text:
Colorado GOP Runs From Recalls They Once Hyped
by: Colorado Pols October 27, 2019 at 9:26 AM MDT
Colorado GOP chairman Rep. Ken Buck (R-Greeley).
A week after the spectacular failure of the last of the recall campaigns from Colorado Republicans, launched against several individual Democratic legislators and Gov. Jared Polis over the summer, the Denver Post's Alex Burness circled back with Republican leaders for a post-mortem look at what went wrong–Republicans who were willing to return his calls, that is, because evidently many were not.
It's not easy to capture to full magnitude of the failure for Colorado Republicans without resorting to language that seems hyperbolic, but objectively is not an exaggeration of any kind. After the 2018 elections resulted in an historic bloodbath for the Colorado GOP–destroying their gubernatorial candidate, wiping out the GOP's hold on the attorney general, secretary of state, and treasurer's office ,and losing their only remaining legislative majority–Republicans in this state faced a hard choice: to learn the lessons dwindling moderates in their midst were begging them to learn and fundamentally change course, or embrace a future where all the elections look like 2018.
As we now know, Colorado Republicans chose the latter.
Sen. Cory Gardner (R).
This infamous clip of now-state GOP chairman Rep. Ken Buck promising to make Democrats "learn how to spell R-E-C-A-L-L," cheered on by the state's highest ranking Republican Sen. Cory Gardner, has become a major embarrassment for the party leadership now that the recalls have failed. The recalls did not fail narrowly, but failed calamitously with juicy attendant details like the conservative operative class in the state glomming on to the cash flow and "gifts" of thousands of dollars to individuals after the campaign had already failed. Any way you look at what happened–from building donor confidence to mobilizing the base to credibility with the media–this summer was another unprecedented disaster for Colorado Republicans on par with their electoral defeats last November.
So we can't claim to be surprised to see, as the Post's Alex Burness reports today, Colorado Republicans making absurd excuses to deflect responsibility. Defeat, as they say, is an orphan:
U.S. Rep. Ken Buck, the Colorado GOP chair, told The Denver Post on Friday that the recall failures don't fall on him in any way. [Pols emphasis]
"I didn't cast any net," he said. "There's a lot of people in the grassroots … who went after legislators. I didn't direct any recall effort."
When he was elected to lead the state party on the fourth ballot in March, Buck promised to teach Democrats "how to spell R-E-C-A-L-L." Now, though, he claims he did not endorse the concept of mass recalls in Colorado.
House Minority Leader Patrick Neville (R-Castle Rock).
Buck's cowardly denial of any responsibility for recalls he ran for the chair of the state party promising to support is an indicator of just how thoroughly weak and disorganized Republicans are as the last days of October 2019 come to a close. Practically from the moment Democrats visited historic destruction on Republicans in last November's elections, Republicans had threatened retaliation via recalls. House Minority Leader Patrick Neville openly threatened his Democratic colleagues with recalls during this year's legislative session. Republican operatives criss-crossed the state spreading the gospel of recalls as a way to "reweight the electorate," and score victories that are now out of reach in general elections.
History will likely record that the attempted recall of Rep. Tom Sullivan, a freshman Democrat whose advocacy for gun safety is rooted in his son's tragic murder in the July 2012 Aurora theater shooting, is the moment where the GOP's recall strategy went off the rails for good. Ironically, this is the recall attempt that Colorado Republicans are most obliged to take ownership of, since it was initiated by Colorado Republican Party vice-chair Kristi Burton Brown personally. Attempts to recast Brown's action as "personal" after the Sullivan recall was clearly doing more harm than good simply have no credibility.
Cole Wist, a Republican who lost his house seat to Sullivan in 2018 — and who publicly bashed the Sullivan recall effort — said there is an important distinction to be made between staying out of recalls and actively condemning them.
"I didn't see one elected Republican speak out against it," he said. "The state party needs to own this failure. [Pols emphasis] They stirred the pot, and when they could see that the strategy wasn't going to work, they didn't speak up. They retreated and disappeared while rank-and-file members of the party floundered and were exploited by political consultants."
When exactly high-ranking Republicans belatedly realized that the recalls were going to fail is irrelevant. The fact is that top Republicans kept up appearances of support for the recalls very late in the game, such as when Sen. Cory Gardner told recall organizers in Pueblo at the end of August that "I've never said I was against recalls" about sixty seconds after telling Senate President Leroy Garcia "I'm kind of sorry that this is happening." For rank-and-file Republicans, any emotional (not to mention financial) investment made in these recalls has been a tremendously demoralizing experience.
And above all, while Democrats have been organizing like it's an election year to oppose the recalls, the GOP spun its wheels throughout this whole critical off-year when they should have been preparing for the 2020 general election. When all is said and done this could be the most damning of the many indictments against Rep. Ken Buck's absentee leadership of the party while still trying to serve in Congress, and with the greatest long-term impact. Here we are a year after the 2018 Democratic wave, and Colorado Republicans have totally squandered the backlash they hoped to foment as Democrats carried out the agenda they promised voters. There are many mistakes to point out, but there are no excuses. This was the strategy Republicans chose.
Cory Gardner, Ken Buck, House Minority Leader Pat Neville, the Colorado GOP as an organization.
For Colorado Republicans who really want this nightmare to end, the housecleaning starts there.
5 Community Comments, Facebook Comments
October 27, 2019 at 10:07 AM MDT
For CD4 Rep / COGOP President Ken Buck, spelling "RECALL" also involved neglecting his Congressional job- He missed 28%, or 84 of the House votes, between April and June of this year.
"It was totally the Democrats who cast the net, who initiated and were behind these recalls all along . . .
. . . to try to make the Republican party look bad. Well, were just too smart for that kind of obvious trap.
It's them Democrats who utterly failed to recall themselves; they should probably all be recalled, but we're certainly not going to do their dirty work for them."
Wile E. Goper
October 27, 2019 at 12:04 PM MDT
"R" is for . . .
. . . "run away, run away."
ajb says:
October 27, 2019 at 3:49 PM MDT
I must say, I was curious about how the Republican Party under the Chairperson Buck & "in state" executive was doing. One measure: FEC report for the period 1/1/2019 to 9/30/2019 gives an additional clue:
Total federal receipts………………..$632,215.59 (includes Transfers from affiliated committees $186,107.54)
Total federal disbursements………..$808,648.65
Beginning cash on hand……………$460,518.27
Ending cash on hand……………….$284,085.21


Our stories are our gift to the world. I believe there is a personal responsibility to tell our stories and share the lessons we've learned through our pain and struggle to try and help another woman struggle a little less.
Everyone has a story and every story is different, that is how such a diverse amount of people can be reached by identifying and relating to our individual paths of recovery.
If you choose to share your story here – THANK YOU – it is an honour to provide this space for connection in recovery. However, it is important that our stories are original, non-fiction and unpublished anywhere on the internet. I also kindly ask that you please respect the traditions of the 12 Step community, by not naming the specific 12 Step fellowship you attend and instead address your specific fellowship in broad terms such as "the rooms/meetings/the program."
Please write respectfully of ALL paths of recovery and share the solutions found in recovery with our readers.
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The stringent requirements of ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) require rethinking of the physical layer transmission techniques. Massive antenna arrays are seen as an enabler of the emerging 5th generation systems, due to increases in spectral efficiency and degrees of freedom for transmissions, which can greatly improve reliability under demanding latency requirements. Massive array coherent processing relies on accurate channel state information (CSI) in order to achieve high reliability. In this paper, we investigate the impact of imperfect CSI in a single-input multiple-output (SIMO) system on the coherent receiver. An amplitude-phase keying (APK) symbol constellation is proposed, where half of the symbols are transmitted with a lower power, and half with a higher power, such that there exist two energy levels. The symbols are demodulated using a dual non-coherent and coherent detection strategy, in order to improve symbol reliability. Simulation results show that for inaccurate CSI, the proposed scheme enhances receiver performance.


The shipping and logistics industry is one of the largest industries in the United States. The largest part of this industry is shipping through large commercial vehicles like 18 wheelers, semi tractor trailers, double trailers, big rigs, and other box trucks. As an Albuquerque trucking accident lawyer, we know that the trucking industry is a business with a philosophy of time is money. The faster the delivery, the faster the paychecks. Interstates I-10, I-25, and I-40 play a huge role in interstate commerce and saving time because 18 wheelers traveling from California to the east coast will usually have to travel through New Mexico, especially because Ontario is a huge trucking port. This is particularly true in Albuquerque, where truck drivers can switch from west to east to north and south at the interstate exchange.
Unfortunately, for residents of New Mexico this means greater risk of danger in a big rig wreck. Many of these accidents are caused by truck drivers who are fatigued, tired, and just pushing themselves to meet their delivery deadline. But sometimes this means cutting corners and this means that innocent people could get hurt. Here at the NM Truck Accident Attorneys, we represent people who are seriously injured or wrongfully killed in a New Mexico trucking accident. Our experienced Albuquerque trucking accident lawyers know how to establish liability and prove your damages. Call for a FREE consultation by dialing (505) 883-5000 to learn how we can help you today.
What Laws or Rules Apply to Truck Drivers?
Since the trucking industry is a multi-state business, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration has created regulations which apply to the drivers of commercial vehicles in all states. One of the most focused areas of the FMCSA regulations are the "hours or service" regulations. This is under Part 395 which provides many scheduling, bookkeeping, regulatory, and rather common sense requirements for both trucking companies and truck drivers.
No matter what state the truck driver is in, where the truck driver is from, where the trucking company is located, or any other detail, the FMCSA hours of service regulations will govern how long a truck driver can operate a commercial vehicle like a big rig.
How Long Can a Truck Driver Drive an 18 Wheeler?
Special rules for less-common circumstances.
What Happens if a Truck Driver Causes a New Mexico Big Rig Crash Over the Hours of Service?
If you or a loved one have been injured in a New Mexico trucking accident due to a truck driver who has worked more than his or her hours of service, the reason for the crash could be because of driver fatigue. This is the main purpose and goal of the FMCSA regulations. But this is not always obvious after an 18 wheeler wreck, especially if you have been seriously injured.
But we can help investigate and determine whether there is liability. Please call the NM Truck Accident Attorneys by dialing (505) 883-5000 to schedule a FREE consultation with one of our experienced Albuquerque trucking accident lawyers. We handle cases throughout New Mexico, including in Las Cruces, Rio Rancho, Santa Fe, Roswell, Farmington, Hobbs, Lordsburg, or anywhere else in the state, including Albuquerque where our law office is located. You can also contact us on our website through the easy to use and convenient Contact box located by clicking here.


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Saffet Elkatmış (born 1 November 1995) is a Turkish long-distance runner. He competed in the men's race at the 2020 World Athletics Half Marathon Championships held in Gdynia, Poland.

In 2019, he competed in the men's half marathon at the Summer Universiade held in Naples, Italy. He finished in 7th place. He won the silver medal in the team event.

References

External links

Living people
1995 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Turkish male long-distance runners
Competitors at the 2019 Summer Universiade
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade silver medalists for Turkey
21st-century Turkish people

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
package com.jivesoftware.os.lab.guts;

import java.io.File;

/**
 * @author jonathan.colt
 */
public class IndexRangeId implements Comparable<IndexRangeId> {

    final long start;
    final long end;
    final long generation;

    public IndexRangeId(long start, long end, long generation) {
        this.start = start;
        this.end = end;
        this.generation = generation;
    }

    public boolean intersects(IndexRangeId range) {
        return start <= range.end && range.start <= end;
    }

    @Override
    public int compareTo(IndexRangeId o) {
        int c = Long.compare(start, o.start);
        if (c == 0) {
            c = Long.compare(o.end, end); // reversed
        }
        return c;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "(" + start + " - " + end + " - " + generation + ')';
    }

    public File toFile(File parent) {
        return new File(parent, start + "-" + end + "-" + generation);
    }

    public IndexRangeId join(IndexRangeId id, long generation) {
        return new IndexRangeId(Math.min(start, id.start), Math.max(end, id.end), generation);
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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With a population of over 2.7million, Chicago is the most populous city in Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States. The ever busy Chicago is Illinois center for finance, commerce, industry, technology, etc. Chicago is rated as an alpha global city as published by some research networks. It is the heart of Illinois. are you planning your next travel to Chicago, we will provide Chicago Air fare and Hotel Room Booking.
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Connecting people through shared history
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mancheter superstore cheetham hill
Wonderfully vibrant painting Stephen. Love the colours and great to see some of Cheetham Hill rich architectural heritage gems being captured. Be nice to see them fully restored. Some amazing gems in the area.
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Municipal Housing in Manchester before 1914: tackling 'the Unwholesome Dwellings and Surroundings of the People'
Loved the Municipal Housing in Manchester post. I know many of these buildings very well and it made for a great read.
Municipal Dreams
Manchester has been described as the 'shock city' of the Industrial Revolution and if you lived in Ancoats it was, indeed, pretty shocking. Ancoats was the world's first industrial suburb – factories and workshops cheek by jowl with mean terraces of back-to-back working-class housing and courts.
Ancoats in the 1870s
In 1889, a report by Dr John Thresh on 36 acres lying off Oldham Rd detailed 25 streets, many less than 17ft wide, and housing, mostly over 70 years old. The area contained over 50 courts; one third of houses were back-to-back. A death rate of over 80 per 1000 led to his dry statistical conclusion that '3000 to 4000 people [were] dying annually here in Manchester from remediable causes. (1)
The City Council declared it an 'Unhealthy Area' and determined to clear and rebuild. A total of 1250 people were displaced and 239 dwellings demolished.
Manchester City Council had…
Uncovering fashionable Georgian London in Vauxhall
What a charming building. Love the windows.
Past In The Present
Tucked away in Vauxhall down a poky alley behind the Zeitgeist at the Jolly Gardeners – London's German pub – there are two small cottages that have stood the test of time. While much of Georgian heritage in the area has been swept away during the rapid urbanisation of the 19th century, these properties have survived. One is just a room deep and the lady who lives there pops her head out the door to tell us that is was built in 1710 or 1715. It was once one of a row of four cottages, but now just two survive – the other being larger and dating from the 1770s.
Hidden 18th century cottages
Given that the area changed so much during Victorian times, with the construction of back-to-back terrace houses, factories, workhouses, ragged schools and other public buildings, it's amazing the quirky properties survive. They hark back to before…
Culcheth Rose Queen of 1950
Culcheth Rose Queen Day 1950. Image courtesy Margaret Young (Cowan).
Culcheth Rose Queen Day 1950. Image courtesy Margaret Young (Cowan) .
This is a photograph of the Culcheth Rose Queen Day in 1950, taken in Culcheth Hall.
Culcheth Hall in the background and its boundary wall in the foreground in 1909. Image courtesy D. Dillon.
Culcheth Hall stood to the east of Culcheth Lane, alongside the River Medlock in township of Newton (later Newton Heath) and was owned by the Byron family (of which the major Romantic poet Lord Byron was a member).
The Byron family owned among other properties, the nearby 15th century moated Clayton Hall, currently owned by Manchester City Council. The Grade II* building is maintained by the voluntary group, Friends of Clayton Park
15th century Clayton Hall. Image courtesy P. Stanley.
Little Sisters of the Poor (aka Little Sisters), originally a Roman Catholic religious institute for women, ran a Home for the Aged from Culcheth Hall, known as St. Mary's. It closed in 1972 and was demolished (do you know the date?) some time after.
The Little Sisters had been at Culcheth Hall since at least the 4th May 1897, when they obtained certification for Culcheth Hall as a place of worship. Culcheth Hall ceased to be a place of worship on 8th October 1976 under the Places of Religious Worship Certifying Act 1852 and Places of Worship Registration Act 1855.
There is still one house of the order remaining in Manchester called St Joseph's Nursing Home on Plymouth Grove West in Longsight. It was at St Joseph's that the Little Sisters first started in Manchester.
Keeley Close in Newton Heath. Image courtesy J. Shaw.
Today, the functional modernist units of Keeley Close sit on the site of Culcheth Hall, with only part of the boundary wall to the south side remaining.
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Tags: Clayton Hall, Culcheth Hall, Little Sisters, Little Sisters of the Poor, Lord Byron, Newton Heath, Rose Queen Day
Categories CITY CENTRE, Events/ celebrations, NEWTON HEATH, Rose Queen Day
Gangs of Manchester
Britain's First Gangs – The Manchester Scuttlers
by Evelyn Little
Scuttler gangsters (from left) , James Brown, William Henry Brooks
It's a dubious distinction, but Manchester claims it nonetheless. The earliest teenage gangs in Britain formed in the sooty back alleys of Victorian Manchester. In a movement which appalled the niceties of refined society and terrified the middle classes, teenagers of the Industrial Revolution began forming 'Scuttler' gangs, and heading out to wreak havoc upon the streets of Manchester.
An Inevitable Development
Ancoats c. 1870 (c) Manchester Libraries
Industrial Revolution Manchester was, in all fairness, ripe for just such an occurrence. An enormous influx of people seeking work had led to the development of unsanitary but close-knit slum districts in which existed a simmering street culture. These slums were often volatile, their populations fuelled by a booming pub trade and hyper-masculine attitudes which valued violence and viewed 'otherness' with suspicion. Fair fights were at that time a perfectly legal way of resolving disputes, and were often undertaken in public to the delight of spectators. The police may become involved should a fight turn foul, but usually the people of the slums were left to their own devices. Furthermore, slum life was often depressingly monotonous, and contained little opportunity for personal betterment. Brought up on violence, hemmed into close quarters with one another, and filled with pent up frustration, it is perhaps little wonder that 'scuttling' caught on in the way it did.
From Play-Battles to True Violence
The Battle of Reichshoffeen 1870, by Aimé Nicolas Morot (1850-1913) watercolour of the Franco-Prussian War.
Gang culture broke out with a vengeance in the 1870s, and spread with startling speed through Manchester and the surrounding areas. There are those who believe that the movement had its origin in street recreations of battles in the Franco-Prussian War. These recreational battles gave an outlet in which inherent frustrations and indigenous prejudices (Catholic vs Protestant, My Street vs Your Street and so forth) could be taken out. Although initially ostensibly carried out in play, it did not take long for 'sides' to band together along lines based upon personal, geographical, and cultural identity and begin to battle their rivals in earnest. Thus formed the Scuttler gangs – Britain's original hoodies.
Forming Identities
What Bengal Street looks like today, with the Shamrock Pub an mills amongst modern developments 2013. Image courtesy D. Boothman.
Scuttler gangs largely identified themselves along territorial lines. Although complex cultural identities were developed within the gangs, their basic allegiances were geographical. This is reflected in the gang's names. The 'Bengal Tigers', for example, came from the area around Bengal Street in Ancoats, and despised the ironically named 'Angels' of Angel Meadows. Much of the scuttle culture may have stemmed from a need for a sense of belonging and peer respect lacking in young people from families struggling with the demands of Victorian slum life. This need for belonging is exemplified by how quickly scuttlers both male and female took on an easily identifiable 'uniform' consisting of pointed, brass-tipped clogs, caps turned backwards, a donkey-fringe, bell-bottomed trousers, and neckerchiefs.
The modern day scuttler replacing the belt buckle and smashed for loaded gun.
Scuttler gangs also showed curious but significant differences to their modern counterparts. Modern gangs tend to be heavily involved with criminal enterprise, often related to drugs, and are often more interested in money and power than in gaining a sense of intrinsic belonging. Modern gangs not only cause harm to themselves and the members of rival gangs, they cut deep gashes into the very fabric of society through their efforts to push their products by fostering drug addictions, leading addicts to turn to crime in order to fund their habits and places enormous pressure on health and welfare services. Scuttler gangs had far, far less of an impact upon those around them, displaying extremely little criminal enterprise and having nothing more than a cursory interest in robbery, extortion and so forth. Their primary occupation was defending their identities by battling other Scuttler gangs in vast brawls which could encompass as many as 500 people. When not buried within a mass of violently punching and kicking youths, scuttlers spent their time policing their territories and meting out swift, blunt justice to anyone whos face did not fit. Intimidation, beatings, and inter-gang brawling were the order of the day. Drug-pushing to civilians, gun crime, extortion, and the myriad other criminal practices carried out by modern gangs were never on the cards.
The Football Cure
St Marks (West Gorton Football Club) in 1884
The scuttlers therefore seem remarkably tame to modern eyes. Although (much like modern hoodies) they were regularly condemned in the press, and although they undoubtedly terrorised the streets and caused a great many injuries – the scuttlers seem never to have set out with the intention of actual murder. Their weapons of choice were large-buckled belts and small knives with which they would beat and disfigure but not actually kill their rivals. Although they horrified the Victorians, modern readers used to reports of gangland murders, gang-related drug crime and so on will probably be inclined to view the actions of the scuttlers as scaled-up playground fights rather than serious criminal acts. The scuttlers held sway for thirty years, but by the end of that time, people had begun to realise their essential motivations. Scuttler frustrations and energies were fairly easily channelled into less destructive means by those with the foresight to set up such
Manchester Times (Manchester, England), Saturday, August 3, 1889; Issue 1671.
initiatives. The Salford Lads Club, for example, offered disaffected teenagers a stimulating alternative to gang culture – the primary attraction being football. Aiming its enterprise at young men of scuttler recruitment age, it was overwhelmed by the response – 700 young men turned up to join on its opening night. Several similar clubs opened with remarkable success. One such club from West Gorton is now known as Manchester City FC (although doubtless some fans would prefer that their club's hooligan gang origins were kept quiet…). The scuttling days were over – but the seeds had been sown, and the way paved for other gangs and gang trends to rise and fall through the streets of Britain.
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South Korea reopens schools as virus fears persist
May 20, 2020 May 21, 2020 web deskComments Off on South Korea reopens schools as virus fears persist
Schools in South Korea reopened on Wednesday as the country continues easing its coronavirus restrictions, local media reported.
As per a phased reopening plan, classes have resumed at high schools across the country, while students of all other grades will return to school June 8, according to Yonhap News Agency.
South Korea's academic year normally begins in March, but the government's plan to reopen schools was postponed five times due to concerns raised by parents and officials, the report said.
High schools were scheduled to reopen on May 13 and all other schools on June 1, but the plan was changed after thousands of parents launched online petitions urging the government to reconsider the decision.
"We are facing a nervous situation where we should pursue both school life and quarantine at the same time," Cho Hee-yeon, superintendent of the Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education, was quoted as saying during a visit to a school in the capital.
The Education Ministry has introduced quarantine and isolation protocols, and provided response manuals to help teachers and students adjust to the new academic environment.
Schools have installed temperature checkpoints, spaced out desks and fitted them with plastic dividers, and implemented social distancing measures in cafeterias, Yonhap reported.
– More cases fan fears
South Korea reported 32 new COVID-19 cases on Wednesday, the highest number since a cluster of infections was found in Seoul on May 11.
The overall count since the country's first case on Jan. 25 is now up to 11,110, including 263 deaths and 10,066 recoveries, according to the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
The new cases increase fear of a fresh outbreak in the country, which started easing restrictions in the first week of May.
Seoul has been at the center of a new wave of cases after a 29-year-old man, who tested positive for the virus, visited five clubs and bars in the popular Itaewon district earlier this month.
So far, 196 cases, including 100 in Seoul, have been linked to nightclubs and bars.
LAF: Israeli gunboat breaches Lebanon's territorial waters
NNA – The Lebanese Armed Forces Orientation Directorate issued the following statement:"At 18.29 on Wednesday, an Israeli gunboat breached Lebanon's territorial waters off of Ras Naqoura for a distance of 333 meters and a duration of four minutes.This …
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NASA and billionaire businessman Elon Musk's private rocket company SpaceX launched four astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS) late Sunday. The launch, originally scheduled for Saturday, took place at 7:27 p.m. ET at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in the US state of Florida. The flight, called Crew-1, is SpaceX's first operational mission of its […]
شركة "Le Groupement des Cartes Bancaires CB" تختار تقنية PURE التي صممتها شركة Gemalto لإطلاق خدمة الدفع عبر الهواتف الجوالة بنظام CB في فرنسا
شركة"Le Groupement des Cartes Bancaires CB" ستعتمد على مزايا التطبيق وتختبر الخطط المقدمة من شركة Gemalto لتمكين أعضائها من نشر عروض الدفع عبر الهواتف الجوالة على نظام CB. أمستردام، الأول من ديسمبر 2016 – وقع اختيار شركة "Le Groupement d'intérêt Economique des Cartes Bancaires (CB)"، الكائنة في فرنسا، على شركة Gemalto (المسجلة في بورصة يورونيكست بالرمز […]
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We mourn the passing of a fallen hero, City of Los Angeles Firefighter III/Paramedic Glenn L. Allen, and hold his treasured memory and family in our prayers.
A city was filled with sadness. This morning's funeral procession was filled with firefighters, family, friends and dignitaries, and was lined by fire trucks representing more than 100 public safety agencies from across the nation.
What followed was a very moving memorial service.
A veteran of more than 36 years with the Los Angeles Fire Department, Firefighter Allen last served at Fire Station 97, and was less than a year from retirement when he lost his life while battling a blaze on Friday, February 18. He was the 61st Firefighter during the 125-year history of the Department to make the ultimate sacrifice while directly involved in emergency operations. Firefighter Allen exemplified the finest, bravest qualities of personal integrity, professional dedication and public service. He was revered as a good natured, soft-spoken gentleman who gladly mentored younger firefighters and befriended countless fellow Angelenos in the course of his daily duties and his life.
Allen is survived by his wife, Melanie; his daughter, Rebecca McPhee; his mother; his brother; his sister; and his grandson, born a day after the tragic fire.
We owe an awesome debt of gratitude to all our public safety personnel who put their lives on the line to protect the people of Los Angeles.
Please, join in remembering and honoring Firefighter III/Paramedic Glenn L. Allen.


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Ryan Long
WHEN YOU FIRST HEAR RYAN LONG SING,
you feel as if you could sing right along with him. Even for those new to his music, his songs take you into a story so lyrically engaging and so detailed by chord and melody that by the end you believe his smooth baritone vocals are speaking to you alone. Long started playing guitar and writing songs at nineteen while studying engineering technology at East Tennessee State University. His great love of story songs was inspired by James Taylor and Garth Brooks, but it is his unique twist on Appalachian folk-pop that has made him a light in the same music circles supporting John Gorka, Pierce Pettis, and David Wilcox.
In 1997, Ryan began a relationship with Young Life performing regularly throughout the U.S. at their more than twenty camps. By the end of 1998 he had released his debut record, Cry for Me, produced by Michael Aukofer at Word/Myrhh studios in Nashville. Cry is filled with a host of skilled contributors including Phil Keagy, Phil Madeira, and Cristi Johnson of Alathea and with such diverse instrumentation as Hammond organ, hammered dulcimer, and Celtic bagpipes.
The following year as audiences and attention grew larger for Long, two compilations featuring his music were released. Paste put out their Paste Music Sampler 1 containing "Face It Alone" from Cry for Me. Also that year, The Awakening Compilation, vol. 3 was released with Long's title track from Cry for Me.
In 2000, Alathea recorded a version of "Gypsy", originally co-written by Long and Brad Layher. That same year Ryan also recorded "Gypsy" on his new record, Waiting by the Window. Produced by Aukofer at the Whitehouse in Nashville, Waiting was later dubbed the "Best Follow-up CD" of the year by Paste Music. Waiting, while having the same intimacy, capable cast, and dynamic instrumentation as Cry, really stands out for its soulful and bluesy melodies that move you as much as the stories they -----set the stage for do. As more critical acclaim came for Long, Grassroots Music added the opening cut from Waiting entitled "The Wind in Me" to their Dialects compilation for Americana/Folk.
For Send Up a Flare, recorded in 2003, Long worked with producer Ed Cash. Bringing in only three other musicians (Ken Lewis, Ben Shive, and Byron House), Cash focused on Long's vocals and guitar. With this minimalistic approach, Ryan's vibrant and stimulating music and his complex lyrical narratives lend obvious depth to Flare. Great advances in maturity are revealed on this record through his sincere vocals and inventive guitar accompaniments.
Although Ryan's recordings have been filled with supporting artists, he has chosen throughout the years to travel as a solo artist. His personal and introspective lyrics and his intimately connecting stage presence have brought him an ever-increasing number of staunchly loyal fans and friends every year. Thanks to these folks Ryan has sold over 20,000 CD's as an independent artist.
Ryan currently lives in Knoxville, Tennessee with his wife Carmen, his daughter Rebecca, and sons Carson and David.
Photographer: Andre Dantzler
Musician: Ryan Long


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Divorce and Dissolution of marriage
Home/ACCOUNTING/ACCOUNTING/Divorce and Dissolution of marriage
By theu9139|2020-02-19T18:11:32+00:00February 19th, 2020|ACCOUNTING|Comments Off on Divorce and Dissolution of marriage
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In the past one hundred years, the ease of transportation and the internationally shifting demographics due to travel, emigration, and various other reasons created a serious challenge to international private law, namely the dissolution of marriages that were made in other countries. One hundred years ago, the dissolution of marriage was carried out in accordance with the legal system of the country of domicile. The country of domicile was identified as the country in which the husband's domicile was established (Jaffey, p.127). This was specifically the case in countries that applied the common law system (North, p.57). Today, things have changed and become much more complicated, together with the definition of domicile. Furthermore, lifestyles have also changed as individuals and families have much more freedom to move about, thus shifting from one legal jurisdiction to another. With these movements, new issues developed with respect to the dissolution of marriage. Several major questions ought to be considered when discussing the dissolution of marriage. Which forum has jurisdiction to dissolve a marriage? How is the legality of the dissolution of marriage affected as marriage is consummated under one system but dissolved under the jurisdiction of another? How are conflicts of jurisdiction and laws resolved when handling the dissolution of marriage? Finally, how is a balance established between the private and the public interest when a marriage is dissolved in international private law? (Jaffey, p.125). Needless to mention, the diversity of legal systems worldwide is one factor that contributes to the complexity of this issue. Hence, common law and civil law countries may and do have different views on the jurisdiction and recognition of marriage dissolution (Westlake, p.57).
TRADITIONAL INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PERSPECTIVE
The Concept of Domicile
The traditional view on the dissolution of marriage was that the legal system of the country of domicile should be applied. Giving primacy to domicile as a jurisdictional basis for the dissolution of marriage stemmed from the desire of lawmakers to avoid what is known as "limping marriages." This term relates to marriages that are recognized in one country but not in another. In other words, it was the intention of lawmakers who supported domicile as a basis for jurisdiction to see domicile become an internationally recognized basis among world nations, thus to create a uniform international legal framework on the dissolution of marriage (Westlake, p.207).
This view is supported by the statement made by Lord Penzance of the Privy Council in which he concluded that it is just and reasonable "that the differences of married people should be adjusted in accordance with the laws of the community to which they belong, and dealt with by the tribunals which alone can administer those laws" (North, p. 58).
Need for New Jurisdictional Bases
However, despite the insightful interpretation of Lord Penzance aiming at unifying the legal framework for the dissolution of marriage, it eventually became clear that recognizing domicile as a jurisdictional basis for the dissolution of marriage had to incorporate an expansion of the definition of domicile. A hundred years ago, domicile was the country where the husband lived. Thus, in the case of Alberta v. Cook, the husband and wife were judicially separated. The husband left the province of Alberta, thus shifting his domicile to another province. Thus, when the wife applied for a divorce, the Alberta courts refused to dissolve the marriage on the basis that the domicile of the couple had changed, despite the fact that the wife had already obtained a judicial separation from the courts of Alberta. Eventually, and with problems of this type arising, the definition of domicile was broadened and made more flexible in order to avoid similar complications and at the same time, to assure justice to the wife (North, p. 59).
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DIVORCE IN INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW TODAY
Reduced Reliance on Domicile
In the twentieth century, especially more recently, there has been a tendency among world nations to reduce their exclusive reliance on domicile to establish jurisdiction to dissolve marriages (Bellot, p.141). Although this has made it less likely that an international agreement on marriage dissolution would be developed in the arena of international private law, the objective of such an expansion of jurisdictional interpretations was to minimize the likelihood of injustice that may arise as a result of restricting legal forums to one legal basis when handling marriage dissolution cases (Bellot, p.141). One major cause for such broadening of jurisdiction and limitation of the use of domicile as a jurisdictional basis was the growing agitation related to a universal definition of domicile. According to English lawmakers interpreting domicile before the enacting of the 1973 Act, "'Belonging' has two aspects: many people regard themselves as belonging here, because they are nationals or have their domicile here, though residing abroad almost permanently. Conversely, there are many who because of their residence 'belong' here, even though they have not acquired an English domicile or United Kingdom citizenship" (North, p.62).
The Broadening of Judicial Bases for Divorce
With the broadening of jurisdictional considerations in common law countries, new bases for jurisdiction became potentially valid in courts. These were the residence of the petitioner, the residence of the respondent, the nationality of the spouses, the commission of offence within the forum, or the celebration of marriage within the forum (North, p. 58).
While countries applying common law depend heavily on precedents that determine the course of development in laws and legislation, countries that apply civil law have approached different courses, although somehow arriving at the same conclusions.
Until early this century, if a couple belonged to different nationalities, the French forums gave each the right to choose the application of the laws of their respective nationalities. The problem, however, arose when one spouse belonged to a country which did not recognize divorce in the first place, such as the Republic of Ireland. Later on, and with the development of legislation, the French courts decided that domicile is to be taken as the basis for jurisdiction when either the husband or the wife are nationals of the country of domicile (Noeim, p. 144).
In Lebanon, the situation is different. Some Lebanese courts have considered the husband's national law since the husband is considered to be the head of the family. Some courts have also applied the national laws of both spouses at the same time. On the other hand, the dominant trend is to recognize domicile of the couple as the basis of jurisdiction, with the definition of domicile in this case being the place where the marriage was originally celebrated. Some lawmakers, however, propose that Lebanese courts recognize the country of residence of the couple as the country of domicile since the interests of the two are related to the country where they reside (Noeim, p.145).
Domicile as a basis for jurisdiction in marriage dissolution cases, however, seems to be quite dominant in countries applying civil marriage. In France, with respect to couples residing in France as a domicile, if a Muslim husband divorces his wife in accordance with the Islamic laws that are applied in their country, the French courts will not recognize this divorce unless the causes of this divorce are in conformity with the French laws. By contrast, the French courts will recognize a divorce that takes place outside their jurisdiction, even if the bases for the divorce are not applicable in France. The objective of this is to prevent limping marriages and at the same time, to facilitate the development of an international legal system for the recognition of dissolved marriages worldwide (Noeim, p. 145).
Dilemma in the Choice of Law
Apparently both common law and civil law countries were facing a dilemma as to choosing the appropriate basis of jurisdiction.
Unifying Legal Frameworks
The first major concern of these countries was to establish a legal framework to recognize the dissolution of marriage worldwide in order to avoid limping marriages. This was proving to be an urgent need, especially as the moving of people all over the globe became more frequent and common. Thus, it became very common to see marriages celebrated in one country while the dissolution of these marriages sought in other countries. It was not uncommon either that the spouses belonged to different nationalities, married in a third country and yet chose a fourth country for their domicile, or that one of the spouses moved out before the divorce was initiated and chose a fifth country for his or her domicile.
Cases of this type have troubled lawmakers all over the world. This has forced many countries to update their legislation in order to cope with the changing obligations arising from foreign marriages and divorces. The jurisdiction over the dissolution of marriage has not been the only problem, for the recognition of divorce is also problematic due to the acute difference in legislation worldwide (Peters, p.1).
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The Interests of the Parties
Also worth considering are the interests of the parties involved in the divorce. Two levels of interests exist, the public interest and the interests of the individuals involved in the marriage (Westlake, p.207). In the twentieth century, and in the light of cases such as Alberta v. Cook, the interests of the individuals involved in the marriage has become more emphasized in international private law relating to the dissolution of marriage. Accordingly, the expansion of the legislation bases to include other bases other than domicile has had three major consequences. First of all, it has provided more consideration to the conditions of the divorcing couples than in the past. Secondly, it has made the legislation of individual countries much more flexible than it was in the past, such that the interests of individuals became more flexibly considered and served (Bellot, p.148). And thirdly, this expansion has made it more difficult than ever to arrive at an internationally agreed legal forum for the dissolution of marriage.
In other words, domicile as a basis of jurisdiction was once seen as the potential basis for an international legal forum for the dissolution of marriage. Today, this is no longer the case. While the advantages of this expansion can be seen to the interest of the divorcing couples, the fact remains that this expansion can defy itself, especially with respect to the recognition of divorces in countries basing their jurisdiction on different bases (North, p.70).
By and large, nations are becoming aware of such problems resulting from the application of different bases of jurisdiction. The case of Travers v. Holley is one that needs to be discussed in this respect. The couple were originally domiciled in England, but later on, moved to Australia where they established domicile. Later on, the husband left back to England where he established his domicile while his wife petitioned for a divorce in their last common domicile, and eventually was decreed a divorce. The British court in such cases would not have recognized the divorce since the decree was not issued by the forum of the domicile common to both spouses. However, the English Court of Appeal recognized the divorce on that basis that "It must surely be that what entitles an English court to assume jurisdiction, must be equally effective in the case of a foreign court…I would say that where, as here, there is in substance reciprocity, it would be contrary to principle and inconsistent with comity if the courts of this country were to refuse to recognize a jurisdiction which mutatis mutandis they claim for themselves" (North, p.71).
Apparently, the court was showing consideration to three important aspects. First of all was the interest of the individuals who were then living in separate domiciles. Secondly, the fact that both courts would have claimed jurisdiction to arrive at the same result. And thirdly, the need to arrive at a practical and just resolution for the case. This attitude was reflected by Kahn-Freund who interpreted what reciprocity meant in the explanation of the British court, "What reciprocity means here was 'I will accept what you do, as long as you do what I do', rather than 'I will accept what you do as long as you accept what I do'" (North, p.72).
Yet, even this approach was later on to be closely scrutinized and criticized. In the case of Travers v. Holley, both countries, England and Australia were countries of common law, and henceforth, there were no differences in the laws and procedures. Yet, the problem was to arise when for example the divorce took place in a country that applied civil law while the country of domicile applied common law. The readings from Travers v. Holley did not give any recognition to such situations in England, and this was to be encountered in the cases of Indyka v. Indyka.
In that case, the Czech husband left his Czech wife at home and acquired an English domicile for himself. Years later, the wife petitioned for divorce which she was decreed from a Czech court on the basis of "deep disruption of marital relations," a basis that does not give ground for divorce in England. The husband later on married an Englishwoman and a few years later, she demanded a divorce on the basis of cruelty, a basis that constituted a strong basis for divorce in England. The husband, however, perhaps willing to deprive his wife of any material gain out of the divorce, petitioned to the English courts arguing that his marriage to the Englishwoman was void since his first divorce was not recognized by English courts. Despite this, the English courts did recognize the divorce on the basis of the conclusions made by the House of Lords, "There is peril in assuming that only our rules are rational and justifiable. Looking back upon the course of judicial decisions, it is readily seen that through doctrine evolved one way, it might quite easily have evolved another way" (North, p. 72).
Similar developments, that is, the internationalization trend seems to have been taking place in countries applying civil law. The French legal system, for example, recognizes all foreign divorces that take place in the country of domicile even if the laws of domicile and its procedures actually conflict with the French laws.
Extra-Judicial Divorces
Controversy tends to appear in what is known as extra-judicial divorces. These are divorces that are resolved on religious rather than on judicial basis. Islamic divorces, for example, known as talak, follow this pattern. For lawmakers that follow the common or civil law systems have disagreed on whether to recognize such marriages or not. The Qureshi v. Qureshi case faced by the British courts in 1972 is most relevant here, "The husband and wife were Muslims domiciled in Pakistan, though resident in England. They married in England. The husband, purported to divorce his wife by 'talak' and the procedures required by the law of Pakistan were gone through in the offices of the Pakistan High Commissioner in London. The divorce was valid under Pakistan law" (North, p. 77).
The importance of the Qureshi v. Qureshi case is based on three facts. First of all, the divorce was processed through an extra-judicial authority, namely that of the Pakistan High Commissioner in London. Secondly, the couple were resident in England for a long time and yet, they both maintained a Pakistani domicile. Thirdly, the divorce was recognized by the British courts. The courts in England recognized this divorce even though it was not processed judicially because the divorce was valid in the country of domicile of the couple. The British legislation with respect to extra-judicial divorces has therefore made it possible for the courts to recognize more divorces, especially Islamic divorces in recent years. For these courts, "The validity of a foreign divorce obtained 'other than by means of proceedings' (which means 'judicial or other proceedings') depends on the statutory re-enactment of the common law rule requiring the divorce to be obtained in the country of the common domicile or obtained in the domicile of one spouse and recognized in that of the other. Being obtained in neither but recognized in both will not suffice" (North, p. 77).
In other words, British courts will only recognize an extra-judicial divorce that is obtained in the country of domicile of the couple or one of the spouses, given that this divorce is recognized in the country of the other. In the case of Qureshi v. Qureshi, since the divorce was obtained through the office of the Pakistan High Commissioner who represents the authority of the common domicile, the British courts did not have a problem in recognizing this divorce. The British Courts, on the other hand, cannot recognize a bare 'talak' that is not obtained through the offices of the country of domicile of the spouses. To project on the Qureshi v. Qureshi case, if the spouses had not obtained the divorce from the Pakistan High Commissioner office, their divorce would not have been recognized in England. The reason for this obstacle is that British courts are constrained "under common law rules preserved in statutory form, which restrict the judicial bases of recognition to only that of domicile" (North, p. 77).
Other countries following common law have also adopted similar restrictive policies, especially Canada. Australia, on the other hand, follows a more liberal approach where statutory enactment recognizes divorces "effected by decree, legislation or otherwise" (North, p. 78). Nonetheless, in this case, the court will not simply recognize any extra-judicial divorce unless the act was actually a divorce. Furthermore, for public policy reasons, Australian courts may still refuse to recognize such a divorce (North, p.78).
In countries that apply civil law, extra-judicial divorces face a different situation, all depending on the legislation of the country. For example, according to the French legal system, an extra-judicial divorce will not be obtained in France by two Muslims if the divorce is demanded on bases that are not recognized by the French legal system. For example, if a Muslim man divorces his wife because of disobedience in France, the French courts will not recognize such a divorce. By contrast, it might recognize this divorce on the basis of adultery, although in general, the French system does not recognizes divorces that are caused by the will of one spouse only (eg. Husband calling talak upon his wife) or divorces reached by consent outside the courts of law. Meanwhile, if the couple obtain such a divorce outside France in a country where such a divorce is recognized, the French authorities will immediately recognize such a divorce. In contrast, the Lebanese legal system which also follows the civil law, recognizes extra-judicial divorces that are based on consent (Noeim, p. 144).
Annulment of marriage is in many ways similar to divorce in public international law, especially with respect to the conflict over jurisdiction. In Britain, the Domicile and Matrimonial Proceedings Act of 1973 treats the annulment of marriage on bases that are very similar to those of divorce. Thus, a marriage is annulled if either of the spouses is domiciled in Britain when proceedings began or if either of the spouses had been habitually resident for a year until the initiation of the proceedings, or, if at the time of death, either of the spouses had been domiciled in England. While the death of a spouse is irrelevant when it comes to divorce, with respect to annulment of marriage it makes a lot of sense especially that the annulment of a marriage whose party or both parties can be initiated by the successors for issues related to succession (McClean, p. 183).
In general, the courts of Britain and many other countries will annul a marriage if this marriage had been celebrated in a foreign country such that the formalities of the marriage were not respected or met. Reciprocally, a marriage is valid and cannot be annulled by a foreign court if the law of place of celebration has been respected and if there exists a capacity to marry by the law of each party's ante-nuptial domicile (McClean, p. 185).
The implication and logic applied here is obvious. If a marriage is held in the country of domicile without respecting its marriage laws and formalities, the marriage can be annulled, even in a foreign country. Similarly, if the marriage is valid according to the country in which it was celebrated but voidable under the laws of the current forum, the laws of the country of celebration will be respected, and the marriage will be recognized as legal. A problem definitely arises when countries apply different bases for jurisdiction. For example, if the spouses are nationals of a certain forum say England, are married under a third forum say Denmark, and then domiciled in a fourth country say Turkey, the question will be whether to apply the national laws or the laws of the country of celebration or the law of domicile. The most likely reasoning in this case is to apply the laws of the country in which the marriage was celebrated. However, this would also be contested in many countries if such a marriage was a shoppers's marriage, that is, made for purposes other than establishing a family such as the achievement of a residency or a visa.
ALIMONY IN INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
Unlike divorce, alimony relates to the creation of a financial liability against the defendant. Hence, it is not a decree or a legal verdict in which the status of the couple is affected, but rather, a "decree in personam" that is, a decree that relates to a liability imposed on the individual. Alimony is not always connected to divorce as in many countries, alimony might be imposed without a divorce and vice versa. At the same time, some countries will recognize a divorce decreed in another country but that does not impose an alimony, but at the same time, they will impose an alimony on one of the parties even though the divorce decreed in another country does not impose such a liability. In other words, the practices of states with respect to alimony implies a separation between divorce and alimony. Another issue over which states seem to agree is that without the ability of the state to seize the property of the individual who is supposed to pay the alimony, a decree of alimony is simply void. Accordingly, it is not uncommon for courts of law to have jurisdiction for divorce but to refuse to impose alimony since the properties of the spouse who is to pay the alimony are not within the jurisdiction of the court. In Common Law countries, specifically Britain, The Restatement related to Alimony states that "No action for alimony can be maintained under the common law or the statutes of another state" (McClean, p.191). The general view with respect to alimony is that a foreign verdict of alimony is recognized and even executable in other countries, but usually given that the court has jurisdiction over the property of the spouse on whom alimony is imposed (McClean, p.191). At the same time, common law courts agree that there is no dispute over jurisdiction over alimony, but rather, an argument over whether alimony is possible to apply in accordance with the local laws of nations. Today, most legal systems tend to recognize a decree of alimony issued by foreign courts, especially if such a decree is accompanied by a divorce decree. Some conflicts, however, may arise. For example, the law in Denmark does not recognize alimony in the first place. Hence, foreign courts that rule according to the law of nationality tend to impose alimony on either spouse if the couple are Danes in conformity with the laws of their country. Yet, all in all, the issue of alimony remains separate from the case of divorce in international private law (McClean, p.192).
EVALUATION OF DIVORCE IN INTERNATIONAL PRIVATE LAW
With respect to the dissolution of marriage, world nations may be divided into three distinct categories. The first category includes those nations that apply the civil law system where rules are enacted restricting courts from providing additional legislation or interpretation. Restrictive and rigid as these systems may be, they have in fact adopted quite a liberal stand towards the dissolution of marriage. In civil law countries such as France, the dissolution of marriage is mostly based on the country of domicile, taking into consideration the potential conflicts of the domicile of the two spouses. With respect to the recognition of divorce, civil law countries are also liberal in recognizing extra-judicial divorces when these divorces are legally obtained in other countries, and when these divorces do not conflict with the laws of the countries to which the two nationals belong. Nonetheless, it is important to mention that some civil law countries are very strict about the obtaining and recognizing of divorce, and thus, legislation might vary considerably from one country to another.
Common law countries, on the other hand, give a lot of liberty to their courts of law in interpreting laws and affecting legislation. These countries have over the past one hundred years developed their views and applications with respect to international divorces in various ways, reducing the dominance of the domicile as a basis for jurisdiction, and at the same time, introducing new legislation, mainly through statutory intervention, specifically to regulate the recognition of international divorces in these countries (Westlake, p.59). Common law countries have also adopted varying degrees of restriction with respect to the recognition of extra-judicial divorces (Westlake, p.57).
The third group of countries apply other types of marriage and divorce legislation. Most of these countries apply the Islamic Sharia marriage system where divorce is mostly seen as extra-judicial. Yet, some Islamic countries have a mixture of civil and Sharia marriages, an example of which is Egypt.
With such sharp variation the legislation in marriage dissolution worldwide, and with the growing ease of transportation and change of residence and domicile, matters of divorce have pressured the legal systems of all world countries. Many complications have been faced, forcing legislation in this respect to follow new and even innovative trends with respect to legislation.
One major problem that is witnessed by legal system is a limping marriage or divorce. In such cases, a divorce might be obtained in one country but it may or may not be recognized in other countries. By and large, this means that if a party involved in such a situation wants to remarry, his or her marriage might not be recognized in other countries.
A hundred years ago, the circles of international private law had the opportunity to come up with a unified legal system since most countries managed divorces on the basis of domicile. The problem at that time, however, was that domicile was restricted to the husband, and hence, imposed serious injustice on the wife. It was not uncommon for a wife who wanted to petition for divorce from a husband who had deserted her to have to follow him wherever he traveled in order to obtain her divorce on the basis of his new domicile. As the interpretation of domicile broadened, countries began to shift away from domicile as the only basis for jurisdiction.
In fact, even the definition of domicile has been changed, as new concepts have been applied to it that make it far from being unified for international legislation. The nationalities of the spouses, their place of residence and living, and above all, their different domiciles in case they are separated in different countries are all now considered to variant degrees by the legal systems of different countries.
Two important principles that have recently developed are related to the public interest and the individual interest. Legislation pertaining to divorce in international private law consider the public interest and public policy as grounds for legalizing and recognizing divorces of international nature. This has been the policy known worldwide until today (Peters, pp. 1-2). However, the interest of the individuals has mostly developed with the growing influence of the human rights perspective in legislation (Paton, 177). Accordingly, courts in common law countries and legal systems in civil law countries have been more flexible with the legislation and recognition of divorce in international private law so long as such divorces obtained and recognized will not disrupt the public policy or interest (Bellot, p.148).
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It is not yet clear whether a domination of the human rights perspective in legislation worldwide is going to have a unifying or an opposite impact on divorce in international private law. What is obvious is that domicile remains one of the important basis for legislation in this respect. Yet, so long as different countries apply different laws to marriage and divorce, domicile cannot become as a unifying factor. Moreover, ironically, if there is to be an international law for the dissolution of marriage, in this case, domicile will no longer be applicable since there will be no differentiation of laws pertaining to marriage and divorce. Such a situation, however, is most unlikely, specifically with the high degree of variation among cultures, religions and legal systems. What can be hoped for at most is a unified legal framework where the legal contracts of marriage and the dissolution of these marriage will be recognized worldwide without serious obstacles that create limping marriages or that force hardship and pain upon the parties involved. Thus for example, if a Chinese husband married to an English woman get married in Italy where their domicile established, change their domiciles to two different countries such as Saudi Arabia and Brazil, we are going to have a serious legal problem. England for one is a common law country while Saudi Arabia applies the Islamic Sharia Law. At the same time, Brazil is very strict about divorce policies. Furthermore, any attempt of the two spouses to petition for divorce is going to be very costly and will definitely inflict serious hardships upon them in terms of travel and the disruption of their regular lifestyles. This is where the human rights perspective is invoked. A person has to be entitled to a divorce just as he or she is entitled to get married, and obstacles resulting from conflicting legislation and physical separation by distance should not stand as impediments in the way of the normalization and resuming of ordinary lifestyle. From the individual perspective, what is needed is a unified legal system whereby the individual will be entitled to petition for and obtain a fair divorce without having to travel around and change domicile in order to seek more convenient laws. As a matter of fact, it is the laws that have to be changed and modified in order to make them more convenient for human beings.
With all these difficulties and inconveniences in sight, the following recommendations may contribute to improving international private laws on divorce.
First of all, countries should be encouraged to reform their legal systems such that their legal systems will recognize all the divorces that are obtained in other countries.
Secondly, countries should modify their legislation such that they do not become havens for commercial divorce whereby individuals from all over the world may target them to obtain cheap and irresponsible divorces that may cause serious harm and unjust to their spouses. Important in this respect is to recognize common domicile, the domicile of either spouse, or the nationality of either spouse in the dissolving of marriage. The laws of the common domicile are recommended since the country of common domicile is where the couple share their lives and interests. Common domicile is recommended even if the couple are residing in different countries at the time the divorce is petitioned. However, if the couple belong to the same nationality or to different nationalities, but they agree on referring to a common legal forum (of either nationality), then they should not be barred that right. Still, however, incorporating such an option in the legislation of nations will require an international agreement or statute to be ratified by the legislatures of these countries. However, it is strongly believed that such an international reform will be have a favorable impact on surmounting the legal obstacles that face the dissolution of marriages worldwide today.
Attempts to establish a common legal forum for the dissolution of marriage have not yet been made. It is not even clear whether with all the differences among the various legal systems pertaining to the dissolution of marriage worldwide, it would be possible to achieve such a common ground. Lawmakers, however, are aware of the fact that the dissolution of marriage is one major problem where humanitarian factors and interests should be taken into consideration due to the distressful impact that divorce imposes on the lives of individuals. The changing form and nature of international demographics, the growing interrelationship between and among international legal forums and systems, and above all, the increasing pressures on courts of law worldwide in relationship to cases of international divorce, are all factors that may push further developments in international legislation. Nonetheless, the direction of such legislation is not obvious.


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text:
Covid in Scotland: Streets empty on day one of level 4 lockdown
duration 21 November 2020
image captionSaturday afternoon in Glasgow's Buchanan Street is rarely this quiet
More than two million people are spending their first day living under Scotland's toughest Covid restrictions.
Level four rules for 11 council areas came into force at 18:00 on Friday, when travel curbs in level three and four areas also became law.
Non-essential shops, hospitality, hairdressers and gyms will remain closed until 11 December.
Less than five weeks before Christmas, main shopping streets were unusually quiet.
The Scottish government has said the restrictions are necessary to drive down stubbornly high rates of the virus.
Saturday's daily coronavirus figures showed 887 positive cases and 37 newly-reported deaths in the past 24 hours. Across Scotland, 100 patients were in intensive care, a rise of 12 since Friday.
Of the new cases, 234 were in Greater Glasgow and Clyde, 246 in Lanarkshire, and 140 in Lothian.
'Risks are not zero'
Nicola Sturgeon said on Friday that while infection rates have stabilised in recent weeks, they remained at a stubbornly high level in some areas.
She said the new restrictions would help infection rates come down further before the Christmas period, paving the way for a possible easing.
image captionBuchanan Street in Glasgow on Friday afternoon (top) and on Saturday morning
"The fact is the fewer people who are in the population who have Covid by the time we get to Christmas, the lower the risk of people being infected with it during that period," she said.
"It's very important for me to be clear that the risks would not be zero - which is why we must be very careful about any relaxation over Christmas and people will have to think carefully themselves, even with any relaxation, about what they want to do or not."
National Clinical Director Jason Leitch said the actions people in level four areas take now will dictate which restrictions are in place in the new year.
He said: "When you think about Christmas you should also think of the consequences that will have for January. If the virus spreads between households on Christmas day and Boxing day or whenever, of course, that will have a run-in effect to January.
"People will catch the virus at Christmas and then some of them will be hospitalised and be in intensive care in January. That's what we need to avoid. The principal way to avoid that is to get prevalence down and have a safe Christmas."
On Thursday, Ms Sturgeon said the chief medical officers of the UK nations had been tasked with developing a "concrete" proposal for household mixing at Christmas, details of which could be revealed next week.
Ms Sturgeon also said the new travel restrictions were "vital" to ensure there is no need for a national lockdown.
image captionStaff outnumbered passengers at Queen Street Station as travel restrictions took effect
image captionIn South Lanarkshire, closed shops kept people away from Hamilton town centre
People in level three and four areas must not travel outside their council area, except for essential purposes such as work and healthcare, and people living elsewhere must not travel into these areas except for essential purposes.
What are Scotland's new travel restrictions?
Has your area been put into the toughest level?
What are Scotland's level 4 restrictions?
What can I do and where can I go under the new rules?
She urged Scots to abide by the new regulations, which could see a £60 fine levied against those who violate the rules unless they have a "reasonable excuse", such as caring responsibilities or a hospital appointment.
The stricter rules apply to 2.3 million people across East Dunbartonshire, Renfrewshire, East Renfrewshire, Glasgow, West Dunbartonshire, North and South Lanarkshire, East and South Ayrshire, Stirling and West Lothian.
Virus rates in these areas last week ranged from 158 new cases per 100,000 people in West Lothian to 277 in Glasgow - all of which were above the Scotland-wide rate of 140 cases per 100,000.
image captionThe centre of Stirling was also unusually quiet
image captionA month away from Christmas, Argyle Street in Glasgow would not normally look this empty
On Saturday, a new walk-in testing centre was opened in Glasgow.
The UK government-funded centre will be operated by facilities company Mitie in the St Francis Community Centre in the Gorbals.
It is the third to open in the city, and one of 14 operating across Scotland out of 22 promised by Westminster.
As bars and restaurants closed their doors once again under virus measures, opposition parties called for more support for the industry to help save jobs.
Nicola Sturgeon has promised a £30m fund for businesses in level four areas.
But Labour jobs spokesman Alex Rowley said the proposals fell short of what was required and he urged the first minister to bring forward proposals for more extensive support next week.
LEVELS: What are the restrictions in your area?
NUMBERS: Five key figures to watch out for
LOCKDOWN: Six months that changed our lives
CASES: Where are the latest cases in Scotland?
Coronavirus lockdown measures
Covid in Scotland: Toughest virus rules in force for two million Scots
Covid in Scotland: What can I do and where can I go under the new rules?


text:
'use strict';

/**
 * super-microservices test
 *
 * @author Zongmin Lei <leizongmin@gmail.com>
 */

const assert = require('assert');
const Context = require('../lib/context');
const Manager = require('../lib/manager');
const StreamRecorder = require('../lib/log_recorder/stream');

describe('Context', function () {

  describe('new Context(options)', function () {

    const manager = new Manager();

    it('manager - 必须指定', function () {
      assert.throws(() => {
        new Context();
      }, /AssertionError/);
      new Context({ manager });
    });

    it('requestId - 可自定义', function () {
      const requestId = '123456';
      assert.equal(new Context({ manager, requestId }).requestId, requestId);
    });

    it('params - 只能为对象', function () {
      assert.throws(() => {
        new Context({ manager, params: 123 });
      }, /AssertionError/);
      assert.throws(() => {
        new Context({ manager, params: 'text' });
      }, /AssertionError/);
      const ctx = new Context({ manager, params: { a: 123 }});
      assert.deepEqual(ctx.params, { a: 123 });
    });

    it('params - 被冻结', function () {
      const ctx = new Context({ manager, params: { a: 123 }});
      assert.throws(() => {
        ctx.params.a = 456;
      });
      assert.throws(() => {
        ctx.params.b = 789;
      });
      assert.deepEqual(ctx.params, { a: 123 });
    });

    it('params - 解除原对象的引用', function () {
      const params = { a: 123 };
      const ctx = new Context({ manager, params });
      params.a = 456;
      params.b = 789;
      assert.notEqual(params, ctx.params);
      assert.deepEqual(params, { a: 456, b: 789 });
      assert.deepEqual(ctx.params, { a: 123 });
    });

    it('callback - 如果指定了,必须为一个函数', function () {
      assert.throws(() => {
        new Context({ manager, callback: 123 });
      });
      new Context({ manager, callback() {} });
    });

    it('logRecorder - 如果指定了,必须一个有效的LogRecorder', function () {
      assert.throws(() => {
        new Context({ manager, logRecorder: 123 });
      });
      new Context({ manager, logRecorder: new StreamRecorder({ write() {} }) });
    });

  });

  describe('call(name, params)', function () {

    const manager = new Manager();
    manager.register('testSuccess', function (ctx) {
      setTimeout(() => {
        ctx.result(ctx.params.msg);
      }, Math.random() * 10);
    });
    manager.register('testError', function (ctx) {
      setTimeout(() => {
        ctx.error(new Error(ctx.params.msg));
      }, Math.random() * 10);
    });

    it('callback(null, ret)', function (done) {
      new Context({ manager }).call('testSuccess', { msg: 'test' }, (err, ret) => {
        assert.equal(err, null);
        assert.equal(ret, 'test');
        done();
      });
    });

    it('callback(err)', function (done) {
      new Context({ manager }).call('testError', { msg: 'test' }, (err, _) => {
        assert.notEqual(err, null);
        assert.equal(err.message, 'test');
        done();
      });
    });

    it('Promise.then(ret)', function (done) {
      new Context({ manager }).call('testSuccess', { msg: 'test' }).then(ret => {
        assert.equal(ret, 'test');
        done();
      }).catch(err => {
        done(err);
      });
    });

    it('Promise.catch(err)', function (done) {
      new Context({ manager }).call('testError', { msg: 'test' }).then(_ => {
        done(new Error('不应该捕捉到正常结果'));
      }).catch(err => {
        assert.equal(err.message, 'test');
        done();
      });
    });

  });

  describe('transfer(name, params)', function () {

    const manager = new Manager();
    manager.register('bridge', function (ctx) {
      ctx.transfer(ctx.params.name, { msg: ctx.params.msg });
    });
    manager.register('testSuccess', function (ctx) {
      setTimeout(() => {
        ctx.result(ctx.params.msg);
      }, Math.random() * 10);
    });
    manager.register('testError', function (ctx) {
      setTimeout(() => {
        ctx.error(new Error(ctx.params.msg));
      }, Math.random() * 10);
    });

    it('callback(null, ret)', function (done) {
      new Context({ manager }).call('bridge', { name: 'testSuccess', msg: 'test' }, (err, ret) => {
        assert.equal(err, null);
        assert.equal(ret, 'test');
        done();
      });
    });

    it('callback(err)', function (done) {
      new Context({ manager }).call('bridge', { name: 'testError', msg: 'test' }, (err, _) => {
        assert.notEqual(err, null);
        assert.equal(err.message, 'test');
        done();
      });
    });

    it('Promise.then(ret)', function (done) {
      new Context({ manager }).call('bridge', { name: 'testSuccess', msg: 'test' }).then(ret => {
        assert.equal(ret, 'test');
        done();
      }).catch(err => {
        done(err);
      });
    });

    it('Promise.catch(err)', function (done) {
      new Context({ manager }).call('bridge', { name: 'testError', msg: 'test' }).then(_ => {
        throw new Error('此处应该报错');
      }).catch(err => {
        assert.equal(err.message, 'test');
        done();
      });
    });

  });

  describe('prepareCall(name, params?)', function () {

    const manager = new Manager();
    manager.register('testSuccess', function (ctx) {
      setTimeout(() => {
        ctx.result(ctx.params.msg);
      }, Math.random() * 10);
    });

    it('不绑定参数', function (done) {
      const call = new Context({ manager }).prepareCall('testSuccess');
      call({ msg: 'ttt' }, (err, ret) => {
        assert.equal(err, null);
        assert.equal(ret, 'ttt');
        done();
      });
    });

    it('绑定参数不能覆盖', function (done) {
      const call = new Context({ manager }).prepareCall('testSuccess', { msg: 'oooo' });
      call({ msg: 'ttt' }, (err, ret) => {
        assert.equal(err, null);
        assert.equal(ret, 'oooo');
        done();
      });
    });

  });

  describe('series(list, callback)', function () {

    const manager = new Manager();
    manager.register('test1', function (ctx) {
      setTimeout(() => {
        ctx.result({ value: ctx.params.value + 1 });
      }, Math.random() * 10);
    });
    manager.register('test2', function (ctx) {
      setTimeout(() => {
        ctx.result({ value: ctx.params.value + 10 });
      }, Math.random() * 10);
    });
    manager.register('transfer', function (ctx) {
      ctx.transferSeries([
        ctx.prepareCall('test1', ctx.params),
        ctx.prepareCall('test2'),
        ctx.prepareCall('test1'),
      ]);
    });

    it('callback', function (done) {
      const ctx = new Context({ manager });
      ctx.series([
        ctx.prepareCall('test1', { value: 123 }),
        ctx.prepareCall('test2'),
        ctx.prepareCall('test1'),
      ], (err, ret) => {
        assert.equal(err, null);
        assert.deepEqual(ret, { value: 135 });
        done();
      });
    });

    it('promise', function (done) {
      const ctx = new Context({ manager });
      ctx.series([
        ctx.prepareCall('test1', { value: 123 }),
        ctx.prepareCall('test2'),
        ctx.prepareCall('test1'),
      ]).then(ret => {
        assert.deepEqual(ret, { value: 135 });
        done();
      }).catch(err => {
        done(err);
      });
    });

    it('transfer', function (done) {
      new Context({ manager }).call('transfer', { value: 110 }, (err, ret) => {
        assert.equal(err, null);
        assert.deepEqual(ret, { value: 122 });
        done();
      });
    });

  });

});


text:
Home » Research » Meningococcal and pneumococcal meningitis down significantly in the US thanks to vaccines
Meningococcal and pneumococcal meningitis down significantly in the US thanks to vaccines
Advances in the prevention and treatment of an often fatal condition called bacterial meningitis appear to be paying dividends in the United States, report infectious disease experts at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) in the journal The Lancet Infectious Diseases.
An analysis of a national inpatient database revealed a significant drop in prevalence and mortality following the introduction of two preventative vaccines and a complementary treatment.
Bacterial meningitis attacks tissue covering the central nervous system and can lead to neurological disability or even death in approximately one in five people affected. The germs that cause bacterial meningitis can be spread by coming into contact with an infected person in the community or after undergoing a neurosurgical procedure in a health care facility.
To gauge the impact of steroid therapy introduced roughly a decade ago,Rodrigo Hasbun, M.D., senior author and associate professor in the Division of Infectious Diseases at the UTHealth Medical School, analyzed a database of more than 50,000 people treated for bacterial meningitis between 1997- 2010 in the United States.
"This is the first study analyzing both community-acquired bacterial meningitis and health care-associated bacterial meningitis in the U.S.," Hasbun said. "It is also the first study showing a decrease in the mortality of the most important bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae."
S. pneumoniae remains the leading cause of bacterial meningitis, according to their analysis. However, when researchers compared the cases reported in 1997 to those in 2010, they found a 63 percent drop.
Likewise during this 14 year period, there was an 86 percent drop in another type of bacterial meningitis – Neisseria meningitidis.
The big developments involved two vaccines – PCV-7/Prevnar-7® in 2000 and MCV4/Menactra ® in 2005 – and an adjuvant treatment – dexamethasone.
Vaccination is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccination is particularly important for college students living in dormitories, people with compromised immune systems and travelers to sub-Saharan Africa where meningitis is endemic.
Vaccines do not work against all types of bacterial meningitis.
Hasbun said antibiotics are the best way to treat bacterial meningitis and are even more effective when used in combination with dexamethasone in cases due to S. pneumoniae.
The authors noted that there was a significant drop in in-hospital mortality associated with pneumococcal meningitis after 2005.
Limitations of the study are that it was not known how many people in the states surveyed had been vaccinated nor how many of the hospital patients had been treated with dexamethasone.
Other UTHealth co-authors include Rodrigo Lopez-Castelblanco, M.D., (lead author) and MinJae Lee, Ph.D. Hasbun is affiliated with Memorial Hermann-Texas Medical Center.
The study titled "Epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in the USA from 1997 to 2010: a population-based observational study" received support from the National Center for Research Resources (NIH-1 K23 RR018929-01A2).