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The 1935 New Year Honours were appointments by King George V to various orders and honours to reward and highlight good works by citizens of the United Kingdom and British Empire. They were announced on the 28 of December, 1934.

The recipients of honours are displayed here as they were styled before their new honour, and arranged by honour, with classes (Knight, Knight Grand Cross, etc.) and then divisions (Military, Civil, etc.) as appropriate.

United Kingdom and British Empire

Baron
The Right Honourable Sir Henry Bucknall Betterton  Minister of Labour, 1931-1934. Chairman of the Unemployment Assistance Board.
Sir Thomas Fermor-Hesketh  For political and public services in Northamptonshire.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Wyndham Raymond Portal  For public services.

Privy Councillor
The King appointed the following to His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council:
Colonel Victor Alexander John, Marquess of Linlithgow

Baronetcies
Colonel Edward Archibald Ruggles-Brise  Member of Parliament for the Maldon Division of Essex, 1922–23, and since 1924. For political and public services in connection with agriculture.
Richard Durning Holt  For public services.
Sir Harold Vincent Mackintosh  For political and public services.
Colonel Frank Robert Simpson  President of Blaydon Conservative Association. For political and public services in Durham and Northumberland.
Sir Holburt Jacob Waring  President of the Royal College of Surgeons.

Knight Bachelor
Alderman Albert Reuben Atkey  Chairman of the Nottingham Water Committee and of the Joint Advisory Committee on River Pollution.
Charles Vernon Boys  For services to physics., A past President of the Physical Society of London.
Charles Herbert Bressey  Chief Engineer, Roads Department, Ministry of Transport.
Professor Walter Langdon-Brown  Regius Professor of Physic, University of Cambridge.
Bunnell Henry Burton  For political and public services in Ipswich.
Albert Clavering. For political and public services.
Edmund Frank Crane. For political and public services in Birmingham.
Edwin Deller  Principal of the University of London.
Walter Forrest  Member of Parliament for Pontefract, 1919-1922, and for Batley and Morley, 1924-1929. For political and public services.
Cyril Fred Fox  Director of the National Museum of Wales.
Henry Holman Gregory  Recorder of the City of London.
Ernest Sidney Walter Hart  Chairman of the Society of Clerks of the Peace. Clerk of the Peace for Middlesex and Clerk to the Middlesex County Council.
Major Samuel Emile Harvey  Member of Parliament for Totnes, 1922-1923, and since 1924. For political and public services.
Captain Evan Jones. For political and public services in North Wales.
Alderman Sidney Guy Kimber  For public services to Southampton.
Wilfred Creyke King, Chairman and Managing Director of the Exchange Telegraph Company Limited.
William Martineau, Chairman of Ross and Cromarty Unionist Association. For political and public services.
Fred Denby Moore  For political and public services in Yorkshire.
John Boyd Orr  Director, Rowett Institute for Research in Animal Nutrition, Aberdeen. For services to agriculture.
Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Gibson Poole  For public services to Middlesbrough.
Edward Bagnall Poulton  Honorary Life President of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Emeritus Professor of Zoology in the University of Oxford.
Colonel John Joseph Shute  For public, social and political services in Lancashire, particularly in Liverpool.
John Donald Sutherland  (lately Colonel, R.E.), lately Assistant Forestry Commissioner for Scotland. Member of the Forestry Commission.
Alexander Brown Swan, Lord Provost of Glasgow.
William John Talbot. For political and public services in Walsall.
Donald Francis Tovey  Reid Professor of Music, University of Edinburgh.
John Wallace  Member of Parliament for Dunfermline District of Burghs, 1918-1922, and since 1931. For political and public services.

Colonies, Protectorates, etc.
Major-General Thomas Albert Blamey  Chief Commissioner of Police, State of Victoria. For services in connection with the Centenary Celebrations.
Walter Buchanan-Smith  Lieutenant-Governor, Southern Provinces, Nigeria.
Henry Sinclair Campbell Budge  Official Secretary to the Governor of the State of New South Wales.
Andrew Caldecott  Colonial Secretary, Straits Settlements.
The Honourable Joseph Andrew Chisholm, Chief Justice of Nova Scotia, Dominion of Canada.
Raphael West Cilento  Senior Medical Officer, Department of Health, Commonwealth of Australia.
Charles William Doorly  Administrator, St. Lucia, Windward Islands.
Colin Fraser, For public services in the Commonwealth of Australia.
Brigadier Carl Herman Jess  For services in connection with the organisation of the Centenary Celebrations of the State of Victoria.
Major William Chollerton Lead  Member of the Legislative Council of the Tanganyika Territory.
Clutha Nantes Mackenzie, Director of the Institute for the Blind, Dominion of New Zealand.
Ernest Cooper Riddle, Governor of the Commonwealth Bank, Commonwealth of Australia.
Percy Rolfe Sargood. For public services in the Dominion of New Zealand.
Colin Campbell Stephen, of Sydney, State of New South Wales, Chairman of the Australian Jockey Club.
Samuel Joyce Thomas, Chief Justice, Federated Malay States.

British India
Justice John Douglas Young, Barrister-at-Law, Chief Justice of the High Court of Judicature at Lahore, Punjab.
Gokul Chand Narang  Minister for Local Self-Government to the Governor of the Punjab.
Lieutenant Colonel Clendon Turberville Daukes  of the Political Department, His Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Nepal.
Justice Manmatha Nath Mukerji, Puisne Judge of the High Court of Judicature at Fort William, Calcutta, Bengal.
Justice Charles Henry Bayley Kendall, Indian Civil Service, Puisne Judge of the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad, United Provinces.
Nawab Malik Muhammad Hayat Khan Noon  lately Commissioner in the Punjab.
Khan Bahadur Muhammad Bazl-ul-Lah Sahib Bahadur  Chairman, Madras Services Commission, Madras.
James Williamson, Agent, Bengal and North-Western Railway, Gorakhpur, United Provinces.
William Leonard Stampe  Indian Service of Engineers, Chief Engineer, Irrigation Branch, Public Works Department, United Provinces.
Lieutenant-Colonel Jamshedji Nasarvanji Duggan  Professor of Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery, Grant Medical College, Bombay, and Superintendent, C.J. Ophthalmic Hospital, Bombay.
Patrick Robert Cadell  Indian Civil Service (retired), Prime Minister of Junagadh State, Western India States Agency.
Walter Merry Craddock  Senior Partner, Messrs. Place Siddons and Gough, and lately Sheriff of Calcutta, Bengal.
John Robertson Abercrombie  Director of Messrs. Wilson, Latham & Co., Bombay.
Robert Graham, Chairman of the Indian Tea Association, London.

The Most Noble Order of the Garter

Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (KG)
The Right Honourable Charles Alfred Worsley, Earl of Yarborough.

The Most Honourable Order of the Bath

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)

Military Division
Army
General Sir David Graham Muschet Campbell  Colonel, 9th Queen's Royal Lancers, Aide-de-Camp General to The King, Governor and Commander-in-Chief, Malta, and its Dependencies.
General Sir Cecil Francis Romer  (late The Royal Dublin Fusiliers), Adjutant-General to the Forces, The War Office.
General Sir Cyril Norman MacMullen  Indian Army, Aide-de-Camp General to The King, General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern Command, India.

Civil Division
Sir Josiah Stamp  For public services.

Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB)
Military Division
Royal Navy
Vice-Admiral the Honourable Matthew Robert Best
Vice-Admiral Edward Ratcliffe Garth Russell Evans

Army
Lieutenant-General Harry Hugh Sidney Knox  Colonel, The Northamptonshire Regiment, Half-Pay, Lieutenant, The Tower of London, Adjutant General to the Forces, designate.
Lieutenant-General Charles Bonham-Carter  (late The Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment), Director-General of the Territorial Army, The War Office.
Major-General Harry Beauchamp Douglas Baird  Indian Army, Commander, Deccan District, Southern Command, India.

Royal Air Force
Air Marshal Sir John Miles Steel
Civil Division
Brigadier-General Godfrey Davenport Goodman  Chairman, Territorial Army Association of the County of Derby.
Henry John Fanshawe Badeley  Clerk of the Parliaments, House of Lords.
Colonel (Thomas Macdonald) Donald Banks  Director-General, General Post Office.

Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)
Military Division
Royal Navy
Rear-Admiral Edward Oliver Brudenell Seymour Osborne
Rear-Admiral James Fownes Somerville
Engineer Rear-Admiral Robert Beeman

Army
Major-General James Fitzgerald Martin  (late Royal Army Medical Corps), Honorary Surgeon to The King, Deputy Director of Medical Services, Western Command, India.
Major-General George Fleming  (late The Somerset Light Infantry (Prince Albert's)), Commander, Madras District, Southern Command, India.
Major-General Walter King Venning  (late The Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry), Director of Movements and Quartering, The War Office.
Major-General Archibald Percival Wavell  (late The Black Watch (Royal Highlanders)), Half-Pay, General Officer Commanding 2nd Division, designate.
Major-General Denis John Charles Kirwan Bernard  (late The Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own)), Director of Recruiting and Organization, The War Office.
Major-General Clive Gerard Liddell  (late The Leicestershire Regiment), Half-Pay, General Officer Commanding 47th (2nd London) Division, Territorial Army, designate.
Major-General Robert Knox Hezlet  (late Royal Artillery), Director of Artillery, Headquarters Staff of the Army in India.
Colonel (temporary Brigadier) Harold St. John Loyd Winterbotham  (late Royal Engineers), Aide-de-Camp to The King, Director-General of Ordnance Survey, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.
Colonel (temporary Brigadier) James Clendinning Browne  (late Royal Army Service Corps), Aide-de-Camp to The King, Brigadier in charge of Administration, The British Troops in Egypt.
Colonel (honorary Brigadier-General) William Denman Croft  (late The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles), and Royal Tank Corps), Retired Pay, late Commander, Nowshera Brigade, Northern Command, India.
Major-General Edward Merivale Steward  Indian Army, Director of Supplies and Transport, Headquarters Staff of the Army in India.
Major-General Chauncy Batho Dashwood Strettell, Indian Army, Brigadier, General Staff, Southern Command, India.
Colonel (temporary Brigadier) Macan Saunders  Indian Army, Aide-de-Camp to The King, Commander, Delhi (Independent) Brigade Area, Eastern Command, India.
Colonel (temporary Brigadier) Francis Lothian Nicholson  Colonel, 1st Battalion (Prince of Wales's Own), 17th Dogra Regiment, Indian Army, Director of Personal Services and Pay and Pensions, Headquarters Staff of the Army in India.
Major-General Andrew George Latta McNaughton  Chief of the General Staff of the Dominion of Canada.

Royal Air Force
Air Vice-Marshal William Gore Sutherland Mitchell
Air Commodore Charles Edward Henry Rathborne

Civil Division
Rear-Admiral Murray Pipon
Rear-Admiral Everard John Hardman-Jones
Rear-Admiral Charles Edward Kennedy-Purvis
Colonel Thomas Blatherwick  Territorial Army.
Colonel Henry Jackson Kinghorn  Territorial Army (Retired)
Colonel Kenneth Hugh Munro Connal  Military Member of the Territorial Army and Air Force Association of the County of the City of Glasgow
Major Charles Edward Etches  Secretary, National Rifle Association
Arthur Sefton-Cohen, Assistant Director of Public Prosecutions
John Herbert McCutcheon Craig, Principal Assistant Secretary, Treasury
John Elborn Highton, Secretary, Department of Health for Scotland
Gerard Robert Hill, Parliamentary Counsel
William Alfred Thomas Shorto  Principal Assistant Secretary, Admiralty

The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India

Knight Grand Commander (GCSI)

Honorary Knight Grand Commander
Lieutenant-General His Highness Ojaswi Rajanya Projjwala Nepala Tara Ati Pravala Gorkha Dakshina Bahu Prithuladheesha Sri Sri Sri Maharaja Sir Juddha Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana  Honorary Colonel of all Gurkha Rifle Regiments in the Indian Army, Prime Minister and Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Nepal.

Knight Commander (KCSI)
His Highness Maharaja Bhom Pal Deo Bahadur Yadukul Chandra Bhal, Maharaja of Karauli, Rajputana.

Companion (CSI)
Vincent Hart, Indian Service of Engineers, Chief Engineer, Public Works Department, Madras.

Order of Merit (OM)

Professor John William Mackail

The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)
Sir Edward Brandis Denham  Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of the Island of Jamaica and its Dependencies.

Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG)
Bryan Hugh Fell  lately Principal Clerk, Public Bill Office, House of Commons, and Clerk of the Fees.
Lieutenant-General Sir William Thomas Furse  Director of the Imperial Institute.
Colonel Albert Edward Gooderham. For patriotic and philanthropic services in the Dominion of Canada.
Archibald John Kerr Clark Kerr, His Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at Stockholm.
Arthur Charles Cosmo Parkinson  Assistant Under-Secretary of State, Colonial Office.
Albert Cherbury David Rivett  Deputy Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Commonwealth of Australia.
Sir Wilfrid Wentworth Woods  lately Financial Secretary, Ceylon.

Honorary Knight Commander
Sir Abdul Karim bin Fadhl bin Ali  Sultan of Lahej.

Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)

Wilfrid George Adams, Provincial Commissioner, Uganda Protectorate.
Captain Leighton Seymour Bracegirdle  Military Secretary and Official Secretary to the Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia.
William Kenneth Hunter Campbell, Officer of Class I of the Ceylon Civil Service.
Lieutenant-Colonel Clive Lancaster Carbutt, Chief Native Commissioner, Southern Rhodesia.
Shirley Eales  Administrative Secretary to the High Commissioner for South Africa.
Frank Leonard Engledow  Professor of Agriculture, Cambridge University, and Member of the Colonial Advisory Council of Agriculture and Animal Health.
Harold Fairburn, Inspector General of Police, Straits Settlements.
Rupert William Hemsted  For services as a member of the Kenya Land Commission.
Thomas St. Quintin Hill  Assistant Secretary, Commercial Relations and Treaties Department, Board of Trade.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sydney Price James  Medical Officer and Adviser on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Health, and Member of the Colonial Advisory Medical Committee.
William Ernest Jones  Director of Mental Hygiene, State of Victoria.
Robert Alsop Kelly, Treasurer, Gold Coast.
George Arthur Lewin, Town Clerk of the City of Dunedin, Dominion of New Zealand.
Eric Gustav Machtig  Assistant Secretary, Dominions Office.
George Douglas Owen, Colonial Secretary, Barbados.
Herbert Septimus Scott  Director of Education, Kenya.
Malcolm Lindsay Shepherd  Secretary, Department of Defence, Commonwealth of Australia.
Herbert Harry Sterling, Chairman, Government Railway Board, Dominion of New Zealand.
John Clarence Webster  Author, Archivist and member of the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of the Dominion of Canada.
Henry Wise Wood  For services to agriculture in Western Canada.
Captain Frank O'Brien Wilson  For services as a member of the Kenya Land Commission.
Owen George Revell Williams, Assistant Secretary, Colonial Office.
Alexander Wigram Allen Leeper  Counsellor, Foreign Office.
Albert Guy Pawson, lately Governor of the Upper Nile Province, Sudan.

Honorary Companions
Hasan dan Mu'azu Ahmadu, Sultan of Sokoto, Nigeria.
His Highness Tunku Mohamed ibni Sultan Abdul Hamid Halimshah, Raja Muda and Regent designate of Kedah, Malay States.

Order of the Indian Empire

Knight Grand Commander (GCIE)
His Highness Maharajadhiraja Raj Rajeshwar Sawai Shri Yashwant Rao Holkar Bahadur, Maharaja of Indore, Central India.
His Highness Maharaja Sri Rama Varma, Maharaja of Cochin, Madras States.

Knight Commander (KCIE)
His Highness Nawab Jalaluddin Khan Bismillah Khan Babi, Nawab of Radhanpur, Western India States.
Maharaja Pratap Chandra Bhanja Deo, Maharaja of Mayurbhanj, Eastern States.
Sir Alfred Alan Lethbridge Parsons  Indian Civil Service (retired), Member of the Council of India.
Bertrand James Glancy  of the Political Department, Political Secretary to the Government of India.
Richard Henry Archibald Carter  Assistant Secretary, India Office.

Honorary Knight Commander
His Excellency Sheikh Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifah  Sheikh of Bahrain, Persian Gulf.

Companion (CIE)
Lieutenant-Colonel Donald Moyle Field, of the Political Department, Agent to the Governor-General, Madras States.
Geoffrey Pownall Burton, Indian Civil Service, Commissioner, Jubbulpore, Central Provinces.
Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni Archaeological Survey of India, Director-General of Archaeology in India.
Sardar Gangadharrao Narayanrao Mujumdar, 1st Class Sardar of the Deccan, Poona District, Bombay.
Roger Gordon McDowall, Indian Civil Service, Reforms Secretary to the Government of Burma.
Colonel Arthur James Glover Bird  Assistant Commandant, Indian Military Academy, Dehra Dun.
Frederick Tymms  Director of Civil Aviation in India.
Frederick John Waller, Indian Service of Engineers, Chief Engineer and Secretary to the Government of the Punjab, Public Works Department (Irrigation Branch).
Maurice Robert Richardson, Indian Service of Engineers, Officiating Chief Engineer, Irrigation Branch, Public Works Department, United Provinces.
Basil Camden Prance, Indian Civil Service (retired), District Magistrate of Dacca, Bengal.
Leonard Glyde Lavington Evans, of the Political Department, Political Agent, Eastern Rajputana States.
Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari, Indian Civil Service, Deputy Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Education, Health and Lands.
Ian Melville Stephens, Director of Public Information, Government of India.
Khan Bahadur Muhammad Abdul Mumin  lately Commissioner of the Chittagong Division, Bengal.
Edward Mathison Souter  Managing Director, Messrs. Ford and Macdonald, Ltd., Cawnpore, United Provinces.
Babu Chandreshvar Prashad Narayan Sinha  Zamindar, Bihar and Orissa.
Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Selby Phipson  Indian Medical Service, Civil Administrative Medical Officer, Health Officer of the Port of Aden and Medical Officer, European General Hospital, Aden.
Lieutenant-Colonel John Powell  Honorary Magistrate, Rawalpindi, Punjab.
Lieutenant-Colonel (Honorary Colonel) Arnold Bellamy Beddow  Commandant, Surma Valley Light Horse, Manager, Urnabund Tea Estate, Cachar, Assam.
Charles Gordon Barber , Indian Service of Engineers, Superintendent of Works, Cauvery-Mettur Project, Public Works Department, Madras.
Phanindra Nath Mitra, Postmaster-General, Central Provinces.
Alan Douglas Crombie, Indian Civil Service, Private Secretary to His Excellency the Governor of Madras.
Major Henry James Rice  Indian Medical Service, Indian Military Hospital, Poona, attached to the Royal Deccan Horse.
Robert Boyd MacLachlan  Indian Service of Engineers, Executive Engineer, Bombay.
John Gilbert Laithwaite, Principal, India Office.
Colin Keppel Davidson  of the Committee Office, House of Lords.
Thomas Clarke Crawford, of Messrs. James Finlay & Co., Planter and ex-President of the Tea Association, Calcutta.
Khan Bahadur Darabshah Edalji Nagarwala, Chairman of the Bench of Honorary Magistrates and President of the City Municipality, Ahmednagar, Bombay.

The Imperial Order of the Crown of India
Her Highness the Maharani Bhatianiji Sri Ajab Kan warji Sahib, of Bikaner, Rajputana.
The Lady Beatrix Taylour Stanley  (wife of the Right Honourable Sir George Frederick Stanley  lately Governor of Madras).

The Royal Victorian Chain
Edward George Villiers, Earl of Derby
Major-General Alexander Augustus Frederick William Alfred George, Earl of Athlone

The Royal Victorian Order

Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO)
Admiral The Hon. Sir Herbert Meade-Fetherstonhaugh  (Dated 16 August 1934.)
Brigadier-General Thomas Walter, Viscount Hampden
Charles Henry, Baron Leconfield.

Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO)
The Very Reverend William Foxley Norris  Dean of Westminster. (Dated 29 November 1934.)
Lieutenant-General Charles John Cecil Grant  (Dated 12 December 1934.)
George Redston Warner  (Dated 14 December 1934.)
Sir Gerald Woods Wollaston
Colonel Sir Robert Arthur Johnson
Lieutenant-Colonel Reginald Henry Seymour
Lieutenant-Colonel Percy Robert Laurie
William Reid Dick
Edmund Ivens Spriggs

Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (CVO)
Roderick Ross  (Dated 16 July 1934.)
Major Algar Henry Stafford Howard
Captain Harry George Adams-Connor
Nigel Bruce Ronald
Guy Capper Birt.

Member of the Royal Victorian Order, 4th class (MVO)
Commander Oliver Loudon Gordon  (Dated 12 August 1934.)
Lieutenant-Commander Eric Perceval Hinton  (Dated 12 August 1984.)
The Reverend Arthur Rose Fuller.
Derek Edward Hugh Wynter.
John Henske Milanes.

Member of the Royal Victorian Order, 5th class (MVO)
Superintendent William George Cole, Metropolitan Police. (Dated 21 December 1934.)
Major George Frederick Thomas Hopkins
Major Andrew Harris.
William Reginald Busbridge

The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire

Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE)

Civil Division
Colonies, Protectorates, etc.
Charles William Lindsay. For philanthropic and charitable services in the Dominion of Canada.
Sir Macpherson Robertson. For philanthropic services in the State of Victoria.

Honorary Knight Commander
His Highness Tunku Mahmud ibni almarhum Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin  Acting Regent of Kedah, Malay States.

Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
The Venerable Archdeacon Charles John Eyre Peshall
Captain Leslie Jennings Lucas Hammond  (Retired).

Army
Colonel (temporary Brigadier) William Henry Pferinger Elkins  The Royal Canadian Artillery, Commandant, Royal Military College of Canada.
Colonel Cecil Vivian Staveley Jackson, Half-Pay, late Royal Engineers, late Commander, Royal Engineers, Waziristan District, India, for especially valuable services in connection with the construction of the road from Ladha to Wana.

Civil Division
Edgar Johnson Allen  Secretary of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom and Director of the Plymouth Laboratory.
Charles John Balaam  Divisional Controller, South Eastern Division, Ministry of Labour.
Catherine Chisholm  Consulting Physician at the Manchester Northern Hospital for Women and Children.
Lady Augusta Spencer-Churchill  Chairman of the Women's Section of the British Legion.
Cleveland Fyfe, General Secretary, National Farmers Union.
Martin Hardie, Keeper, Victoria and Albert Museum. Member of the Council of the Royal Society of Painter-Etchers.
Charles Caesar Hawkins, lately Superintendent, Department of Technology, City and Guilds of London Institute. For services to technical education.
Councillor Walter Ernest Loweth  For political and public services in Hackney.
Augustus Frank Pool  Deputy Chief Inspector of Taxes, Board of Inland Revenue.
Harold Vezey Raffety  Chief Land Commissioner, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.
Herbert Alker Tripp, Assistant Commissioner Metropolitan Police.
David Llewelyn Williams  Medical Officer, Welsh Board of Health.

Diplomatic Service and Overseas List
Major Robert Ernest Cheesman  lately His Majesty's Consul for North West Ethiopia.
Ebenezer Thomas Ward  Engineer-in-Chief of the European Danube Commission.

Colonies, Protectorates, etc.
George Lewis Aitken, Chairman of the Pastoralists Research Trust, Commonwealth of Australia.
Henry Black, Chairman, Saskatchewan Relief Commission, Dominion of Canada.
Pattie Deakin. For public services in the Commonwealth of Australia. (Appointment dated 29 December 1934.)
Joseph-Ernest Grégoire, Mayor of Quebec City, Dominion of Canada.
Wilfred Russell Grimwade. For services in connection with the Centenary Celebrations of the State of Victoria.
Camillien Houde, Mayor, City of Montreal, Dominion of Canada.
Albert Edmond Kane. For services in connection with the Centenary Celebrations of the State of Victoria.
William James Kessell, Public Trustee, State of New South Wales.
John Stanley Plaskett  Director of Astrophysical Observatory, Dominion of Canada.
Captain Robert O'Malley Reilly, Assistant Resident Commissioner, Bechuanaland Protectorate.
William James Stewart, Mayor, City of Toronto, Dominion of Canada.
Harold Cholmley Mansfield Austen  General Manager of Railways, Mauritius.
Walter Eraut  Chief Engineer, Contracts Branch, Crown Agents for the Colonies.
Captain Leonard Joseph Hall  (Retired), Director of Marine, Nigeria.
Charles Ramsdale Lockhart, Treasurer, Northern Rhodesia.
Harcourt Gladstone Malcolm  Speaker of the House of Assembly, Bahamas.
Edward Keith-Roach  District Commissioner, Palestine.

Honorary Commanders
Ademola II, Alake of Abeokuta, Nigeria.
The Dato Penghulu Mendika Mentri Akhirzaman Abdullah bin Panglima Muda, Undang of Jelebu, Federated Malay States.

Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
Commander Thomas Garland Harrison
Lieutenant-Commander Edmund Hugh Hopkinson
Lieutenant-Commander Henry Antony Simpson
Surgeon Commander (D) Walter Cecil Murray
Paymaster Commander John Alick Edward Woodhouse
Paymaster Commander Richard Francis Durman
Instructor Commander Morton Henry Moyes

Army
Major (Commissary) Frederic William Addinall  India Miscellaneous List, Officer Supervisor, General Staff Branch, Army Headquarters, India.
Lieutenant-Colonel George Duncan Ralph Black  Reserve of Officers, Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps, late Principal Medical Officer, Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps.
Lieutenant-Colonel George Osborne De Renzy Channer  1st Battalion, 3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles, Indian Army.
Captain Ralph Alexander Byrne Cooper, 1st Battalion, The East Yorkshire Regiment, for valuable services rendered during the earthquake at Muzaffarpur, India, on the 15 January 1934.
Captain Sydney Barrett Good, 5th Battalion (Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides), 12th Frontier Force Regiment, Indian Army, late Staff Captain, Nowshera Brigade.
Major (Commissary) Arthur Rayner, Retired, late Indian Army Ordnance Corps, late Technical Officer, Directorate of Ordnance Services, Master-General of the Ordnance Branch, Army Headquarters, India.
Major (temporary Lieutenant-Colonel) Victor Paul Hildebrand Stantke, Staff Corps, Australian Military Forces, Director of Mobilization, Department of the Adjutant-General, Australia.
Captain Keith Lindsay Stewart  New Zealand Staff Corps, late Staff Officer, Ceylon Defence Force.

Royal Air Force
Squadron-Leader Roy Stanley Grandy, Royal Canadian Air Force. For outstanding services in pioneering air mail routes.

Civil Division
George Wesley Austin  Principal Scientific Officer, R.N. Torpedo Factory, Greenock.
Charles Pearsall Beech, Public Assistance Officer of the City of Birmingham.
Thomas Henry Bishop, Chairman of Court of Referees for Derby since 1931.
Charles Ernest Brackenbury, Assistant Head of Branch, Insurance Department, Ministry of Health.
Mildred Frances Browne  Senior Staff Officer, Ministry of Pensions.
Ernest William Butler, Chief Structural Engineer, H.M. Office of Works and Public Buildings.
Major Robert George Clark  Engineer to the Middle Level (Great Ouse Catchment Area) Drainage and Navigation Commissioners.
William John Dorrell  Assistant Director of Sea Transport, Mercantile Marine Department, Board of Trade.
Alderman John Benjamin Downing  Chairman of the Dudley and District War Pensions Committee.
Frederick Percy Edgar, Midland Regional Director, British Broadcasting Corporation.
Major Michael Joseph Egan, Chief Constable of the Southport Borough Police.
Colonel Gilbert Gunn. For political and public services in the Highlands of Scotland.
John Joseph Hamilton, Deputy Chief Inspector, Board of Customs and Excise.
Richard William Harris, Secretary, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
Thomas Howe, Principal, Ministry of Labour.
Lieutenant-Colonel Louis Wentworth Johnson, Governor, Wormwood Scrubs Prison.
Tom Bell Maxwell Lamb, lately H.M. Inspector of Schools, Scotland.
Kenneth Lancelot Macaulay, Chief Accountant, Ministry of Transport.
Moir Mackenzie, W. S., Divisional Manager (Empire Division) Federation of British Industries.
Captain Arthur James Mayne  Chief Electrical Engineer, Aldershot Command.
Henry Herbert Mears, Head Postmaster, Southampton.
Alderman John Robert Nuttall  Chairman, Lancaster Education Committee.
John Parker  Chairman of the Clydebank Employment Committee.
William Owen Powell, Chief Constable, Metropolitan Police.
John George Rhodes, Principal Finance Officer, Board of Education.
Joseph Richard Roberts, lately Head Master, Cardiff High School for Boys.
Robert Roulston  Chairman of the Londonderry City and County Infirmary.
Priscilla Sanderson, Matron, Mount Vernon Hospital (for Cancer), Northwood, Middlesex.
Arthur Stephens. For political and public services in West Ham.
John Everard Stephenson, Principal, Dominions Office.
William Howard Williams-Treffgarne, Principal Clerk, Board of Inland Revenue.
Lily Edith Warren. For political and public services in Croydon.
Richard Albert Weaver, Superintending Engineer, North Wales District, General Post Office.

Diplomatic Service and Overseas List
Major Leonard Henry Graystone Andrews, The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment, Military Attache at His Majesty's Embassies at Rio de Janeiro and Santiago and at His Majesty's Missions at Lima and Quito.
Percy Brigstocke  Chief Medical Officer of the Victoria Hospital, Damascus.
Eric Thomas Caparn  Superintending Engineer, Public Works Department.
Charles Cameron Day, a British resident at Rosario, Argentina.
Andrew Holden, Deputy Director-General of the Direct Taxes Department, Egyptian Ministry of Finance.
Harold Norman Sturrock, Commercial Secretary at His Majesty's Legation at Belgrade.

Colonies, Protectorates, etc.
Edwin Albert Baker  Managing Director of the Institute for the Blind, Dominion of Canada. For services to blind ex-servicemen and their dependents.
Major Joseph Cyril Brundell, Chief Superintendent, Criminal Investigation Department, Southern Rhodesia.
William Caven, lately Inspector of Excise, Dominion of Canada.
Flying Officer Clennell Haggerston Dickins. For services in the development of civil aviation in the Dominion of Canada.
Edna Mary Guest  Chief of Department of Surgery, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Dominion of Canada. For voluntary services as Medical Adviser, Women's Organisations.
Jean Isabel Gunn, Superintendent of Nurses, Toronto General Hospital, Dominion of Canada.
Mabel Frances Hersey, Superintendent of Nurses, Royal Victoria Hospital, Dominion of Canada.
Howard Hinton, Trustee of the National Art Gallery of the State of New South Wales.
The Reverend Sidney Elijah Lambert, President, Amputations Association of the Great War, Dominion of Canada. For services to ex-servicemen and their dependents.
Flight-Lieutenant Wilfrid Reid May  Royal Canadian Air Force (Reserve of Officers). For numerous mercy flights to outlying points in North Western Canada.
Daniel Mclntyre  lately Superintendent of Winnipeg Public Schools, Dominion of Canada.
Albert Reginald McLeod  Chief Staff Officer, St. John's Ambulance Brigade, State of New South Wales.
Albert Millin, Member of the Advisory Council, Swaziland.
Thomas Sydney Nettlefold. For services in connection with the Centenary Celebrations of the State of Victoria.
Charles Arthur Norris. For public services in the State of Victoria.
Frederick Linwood Clinton Pereira, Assistant Secretary to the Governor-General of the Dominion of Canada.
Georges-Henri Robichon, Mayor, City of Three Rivers, Dominion of Canada.
John Thomas Ross  lately Deputy Minister of Education, Dominion of Canada.
James William Somers, Clerk of the City of Toronto, Dominion of Canada.
Jennie Webster, lately Superintendent, Montreal General Hospital, Dominion of Canada.
The Venerable John Henry Briggs, Archdeacon of Ugogo, in the Diocese of Central Tanganyika.
Captain Christopher Wilson Brown  Director of Public Works, Sierra Leone.
The Venerable Dandeson Coates Crowther  Archdeacon of the Niger.
Joseph Welsh Park Harkness  Deputy Director, Department of Health, Palestine.
Charles Alexander Holmes, Commissioner of Lands, Fiji.
Henry Randolph Howes, Unofficial Member of the General Legislative Council of the Leeward Islands.
Albert Victor Laferla  Director of Education, Malta.
Eric Stanley Marillier, Controller of Customs, Northern Rhodesia.
Major Philip Edwin Matthews  Superintendent of Police, British Honduras.
Alfred Edward Robert Mayne, Chief Accountant, Railways, Kenya and Uganda.
Eric Laidley Mort  Superintendent of Education, Nigeria.
Thomas Mogford Partridge, Unofficial Member of the Legislative Council of the Nyasaland Protectorate.
Alexander Edmund de Silva Wijegooneratne Samaraweera Rajepakse. For public services in Ceylon.
Thomas Henderson Scott  City Engineer, Port of Spain, Trinidad.
Edward Brathwaite Skeete, Member of the Legislative Council of Barbados.
Percy Reginald Smith, Senior Deputy Postmaster-General, Tanganyika Territory.
Reginald Hopkinson Smith, District Officer, Somaliland Protectorate.
Bella, Lady Southern. For public services in Hong Kong.
Arthur Walter Alfred Claude Tannahill. For public services in Kenya.
Wee Swee Teow  For public services in the Straits Settlements.
Roland Wheeler  City Electrical Engineer, Gibraltar.

British India
Catherine, Lady Godwin (wife of Lieut. Gen. Sir Charles A. C. Godwin  Indian Army (retired)).
Leslie Hugh Bartlett  Agent and General Manager, the Central Provinces Manganese Ore Company, Limited, Central Provinces.
Vaughan Craster, Honorary Accountant of the Lady Minto's Indian Nursing Association (England).
Major Frank Drummond Shuttleworth Field  Indian Army, 5/11th Sikh Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own), and lately First Commandant, Mewar State Forces, Rajputana.
Vernon William Farquharson Hicks, Additional Superintendent of Police, Chittagong, Bengal.
Rai Bahadur Lala Brij Kishore, Landowner, United Provinces.
Douglas Stewart Macdonald, Cane Superintendent, Samastipur Sugar Mill, Bihar and Orissa.
Michael Thomas O'Gorman, Indian Police, District Superintendent of Police, Satara, Bombay.
Major Ahmad Khan Sahibzada  (Bombay), Indian Medical Service, Civil Surgeon, Hazara, North-West Frontier Province.
Girdhari Singh, Sardar Bahadur, Colonel in the Gwalior State Forces and Quartermaster-General, Gwalior Army.
Kumar Gupteshwar Prasad Singh, of Jehanabad, Gaya District, Bihar and Orissa.
Maurice Osborne Tanner, District Superintendent of Police, Tharrawaddy, Burma.

Honorary Officers
Yacub Effendi Farraj, Vice-Mayor of Jerusalem, Palestine.

Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)
Military Division
Royal Navy
Lieutenant Leonard Thomas Northcott
Commissioned Gunner William George English
Commissioned Shipwright William Henry Chubb
Lieutenant (E) Stanley James Taverner
Commissioned Royal Marine Gunner Reginald Maurice Yea
Commissioned Bandmaster Joshua Ventry

Army
Captain Abubakar bin Hadji Arshad; 2nd Battalion (Singapore Volunteer Corps), Straits Settlements Volunteer Force.
Warrant Officer Class I, Regimental Sergeant-Major Wenceslas Bilodeau, Royal 22nd Regiment, Permanent Forces of the Dominion of Canada.
Lieutenant John Henry Francis Collingwood, The Queen's Bays (2nd Dragoon Guards), attached Somaliland Camel Corps, The King's African Rifles.
Warrant Officer, Class II, Company Sergeant-Major Harry Farrow, 1st Battalion, The Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own), attached 3rd Battalion (Penang and Province Wellesley Volunteer Corps), Straits Settlements Volunteer Force.
Major (Commissary) John Fosbury, Indian Army Corps of Clerks, Chief Clerk, Eastern Command, India.
Major James Henry Green, 3rd Battalion, 20th Burma Rifles, Indian Army, late General Staff Officer, 3rd Grade, Burma District.
Subadar Guman Sing Patwal, 3rd Battalion, 18th Royal Garhwal Rifles, Indian Army.
Quarter-Master and Honorary Major William Martin Mackay, Instructional Corps, Australian Military Forces.
Lieutenant Charles Maurice Salisbury Marsden, 1st Battalion, The East Yorkshire Regiment, for valuable services rendered during the earthquake at Muzaffarpur, India, on 15 January 1934.
Major (Commissary) Matthew Mason, India Miscellaneous List, Officer Supervisor, Directorate of Contracts, Master-General of the Ordnance Branch, Army Headquarters, India.
Captain Shadwell Keith Murray  3rd Battalion, 18th Royal Garhwal Rifles, Indian Army.

Royal Air Force
Flight Lieutenant Alfred Alderson Poole

Civil Division
John Hector Brebner, Press Officer, General Post Office.
Ernald James Brentnall, Head Master, Lancaster Road Senior Boys School, Notting Hill, London.
William Edward Counsell, First Class Officer, Ministry of Labour.
Henry Albert Coward, Labour and Welfare Officer, H.M. Office of Works and Public Buildings.
John William Curtis, Staff Officer, Tax Inspecting Branch, Board of Inland Revenue.
Arthur Gust, Superintendent, St. Helens Borough Police.
Richard Daly, Staff Officer, Ministry of Health.
Irene Rachel Elmhirst, Organiser of Welfare Centres for the unemployed throughout the West Riding of Yorkshire.
Reginald Mead Filmer  Technical Examining Officer, Admiralty (Royal Clarence) Victualling Yard, Gosport.
William Fraser, Chief Constable, Dumbarton Burgh Police.
Thomas George Gibbings  Chairman of the Bermondsey and Southwark War Pensions Committee.
Frederick William Gooseman, Senior Staff Officer, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.
Stanley Walter Green, Senior Staff Officer, Treasury.
Edith Hampson  Vice-Chairman of the Salford, Eccles and District War Pensions Committee and Chairman of the Children's Sub-Committee.
Eliza Harper, for over twenty years Honorary Secretary of the Belfast Musical Competitions.
Herbert Smith Hayes. For political and public services in Warrington and Birkenhead.
John Lamond Henderson, Assistant Traffic Superintendent (Telegraphs), General Post Office.
Annette Louise Henry, for public services. Lately a member of the Newbury Rural District Council.
Andrew Stuart Hibberd, Senior Announcer, British Broadcasting Corporation.
Jessie Mabel Holdway, Superintendent of Typists, War Office.
Ernest Jones Holmes, Senior Inspector of Textile Particulars, Factory Department, Home Office.
Josiah Whittaker Huss, Superintendent of the County Council of Durham Junior Instruction Centre for unemployed boys, Bishop Auckland.
Edwin Payler Jones, Staff Clerk, War Office.
Joseph Arthur Jones, Lately Sanitary Inspector in Wrexham Rural District, Denbighshire.
George Kingman, Superintendent, Cheshire Constabulary.
James Lauder, Superintendent, Metropolitan Police.
Evelyn Rossell Lavington, Matron, Savernake Hospital, Wiltshire.
Ernest Augustus Leal, First Class Examiner, Companies (Winding up) Department, Board of Trade.
Edith Isobel Garnet Luke  Principal Lecturer in Methods, Dundee Training Centre for Teachers.
John McBurnie, Sheriff Clerk of the Eastern Division of the Sheriffdom of Dumfries and Galloway.
James McClemens, Senior Vesturer at Canterbury Cathedral.
James Macdonald, Chief Constable, Arbroath.
Alderman Andrew McHugh  Chairman of the North Northumberland War Pensions Committee, and of the Children's Sub-Committee.
Donald Maclean, Public Assistance Officer, Greenock.
Alexander Maclennan, Lately Provost of Stornoway.
Edith Anna Marvin, Staff Officer for Establishment Duties, India Office.
Geoffrey Harry Meadmore, Senior Intelligence Officer, Department of Overseas Trade.
Alice Isabella Model, Honorary Secretary of the Jewish Maternity Hospital.
Ernest Conrad Nash, Commander, Metropolitan Special Constabulary.
Lieutenant-Colonel John Iltyd Dillwyn Nicholl  Chairman of the Bridgend Bench of Magistrates, Glamorgan.
David Watt Page, Higher Executive Officer (Assistant Ministry Representative in Canada), Ministry of Pensions.
Samuel Pickering, Assistant Postmaster, Liverpool.
Robert James Prince, Welfare Organiser and Supervisor for the Miners Welfare Fund in Lanarkshire coal mining district.
Samuel Radmore, Higher Clerical Officer, Board of Education.
Edward Stanley Shoults, Chairman, British Glasshouse Produce Marketing Association.
Arthur James Simpson, First Class Clerk, Official Solicitor's Department, Supreme Court of Judicature.
John Isaac Wyatt Stone, Works Overseer, Grade I, H.M. Stationery Office Printing Works.
Elsie Vera Thomas, Clerical Officer, Foreign Office.
Bertie Beavis Travess, Senior Stores and Accounts Officer, Directorate of Works and Buildings, Air Ministry.
Arthur James Turner, lately Principal Clerk, Secretary's Office, General Post Office, Edinburgh.
Lizzie Wakefield, Headmistress, Infants Department, St. Oswald's School, Hebburn, Co. Durham.
Frederick Robert Ward  For services in the administration of the Scilly Isles.
William Self Weeks, Town Clerk of Clitheroe.

Diplomatic Service and Overseas List
Marguerite Bucknall, a British resident at Lisbon.
Spiro Gilibert, President of the Maltese Benevolent Society, Cairo.
Edward Lamb, Archivist at His Majesty's Embassy at Buenos Aires.
John Kindersley Maurice, District Commissioner, Sudan Political Service.
Thomas McDonald, Clerical Officer at His Majesty's Sub-Legation at Nanking.
Captain George Johnson Neill, British Vice-Consul at Rouen.
Pericles Papadachi, British Vice-Consul at Corfu.
Annie Georgina Snelgrove  Matron at the Iraq Railways Hospital, Baghdad.
Albert Rendle Stone, British Vice-Consul at Detroit.

Colonies, Protectorates, etc.
Sergeant-Major Frederick Anderton, Royal Canadian Mounted Police. For distinguished service in Arctic, Sub-Arctic and Northern Canada.
Robert Atkinson. For protecting and delivering mail under conditions of extreme hardship in the Dominion of Canada.
Louis Bourassa. For protecting and delivering mail under conditions of extreme hardship in North Western Canada.
Thomas Tofield Bower, lately Postmaster of Winnipeg, Dominion of Canada.
John Reginald Bowler, General Secretary, the Canadian Legion of the British Empire Service League.
William Joseph Carroll, lately Sheriff, Newfoundland.
Charles Davis, Mayor of Gaspe, Dominion of Canada.
Sarah Feeney. For services with the Grand Trunk and Canadian National Railways, Dominion of Canada.
Alexander Jardine Hunter  For services as missionary-physician in pioneer settlements of Manitoba, Dominion of Canada.
Frances Hatton Eva Hasell, Honorary Organiser of Caravan work in Western Canada.
Samuel Kennedy, Mayor of Charlottetown, Dominion of Canada.
George Cliff King, lately Postmaster of Calgary, Dominion of Canada.
John Henry King, President of the Royal Society of St. George, State of New South Wales.
William Allan McKnight, Sub-Office Postmaster, Winnipeg, Dominion of Canada. For successfully withstanding, at great personal risk, the attack of armed bandits on Post Office property.
Mary Emma Goldsmith Meares. For philanthropic services for ex-soldiers and their dependants in the Commonwealth of Australia.
John Leo Mulrooney  Senior Clerk, Prime Minister's Department, Commonwealth of Australia.
Helen Marion O'Donahoe, lately Chief Clerk, Department of Indian Affairs, Dominion of Canada.
Amedee Robitaille. For protecting, at great personal risk, Post Office property in the Dominion of Canada.
Mary Frederick Walters Robson. For social services in the Commonwealth of Australia.
William Peter Rogerson, lately Deputy Minister, Marine and Fisheries, Newfoundland.
Sveinn Thorvaldson. For services to Icelandic settlers in Manitoba, Dominion of Canada.
Alice Evelyn Wilson  Assistant Invertebrate Palaeontologist, Department of Mines, Dominion of Canada.
Abdulkarim Alidina, Clerk, Customs Department, Tanganyika Territory.
James Douglas Alleyne  Port Health Officer, Barbados.
Herbert Boon, Clerk to Administrator, St. Christopher and Nevis, Leeward Islands.
Percy West Browne, lately Auditor-General, Barbados.
Adam Webster Burgess, Senior Overseer, Public Works Department, Kenya.
Edith Gwendoline Floissac. For public services in St. Lucia, Windward Islands.
Aubrey Noel Francombe. For pioneer services to civil aviation in the Tanganyika Territory.
Douglas Montagu Gane, Secretary and Treasurer of the Tristan da Cunha Fund.
David Genower. For public services in Kenya.
Syed Chulan Hassan, Veterinary Inspector, Kenya.
John Denis Lenagan, Inspector of Constabulary, Trinidad.
Anne Ellis Macmaster, Senior Nursing Sister, Sierra Leone.
John Livingstone McPherson. For public services in Hong Kong.
Ethel Mills. For services to education in Trinidad.
The Very Reverend Father Henry Raphael Moulding Moss, Vicar-General of Grenada, Windward Islands.
Sheikh Ali bin Mohamen Mkuu, Liwali of Lamu, Kenya.
Leslie Kelway Pope, Port Manager, Jaffa, Palestine.
William Ernest Pownall, Chief Clerk, Agricultural Department, Tanganyika Territory.
The Reverend Canon George Loran Pyfrom. For public services in the Bahamas.
Hannibal Publius Scicluna, Librarian, Public Library, Malta.
Ioanni Michael Tilliro, Local Commandant of Police, Cyprus.
Henry James Walker, Office Assistant to the Chief Engineer, Railways, Kenya and Uganda.

British India
Sarah Nicoll-Jones, Organising Secretary of the Rangoon Vigilance Society and Honorary Sub-Inspector of Police, Rangoon Town Police, Burma.
Julia Augusta West, Proprietress, Curtis & Co., Mandalay, Burma.
M. R. Ry. Rao Bahadur Mayavaram Vandirajapuram Sabhapati Mudaliyar Vaidyanatha Mudaliyar Avargal, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Madras.
Rai Bahadur Babu Brij Lai Badhwar  Managing Director of the Prem Spinning and Weaving Mills, Ujhani (Budaun), United Provinces.
Babu Gopendra Nath Basu, Zamindar, Bihar and Orissa.
Ajodhya Das, President of the Rural Boards, Gorakhpur, United Provinces.
Lieutenant (Assistant Commissary) Claude Harry Fenner, Director of Music, His Excellency the Viceroy's Band.
William George John Francis, Constructor, Royal Indian Navy Dockyard, Bombay.
Arthur Charles Godfrey, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Central Provinces.
Sagram Hebrom  leading Tribal Chief, Bihar and Orissa.
Mervyn Armstrong Higgs, Indian Service of Engineers, Executive Engineer, Public Works Department, Irrigation Branch, United Provinces.
Harold Eldric Hypher, Assistant Engineer, Bengal and North-Western Railway, Narkatiaganj, Bihar and Orissa.
William Jacob Ingham  Bombay Educational Service, Instructor to Normal Class and Superintendent of Workshops, College of Engineering, Poona, Bombay.
Khan Bahadur Abdul Qadir Khan  lately Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Kohat Jail, North-West Frontier Province.
Alan Sidney Lane, Chief Inspector of Aircraft, Civil Aviation Directorate.
Henry Henning Lincoln, of the Imperial Secretariat Service, Assistant Secretary to the Government of India in the Department of Education, Health and Lands.
Captain Frank Mayo  Commandant, Sirmoor State Forces, Punjab States.
Khan Bahadur Ghulam Nabishah Moujalishah  Zamindar, and President of the District Local Board, Tharparkar, Sind, Bombay.
James Arthur Scarr, Deputy Conservator of the Port of Karachi, Bombay.
Sardar Bahadur Sardar Harnam Singh, lately Deputy Superintendent of Police, Punjab.
Babu Rameshwar Prashad Singh  Zamindar, Bihar and Orissa.
Henry James Smyth, Assistant Engineer, Bengal and North-Western Railway, Dhang, Bihar and Orissa.
Edward John Wright West, Personal Assistant to the Chief Engineer, Posts and Telegraphs.

Honorary Members
Sheikh Muhammad Abdel Rahman Beidas. For public services in Palestine.
Mirza Badi Bushrui, Administrative Officer, Palestine.
Asaph Grasovsky, Senior Horticultural Officer, Palestine.
Salih Ja'far Muhammad Salih Ja'far, Political Clerk, Hodeidah, Aden.

Kaisar-i-Hind Medal

First Class
Brenda Cotesworth (wife of C. G. Cotesworth, Loco Superintendent, Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway, Ajmer, Ajmer-Merwara.
Margaret Edmondson Gibson (wife of Reymond Evelyn Gibson  Commissioner in Sind), Bombay.
Margaret Mary Crick, Lady Irving (wife of Sir Miles Irving  lately Financial Commissioner, Punjab).
Margaret, Lady Page (wife of Sir Arthur Page, Chief Justice of Burma), Burma.
Alice Henrietta, Lady Stokes (wife of Sir Hopetoun Stokes  Member of the Executive Council of the Governor of Madras), Madras.
Reginald John Hands Cox, Church Missionary Society, Doctor-in-Charge of the Afghan Mission Hospital, Peshawar, North-
West Frontier Province.
Kottil Walappil Parameswara Marar  Officiating Deputy Commissioner, Nowgong, Assam.
The Reverend Arnold Claude Pelly, Principal, St. Andrew's College, Gorakhpur, United Provinces.
Gottfried Oram Teichmann, Medical Missionary of the Baptist Mission, Chandraghona, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bengal.

British Empire Medal (BEM)

Military Division
For Meritorious Service
Chief Petty Officer Charles James Thurgill Hill, Royal Canadian Navy.
Flight Sergeant Harry Johnson Winny, Royal Canadian Air Force.

Civil Division
For Gallantry
Babu Ranjit Singh, Tehsildar, United Provinces, India. Citation: "When this Revenue Officer one night was in the neighbourhood of village Jharwan in the Saharanpur District he received information that a gang of twenty-five dacoits armed with short guns and lathis were attacking the house of a wealthy Bania. He collected four men and proceeded at once to the village and attacked the dacoits, his only weapon being a pistol. When two of his men had been wounded and his pistol had temporarily jammed, he continued to attack. Eventually, after wounding one of the dacoits, he succeeded in driving them off, and thus, by his prompt action and conspicuous bravery, was able to stop a very serious dacoity."
Albert Rienzi de Livera, Inspector, Mount Lavinia Police Station, Ceylon. Citation: "For conspicuous courage in arresting a notorious criminal who after assaulting a man named Romiel Perera, had tied him to a tree and had threatened to stab any.one attempting a rescue. No one else had dared to approach the criminal who was armed with a chopper, and on seeing the Police party, advanced towards the Inspector but changing his mind cut Romiel Perera, on the side of the neck. Before he could repeat the blow, Inspector de Livera was on him, and after a severe struggle in which the man also attacked the Inspector and a Constable with a kris knife the Inspector disarmed him and took him into custody. Romiel Perera was bleeding profusely from a gaping wound on the left side of the neck which had completely severed an artery. Inspector de Livera immediately applied digital pressure to the artery and took him in a motor car to the Lunawa Hospital, about four miles away. During the journey, with the assistance of the Constable, he continued to apply the digital pressure necessary to arrest the bleeding. The injured man eventually recovered."

For Meritorious Service
Edward Bartlett, Chief Officer, Class I, Prison Service.
Hilda Mary Braithwaite, Sorting Clerk and Telegraphist, Bridlington Post Office.
Henry Joseph Burnett, Engineering Inspector, London Trunk Exchange, General Post Office.
John Campbell, Second Steward, Post Office Cable Ships.
Charles Checkley, until recently Postman, Western District Office, General Post Office.
Philip Watson Chivers, Supervisor of Night Telephonists, London Trunk Exchange, General Post Office.
Romeo Girard, Penitentiary Guard, St. Vincent de Paul, Quebec, Canada.
Margaret Ross, Assistant Telephone Supervisor, Class I, Central Exchange, General Post Office, Edinburgh.
Arthur Broadbent Shaw, Hospital Chief Officer, Class II, Prison Service.
Harold Henry Squires, Mess Steward, Staff College, Camberley.
Philip Albert Stephen Swan, Factory Foreman, Post Office Stores Department.
Edwin James Woodward, Messenger and Resident Office Keeper, Southern Command, Salisbury.
El Jak Abdulla; Sol (Warrant Officer), Sudan Police.
Faleh Effendi Assad, Chief Customs Guard of Jaffa, Palestine.
Adam Awad, Administrative Officer, Berber Province, Sudan.
Laurence Bernard Boyack, Shipping Clerk, Consulate-General, Shanghai.
Ali Bil Maati El Herizi, Head Cavass, British Consulate, Casablanca.
Mohammed Effendi El Nail, Dispensary Doctor, Sudan. Ahuva Passy. In charge of Jewish Infant Welfare Work in Tiberias, Palestine.
Leslie Smith, Head Drill Instructor, Police Training School, Moradabad, United Provinces, India.
Ali bin Tuah, Chief Sub-Inspector, Federated Malay States Police.
Perikles Haji Vassili, Mukhtar of Pedoulas, Cyprus.
Alexandros Demetriou Zavros, Mukhtar of Kouklia, Cyprus.

Air Force Cross

Squadron Leader Vivian Steel Parker
Flying Officer George Norman Snarey.
Squadron Leader Douglas, Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale  (Auxiliary Air Force).

Air Force Medal
Flight Sergeant (Pilot) Frederick Neal Paxman.

King's Police Medal (KPM)

For Gallantry
England and Wales
Claud Douglas Smith, Inspector, Metropolitan Police Force.
Edward Er Onan Shelah, Sergeant, Metropolitan Police Force.
Walter Morris, Constable, Metropolitan Police Force.
Bertram Wesley Ruddock, Constable, Metropolitan Police Force.
Arthur George Russell, lately Constable, Metropolitan Police Force.
Harry Timmins, Constable, Metropolitan Police Force.
John Samuel Warren, Sergeant, Devon Constabulary.
Joseph Evason, Constable, Shropshire Constabulary.
Edward Halliday, Constable, Lancashire Constabulary.
Hugh Pirnie, Constable, Hampshire Constabulary.
Richard Robinson, Constable, Lancashire Constabulary.
Frank Wood, Constable, Monmouthshire Constabulary.
Charles Shorter, Sergeant, Birmingham City Police Force.
Arthur James Skellern, Constable, Liverpool City Police Force.
William Alfred Jabez Wait, Constable, Ramsgate Borough Police Force.

Scotland
David Cairns, Sergeant, Glasgow City Police Force.
Richard Gillespie, Constable, Glasgow City Police Force.
James Hadden, lately Constable, Glasgow City Police Force.

Australia
Leonard Henry Cooney, Constable, New South Wales Police Force.
Cecil Clyde Newton, Constable, New South Wales Police Force.

British India
Denys Pilditch, Superintendent, United Provinces Police. (a bar to the King's Police Medal)
Reginald Norman Marsh-Smith, Superintendent, United Provinces Police. (a bar to the King's Police Medal)
Bayapunedi Subbarayadu, Inspector, Madras Police.
Ram Singhasan Singh, Head Constable, Bengal Police.
Sanaullah, Constable, United Provinces Police.
Mohammad Ishaq Khan, Sub-Inspector, Punjab Police.
Ghulam Mohammad Shah, Head Constable, Punjab Police.
Umar Din, Head Constable, Punjab Police.
Mohammad Ibrahim, Foot Constable, Punjab Police.
Sher Singh, Head Constable, Punjab Police.
Rai Bahadur Ram Brik Singh, Inspector, Bihar and Orissa Police.
Ram Kedar Singh, Sub-Inspector, Bihar and Orissa Police.
Abdul Razak, Assistant Sub-Inspector, North-West Frontier Province Police.
Qamar Gul, Foot Constable, North-West Frontier. Province Police.
Sampuran Singh, Sub-Inspector, Patiala State Police.
Muhammad Yakub, Mounted Constable, Sind Police.

For Distinguished Service
England and Wales
Frederick William Abbott  Chief Constable, Metropolitan Police Force.
Lieutenant-Colonel Noel Llewellyn  Chief Constable of Wiltshire.
Donald Heald, Chief Constable of the Middlesbrough Borough Police Force.
Henry Howarth, Chief Constable of the Rochdale Borough Police Force.
Frank Joseph May, Chief Constable of the Swansea Borough Police Force.
Wilfred Blacker, Chief Superintendent, West Riding of Yorkshire Constabulary.
John Crockford, Superintendent and Deputy Chief Constable, Essex Constabulary.
John Sidney Hall, Superintendent, Leicestershire Constabulary.
Fred Bristow, Detective Superintendent, Sheffield City Police Force.
John Thomas May, Superintendent, Plymouth City Police Force.

Scotland
Donald Macpherson, Assistant Chief Constable, Glasgow City Police Force.
Colin Fraser Brown, Superintendent, Edinburgh City Police Force.

Australia
George Alexander Mitchell, Superintendent, New South Wales Police Force.
Matthew Linegar, Superintendent, New South Wales Police Force.
Alexander Beattie, Superintendent, New South Wales Police Force.
James Bennetts, Superintendent, New South Wales Police Force.
Edward Douglas Irving, Superintendent, New South Wales Police Force.

British India
Mukunda Lall Bhattacharji, Officiating Inspector, Bengal Police.
Abu Ahiya Bazle Murshedi, Officiating Inspector, Bengal Police.
Manindra Lai Das Gupta, Officiating Inspector, Bengal Police.
Ralph Clarence Morris, Deputy Inspector-General of Police for Railways and Criminal Investigation, Burma.
Captain Reginald Malpas Gore  Assistant Commandant, Southern Shan States Battalion, Burma Military Police.
Rai Bahadur Jasdal Limbu, Subedar-Major Eastern Battalion, Burma Military Police.

Colonies, Protectorates and Mandated Territories
Alexander Bertfield Clarke, Sergeant of Police, British Honduras.
Neil Stewart  Superintendent of Police, Kenya.
Major Frederick Thomas George Tremlett  Commissioner of Police and Prisons, Uganda Protectorate.
Edward Franklin Laborde Wright, lately Deputy Inspector-General of Police, Ceylon.

Imperial Service Medal (ISM)

British India
Valiapurayil Paidal, retired Amin, District Court, North Malabar, Madras.
Raghubir Panday, lately Head Jemadar of Peons, Office of the Private Secretary to His Excellency the Viceroy.
Ganga Sevak, lately Jemadar of Peons, Foreign and Political Department.

Royal Red Cross (RRC)
First Class
Daisy Maud Martin  Matron-in-Chief, Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service, in recognition of the exceptional devotion to duty displayed by her in military hospitals.
Winifred Eveline Molesworth, Matron, Princess Mary's Royal Air Force Nursing Service, in recognition of the exceptional devotion and competency displayed by her in the nursing and care of the sick in Air Force Hospitals at Home and Abroad.

Second Class
Annabella Ralph, Superintending Sister.
Eleanor Irene Box, Nursing Sister.
Lilla Maclachlan Ramsay, Nursing Sister.

References

New Year Honours
1935 in Australia
1935 in Canada
1935 in India
1935 in New Zealand
1935 in the United Kingdom
1935 awards


text:
L'alphabet maltais est l'alphabet utilisé pour écrire le maltais. C'est le seul exemple d'alphabet permettant d'écrire une langue sémitique qui soit fondé sur l'alphabet latin moderne. Pour cela, il comprend, outre les lettres de l'alphabet latin, des lettres diacritées qui l'enrichissent afin d'exprimer le plus correctement possible les phonèmes, les sonorités et intonations sémitiques.

Il a fallu environ deux siècles et plus de douze versions différentes pour que l'alphabet actuel fût finalement fixé officiellement le . La création de cet alphabet était indispensable pour permettre à la langue maltaise de ne plus être seulement une langue parlée.

Cette entreprise s'est heurtée à de nombreuses difficultés : d'ordre technique afin d'adapter l'alphabet latin à une langue sémitique ; d'ordre politique, car sur ce terrain de l'écriture s'affrontaient les indépendantistes maltais, les partisans de l'irrédentisme italien et l'occupant anglais ; enfin, les religions et les traditions s'opposaient aussi sur ce sujet, certains n'acceptant pas de reconnaître l'origine arabe de la langue.

La création de cet alphabet est due surtout à la volonté d'un petit nombre de lettrés maltais.

L'alphabet maltais comprend 25 lettres composant 30 graphèmes

Création de l'alphabet 1750 - 1934

Le maltais est très longtemps resté une langue uniquement parlée ; la population communiquait en maltais mais les lettrés utilisaient le sicilien pour tous les écrits. En fait, du siculo-arabe au maltais, le parlé et l'écrit suivront sur l'archipel maltais une évolution parallèle à celle de la Sicile, celle-ci allant du siculo-arabe vers le sicilien.

Si l'on peut estimer les origines du maltais vers le , c'est seulement au  qu'apparaissent dans des actes notariés les premières traces écrites du maltais. Ces actes sont rédigés en sicilien, mais les noms de personne et de lieu sont souvent écrits en maltais avec une transcription phonologique ou phonétique. L'alphabet n'étant pas adapté, cette transcription est aléatoire, et, à un phonème maltais correspondent des graphèmes siciliens souvent différents (la transcription du son « k » ou « ch » et « i » ou « j » donne la graphie plutôt maltaise «  » ou plutôt sicilienne «  » pour transcrire « église »).

Nous ne savons pas si le maltais, avant le , a pu être écrit avec l'alphabet arabe, aucun texte n'est connu, si ce n'est quelques rares cas d'expériences plus récents non significatifs.

Phonétiquement, les consonnes latines b, d, f, l, m, n, p, r, s, t ne posent pas de problèmes aussi bien pour le maltais que pour le sicilien. En revanche, les lettres c, g, h, j, k, q, v, x, z, prononcées à la sicilienne, ne peuvent retranscrire correctement les phonèmes maltais. Ils seront, entre autres, transcrits plus tard par « ċ », « ġ », « għ », « ħ » ou « ż ».

Premières tentatives 1750 - 1841

Le premier à s'intéresser au problème de transcription du maltais est le chanoine Gian Pietro Francesco Agius de Soldanis qui écrit en 1750 un livre en deux parties :  (Description de la langue punique) et  (Nouveau Cours de grammaire). Mais comme le phénicien est une langue encore pratiquement inconnue, la première communication de Jean-Jacques Barthélemy ne date que de 1854, Soldanis pense que le maltais est d'origine punique, dans son esprit non arabe ou sémitique, il fait donc de sa grammaire, une grammaire latine inspirée du sicilien. Elle commence par la définition d'un alphabet spécifique au maltais. Il sera le premier à poser le principe, pour le maltais, d'un seul graphème pour un seul phonème :
a, b, c (pour ċ actuel), d, e, f, gk (pour g), g (pour ġ), ch (pour ħ), i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, k  (pour q), r, s, t, u, v, sc (pour x), z.

Pratiquement en même temps, Dom Frangisk Wizzino écrit en 1752  (Apprentissage chrétien), moitié en maltais, moitié en italien. A-t-il eu connaissance du principe établi par de Soldanis ? En tout cas, il ne respecte pas la correspondance d'un graphème pour un phonème :
a, b, ce/ci (pour ċ actuel), ca/co/cu (pour k), d, e, f, ge/gi (pour ġ), ga/go/gu (pour g), hh (pour ħ), i, j, k (pour q), l, m, n, o, p, r, s, sch (pour sk), t, u, v, w, sc (pour x), z.

Celui qui plus tard sera appelé « le père de la langue maltaise », un patriote maltais, Mikiel Anton Vassalli étudie de façon plus scientifique le parler du peuple et principalement celui de Żebbuġ, sa ville natale, qu'il estime être le maltais le plus pur. En effet, il considère que l'écriture du maltais doit refléter le plus précisément possible le parler populaire. En 1788, Vassalli publie dans  (Alphabet maltais) son premier alphabet connu qui n'est encore qu'une transcription utilisant un alphabet latin augmenté de dix autres signes. Ce qui lui permet de transcrire les dix phonèmes qu'il a identifiés comme étant différents des sonorités italiennes.

Pendant son exil à Rome, il publie en 1790  (Alphabet maltais défini avec le maltais et avec l'italien). Il y complète l'alphabet latin avec dix lettres qui donnent au maltais une sonorité plus sémitique. Il en emprunte au grec, au russe et à l'arabe, tandis que, en 1791, trois lettres sont de sa création (ⵖ, ⵄ, ʓ) :
a, b, c, ɥ (pour ċ actuel), d, e, f, ɣ. (pour ġ), ɣ (pour g), ع (pour għ), غ (pour gḥ), h, ⵖ (pour ħ), ⵄ (pour ḥ), i, у (pour ie court), ў (pour ie long), j, k, l, m, n, o, p, ¢ (pour q), r, s, t, u, v, w, ɰ (pour x), z, ʓ (pour ż).

En 1796, dans Lexikon (Lexique), il simplifie une première fois son alphabet en remplaçant les graphèmes arabes par d'autres signes et en introduisant un digramme æ pour transcrire le phonème « ie » long :a, b, ɥ (pour ċ actuel), d, e, f, Г (pour ġ), ⴳ (pour g), h, ɸ (pour ħ), 7 (pour għ), 3, (pour gḥ), ∩ (pour kh), i, y (pour ie court), æ (pour ie long), j, k, l, m, n, o, p, ¢ (pour q), r, s, t, u, v, w, ɰ (pour x), z, ʓ (pour ż).

Pendant son long exil en France ou après son retour à Malte, où il enseigne à la première chaire de maltais à l'université, il travaille à sa grammaire qu'il publie en 1827, et, pour rendre l'écriture du maltais plus accessible au peuple, il simplifie son alphabet. Même en réintroduisant deux lettres arabes, il passe de 34 lettres pour son deuxième alphabet, à 33 au troisième, et à 27 dans ce quatrième :a, b, c, d, e, f, ع (pour għ), غ (pour gḥ), ĥ (pour ħ), ɣ (pour ie), ie (pour ā), j, ẖ (pour kh), l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, z.

De son côté, à partir de 1822, un certain Gużeppi Martin Cannolo, habitant de La Valette, fait de nombreuses traductions, comme l'Évangile de saint Jean, en utilisant un alphabet dans lequel il introduit le premier la barre inscrite comme signe diacritique pour la lettre « ħ » :a, b, d, e, f, g, h, ħ, i, j, c (pour k actuel), l, m, n, o, p, ḱ (pour q), r, s, t, u, v, w, ŝ (pour x), z.

Un premier manuel de lecture pour les enfants des écoles est édité en 1824 à Livourne par Francesco Vella, Chiteb i-Kari Malti yau Dahla al llsien Malti (en maltais moderne  – Livre de lecture pour la langue maltaise, introduction au maltais). L'alphabet qui y est utilisé fait de fines distinctions :a, b, ça/ço/çu (pour ċ actuel), ce/ci (aussi pour ċ actuel), d, e, f, ge/gi (pour ġ), gja/gjo/gju (aussi pour ġ), h, i, j, ch (pour k), l, m, n, o, p, k (pour q), r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z.

Le docteur Stefano Zerafa, pour éditer en 1827 une importante étude sur la botanique maltaise  (Trésor de la flore maltaise), fait des recherches poussées pour écrire, de la meilleure façon possible, le nom des plantes maltaises. Son alphabet s'inspire de celui de Vassalli, en le simplifiant encore :a, b, c (pour ċ actuel), d, e, f, ɣ (pour g), غ (pour gḥ), h, i, y (pour j), k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, z.

En 1831, Francis Vella (peut être le même que Francesco Vella) publie aussi à Livourne, une grammaire  (Grammaire maltaise à l'usage des Anglais) avec un alphabet proche de celui de Francesco Vella. C'est lui qui introduit la digraphe « gh` » avec un « h` » au lieu du « ħ », ainsi que des graphèmes caractéristiques de l'alphabet maltais :a, b, ça/ço/çu (pour ċ actuel), ce/ci (aussi pour ċ actuel), d, e, f, ge/gi (pour ġ), ḡa/ḡo/ḡu (aussi pour ġ), gh` (pour għ), ġh` (pour gḥ), h, h` (pour ħ), ḣ (pour kh), i, j, l, m, n, o, p, k (pour q), r, s, t, u, v, w, x, z.

En 1838, l'alphabet de Francis Vella fait son entrée dans les écoles avec Abbecedario al Kadi tas Schejel ta Taghlim Xilxjeni (en maltais moderne  - Abécédaire pour le service mutuel de l'apprentissage scolaire). Mais un an plus tard, il est remplacé par  (Leçons de lecture anglaise et maltaise à l'usage des écoles primaires publiques), le gouvernement colonial anglais ayant fait le choix d'une prononciation plus arabisante car il ne veut pas favoriser un manuel qui faciliterait en même temps l'apprentissage de l'italien. En réponse, Francis Vella publie un fascicule  (Inconvénients d'un alphabet arabo-romain).

C'est la même année que le gouvernement décide de la liberté de la presse, ce qui va multiplier les journaux de langue maltaise. Mais la recherche par les journalistes d'une orthographe stable ne suffira pas à unifier les différents alphabets.

En 1841, George Percy Badger, rédacteur en chef du premier journal de langue maltaise, publie dans son journal  (Une lettre sur l'éligibilité du dialecte maltais comme support écrit de l'instruction dans les écoles primaires publiques). Francis Vella lui répond aussitôt dans une brochure  (Découverte de cinq nouvelles voyelles de G.P. Badger). Ces échanges de libelles sont caractéristiques de la guerre linguistique qui s'établit alors à Malte entre les tenants de la langue italienne, futurs supporters de l'irrédentisme italien et les tenants d'un nationalisme maltais, appuyés, plus ou moins ouvertement, par le pouvoir colonial anglais.

Presque un siècle après les premiers essais de Soldanis, aucun alphabet ne s'est véritablement imposé. La diversité de l'écriture de la langue prédomine, et une même lettre peut représenter diverses prononciations.

 Rationalisation des efforts 1841 - 1920

L'alphabet de Stefano Zerafa créé en 1827, va connaître un certain succès dans les milieux scientifiques puisqu'il est adopté en 1840 par la  (Société économique agraire) et en 1841 par la  (Société de médecine). Une réunion du  de la Société de médecine lance l'idée d'une commission qui prendrait en charge la réflexion et la création d'un alphabet maltais unique. Cette commission remet son rapport le , elle retient l'alphabet de Zerafa et insiste sur la nécessité d'un graphème pour un phonème et des orientations arabisantes prônées par Vassalli.

À la suite de quoi, un théologien familier des langues sémitiques, Dom Salv Cumbo, à l'aide d'une liste de mots maltais, hébreux, araméens et arabes, démontre la grande similitude entre ces différentes langues.

En réaction, se crée en 1843  (Académie philologique), qui défend l'idée que l'alphabet maltais devait servir aussi l'enseignement de l'italien. Elle édite un livre  (L'apprentissage de la lecture maltaise), publie la revue  (Le Maltais) et propose un alphabet où les graphèmes recouvrent plusieurs phonèmes en opposition avec l'alphabet de la Société de médecine :a, b, ce/ci (pour ċ actuel), ca/co/cu/ch (pour k), d, e, f, g (pour għ), h, i, j, l, m, n, o, p, k (pour q), qw (pour kw), r, s, t, u, v, x, z.

Après être passé du plan linguistique au plan politique et même nationaliste, la religion fit son introduction dans le débat : en 1845, la  (Société pour la promotion de la connaissance chrétienne) avec le pasteur Mikiel Ang. Camilleri, catholique devenu protestant anglican, traduit en maltais les livres sacrés, supprimant toutes les lettres doubles et utilisant un alphabet se rapprochant le plus possible de l'anglais :a, b, ch (pour ċ actuel), d, e, f, g, h, i, j (pour ġ), k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, sh (pour x), y (pour j), z.

La même année, le chanoine Fortunat Panzavecchia fit une proposition très proche du troisième alphabet de Vassalli.

Giovanni Battista Falzon proposa un alphabet très similaire à l'alphabet actuel dans son  (Dictionnaire maltais-italien-anglais). C'est lui qui introduit le point suscrit comme signe diacritique sur le « ġ ». Alphabet Falzon:a, b, c (pour ċ actuel), d, e, f, g, ġ, h, ħ, ḣ, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, x, z, ∩(ajn), ∩̇ (ghajn).

En 1866, l'alphabet suivant fut proposé:a, b, ċ/ce/ci, d, e, f, ġ/ge/gi, g/ghe/ghi, h, ħ, i, ie, j, c/che/chi, l, m, n, o, p, k, r, s, t, u, v, (u), x, z, ż

En 1876, vit le jour la  (Société pour la culture) pour promouvoir la langue maltaise en reprenant l'alphabet de l'Académie philologique.

En 1880, fut fondée la  (Société sémitique) dont beaucoup de membres vinrent de la Société pour la culture, tel Napuljun (Napoléon) Tagliaferro ou Annibale Preca. Ses membres prirent le parti de faire un alphabet phonétique, un graphème pour un phonème, mais aussi chaque graphème une seule lettre, au risque d'introduire des graphèmes polyvalents [un graphème = plusieurs phonèmes] :a, b, c (pour ċ actuel), d, e, f, j (pour ġ), ḡ (pour għ), h, i, y (pour j), k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, z.

C'est certainement l'alphabet le plus simple jusqu'alors proposé pour écrire le maltais. Sigismondo Savona, directeur de l'instruction publique l'introduit dans les écoles publiques dès la fin de 1882. Le , Preca présenta son alphabet devant le personnel enseignant. Cet alphabet fut vigoureusement combattu par tous les partisans de l'italien qui y voyaient un lien trop proche avec l'anglais. Il ne sera utilisé que jusqu'à la démission de Savona en 1887. Cette opposition était de motivation plus politique que linguistique.

Il y eut encore en 1894, une proposition de Anton Muscat Fenech, puis en 1902 de Ganni Vassallo qui sera à l'origine de l'orthographe mais pas de l'alphabet de la  (Association des écrivains maltais), et, en 1903, de Anton Manwel Caruana, un écrivain connu, avec son dictionnaire  (Vocabulaire de la langue maltaise).

Dans le même temps, Dimech dénonçait régulièrement dans son journal  (Le drapeau de Malte) les  manœuvres partisanes opposant les partisans de la langue anglaise à ceux de la langue italienne, au détriment de la langue maltaise.

 Le maltais, langue nationale 1920 - 1934

Pour relancer le débat, il faudra l'appel d'un jeune homme de 21 ans, Franġisk Saver Caruana, dans le journal , le , demandant la création d'une nouvelle union des écrivains maltais. Pendant deux mois, des échanges épistolaires auront lieu par journaux interposés, échanges auxquels prendront part, entre autres, Ġużepp Farrugia, Ġużè Micallef Goggi, Ġużè Muscat Azzopardi, Pawlu Bellanti, Pietru Pawl Grima, Nerik Bonnici ou encore C. Sant.

Enfin, le , paraît un avis :  (Le prochain dimanche, , à 10 h 30 du matin, se tiendra la première réunion de la Société du cercle Saint-Joseph à La Valette, 266, rue Saint-Paul). Plus de trente personnes y sont présentes : Ġużè Muscat Azzopardi est nommé président et Franġisk Saver Caruana, secrétaire. Il est décidé de former une commission pour organiser l'alphabet et l'orthographe avec Azzopardi, Pawlu Galea, Ninu Cremona et Dun Karm Psaila, qui recevra plus tard le titre de poète national en écrivant le texte de l'hymne national maltais. Cette commission est rapidement élargie à Ġanni Vassallo, Ġużè Micallef et P. Cauchi. Elle prend le nom de  (Association des écrivains maltais).

Le , après 17 séances de travail, l'Association remet ses travaux, et, à quelques détails près, c'est l'alphabet actuel qui est proposé. Cette proposition recueille rapidement l'assentiment de tous, après des échanges menés par Dun Karm Psaila, Ġanni Vassallo et Ninu Cremona, toujours dans les colonnes de . Le  est élu le premier comité de l'association des écrivains maltais avec le professeur Themistocles Zammit, président d'honneur, Ġużè Muscat Azzopardi, président, Pawlu Galea, vice-président, Franġisk Saver Caruana, secrétaire et Dun Karm Psaila, Ninu Cremona, Ġużè Demajo, Ġużè Micallef Goggi, Rogantin Cachia et Vinċenz Misfud Bonnici, comme membres.

La commission avec Cremona, assisté de Vassallo, travaille pendant deux ans pour présenter les règles de grammaire et d'orthographe. La commission, manquant de fonds, demande au gouvernement de les publier ; ce qui sera fait en 1924 sous le nom de  (Information sur l'écriture du maltais). En pleine guerre linguistique qui oppose italianisants et maltaisants, l'Association sollicite le  le gouvernement pour qu'il reconnaisse officiellement l'alphabet, la grammaire et l'orthographe de l'association des écrivains.

En 1932, le ministre de l'éducation publique est Enrico Mizzi, connu et condamné pendant la Première Guerre mondiale pour son attachement à l'Italie. Il prend, le , des directives qui imposent, dans l'enseignement, l'utilisation du maltais, dans le but d'aider à l'apprentissage de l'italien. Ces directives modifient assez profondément les règles de l'Association et se basent sur un alphabet purement phonétique. Pietru Pawl Saydon, professeur à l'Université et président de l'association des écrivains, s'élève contre ces directives. Une association des professeurs d'université, qui soutient l'association des écrivains, est évincée de l'Université. Devant la fronde des élites maltaises, le gouvernement colonial britannique reprend les choses en main, retire les directives Mizzi, et introduit les règles de l'Association dans les écoles publiques.

Enfin, le , le gouvernement colonial met fin à la guerre linguistique en faisant paraître dans la  (La Gazette du Gouvernement, le journal officiel maltais) un avis qui précise que l'alphabet et l'orthographe de la société des écrivains maltais sont officiellement adoptés, et que la langue maltaise est déclarée langue officielle avec l'anglais à la place de l'italien. Enfin, la langue maltaise dispose d'un alphabet, d'une grammaire et de règles d'orthographe :a, b, ċ, d, e, f, ġ, g, għ, h, ħ, i, ie, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, z, żIl faudra attendre 1956 pour que ces dispositions soient pratiquement généralisées à l'ensemble des institutions. Enfin, le , la société des écrivains maltais est transformée en  (Académie maltaise) responsable de la langue. Cette responsabilité est transférée par le gouvernement au  (Conseil national de la langue maltaise) qu'il crée en 2005.

 Composition

L'alphabet maltais comprend 30 graphèmes, composé de :
 24 lettres :
 5 voyelles : a, e, i, o, u,
 19 consonnes : b, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, z,
 4 lettres diacritées du point suscrit ou de la barre inscrite :
 4 consonnes : ċ, ġ, ħ, ż,
 2 digrammes :
 2 diphtongues : għ, ie.

Il existe un autre signe diacritique, l'accent grave, qui est utilisé sur la dernière syllabe des mots généralement d'origine sicilienne ou italienne (toscan), mais jamais sur les mots d'origine sémitique. Il n'y a pas d'accent sur les mots ne comportant qu'une seule syllabe : à, è, ì, ò et ù.

Déjà peu utilisé, l'accent circonflexe est supprimé de l'écriture de la langue maltaise en  par décision du  (Conseil national de la langue maltaise).

Il faut remarquer que la lettre diacritée « ċ » existe alors que la lettre « c » ne fait pas partie de l'alphabet.

La seule lettre de l'alphabet classique latin non reprise dans l'alphabet maltais est la lettre « y » qui ferait double emploi avec la lettre « j ».

 Écriture

Les deux digrammes għ et ie étant considérés comme deux lettres à part entière, les dictionnaires maltais les écrivent en grande majuscule avec deux lettres capitales GĦ et IE, mais la typographie respecte rarement cette présentation. Dans ces mêmes dictionnaires nous trouvons la typographie Għarbi (arabe) et non GĦarbi. La presse écrite n'utilise qu'exceptionnellement, sans raison apparente, les doubles capitales. Le nom des villes comme Għajnsielem, Għajn Tuffieħa, Għarb, Għargħur, Għasri et Għaxaq est toujours écrit avec une seule lettre capitale, aussi bien dans les journaux de langue maltaise que ceux de langue anglaise.

L'analyse des copies des étudiants de maltais à l'université tend à montrer la disparition du signe diacritique sur le « ċ » car il ne peut y avoir de confusion orthographique et phonétique avec la lettre « c » inexistante dans l'alphabet maltais.

 Ordre alphabétique

À la différence d'autres alphabets, l'alphabet maltais considère ses 30 graphèmes comme des lettres d'alphabet à part entière et donc prises en compte dans l'ordre de classement alphabétique. Les dictionnaires maltais classent le vocabulaire suivant les 30 combinaisons dans l'ordre suivant :

A a, B b, Ċ ċ, D d, E e, F f, Ġ ġ, G g, GĦ għ, H h, Ħ ħ, I i, IE ie, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Z z, Ż ż.

Il faut remarquer que la place des lettres diacritées varie en fonction des lettres, le « ċ » se trouve normalement entre le « b » et le « d », le « ġ » est classé avant le « g » alors que le « ħ » est classé après le « h ». Le digramme « għ » est logiquement placé entre le « g » et le « h » et le digramme « ie » est placé après le « i ». Dans le cas de tri informatique le digramme « Ie » est considéré comme étant deux lettres séparées, à la différence de « Għ » qui reste indissociable. La lettre « ż » pose un problème, les dictionnaires la classent traditionnellement en fin d'alphabet après le « z », mais l'organisme de normalisation maltais  classe maintenant la lettre « ż » avant le « z ».

Les mots comportant des voyelles accentuées, ou commençant par une majuscule, sont classés comme si ces voyelles n'étaient pas accentuées, ou que ces mots ne comportaient pas de majuscule. Si deux mots diffèrent uniquement par l'accentuation, la lettre accentuée suit la lettre non accentuée :  (« pape ») précède  (« père »), et si deux mots sont identiques à la majuscule près, le mot avec majuscule précède le mot sans : Marsa (la ville de Marsa) précède  (« port, baie »).

Quand l'alphabet anglais est combiné avec l'alphabet maltais, l'ordre devient :
A, B, Ċ, C, D, E, F, Ġ, G, Għ, H, Ħ, I, Ie, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Ż, Z.

Si le classement est alphanumérique, les chiffres arabes sont classés dans l'ordre numérique, avant les caractères alphabétiques.

 Épellation

À la différence de l'alphabet grec, l'alphabet maltais, , n'a pas de nom pour appeler les graphèmes qui le composent. En fait les lettres s'appellent comme elles se prononcent et pour épeler un mot, les Maltais prononcent la lettre avec un allongement permettant de faire une distinction nette entre les phonèmes. Hormis les voyelles, les consonnes nécessitent le support d'une ou plusieurs voyelles pour être prononcées :
 les six voyelles : a, e, i, ie, o et u se prononcent donc  et  ;
 quinze consonnes nécessitent adjonction de la voyelle e à la suite : b, ċ, d, ġ, g, ħ, j, k, p, q, t, v, w, z et ż s'épellent  et  ;
 sept consonnes se nomment à l'aide de la voyelle e en début et en fin : f, l, m, n, r, s et x s'épellent  et  ;
Seules deux consonnes portent en fait un nom :
 la lettre h totalement muette, donc imprononçable, s'appelle et s'épelle à l'aide de la voyelle a :  ;
 la lettre għ a gardé le nom de son origine arabe :  (à rapprocher de la lettre arabe ع, utilisée par Mikiel Anton Vassalli, et qui se nomme aussi ).

 Prononciation

 Prononciation comparative

 Phonétique

 Consonnes

L'alphabet maltais se compose de 24 consonnes, b, ċ, d, f, ġ, g, għ, h, ħ, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, z et ż retranscrites par 25 contoïdes permettant la transcription phonétique des sons du langage parlé maltais : /b/, , /d/, /f/, , /g/, /ħ/ et , / /, /ħ/, /j/, /k/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /p/, , /r/, /s/, /t/, /v/, /w/,  et ,  et , /ż/.

La consonne h, ne se prononçant pas, n'a pas de retranscription API. Deux consonnes, x et z, ont une prononciation différente suivant leur place dans le mot ainsi que le diagramme għ qui peut, au centre de mots, produire le même son que ħ. Ils ont donc chacune une double transcription phonétique.

Deux lettres, j et w, sont des consonnes spirantes qui se comportent comme des semi-consonnes (appelées aussi semi-voyelles). Elles forment avec des voyelles syllabiques des diphtongues (voir ci-dessous).

 Voyelles

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Voyelles
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| style="width:60px;" | Antérieures
| style="width:60px;" | Centrales
| style="width:60px;" | Postérieures
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| style="height:30px; text-align:right;" | Fermées
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| style="height:30px; text-align:right;" | Pré-fermées
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| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | Mi-fermées
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| style="height:30px; font-size:smaller; text-align:right;" | Moyennes
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La langue maltaise comporte :
 cinq voyelles courtes :
 a → , e → , i → , o →  et u → ,
 six voyelles longues :
 a → , e → , i → , o → , u →  et ie →

Elle comporte également :
 huit diphtongues :
 aj → , aw → , ej → , ew → , iw → , oj → , ow →  et aussi ie →  qui se comporte dans certains mots comme une diphtongue.

 Encodage de l'alphabet

Un autre type d'alphabet ou plutôt d'encodage a été créé pour la langue maltaise. Le développement, dans l'entre-deux guerres, du travail administratif et commercial révolutionne le travail de secrétariat. C'est en 1929 que George John Ransley adapte le système de sténographie de John Robert Gregg pour l'écriture sténographique du maltais. Pour ce qui est de la dactylographie, les secrétaires maltaises héritent leurs machines à écrire du colonisateur anglais. C'était donc à l'origine des claviers dit QWERTZ avant de devenir QWERTY. Ils comprenaient les touches suivantes :
Q, W, E, R, T, Z (Y), U, I, O, P - A, S, D, F, G, H, J, K, L - Y (Z), X, C, V, B, N, M.

Quand l'alphabet maltais fut officialisé, il manquait les touches spécifiquement maltaises. Les claviers furent étendus au début du , par l'ajout de quatre touches supplémentaires, Ċ, Ġ, Ħ et Ż, pour permettre la dactylographie aussi bien en maltais qu'en anglais.

Au début de l'informatique, les ordinateurs étaient commercialisés avec des claviers anglais, puis des patchs ont été introduits pour émuler ces claviers. Aujourd'hui plusieurs autorités gouvernementales se sont impliquées pour que la langue maltaise soit traitée, en informatique, sur un pied d'égalité avec la langue anglaise. Les logiciels utilisés dans les services publics ou par exemple à l'université utilisent maintenant tous des claviers étendus à l'alphabet simplifié anglo-maltais sans les digrammes Għ et Ie :
A, B, Ċ, C, D, E, F, Ġ, G, H, Ħ, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Ż, Z.

 Codage informatique

En 1961, le premier jeu de caractères ASCII (), code américain normalisé pour l'échange d'information, comportait les seuls 95 caractères permettant l'écriture de l'anglais. Sa dernière version de 1986, normalisée par ANSI ('' ou Institut national américain de normalisation) n'offre pas plus de possibilité que la norme ISO 646 de l'Organisation internationale de normalisation de 1972. Mais l'extension à 128 caractères permet de créer des tables comportant 12 caractères nationaux.

En 1999, une nouvelle norme ISO/CEI 8859 codant sur 8 bits permet la création de tables de caractères régionaux complets. la norme ISO/CEI 8859-3 permet le codage des caractères maltais. Vient ensuite la norme ISO/CEI 2022 qui code sur 8 ou 16 bits élargissant ainsi les possibilités de codage avant la création de la norme ISO/CEI 10646 et d'Unicode.

Les caractères de base de l'alphabet étendu anglo-maltais : Aa, Bb, Cc, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy et Zz, se trouvent dans la table des caractères Unicode - latin de base. Les claviers anglo-maltais comportent des touches permettant la frappe directe des caractères accentués : Àà, Èè, Ìì, Òò et Ùù, se trouvent dans la table des caractères Unicode - supplément latin-1.

Les caractères spécifiques à la langue maltaise se trouvent dans la table des caractères Unicode - latin étendu A. La lettre Ċ, appelée en français  est codée 010A, ċ  est codée 010B, Ġ  est codée 0120, ġ  est codée 0121, Ħ  est codée 0126, ħ  est codée 0127, Ż  est codée 017B et ż  est codée 017C.

Légende :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
  , Malte

  Mario Cassar, , 2005, consulté du 9 au
  Marisa Farrugia,  (PIN), coll.  62, Malte, 2004
  , Malte, 2008

  , 2009, consulté le

Articles connexes
 Langue maltaise
 Alphabet latin, Alphabet arabe
 Lettre, Consonne, Voyelle
 Diacritique, Point suscrit, Barre inscrite, Accent grave
 Linguistique, Phonétique,  Phonologie

Liens externes

 Alphabet sonore

Langue maltaise
Maltais

arz:مالطى#الألف-به المالطى

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