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Q: What does `>>` mean in terminal command? I came across a command just now given below -
$ echo 'eval "$(jenv init -)"' >> ~/.bash_profile

From what i can guess, it is probably used for committing the changes in .bash_profile but what exactly is it used for?

A: For the TLDR people who just like to see an example;
The standard output (not errors) of the command before the >> will get added to the end of the file named after it.
So if file "flintstones.txt" contains;
Fred
Barney

echo Dino >> flintstones.txt  will result in 'Dino' being added to the end of the file;
Fred
Barney
Dino

A: Short answer — what does >> do?
With >>, you append the output of a command to a file.
Your example command consists of several parts, basically:

command >> filename

So the output of command would be appended to filename.

What happens in the specific case of echo?
In your specific case, the echo "…" command outputs its input arguments to "stdout", which is the so-called "standard output descriptor". The input arguments to echo are followed by a newline (\n), so that you get a line break.
Here, a "standard output descriptor" is nothing more than an output stream that is shown in your shell when you execute a command. (That is, when you type echo foo and hit Enter, foo\n is the actual output of the echo command, which is shown by your shell as foo followed by a newline.)
Basically anything that writes to your command line is using stdout. There is also another descriptor called "stderr" that is typically used for error messages. It will also be printed like stdout, so sometimes they could be interspersed. And there is a stdin descriptor that is used for input. See this article for more info.
How do you redirect output in the shell?
You can always redirect stdout to a file descriptor, which you can do with one of these operators:

*

*> redirects to a file descriptor. It creates the file if it does not exist, or, if it already exists, truncates the file before writing. The file will be therefore overwritten with stdout.

*>> appends to a file descriptor. It creates the file if it does not exist.
You can also redirect stderr by using 2> or 2>> in a similar fashion. Or you can combine stderr and stdout into one file: 2>&1 does that. For more info about redirection and some more examples, you can read this small tutorial.
How can I figure out what a particular piece of shell code means?
Generally, you may want to try explainshell.com, which will give you visual guidance and information about a particular shell command.

A: It redirects the stdout of the program before >> and appends it to the given file after.

A: Again, if you do
> somefile.txt

The entire content of the file will be cleared.


text:
Sydney's new British pub interior created by film set designer
The Duke of Clarence, a 19th century-inspired English tavern, has open on Sydney's Clarence Street and as a Pom, I can tell you, it's very authentic! And like many Poms, a real English pub is one of the things I miss most about home, so I'm loving everything about it!
A team have meticulously scoured the UK for furniture to ensure the experience is authentic as possible, finding many original pub items over 100 years old. The building materials have been sourced from pubs, churches and warehouses around England, with the lights, panelling and stained glass all making their way across the Indian Ocean. The foorboards even date back to the 1850s.
Created and led by Mikey Enright and Julian Train, the world-class team behind multi award-winning gin bar The Barber Shop, The Duke of Clarence will offers a quintessentially British experience in the heart of the CBD. It has been designed in collaboration with famed UK set designer Sara Mathers, who has worked on Moulin Rouge and Ned Kelly among other hit movies.
Nestled in the hidden alleyway next to The Barbershop, the exterior is warmly lit, with flowers hanging from the ceiling and aged timber stairs welcoming guests into the venue. In pride of place at the entrance is a painting of the pub's namesake and mascot, The Duke of Clarence. Inside there's a 12-metre-long timber bar with oak wood panelling and stained glass, a library corner and fireplace.
"Everyone asks me what I miss most about England, and my answer is always 'a proper pub'", says Mikey, who hails from Liverpool. "This is everything I've ever wanted in a pub; a real English boozer where reading the paper over a pint is as welcome as a round of extra dirty martinis. It's going to have great tunes, perfect lighting and enough spirits to keep the most distinguished ladies and gents satisfied."
The Duke of Clarence will offer a comprehensive and diverse drinks selection, including a 500-strong lineup of spirits from the British Isles. Beer will be served from ornate beer taps sourced from England, with a heavy focus on cask ale. "The Clarence is a homage to the days gone by," he adds. "But we want it to feel as fresh and forward-thinking as it is nostalgic, so the drinks will very much reflect this." Guests can expect classic cocktails, treated with Victorian-era twists or rotovapped with ingredients that were used during the time of Charles Dickens.
In terms of food, there'll be classic pub cuisine with a clear British sensibility. The team have engaged consultant and fellow Liverpudlian David O'Brien (ex Merivale) to create the menu, drawing on his cherished memories growing up around pubs in Northern England.
The pub is named after the Duke of Clarence, who went on to become King William IV, monarch of England. His reign saw several powerful reforms; the poor law was updated, child labour restricted, slavery abolished in nearly all the British Empire, and the British electoral system refashioned by the Reform Act 1832. Clarence Street was named after him, and now, he even has a Sydney pub in his honour.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Orono, Maine - Senior Kevin Mezzadra's second goal of the game, 34 seconds into the second overtime period, lifting visiting UMBC (4-7-3, 1-2-2) to a 2-1 victory over Maine (0-14-0, 0-4) in America East Conference play.
Mezzadra, who did not play in Wednesday's 2-0 loss at Stony Brook due to the accumulation of five yellow cards, now has nine goals on the season.
He scored UMBC's first goal in the 25th minute of play, as he positioned himself at the post knocked in David Feazell's corner kick. The Retrievers dominated play in the first 45 minutes, outshooting the Black Bears, 10-1, but could not extend the 1-0 margin.
The Retrievers, who have been unable to post a shutout this season, came within 25 seconds of earning their first of the year. But Maine's Martin John converted a Cooper Friend corner kick sending the contest to extra time.
For UMBC, it was the third consecutive Saturday that they went to overtime, with both previous games ending up in 1-1 draws. After a scoreless first ten-minute period, UMBC sophomore Kevin Gnatiko captured the ball at midfield in the opening moments of the second extra session. He beat three Maine defenders and cut the ball back to an onrushing Mezzadra, who beat netminder Giacomo Brunino and gave UMBC a much-needed conference victory.
Three of UMBC's final four games will be at home as they try to get into the six-team America East Championships.


Robert Fox has 25 years of experience as a field mechanic. He has worked on heavy equipment as well as small engine repairs. Earning his degree at Utah State University in Agricultural Mechanics, he spent over twelve years working in Sweden for Scania Company as their head mechanic. Licensed and insured with guaranteed professionalism.
His experience allows him to offer quality work at reasonable prices. He is dependable and stands behind his work.


One of the things we are excited about (well, me way more so) is our idea of a guest book for the wedding. I might have mentioned it before in this blog series, but I absolutely love postcards. When I was out of the country, I would try to send postcards to friends and family and even some to myself. It was a fun time. I remember taking about an hour to sit in a cafe in Hiroshima, filling out postcards to send home before I hopped on the train back to Shimonoseki. That was a special time for me. A time to reflect on the crazy day I had, the things I had seen, and enjoy the scenery. There were even couple people with dogs who walked by and the dogs let me pet them! That was a rare occurrence in Japan. It was the saddest point of my time there.
So, I have a bunch of postcards from all over that I've collected. But also, I have a bunch of friends and family from all over who may or may not be able to attend. Our guestbook will be all postcards that people have either mailed to us, or brought themselves, or just picked out at the ceremony/reception and filled out. We were so excited to get our first one in the mail from my Aunt Brenda a couple weeks ago!
Isn't that fun?! It's just the kind of thing we want. If YOU are picking out a postcard to send or bring with you, it can be whatever you like, but I would love it if it's from something local to your area. Who knows, maybe we'll take our postcards and visit each site in order throughout our marriage. That sure would be fun. If you want more instructions, check out our wedding website here.
I absolutely love to paint. I'm a crafty person (if you can't tell). Sometimes when I'm stressing, or overwhelmed with stuff, I just need to sit down with a paintbrush and go. I did that this week. It's purposeful painting, not just for pleasure. I'll be able to do more of that after the wedding, but right now, everything I do just about needs to be purposeful. I've had this bunny shelf for years! I mean, years!
The project room is one glorious hot mess. Don't look at it.
I can't remember when I got it, but I know I had it through elementary school. That was when I was most into bunnies. Then I loved wolves. Then I loved elephants, and that's been a regular thing since. But I wanted to incorporate this into the wedding and then into the house afterwards. That will take some tweaking post-wedding day, but in the meantime, I needed to prime this baby and get some paint on her. I like to use flat house paint as a primer. It's what we used in art class in high school and the habit just stuck with me. When I pried open the lid of my small paint can, this is what I found.
Gross, huh? Tell me about it. I thought it was weird that nothing was moving inside when I was shaking it up. Yep, spoiled to the core. I've never seen anything like it. Thankfully, there is a lumber/quasi-hardware shop right down the street from The House, so Matt and I drove there and picked out a fresh can.
It's better if the paint is not completely white. For some reason it's harder to cover with darker colors. So, I got a tint called "Violet Puff." Bahaha, so funny. But it did the job! And the bunny shelf is well on her way to lovely readiness. I'm pretty pleased with her. There are some other things I'm painting too, but I don't like to give all my secrets away.
Last Fall, I planted a bunch of bulbs outside the front of The House. I have so many wonderful ideas for those garden beds. The biggest issue is that they don't get much sun, and there isn't much drainage. Oh, and about 12 ugly bush stumps spread fairly evenly throughout them. Those are going to HAVE to go. Matt and I dug up some weeds and were working on one of the shrubs the other day. After we finished, I asked if he felt any great satisfaction from it. He shrugged. Me, being the prophet that I am, balked and said, "You are fulfilling a command of God here! You were made and commanded to rule and subdue the earth and that's just what you're doing…doesn't that bring you satisfaction? You are living to the full potential of who God made you to be!" He didn't seem quite as impressed as I was. Go figure.
I'm starting to think that those daffodils are supposed to be that short and NOT because they get hardly any sun, but those crocuses are HUGE!
Crocuses are such a happy flower to me and remind me that winter is ending and spring is on its way. That makes you happy too, right?
While we were weeding (significantly less weeds than were rampant through the bed last year…ahem), I found a whole walnut and decided to crack it open. I had a chopper looking tool (Mom just informed me that it's a spade) and went at it. This was the result and how fun is that?!
We set it down and weren't thinking about keeping it. Seems another creature thought it was just as yummy, er, lovely, and took off with it before we could try and keep it.
In a few minutes, I will be heading out to my first wedding shower. I've been to several, but this will be MY first one. It's up at Matt's church and I'm really excited to go and see his family and church family – get to know them a bit better. It's hard living further away from where I will be living and not be able to spend quality time with everyone. I'm sure I will have pictures for you next entry!
This entry was posted in Getting Married, Rose #1 (and Other Growing Things) and tagged Collecting, first house, gardening, Getting Married, painting, Postcard, Relationships, Shimonoseki, wedding. Bookmark the permalink.


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Home > News > Architecture – Dec 26, 2012 2:11 pm
International Property Award Winners designed with ArchiCAD
Anthony Frausto-Robledo, AIA, NCARB, LEED AP
Graphisoft ArchiCAD powers two award-winning property designs–including South America's tallest skyscraper
Graphisoft of Hungary has announced recently that two of the winning entries of this year's 2012 International Property Awards winners were buildings designed using Graphisoft's award-winning BIM software ArchiCAD.
Farkasvolgyi Arquitetura was "highly commended" for two of its designs: Complexo Andradas, a mixed-use development, and ABC-All Business Center, both located in Brazil. The Complexo Andradas will boast South America's tallest building, the BH Tower.
"We are pleased and proud to learn that one of Graphisoft's key clients has been recognized by this esteemed group of professionals," said Viktor Varkonyi, CEO of Graphisoft. "The Farkasvolgyi team can be rightly proud of this latest success."
01 - Graphisoft's ArchiCAD BIM software was used by architects to design two of the International Property Award Winners. The ABC - All Business Center, in Brazil, copyright Casa Digital, image courtesy Graphisoft.
"With a history of 40 years behind us, today Farkasvolgyi Architecture reaps the rewards of an investment made long ago: the choice of ArchiCAD as our base software, even when this was not widespread in the country, was the right one.," said Bernardo Farkasvolgyi, architect and owner of the award-winning firm. "We trusted in Graphisoft, which now gives us what is the most advanced BIM software in the architecture and construction market," he added.
The International Property Awards are open to residential and commercial property professionals from around the globe. To learn more about ArchiCAD visit Graphisoft online here.
Story tags: ArchiCAD, awards, BIM, Graphisoft


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Q: Problem converting Array to Arraylist for dataProvider private var MealsListResult:ArrayList = new ArrayList;
protected var _data:resultData = new resultData;

private function resultHandler():void
    {
    var Meals:Array = _data.Meals;
    MealsListResult = _data.Meals as ArrayList;
    MealDataGrid.dataProvider = Meals;
    MealListView.dataProvider = MealsListResult;
    }

Should this be working?  the MealDataGrid is populating based on the array, but I am debugging and MealsListResult is null. but _data.Meals is not and I dunno if I'm missing something simple.
I can get it to work by doing it like: var MealsListResult2:ArrayList = new ArrayList(Meals); but I feel as though the first method should be working as well!
(there's mxml list and datagrid and such not shown here of course)

A: if _data.Meals is its runtime type is an array then _data.Meals as ArrayCollection will failed. but, new ArrayCollection(_data.Meals as Array) will working fine.
CMIIW
i guess your problem is you can't use single object as 2 or more different ui dataprovider.
try to use
MealDataGrid.dataProvider = _data.Meals;
MealListView.dataProvider = ObjectUtils.clone(_data.Meals);

UPDATE:
sorry i miss readed, i though it was ArrayColletion. but all you need to do is the same like ArrayCollection

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


You're now hiking the second half of the Colorado Trail so the trail heads are further away. It takes you 3 hours to drive to Poncha Springs – which is fast – but this is simply to meet up with Tumbleweed. It takes another couple of hours to drop off a car at Sargents Mesa and return to Monarch Pass to camp at the Fooses Creek Trail Head. You pitch your tent in the dark, thinking of your brother-in-law for gifting you a headlamp for Christmas.
The rolling Cochetopa Hills are as remote a location as any you've ever visited in Colorado. There are more cows than people. You actually expected the CT to route through the Sangre de Cristos. You've heard of those. But now you understand the Sangres range lies east of the trail as you drive by them for several hundred miles while shuffling cars to the extremely remote trail heads in the Cochetopas.
Tumbleweed launches Saturday with coffee by 5am and you gear up. You have some new gear today. The most important is the REI Trekker 1.75 Self-Inflating Sleeping Pad you bought hoping it would contribute to a better night's sleep. It does. Highly recommended. Of course you still used your old sleeping pad under the new one. Why not? The other gear is a pair of Outdoor Research Rocky Mountain Low Gaiters. These look as thick as your high gaiters but only cover your shoes and a bit of your ankle, leaving your legs cool. These work out well also. By 6am you begin hiking the second half of the Colorado Trail, planning a twofer by combining segments 15 and 16 for a 28 mile day.
The trail is nice with some patches of good dirt and pine needles. It's an uphill climb for the first 7 miles so you don't run, but you do maintain a decent 3 mile per hour pace. The elevation tops out just under 12K and you find you're now well conditioned to hike strong even uphill at this altitude. You barely rise above treeline, but you do cross through some beautiful mountain meadows littered with wildflowers. You've been waiting for such meadows; this is the time of year to get up in the mountains.
The climb up provides some decent views of the Collegiates to the north. You run some dips but mostly maintain your hiking pace. It's a nice day but rain is expected and you can see the clouds begin to form. You don't expect to be vulnerable though and even look forward to a light rain.
You encounter well over a dozen mountain bikers on segment 15. They like to start from Monarch Pass and ride the Monarch Crest Trail to Marshall Pass – which is where segment 15 ends. This is maybe one of the best trail rides in Colorado in terms of trail condition and views. The trail runs around a rim much like a bowl and allows the riders to view the terrain for miles. You envy them and consider getting a bike yourself. Maybe next summer.
The Monarch Crest Trail is quite nice for running as well and you take advantage. There are a good 3 miles or so mostly downhill. You start off slowly though as you miss an initial switchback. It might have been under snow or not well defined in the rocks, hard to say since you didn't see it. You end up bushwhacking down the hill until you're back on the trail. No biggie.
Segment 15 ends around 13 miles at Marshall Pass where Tumbleweed stashed a cooler of drinks the day before. You have many more drinks than required because you also expected a third hiker with you today. Thomas from Texas couldn't make it. He got stuck in Amarillo with family obligations.
But you meet a thru hiker at the pass named Viewpoint. And he seems thirsty, so you share some drinks with him while he relates trail stories. Viewpoint seems like a great guy and he takes some of your garbage off your hands as he is hitchhiking into town. This enables Tumbleweed to carry the cooler for segment 16. This will keep you from having to drive back to this trail head later in the day and subsequently save you a good 90 minutes. Considering the long car shuffle you have for tomorrow's hike, this could mean the difference between pitching your tent tonight in daylight or darkness.
You start off again on segment 16 after a good rest and two or three bottles of water and energy drinks. Marshall Pass is less than halfway and you have another 16 miles to hike. Despite starting from a pass, the trail winds uphill. The trail is a series of rolling hills cresting after 6 miles a little under treeline in a mountain cow pasture. The hills are never too steep to thwart your 3 mile an hour pace, and each meadow affords nice views of Mt. Ouray to the north. Otherwise this segment is fairly unremarkable and is much more rocky than segment 15. You can appreciate why you don't see any mountain bikers on this segment.
After 18 miles the trail drops sharply in elevation down to about 10.6K feet. There's enough flat segments from 20 to 24 miles to run a bit but that doesn't work for Tumbleweed carrying the cooler, so you hike it for the remainder of this segment. You maintain your 3 mile an hour pace up a 1000 foot climb from mile 24 to mile 27. This brings you to the high mountain meadow you'll be camping at. You reach Tumbleweed's truck to rescue it from cows who are licking it for some odd reason. This is Sargents Mesa – the most remote trail head so far in 16 segments of the CT.
Exhausted, you drive to Monarch Pass to pick up your car. You hope again to meet up with Thomas, but he can't make it. You witness some freakish lightening over the Cochetopa Hills around Marshall Pass and recognize you got off the trail just in time. Before dropping off Tumbleweed's car at the last trail head on Hwy 114 near North Pass, you stop for dinner at The Oasis in Sagauche. It's not bad for Mexican food. You'll likely regret this choice tomorrow, but you're damned hungry and you both order the El Grande Combination. This plate comes with every known Mexican entree from tacos to enchiladas to a chili relleno. You leave stuffed, drop off Tumbleweed's car and make it to your camp site at Sargents Mesa just as night falls. You have your best night's sleep ever on the CT.
The stars are still amazingly bright as you wake before 4:30am Sunday. You see a couple of shooting stars while drinking the morning coffee. The slow wake up viewing the solar system is nearly the highlight of today's hike. This trail isn't exciting enough to take many pictures of. It rides on top of the hill crests, actually the Continental Divide, but trees block most views. You are able to run much of this but at a pace driven hard by Tumbleweed that you find brutal.
You complete the 21 miles at a pace 2 minutes faster per mile than yesterday, both for the moving pace at 14 minutes per mile and the overall pace at 18 minutes per mile. It doesn't hurt that this hike loses 2000 feet in overall elevation, although it nearly all comes in the final 4 miles. Mile 17 to 18 begins the downhill ride through another gorgeous old growth aspen grove, but the most remarkable thing about it is finally this exceedingly rocky trail yields to soft dirt. Your feet are grateful. But wait, there's more. At the Lujan Pass Trail head at mile 18 is the most amazing Trail Angel ever. A tent is pitched with scores of cold drinks, food, batteries, first aid, bug spray – you need it it's here. You drown in orange crush and pink lemonade. It's unfortunate you drink so much because you can't keep up with Tumbleweed as he sprints the final few miles to Hwy 114. You join him after a couple of minutes to complete another 50 weekend miles of the CT. You're deep into a summer surge. Next weekend has 4 segments on the menu that look to be equally remote. Can't wait.


April is Earth Month at Kaua'i Community College. As such, KCC will be celebrating Earth Day all month long with speakers, student presentations, cultural workshops, panel discussions and a community-based Earth Day celebration April 22.
The public is invited to attend these on- and off-campus events during April as the college celebrates the ʻāina and the culture it sustains. The campus will host Earth Week 2019 activities from April 22 to 27, from Monday's hoʻolaulea to Saturday's community workday with Malama Huleʻia. A calendar of Earth Month events is posted on the KCC website and will feature a month-long Thursday afternoon series of panel discussions, a Hawaiian hale workshop, a presentation by Ulalia Woodside, Executive Director of the Nature Conservancy, and a campus celebration on April 22 from 10 a.m. – 2 p.m.
Earth Day, first celebrated on April 22, 1970, is an international day of action and is often acknowledged as one of the catalysts for the modern environmental movement in the United States. Proposed in 1969 as a way to honor the Earth and the concept of peace, it was then celebrated the following year across hundreds of college campuses as an environmental lesson. Peace activist John McConnel and Wisconsin U.S. Sen. Gaylord Nelson are often mentioned as inspired leaders of the growing movement for increased government regulations to protect the environment. Since then, Earth Day has gone global, and is now celebrated in more than 190 countries by more than a billion people as a day of civic engagement and political action.
For more information about KCC's 2019 Earth Month Celebration, visit www.kauai.hawaii.edu or contact Faculty Sustainability Coordinator Jimmy Trujillo at jtrujill@hawaii.edu or Earth Month Planning Committee Chair Pua Rossi Fukino at puali@hawaii.edu.


text:
Snake Game Download (1992 Arcade action Game)
Search a Classic Game:
Old Games Homepage
Download 10487 Games:
Action adventure (157)
Amiga (1112)
Arcade action (2858)
Board (176)
Non-English (96)
Arcade action Games:
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96
Download full Snake Game:
Download - Easy Setup (1.37 MB)
Snake Game screenshots:
Snake Game is a nibbles-style game. As a snake, the player has to eat all the fruit on the level and avoid the skulls. The game is a TSR; the player starts it and can press Ctrl+Alt+G anytime to play it.
How to run this game on modern Windows PC?
This game has been set up to work on modern Windows (10/8/7/Vista/XP 64/32-bit) computers without problems.
People who downloaded Snake Game have also downloaded:
Super Mario Pac, Space Invaders, Pac Man, Frogger, Snake!, Sonic Mega Collection Plus, Snarf, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2: The Arcade Game
©2019 San Pedro Software Inc. Contact: , done in 0.003 seconds.


Experiencing heartbreak at the breakdown of a marriage can seriously take its toll especially if you have built a life together. While there is no magic guide to handling this situation and every rela-tionship is different, there are a few steps that you can take to make this process easier so that you can recover as quickly as possible and start a new chapter in your life. There are sure to be a few dark days as well as a few that are not so bad and ultimately it will take time to heal your wounds, but here are a few key areas to address when a relationship struts to break down.
It should not be an emotionally reactive decision, plus you should consider couples therapy and other alternatives before separating. Therapy can be a great way to work through underlying is-sues.
It is a good idea to speak to a lawyer as soon as possible to get the ball rolling so that important aspects like children, finances, and property can be handled professionally. Additionally, a firm that specializes in divorce will be able to help you with your options as you may find that a marriage annulment is the best choice. This is a way to show that the marriage was never legally valid which could be preferable to a divorce.
A divorce can be a long and difficult process. Once you have decided to split up, you will need to come up with a temporary plan until you have separated and can start to build a new life. This temporary plan may involve one of you living with a friend or relative, but it can be particularly complicated if there are children involved, so you need to think about them too.
It is easier said than done, but it is best to be as patient and calm during this period as possible as it may take some time for issues to be resolved. You may want to start moving on and to start a new life as soon as possible, but it is essential to give the divorce your full attention to make sure that it is as healthy split as possible. This means that during this time you also need to take care of your physical and mental health and rely on those around you for support.
The breakdown of a marriage will always be an incredibly emotional and difficult time. It is important that you react with your head during this period to determine what the best course of action is and the above are the key stages to go through if you find that separation is on the cards.


text:
https://profreg.medscape.com/px/getpracticeprofile.do?method=getProfessionalProfile&urlCache=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbWVkaWNpbmUubWVkc2NhcGUuY29tL2FydGljbGUvODMyMzM2LW92ZXJ2aWV3
Drugs & Diseases > Emergency Medicine
Chlorine Toxicity
Author: Gerald F O'Malley, DO; Chief Editor: Zygmunt F Dembek, PhD, MPH, MS, LHD more...
Sections Chlorine Toxicity
Chest Radiography
Prehospital Care
Hospital Admission
Skin and Eye Exposure
Investigational Treatments
Beta2 Agonists
Anticholinergics, Respiratory
Xanthine Derivatives
Local Anesthetics, Amides
Corticosteroids, Inhalants
Chlorine gas is a pulmonary irritant with intermediate water solubility that causes acute damage in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Occupational exposures constitute the highest risk for serious toxicity from high-concentration chlorine (see the image below). Mixing of chlorine bleach (sodium hypochlorite) with ammonia or acidic cleaning agents is a common source of household exposure. As with all poisons, the dose determines the toxicity. Exposure to low concentrations of chlorine for prolonged periods may have destructive effects, as might very short-term exposure to high concentrations.
Chest radiograph of a 36-year-old chemical worker 2 hours postexposure to chlorine inhalant. She had severe resting dyspnea during the second hour, diffuse crackles/rhonchi on auscultation, and a partial pressure of oxygen of 32 mm Hg breathing room air. The radiograph shows diffuse pulmonary edema without significant cardiomegaly. Used with permission from Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Textbook of Military Medicine. 1997: 256.
Symptoms may vary depending on the degree of exposure. Exposure possibilities include acute low levels, acute high levels, and chronic low levels.
Low-level (3-5%, 1-15 ppm) acute exposure
Most poisonings fall into this category and are caused by household exposure to low-concentration cleaning products. Manifestations are as follows:
Eye tearing, nose and throat irritation
Excess salivation
General excitement or restlessness
High-level (20%, >30 ppm) acute exposure
In addition to the symptoms seen with low-level exposure, high-level exposure may result in the following:
Dyspnea: Upper airway swelling and obstruction may occur
Violent cough
Nausea and vomiting (with the odor of chlorine in emesis)
Chest pain or retrosternal burning
Dermatitis (with liquid exposure): Corneal burns and ulcerations may occur from splash exposure to high-concentration chlorine products
Esophageal perforation
Chronic exposure
Manifestations of chronic exposure include the following:
Acne (chloracne)
Hemoptysis
Findings on physical examination may include the following:
Tachypnea
Cyanosis (most prevalent during exertion)
Intercostal retractions
Decreased breath sounds
Rales (pulmonary edema)
Nasal flaring
Aphonia, stridor, or laryngeal edema
Ulceration or hemorrhage of the respiratory tract
Rhinorrhea
Lacrimation, salivation, and blepharospasm
Chloracne or tooth enamel corrosion (with chronic exposure)
Redness, erythema, and chemical burns to the skin from dose-dependent exposure to liquid
See Presentation for more detail.
Studies in patients with significant exposure to chlorine gas may include the following:
Serum electrolyte, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine levels
Arterial blood gases
CT scan of the chest
Ventilation-perfusion scan
Laryngoscopy or bronchoscopy
Abnormalities include hypoxia (from bronchospasm or pulmonary edema) [1] and metabolic acidosis. The metabolic acidosis may be hyperchloremic (nonanion gap). Chest radiograph findings are frequently normal initially but later may show nonspecific abnormalities, pulmonary edema, pneumonitis, mediastinal free air, myocardial depression, [2] or signs of ARDS.
The most important aspect of treating patients exposed to chlorine gas is the provision of good supportive care, as follows:
Supplemental oxygen (humidified if possible) as necessary
Fluid restriction and diuretics for impending pulmonary edema
Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in patients with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
Beta2 agonists and other bronchodilators as necessary for bronchospasm
Nebulized lidocaine for analgesia and reduction of cough
Consider nebulized sodium bicarbonate
Consider inhaled or parenteral corticosteroids
Copious saline irrigation for skin or eye exposures
Consider admission and observation for the following patients, even if they are initially asymptomatic, as they are at increased risk of progression to respiratory failure:
Patients exposed to large concentrations in an enclosed environment
Patients with underlying respiratory or cardiovascular disease
Educate patients on the risks associated with the improper handling of chlorine pool chemicals and the improper mixing of household cleaning chemicals. For patient education resources, see Chemical Warfare, Personal Protective Equipment, and Bronchoscopy.
Chlorine gas is a pulmonary irritant with intermediate water solubility that causes acute damage in the upper and lower respiratory tract. Currently, occupational exposures constitute the highest risk for serious toxicity from high-concentration chlorine. Mixing of chlorine bleach (sodium hypochlorite) with ammonia or acidic cleaning agents is a common source of household exposure. See Etiology.
Chlorine gas has also been used repeatedly as a chemical weapon. [3] The respiratory and mucous membrane irritant effects of chlorine have been well known for many years. John Doughty, a New York City schoolteacher, first suggested use of chlorine gas as a chemical warfare agent during the American Civil War. This proposal was never acted upon during that war. [4]
Chlorine gas was officially introduced into the chemical warfare arsenal in 1915 at Ypres, Belgium. Accounts of chlorine attacks at Ypres describe an olive-green cloud rolling over the Allied positions, following the ground contours, and sinking into the trenches. Soldiers seeking safety in those trenches were overcome by the gas and experienced tearing eyes, vomiting, and difficulty breathing. They abandoned their trenches and suffered great losses from artillery and rifle fire.
An estimated 93,800 tons of chlorine gas was produced during World War I, with more than half produced by Germany. Total gas casualties in World War I were estimated at almost 1.3 million troops. Of the 70,552 American soldiers poisoned with various gases in World War I, 1843 were exposed to chlorine gas. [4] Chlorine was abandoned as a warfare agent when the use of gas masks was introduced and more effective compounds were created and deployed.
However, on at least three occasions in January and February 2007, insurgents in Iraq incorporated chlorine tanks in vehicle-borne improvised explosive device (VBIED) attacks. Most of the deaths from the attacks were caused by the explosion, but many people were treated and hospitalized for chlorine exposure. [5] It has also been reported that Islamic State militants used chlorine gas when attacking the northern Iraq city of Kirkuk in 2016. [6]
The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) has confirmed that since 2013, chlorine gas has been the agent used in numberous chemical attacks in Syria affecting thousands of civilians and resulting in hundreds of deaths. [3]
Chlorine is a greenish-yellow, noncombustible gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Prolonged exposure to chlorine gas may occur because its moderate water solubility delays onset of upper airway symptoms for several minutes. In addition, chlorine gas is heavier than air in its pure form, causing it to remain near ground level and increasing exposure time.
The odor threshold for chlorine is approximately 0.3-0.5 parts per million (ppm); however, distinguishing toxic air levels from permissible air levels may be difficult until irritative symptoms develop. As the concentration of chlorine gas exposure increases, the severity of symptoms and rapidity of onset increase. The IDHL (immediately dangerous to life or health) is 10 ppm. Concentrations above 400 ppm are often fatal. [7]
Chlorine is moderately soluble in water and reacts in combination to form hypochlorous (HOCl) and hydrochloric (HCl) acids. Elemental chlorine and its derivatives, hydrochloric and hypochlorous acids, may cause biological injury. The chemical reactions of chlorine combining with water and the subsequent derivative reactions with HOCl and HCl are as follows:
a1) Cl2 + H2 O ⇔ HCl (hydrochloric acid) + HOCL (hypochlorous acid) or
a2) Cl2 + H2 O ⇔ 2 HCl + [O-] (nascent oxygen)
b) HOCl ⇔ HCl + [O-]
Chlorine gas, when mixed with ammonia, reacts to form chloramine gas. In the presence of water, chloramines decompose to ammonia and hypochlorous acid or hydrochloric acid. [8] Because of their high water solubility, chloramine exposures result in rapid symptom development. However, for mechanistic reasons that are not clear, chlorine 88 nitrogenous compounds result in less severe symptoms at onset. Because these initial symptoms are often mild, however, they may not prompt immediate retreat, thus resulting in prolonged exposure, with pulmonary and ocular symptoms predominating. [9]
Mechanism of activity
The mechanisms of biological activity are poorly understood and the predominant anatomic site of injury may vary, depending on the chemical species produced. Because of its intermediate water solubility and deeper penetration, elemental chlorine frequently causes acute damage throughout the respiratory tract. [10]
Cellular injury is believed to result from the oxidation of functional groups in cell components, from reactions with tissue water to form hypochlorous and hydrochloric acid, and from the generation of free oxygen radicals. Although chlorine was at one time thought to cause direct tissue damage by generating free oxygen radicals, [11] this concept is now considered controversial. [12, 13]
Solubility effects
While chlorine gas is only moderately soluble in water, hydrochloric acid is highly soluble. The predominant targets of the acid are the epithelia of the ocular conjunctivae and upper respiratory mucous membranes. [14]
Hypochlorous acid is also highly water soluble with an injury pattern similar to hydrochloric acid. Hypochlorous acid may account for most of the toxic effects of chlorine to the human body. [15]
Physiologic response
The early response to chlorine exposure depends on the following [1] :
Concentration of chlorine gas
Duration of exposure
Water content of the tissues exposed
Individual susceptibility
The immediate effects of chlorine gas toxicity include acute inflammation of the conjunctivae, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. Irritation of the airway mucosa leads to local edema secondary to active arterial and capillary hyperemia. Plasma exudation into the alveoli results in pulmonary congestion and edema.
Pathologic findings
Pathologic findings are nonspecific. They include the following [16] :
Hyaline membrane formation
Multiple pulmonary thrombosis
Ulcerative tracheobronchitis
The hallmark of pulmonary injury associated with chlorine toxicity is pulmonary edema, manifested clinically as dyspnea, adventitious lung sounds, and hypoxia. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema is thought to occur when there is a loss of pulmonary capillary integrity, and subsequent transudation of fluid into the alveolus. The onset can occur within minutes or hours, depending upon severity of exposure. Persistent hypoxemia is associated with a higher mortality rate.
In animal models of chlorine gas toxicity, immediate respiratory arrest occurs at 2000 ppm, with the lethal concentration for 50% of exposed animals in the range of 800-1000 ppm. [15] Bronchial constriction occurs in the 200-ppm range, with evidence of effects on ciliary activity at exposure levels as low as 18 ppm. With acute exposures of 50 ppm and subacute inhalation as low as 9 ppm, chemical pneumonitis and bronchiolitis obliterans have been noted. Mild focal irritation of the nose and trachea without lower respiratory effects occur at 2 ppm.
The extent of tissue response varies with both the concentration of exposure as well as underlying tissue sensitivity. In one study of chlorine gas toxicity conducted on human volunteers, 4 hours of exposure to chlorine at 1 ppm produced significant decreases in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate, as well as an increase in airway resistance. [17]
Volunteers with hyperreactive airways were noted to experience an exaggerated airway response to exposure of 1 ppm chlorine gas. [18] In another study, patients with rhinitis and advanced age demonstrated a significantly greater nasal mucosal congestive response to chlorine gas challenge than patients who did not have rhinitis or those of younger age. [19]
The eye is rarely damaged severely by chlorine gas toxicity; however, burns and corneal abrasions have occurred. Acids formed by the chlorine gas reaction with the conjunctival mucous membranes are partially buffered by the tear film and the proteins present in tears. Consequently, acid burns to the eye are typically limited to the epithelial and basement membrane, rarely extending to the deep endothelial cells.
Acid burns to the periphery of the cornea and conjunctiva often heal uneventfully. Burns to the center of the cornea may lead to corneal ulcer formation and subsequent scarring.
Ingestion is unlikely to occur because chlorine is a gas at room temperature. Solutions that are able to generate chlorine (eg, sodium hypochlorite bleach) may cause corrosive injury if ingested. [7]
Occupational exposures constitute the highest risk for serious exposure to high-concentration chlorine. Chlorine liquid is presently used in cleaning agents (eg, bleach, disinfectants), in water purification, and in the manufacture of items such as plastics. It is used in the following industries:
Water and sewage purification
Other exposures occur during industrial or transportation accidents. More than 200 significant industrial accidents involving chlorine have occurred since World War I. In addition, chemical attacks on civilians have been reported in both Iraq and Syria.
Household exposure occurs with chlorination tablet accidents during swimming pool maintenance, [20, 21, 22] or with inappropriate mixing of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) cleaning agents with ammonia products, which produces chloramine gas. Typically, this occurs in an enclosed environment such as a restroom. Chlorine gas also may be released in the household by mixing sodium hypochlorite solutions with acidic cleaning agents (toilet bowl cleaners).
In the United States, chlorine is the most common inhalational irritant. In 2017, the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) reported 4039 single exposures to chlorine gas, 2166 single exposures to chlorine gas when household acid is mixed with hypochlorite, and 2115 single exposures to chloramine gas. [23]
Chlorine is used in chemical, paper, and textile industries, along with sewage treatment. In each of these industries, the potential exists for accidental release. In addition, chlorine can be used in sabotage, warfare, and terrorist actions. [24, 25] For example, insurgents in Iraq incorporated chlorine tanks in vehicle-borne improvised explosive device attacks. [5]
Most individuals exposed to chlorine gas recover without significant sequelae. Even exposure to high-concentration chlorine gas is unlikely to result in significant, prolonged pulmonary disease.
Morbidity from moderate and severe exposures is typically caused by noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. This may occur within 2-4 hours of exposure to moderate chlorine concentrations (25-50 ppm) and within 30-60 minutes of severe exposures (>50 ppm).
In serious exposures, sloughing of the pulmonary mucosa occurs in 3-5 days, and oozing areas become covered with mucopurulent exudate. This chemical pneumonitis is often complicated by secondary bacterial invasion.
Resolution of pulmonary abnormalities in most individuals occurs over the course of 1 week to 1 month after the exposure. Smokers and persons with asthma are most likely to demonstrate persistence of obstructive pulmonary defects. [11] In a study of patients exposed to chlorine gas released after a train derailment, hypoxia on room air and the ratio of partial pressure of oxygen to fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air (PO2/FiO2) predicted the duration of hospitalization and the need for intensive care support. [24]
Residual effects
Although no definite conclusion can be drawn concerning the long-term effects of an acute chlorine gas exposure, findings suggest increased risk of persistent nonspecific airway responsiveness. Furthermore, following an acute exposure, some patients with injured pulmonary epithelium have progressed to develop pulmonary fibrosis. [26] Bronchiolitis obliterans and emphysema have also been described in patients following acute exposures.
Significant immedate reductions in lung function were reported in a study of 1807 millworkers exposed to chlorine gas after a train derailment led to an estimated 54,915-kg release of chlorine in Graniteville, South Carolina. Improvement was seen in the second year; but the proportion of mill workers experiencing accelerated annual decline in FEV1 significantly increased in the 18 months following the exposure. In addition, the study found that smokers experienced additional FEV1 and FVC loss in the years after the accident. [27]
Irritant-induced asthma (formerly known as reactive airway dysfunction syndrome [RADS]), is a variant of occupational asthma that occurs after a single, high-dose exposure or after repeated low-level exposure. [28] Within minutes to hours, these individuals develop respiratory symptoms [29] followed by persistent bronchial hyperresponsiveness. [30]
Persistent anxiety after acute exposure to chlorine gas has been observed. In one large-scale accident, 37% of respondents had a positive posttraumatic stress screen 8-10 months post disaster, 44% of which were considered severe; 27% of all individuals had a positive indication for tendency to panic. Tendency to panic was significantly associated with acute injury and female sex. [31]
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Malo JL, Cartier A, Boulet LP, L'Archeveque J, Saint-Denis F, Bherer L, et al. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness can improve while spirometry plateaus two to three years after repeated exposure to chlorine causing respiratory symptoms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994 Oct. 150(4):1142-5. [Medline].
Francis HC, Prys-Picard CO, Fishwick D, Stenton C, Burge PS, Bradshaw LM, et al. Defining and investigating occupational asthma: a consensus approach. Occup Environ Med. 2007 Jun. 64(6):361-5. [Medline]. [Full Text].
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Ginsberg JP, Holbrook JR, Chanda D, Bao H, Svendsen ER. Posttraumatic stress and tendency to panic in the aftermath of the chlorine gas disaster in Graniteville, South Carolina. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2012 Sep. 47(9):1441-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Szerlip HM, Singer I. Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis after chlorine inhalation. Am J Med. 1984 Sep. 77(3):581-2. [Medline].
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Baxter PJ, Davies PC, Murray V. Medical planning for toxic releases into the community: the example of chlorine gas. Br J Ind Med. 1989 Apr. 46(4):277-85. [Medline]. [Full Text].
O'Malley GF, Fasano C, Dominici P, Aguilera E. Eye irrigation is more comfortable with a lidocaine: containing irrigation solution compared with normal saline. J Trauma. 2008 May. 64(5):1360-2. [Medline].
Done AK. The toxic emergency, it's a gas. Emerg Med. 1976. 305-14.
Vinsel PJ. Treatment of acute chlorine gas inhalation with nebulized sodium bicarbonate. J Emerg Med. 1990 May-Jun. 8(3):327-9. [Medline].
Cevik Y, Onay M, Akmaz I, Sezigen S. Mass casualties from acute inhalation of chlorine gas. South Med J. 2009 Dec. 102(12):1209-13. [Medline].
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Aslan S, Kandis H, Akgun M, Cakir Z, Inandi T, Görgüner M. The effect of nebulized NaHCO3 treatment on "RADS" due to chlorine gas inhalation. Inhal Toxicol. 2006 Oct. 18(11):895-900. [Medline].
Kramer CG. Chlorine. J Occup Med. 1967 Apr. 9(4):193-6. [Medline].
Chester EH, Kaimal J, Payne CB Jr, Kohn PM. Pulmonary injury following exposure to chlorine gas. Possible beneficial effects of steroid treatment. Chest. 1977 Aug. 72(2):247-50. [Medline].
Akdur O, Sozuer EM, Ikizceli I, Avsarogullari L, Ozturk F, Muhtaroglu S, et al. Experimental inhalation of chlorine gas produced with a different method; effects of N-acetyl cysteine on acute pulmonary damage. Toxicol Mech Methods. 2008 Jan. 18(9):739-43. [Medline].
Fanucchi MV, Bracher A, Doran SF, Squadrito GL, Fernandez S, Postlethwait EM, et al. Post-exposure antioxidant treatment in rats decreases airway hyperplasia and hyperreactivity due to chlorine inhalation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2012 May. 46(5):599-606. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Summerhill EM, Hoyle GW, Jordt SE, Jugg BJ, Martin JG, Matalon S, et al. An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report: Chemical Inhalational Disasters. Biology of Lung Injury, Development of Novel Therapeutics, and Medical Preparedness. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017 Jun. 14 (6):1060-1072. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Neghab M, Amiri F, Soleimani E, Hosseini SY. The Effect of Exposure to Low Levels of Chlorine Gas on the Pulmonary Function and Symptoms in a Chloralkali Unit. J Res Health Sci. 2016 Winter. 16 (1):41-5. [Medline].
Department of Labor: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). TABLE Z-1 Limits for Air Contaminants. Available at http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9992. January 9, 2017; Accessed: May 31, 2018.
A section from a lung biopsy (hematoxylin and eosin stain; original magnification X 100) from a 36-year-old chemical worker taken 6 weeks postexposure to chlorine. At that time, the patient had no clinical abnormalities and a partial pressure of oxygen of 80 mm Hg breathing room air. The section shows normal lung tissues without evidence of interstitial fibrosis and/or inflammation. Used with permission from Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Textbook of Military Medicine. 1997: 256.
Gerald F O'Malley, DO Clinical Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center
Gerald F O'Malley, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Medical Toxicology, American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians, American Osteopathic Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Received consulting fee from McNeil Pharmaceuticals for speaking and teaching.
Robert Bassett, DO, FAAEM Fellow in Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Einstein Medical Center; Clinical Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L Foster School of Medicine
Robert Bassett, DO, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine
William J Boroughf, DO Fellow in Medical Toxicology, Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Einstein Medical Center
William J Boroughf, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Medical Toxicology
Zygmunt F Dembek, PhD, MPH, MS, LHD Associate Professor, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F Edward Hebert School of Medicine
Zygmunt F Dembek, PhD, MPH, MS, LHD is a member of the following medical societies: American Chemical Society, New York Academy of Sciences
John G Benitez, MD, MPH Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Medical Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Managing Director, Tennessee Poison Center
John G Benitez, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Medical Toxicology, American College of Preventive Medicine, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, and Wilderness Medical Society
Peter MC DeBlieux, MD Professor of Clinical Medicine and Pediatrics, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Program Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in New Orleans
Peter MC DeBlieux, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Radiological Society of North America, and Society of Critical Care Medicine
Mark Keim, MD Senior Science Advisor, Office of the Director, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Mark Keim, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians
Eddy S Lang, MDCM, CCFP(EM), CSPQ Associate Professor, Senior Researcher, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine; Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Canada
Eddy S Lang, MDCM, CCFP(EM), CSPQ is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Daniel Noltkamper, MD, FACEP EMS Medical Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Naval Hospital of Camp Lejeune
Daniel Noltkamper, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians
Eli Segal, MD, CM, FRCP Assistant Professor, Department of Family Medicine, McGill University; Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Jewish General Hospital
Eli Segal, MD, CM, FRCP, is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment
Asim Tarabar, MD Assistant Professor, Director, Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital
John T VanDeVoort, PharmD Regional Director of Pharmacy, Sacred Heart and St Joseph's Hospitals
John T VanDeVoort, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, or the US Government.
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Q: Design Pattern For Syncing Two Applications Please don't judge me for what I'm doing because I realise it's a bizzare thing to do but my Boss wants it as an internal tool.
I needed to Sync the tasks with a Microsoft Project File with an outlook calendar via an outlook add on.  The add on takes tasks that don't have any sub tasks and places them in the calendar spanning the time of the task.  I have managed to get the application to :

*

*Load the project file

*Add, Update and Delete appointments from Outlook when syncing.

*Work out on load when the project is out of sync with the calendar.

*Monitor The Project File and ask the user whether to sync.

*Update tasks in the project file on the fly when updating appointments in outlook.

*Allow for the user to choose the hierarchy of the tasks/appointment such as Task B is a sub task of Task A.

*Some other boring stuff.

Now this all works fine but today I was trying reverse the desgin process and I realised that the design is far from perfect.  The code is fairly tidy and I feel I have avoided most code smells but I feel the design is not obvious from looking at the code and is not easy to understand immediately.  I've just started to get interested in design patterns and someone here suggested refactoring an application as a great way to learn.
Does anyone have any ideas or have any links for common design patterns to help me get a head start such as a typical modern sync pattern as time is in short supply.
Many Thanks
Paul

A: I don't know of any architectural patterns that fit syncing two applications specifically. If we saw the source code we could suggest design patterns where they fit but I doubt that is possible :). Here is a great site for design patterns http://www.dofactory.com/Patterns/Patterns.aspx , and another good one for architectural patterns http://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/. THe second link is from Martin Fowler's book on Enterprise Application Patterns.
Remember, patterns are to be used only when specific problems arise. Don't try to fit a pattern where those problems don't exist. Common mistake.


Free gallery of gifs of red web buttonsThe buttons for web pages that appear in this gallery are all red colored, a color that expresses passion and love, and is very striking.
All the gifs of red web buttons in this free gallery to use as you like The red hue is a color that expresses sweetness and passion. These red buttons can be used on your website for any purpose as attract much attention. If your page has these colors, sure that any of them will be fully integrated into your design. In this palette belong garnet color, reddish or even a shade of brown. It will also be good if your website is designed with shades of yellow or orange, as they complement each other well.


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Day 24/12: Suwannee River State Park to I-10
by adventuretoward | Mar 31, 2017 | Florida Trail 2017, Trail Journals | 0 comments
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I had no shuttle today, heading to I-10, but that was O.K. Here's what I did to overcome that.
So, the day's itinerary called for about 12 miles of trail, then another 12 on roads. Since the road walks along the Florida Trail are spots where the Florida Trail Association is hoping to buy/build trail in the future, it's not critical to walk every step of a connecting road route. What's critical, at least in my opinion, is to walk the exact same miles. So, since I had no shuttle, I hiked the 12 miles of trail, then turned around and re-hiked it. Thus, I walked the required 24 miles today. But I did it all on the trail and skipped the road (part of which was a busy highway).
The Path to I-10
The day started off cloudy and cool, then got sunny and warmer later. And the trail was just lovely. At one point, I ran into a man and his dog. The man had just opened a beer because his dog was 16 years old and had just come back from a visit with the vet, who told him his dog was very healthy. This man mentioned his dog was born on 9/11. After he told me his story, I kept thinking that I can't believe 9/11 was 16 years ago! Seems like maybe just five or 10 at the most.
Anyway, the last part of the trail had some unpleasant spots, mainly two sections of hiking on this odd, gray, sandy-dirtish substance that's really hard to walk on. It's lumpy and bumpy and not as soft as sand, but not firm like black dirt in Wisconsin. I've got a photo above. Yuck.
By the way, I can't believe just two more days of hiking before it's time to head home.
P.S. Sandra Friend, author of the Florida Trail guidebook, told me later that's a firebreak. Trail enthusiasts get upset when they create these on the trail. I can see why!


I purchased ATDD on Ubuntu 12.04 and then I recently freshly installed an Ubuntu 14.04. When I tried to install Amnesia, I get the message attached in the image.
How can I install the game on Ubuntu 14.04?
You have an old version of the game and needs to update. Normally all stores should be already up-to date! When did you download the game?


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Warren Buffett's Simple Advice About Apple Inc. (AAPL)
Published on June 19, 2013 at 2:17 pm by The Motley Fool in News
Last month, Fortune magazine published its annual "Fortune 500" list, with Apple Inc. (NASDAQ:AAPL) ranking sixth, making a big jump from last year's spot in 17th place. Fortune offered a closer look at Apple in that issue, centering on what the company might do with its massive pile of cash. One of the biggest takeaways for investors in the article might have gone unnoticed by many, though: Why Warren Buffett recommended that the company repurchase Apple Inc. (NASDAQ:AAPL) stock.
As veteran financial journalist Carol Loomis recounted, around early 2010, Steve Jobs picked Buffett's brain about what Apple Inc. (NASDAQ:AAPL) might do with its pile of cash. Regarding the option of repurchasing Apple stock, Buffett offered a simple guideline: If you believe your stock is cheap, "then the best thing you can do with your cash is buy in shares." Apple stock was trading in the $200s at the time, and Jobs did think it was cheap. It went on to top $700 within a few years, though it has since pulled back to the $400s. Jobs, long averse to buybacks because they can squander money if the stock later falls, chose not to initiate a buyback. (Loomis noted that he had also seen some hard times at Apple, when cash was in short supply — thus, the idea of letting it pile up was attractive to him.) But Jobs' successor, Tim Cook, did decide to buy back Apple Inc. (NASDAQ:AAPL) stock.
When asked by Buffett if he thought Apple Inc. (NASDAQ:AAPL) stock was cheap, Jobs had answered with a definitive yes. To understand why he might have thought so, it's instructive to look back at where Apple was in early 2010. Then, as now, opinions were divided on the stock's valuation and the company's future. As 2009 drew to a close, my colleague Rick Munarriz named the company a "Best Stock" for 2010, citing strong iPhone sales (more than 7 million in a single quarter!) and anticipating the debut of Apple's new tablet, as yet unnamed, and the many apps that would be created for it. But others viewed it as one of the worst stocks, seeing an unattractive risk-reward ratio, looming competition, the threat of commoditization, and inevitable slowing growth. Looking back, the bulls were right, and a stock buyback would have rewarded shareholders. But management was averse to buybacks, with the CFO stressing the company's focus on "preservation of capital" when it comes to cash. Buffett, too, seeks preservation of capital, but he also welcomes compelling value propositions. Indeed, he recently bought back shares of his own company.
The price matters
Buffett's advice is often forgotten by investors when they hear about a stock repurchase plan. It's not just CEOs who should heed it — investors need to keep valuation in mind, too, regarding buybacks. Buybacks have appeal for shareholders because they reduce the number of shares outstanding, and thereby boost the value of remaining shares. (Imagine, for example, a pizza that is cut into six equal slices instead of eight – each slice will be bigger.) But all buybacks are not created equal. Since a company has many options for its excess cash, it should choose the most productive ones. Alternatives include buying another company, paying down debt, hiring more people, buying more advertising, paying a dividend, and letting the money accumulate further. If stock is bought back when it's at inflated levels, that can destroy shareholder value. Simply paying that money out as dividends could permit shareholders to redeploy it into more compelling investments.
Apple Inc (AAPL)NASDAQ:AAPL
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Pioneering women in country music from the 1930s and 1940s, including: Patsy Montana, The Girls of the Golden West, Moonshine Kate, Shirley Thoms, Lulu Belle and Scotty and Kitty Wells. Songs include: Worried Man Blues, My Man's a Jolly Railroad Man, That's Where the West Begins and I'll Be All Smiles Tonight.
The host recites the Gettysburg Address on the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's famous speech.
Songs about being thankful, including: Thanks For the Memory, I Want To Thank You Folks, Thanks a Million, Thank Your Father and Thank You Mr. Moon. Performers include: Bing Crosby, Mildred Bailey, The Boswell Sisters, Louis Armstrong, Perry Como and Helen Kane.
Sidemen of the Duke Ellinbgton Orchestra from the 1930s and 1940s. Performers include: Johnny Hodges, Ben Webster, Herb Jeffries, Al Hibbler, Ray Nance and Juan Tizol. Songs include: Empty Ballroom Blues, I've Got It Bad, Bakiff, Cotton Tail, Nine O' Clock Beer and Halfway to Dawn.
Blues singers of the Mississippi Delta, including: Charlie Patton, Robert Johnson, Son House, Bukka White, Memphis Minnie and Skip James. Songs include: Banty Rooster Blues, I'm a Bad Luck Woman, Traveling Riverside Blues, Cherry Ball Blues and Your Biscuits Are Big Enough.


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Before Star Wars, George Lucas was an indie filmmaker
Noel Murray
Every day, Watch This offers staff recommendations inspired by a new movie coming out that week. This week: The origins of the Tom Cruise movie Oblivion have us thinking about offbeat '70s science fiction.
THX 1138 (1971)
Because George Lucas' reputation is tied to his career-gobbling Star Wars saga, he's often regarded as more of a shrewd marketer than a talented filmmaker—a technophile who devolved from idiosyncratic art films to commercial juvenilia. But Lucas did start the indie filmmaking collective American Zoetrope with Francis Ford Coppola, and he ran with "New Hollywood" wunderkinds like Martin Scorsese, Brian De Palma, and Steven Spielberg. And like the early work of those colleagues, Lucas' 1971 debut feature, THX 1138, remains a strong example of how classic movie genres can be invested with personal feeling and style. An abstract science-fiction allegory, THX 1138 stars Robert Duvall as a drug-numbed robot-builder who ditches the dope, learns to love, and tries to escape from an oppressive underground dystopia. Lucas builds on the flickering sterility of Stanley Kubrick's 2001, using modernist office buildings and fluorescent-lit tunnels to create what he's called "a documentary from the future." Lucas' off-kilter framing and superimposition-packed editing have a modernist kick, and the naturalistic acting—heavy on improvisation—counters the Star Wars films, which were stiff by design.
Lucas has often said that he considers personal avant-garde projects, not blockbusters, to be his true calling. In that sense, THX 1138 is revelatory, given what it says about the director's gifts and obsessions. Lucas and co-screenwriter/soundman Walter Murch take a satirical consumerism-gone-mad storyline and add sterile art direction and rich sound design to produce a hypnotically unsettling effect. Like American Graffiti and the first Star Wars film, THX 1138 grapples with the idea of a hero making an escape, as Lucas' lifelong love of samurais and space jockeys fuses with his hippie-era idealism. Though his filmmaking objectives eventually evolved from celebrating liberty to creating intricate, rule-obsessed societies, it all stems from the same desire to change the world to make it more like an old B-movie. All of that began with THX 1138, the movie that introduced Lucas' preoccupations with precise compositions and shiny machines.
Availability: Special-edition DVD and Blu-ray from Warner Bros.; digital rental or purchase from multiple online retailers; and rental from Netflix.


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Motivation Inspiration Speakers motivation-inspiration Fee Range: $40,000 - $60,000 Location: Newark, nj, usa Sort: Fee high
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Montel Williams Talks About His Stroke, Life in the Military & More
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Why We See What We Do: An Empirical Theory Of Vision
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The Three Doctors
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Phil Simms
CBS NFL Lead Analyst, Super Bowl MVP, Co-Host on Showtimes "Inside the NFL"


Therapy for Chinese/Asian Americans - Junhong (June) Cao, Ph.D.
Mental health issues could be a challenge for Chinese and Asian Americans in New York City. As a therapist, Dr. June has effectively helped Chinese and other Asian Americans to address anxiety, depression, relationship issues, stress, family, and other concerns. She has helped people from Asian countries such as Chinese, Indian, Korean, Japanese, Filipino, Vietnamese, and many others. She has extensive experiences in both psychotherapy practice and research and is dedicated to help Asian and Asian American clients. She has also provided consultation, supervision, and presentations on Asian Americans' psychological issues for schools, universities, agencies, organizations, and national as well as international conferences.
Asian Americans' family value, its unique culture, and stigma towards mental health may get in the way of their seeking psychotherapy. Dr. June has more than 10 years of therapy and research experiences on Asian Americans' help seeking behaviors. She has a deep understanding of Asian and Asian American clients' culture, bi-culture, ethnic identity, unique experiences as well as the root cause of their psychological issues. Her psychotherapy is tailored based on clients' personality, individual needs, and their capability to make changes.
This is a unique population that Dr. June specializes in her therapy and counseling services. They face more stress and challenges living abroad, such as transitions to a foreign country, academic pressure, cultural differences, language barrier, parents' high expectations, worries about their future, rigor needed to succeed, leaving family and friends circle, difficulty making new friends, financial concerns, change of weather and diet, and adjustment issue in their developmental stage, the toughest time of all, teenage years and early adulthood. Many Chinese and Asian international students have dealt with psychological issues on their own, sleep problems, isolation, constant worries, feeling depressed, helpless, and a failure, and some even think about and attempted suicide.
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Trichomycterus punctatissimus is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de parasitaire meervallen (Trichomycteridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1855 door Castelnau.

Parasitaire meervallen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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USGS Home Contact USGS Search USGS
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011–1190
>> Pubs Warehouse > OFR 2011–1190
Evaluating Trapping Techniques to Reduce Potential for Injury to Mexican Wolves
By T.T. Turnbull, J.W. Cain, III, and G.W. Roemer
Increased scrutiny of furbearer trapping has resulted in more regulation and even prohibition of common trapping methods in some States. Concerns regarding the potential negative impacts of regulated furbearer trapping on reintroduced Mexican gray wolves (Canis lupus baileyi) led now former Governor Bill Richardson to issue an executive order prohibiting trapping in the New Mexico portion of the Blue Range Wolf Recovery Area (BRWRA). This ban was to last for at least 6 months and required an evaluation of the risk posed to wolves by traps and snares legally permitted in New Mexico. We reviewed various threats to wolves in the BRWRA, including threats posed by regulated furbearer trapping. Seventy-eight Mexican wolf mortalities were documented during the reintroduction effort (1998–2010). More than 80 percent of documented mortalities were human-caused: illegal shooting (47.4 percent), vehicle collisions (15.4 percent), lethal removal by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) (14.1 percent), nonproject-related trapping (2.6 percent), project-related trapping (1.3 percent), and legal shooting by the public (1.3 percent). The remaining 17.9 percent of mortalities were a result of natural causes. An additional 23 wolves were permanently removed from the wild by USFWS. Of 13 trapping incidents in New Mexico that involved trappers other than USFWS project personnel, 7 incidents resulted in injuries to wolves, 2 wolves sustained injuries severe enough to result in leg amputations, and 2 wolves died as a result of injuries sustained. Rubber-padded foothold traps and properly set snares would most likely reduce trap-related injuries to Mexican wolves; however, impacts caused by trapping are outnumbered by other, human-caused impacts.
First posted August 5, 2011
Report PDF (717 kB)
Appendixes PDF (95 kB)
This report is available only on the Web.
For additional information contact:
Chief, USGS Cooperative Research Units
Reston, VA 20192-0002
This report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF); the latest version of Adobe Reader or similar software is required to view it. Download the latest version of Adobe Reader, free of charge.
Turnbull, T.T., Cain, J.W., III, and Roemer, G.W., 2011, Evaluating trapping techniques to reduce potential for injury to Mexican wolves: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2011–1190, 11 p.
URL: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2011/1190/
Page Contact Information: Contact USGS
Page Last Modified: Wednesday, December 07, 2016, 11:51:28 PM