
[13] Green et al. (2014)
[13]Green, C. P., Heywood, J. S., Theodoropoulos, N. "Performance pay and ethnic earnings differences in Britain" Oxford Economic Papers 66:3 (2014): 798–823.
[1]British Household Panel Survey
Algan, Y., Dustmann, C., Glitz, A., Manning, A. "The economic situation of first and second-generation immigrants in France, Germany and the United Kingdom" The Economic Journal 120:1 (2010): F4–F30.
Key reference: [1]
Glover, D., Pallais, A., Pariente, W. Discrimination as a Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Evidence from French Grocery Stores NBER Working Paper No. 22786, 2016.
Lang, K., Lehmann, J. -Y. K. "Racial discrimination in the labor market: Theory and empirics" Journal of Economic Literature 50:4 (2012): 959–1006.
Elder, T. E., Goddeeris, J. H., Haider, S. J. "Unexplained gaps and Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions" Labour Economics 17:1 (2010): 284–290.
Aeberhardt, R., Fougère, D., Pouget, J., Rathelot, R. "Wages and employment of French workers with African origin" Journal of Population Economics 23:3 (2010): 881–905.
Longhi, S., Nicoletti, C., Platt, L. "Occupation and pay across the generations: The labour market experience of four ethno-religious groups in Britain" In: Lambert, P. S., Connelly, R., Blackburn, B., Gayle, V. (eds). Social Stratification: Trends and Processes. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2012.
Hellerstein, J. K., Neumark, D. "Workplace segregation in the United States: Race, ethnicity, and skill" The Review of Economics and Statistics 90:3 (2008): 459–477.
Epstein, G. S., Gafni, D., Siniver, E. Even Education and Experience Has Its Limits: Closing the Wage Gap CREAM Discussion Paper No.01/15, 2015.
Huffman, M. L., Cohen, P. N. "Racial wage inequality: Job segregation and devaluation across U.S. labor markets" American Journal of Sociology 109:4 (2004): 902–936.
Tienda, M., Lii, D. -T. "Minority concentration and earnings inequality: Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians compared" American Journal of Sociology 91:1 (1987): 141–165.
Key reference: [10]
Toomet, O., van der Leij, M., Rolfe, M. "Social networks and labor market inequality between ethnicities and races" Network Science 1:3 (2013): 321–352.
Heywood, J. S., Parent, D. "Performance pay and the white-black wage gap" Journal of Labor Economics 30:2 (2012): 249–290.
Green, C. P., Heywood, J. S., Theodoropoulos, N. "Performance pay and ethnic earnings differences in Britain" Oxford Economic Papers 66:3 (2014): 798–823.
Full reference list
Open full reference list
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Version(s)
Current Version: 2
Version 2 includes the latest research, adding new "Key references" [10], [11].
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Posted in College Football, Pac-12
Oregon Dismantles Colorado: Analysis
Author: Jared Woodcock Published Date: October 12, 2019 Leave a Comment on Oregon Dismantles Colorado: Analysis
Oregon welcomed Colorado to Autzen Stadium Friday Night, and the outcome was rarely in doubt. Colorado had a chance to cut it to 17-10 right before halftime, but a circus interception by Verone McKinley III gave the Oregon offense the ball back. They quickly struck after getting the ball back. Capping off an eight-play drive was a Jaylon Redd touchdown run from three yards out, making it 24-3 going into the half, and Oregon never looked back.
A barrage of second-half interceptions by Steven Montez and some big runs by Oregon led to a 45-3 final score.
Oregon Handles Colorado: Takeaways
This Defense is…Still the Real Deal
Nobody should have been doubting the legitimacy of this defense. However, this Colorado offense was the best offense this team has faced this season, outside of maybe Auburn. Leading to some questions of the Oregon defense being able to play to the same level they were playing at.
Well, those questions were passed with flying colors. Despite losing Jevon Holland and Troy Dye on the same play in the second quarter, this defense continued to dominate.
Now Dye was able to go back in the game, but he didn't play too big of a role. Holland never went back in as he was spotted on the sideline wearing a boot. That on its own doesn't sound good, but CJ Verdell was in a boot last week and had a huge game in this one.
This defense showed it can be next man up. Haki Woods Jr. came in and had a very productive game. Sampson Niu had nine tackles. And Thomas Graham Jr. and Mase Funa each had 1.5 tackles for loss.
Obviously, the health of Dye and Holland going forward is going to be huge. But this defense showed it has depth.
And make no mistake about it, this defense is one of the best in the country. Don't let someone tell you some of the offenses they've played are the reason for their numbers. It might not be the best in the nation, but it's up there.
Running Game Showing Continued Improvement
Last week the running game showed real signs of life against a very good Cal defense. This week, they dominated.
Now that's something they should be doing against a weak Colorado defense. However, being expected to do it and actually doing it are two different things, as this Oregon offense has shown at times this season.
As mentioned, Verdell had a huge game, racking up 171 yards on 14 carries. That included a 70-yard run. Travis Dye got limited action, but ran for 54 yards on just three carries, being boosted by a 47-yard run. Also, Cyrus Habibi-Likio played an important role in the offense, running for 47 yards on 13 carries, which isn't a great average, but he was effective in short-yardage and found the endzone three times.
All-in-all, the team ran for 252 yards on 36 carries (7.0 yards per carry) total. That includes a 19-yard loss when Justin Herbert had a ball snapped over his head. Take that out, and it's at least 271 yards on 35 carries.
Going into a huge matchup with Washington next week, the importance of the running game seems to be clicking the best it has all season, can't be understated.
This even led to Penei Sewell be interviewed post-game. When was the last time you saw an offensive lineman being interviewed on the field after a game? It's not common, to say the least
Impressive performance by #Oregon tonight especially by this guy. First time I've ever interviewed an O-lineman in our postgame but Penei Sewell is a special talent and a real tone-setter for this program now. pic.twitter.com/AZYOZlfaS2
— Bruce Feldman (@BruceFeldmanCFB) October 12, 2019
Oregon Beats Colorado: Takeaways Continued
Wide Receiver is Becoming a Strength
Last season that was the weakest unit on the team. It's slowly becoming one of the deepest units on the team.
Drops are still somewhat of a concern, but not nearly to the extent they were last season.
Juwan Johnson finally made his presence felt in this game. Mycah Pittman has already been a big contributor in two games. Brenden Schooler didn't have a catch in this game, but his impact is felt on special teams and blocking as well.
And then, of course, Bryan Addison is a factor, although he had a drop last night, Jaylon Redd has been consistent out of the slot, and Johnny Johnson III is continuing to have a bounce-back season after his very down year last year.
There still isn't a big-time go-to guy like there was last season with Dillon Mitchell. However, there is depth at the position, giving Herbert plenty of options on any given play.
Tying in, the tight end position doesn't have nearly as much depth, and Jacob Breeland left with an injury. The extent of his injury has yet to be known, but he is having the best season of his career, so the extent of his injury will be big for this Oregon passing game.
Kicking Game is a Concern Going to Washington
Camden Lewis did make a field goal, but it wasn't exactly drilled down the middle.
Also, there was a chance late in the game for a field goal attempt, but Mario Cristobal elected to go for it. That would've been a good chance to try and build confidence for Lewis, but Cristobal essentially showed the confidence he has in him by electing to go for it.
Going into what will likely be a tight, low-scoring defensive battle in Seattle, Oregon might need to make a field goal or two to get the win. That's not something that anyone that follows the program will be confident in.
However, maybe Lewis will make a huge field goal in that game and it will propel him to being a reliable kicker.
Going into this game though, it's the biggest question this team has.
Click here for more Sports Daily Gameday Insight content.
Top Photo: Troy Wayrynen/USA TODAY Sports
Tagged Colorado Football, Oregon Football
Author: Jared Woodcock
I am the founder and owner of Sports Daily Gameday Insight. I am also currently a business student at the University of Oregon
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Alternative RockIndie Rock
Alternative Rock, Indie Rock
The Hold Steady Review
by Nolan ConghaileSeptember 6, 2018
Clever lyrics with catchy guitar hooks and steady rock beats alive, The Hold Steady continues to bring us the kind of rock that tells a story. The Brooklyn, New York, band consists of: Bobby Drake (drums), Craig Finn (vocals), Tad Kubler (guitar, vocals), Franz Nicolay (keyboards), Galen Polivka (bass), and Steve Selvidge (guitar, vocals). The Hold Steady has gained an enthusiastic following based on their songwriting craft and bar-rock sound. Since expanding its lineup to six-pieces, the band has been performing three-night residencies in various cities. In support of the residencies, the band has been releasing singles. In 2017, to coincide with the Massive Nights residency, the band released two new songs, "Entitlement Crew" and "Snake in the Shower," followed by, "Eureka" and "Esther," from the same recording sessions to support the Boys & Girls residency in London. The Hold Steady are set to perform their residence in Toronto, Canada for a four-night stand at The Horseshoe Tavern. Releasing two songs in support of the residency, The Hold Steady have released: "Confusion in the Marketplace" and "T-Shirt Tux."
"Confusion in the Marketplace" and "T-Shirt Tux" were recorded in May at The Isokon in Woodstock NY. These were the same sessions where the six members recorded "The Stove & The Toaster" and "Star 18." Josh Kaufman produced, and Dan Goodwin engineered and mixed the tracks. The Hold Steady kicks off its "Constructive Summer" series of shows to a sold-out STAY POSITIVE anniversary show at White Eagle Hall in Jersey City, NJ, on July 25, and then moves onto Philadelphia/Asbury Park, San Francisco and Toronto is the third stop, with shows starting on Wednesday September 12. If you choose to download these two songs, a donation will be made to benefit the K+L Guardian Foundation. ALL monies received from downloads will be transferred to the K+L Guardian Foundation. The K+L Guardian Foundation was formed to benefit "Jersey" Mike Van Jura's children after he suddenly passed away in November 2012 at only 36 years of age. Jersey Mike was the unofficial leader of The Unified Scene.
Our Favorite Track
Our favorite track is "T-Shirt Tux." Starting things off on a good foot is the guitar hook, which is catchy and full of signature character and just enough edge to let you know this is rock. The lyrics and melody are a perfect fit to the feel and appeal of the song. The horns add a nice dimension of sounds as does the organ. The open feel for the bridge lets the song breath and gives the original feel a more impactful entrance. There are interesting horn line variations for the second verse and chorus and the form of the song offers a catchy guitar and piano interlude to introduce a new variation for the verse. The lyrics are excellent and sung with heart. Its honest to goodness great songwriting, playing and singing and it works.
There is something noble about the way The Hold Steady sells their music, that honesty and heartfelt notion carries through to their music. At its core its music you want to hear, its rock done right and it lingers long after the listen, this is the key ingredient to keeping your fan base happy and The Hold Steady gets it and delivers, probably why their fan base keeps growing exponentially as it has over the past several years. Highly recommended.
The Hold Steady
Confusion in the Marketplace b/w T-Shirt Tux EP
C.U.R. Grades
You Grade The Music
Band Sound
Vocal Quality
Alternative RockRock
Marianas Trench, I Knew You When Review


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Shyam Benegal yearns to make another film
IANS Monday, 08 October 2018 02:30:10 PM
New Delhi : Veteran filmmaker Shyam Benegal last directed a feature film titled "Well Done Abba" that released in 2010. A few years later, he made a mini-series, but is yearning to make a film again.
Benegal began his career in advertising and graduated to documentaries and short films. He made his directorial debut in 1974 with "Ankur" that fetched him a National Award. He continued to make award-winning movies like "Manthan", "Junoon", "Arohan" and "Trikal".
"I also made 'Samvidhaan', a 10-part series on the Indian Constitution, then I did 'Jang-e-Azadi', which was a 90-minute film on the history of Punjab," Benegal, 83, told IANS in a telephonic interview.
His list of achievements is undoubtedly an exhaustive one. He has bagged the prestigious National Film Award multiple times and has been conferred with a Padma Bhushan, among various honours.
What else does he want to do?
"I want to make a film," he replied.
But what are the struggles that he is facing in making another film?
"The point is that it has to... people who want to put money into it, should want to be a part of the same film that I want to make and not tell me that I should change it. These are the things that happen," said the veteran.
"People say 'Yes, it is a wonderful subject but why don't you do this or that?' Naturally, there comes a time... after a point yes, but not beyond that. What I want to make, is what I want to make."
He has "a couple of scripts ready".
"They are both feature films. One of them can eventually become... if somebody desires it to be, it can become a web series. It's a chase that takes you all over the country. The other one is based on Radha Krishna theme," he said.
Meanwhile, Benegal will be honoured with the Excellence in Cinema Award India for his immense contribution to the Indian film industry, at the Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival with Star on October 25.
"I don't know why MAMI thinks I am deserving of this award. I am a bit embarrassed. It's an organisation that I was part of. I have been with MAMI since the beginning," he said.
In fact, he calls himself "irrelevant".
"When you get awards when you are no longer relevant, you feel a bit embarrassed. I am going to be 84 by the end of this year. I hope that I keep reasonable good health for the next year or two at least," said Benegal.
He might feel embarrassed in accepting the award, but he is delighted with the work done by Kiran Rao, Chairperson, MAMI Mumbai Film Festival, and Anupama Chopra, Festival Director, MAMI Mumbai Film Festival.
"They have made it into a much better festival than it ever was. The festival has grown. It has become as good as any international film festival anywhere in the world. It's a very good festival and attracts very fine films from across the world," he said.
Mumbai Academy of Moving Image (MAMI), a non-profit organisation, was founded in 1997, and he has been associated with it since the fest's inception.
(Natalia Ningthoujam can be contacted at natalia.n@ians.in)
Published : Monday, October 08, 2018 14:30 [IST]
Amazon makes special offers for festival sale
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Wide range of tenant door sizes.
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Happy Canada day to everyone who celebrates it. May it be filled with sunshine and laughter.
Happy July 1st to the rest of the world!
I love to write steampunk because it means I get to mix past, present and future together and make something new. "What If?" is one of my all time favourite questions;). How would a couple in my Victorian London celebrate Valentine's Day?
Today we'd exchange emails or text a partner, but in my Victorian London a couple in the beginning stages of courtship would send a flockwork message. A flockwork message is a mechanical bird that records the sender's words and sings them at the recipient. It would be fun and flirty and something they can share.
A romantic dinner is the usual fare for modern day couples, but in my London Afternoon Tea at Claridge's would be the equivalent. Of course the tea will be served by sharply dressed automatons who can outstep any maître d'.
If we want to do something special we'd visit the theatre and take in a show or catch a great movie at the cinema. My couples will head over to the Globe Theatre and watch Shakespeare's "The Mechanic of Venice" or "A Midsummer Night's Steam".
If you want to be a little bit naughty your text or email could include a picture or two. In my London a couple would send an image (or two) through the Aether. Throughout the day the Aether terminal will ping when yet another delicious picture arrives. Hopefully the evening will be spent together admiring the real version;).
A weekend away is definitely a favourite to celebrate Valentine's Day. My couples will jump on their dirigible and take a leisurely trip across the channel and end up in Paris to admire the city and savour its delicious treats.
What can I say? As a cat owner (or as someone owned by her cat, depending who you talk to;) it is my duty to contribute cute cat pictures to the internet. I mean, that's what it was made for, right?


Painter Decorator Finder Bonnyrigg Painter & Decorator Listings page. This section lists as many Painters & Decorators we could find in Bonnyrigg. If you are a Painter or Decorator in Bonnyrigg please let us know by submitting your listing using the Get Listed link at the top. These Bonnyrigg Painter Decorators offer a wide range of services including interior painting Bonnyrigg, floor laying, papering / paper hanging, plastering and home refurbishment in Bonnyrigg and home, kitchen & bathroom decorating. These Bonnyrigg painters & decorators can also provide you with free decorating quotes and painting quotes.


The talk will present some research conducted at RPI on the use of synchronized phasor measurements to improve the reliable operation of power systems. Phasor measurement units (PMUs) can provide 30/50/60 samples per second of power system phasor data with both magnitude and phase values. The data can be time-tagged with GPS timing signal such that phasors can be synchronized across wide regions of large power systems. Such a capability would allow the visualization of power system dynamics resulting from large disturbances such as generator trips. The presentation will be in two parts. The first part is on phasor computation. The second part is on applications such as disturbance propagation, disturbance recognition, phasor state estimation, and energy function analysis.


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Natasha Falle (born 1973) is a Canadian professor at Humber College in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, who was forcibly prostituted from the ages of 15 to 27 and now opposes prostitution in Canada. Falle grew up in a middle-class home and, when her parents divorced, her new single-parent home became unsafe, and Falle ran away from home. At the age of 15, Falle became involved in the sex industry in Calgary, Alberta.

Falle's pimp kept her falsely imprisoned and trafficked her across the country. He married her and tortured her, breaking several of her bones and burning her body. In order to cope with the trauma of prostitution and violence, Falle became dependent on cocaine and almost died. Eventually, she got out of prostitution and, with her mother's support, went through drug rehabilitation, finished high school, and eventually received a diploma in Wife Assault and Child Advocacy from George Brown College.

In 2001, Falle began counselling women in prostitution at Streetlight Support Services, and counselled more than 800 women in the subsequent decade, 97% of whom wrote on their intake surveys that they wanted to exit the sex industry. In order to make this statistic more widely known, Falle founded Sex Trade 101. She began offering training for police and partners with the Toronto Police Service's sex crimes unit. Falle was one of the main proponents of Member of Parliament (MP) Joy Smith's private member's bill, Bill C-268, which was passed in June 2010 as An Act to amend the Criminal Code (minimum sentence for offences involving trafficking of persons under the age of eighteen years), and she helped the Canadian government formulate their appeal of the decision of the Ontario Superior Court of Justice in Bedford v. Canada to strike down various prostitution laws. Falle advocates adopting a law in Canada analogous to Sweden's Sex Purchase Act, which would decriminalize the selling of sex and criminalize the purchasing of sex.

Early life
Natasha Falle grew up in a middle-class home in Nova Scotia, a suburb of Toronto, Ontario, and a suburb of Calgary, Alberta. Her mother managed stores in the wedding industry and her father was a police officer with a vice squad, arresting drug dealers and pimps. While she was growing up, Falle had multiple family members with addictions. When she was a young teenager, Falle's parents divorced, and she subsequently lived in a single-parent home with her mother. They moved into an apartment in downtown Toronto. Falle's father did not pay her mother alimony and there was often no money for food, so Falle began stealing food to survive.

Falle had no role models. She began writing poetry about suicide and wearing black clothing. She acted out by stealing cars and using drugs recreationally. She started out with soft drugs and then moved on to using psychedelic mushrooms and LSD. Her associates in these criminal activities, who came from similarly dysfunctional backgrounds, provided her with a sense of belonging that she no longer found at home. Falle's mother had a series of boyfriends who abused her and made the house unsafe, so Falle ran away from home. She slept at friends' houses, on their couches and in tents in their backyards, concealing her presence from her friends' parents.

Prostitution

Initiation

After she turned 15, Falle had her first experience in the sex industry at a party in a bar in Chinatown, Calgary. A 25-year-old man at the party who had forged identity documents convinced her to sell sex for money and give him half of her earnings. Falle found this man well-dressed and attractive and did not think that he fit the stereotypical image of a pimp. She had nowhere to sleep that night and had no money for food, so she accepted his offer. The man to whom she sold sex that night had teeth that were rotten. They had sex on a soiled mattress in a poorly-ventilated restaurant attic, and she received $100.

Falle convinced five of her friends who came from dysfunctional homes to join her in prostitution. Falle said that she and the other girls she knew her age who had gone into prostitution had felt as though that was their only remaining option. She said they all tried to stay free of pimps, organized crime, and drugs, but eventually succumbed. Falle later said, "We were prey for every paedophile, pervert, pimp and drug dealer that was out there." The man who had recruited Falle in Chinatown became her pimp. Adults began advertising Falle's sexual services in newspapers. Falle engaged in both indoor and outdoor prostitution, working as an escort, in strip clubs, and at massage parlours. At the legal establishments where she engaged in prostitution, escort drivers engaged in organized crime, selling guns, alcohol, cocaine, and stolen goods and pimping children in massage parlours.

Abuse

Falle's pimp kept her imprisoned for the years that he prostituted her, and trafficked her across Canada to Edmonton, Vancouver, and Kelowna. Falle later said of herself and the other women in prostitution she knew, "I couldn't admit that I was not there by choice. We couldn't live in our own skin if we admitted that. We needed to believe that it was our choice." Falle's pimp told her he would marry her if she made enough money for him through prostitution. When she had made the amount of money her pimp required, she was 17 years old. The two got married that year.

Falle's pimp regularly beat her and she began to suffer from battered person syndrome. The worst beating she received was in a brothel where she and four other teenagers engaged in prostitution. Over the years that she was married to her pimp, she hoped he would change. She later said that she "wanted to love him, believe he'd never do it again." She tried to make him enough money through prostitution to convince him not to find another girl. He threatened her family, and conditioned her not to call the police. Fear of being labelled a "snitch" or "rat" prevented her from going to the police. None of the other women she knew in the sex industry were in healthy relationships. At her peak, Falle owned a Ford Mustang, bought her pimp a Mercedes-Benz, and lived in a four-bedroom penthouse apartment, but she continued to experience violence. She used her material possessions to elevate herself above the women around her who were dependent on cocaine; she dismissed them as "crackheads" and "crackhoes".

Some of the men who purchased sex with Falle were police officers, and she knew girls who used drugs with their drug counselors. Falle was brainwashed to believe that her only worth lay in prostitution, which she later said was why it took her so long to exit prostitution. While engaging in prostitution, Falle was frequently threatened by other women in the sex industry, she was verbally abused by her clients, she was stalked, and she was threatened with guns on multiple occasions, including by her pimp. She was also drugged several times, and was once sexually assaulted by an escort driver after having been drugged by him. At one point, she was kidnapped. She had to resort to pulling a knife on people at times when she was threatened with violence. Because of various instances of violence during her time in prostitution, Falle was injured in a variety of ways. Her pimp broke several of her bones and burned her body.

Effects and aftermath
In order to cope with the psychological trauma of prostitution and violence, Falle became dependent on cocaine. Within two years, she was spending $500 per night on cocaine. Her drug use resulted in delusions and caused her to become schizophrenic, and subsequently distrustful of those around her, fearing that people were coming to take away her drugs.

Eventually, the personal horror stories Falle heard from other women in her situation convinced her that she needed to get out of prostitution. Her substance dependence became so severe that she almost died. Her best friend was killed by her pimp. By this point, many of her friends in the sex industry had died, and she thought that she would be next. One night, Falle was hiding alone in a hotel room when she found a Bible placed there by Gideons International. She began reading the Psalms and later said, "For the first time I understood what God was saying to me. That night my life began to move in a new direction." On her 27th birthday, Falle left her husband and returned to her mother. Because of the delusions, Falle did not recognize her mother, thinking she had been replaced with a clone. Falle told her mother about being dependent on cocaine, entering prostitution, and marrying her pimp. Her mother accepted her back. It took several more years before Falle gave up hope that her husband would change.

Falle participated in a diversion program that allowed her to return to school. She said that she required a lot of support in order to fully exit prostitution, and found that support in her mother, her school, and Streetlight Support Services. Falle underwent a month of drug rehabilitation, which convinced her to become a counsellor. She then spent 90 days at the Toronto West Detention Centre and took seven months to finish high school. She went on to graduate from a college and a university. She received a diploma in Wife Assault and Child Advocacy from George Brown College and graduated with honours. To remove the burns her pimp had inflicted on her, she had laser surgery that cost thousands of dollars.

Falle uses the term "sex trade survivor" to describe herself. In 2012, Falle sought to bring a lawsuit against her former pimp to demonstrate to other women who are or have been forcibly prostituted that it is possible to oppose one's pimp. In 2013, she said that, while she has left much aggression and profanity behind since leaving the sex industry, some of the issues that she developed will stick with her until the end of her life. Jonathan Migneault of the Sudbury Star wrote that "Falle's story about her descent in and escape from prostitution is so horrific you almost don't believe the details." Sam Pazzano of the Toronto Sun wrote that, after 12 years of prostitution, Falle still has "attractive looks and [a] sharp mind."

Activism

Streetlight Support Services
In 2001, Falle began counselling women in prostitution at Streetlight Support Services. Once she received her diploma from George Brown College, she redeveloped the organization's Choices program, a four-week program that helps women leave prostitution. Between 1997 and 2005, Choices helped 325 women out of the sex trade. Women entered into the program through the criminal justice system after being arrested for offences related to prostitution. By 2011, Falle had conselled more than 800 women. Of these women, 97% wrote on their intake surveys that they wanted to exit the sex industry, and 95% wrote that they had been physically abused by either a pimp, a client, or another woman in the sex industry. Falle believed these statistics to be representative of women in prostitution in Canada because the women she counselled did not come to her by choice; they were required to undergo the counselling by court order. In 2010, Falle said that hundreds of the women she had met were controlled by pimps, either as sexual partners or as traffickers. She also said that women in prostitution tend to be moved around a lot because they tend to fetch higher prices when they are new to a region. One of the women she counselled through Streetlight Support Services had been kept in a closet when she was not providing sexual services to men.

Sex Trade 101

Because Streetlight Support Services is administered by the office of the Attorney General of Ontario, Falle could not be politically active in her capacity as a counsellor with them. Falle said, "I couldn't be silent anymore, because the strong voices that we were hearing were the minority few saying [prostitution] is liberating, it's a job choice ... I couldn't stand that lie anymore." She said that this minority only want to continue in prostitution because "they've never had a healthy comparison." Falle founded and became the director of Sex Trade 101, a Toronto-based nonprofit organization dedicated to protecting the rights of women who have been in prostitution. She founded Sex Trade 101 because she saw women in the sex industry as victims rather than as criminals, and she believed that the Criminal Code depicted them as criminals. She founded the organization in order to make it more widely known that the vast majority of women in the sex industry want to leave. She met many women who had no family to support them in exiting the sex industry, and she decided to found an organization to provide that support. The organization helps prostitution victims exit the sex industry and improve their lives.

Sex Trade 101 calls itself "Toronto's only sex trade survivors and abolitionist organization" and is composed of 12 women who had escaped forced prostitution and who offer training for police in order to change perceptions about people involved in the sex trade. The organization is also involved in prevention work in high schools. The organization offers mentorship and peer support groups for women who are currently or were formerly in prostitution. It also partners with other organizations including the Servants Anonymous Society of Calgary and Sheatre, an Owen Sound-based interactive theatre company. In 2012, Falle and Bridget Perrier represented Sex Trade 101 in Owen Sound where they launched ReStart, a mentorship program to aid women and youth who are at risk of sexual victimization, to help people exit the sex trade, and to provide support once they have exited. At the workshop that launched this program, Falle said that some people in the sex industry engage in survival sextrading sex for food, a place to sleep, alcohol, drugs, or the feeling that they are loved. She said that rural communities are common places for women and children to be groomed into prostitution. She identified Bruce—Grey—Owen Sound as particularly vulnerable because of the substance abuse in the area. By 2013, Sex Trade 101 had served more than 1,000 women. In May 2012, Falle spoke about human trafficking at high schools in Vancouver primarily because of the influence of a parent concerned about human trafficking in the area and its dangers to children.

Police
Falle is a professor at Humber College in Toronto, where she teaches in the police foundations program, educating on the subject of social justice. One of her students, Brittany Swartzentruber, said that Falle's lectures would have a significant impact on Swartzentruber's career as a police officer, saying, "She was one of the best speakers I have ever heard." Falle partners with the Toronto Police Service's sex crimes unit, which developed the statistic that the average age for a girl to become involved in prostitution in Canada is 14. According to Falle's research, the average age is between 13 and 16. York Regional Police drugs and vice unit Detective Thai Truong said that all law enforcement personnel should hear stories like Falle's because "they remind us that they are not just prostitutes or escorts, but they are somebody's daughter, somebody's sister, somebody's wife."

Bill C-268

In June 2010, Kildonan—St. Paul Member of Parliament (MP) Joy Smith's private member's bill, Bill C-268, was passed as An Act to amend the Criminal Code (minimum sentence for offences involving trafficking of persons under the age of eighteen years). Falle was one of the bill's five main proponents, the others being Timea Nagy, a woman who was trafficked from Hungary to Canada at the age of 20 and kept as a sex slave in a strip club; Tamara Cherry, a Toronto Sun journalist who writes about human trafficking in Canada; Brian McConaghy, a former RCMP officer who works with  Ratanak Internationalanother anti-human-trafficking organization; and Grand Chief of the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs Ron Evans, who raised awareness about victims of the sex industry in Manitoba. Later that year, Falle said that the best way to fight human trafficking is to influence public opinion.

Later in 2010 in Winnipeg, Falle received an award at the first annual Honouring Heroes ceremony, which was organized by Joy Smith, who is also an anti-human-trafficking activist. Falle called Smith an angel, saying, "It's only been in the last few years since all those missing and murdered aboriginal women turned up dead did anybody care about us. So to have her speak out the way she is against [prostitution] is so empowering." Falle was one of five award recipients at the ceremony, the other four being the other primary proponents of Bill C-268.

Bedford v. Canada
Falle took a sustained interest in Bedford v. Canada, a case that began in the fall of 2010 when laws against keeping a brothel, communicating in order to facilitate prostitution, and living off the avails of prostitution were struck down by the Ontario Superior Court of Justice as unconstitutional. When Falle first heard about this decision, she cried, and expressed surprise and disappointment. She said that she did not believe that the average Canadian realized the implications of striking down these laws, which she said were that "your next door neighbours can run a brothel right beside you. Your children could be exposed to condoms left on their driveway, johns propositioning them." She also expressed her concern that striking down anti-prostitution laws normalizes prostitution as a career option for children to consider. She also said that, without the laws, "pimps will be legitimate businesspeople [and] billboards advertising brothels could start appearing on roadsides." Ron Marzel, a lawyer attempting to have the anti-prostitution laws declared unconstitutional, said, "the reality is there are consenting adults who want to go into" prostitution. Falle was angered by this statement, and replied that 97% of women in the sex industry are not engaging in prostitution by choice, and that "the voices of the overwhelming majority of women who want to get out of prostitution are being drowned out by a vocal few."

The Government of Canada disagreed with Ontario's ruling and announced that the decision would be appealed. Falle helped the Crown formulate their case. That November, Falle was a panelist at a debate about the case. At the debate, which was hosted by the Queen's Law and Public Policy Club at Queen's University, Falle said that, whatever the outcome of the appeal, she was glad that the case was removing the taboos surrounding talking about prostitution. The following June, Falle and more than twelve others intervened in the case, arguing that the laws should be reinstated to protect women from pimps. As part of this anti-prostitution coalition, Falle said that all areas of the sex industry are unsafe, including escort agencies and strip clubs. Falle testified in the lower courts, saying that "the more they say the women are there by choice, the harder it is for us to convince police, social workers and everyone else that these people are vulnerable." She also said that striking down anti-prostitution laws sends a message to men that it is acceptable to harass women. Falle said that all the applicants in Bedford v. Canadaincluding Terri-Jean Bedford, the dominatrix seeking to have the anti-brothel law struck downentered the sex industry as children. For this reason, Falle argued that neither of these women chose a life of prostitution as a consenting adult; that life had already been chosen for them by the time that they had reached the age of consent. Falle encouraged Canadians to take an interest in Bedford v. Canada because any Canadian girl can become a victim of prostitution.

Eventually, the laws against pimping and communicating provisions were determined to be constitutional and were retained. As of 2013, the constitutionality of the law against brothels was still under review. Falle said that brothels should not be legalized, saying, "I know firsthand and... from the disclosures of the many women that I've been able to counsel over the years that most violence happens behind closed doors." Falle said that if brothels were legalized, the police would have less legal ability to find women and children victimized by human trafficking. Bedford said that legalizing brothels would make prostitution safer for women because it would allow prostitution to take place indoors. Falle responded that most prostitution has already moved indoors, as the internet has made most street solicitation unnecessary, and argues that the move indoors has not made the women safer. She said that when she was in prostitution, she was even a little safer outdoors because of the added visibility to the public. In discussion of the case, Falle said, "I don't know anyone in the prostitution business who hasn't ended up dead, in jail, or on drugs." She intended to bring a pimp stick to the Supreme Court of Canada in June 2013 as a visual aid in explaining how pimps often abuse the women they prostitute.

Advocacy events

In October 2010, Falle picketed a courthouse in downtown Toronto in recognition of International Day of No Prostitution. She was joined by Trisha Baptie, Bridget Perrier, Katarina MacLeod, and Christine Barkhouse; all were former human trafficking victims and sex workers. At the protest, Falle said that "only 1% of prostitutes say they enjoy sex with johns and 97% say they want to get out."

In January 2011, Falle appeared at the Party for Freedom at York University in Toronto, which launched the Alliance Against Modern Slavery, a nonprofit organization seeking to combat human trafficking through partnerships, education, and research. Falle was joined by Glendene Grant, human trafficking victim Jessie Foster's mother; Kevin Bales, co-founder and president of Free the Slaves; Kate Todd, a singer-songwriter and actor; Janelle Belgrave of Samba Elégua Drummers and Peace Concept; Roger Cram of Hiram College; and Jeff Gunn, a guitarist. That September, Falle attended Toronto's second annual Freedom Walk, which was hosted by Stop Child Trafficking Now, Freedom Relay Canada, and Oakville's Free-Them. At this event aimed at raising awareness about human trafficking nationally and internationally, Falle was joined by other abolitionists including Tara Teng, who was Miss Canada at the time; Trisha Baptie, co-founder of EVE; Shae Invidiata, founder of Free-Them; Timea Nagy; Constable Lepa Jankovic; MP Joy Smith; MP Olivia Chow; and MP Terence Young.

In October 2012, Falle was the keynote speaker at a symposium on street prostitution and human trafficking, which took place at Croatian Hall in Greater Sudbury and was attended by approximately 100 people. Sergeant Corinne Fewster of the Greater Sudbury Police Service said that the manner in which Falle was aided in her transition out of prostitution is a good example for local social and health services to follow in helping other women exit the sex industry. The following month, Falle told her story at a lunch hosted by The Salvation Army in Vancouver. That year, Falle said, "Where there's high-track prostitutes, escorts, strippers and masseuses; there's pimp violence."

In March 2013, Falle spoke at the 57th Session of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, where she sat on a panel called "Survivors Speak: Prostitution and Sex Trafficking" that was sponsored by Coalition Against Trafficking in Women. That May, Falle spoke at a fundraiser for the Servants Anonymous Society of Calgary, an organization that supports sex workers in the city. It was her first time in Calgary since she had been part of the sex industry there. The fundraiser was called "Cry of the Streets: An Evening for Freedom" and raised money for Servants Anonymous Facilitates Exit, a women's shelter for those seeking to leave the sex industry. At the fundraiser, Falle advocated adopting a law in Canada analogous to Sweden's Sex Purchase Act, which decriminalized the selling of sex and criminalized pimping and the purchasing of sex. Falle argued in support of modelling prostitution law in Canada after Sweden's laws because she believes that prostitution cannot be regulated. At another time, she had said that "it's not Canada's laws that make prostitution unsafe, it's the johns who are raping and abusing the women and their pimps." Also in 2013, Falle said that the average age at which girls get involved in prostitution in Canada is 14, and that their emotional intelligence does not develop while in prostitution, preventing many of them from leaving. She also said that prostitution has grown significantly in Canada since she left the sex industry, and that most human trafficking victims in Canada were born and raised in Canada.

See also
List of kidnappings

References

1973 births
Anti-prostitution feminists
Canadian female prostitutes
Human trafficking in Canada
People from the Greater Toronto Area
Canadian victims of crime
Sexual abuse victim advocates
George Brown College alumni
Academic staff of Humber College
Kidnapped Canadian people
Living people
People from Nova Scotia
People from Calgary Region
Canadian women academics
Canadian academics of women's studies
Feminist studies scholars
Sexual harassment in Canada
Sex industry researchers
Women social scientists
Forced prostitution
Child prostitution
Anti-pedophile activism
Canadian women's rights activists
Victims of underage prostitution

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Home 2014 September 17 How much should you spend on a Shampoo?
I shared this on the Natural Nigerians Group page last week and thought I should repost here.
Last week, I said that I would speak about 3 concepts that are basic to having healthy hair – Moisturize, Strengthen and Fortify.
However, let us start at the very beginning – shampooing. Why is this step so important? Because your scalp (which is the birthplace of hair) needs to be clean and clear in order to do its work of allowing hair come through to its surface.
Imagine if you would, that your scalp is an extension of your skin (technically, it is), it needs to "breathe" in order to work optimally. However the scalp has a covering of sebum on it which is waxy and as such holds on to whatever dirt falls on it. This sebum can also build up and stifle hair growth. (read more on scalp health here.
Now, there are many brands of shampoos in the market all proclaiming different benefits. Moisturizing, volumizing, thickening…it goes on and on.
Which one should you buy? In my opinion, whichever you are happiest with. However, your shampoo as a rule does not have to be too expensive. As a matter of fact, it can be one of the cheapest things in your regimen, while you splurge with things that actually remain in your hair.
Remember that shampoo is going to be all washed off anyway so you do not want a situation where you spend a lot on a bottle of shampoo only to see your money literally go down the drain.
The one big thing to consider is what sort of shampoo gives you a good cleaning. Use a clarifying shampoo at least after every 3 washes (for me this is the humble black soap). If you feel your hair is a bit dry and that shampoos generally strip your hair of moisture, do a coconut oil pre-poo. Works everytime.
So, what shampoo (or cleansing agent) do YOU use? How much does it cost?
kudos for the work you are doing. I started transitioning to natural hair last year June. I need advice on products I can use to grow my hair longer, and to care for my hair because I'm not using any products presently. If possible the cheap but good ones. I also need natural body creams but don't know which ones to use, so I just use vaseline. I have a oily skin. Another major challenge is where to get these products. I stay in Abeokuta but most local stores do not have natural hair products. I will be grateful for your help. Thanks.
The Good old Black soap(N150)..Sometimes i use Vo5 Clarifying Shampoo (N600). Can't really tell the difference when i use either.
There you go! As long as it works for you….
I used to use Bronner's Peppermint Castille Liquid Soap which I loved as it always left my scalp feeling so clean and tingling in a very soothing way. I got it from your stand at the first Capital Naturals meet up I attended in Abuja, I think that was in 2012 somewhere in Maitama. I can't quite recall the exact price now but somewhere around N1,500 I think. That finished early this year, so now, I use some shampoo whose name I cannot remember but I have had it for at least 3 years now. Sometimes I use black soap – there's this Moroccan black soap someone got for me which is meant for the body but I don't quite like it so I use it on my hair sometimes and other times just plain Dudu Osun. I also agree that there is no need to spend so much on shampoo seeing as it is being washed out and I do not shampoo as often as I co-wash anyway. Also, I can buy a cheap and cheerful shampoo and add natural products and essential oils into it like tea tree oil, peppermint oil, etc.
You are so right! You can always add extra oomph to your products by adding in essential oils and even oils.
By the way, your shampoos really really last. 2 years for a bottle of shampoo? That needs to go into the records, lol!
Lol! Yes, o my shampoos last that long because I am not your typical DIAY (Do It All Yourself) Natural. My hair is typically in protective styles 95% of the time and I still go to the salons and use their products too. Also, at the beginning of my natural hair journey, I did a lot more co-washing and avoided using actual shampoo. When I started using Dr Bronner's I found that just a little tiny bit produced a lot of lather for my hair, which isn't very full by the way.
I'm never keen to spend much on shampoo.
Right now, I use Loreal Ever Creme Sulfate Free System (it was dashed to me by my bestie, about $6) and some 'poo days, I use Dudu Osun. 300 naira Hair Fruits shampoo is also fine by me, or any shampoo I see. I dilute the cheapey sulfatey shampoos, or add oil to them, and it's all good!
Thanks for weighing in AB! I am a big advocate of using black soap for hair. It is cheap and works really really well.
Well, I am just beginning to learn. I just got one giovanni eco girl shampoo and conditioner whose cost I cannot remember. I am about to dilute my shampoo, 3 places of water to 1 place of shampoo. I don't know if I should do same to the conditioner. I don't know if my hair is moisturized enough so I will be doing pre-poo every week just before I wash my hair and co wash every other day.
Please, do you have any other advice for me because my hair is still short or long but it is very coily, so it is short…and full.
I would say that you can go ahead and dilute your shampoo but not the conditioner. We have loads of posts on hair just click on the Hair Category on the right hand side of the blog.
I use baking soda and apple cider vinegar. A tbsp per cup of baking soda, and a tbsp per cup of apple cider vinegar. So whatever that costs me. About the cost of the pennies I pull the lint off of at the bottom of my purse. I have been on a mission in the last year after I realized that unless I want to spend an arm and a leg, virtually NO natural shampoos are free of harsh chemicals anymore. Remember, when you rinse these things from your hair, they are set free in the environment, any they show up later in your drinking water..
I am 38, have a ridiculous amount of grey hair for my age, and I'm learning that due to it's more delicate composition, mine has decided to jump ship in a much more expedited fashion. NOTHING is working anymore. I'm right at the end of my adjustment period, about 3 weeks, and my hair is turning out fabulous! The only thing I'm noticing is that my ends are still a little dry. I probably need a haircut too, but I'm going to try some rhassoul clay in place of the baking soda. I've heard great things about it!
Ever since I started my hair journey(one year now) have only used two shampoos ORS and African Naturalista's, the latter for clarifying and the former for every other wash days. For either use I prepoo.
I am also not so particular about shampoos. But, conditioners and oils are more my thing.
Hi Ada, prepoo-ing is easy. Just apply an oil (Coconut oil is the best as it strengthens hair, scientifically proven) to the hair and cover with a shower cap for 15 minutes then wash. This strengthens the hair, prepares it for the washing process and leads to limited loss of moisture from the hair strand. You then still go on to Deep Condition the hair.
What you have described is actually a a wash and DC.
In my opinion, black soap is not bad for washing all the time but since it is a clarifier, I would suggest that you mix it with things like Aloe Vera Juice, Oils and essential oils if it proves too harsh. Buying from the market means that you are not buying the same formula all the time.
I have been using shea radiance shampoo. I ran out over the weekend and used NN black soap with lemon and the hair was not dry at all!!!