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"A system for testing specifications of CPU semantics" - Lindsey Kuper [entries|archive|friends|userinfo]
"A system for testing specifications of CPU semantics" [Aug. 21st, 2010|12:47 am]
[ Tags | research ]
Today was the last day of my internship. It was the other interns' last day, too, and we all gave talks this afternoon about what we worked on this summer. In case you were wondering what I've been up to for the last thirteen weeks, I've posted the slides and notes from mine.
Me, to one of the other interns: Your talk was good!
Him: Thanks! Yours was...complicated!
...I don't think it was that complicated, really! But you can judge for yourself. Also, I did the talk without notes, and I feel good about that. In the past, I've always given talks by writing down almost every word I want to say, and bringing a big ol' stack of paper up to the front with me. I didn't do that this time. I still wrote down almost every word I wanted to say -- I think pretty textually, and writing it all down helps me get my thoughts in order and drives the slide-making process. I stole the idea of writing down talks from danah boyd a long time ago, and I'll probably keep doing it. But instead of bringing the crib notes with me, I went up and did it cold from the slides, and I think that it was a much better talk for having done so. I had no choice but to be thinking about the things I was saying as I was saying them, and that meant that I had the presence of mind to answer spontaneous questions as they came up during the talk. I'm still working on becoming a good speaker, but I think this is the best I've done so far.
All in all, the summer was a success: the project will continue in my absence, I'll be a coauthor if we eventually publish something, I was invited to return next summer, and we all celebrated with pizza and Rock Band this evening. Count this one a win.
Edited to add: I gave an expanded version of the talk to my research group later (slides; notes). It's mostly the same, but with a bit more detail about abstract interpretation.
As part of implementing look-thru memory, I wrote what was essentially a wrapper API for ptrace system calls on Linux. ptrace gives you the ability to attach to a process, single-step it, look at its registers, and so on. At first, I just wrote a function to wrap each kind of ptrace request that we wanted to make, and I had to do a bunch of run-time error checking to make sure that no one would, for instance, request to single-step a process before they had attached to it or after they had detached from it.
It turned out to be a nicer design to have a look-thru object that attaches to the process at the time it is constructed and detaches when it's destructed, and have other kinds of requests, like the single-step request or the get-contents-of-registers request, be methods on that object. Then, it's impossible to make those requests of a process to which you're not attached. (Later, when I told a co-worker about this, he pointed out that it was a good example of RAII.) Not only did this make my code saner, but because the error checking and the "Don't call this function unless..." comments could go away, it made my code shorter, which totally blew my mind, and that's when the moment of "So this is what objects are good for!" happened. When I told this story to you and Alec on the train two weeks ago, you said something like "But that just means that abstraction is good for something, not that objects are good for something," and I'm wondering if I can get you to elaborate on that.
From: underwhelm
I cut my teeth on c++ and java.
I don't know much about programming, but it was enough for me to learn that with an oo-oriented language, you get for free a paradigm that your professors will make you learn to implement in non-oo-oriented languages.
Anyway, as wikipedia tells it, abstraction is just one of several features of oo programming. All of which I suppose you can get when using a procedurally-oriented language... but not for free.
Quiet, lawyer. Go back to your...lawyer...stuff.
Just kidding. Yeah, so, I have several things to say here. One is that I think there's a high threshold for OO to become worth it. If OO is making your code longer, as it so often does, then it's worth thinking pretty hard about whether you really want OO, because more code means more bugs regardless of other factors. Another is that it's important to realize that programming paradigms are not mutually exclusive, and you can write OO-style code in most languages; it's just that some have baked-in support for it. But it's worth considering using a language that lets you move freely among styles. Then, the places in your code that really need to be OO (like my look-thru library) can evolve toward OO, but you don't have to commit immediately. I can't believe I'm actually arguing in favor of C++ right now, but I guess I am.
From: jes5199
It hadn't even occurred to me that RAII was an OO-specific sort of construct. There's a ruby way of doing it with lambdas, but calling foo.method() still feels safer than calling function(foo), since you can't even call the method at all if you don't have the object.
Still, I think the biggest win is code partitioning - you can think of each object as a little program with its own inputs, outputs, and state. You can test each object's implementation separately.
Also, I like polymorphism, but there are other ways of getting there.
There's a ruby way of doing it with lambdas, but calling foo.method() still feels safer than calling function(foo), since you can't even call the method at all if you don't have the object.
Exactly. There's always a way of doing it with lambdas, and function(foo) is what's really happening under the hood in some sense anyway; Python's self arguments are one place where that bleeds through a little bit.
From: mindstalk
The writing-down-talks link is borked.
Thanks. That was me being indecisive about which of her talks I wanted to link to.
It didn't seem all that complicated to me, but it's a clever solution to a problem that I had never even thought about before, so I think that's pretty cool
Thanks! Finding easier ways to do static analysis of executables is still an unusual problem to have; not a lot of people are doing that. GrammaTech's whole research program is centered around the idea of "what you see is not what you execute", meaning that no matter what approach you take, no matter how sophisticated your analysis of source code is, you won't really know what your programs are doing unless you analyze machine code. It's a compelling argument.
sure, but, you never step into the same processor twice. Even executing the code on metal is insufficient to understand it's entire possibility space, because the combinatorics of the machine state is so huge


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Q: Is it possible to have both static and a dynamic A record created for the same host on an internal DNS server? I am working on a case study related to risks from insecure dynamic DNS updates. Suppose there is an internal DNS configured that has a mix of static and dynamically created addresses. Consider a  Windows AD integrated DNS environment.
I need some help on few of the queries below

*

*Can there coexist a static and a dynamically created A record for the same host - referring to different IP addresses on the DNS server? (eg. Dynamic A record created by a new system introduced on the network with same hostname)

*If yes, how would the DNS resolution happen for such cases? Can DNS query resolve to the incorrect dynamic A record instead of the static A record?

*Can this be avoided by having a secure dynamic dns configuration instead of a insecure ddns updates? If so how could secure DDNS prevent such scenario.

Any assistance on this matter wil be quite helpful.
Thanks in advance.

A:
Can there coexist a static and a dynamically created A record for the same host

A name can resolve to multiple IP addresses, that is have multiple A or AAAA records. Clients will get the whole set of them when querying for the name.
How the IP addresses are provisioned is kind of irrelevant to the above, except that in "dynamic" cases, often an update is in fact a replacement, that is: "please resolve X to address Y now, after having removed all existing IP addresses for it".
So it all depends how your dynamic stuff is working. If it is additive, then you can have a mix.

If yes, how would the DNS resolution happen for such cases? Can DNS query resolve to the incorrect dynamic A record instead of the static A record?

If there are multiple A records, they are all returned. The client has no way to know from where they come (dynamic or static).

Can this be avoided by having a secure dynamic dns configuration instead of a insecure ddns updates? If so how could secure DDNS prevent such scenario.

Yes, and also making only a subzone of your zone open to dynamic updates, not the whole zone.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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World Class Medical Facility Adds Much Needed Cancer Treatment Facility
By: Kaweka Health
Published: Fri 19 Nov 2021 05:59 PM
The new world class elective surgery facility in Hastings is being super-sized with the announcement of a second stage which will bring much needed cancer care services to Hawke's Bay.
Kaweka Health's Managing Director, Dr Colin Hutchison, today announced an additional 7,000m2 of clinical space including a critical care ward, local cancer diagnosis and treatment services and a cardiac catheterisation lab.
"Our vision is to provide world class elective healthcare locally, enhancing direct access to quality healthcare for people living in Hawke's Bay."
The development will occur on land previously owned by Hastings District Council, which was leased by Recreational Services Limited, a company contracted to provide parks and recreation maintenance services to the Council.
Within the new 7,000m2 facility will be a large imaging centre and a new cancer centre. The cancer care clinic will be operated by Canopy Healthcare Group, which is the largest North Island diagnostic imaging provider with its TRG Imaging brand while its Canopy Cancer Care company is the largest private medical oncology provider in New Zealand.
Canopy Healthcare Group Chief Executive, Tony Moffatt, says the $10 million clinic will be a first of its kind in New Zealand – a full service imaging, consultation and oncology treatment centre offering state-of-the-art MRI and CT scanning technology and specialist oncology treatment under "one roof".
"We are introducing more MRI and CT capacity into the Bay and for patients it means earlier diagnosis, world class imaging and immediate cancer treatment, all in the region.
"Presently people going through non-DHB chemotherapy have to travel out of Hawke's Bay to receive their treatment, which can be stressful and physically demanding, they then return home before going through the same thing again three weeks later.
"Having everything local gives patients every opportunity of a full recovery."
Canopy Healthcare presently has a temporary cancer care clinic in Canning Road as well as imaging facilities at Royston Hospital, EIT Institute of Health at Mitre10 Sports Park, Hastings Health Centre and in Napier.
"Like Kaweka Health we are dedicated to providing world-class care that is delivered locally. We have the very best radiologists, oncologists, haematologists, nursing, pharmacy, tech and support staff to care for our patients."
The new three-story building will feature the Rolls Royce of seismic design and earthquake proofing – using "base isolation" technology, which is a first for buildings in Hawke's Bay.
The technology enables the facility to remain fully functional following a large seismic event providing assurance to Kaweka Health and the wider community in a time when it may be needed.
Demolition of the existing building will be a staged task starting in late November through to early February 2022, with the building expected to open in December 2024.
Dr Hutchison says the fast-growing project has been made possible because everyone involved is committed to a shared vision of a facility that "protects and cares for the people of Hawke's Bay."
"We're here to improve the health and wellbeing of the people of Hawke's Bay.
"We are indebted to our development team, senior doctors, health professionals and local investors who have jumped on board to support the vision for the exciting health care service."
Stage one with four operating theatres, full pre-op and recovery areas (including overnight beds), along with 150 carparks is progressing well and is planned to open in June 2022.
"We are thrilled to be in a position to help by providing our additional theatre facilities to enable extra capacity by another 5,000 operations a year.
"We are in a recruitment phase and are quickly building a highly capable nursing team in Post-Anaesthesia Care Unit (PACU), Surgical Ward, and theatre specialties as well as the team of Anaesthetic Technicians."
Dr Hutchison is thrilled that Nick Ward of Proactive Management Limited will project manage both stages of the development, ably supported by leading local construction firm Gemco Group along with many local trade businesses.
"We wanted a seamless process to ensure that we meet our first deadline of stage one opening in June 2022 and then continue full steam ahead with stage 2."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Tommy Abell
Tommy Abell, age 82, of Sellersburg, IN passed away on Monday, September 27, 2021 at his residence. He was born in Louisville on November 12, 1938 to the late Joseph Stallard Abell and Mary Catherine Ryan Abell. He was married to Rita Neville Abell, who survives.
Tommy worked as a registered respiratory therapist for many years and served as the department head for The Medical Center at Bowling Green, St. Joseph's in Lexington and Paoli Hospital. He served in the US Army during the Vietnam Era and was of the Christian Faith.
Besides his wife he is survived by his children, CeCe Tyler (Felton), Patti Atcher (Steve) and Michael Abell (Lisa); sixteen grandchildren; seven great-grandchildren; brothers, Joe Abell (Barbara) and John Abell (Glenda); sisters, Linda and Allie. Besides his parents, he was also preceded in death by his sister, Mary.
Graveside services will be at 12 noon, Thursday, September 30, 2021 at the Cave City Cemetery. There will be no visitation.
Memorial contributions can be made to Amedisys Home Health Care, 303 Quartermaster Co., Jeffersonville, IN 47130.
Bob Hunt Funeral Chapel was honored to assist the family with arrangements.
Bob Hunt Funeral Chapel
410 N. Dixie Hwy.
Cave City, Kentucky 42127
Bob Hunt Funeral Chapel 2010


i love a long walk on the beach on a cold autumn day, when there's frost in the morning on the grass and everyone needs to be wrapped up. Whitepark bay on Monday afternoon was so beautiful. Not likely to see anyone with bare feet so making do with this shot of footprints in the sand.


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Current: Cervical Spine Fusion
What Is Cervical Fusion?
Cervical fusion is the surgical procedure of fusing together vertebrae in the cervical spine, which consists of seven vertebrae separated by six intervertebral discs. Cervical fusion can involve any adjacent vertebrae in the cervical spine.
Why Is It Done?
A cervical fusion may be performed to stop excessive movement between two vertebrae in the cervical spine. This movement can occur for a variety of reasons. For instance, perhaps a herniated, ruptured, or bulging disc is causing abnormal pressure in an area of the cervical spine. To eliminate the pressure, the disc is removed. The resulting void creates an instability in the cervical spine, leading to movement between the vertebrae. To remedy this problem, the void can be filled with a bone graft. If successful, the two vertebrae will become fused together into a single bone mass.
Instead of a bone graft, a titanium cage packed with material to help new bone to form may be inserted into the void left after a disc is removed.
Cervical fusion may also be necessary in cases where two vertebrae are not properly aligned, a condition known as spondylolisthesis. This misalignment, which can cause abnormal movement between the two vertebrae, can typically be fixed by a successful cervical fusion.
Other conditions that may damage the cervical spine and require fusion include tumors, infections, congenital spinal deformities, spinal injuries, fractures, or arthritis affecting the spine.
To perform a cervical fusion, the surgeon must gain access the cervical spine. This is most commonly done through the front of the neck. After locating the two vertebrae to be fused, the surgeon removes the disc separating them. Any bone spurs discovered are also removed at this time. The surgeon then measures the space between the two vertebrae and inserts a bone graft or cage of the appropriate height.
Often, the surgeon screws a metal plate over the affected area in order to provide reinforcement and stability during the fusion process. In the months following the surgery, the vertebrae will fuse with the bone graft or cage to form a continuous bone mass.
The fusion process usually takes about three months to be completed. To encourage proper fusion, it may be necessary for the patient to wear a cervical collar during the process.
Cervical fusion can potentially relieve neck pain and related symptoms after more conservative treatments have failed. Though fusing two vertebrae together essentially reduces the number of cervical vertebrae from seven to six, this does not significantly diminish mobility in most cases.
There are, however, other potential complications from a cervical fusion. Sometimes the bones fail to fuse properly, a condition known as pseudarthrosis. This happens most commonly with smokers. It is also possible for the bone graft to fracture, which has motivated many surgeons to use titanium cages.
Less common is the danger that the screws used to fix the metal plate loosen. Also, if the surgical wound does not heal properly, an infection may set in. Other risks include the potential for blood clots, excessive bleeding, and nerve damage. Specifically, damage caused to the nerves connected to the larynx (voice box) can cause hoarseness.
Anesthesia has risks too, which are heightened in patients who have other medical conditions. It is important to discuss these risks with your surgeon before you consider surgery.
Tom Wascher M.D. will review your imaging studies free of charge or, if needed, provide you with a second opinion. He has performed over 1,800 cervical surgeries during his career and wants to see that you receive the best treatment possible. He is a competent and caring surgeon who has your best interests in mind.
© 2019 Wascher Cervical Spine Institute | All Rights Reserved | Website by Graf Technology


The "great debate" on Tuesday's edition of Cuomo Prime Time focused on Rep. Ilhan Omar's tweet condemning White House adviser Stephen Miller as a white nationalist. The conversation quickly deflected into a debate about the meaning of the word nationalism, with host Chris Cuomo describing it as a "loaded term" and accusing Miller of having an "apparent affinity" for white supremacists.
CW's Black Lightning has been politicized since its first season. Now that we're on its second, I guess it's time to double down on liberal platitudes. And nothing screams "off the deep end" like claiming the police are outright hunting black people.
On Wednesday night, Angela Rye's disdain for respectful discourse surfaced on CNN's Erin Burnett OutFront as she insisted that "America has never been great" and not only rolled her eyes but turned away from the camera at the notion of Trump campaign board member Gina Loudon have an adopted minority son with Down Syndrome.
On CNN last night, another political discussion went off the rails as the liberal host pitted a conservative against a liberal on a hot button topic and only stepped in to stoke the flames. Ironically enough, the topic was civility, and if Rep. Maxine Waters' controversial comments over the weekend, encouraging liberals to harass Republicans were justified. Angela Rye, CNN political commentator and former Congressional Black Caucus adviser, defended Waters, while former advisor for Trump's Hispanic Advisory Council Steve Cortes attacked the remarks, on Erin Burnett Outfront, June 26.
On Tuesday's CNN Tonight during a segment in which liberals outnumbered conservatives 3-1, CNN political commentator Angela Rye trashed pro-Trump evangelicals who support cracking down on illegal immigration, calling them "heartless human beings" who are "sick." And for his part, host Don Lemon accidentally declared that illegals are facing increased "federal persecution" before catching himself and correcting it to "prosecution" -- although it was quite possibly a Freudian slip of his personal opinions on the subject.
On Tuesday's CNN Tonight, during a segment on the decision not to charge two Baton Rouge police officers who shot and killed Alton Sterling in 2016, liberal CNN commentator Angela Rye blew up and and got into a heated debate with conservative commentator Ben Ferguson. At one point, she accused him of being "out your damn mind," and eventually repeatedly told him, "You're sick," because he defended the officers.
On Monday's CNN Tonight, liberal CNN political commentator Angela Rye had a meltdown and began ranting after conservative CNN contributor Alice Stewart defended the NRA against attacks at the Oscars. After Stewart persisted in defending the pro-gun group, Rye shouted: "Like, stop! Just stop! Like, Alice, I like you as a person, but this is crazy! Stop! When host Don Lemon jumped in to respond, he claimed that the NRA only represents a small portion of the population and asserted that "they're holding the rest of us hostage."
CNN took a break Monday from covering the drop in the Dow to blast President Trump for his use of the word "treasonous" to describe Democrats at a rally in Cincinnati. Former NY GOP Gubernatorial candidateRob Astorino pointed out that the Democrats have an intense hatred for President Trump as evidenced by the refusal of many elected Democrats to attend his inauguration.
On Wednesday's Daily Show, host Trevor Noah brought CNN commentator Angela Rye for a friendly interview that began with the late-night host gushing over how "amazing" the liberal pundit's rude behavior on CNN was.
Hours after White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders announced that former Apprentice contestant-turned-White House staffer, Omarosa Manigault Newman, had resigned, and would be leaving the White House this January, CNN's April Ryan reported that she was actually fired.


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U of U Health says contraception need higher for both women and men in the wake of Roe decision
FILE - The University of Utah Health Orthopedic Center in Salt Lake City on Sunday, Sept. 18, 2022. (Ben B. Braun/Deseret News)
(Ben B. Braun/Deseret News)
BY LINDSAY AERTS
KSLNewsRadio
SALT LAKE CITY — University of Utah Heath says the demand for birth control is up and they have a new clinic hoping to get women faster access. They also report an uptick in vasectomies in the wake of the Roe v. Wade decision.
Dr. David Turok with the U's OB-GYN department says the Rapid Access Contraception Clinic came about because a family medicine doctor at the university noticed an increase in requests for appointments to get contraceptives following the decision to overturn Roe v wade.
"That announcement came on a Friday," he says. "By Monday she had a system set up to see more people."
Furthermore, Dr. Turok discussed the morning-after pill as a contraceptive, saying it has nothing to do with abortion.
"The morning after pill, emergency contraception, is contraception," he said. "It is widely known and acknowledged through every medical entity that has made a statement on this that emergency contraception is not an abortifacient."
In addition to the Rapid Access Contraception Clinic, Dr. Turok says people can obtain morning-after pills, free of charge, from any of the nine University of Utah pharmacies.
U Health patients can now sign up through their MyChart app if they need to get an IUD or other implant quickly.
Dr. Turok says the U's Rapid Access Contraception Clinic mainly provides IUDs for women needing birth control quickly. It does not offer any male contraception or perform vasectomies.
He says that there are currently 131 people scheduled for appointments to receive contraception.
Devin Oldroyd contributed to this article.
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The Utah House has advanced the bill that bans transgender-related surgeries on minors and pauses the treatment of hormone blockers.
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KSL at Night hosts Taylor Morgan and Maura Carabello speak with Clark Aposhian, chairman of the Utah Shooting Sports Council about gun violence.
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Amazon launches $5-a-month unlimited prescription plan
Some of the generic drugs included in the program include Bupropion, Cephalexin, Doxycycline, Estradiol and Sertaline.
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Utah air quality is due to get worse as a high-pressure system moves into the state and blocks any storms from coming in.


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running and dribbling
train efficiently to become a world class footballer.
Monday I ran and dribbled the rock for 4 miles. I ran and dribbled hard like I was preparing to play for Real Madrid. I pushed myself to my limits and past them. That is how you win everything in football. By pushing yourself every day in Training to your limits and past them. By doing this you are training your mind and body through muscle memory training to exert full and greater physical effort every time you move on a football field. By doing this you are both producing perfect technique in the moment and training your mind and body to produce perfect technique in the future through the accumulation of Mechanical Energy stored from the Kinetic Energy exerted trapping, passing, crossing, volleying, and shooting the ball for hours a day, 4 days a week, for 3 months until you have optimized your first touch, passing, crossing, volleying, and shooting. Practice executing perfect technique. This will take you to everything in the game of football. You will have stored all of the mechanical energy from playing with perfect technique in your mind and body. This will take you to the highest level and is ultra-important in the moment when you are in a battle -- receiving the ball under pressure turning and beating the fullback or in a duel when you are competing against another player who may not have built his game from the ground up striving at every moment to play and execute with perfect technique. That wins you the duel. Now you're off to the beat the next defender and efficiently execute Footballer's tactics to score the goal.
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Katherine Violet Kimball, 80
by Family written obituary via funeral home March 12, 2021 March 12, 2021
Katherine Violet Kimball, passed away at home at the age of 80 on March 11, 2021.
She was born in Lakeland on September 13, 1940 to Katherine Irene Imler and Edward Glass. She married Ronald C. Kimball Sr. in October 1958. Katherine was a retired Teacher's Aide for Polk County School Board. She was preceded in death by her parents and sister Francine Sproul. She is survived by sons, Ronald C. Kimball Jr. and Albert C. Kimball (Jessica), daughter, Margaret French (Thomas Dale); grandchildren, Christina French, Carrie Sawyers, Blake Kimball, Lillianne Kimball, and Catherine Cox; great grandchildren, Molly French, Madison Cousins, and Grayson Lindsey. Survived by many family members and friends.
A graveside service will be held on Monday, March 15, 2021 at 11:00 A.M. at Springhead Cemetery. Condolences may be sent to the family at Heath Funeral Chapel.


But no one knows when or where the next murder will happen.
It changes hands among collectors, but nobody knows who makes it.
Nobody knows we're working with the cops.
No one knew who they were or what they did.
No one knows about it because I laundered it for him.
No one knows they're buying for air force one.
No one knows how he broke into that closed system!
No one knows, not even the cops who arrested me.
First, no one knows you're working for Aunty.
Nobody knows where the next bomb is going off.
Truth is no one knows what they're doing.
No one knows how many women are here.
Unless there's a station no one knows about.
No one knows. I think it's Johan.
No one knows who this mysterious benefactor is.
No one knows what it's like to be me.
النتائج: 1137. المطابقة: 1137. الزمن المنقضي: 174 دقائق.


Before you apply to another sales job, make sure you're prepared to answer these common sales job interview questions.
Each year, more sales professionals lose potential employment opportunities for one reason over any other: because they are ill-prepared for the interview - that includes being unqualified, unintelligent or incapable.
As a sales candidate, chances are that you have great ideas and a clear vision. Unfortunately, if you can't convey that vision in a simple, direct and concise manner during the job interview, a hiring manager won't perceive you as credible.
To ensure you come across in the best light possible during an interview, preparation is nothing short of imperative, especially for common interview questions for a sales position.
Whether it be for an entry-level position or a director of sales role, readiness can and will make or break an interview. It can be the differentiator between a lucrative job offer or potentially embarrassing meeting.
Often, when an interview performance is not up to snuff, it is not a result of lack of preparation, but rather a result of the wrong preparation.
Frequently, sales applicants will inaccurately predict the sales job interview questions that will be asked during the job interview, rendering their research a waste of time.
However, when you can anticipate what will be asked, you possess a great advantage.
Aside from increased confidence and focus, knowing what an interviewer will ask will enable you to prepare answers in a manner which both highlights your strengths and remains relevant to the needs of the hiring manager.
Because knowing what to prepare is as important as preparing itself, our recruiters have listed 15 questions every sales professional should be prepared to answer during an interview.
It is highly difficult to predict the exact questions a recruiter or interviewer will ask during an interview; however, if they are thorough and understand business development, job seekers can anticipate that they will be asked some form of the following 15 sales job interview questions.
What was the average dollar amount per sale?
How did you find your prospects?
What was your quota? Did you meet or exceed your quota in the past few quarters? Why or why not?
What industries do you have experience selling into?
What formal sales training do you have?
How would you describe your sales style?
Was the selling done face to face, by phone or a combination of the two?
How much travel was required in order to meet your goals?
Have you ever managed a sales team?
How familiar are you with our products and why do you feel you can sell them?
What hurdles did you often encounter during the sales process and what strategies did you employ to overcome those obstacles?
The overwhelming majority of sales interviews are either won or lost prior to the meeting. Knowing how to prepare and what to focus on will lay the ground for a winning job search.
Ken Sundheim is the CEO of KAS Placement, an executive search firm based out of New York City specializing in sales and marketing recruitment of all levels.
Ask Amanda: How Do I Answer "Tell Me About Yourself" in an Interview?


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Marilyn Starring grew up on a farm with a father who disdained the water and went out of his way. . .
SAUGATUCK — When Pat Meyer and her husband, Dean, undertook the renovation of the Felt Mansion in Laketown Township they. . .
In Japan, there's a concept called "forest bathing" where people spend time in the woods to improve their sense of. . .
SAUGATUCK – Before economic development was a "thing" and communities were hiring experts to bring businesses in, there was R.J.. . .


Fifth Harmony Announce 2015 Reflection Tour — Get the Dates Here!
Harmonizers, Fifth Harmony just announced the Reflection Tour! Let the fangirling commence.
The ladies of 5H -- that would be Camila, Lauren, Ally Brooke, Dinah and Normani, of course -- made the announcement today (Jan. 7) on the group's official website. While we (not so) patiently wait for 'Reflection' to drop (just 20 more days to go!), the girls have gifted us a 20-date tour across North America, kicking off Feb. 27 in San Francisco and going around the U.S. (and even one stop in Canada) before concluding just outside of Philadelphia on March 27. Eek!


In terms of color, we are going to have lots of fun in the Fall/Winter 2017 season. Opposite of the cold weather, the fall/winter color palette is much warmer. The most popular color for the upcoming season according to the Pantone Color Institute is the dynamic Grenadine. The Grenadine is a vibrant shade of red that gets all the attention. Besides the Grenadine, the classic red color will also dominate in the fashion girls' fall/winter wardrobe. Speaking of vibrant colors, the Autumn Maple is a gorgeous burned orange hue that will be in high demand in the upcoming season.
Experts advise you combine these attention-grabbing hues with classic autumnal and winter colors such as Neutral Gray, Navy Peony, Butterum and Tawny port. The Butterum is a perfect fall mixture of cream and camel tones. The mega-popular millennial pink is known under the name Ballet Slipper and is a gorgeous dusty pale pink hue perfect for fall and winter. Ballet Slipper, Neutral Gray, and Butterum are the lightest colors in the palette. These neutral colors are easy to pair with deeper and stronger hues.
A huge surprise on the fall/winter runway shows was the neon green color. Designers showed entire outfits painted in this electric color. Like we said earlier, in the upcoming season we should expect much brighter colors than we normally have in that time of the year. Another unexpected dynamic color from the fall runway shows is the turquoise. Designers showed everything from dresses to coats in this amazing color. We normally wear turquoise in the summer but starting from this fall that is about to change. The hot fuchsia hue that was extremely popular this summer isn't going anywhere as well. Many designers showed gowns in this vibrant color. Fuchsia might be the color of the eveningwear in the Fall/Winter 2017.
Take a look at the vibrant color trends for the Fall/Winter 2017.


Lovely treatment room which was very clean and comfortable. The esthetician was professional, pleasant, and made it a very enjoyable experience. I would definitely recommend it!
Fantastic! Will definitely go back.


The Architect designed Outrigger has a wonderful loft/open plan living area with expansive windows looking onto a large, private balcony from which you can enjoy the sunset over the Indian Ocean.
Polished timber floors, sunny vista and modern, stylish furniture enhance the relaxed holiday atmosphere of The Outrigger.
Two bedrooms on the lower level have glass sliding door access to the fabulous deck, and combined with the loft, the property sleeps 6 people (Two queen beds and two single beds).
Ensuite & 2nd bathroom. TV, DVD Home Theatre, Stereo/CD, Dishwasher, Microwave & Oven, Gas BBQ & washing machine.
Linen and bath towels included.
Bathroom 1 (ensuite): shower, toilet, heat lamp.
Bathroom 2: shower over bath, toilet.
The Outrigger is situated in the new beachfront location of Gnarabup, the most sought after accomodation region in the Margaret River Area. Only 250m from Gnarabup Beach and 1 km from famous Surfers Point. Ocean views on an elevated block.
Leisurely 10 min drive to Margaret River town.
Endless surf breaks. Famous Surfers Point.
Have just returned home today. we had a wonderful time at outrigger. the weather turned it on for us and we returned home to the east to 30 degree temps. we have been recommending outrigger to friends and family as was great for a family and balcony and yard safe for littlies.
Hi Simon, just wanted to drop you a quick email to say thankyou. We absolutely loved our short break and were really happy with both the accomodation and the attention to detail (such as the platters, glassware, bedding etc). It was just truly wonderful and you will no doubt see us back in the near future.
Instant coffee, tea, sugar, salt & pepper supplied.
Full Kitchen - recently renovated with new oven, cooktop and fridge.
The Outrigger was clean and comfortable, with plenty of space for the family, on a lovely quiet street, located just a short walk away from a great little takeaway coffee spot or the white elephant cafe over looking the beach. Highly recommend.
Hi Dan, I'm so glad you enjoyed the great atmosphere at The Outrigger. Hope to have you stay again in the future.
We have it on our list " best houses"
Thanks for the great review Rene.
This property was the perfect location for my holiday. Close to the beach, beautiful location to see sunrises and sunsets and listen to the crashing waves at night. A short drive in to town if needed. The house has a great holiday feel to it and has everything you need.
Thanks for the great review Andrea!
Very good to stay with family. The kids loved the attic bedroom with view of the Indian Ocean. The best part is how close Outrigger is close to the Indian Ocean. Would suggest to any families wanting a good & peaceful stay with all amenities in a house as against a motel.


Zoë R. DeGeer is an associate at Outten & Golden LLP, and a member of the firm's Individual Practice Area. Prior to joining the firm in 2018, Ms. DeGeer worked as an associate at Dickson Geesman LLP exclusively representing employees in wrongful termination, discrimination, harassment, retaliation, medical leave and breach of contract actions, as well as severance negotiations.
Ms. DeGeer graduated from Golden Gate University School of Law in 2014 with honors and certifications in litigation and public interest law. In law school, Ms. DeGeer was heavily involved in the litigation department and mock trial program. Her mock trial team won the regional American Bar Association Labor and Employment Mock Trial Competition and was a semi-finalist in the national competition. She worked in the San Francisco District Attorney's office as a Law Clerk for two years in the sexual assault, child assault, domestic violence, misdemeanor, and law and motion units. Ms. DeGeer also worked as a judicial extern for the Honorable Cynthia Ming-mei Lee and the Appellate Department of the San Francisco Superior Court.
Ms. DeGeer is Chair of the California Employment Lawyers Association's Barristers Committee, Employee Co-Chair of the American Bar Association's Labor and Employment Law Section's Technology Committee, and member of the National Employment Lawyers Association. She is a graduate of the American Bar Association's Leadership Development Program.


text:
\section{Introduction}
The so-called ``ridge'', found in hadronic collisions at RHIC and LHC energies,
\cite{brodsky,aaridgecms,aaridgealice,aaridgeatlas,starridge,phenixridge,phobosridge,ppridge,paridge1,paridge2,paridge3,paridge4,paridge5}, has been subject to years of intense theoretical and experimental investigation and can be regarded as a crucial observable in the study of dense QCD.
 The ridge is a 2-particle correlation focused in the azimuthal difference $\Delta \phi$ and elongated in pseudo-rapidity $\eta$.
This correlation seems to be specific to high multiplicity hadronic processes (more central high $\sqrt{s}$ heavy ion,pA,dA \cite{aaridgeatlas,aaridgecms,aaridgealice,phenixridge,starridge,phobosridge}, and very high multiplicity pp collisions \cite{ppridge,paridge1,paridge2,paridge3,paridge4} ), suggesting it to be related to the appearance of a ``medium''.

It is further possible to relate ridge physics to bulk anisotropies particle production \cite{alver,olli,brazil}: The two-particle correlation function, including the ridge, can be successfully decomposed in Fourier components (commonly known as $v_n$) w.r.t. the reaction plane $\Psi_n$
\begin{equation}
\label{vndef}
\frac{dN}{d^3 p} = \frac{dN}{ dp_T^2 d\eta} \left(1+ 2 \sum_{n=1}^\infty v_n(p_T,\eta) \cos\left(n(\phi-\Psi_n) \right)  \right)
\end{equation}
It is trivial to see that a single ridge is mostly generated by $v_{1,3,5}$ components.
A ``double ridge'', observed in AA and pA/dA collisions, is dominated by ``elliptic flow'' $v_2$ and higher even components.    Since elliptic flow was key to the widely-publicized announcement that matter in heavy ion collisions behaves as a low viscosity liquid \cite{sqgp}, a proper understanding of ridge phenomenology is crucial to our understanding of the properties of the matter created in heavy ion collisions.

$v_n$s are thought to reflect the structure of Fourier components of the initial transverse energy density $e(r,\phi,\eta)$ \footnote{I assume boost-invariant longitudinal expansion so the spacetime rapidity and momentum rapidity are the same}.   Thus, $e(r,\phi,\eta)$
\begin{equation}
\label{edef}
e(\vec{x})=e(r,\eta) \left( 1+2\sum_{n=1}^\infty\epsilon_n(r,\eta) \cos\left( n \left( \phi-\Psi_n \right) \right) \right)
\end{equation}
gets somehow converted into momentum anisotropies $v_n$.

Further use of the ridge as a medium probe, however, is somewhat impeded by uncertainty of the mechanism which converts initial state shape anisotropy into a momentum correlation:  It is far from clear if the ridges in $pp,pA,dA,AA$ have the same origin, or a single origin, and how exactly the ridge in each system is generated.

Many models have appeared explaining the ridge.  While experimental data \cite{killmodels} seems to suggest that the ridge is generated by ``soft'' phenomena rather than ``jetty physics'', two broad classes of models remain:  They are distinguished by the ridge's relationship to collective flow.

In the first class of models it is hydrodynamic flow itself that creates the correlation in azimuthal angle \cite{voloshin,moschelli,gavin,hama}.   The local structures (be they hotspots, QCD strings or glasma flux tubes) generate a ``long'' correlation in rapidity which is then azimuthally collimated by transverse flow ``pushing out'' the hotspot.
Thus, the ridge is made by an interplay of transverse flow (the zeroth Fourier component of the flow expansion) and local hotspots, which can be represented by higher harmonics in Eq. \ref{edef}.
The deviation from isotropy, ie the width of the $\Delta \phi$ correlation, should therefore depend directly on the global collective flow of the event and its anisotropies (be they average features, which are there for even coefficients, or event-by-event fluctuations, which can generate odd coefficients).

In the second class of models, the ridge is generated by local partonic dynamics.
As shown in \cite{kovner}, a system  extended in both transverse space and rapidity, approximately boost-invariant, and of high enough partonic density that more than one parton-parton interaction per unit of transverse space per unit of rapidity will naturally yield ridges:
In a spatially extended system, partonic interactions at {\em finite impact parameter} will naturally generate an angular correlation, centered around the impact parameter vector as well as color-coherence regions \cite{kovner2}.   Because of boost-invariance, this angular correlation with be wide in rapidity, since a parton-parton interaction at one rapidity is more likely at a hotspot, and, given that hotspots are elongated in rapidity, a {\em second} parton-parton interaction is more likely.   The model used in \cite{kovner} has been calculated in a generic pQCD model, but qualitatively similar dynamics emerges in CGC-based calculations such as \cite{venu1,venu2,dusling,kovch} as well as string dynamics \cite{paic}.
The scaling behind $e(...)$ is then the local gluon density, given, in \cite{venu1,venu2,dusling,kovch}, by powers of the saturation scale $Q_s$ and the QCD coupling constant $\alpha_s(Q_s)$.
\section{Why the pA ridge is so interesting}
The recent appearance of a ``strong'' $p-A$ and $d-A$ double ridge \cite{paridge1,paridge2,paridge3,paridge4}, comparable to that of heavy ion collisions, has provided us with further puzzles:   Hydrodynamics is generally thought to be a good description of the system when the Knudsen number
\begin{equation}
\label{knudsen}
Kn = \order{1} \frac{\eta}{s T R} \ll 1
\end{equation}
, i.e. the mean free path is much less than the system size.
Given the empirical multiplicity scaling with $\sqrt{s}$ \cite{alicemult}, the ideal gas equation of state and the Bjorken model \cite{bjorken} with initial time $\tau_0$, entropy density $s=4(dN/dy)$ and overlap area $S \sim N_{part}^{2/3}$
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{dN}{dy} = N_{part}  \sqrt{s}^{0.1_{pp,pA},0.15_{AA}} = 4 \tau_0 S s  = 47.5 \frac{8 \pi^2}{45} S \tau_0 T^3
\end{eqnarray}
in terms of the unknown $\kappa = (\eta/(\tau_0 s))$, and assuming the initial radius of a $pp$ collision is set by the strong coupling scale $\Lambda_{\mathrm{QCD}}$
\begin{equation}
Kn_{pp} \propto \kappa (\Lambda_{\mathrm{QCD}})^{-1} s^{0.1} \simeq 0.6
\end{equation}
assuming $\eta/s = 1/(4\pi)$ and $\tau_0=1fm$.
for larger systems the scaling will be
\begin{equation}
\phantom{AA},\phantom{AA} Kn_{pA} \sim N_{part}^{-1/3} K \sim \left(\frac{dN}{dy} \right)^{-1/3} \phantom{AA},\phantom{AA} Kn_{AA} \sim N_{part}^{-1/9-1/3} Kn_{pp} s^{-0.02} \sim  \left(\frac{dN}{dy} \right)^{-4/9}
\end{equation}
where the extra energy power in $AA$ is due to the faster dependence of multiplicity per participant in $AA$ collisions \cite{alicemult}.

As can be seen, by comparing ridges at the same $N_{track}$ for different systems, one expects about the same Knudsen number for $pp$ vs $pA$ collisions, but $AA$ will have a lower Knudsen number than an equal multiplicity $pA$ bin:  While the former will be denser but smaller than the other, the greater transverse size of the $AA$ system beats the smaller density in determining $Kn$, and the extra energy dependence will suppress the Knudsen number in $AA$ further.   Therefore, unless one assumes a breakdown in $N_{part}$ scaling \cite{teaney}, binning by multiplicity is {\em not} the same as binning in Knudsen number.

Harmonics should follow a scaling of the type \cite{gtscaling,borghini,lacey}
\begin{equation}
\label{v2kn}
v_n = \order{1} \frac{\ave{c_s}}{\tau_0}  \epsilon_n  \tau_{life}\left(\frac{s_0}{s_f},R \right) \left(1- \order{1} Kn  \right)
\end{equation}
where $\tau_0$ is the hydrodynamic initialization time, $s_f$ is the freeze-out entropy density, $s_0 \simeq (1/S \tau_0)(dN/dy)$ the initial entropy density, $c_s$ the speed of sound and $\tau_{life}$ the lifetime.

$\tau_{life}$ needs to be determined via a hydrodynamic code but is a non-trivial function of both $s_0$ and the size $R$ even in the ideal limit. It is driven by
 rarefaction wave dynamics for small ($R \gg T^{-1}$) systems (such as pA,pp) and by expansion dynamics for large ones ($AA$).
\begin{equation}
\tau_{life}(T,R \gg T^{-1}) \sim \tau_0 \left( \frac{s_0}{s_f} \right)^{1/3} \phantom{AA},\phantom{AA} \tau_{life}(T,R \sim T^{-1}) \sim R c_s^{-1}
\end{equation}
Hence, $\tau_{life}$ should further break the Knudsen number scaling.

While,as discussed in \cite{bzdak,mueller}, the initial eccentricity in small systems is too dominated by initial-state uncertainties (the ``transverse shape of the nucleon'') to allow for a quantitative comparison, the scaling patterns of the ridge structure as one goes from pp to pA to AA are puzzling.

If hydrodynamics is to work, Eq. \ref{v2kn} would imply $\eta/(sT) \ll 1$fm, putting the likely value of $\eta/s$ below the ``universal'' $\eta/s =1/(4\pi )$ limit.
 In this case, however, it is remarkable that
 pp vs AA systems are so different:
From pA to pp, the Knudsen number should be different by no more than 30-50$\%$, since the transverse size is comparable and the temperatures scale as $T_{pA} \sim N_{part}^{1/3} T_{pp}$.

These considerations arise just from the Knudsen number, and hold independently of the initial geometry.  The latter, for large nuclei, is thought to be dominated by the number of participants.   For smaller systems such as pA and $pp$, however, the largely unexplored sub-nucleon fluctuations are crucial in determining the initial $\epsilon_n$.
One cannot quantitatively compare $\epsilon_2$ for $AA$ and $pA,pp$ using Eq. \ref{v2kn} since the average geometry in these systems is very different.
Over all events, however, $\ave{\epsilon_3}=0$ by symmetry for {\em all} systems, so event-by-event $\epsilon_3$ is determined only by fluctuations,
\begin{equation}
\ave{\epsilon_3} \sim \sqrt{(\Delta \epsilon_3^{NN} + \Delta \epsilon_3^{sub-N})^2}
\end{equation}
At present nuclear scale $\Delta \epsilon_3^{NN}$ is thought to be well-approximated by a Glauber calculation, while partonic scale $\Delta \epsilon_3^{sub-N}$ is much more model-dependent  \cite{venu1,colemansmith}.    We know, however, that in all models $\left| \Delta \epsilon_3^{NN} \right| \gg \left| \Delta \epsilon_3^{sub-N}\right|$ for $AA$ and  $\left| \Delta \epsilon_3^{NN} \right| \leq \left| \Delta \epsilon_3^{sub-N}\right|$ for pA,pp.    Initial conditions, therefore, give the same hierarchy as the Knudsen number, a ``large'' $AA$ vs a ``small'' $pA,pp$.

Experimental data has a diametrically opposite behavior: The  correlation strength of pA w.r.t. AA collisions are {\em nearly-identical }, especially in $v_3$ where data points at relevant centralities overlap \cite{paridge3}.    For $v_2$, where AA and pA collisions are geometrically different, a $v_2 \sim \epsilon dN/dy$ scaling seems to hold  \cite{paridge1}.    However, when going from AA to $pA$ (LHC) and $dA$ (RHIC), the Knudsen number certainly rises by $\sim \order{2-4}$ or so if transverse size is counted as $R$.

At present, only one experiment \cite{ppridge} reported seeing a ridge in $pp$ collisions, and only in an experiment-specific sample of very high multiplicity events.
This ridge is of markedly smaller amplitude w.r.t AA, and might not exhibit the accompanying double ridge (which for pA was seen in all centrality bins and can be used to estimate $v_2$ and $v_3$).    While no harmonic decomposition was attempted to date, $v_2$ and $v_3$ in pp collisions could be compatible with zero, albeit with a large error bar.

This large systematic uncertainty is primarily due to the large background, in $pp$ collisions, of off-center of mass energy (different Bjorken $x$) parton-parton collisions producing a strong away-side ``fake ridge'' \cite{jurgen}.
Unlike in pA collisions, the admixture of such events is highly correlated with multiplicity, making their subtraction difficult.

Hence, a centrality-based quantitative comparison is to date problematic.
Even a qualitative comparison between pp and pA ridges \cite{paridge3} however, shows it is difficult to see how the Knudsen and density scaling described in the previous paragraph can be made compatible with experimental data.

I should note that, as pointed out earlier, this is a more general issue than the pA ridge.   It seems (see the references in \cite{gtscaling,gtscaling2} that when different energies, system sizes and rapidities are put together, $v_2$ is described by the following empirical formula
\begin{equation}
\label{v2scaling}
v_2(p_T) \simeq \epsilon_2 F(p_T) \phantom{AA},\phantom{AA} \ave{v_2} \simeq \frac{1}{S}\frac{dN}{dy} = \int dp_T F(p_T) f\left(\frac{p_T}{\ave{p_T}} \right)
\end{equation}
where $F(p_T)$ and $f(p_T/\ave{p_T})$ are universal functions (with very weak to no dependence on $\sqrt{s},A,N_{part},y$ and so on) and the residual dependence on $(1/S)(dN/dy)$ is through $\ave{p_T}$ rather than $v_2(p_T)$.

While a detailed study of this scaling within hydrodynamics is yet to be performed, the compatibility of such a system with a fluid whose speed of sound $c_s$ and $\eta/s$ depend non-trivially on temperature is not so obvious.  Expanding the Cooper-Frye formula \cite{cf} (discussed later in Eq. \ref{cf}) in the 2nd Fourier Harmonic of the flow and freeze-out hypersurface
\begin{equation}
\label{v2pt}
v_2(p_T) \simeq \int d\phi \cos^2 (2\phi) \left[ \underbrace{e^{ - \frac{\gamma\left(E-p_T v_T \right)}{T}}}_{v_T \simeq c_s \tau_{life}(...)} \left(1 - p_T \underbrace{\Delta
\frac{dt}{dr}}_{\sim \epsilon_2}  + \underbrace{\frac{ \delta v_T p_T }{T}}_{\sim \epsilon_2} + \order{\epsilon^2,Kn} \right) \right]
\end{equation}
which, when integrated, yields Eq. \ref{v2kn} ($\tau_{life}$, defined after Eq. \ref{v2kn}, also determines $v_T$).
   Hence, size, density and $p_T$ dependence are {\em not} expected to factorize they do in Eq. \ref{v2scaling}, but maintain a non-trivial dependence in which density and size (and hence geometry, $N_{part}$, system size and rapidity) mix in a non-trivial way.
\begin{equation}
\left( \begin{array}{c}
v_2(p_T) \\
\ave{p_T}\\
\frac{1}{S}\frac{dN}{dy}
\end{array} \right)= \tau_{life}\left( \frac{s_0}{s_f},R \right)
 \times
\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
\order{1} &- \order{1} & 0 \\
  \order{1} & \order{1} & \order{1} \\
  \order{1} & \order{1} & \order{1}
\end{array}
 \right) \times \left( \begin{array}{c}
\epsilon_2 \\
Kn\\
\order{1}
\end{array} \right)
\label{matrix}
  \end{equation}
If all $\order{1}$ parameters are non-negligible and uncorrelated, no projection of the matrix in Eq. \ref{matrix} to a lower dimension is possible.   The only way to reduce the dimensions of Eq. \ref{matrix} is to assume a negligible Knudsen number.   But, as discussed before, this predicts similar correlations between p-p and pA and does not eliminate scaling violations associated with $\tau_{life}$.
Hence, the scaling difficulty of the pA ridge is an ``in your face'' (due to pA collisions's small size) illustration of the larger difficoulty of hydrodynamics to describe the {\em scaling} of harmonic flow with energy,system size and rapidity \cite{gtscaling,gtscaling2}.

In contrast, initial state effects depend only on the geometry {\em and only one intensive parameter} (such as the ``saturation scale'' $Q_s$, or more generally the transverse gluon density \cite{kovner}).
Thus, such models might be more amenable to simple scaling \cite{larryid,larry1}.
The long-established difference between in-vacuum and in-medium partonic wavefunctions \cite{emc} also makes the similarity of pA and AA w.r.t. pp more natural in such an initial state model.
   The systematic uncertainties over the initial geometry in small systems, however, make disentangling such initial state effects from collectivity remnants just from particle harmonics in a model-independent way  non-trivial.

From a scaling point of view, therefore, hydrodynamics looks disfavored but the entanglement of geometric and ``intensive'' quantities might be too high for a ``clean'' to be made by scaling arguments {\em alone}.
This puts the onus on exploiting the main difference between the two models of ridge production outlined in the previous section - in one case azimuthal collimation is done by ``global'' collective flow, in the other by ``local'' parton-parton interactions, to devise a qualitative experimental observable which can clarify the situation.   In the next section I will argue that PID two-particle correlations is a good candidate for such an analysis.
\section{Why PID correlations are important}
In $AA$ collisions, collective flow has historically been ascertained by looking at the difference between $\pi,K,p$ spectra.
When an expanding hydrodynamic fluid emits particles, energy-momentum and entropy conservation constrain the particle distribution to be of the Cooper-Frye form
\begin{equation}
\label{cf}
E \frac{dN}{d^3 p} = \int S(\vec{x},\vec{p})d^3 x
\end{equation}
where the Emission function is a ``boosted'' thermal exponential \cite{cf}.
\begin{equation}
\label{emission}
S(x,p)= \frac{d \Sigma_\mu}{d^3 x} p^\mu \exp\left [-\frac{p_\mu u^\mu(\vec{x})}{T(\vec{x})} \right] + \order{Kn \times \left[ \frac{p_T}{T} \right]^{3/2-2}}
\end{equation}
the form of the viscous correction is currently controversial \cite{cfv1,cfv2,cfv3}, but it is subleading in Knudsen number and important at $p_T \gg T$.    The $Kn \rightarrow 0$ limit is the usual boosted exponential
\begin{equation}
\label{emission2}
S(x,p)   \sim  \ave{\exp \left[ - \frac{\gamma}{T(r)}\left(E-p_T v_T(r,\phi) \right)  \right]}_r
\end{equation}
where $T$ is the temperature and $v_T$ is the transverse flow at freeze-out (the radial component of the flow 4-velocity $u^\mu$) and $\Sigma_\mu$ is the 3D surface specifying the spacetimes of particle emission.
$T(x),u_\mu(x),d \Sigma_\mu$ have to be calculated within a hydrodynamic code.
In this work, I quote the results in \cite{us} (a similar analysis was done in \cite{them}) calculated with the code in \cite{bozekhydro}, which was also used successfully to describe small systems \cite{bozek} in the past.

A qualitative signature of Eq. \ref{cf} is a mass-scaling of spectra and flow correlations.  For a particle of mass $m$, the exponent at mid-rapidity (no longitudinal momentum) becomes
\begin{equation}
\alpha= \frac{\sqrt{p_T^2+m^2} - v_T p_T}{p_T} \simeq \left\{
\begin{array}{cc}
 (1-v_T) + \frac{m^2}{p_T^2} & p_T \gg m\\
 \left(\frac{p_T}{2m}  -v_T \right) +\frac{m}{p_T} & p_T \ll m
\end{array}
 \right.
\end{equation}
Consequently, each particle still maintains an exponential shape, but its ``effective temperature'' $T'$ is related to the true freeze-out temperature $T$ by
$T' \simeq T (\gamma/\alpha(m))$
the $m$-dependence is steepening in both the massive and the massless particle limit, with the spectrum becoming flatter as $m$ increases (naturally, since more momentum is transmitted to the particle by flow and less by thermal motion).

Thus, mass ordering arises naturally if angular correlations are generated by flow, as assumed in the first class of scenarios discussed in the introduction.
If, however, the second class is physically correct, and the angular correlations are generated by initial state high density effects, mass ordering can also arise from final state fragmentation effects.
As noted in \cite{dumitru}, a non-negligible mass-ordering is generated within PYTHIA with no need for transverse flow, by the fact that more massive particles are typically produced by more ``transverse'' strings.   For small (p-p) systems, mass ordering using this effect is {\em greater} than the mass ordering from a hypothetical hydrodynamic phase.

While \cite{dumitru} focused on $q \overline{q}$ strings, while the processes considered in \cite{dusling} are purely gluonic,
such effects should also be present in fragmentation functions: given a distribution of gluons $f(p)$ fragmenting as in elementary collisions, the final hadron distribution will be given by
\begin{equation}
\label{fragment}
\frac{dN_i}{d^3 p} = \int f\left( p_g,\phi_g \right) D_{g \rightarrow i}\left(\frac{p}{p_g},p_g^2  \right) d^3 p_g
\end{equation}
different $D_{g \rightarrow i}$ will generate different hadron spectra.  It is therefore not surprising that models such as HIJING reproduce qualitatively, although not quantitatively \cite{us} the $\ave{p_T}$ scaling in pA collisions.
Since our understanding of gluon fragmentation is far from precise, therefore, the mass hierarchy, {\em by itself}, cannot be taken as evidence of hydrodynamic flow, although an extension of $\ave{p_T}$ analysis for particles of similar masses but different partonic wavefunctions, such as the proton and the $\phi$ meson, might help in clarifying whether the scaling variable in $\ave{p_T}$ is mass or partonic structure.

2-particle correlations are however qualitatively different from 1-particle correlations in this respect.
If the ridge is generated by transverse flow focusing hotspots, its strength should be correlated, and its width anti-correlated, with the mass of the particle, because of the greater sensitivity to flow of higher-mass particles.   This leads to higher, slimmer correlations for more massive particles.   Mathematically, \cite{cf} accounts for this effect by
modeling 2-particle angular correlations through the local flow field.  Up to an emission volume $\mathcal{V}$, and ignoring quantum (HBT) effects
\begin{equation}
\label{cf2part}
\frac{d_{ij} N}{dp_1 dp_2 d\phi_1 d\phi_2} \propto \mathcal{V} \int S(\vec{x},\vec{p_1}) S(\vec{x},\vec{p_2}) d^3 x
\end{equation}
with $S(...)$ specified in Eq. \ref{emission} and the mixed event background given by the square of Eq. \ref{cf}.
 It is clear from the form of Eq. \ref{emission} that correlations will get an additional boost for higher-mass particles, since the latter are more sensitive to flow.    This is why hydrodynamics predicts consistently higher $v_2$ form more massive particles \cite{huovinen}.

As an illustration, \cite{us} calculated the 2-particle distribution function, binned by particle species, with the model \cite{bozek}.
The result is shown in Fig. \ref{figcorr} for
\begin{equation}
\label{cdef}
C(\Delta \phi) =  \frac{1}{N_{tot}} \int\left( \frac{d_{ij}^2 N}{dp_1 dp_2 d\phi_1 d\phi_2} - \frac{dN_i}{ dp_1 d\phi_1}\frac{dN_j}{dp_2 d\phi_2} \right) dp_{1,2} d\phi_{1,2} \delta\left( \phi_1 - \phi_2 - \Delta \phi \right)
\end{equation}
where $N_{tot}$ is the overall number of events, and indeed follows expectations.   Experimental data seems to behave in a similar way \cite{us,paridge5}.

In contrast, in initial-state based models \cite{kovner,dusling,kovch} the effective theory of high-density QCD will give a 2-parton correlation.    In the absence of subsequent evolution, however, fragmentation will happen ``as in vacuum'', or independently for each gluon.    gluon-gluon correlations will be suppressed by factors of $\alpha_s$, assumed as small in such approaches.
The hadron-hadron ($i-j$) correlation function will therefore be of this form
\begin{equation}
\label{fragment2part}
\frac{dN_{ij}}{d^3p_1 d^3p_2} \propto  \int f_2\left( p_{g1},p_{g2},\phi_{g1}-\phi_{g2} \right) D_{g \rightarrow i}\left(\frac{p_1}{p_{g1}},p_{g1}^2  \right) D_{g \rightarrow j}\left(\frac{p_2}{p_{g2}},p_{g2}^2  \right) d^3 p_{g1} d^3p_{g2}
\end{equation}
where $f_2\left( p_{g1},p_{g2},\phi_{g1}-\phi_{g2} \right)$ is a function incorporating the predictions from dense parton dynamics for the ridge-like structure.   The mixed event background is given by the square of the distribution in Eq. \ref{fragment}.

Even qualitatively, Eq. \ref{fragment2part} is a very different equation from Eq. \ref{cf2part}, since fragmentation is parton-specific and independent of and partonic correlations.    Thus, the fragmentation function $D_{i\rightarrow j}(...)$ is independent of rapidity and angle.   Hence, for the azimuthal correlation function all dependence on $D(....)$ factorizes into a function of $p$ only.   Provided normalization is done by a species and $p-$bin specific factor so one point on the curve matches for all species, any residual fragmentation effects should factor out.    This should {\em not} be the case if particle production happens via Cooper-Frye freezeout, Eqn \ref{cf2part}.

To test the phenomenological consequences of this, I describe
$ f_2\left( p_{g1},\phi_{g1},\eta_{g1},p_{g2},\phi_{g2},\eta_{g2} \right)$ by an empirical function in terms of $\Delta \phi$ and $\Delta \eta$ (the narrow peak in $\Delta \phi,\Delta \eta$ due to jet fragmentation is disregarded).
\begin{equation}
 f_2\left( p_{1},\phi_{1},\eta_1,p_{2},\phi_{2},\eta_2 \right) = \left( 1+ A \cos\left( 2 \left( \phi_1 - \phi_2 \right) \right) \right)
 \times \tanh\left( \frac{p_1}{B} \right) \tanh\left( \frac{p_2}{B} \right)
\label{empirical}
\end{equation}
e $A,B$ are adjustable parameters
  and proceed to convolute it with the CTEQ \cite{cteq} gluon fragmentation functions according to Eq. \ref{fragment2part}.
\begin{figure}[t]
\epsfig{width=15cm,figure=fig_maresias_ridge.eps}
\caption{(color online) \label{figcorr}  2-particle correlation function, binned by particle species, calculated in a hydrodynamic model using Eq. \ref{cf2part}.
Plot originally published in \cite{us}.
}
\label{figcorr}
\end{figure}
The result is also shown in Fig. \ref{figmar}, for both a normalization of the type $C(\Delta \phi)$ and assuming Zero Yield At Minumum (ZYAM) separately for all particle species, $C_{norm}(\Delta \phi)$ ($C_{norm}=1$ at minumum by definition).  As can be seen, once an overall normalization factor is common for all particles, the correlation function shape is independent of the particle species.
This is clearly not the case for the plot in Fig. \ref{figcorr}.

  Changing the form of the empirical function Eq. \ref{empirical} without the hadronization implied in Eq. \ref{fragment2part} will not alter these basic conclusions, although of course the shape of the angular correlation and its normalization will vary.

Physically, the species-independence of the shape of the 2-particle correlation function is a trivial consequence of the form of Eq. \ref{fragment2part}: since fragmentation into a particular species are determined independently of the correlation, the fragmentation function factorizes into ``the average energy of the gluon that fragments into a hadron of that momentum'',which retains no memory of the shape of the angular distribution.
\begin{figure}[t]
\epsfig{width=17cm,figure=figmaresias.eps}
\caption{\label{figmar} (color online)
2-particle correlation function, binned by particle species with different normalizations (panel (a)) and normalized to a common minimum determined by ZYAM for every particle (panel (b)).  The correlation function was calculated using Eq. \ref{fragment2part} and empirical distribution Eq. \ref{empirical}}
\end{figure}

By how much can this feature be altered by altering fragmentation dynamics?
Collinear fragmentation assumed in Eq. \ref{fragment2part} is usually appropriate for $p_T \gg \Lambda_{\mathrm{QCD}}$.   For lower momenta, fragmentation is certainly not collinear.  However, if the typical parton momentum $\sim Q_s > \Lambda_{\mathrm{QCD}}$ fragmentation should remain parton specific since correlations between oppositely moving partons are higher order in $\alpha_s(Q_s)$.

One way to incorporate this is to introduce species-specific deviations from collinear fragmentation, i.e.,
$D_{g \rightarrow i}\left(\frac{p_i}{p_{g}},p_{g}^2  \right) \Rightarrow D_{g \rightarrow i}\left(\frac{p_i}{p_{g}},p_{g}^2,\phi_g - \phi_i  \right)$.  The $\phi_g-\phi_i$ dependence might introduce the observed species-specific pattern in the 2-particle correlation function if (as is reasonable) fragmentation into more massive particles gives a larger ``side-kick'' to the fragmented hadron.

Assuming a normalization such that $$\int_0^{2\pi}\int_0^1 D(z,\phi_i-\phi_g)dz d\phi_i=1$$
and a gluon distribution correlated by $v_2$ only
\begin{equation}
\label{vncorr}
C\left( \phi_{1g}-\phi_{2g} \right)   \propto 1+ \sum_n  v_{gn}^2 \cos\left( n \left(\phi_{g1} - \phi_{g2} - 2\Psi_n \right) \right)
\end{equation}
one can see that, when one integrates $d^3 p_{g2}$ out of Eq. \ref{fragment2part}
one gets
\begin{equation}
\label{vn1part}
\frac{d N_{i} }{d p_{i} d\phi_{i}} \propto \int d\phi_g dp_{Tg} \left(  1 + 2\sum_n v_{ng}(p_{Tg}) \cos(n \left( \phi_g -\Psi \right) \right) D_{g \rightarrow i} \left( \frac{p_{Ti}}{p_{Tg}},\phi_i-\phi_g   \right)
\end{equation}
Note that no correlation exists between $\phi_g-\Psi$ and $\phi_i-\phi_g$, integrating over one of these angles for a large ensemble of both events and fragmentations will average the other to zero.
Hence, Fourier-decomposing Eq. \ref{vn1part} one can rotate $\Psi$ or $\phi_g$  away into an irrelevant phase. Using the convolution theorem, one will get
\begin{equation}
\label{dtilde}
v_n^{hadron}= \int dp_{Tg} v_{ng}(p_{Tg}) \frac{dN_{g}}{dp_{Tg}} \int dp_{Ti} \ave{\tilde{D}\left( \frac{p_{Ti}}{p_{Tg}} \right)}    \simeq \ave{v_{ng}}\ave{\ave{ \tilde{D}_{g\rightarrow i}}}
\end{equation}
where $\tilde{D}$, the Fourier-transform of the product of fragmentation function, and {\em must be independent of geometry and $n$-coefficient} (In the collinear limit $\ave{\tilde{D}_{g \rightarrow i}} \rightarrow 1$, in case fragmentation smearing dominates  $\ave{\tilde{D}_{g \rightarrow i}} \rightarrow 0$) .
In contrast, $v_n^{gluon}$ must depend only on geometry and not of particle species.
Ratios of $v_n$s for different system sizes and particle species, a la \cite{larryid},therefore, could be used to see if fragmentation of correlated gluons occurs independently for each gluon or is correlated.   If relation Eq.\ref{dtilde} holds, for two systems $A,A'$ (be they $pp,pA,dA$ or a particular centrality of$AA$) at the same $\sqrt{s}$ and $p_T$
\begin{equation}
 \left. \frac{v_2^\pi}{v_3^\pi} \right|_{A} \simeq \left. \frac{v_2^p}{v_3^p} \right|_{A}\phantom{AA},\phantom{AA}  \frac{v_n^\pi|_A}{v_n^\pi|_{A'}} \simeq  \frac{v_n^p|_{A}}{v_n^p|_{A'}} \phantom{AA},\phantom{AA} \left. \frac{v_3^p}{v_3^\pi} \right|_{A} \simeq \left. \frac{v_3^p}{v_3^\pi} \right|_{A'}
\label{tests}
\end{equation}
where the last relation is motivated by the nearly identical $v_3$ in pA/dA vs AA collisions \cite{paridge3}.
No such relations are apparent in the hydrodynamic model. In fact the last two ratios in Eq. \ref{tests} should exhibit a systematic upward trend for larger systems, as transverse flow is larger in such systems (As the system size increases, $v_n^p$ grows faster than $v_n^\pi$).
This is something experiment can readily check.

If such scalings are not apparent, initial-state correlations might still work
 if the multi-gluon ladders commonly used to justify the initial-state $k_T$ factorization approach \cite{kt1,kt2}
also influence fragmentation, leading to some fragmentation function sensitive to multi-gluon correlations
\begin{equation}
 D_{g1 \rightarrow i}\left(\frac{p_1}{p_{g1}},p_{g1}^2,\phi_i - \phi_{g1}  \right) D_{g2 \rightarrow j}\left(\frac{p_2}{p_{g2}},p_{g2}^2,\phi_j-\phi_{g2}  \right) \Rightarrow
\label{corrfrag}
\end{equation}
\[\ \Rightarrow D_{g_{1,2} \rightarrow ij}\left(\frac{p_1}{p_{g1}},p_{g1}^2,\frac{p_2}{p_{g2}},p_{g2}^2,\phi_i-\phi_{g1},\phi_j-\phi_{g2}  \right)
\]
Such a fragmentation would be make the experimental distinction between an initial-state model and a hydrodynamic model much more involved.

The good description, by the IP-Glasma flux-tube model with parton-hadron duality, of the Negative-Binomial multiplicity distributions \cite{Gelis:2009wh} places some bounds of the importance of such effects within an initial state-based model.
Nevertheless, these ideas have been explored in the literature before \cite{junction1,junction2}, although they have not been explored quantitatively in the context of 2-particle correlations.
If multi-gluon correlations persist until and including fragmentation, however, it is difficult to see the qualitative difference between this system and a dense ensemble of sequentially interacting gluons, which should universally approach hydrodynamic evolution \cite{bamps}.   In this limit, ``high density gluons'' and ``hydrodynamics'' become indistinguishable.
\section{ Discussion and conclusions}
Further tests of the observables described here can be experimentally performed via 2-particle correlations of the $\phi$-meson, which has the approximately same mass as the baryon but a very different partonic structure: A similar pattern to the proton would point to mass scaling, typical of hydrodynamics and Equation \ref{cf2part}.  A very different pattern might indicate non-hydrodynamic fragmentation, possibly correlated fragmentation of the type of Eq. \ref{corrfrag} if the tests outlined in Eq. \ref{tests} are not passed.

Along the same direction, 2-particle correlations with identified {\em heavy quark mesons} in pA and dA collisions might be instrumental in assessing the relative importance of flow w.r.t. initial state correlations:  While correlations due to high initial gluon density should be equally strong for light and heavy quarks according to formulae similar to Eq \ref{fragment2part} (updated with the heavy quark creation diagrams \cite{tuchin}), in a hydrodynamic system the ``effective Knudsen number'' for a heavier particle is $Kn_{M} \sim \frac{M}{T} Kn$\cite{moorem}, so a hydrodynamic correlation will be parametrically weaker.

It will also be illuminating to see whether $v_n(p_T)$ in pA go to the same $p_T \simeq 50$ GeV as in AA \cite{cmshighpt}.  For pA the most commonly used tomographic variable, $R_{pA}(p_T) \simeq 1$ from $p_T \simeq 3-4$ GeV onward \cite{alicerpa}.   This would naively suggests the ``medium'' in pA is transparent to particles at 3-4 GeV. Yet $v_2(p_T)$ in pA was measured to be non-negligible for these momenta \cite{paridge3,paridge4,paridge5}.    This suggests that the influence of ``the medium'' on 1 and 2 particle correlations is dramatically different.   This observation, as well as giving us an explanation for the inability of most jet energy loss models to describe both $R_{AA}$ and $v_2$ together (unless a non-trivial opacity evolution with density is assumed \cite{liao,betz}), raises the question of how far in $p_T$ does $v_n(p_T)$ reach in ``small systems'' such as pA and dA collisions.

To answer these questions, one must determine if $p_T=3-4$ GeV in the ``soft'' regime determined by hydrodynamics or the ``hard'' regime determined by fragmentation.
Knudsen number scaling suggests, as shown in the appendix, that for a ``fluid'' with low absolute opacity, after a
\begin{equation}
\label{ptkn}
p_T \gg \left(T^3 \epsilon_n R/Kn \right)^{1/2-2/3}
\end{equation}
, one expects hydrodynamic $v_n(p_T)$ to be $\simeq 0$.
Tomographic $v_n$ for these $p_T$s is ruled out by $R_{pA} \simeq 1$.

A sizable $v_2$ for $pA/dA$ collisions at $p_T \gg 10$ GeV might suggest that either $\eta/s$ is {\em really} low (but then again, what about pp collisions?), or initial state is somehow impacting 2-particle correlations even at high momenta.

In conclusion, I have discussed the possible physical origin of the observed ``ridge-like'' 2-particle correlations observed in pA and AA collisions.
I cannot draw any firm conclusions:  On the one hand, the scaling of the observed ridge as the system size increases from pp to pA/dA and AA is difficult to see in a hydrodynamic model.    On the other, the successful fit by hydrodynamic calculations \cite{us,them} of the PID ridge, together with the failure, even on a qualitative level, of existing in-vacuum fragmentation ansatze to reproduce the pattern observed in experiment, suggests that the ridge is very much a {\em final state} phenomenon:
The mass ordering, provided fragmentation happens through usual vacuum fragmentation, is non-trivial to reproduce when the 2-gluon correlation function is tuned to reproduce charged dihadron correlations.
I eagerly hope that further tests for this mass ordering, involving $\phi$ mesons, heavy quarks and high $p_T$ charged particles, can clarify these issues.
\section{Appendix: The ``effective Knudsen number'' at higher $p_T$}
Combining the standard formula $\frac{\eta}{s} \sim T l_{mfp} \sim \frac{1}{\ave{\sigma(p_T) T^2}}$ with the dimensional estimate $\sigma(p_T\gg T)/\ave{\sigma} \sim T^2/p_T^2$ and the Knudsen number defined in Eq. \ref{knudsen} I get that, for $p_T \sim \sqrt{T^3 R/Kn}$ the number of ``hard'' scatterings is $\sim 1$.
For a Fourier component in the scattering difference in azimuthal angles to vanish, a it is enough that the azimuthal difference in number of scatterings be small.  For this one requires $p_T \sim \sqrt{T^3 \epsilon_n R/Kn}$ for the $n$th component.  A radiative dominated freezeout will bring the square root to a 3/2 root \cite{cfv3}.
  ``Tomographic'' soft scatterings and radiative corrections could remain, as they do not contribute to the transport properties of the bulk per se. However, $R_{pA}\simeq 1$ after a $p_T =3-4$ GeV seems to place strict limits on their significance.

G.T. acknowledges the financial
support received from the Helmholtz International Center for FAIR within the framework of the LOEWE program (Landesoffensive zur Entwicklung
Wissenschaftlich-\"Okonomischer Exzellenz) launched by the State of Hesse.
GT also acknowledges support from DOE under Grant No. DE-FG02-93ER40764.
I would like to thank
Wojciech Broniowski, Piotr Bozek, Miklos Gyulassy, Mike Lisa and Jurgen Schukraft for discussions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Excitement surrounding Western's home opener vs. MSU
Excitement also surrounds season for Broncos, who are one of the favorites in the Mid-American Conference.
Brian Calloway
DETROIT - Zach Terrell's first taste of college football was an eye-opening experience at Michigan State two years ago.
The Western Michigan quarterback threw a touchdown on his first career pass during that contest, which proved to be a thrilling part of a 1-11 season.
Much has changed for Terrell and the Broncos. Western is coming off an 8-5 season, an appearance in a bowl game and was picked as one of the favorites in the Mid-American Conference during Wednesday's media day at Ford Field.
Adding to the optimism for Western is hosting Michigan State on Sept. 4 in its season opener.
"Just for the community it's so huge having them come to us," Terrell said. "You can feel the excitement and people are really excited to have them come to our house and get to host a team of that stature. We're just looking forward to what it means to the community and what it means to our school to host a team like that. It's just going to be a lot of fun and we're really looking forward to it."
Sophomore running back Jarvion Franklin, the reigning MAC rookie and offensive player of the year, has heard about the buzz surrounding the MSU game since he arrived on campus last season.
"Heads are definitely on edge right now," Franklin said.
The Broncos, who received eight first-place votes and finished one vote behind Toledo for first in the MAC West, view the contest against the Spartans as one of two big opportunities this season against strong Power 5 programs. Western also will face reigning national champion Ohio State.
"Obviously we're excited and coach (P.J.) Fleck has been saying that it's an opportunistic season," Terrell said. "We're just really excited to see what we have. We're getting better each and every day and that's a fun thing to be a part of this team."
Terrell was a big part of last season's improvement for the Broncos and Fleck attributed much of it to confidence. He went from throwing eight touchdowns to 26 and also increased his completion rate from 53 percent to 67.9 last season.
Terrell enters the fall considered as one of the MAC's top quarterbacks. But he doesn't feel there's any extra focus to try and out perform one of the nation's top quarterbacks in MSU's Connor Cook on the big stage the season opener will provide.
"Obviously Connor Cook is an amazing quarterback and they've got some amazing players," Terrell said. "I wouldn't say it's extra motivation. Obviously every season there's a ton on motivation going into the year because there's so much that you want to accomplish as a team and that's really all we're focused on is just getting better each and every day.
"The results - they'll take care of themselves as long as we continue to get better and work hard."
Contact Brian Calloway at bcalloway@lsj.com. Follow him on Twitter @brian_calloway.


text:
The Forethought Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 The Afterthought
All Themes Slavery vs. Freedom Material vs. Psychological Racism Education Leadership Exclusion vs. Belonging
All Characters W.E.B. Du Bois Booker T. Washington Josie Burghardt Du Bois Alexander Crummell John Jones The "White John" The Judge Jennie
All Symbols The Color Line The Veil Double Consciousness African-American Spirituals
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The Forethought
The Afterthought
Slavery vs. Freedom
Material vs. Psychological Racism
Exclusion vs. Belonging
Burghardt Du Bois
Alexander Crummell
The "White John"
The Color Line
African-American Spirituals
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The Souls of Black Folk Summary
Du Bois begins with the claim that the central problem of the 20th century is that of the color line, and that all readers will thus be interested in the issues raised in Souls, no matter their race. He outlines the book, which features thirteen distinct chapters on issues ranging from Reconstruction to leadership to education to religion.
The first chapter opens with Du Bois noting that white people seem to be curious about what it is like to be considered "a problem" by society. He recalls the moment at which he first became aware of racism as a child, when a little white girl in his elementary school class refused to accept a greeting card he gave to her. Du Bois characterizes the force of racial prejudice and alienation as a Veil that separates black people from whites and from the broader society in which they live. The Veil produces a distinctive kind of subjectivity that Du Bois calls double-consciousness, a term that refers to the way black people are forced to seem themselves both through their own eyes and through the hostile gaze of racism. This double consciousness leads black people to experience a tortured sense of internal conflict and confusion.
Du Bois notes that before Emancipation, slaves dreamed that a single divine event would not only abolish slavery but also end all of the violence, pain, and injustice to which they were subjected. When slavery was finally abolished, however, this ended up being far from the reality. The transition away from slavery was chaotic, violent, and laborious, and black people living at the turn of the century have not yet truly experienced freedom. During the Civil War, the Union armies were uncertain about how to deal with the fugitive slaves who increasingly sought shelter behind their ranks. From this point forward, the treatment of freedmen was haphazard and inconsistent.
In order to assist the newly freed slaves in the immediate aftermath of slavery, the federal government sponsored the founding of the Freedmen's Bureau, which sent money, clothes, and educational materials to the South, and assisted in providing freedmen with access to education, land ownership, medical treatment, better labor conditions, and a fairer criminal justice system. Although this was planned with the best of intentions, the result was far from a success. Chaotic conditions in the South and the opposition of both Southern whites and the federal government conspired to inhibit the Bureau from accomplishing half of what it initially set out to do. There were certainly some positive consequences of the Bureau's existence, but overall it failed to provide freedmen with the resources and support they desperately needed, and ultimately the Bureau was shut down.
Du Bois moves on to discuss the most famous African-American leader at the time that he is writing: Booker T. Washington. Du Bois points out that Washington is extremely popular among white people and has many excellent qualities, but that this popularity is akin to an oppressive "cult" that squashes criticism, particularly criticism originating within the black community. Du Bois points out that in the early days of slavery, there were many slave uprisings, but as time went on this happened less. By the time Emancipation took place, the key leader of the black community—Washington—was notably conciliatory to whites, making a famous "Atlanta compromise" speech which involved giving up the fight for black political and civil rights. Although Du Bois argues that Washington was not directly to blame for the loss of rights that came in the backlash after Reconstruction, he does place some responsibility on Washington and the "cult" he created. Du Bois suggests that the African-American community is in desperate need of better leaders to fight on their behalf into the future.
Du Bois then switches to personal narrative, recalling his experience teaching at a rural school in Tennessee during the summers of his undergraduate years at Fisk University. During these summers, he grew close to members of the community in which he worked and became acquainted with the problems facing the black rural poor. He was particularly close to a girl called Josie, whom he describes as kind, intelligent, and ambitious; however, when he returns to the community years after his tenure as a teacher, he finds out Josie has died.
Du Bois shifts to focus on the city of Atlanta, and describes the zeal and dedication of the young black students at Atlanta University. He argues against the current trend advocating that industrial education is sufficient for black people. Although some young African Americans thrive better learning technical skills and trades, others are perfectly capable of excelling in elite institutions and becoming scholars. Du Bois argues that classical higher education also instills moral values that the South—and the country in general—is in desperate need of. He emphasizes that the only hope for racial progress is in the teaching of truth and reason, which lead to moral righteousness. During slavery, black people were treated as no more than workers, strictly prohibited from even learning to read and write; so it would be a great shame if this trend continued into the post-Emancipation period. When given the chance to apply themselves in even the most challenging educational environments, black people have shown their commitment and ability. Du Bois concludes that it is thus a matter of great moral and practical urgency that higher education opportunities become available to young black people.
The next chapter moves away from the pleasant environment of Atlanta University to the decidedly more forsaken, violent, and segregated landscape of the rural South. Du Bois describes the "Black Belt," an area of rural Georgia with a large poor, black population. He notes that black workers in the area are plagued by debt and haunted by memories of slavery. Indeed, many still live in slave cabins and work in conditions resembling slavery; few own land and a significant proportion pay their rent in cotton, an arrangement that makes paying off debt and owning land virtually impossible.
Du Bois turns his attention to the social interaction between white and black people, which has become increasingly restricted through segregation. Although poor communities of both races often live in proximity to one another, the wealthiest members of each race tend not to interact at all. Yet the lives of members of both races are inevitably bound up together: whites continue to control black people even indirectly, since black people aren't allowed to vote and are heavily discriminated against within the criminal justice system. Du Bois suggests that racism is likely better solved through ordinary social interaction than through legislation, but in order for this to happen people must first accept that racism is a real and important problem.
Du Bois then vividly describes a scene at a black church as if from an outsider's perspective. He explains that through studying the black church, it is possible to gain a comprehensive understanding of the black community, and to connect to the thoughts and feelings of slaves whose lives were left out of the historical record. Having been excluded from the country around them, black people create their own world within the church—a world that provides education, community, governance, and more. Religion serves as both a source of strength and an outlet for the expression of bitterness and sorrow. It also allows African Americans to have faith in a better world to come, whether on Earth or in the afterlife.
Du Bois tells the story of the birth of his son, Burghardt, whom he deeply loved but whose blond hair and blue eyes reminded Du Bois of slavery and seemed to be a sinister omen. Soon enough, while Burghardt was still in infancy he contracted an illness and died. Du Bois describes the extreme grief and despair he felt in the wake of his son's death, and notes that his family were called "Niggers" by a group of white people during the boy's funeral. However, Du Bois also admits that he felt a perverse sense of relief at the fact that Burghardt would not have to grow up and experience the cruel reality of the Veil, but would instead find true freedom in death.
Du Bois then tells the story of Alexander Crummell, a leader whom he knows personally but whose story he tells in a somewhat mythic, Biblical fashion. Born to a free black family in early-19th-century New York City, Crummell was faced with three temptations while growing up in a racist world: Hate, Despair, and Doubt. With difficulty, he overcame these temptations and went on to study and qualify as an Episcopalian priest. Despite daunting opposition, Crummell built an impressive array of accomplishments, including studying at the University of Cambridge and living in Liberia. Du Bois suggests that, although he was famous neither during his life nor in death, Crummell exemplifies the sort of leadership needed by the black community.
The penultimate chapter of the book consists of a fictional story of a young man named John Jones. John grows up in rural Georgia; a talented, cheerful, and popular boy, he is sent to study at Wells Institute, against the wishes of the white population in his hometown who claim that education will "ruin him." At the Institute, John has difficulty studying and gets into trouble. He also discovers the reality of racism and becomes embittered as a result. He eventually returns home and tries to help his community, first by urging unity across religious denominations and then by choosing to teach at the black school. John asks the town's white Judge if he may take the teaching position, but the Judge is hesitant, worried that John will advocate resistance to the rule of white people. John promises not to, but once he starts teaching he goes back on his word, and his classroom is immediately shut down. Just after this, the Judge's son, the "White John" who was Jones's childhood playmate, sexually assaults Jones's sister Jennie in the woods. In retaliation, Jones murders the White John. The story ends with the suggestion that John is about to be lynched by an angry mob (led by the Judge) for his crime.
The book's final chapter examines the genre of the African-American spiritual. Du Bois claims that spirituals are the most beautiful form of expression to originate out of the US. An oral tradition, spirituals are derided by white people, who see them as vulgar and caricature them in minstrel acts. Despite this, spirituals remain a vitally important art form for the African-American community, particularly because they provide a chance to connect generations back through slavery and give an idea of slaves' inner thoughts and feelings (in other words, their souls). Du Bois concludes on a hopeful (if tentative) note, asking the reader not to forget the book and urging people to use reason in order to solve the problem of racism in America.


text:
Posted inMovies + TV
Obamas producing Netflix comedy about 2016 Trump transition
by Defender News Service December 3, 2020 December 3, 2020
President Obama and first lady Michelle Obama at the 2016 National Christmas Tree lighting ceremony (© AP Images)
The Obamas, as part of their 2018 multimillion-dollar deal with Netflix, are producing a comedy series that spotlights Donald Trump's 2016 transition to the presidency. Described as part docu-series, part sketch comedy show, the show, called "The G Word," is said to also be informational.
In 2018, the Obamas, via their production company (Higher Ground Productions) bought the rights to the book, "The Fifth Risk." That book will serve as reference material for The G Word, which is slated to begin filming in 2021.
"it's a brilliant narrative of the Trump administration's botched presidential transition takes us into the engine rooms of a government under attack by its leaders through willful ignorance and greed," according to W. W. Norton & Company, publisher of The Fifth Risk. "The government manages a vast array of critical services that keep us safe and underpin our lives from ensuring the safety of our food and drugs and predicting extreme weather events to tracking and locating black market uranium before the terrorists do. The Fifth Risk masterfully and vividly unspools the consequences if the people given control over our government have no idea how it works."
Adam Conover of truTV will host the series, and made it known via social media.
Very happy to finally be able to share this news: I'm creating a new comedy series for Netflix about the federal government. It's called The G Word, and I can't wait to share it with you. https://t.co/cLppFdfoWS
— Adam Conover (@adamconover) November 19, 2020
"Very happy to finally be able to share this news: I'm creating a new comedy series for Netflix about the federal government," he tweeted. "It's called The G Word, and I can't wait to share it with you."