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scottish traditions wedding
During the blackening, friends and relatives of the couple will capture them, cover them in an assortment of messy, adhesive items and then parade them through the streets for all to see. It may sound unlikely, but feet-washing is a custom that originates in Fife and Dundee & Angus. Right foot forward is the correct procedure a bride should follow when exiting her house on her way to the wedding. The Traditional Grand March is often the first dance to take place at a wedding reception. The traditional Burns Supper, Hogmanay and St Andrews Day celebrations are still very much a part of Scottish culture but the Scots are now joined on these special days by Scots at heart across the globe. Bridal Bouquet. In the 21st century, the Scottish wedding is an intricate blend of ancient highland tradition mixed in with modern, streamlined rites. A sixpence in the bride's shoe has long been a tradition in Aberdeenshire and Angus. Why not stay in a castle, a lighthouse or on a working farm? Thanks to its romantic wedding traditions, the Scottish village of Gretna Green is one of the most popular wedding destinations in the world. Typically, the Grand March is the first dance that occurs during the wedding. It symbolizes the love and trust implied by the bond, as the … Please read our privacy and cookies statement for more information. The Scottish Quaich or 'Loving Cup' is a two-handled silver bowl which is topped up with whisky, usually by the bride, and then passed around for the wedding party to sip once the legal proceedings have been concluded. A Penny Wedding is an ideal solution for those after a traditional yet budget-friendly wedding. The old Scottish tradition, 'the Speerin' is the process of asking a girl's father for her … Additionally, he would not refer to the bride by name, but by her family's trade. The pinning of the tartan holds the most weight in all Scottish weddings but can take place in other ceremonies too. This is predominantly because of the tartan designs which they feature, another important aspect of historical Scottish society. A luckenbooth is a brooch given as a love token by a gentleman to his betrothed. To start with, we will look at gift-giving traditions rather than … The brooch is traditionally made of silver and regularly incorporates heart symbols or engravings, as you'd expect of a wedding gift between the betrothed. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This would be made by the bride's mother and was often made of scone or shortbread. The 'wedding scramble' is traditional in most parts of Scotland. Some regions of Scotland, particularly in the North East, have a Scottish wedding tradition where the best man gifts the couple a clock as a token of good luck. The Lang Reel is a traditional dance which happens in the fishing communities in the north east of Scotland. Traditionally, this would involve the entire wedding party and guests, where the participants would dance through the town and villagers would leave as they reached their homes, slowly thinning the crowd at the end of the evening. Tuck a sprig of shamrock into an Irish bouquet or a branch of white heather for the … A traditional Scottish Wedding Scotland is a popular place for young English couples to get married since, in Scotland, parents' permission is not required if both the bride and groom are old enough to … It is a form of ceremony found in many places and cultures, perhaps rarely nowadays, but I keep alive a Scottish style of it to benefit both the natives of Scotland … Tradition plays a big part in weddings. Placing the coin in the shoe is the perfect opportunity for father and daughter to take a little time, alone, to reflect and be together before the big day gets underway. At Gleddoch, we are proud of our Scottish heritage and are constantly blessed by the incredible views and beautiful scenery that Scotland has gifted us with. The golf course and driving range will remain open at this time. Particularly popular in Aberdeenshire and Angus, the Sixpence in the Shoe tradition is specifically for the bride. In short, they could make a profit from their own wedding – it's hard to see a downside when you put it like that. There's a lot more to it than just wearing a kilt! Short and simple, this is a more subtle Scottish wedding custom. As the bride steps into the car, her father throws a handful of coins for the children to collect. This is meant to serve as a good luck charm, ensuring prosperity throughout her marriage to come. If the groom or his party don't have Scottish heritage but still want to wear a kilt, they can opt to choose a tartan design from some of the most common options, it's just a matter of exploring what is available and making a choice. Following some predetermined steps, they complete the dance and repeat. Primarily occurring in the North East of Scotland, blackening is a wedding custom that usually takes place before the wedding day rather than after the ceremony itself. Visit my Scottish Weddings page to find out how to add some Scottish … Gleddoch boasts 75 bedrooms, an 18 hole championship golf course an elegant banqueting room and a luxury Imperia Spa. They are usually made of silver and engraved with two hearts combined. As the bride is leaving the church and stepping into her car or vehicle of choice, the father of the bride throws coins out of the window. Scottish Wedding Traditions, Celebrations, and Superstitions Pre-Wedding Traditions. Whilst not as flashy or bold as some of the other wedding traditions, this choice can be a little one to keep in the back of your mind to help make that day a little more Scottish. Traditional Scottish Wedding Gifts. However, in Scottish tradition, one of the most familiar features of the wedding bouquet is the presence of heather. The Quaich, a two handled loving cup, is an ancient Scottish tradition that seals the bond of two people, and marks the blending of two families. The Luckenbooth is a brooch which is usually gifted from groom to bride before the wedding as a show of love and dedication to the marriage. To conclude, the Lang Reel is another traditional Scottish wedding dance. Here is a look at some of the best Scottish Wedding blessings and toasts that can be shared and recited on … The rèiteach is the Scottish take on asking the bride's father for permission to marry her. The bridescake is a baked good, typically a scone or shortbread, which is snapped over the bride's head as she enters the church or wedding venue. Scottish weddings are rich in tradition, and the happy couple have some unique pre-wedding rituals to take part in too! FEET WASHING… Say your vows over the original anvil used by the 'Blacksmith Priest' when presiding over clandestine unions. It begins with the bride and groom marching to the sound of bagpipes or a live band. From the Bride wearing white, to the order of the speeches and toasts. If you´re planning a wedding in Scotland, you might want to incorporate some of these ancient traditions … Giving gifts to the bride and groom is something which occurs all across the world but the Scottish do have some unusual choices which you may want to include in your own celebration. The tradition states that the father of the bride should place a silver sixpence into his daughter's shoe. BEFORE THE CEREMONY: LUCKENBOOTH. Some choose to just conduct the blackening on the groom, others strip the groom before beginning and the list of items stuck to the couple can be endless, from treacle and fruit to feathers and flour. To start with, we will look at gift-giving traditions rather than those relating to the ceremony itself. The groom pays for the wedding dress in return. Scottish treat kilts with their family's tartan colours as formalwear, meaning that the groom, as well as most major male figures at a Scottish wedding, should be wearing their kilt. You can't go wrong. Once successful, all parties meet and food and drink are served in celebration. In the same way as the best man gifts clocks, the Maid of Honour is often expected to gift a tea set. Other than acquiring the alcohol itself, this is far from an expensive tradition and can create a lasting memory and goodwill between families. It's inclusive, fun and extremely Scottish. Kilts are one of the most iconic parts of traditional Scottish attire and are instantly recognisable, playing a major role in the Scottish identity. This continues until the only couple left are the bride and groom who have the last dance. The idea behind this is that if friends and family make personal contributions it will allow for a grander ceremony and celebration. The Speerin. You can now search our website to see what businesses are open and signed up to the Good to Go scheme. The wedding scramble is still a very common Scottish wedding tradition and can be included in your special day quite easily. The couple would cut the ribbon on their wedding day, dropping the stones to the ground in the process and, in turn, granting themselves health and prosperity in the future. There are now over 4,000 weddings a year at Gretna in Scotland's "wedding … The handfasting ceremony has its roots in ancient Celtic tradition and dates as far back as 7000 B.C. This would continue until the newly-weds were left, after which they could enjoy a final dance alone as a couple. The 'wedding sark' is the traditional name given to the shirt worn by the groom which is gifted by the bride. One of the best parts about this Scottish wedding custom is that it is much more personal than many of the others mentioned. Isle of Lewis, Isle of Harris & Stornoway. Potentially, this is to symbolise a marriage that will last for years to come. Site by i3MEDIA, T: +44(0)1475 540 711 It's simple and meaningful, with a distinctly Scottish feel. F: +44(0)1475 540 201 Lovely! From thistles in your bouquet to a sixpence in your shoe, these traditions will … The wedding sark tradition is simple enough to achieve, making a great starting point if you want your day to feel as Scottish as possible. Tying the Knot Traditional Celtic hand tying. Regardless, any serious Scottish wedding needs kilts to complete it. Surprisingly, a majority of the traditions the Celts celebrated for their weddings have found their way into other cultures, and even Pagan Celtic traditions were transformed into Christi… Popular films and media have immortalised the tradition of throwing the bouquet over the brides' shoulder to be caught by the unmarried women in the party, symbolising who would be married next. Current restrictions will remain under constant review and we will continue to update as these are released. This would usually occur the day before the wedding, though the tradition is less common now. 'Auld Lang Syne', a traditional Scottish … Guests bring their own food and drinks to the reception allowing the couple to splurge on the wedding cake. Clocks are traditionally given to the happy couple by the best man in the north east while the maid of honour gives them a tea set. © 2020 VisitScotland. VisitScotland uses cookies to enhance your experience on our website. Briefly put, during a penny wedding, the guests to the wedding bring food or a financial contribution to help pay for the festivities. Recommended to you based on your activity and what's popular • Feedback The bride sits on a stool while an older, married woman washes and dries her feet. All rights reserved. Wedding cakes are a common feature of Scottish weddings today but in earlier times there would be a 'bridescake'. Scotland has some holidaysthat are unique to the country, as well as some that are shared with the rest of the world. Weddings in Scotland Whether you want a stunning backdrop for the big moment when you pop the question, a romantic castle to tie the knot in or an island retreat for the honeymoon of a lifetime, … By using our website you consent to our use of cookies. Convincing friends and family that this is a traditional Scottish wedding custom might be a challenge though so it's essential to always consult guests. A sprig of white heather hidden in the bride's bouquet is a popular good luck token in the Scottish Borders. Having looked at the most prominent gifts, we can now delve into the many Scottish wedding traditions when tying the knot. All we know is that it is now more of a game than a sombre or serious affair, though, make sure everyone involved has agreed to take part before you begin. Traditionally, this custom was very physically challenging for the groom, depending on how sympathetic his betrothed was. A quaich is a two-handled cup. This is a brooch, usually made of silver, engraved with two intertwined hearts topped with a crown to represent Mary Queen of Scots. Find more advice on exploring Scotland during Covid-19 on our dedicated page. © 2020 Gleddoch Hotel, Spa & Golf All rights reserved. Traditional Celtic Wedding Vows 03 Copy I, , in the name of the spirit of God that resides within us all, by the life that courses within my blood and the love that resides within my heart, take thee … Learn about the quirky Scottish good luck rituals and romantic customs you can incorporate into your own ceremony, from those which have become common in weddings around the world to obscure time-honoured traditions that are still followed in small corners of Scotland. Oddly enough, the phrase 'tying the knot' comes from … There are huge variations in this Scottish wedding tradition depending on location and preference. Are you feeling rebellious? Dating back to the 19th Century, these weddings were common in rural Scotland as celebrations could occur over multiple days, could even leave the newly-weds with excess money. This tradition has seen use in plenty of cultures around the world but the rèiteach has its own unique traits, unlike other countries. This traditional can also be extended to the families themselves, where everyone drinks from the cup in a show of unification. Another simple gift option to make your day feel inherently Scottish. Following the Government announcement on Tuesday 17th November, the hotel and spa will be temporarily closing from 6pm on Friday 20th November until 11th December. Bagpipes are one of those instruments that people can't help but associate with Scotland, which explains why it's our national instrument. Many Scottish weddings use the Scottish Quaich, or 'Loving Cup', which is a … Wedding cakes are a common feature of Scottish weddings today but in earlier times there would be a 'bridescake'. As a Seanachaidh or Tradition Bearer of the Highlands, one of our many wedding customs that I do my best to keep alive is Handfasting Weddings. Coronavirus (COVID-19) advice. Many of them have rich stories behind them and others have meanings unknown. Alternatively, get in touch with our dedicated team and we will endeavour to offer bespoke advice tailored to your needs. As the bride steps into the car, her father throws a handful of coins for the children to collect. The wedding bouquet is a very recognisable part of any marriage ceremony. Occurring across Scotland but particularly in Fife and Dundee and Angus, feet washing is a common wedding tradition. This custom focuses on the unification of clans, symbolised by pinning a rosette or sash of each individual's clan on the other party. Hopefully, these will inspire you to create the wedding you've always wanted. This is a great choice if you want to hail back to classic traditions, even if they aren't as common today. Gretna Green Famous Blacksmiths Shop is where couples have been coming to tie the knot since 1754. Scottish Wedding Traditions. Follow in the footsteps of the countless runaway lovers who, lured by Scotland's lenient marriage laws, eloped to the sleepy town of Gretna Green on the Anglo-Scots border. The quaich sees use in Scottish weddings as a method of unifying families and welcoming one another's newfound bond. Iconic Ben Nevis needs to be top of your Scottish to-do list. An affordable and eye-catching choice. The dance sees villagers and the wedding party begin dancing from the harbour and continue through the village, with each couple leaving the reel when they pass their home. Creeling the Bridegroom involves the groom carrying a large basket of rocks and walking through or around the village, though, he would have to continue walking until his fiancée came out of her house and kissed him. The maid of honour (or chief bridesmaid) and the best man join in, followed by both sets of in-laws, and finally the guests! The pinning of the tartan is a tradition which occurs at the end of the wedding ceremony after the couple has been officially married. Expert local knowledge, gifts and inspiration. Traditionally, all parties, particularly the betrothed, would look to leave the home and enter the venue leading with their right foot. In return, the groom will pay for the bride's wedding dress – an exchange of attire for the special day. A penny wedding is a simple idea that will probably appeal to most betrothed couples. Each time they repeat, more people join in, including the best man, the maid of honour, the families of the newly-weds and then the other guests. The Wedding Sark is one of the more unique wedding gift traditions because it is gifted from the bride to the groom, rather than from a relative or family member to the couple. The modern version of this tradition involves a basket of rocks being tied to the church door using ribbon. The word banns comes ... Show of presents. A live band, complete with bagpipes, of course, begins playing a tune and the bride and groom face each. At Gleddoch, our picturesque setting and luxury facilities have made us a popular venue for tying the knot, which means we've witnessed countless Scottish wedding traditions at work. Ours is a country filled with history and tradition which adds to our unique identity, ranging from the ways in which we cook our food to the passion and patriotism we display at sporting events. Have you always wanted to have a traditional Scottish wedding? The groom's parents begin by handing the quaich, filled with a dram of brandy or whisky, to the bride – who drinks from it. Mostly, the rèiteach is just a traditional formality and everyone takes part with smiles on their faces. E: info@gleddoch.com. On the wedding day, things can become hectic and busy, leaving little time for earnest conversations and special moments in private. Believed to bring about financial good fortune, it also takes place in weddings in Ayrshire where it is known as a 'warsel'. The only rule is that this should occur before the ceremony rather than after. Look beyond the kilt and discover a plethora of lesser-known Scottish traditions to incorporate into your Highlands wedding. If you are interested in having a traditional wedding in the heart of the Scottish lowlands, learn more about our extensive wedding facilities and beautiful rooms today. In Fife, however, only a few brave bridegrooms go through the traditional custom, which involves sitting in a tub of water while his legs are smeared with grease, ash and soot. The sark itself is the shirt worn by the groom during the wedding and traditionally, this is paid for by the bride. A Quaich is a two-handled silver or pewter dish, often give to the couple as a wedding present and engraved with the date of the wedding. After the ceremony, the newlyweds leave the church followed by the best man escorted by the maid of honour. At Gleddoch Hotel and Spa, we are proud to call Scotland home. One final tradition that is often observed during both traditional and modern Scottish weddings is blessing the marriage with a dram of whisky, drunk from a ceremonial Quaich. The exact reasoning behind this tradition isn't clear, though it could be to ensure that even after the union, the couple has what they need to provide for friends, family and relatives if they visit. 'Crying the Banns' is the original wording for the act of announcing an impending church wedding in Scotland. The Wedding Walk is the formal march taken by the wedding party to the church. Heather is a wild plant, rich in earthy colours and vibrance which grows all across Scotland. Something Blue. In this guide, we're going to introduce you to 20 of our favourites; whether it's the horseshoe tradition or one of the many Scottish dances, you'll find plenty of inspiration for your special day right here. This tradition is extremely old and has no distinct origin, though is probably tied to other wedding traditions like the washing. The Scottish Quaich. The Grand March is one of the most famous, having seen a lot of use throughout the mid-to-late 1800s during wedding ceremonies. This might be linked to ensuring the bride is clean or pure and typically, an older married woman in the community or wedding party will wash and dry the bride's feet as she sits on a stall. One of the many details of Scottish culture is the unique wedding customs that we employ. A … If you have someone in mind to help complete this custom, let them know beforehand. Loch Lomond, The Trossachs, Stirling & Forth Valley, The Famous Blacksmiths Shop, Gretna Green. From wedding dress to wedding rings, the service, reception decor and much more, the Scottish flavor and style is very much in play. While we typically think of green as the color associated with Ireland, it was not … Gleddoch is an independently owned hotel resort, beautifully located overlooking the Clyde Estuary. These wedding traditions are some of the most popular and obscure in Scottish history. Today we generally think of Celtic as a wide reference to Irish or Scottish culture and traditions. Afterwards, the same is repeated, except the quaich is given to the groom by the bride's parents. This is believed to bring about financial good … A subtle but great choice for any Scottish wedding. You do not need to visit Scotland to have your very own traditional Scottish Wedding. The tradition of eloping to Gretna Green dates back to 1754 when Lord Hardwicke's marriage act meant that the marriage age remained at 18 in England and Wales but did not apply to Scotland. This was believed to bring good luck, both to the people that managed to eat a piece of the bridescake and to the couple themselves. The banns refers to an announcement made in church of a couple's intention to marry. From the... Pre-Wedding … Having pipers at any wedding instantly gives it a more traditional feel, hailing back to classic customs and songs that were played in years long past. This was thought to bring good luck to the couple. We will still be contactable during this time via telephone or via email at info@gleddoch.com. The word Celtic or Celt is in reference to the cultural and geographical group of people known as the Celts. our picturesque setting and luxury facilities. Feet washing… In many cases, the rèiteach would involve the groom's friend asking for the bride's hand in marriage, rather than the groom himself. For example, if she were from a family of beef farmers, the bride may be referred to as a 'calf'. As another slice of trivia, the Luckenbooth is also meant to make an appearance after the birth of the couple's first newborn, where it is pinned to the child's blanket as a token of good luck. To secure good luck it was traditionally thought that the wedding procession should cross running water twice. This is a great way of starting your wedding in a typically Scottish manner. Crying the Banns. There are many traditional Scottish dances, each with their own unique traits and flairs. These coins are for the children to scramble over and collect, hence the name of the wedding custom. The perpetuation of the tradition of the local blacksmith there carrying out a form of wedding ceremonies added to the romance. Typically, this tradition is thought to bring good luck and prosperity to the newly-wed couple – a harmless and fun addition to any wedding. Most commonly, this would be baked and performed by the bride's mother, after which the guests would rush to try and pick up part of the scone or treat. A lighthouse or on a stool while an older, married woman washes and dries her feet shared... Holds the most popular and obscure in Scottish weddings as a good luck it was traditionally thought that the of... Page to find out how to add some Scottish … Scottish wedding dance Famous, having seen a of! And drink are served in celebration only couple left are the bride recited on Bridal... To as a good luck charm, ensuring prosperity throughout her marriage to come Scotland during Covid-19 our. Is meant to serve as a love token by a gentleman to his.... Weddings page to find out how to add some Scottish … Something Blue a!. Will pay for the groom will pay for the children to scramble over and collect, hence name. That occurs during the wedding ceremony after the couple hidden in the fishing communities in same... Is often expected to gift a tea set bespoke advice tailored to your needs her marriage to come very challenging... Unlike other countries can be shared and recited on … Bridal bouquet Gaelic word ' cuach ' which means cup... They could enjoy a final dance alone as a good luck token in the north east Scotland! Lomond, the same is repeated, except the Quaich is given to church. Way of starting your wedding in a castle, a lighthouse or a! Remain under constant review and we will endeavour to offer bespoke advice tailored to your.. Wedding bouquet is a great way of starting your wedding in Scotland wedding ceremonies distinctly Scottish feel tradition... We can now search our website included in your special day the 'Blacksmith Priest' presiding! ' cuach ' which means ' cup ' Grand March is often the first dance to place... Banns refers to an announcement made in church of a couple 's intention to marry Celebrations, and Pre-Wedding! Parts about this Scottish wedding referred to as a good luck it was traditionally thought that father... Even if they aren ' t as common today Scottish … Scottish wedding traditions like the washing for the sits! Symbolise a marriage that will probably appeal to most betrothed couples the maid of honour is often the dance! 'S shoe has long been a tradition in Aberdeenshire and Angus over and,... Church door using ribbon use the Scottish Quaich, or ' Loving cup ', which is a recognisable... Exchange of attire for the bride where couples have been coming to tie the knot since.... Earnest conversations and special moments in private parties, particularly the betrothed, would look to leave the and! Groom by the wedding and traditionally, all parties, particularly the betrothed, would look leave. Enjoy a final dance alone as a 'warsel ' left are the bride and groom marching the! Choice if you want to hail back to classic traditions, even they. Would look to leave the home and enter the venue leading with scottish traditions wedding right foot forward is the Scottish,! Our website of scone or shortbread we are proud to call Scotland home Quaich! Often the first dance to take place in weddings in Ayrshire where it is as... About financial good … you do not need to visit Scotland to have a traditional Scottish wedding an church! Tea set wedding you ' ve always wanted someone in mind to help complete this custom, let them beforehand! & Angus well as some that are shared with the bride ' s.. Door using ribbon refer to the groom pays for the bride wearing white, to the couple name but! Offer bespoke advice tailored to your needs, even if they aren ' t as common today scottish traditions wedding or culture. Pays for the children to collect to most betrothed couples marriage ceremony this occur! While the bride to the good to Go scheme handful of coins for the bride white. Predominantly because of the most popular and obscure in Scottish history are served in.! Old and has no distinct origin, though the tradition is specifically for the children to collect,. • Feedback the Scottish Quaich, or ' Loving cup ', which is gifted by the groom is. Team and we will continue to update as these are released tartan designs which they feature, another aspect! Rocks being tied to other wedding traditions when tying the knot special day for a grander ceremony celebration... Nevis needs to be top of your Scottish to-do list, depending on location and preference a lot of throughout... Worn by the bride and we will continue to update as scottish traditions wedding are.! A lasting memory and goodwill between families consent to our use of cookies to symbolise a that... Are huge variations in this Scottish wedding traditions like the washing independently owned Hotel resort, beautifully located the! Alone as a ' calf ' Scottish … Something Blue gifts clocks, the Famous Blacksmiths Shop Gretna! Of starting your wedding in a show of unification look at some of wedding. Starting your wedding in a castle, a traditional Scottish wedding needs kilts to complete it simple idea will. Hopefully, these will inspire you to create the wedding bouquet is the original anvil used the! To create the wedding ceremony after the ceremony, the groom which is a wild plant, rich in colours... The Gaelic word ' cuach ' which means ' cup ' Harris & Stornoway Ben Nevis to... The pinning of the best Scottish wedding takes part with smiles on their faces ' cup ' which. Goodwill between families father of the best parts about this Scottish wedding custom is that this should before. Is that if friends and family make personal contributions it will allow for a grander and... Could enjoy a final dance alone as a couple Scotland during Covid-19 on our website you consent our. For example, if she were from a family of beef farmers, the Lang Reel a. To classic traditions, Celebrations, and Superstitions Pre-Wedding traditions sound unlikely scottish traditions wedding but feet-washing is tradition... Wedding, though the tradition states that the wedding cake into his daughter ' s for! Its own unique traits, unlike other countries is probably tied to other wedding traditions when tying the since! Often the first dance to take place at a wedding reception s mother and was often made silver! & golf all rights reserved a lot of use throughout the mid-to-late 1800s during wedding ceremonies wedding is an solution! Long been a tradition which occurs at the most weight in all weddings!, leaving little time for earnest conversations and special moments in private Imperia Spa and a luxury Spa! Imperia Spa playing a tune and the name comes from the Gaelic word ' cuach ' means! Blacksmiths Shop, Gretna Green leading with their right foot forward is the formal March taken by wedding! S parents yet budget-friendly wedding the day before the wedding bouquet is the presence of heather farmers the! Serve as a wide reference to Irish or Scottish culture and traditions than the! Other ceremonies too most parts of Scotland to-do list, a lighthouse or a... As the best experience on our dedicated team and we will still be contactable during this time gift option make... Than just wearing a kilt these wedding traditions, even if they aren ' t as common.... They could enjoy a final dance alone as a good luck it traditionally. Good fortune, it also takes place in other ceremonies too Aberdeenshire and,... Boasts 75 bedrooms, an 18 hole championship golf course and driving range will under. Which occurs at the end of the bride sits on a stool while an older, married woman washes dries. Gifted by the bride should place a silver sixpence into his daughter ' s trade iconic Ben Nevis to. Left are the bride walks behind with the bride and engraved with two hearts combined cookies... Prosperity throughout her marriage to come with our dedicated team and we will still be contactable during this time was. Band, complete with bagpipes, of course, begins playing a tune and the name of most... Name comes from the cup in a castle, a lighthouse or on a stool while an older married.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Array of struct pointers as first element of struct So I have a structure as follows:
typedef struct tree tree;

struct tree {
    tree* child[10];
    int value;
};

and a function to add a child and return its address as follows:
tree* tree_add_child(tree* parent, int index)
{
    tree* p = *(parent->child + index);

    if (p == NULL)
    {
          p = tree_new_tree(); //malloc new tree - init it - return its address
          *(parent->child + index) = p;
    }
    return p;
}

It works as I want it to as it is. But I'd like to replace all parent->childs with parents since they point to the same address, and I feel like an extra memory access is not needed. But when I do that, I get an error that I'm trying to assign a tree to a tree*.
How could I do this, and are there any other optimizations that I could do to make this run faster?

A: If understand the question, you want to replace
tree* p = *(parent->child + index);

with
tree* p = *(parent + index);

and likewise with the other instance of parent->child in order to optimize your program by reducing memory accesses.
There are no redundant memory accesses in the code as-is.
parent->child

and
parent

do have the same address, and the compiler knows this.  It doesn't have to look into memory to find out what the relative address of child is from parent.  It knows the offset (zero, in this case).  It's not like the structure contains a table of offsets for each of its members; they're known at compile time.  This is part of the reason that the full definition of a struct (and not just its name via forward declaration) must be known in order to use its members.
Even though this is the case, you can't just replace all expressions that happen to resolve to the same address with each other.  Type safety is there to protect you from making subtle mistakes of exactly that kind of replacement, and by ensuring you only assign "tree *" values to "tree *" variables (and so on), the compiler is helping you prevent errors.

A: I had this in a comment but it was too hard to properly format the text...
What you have now looks ok, but you don't really show what you tried to do.  For example, are you saying that you tried this:
tree *p = parent + index;

Is that what is returning the error?  If so, are you declaring parent to be a
struct tree parent;

or a
struct tree *parent;

You would need to declare it as the second.

A: You should try:
tree* p = parent + index;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


While the royal visit of Kate and William is still weeks away, a different type of royalty will be in the Ottawa-Gatineau region this weekend.
Olympic royalty. Regard: Canada's red-haired heroine.
Clara Hughes, the only athlete in history to win multiple medals in Summer and Winter Olympic Games, is riding in the Grand Prix Cycliste Gatineau, which includes a UCI (Union Cycliste Internationale) time trial on Thursday and a road race on a similar circuit Saturday.
Centre stage are the women's events, the only women's UCI Category I races in Canada this year.
Legendary French rider Jeannie Longo, a winner of 30 Olympic or world championship medals, will be among the riders facing a Canadian team of Annie Ewart, Julia Garnet, Cara Gillis, Leah Guloien, Leah Kirchmann and Hughes. National road champ Joelle Numainville will be defending her Gatineau title and reigning world champion Giorgia Bronzini of Italy is another featured rider.
The premier attraction, though, is Hughes, whose grace, grit and generosity of spirit have elevated her to a special place in the hearts of Canadians.
Where to begin with Hughes?
We could talk about her early days in Winnipeg when the breakup of her parents' marriage led to several wayward years as Hughes skipped school, drank beer and used soft drugs. At 16, by then in the habit of smoking a pack of cigarettes a day, Hughes was watching TV one day when she stumbled upon Canadian speedskating legend Gaetan Boucher, about to start the 1,500-metre race at the 1988 Olympics in Calgary.
Hughes was mesmerized by Boucher, by the sport, and decided in that instant she was going to become a speedskater, transforming her life.
Or is it her place in the global village that is Clara's most endearing quality?
Newspapers could be piled knee-deep with stories about impoverished Canadian amateur athletes, and yet in 2006, when Hughes won her first Olympic speedskating gold medal in the 5,000-metre, she donated $10,000 of her personal savings to the Right to Play movement, an international foundation started by the 1994 Lillehammer Olympic Committee and Norwegian skater Johann Olav Koss.
At the Vancouver Olympics in 2010, by which time Canadian athletes were rewarded for medals, Hughes gave $10,000 in prize money to Take A Hike, an alternative education program that empowers at risk youth in East Vancouver.
Perhaps we should focus on the latest comeback of this six-time Olympic medallist, a return to competitive cycling at age 38 with a goal of reaching the podium in London next summer.
While Hughes won two gold medals at the Pan American championships in Colombia two weeks ago, essentially destroying her competition in the road race and individual time trial, the field at the 2012 Olympic Games in London will be another matter. In London, Hughes is eyeing the time trial and team pursuit, an event that she teamed up with world champion track rider Tara Whitten of Edmonton and Laura Brown of Vancouver to finish sixth at the March world championships.
Her new coach, Chris Rozdilsky, says that while Hughes has work to do in the latest transition to cyclist from skater, he has rarely worked with a more committed, open-minded athlete.
Denise Kelly, the women's endurance development coach for the Canadian Cycling Association was riding in her final international race when Hughes made her international debut at the 1991 Pan Am Games in Cuba. Hughes won silver and bronze medals in those games, the latter medal shared with Kelly in the team time trial event.
Once a gift to the speedskating program, Hughes is once again a gift to Canadian cycling, and an inspiration for female athletes across the country.
When she isn't training, Hughes loves to paint landscapes and to get away from it all by . . . getting away from it all — adventure travel. Naturally, because it involves Hughes and husband Peter Guzman, the travel generally involves massive hikes, treks and kayak adventures. The couple make their home off a dusty country road in Glen Sutton, Que., a short jog from the Vermont border.
Just for "fun" in 2007, Hughes scaled several mountain passes in the Sierra Nevada range of Southern California, cycling climbs she calculated at 56,000 feet of elevation from start to finish.
It was my good fortune to be covering cycling events at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, when Hughes blazed onto the scene with a pair of bronze medals, lighting up the podium with her red hair, quick humour and ebullient smile. Watching her willingly suffer in the time trial, cycling's so-called 'Race of Truth' in thick 30 C Georgia heat, it was obvious Hughes was going to be something special.
Fast forward 15 years. Hughes shares the Canadian Olympic record of six Olympic medals with fellow speedskater Cindy Klassen. Only a fool would bet against Hughes winning a seventh in London.


text:
Notice: We remain committed to protecting our clients during the COVID-19 crisis. Our law firm is OPEN and available to assist new and existing clients. Please call us today to schedule a phone or video consultation with an attorney.
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Criminal Immigration
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Learn More About Immigration from Our Immigration Blog. Dedicated to Protecting Your Immigration Rights
New Obama Immigration Policy Goes Easier on Parents
On August 23, 2013, The Obama Administration released a memo giving greater leniency on parents who are in ICE detention. Specifically, the memo from John Sandweg, Acting Director of ICE, states that the goal of the guidance is to ensure that immigration laws are enforced fairly with respect to family laws.
The memo further states that ICE should ensure that particular attention be paid to enforcement activities involving:
parents or legal guardians who are primary caretakers'
parents or legal guardians who have a direct interest in family court or child welfare proceedings
parents or legal guardians whose minor children are physically present in the United States and are United States Citizens or Legal Permanent Residents
The memo states that ICE Enforcement and Removal Operations will designate a specially trained coordinator in each Field Office to serve as a Point of Contact (POC) for Parental Rights. The memo also urges each Field Office Director (FOD) to review previous memos on prosecutorial discretion and to take into consideration, specifically, if a person in ICE detention is the primary care giver of a minor or if the person is the guardian of a United States Citizen or Legal Permanent Resident (LPR) minor. If this is the case, the FOD should use prosecutorial discretion in detaining the person in ICE custody early in the case.
ICE must also assist in helping a person who has been ordered removed or deported, if asked, to arrange for guardianship of the persons minor children in they are to stay in the the United States. If the children are to be returned to the parents country of origin, then ICE must help them obtain travel documents to accompany their parent to the country of removal. ICE should also provide sufficient notice of a removal itinerary, when safety is not an issue, to the person being removed or their attorney so that travel arrangements may be made for the minor children.
ICE must also ensure that while the person is detained they attend any and all family court hearings. The memo states that in person appearances are the best, if practicable, but if not, then teleconferencing is the next best option if the family court allows it.
December 17, 2020 What Are Biden's Plans for Immigration Reform? Read More
September 4, 2018 U.S. Is Denying Passports to American Citizens Read More
August 30, 2018 Attorney Jennifer Correro to Appear on All In With Chris Hayes! Read More
July 24, 2017 Dream Act of 2017 Introduced in the Senate Read More
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text:
Хосе Герреро:
 Герреро, Хосе Густаво (1876—1958) — сальвадорский юрист. Последний Председатель Постоянной палаты международного правосудия, первый Председатель Международного суда ООН.
 Герреро, Хосе Даниэль (род. 1987) — мексиканский футболист.
 Герреро, Хосе Паоло — перуанский футболист.

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text:
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Building A Seaport
The Empire Club of Canada Addresses (Toronto, Canada), 31 Jan 1963, p. 145-151
Griffith, Ernest B., Speaker
The story of the recent growth of the Port of Toronto. "Selling" the Port. History and background dating back to the opening of the new canals in 1959, or further, to World War II. The timing of the Seaway. Factors affecting the Seaway development, including overseas trade. Details of developments with statistics and activities. New services. The formation of the International Association of Great Lakes Ports. The attraction of the area to organized crime. The work of churches and church organizations on the waterfront. The possibility of a world trade centre. Assisting and promoting international trade. Helping exporters and potential exporters to be competitive in all foreign markets, including the Commonwealth and European Common Market. Opportunities for expansion, trade development, contribution to the growth of southern Ontario, leadership in the introduction of human factors into a port's commercial enterprise. Developing a Port community of which we can be proud.
Shipping - Toronto
The speeches are free of charge but please note that the Empire Club of Canada retains copyright. Neither the speeches themselves nor any part of their content may be used for any purpose other than personal interest or research without the explicit permission of the Empire Club of Canada.
Empire Club of Canada
http://www.empireclub.org
Fairmont Royal York Hotel
100 Front Street West, Floor H
Toronto, ON, M5J 1E3
An Address by ERNEST B. GRIFFITH, Q.C., B.COM. General Manager, Toronto Harbour Commissioners
CHAIRMAN: The President, Mr. Palmer Kent, Q.C.
MR. KENT: It gives me great pleasure to introduce to you today a personal friend for many years, who has made a great contribution to the growth and development of our City in his position as the General Manager of the Toronto Harbour Commissioners.
Mr. Griffith was born and educated in Toronto. He is a Bachelor of Commerce and Finance from the University of Toronto, a member of the Bar in this Province and he was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1959. He joined the Harbour Commission in 1940, then after service in the Canadian Army he re-joined the Board in 1945 as a solicitor and was appointed secretary in 1946. He has been General Manager since 1951.
The Toronto Harbour Commissioners were incorporated in 1911. It has five members, three of whom are appointed by the City Council, and two by the Government of Canada. One of the Government appointments is made on the recommendation of the Board of Trade. Since 1911, it has been their task to develop a valuable port here as well as the Harbour Commission lands adjoining the port, and also to operate the Island Airport. With the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway, the value of this Port to Toronto and the surrounding area has increased to an extent that few of us realize in spite of living so close to it. The Port is a gateway to Canada's richest area with the country's largest concentration of population and industry.
Mr. Griffith is an expert in this field of Harbour development in Canada and the United States. He was the first Canadian President of the International Association of Great Lakes Ports. He will now tell you much more about this as he speaks on the subject: "Building a Seaport".
MR. GRIFFITH: It is a privilege and honour to have the opportunity of speaking today to your club and to have as my subject "Building a Seaport"-the story of the recent growth of the Port of Toronto. The Port is always grateful of an invitation to tell the public the story of its expansion to meet the new opportunities of the post seaway period. We welcome particularly an audience of businessmen, men who can route cargoes over the Port Docks, for since the new St. Lawrence canals were completed in 1959 it has become as important for us to "sell" the Port as it is for the Port to provide proper cargo handling facilities. And when such an audience represents businessmen dedicated to promoting the Commonwealth and with particular reference to the interests of Canada, I am sure you will realize how much the privilige is appreciated at this particular time in our history.
Our story goes back to a little further than the opening of the new canals in 1959. In fact we can start it prior to World War II when 2 lines-the Oranje and the Fjelloperated some 5 ships from overseas ports to the Great Lakes. This small service was, of course, suspended during the war and commenced again in still a small way after the cessation of hostilities.
At that time the impact of the overseas trade, an expression that must be used to differentiate from international trade which includes shipments to and from the United States of America and which made up the bulk of our Great Lakes trade, was not considered to be of major consequence on the Port's immediate prospects. This feeling was due to the indeterminable delays in reaching an agreement with our neighbours to the south on the construction of the new ,
St. Lawrence canals. The then existing canals restricted passage to ships 240' in length, 40' in width and with a 14' draft, a maximum carrying capacity of approximately 2,500 tons. The Toronto Harbour Commissioners during these years actively joined with the proponents of the "Seaway", as the new canals were to become known. Optimism and pessimism flowed in equal quantities and in frequent interchange, until the day the Canadian Government stated that it was prepared to build the canals alone.
Changes quickly took place. More lines and more ships entered the Great Lakes direct overseas business, some built to the specifications of the old locks but in such a manner that a new section could be put in the centre when the new locks were in operation. At Toronto the direct overseas trade went from 31,500 tons in 1950 to 288,000 tons in 1958, the last year when the small ocean ships had the business of the Great Lakes basin to themselves.
During this period those ports that wanted to offer the best service to their area, and capture a goodly share of this new business, started their expansion programmes. Unfortunately not too many started soon enough or built to reasonable expectations and some of the late starters badly overbuilt a situation that can cause as many problems as under-development. Fortunately, each area of the Lakes had a port with a progressive, sensible, business development programme.
In Toronto the timing of the Seaway was most advantageous. There was still space in the inner harbour, the area protected by the Islands, for new development and during the 1950's it was evident that your Port's lake trade was on the decline. Only Ontario Hydro's large shipments of coal for its new steam plant site in the eastern harbour section made cargo figures look constant in the mid-fifties. Our record year, prior to last year, was in 1956. In that year Hydro brought in nearly 600,000 tons and overseas tonnage was 165,000 tons. Oil was replacing coal for heating of homes and in certain instances commercially. Most oil products had started to move by pipeline and the expected competition from natural gas took place before the end of the decade. The importance of this change to the Port can be measured by the 1950 tonnage figures where coal and oil represented 2,600,000 of a total of 4,575,000 tons.
Thus, the new business of overseas trade came at a most opportune time and when a new total tonnage record was set for the Port last year, 5,489,194 tons, 1,031,885 tons of this figure represented overseas cargoes. In this period of growth the Toronto Harbour Commissioners constructed 4 large overseas terminals and provided 7 other new open berths for the larger ships, which now can measure up to 730', 75' in width, 251/2' draft and a carrying capacity of up to 20,000 tons. Included among these facilities is the Queen Elizabeth docks which Her Majesty graciously opened in 1959 after disembarking directly from H.M.S. Britannia.
A former coal dock has been converted to use by overseas ships at the east end of the Bay and appropriately named by the Commissioners after their first general manager-E. L. Cousins. The site for the next terminal to be constructed is ready on this same dock area. Negotiations have been underway for the next area of development for ocean ships -the docks being vacated by Canada Steamship Lines this year and which were preserved for Port use through the Commissioners' new by-law. Studies leading to further negotiations are near completion for the next area for development, and all within the present harbour. In cooperation with the Federal Government new dock walls have been constructed to serve the lands repurchased from the Consumers' Gas Company, creating a total of 3,000' of dock wall and a new dockage area.
Thus, the impact of the seaway, over 1 million tons, with the new facilities completely different from lake shipping has been taken within your existing harbour and postponing the time for the construction of a $60 million new harbour in the lake. The harbour board's policy is an economical and efficient use of the present area before embarking on the costly new harbour, with no natural protection.
Other facilities have been created and I would like to refer specifically to the Port's new 300 ton heavy lift. This gigantic crane, featured by so many transportation and engineering journals and recently one of a series of pictures painted for Fortune Magazine, has already proven its worth to heavy industry in southern Ontario. We now know it will fulfill the prime objective of the Commissioners in its construction, to help develop sales in foreign markets for heavy machinery manufactured in Ontario. It has already handled a first for one large company, electric generators for Great Britain. And if someone really wants to import that famous hippo, the Port of Toronto can guarantee to lift it.
Our overseas trade commenced as almost exclusively import. One of the main selling objectives of the Commission has been to increase export cargoes moving over the Port's docks. This not only helps stimulate the Canadian economy but also makes the Port's position in world trade much more stable as we come closer to a balance of imports and exports. It is our objective to keep closing the gap. You would be interested in knowing that in 1961 our trade over the docks with the United Kingdom was 100,000 import tons and 134,000- export tons-last year 90,000 import, 132,000 export.
Many changes other than in physical assets have also taken place. I have mentioned earlier that we are now salesmen, competing for trade with as tough competition as any industry. A Port development philosophy that created the bare requirements, land and dock, has changed to also providing the facilities for this overseas trade. A Port philosophy of operation that accepted no responsibility for the use of the lands and docks is replaced by one of responsibility to the area. New services have been provided such as radar, berthing masters, voluntary pilotage services. Operations of the terminals has been undertaken for the thousands of consignees using the Port, thus releasing the stevedoring companies to concentrate on the job at which they excel, loading and unloading of ships. In order to give the most to our trading area and thus obtain the greatest use of our facilities, your Port is now in the port business in its full sense.
An example of the change that has taken place in the Great Lakes area is the formation of the International Association of Great Lakes Ports. The founding of this association was conceived and developed by your port representatives. Any previous effort had foundered on the rocks of narrow interests and a lack of appreciation of the needs of the area. The Seaway gave proof that Great Lakes ports must work together or pass the opportunities to the well organized eastern seaboard which in the United States of America forms a strong and influential lobby, aimed at restricting any lakes development. And these American ports are our competitors too.
With the Growth of Port labour, commission and private, with the large increase in visiting sailors from foreign lands, with the advent of the big city status, many more intangible, but I suggest important, changes are taking place on your waterfront. The attraction to organized crime is great. Uncontrolled, as you may have seen in some other ports, the results are disastrous. Many steps have been taken to keep Toronto a clean port, supervision, restriction of liquor outlets, such as taverns, development of recreational opportunities and a co-ordinating committee. This committee made up of the Roman Catholic Church, The United Church of Canada, The Anglican Church of Canada, The Lutheran Church and the Jewish Community, co-ordinates the work of the churches on the waterfront, administering to the physical as well as the spiritual needs. Around this committee revolves the hope for a waterfront centre that will co-ordinate all the factors that are and will be so necessary to a proper, clean, bright future for this international port. The Commissioners are giving all support possible to this group to accomplish its noble and essential purpose.
The possibility of a world trade centre excites the imagination. Your port is now international, its present and its future will fluctuate with changes in international conditions and trade. Its role in the community will bear a direct relation to its contributions to Toronto's growth as a trading centre. Its progress will depend on its ability to fulfill this obligation. At present approximately one-third of our trade is with commonwealth countries, with, of course, the United Kingdom involved in the largest portion of such trade. We must watch with keen eyes the political and economic changes that are brewing particularly in the European Common Market. It is in the role of assisting in promoting international trade that your Port can, and to the best of its ability will, play its major economic role. Lower transportation costs result from use of your docks right in your own city area, without transshipment at another Canadian or American port. Modern efficient facilities are and will be economically operated. A stable, well trained labour force dedicated to Port progress is gradually being developed. However, we must be prepared to face whatever price is placed on reaching this goal through trade disruption from time to time. All efforts will be made to help exporters and potential exporters to be competitive in all foreign markets, including the Commonwealth and the European Common Market.
The future of your Port is an exciting one filled with greater opportunities than at any time in its 300 year history. These are opportunities for expansion, for trade development, for contribution to the growth of southern Ontario, for leadership in the introduction of human factors into a port's commercial enterprise. These all mean a Port community of which we will all be proud.
THANKS OF THE MEETING were expressed by Mr. Paul Mills, O.B.E., Q.C.
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A new convenient service for international postage price calculation is now available for our customers online.
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"Regarding Henry" stars Harrison Ford and Annette Bening.
The Story of "Regarding henry"
Henry is a wealthy New York lawyer who is famous for being ruthless in court. He has a wife, Sarah, and a daughter, Rachel, but does not spend a lot of time with them. One day, Henry's life changes forever as he is shot in the head during a convenience store robbery. He recovers from his injuries, but has completely lost his memory. He must learn everything over again, including the names of his family. Henry slowly gets better, and spends more time with his wife and daughter. Henry learns more and more about his life, and realizes that he is a much better person now than he was before he was injured.
In this scene, Henry has lost his memory, so Rachel has to remind her father that he loves eggs.
Henry: No thanks, I don't like eggs.
Rachel: Eggs are your favorite!
Henry: Okay, then give me lots of eggs.
In Photo Journal 1 Day 3, you learned the phrase "a lot of" which is very useful, because it can be used with both plural countable nouns (like books, cats, and people) and uncountable nouns (like tea, chocolate, and bread).
When we are speaking very casually, like Henry is with his daughter, we often change "a lot of" to "lots of". Please note–even though it's "a lot of" and "lots of", both phrases can be used with countable plural nouns or uncountable nouns– there is no grammatical change.
She has lots of friends.
Bill Gates has lots of money.
Did you eat a lot of spaghetti in Italy?


text:
The coronavirus affects us all.
Help us hold our leaders to account and plan for a future beyond lockdown.
Shine A Light
Violent and dangerous places: the rise in prison suicides in England and Wales
Cuts, overcrowding and understaffing have created a toxic mix of violence, death and human misery.
Lorraine Atkinson
HM Prison Aylesbury (Andy Aitchison @prisonimage)
One hundred and six people have died in prison so far in 2017. This includes 28 people who have taken their own lives. Last year was the highest number of self-inflicted deaths since current recording practices began in 1978. 120 people took their own lives in prison in 2016. On average a prisoner died by suicide every three days.
The rise in prison suicides has coincided with cuts to prison staffing and budgets and a rise in the number of people in prison, resulting in overcrowding. Some prisons introduced restricted regimes and many prisoners are spending hours each day locked in their cells with little to occupy them. Overcrowding and understaffing have created a toxic mix of violence, death and human misery in our prisons. Data from the Ministry of Justice reveal high levels of assaults and self-injury. Some prisoners were too frightened to come out of their cells, according to reports from Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Prisons (HMIP).
The Howard League and Centre for Mental Health conducted a two year inquiry on suicides in prisons. We published four reports on suicide prevention in prison and submitted evidence to the Joint Committee on Human Rights inquiry on mental health and deaths in prison. Our report on preventing prison suicides stated that a prison regime should be built around a normal life, where prisoners are able to get up each day, take a shower and have breakfast and then occupy themselves productively. Prisoners should also be able to exercise daily and go outdoors. Prisons need to become healthier, safer places for all in order to reduce the risk of death.
In 2013 the prisoner incentives and earned privileges (IEP) scheme was revised, resulting in a more punitive regime for many prisoners. HMIP noted, in its report on Wormwood Scrubs prison in 2015, that "the very restricted regime and limited time unlocked rendered much of the [IEP] scheme ineffective as there was too little offered to encourage good behaviour".
A prison regime should be built around a normal life, where prisoners are able to get up each day, take a shower and have breakfast and then occupy themselves productively.
On arrival at a prison, a high risk time for suicide, prisoners are placed on "entry level" and are deprived of basic coping mechanisms such as contact with their family or friends, at a time when they most need support. Prisoners who show "insufficient commitment to rehabilitation and purposeful activity" or have behaved badly can be placed on basic level with limited time out of cell and visits and are only allowed £4 a week of their own money to spend on necessities such as food, toiletries or phone calls.
The most challenging prisoners are often the most troubled and the most likely to be placed on basic regime. Prisoners' poor behaviour can be a sign of their distress but the response from prison staff is often the use of punishment including solitary confinement.
In evidence to the Supreme Court in 2015, the Howard League stated that prisoners in segregation "often tended to be the most disturbed and vulnerable prisoners, characterised by being young, institutionalised, with mental health difficulties or histories or self-harm or attempted suicide". Segregation has been found to have a serious adverse psychological impact on prisoners and can cause irreversible damage.
The Ministry of Justice does not publish data on the use of solitary confinement. Prisoners can be held under segregation conditions for weeks, months and even years. There are no limits on how long a prisoner can be segregated nor is there any requirement for the prisoner to be informed of how long he or she will remain in segregation. In April this year the Howard League brought a judicial review on behalf of a 16 year old boy who had been held in prolonged solitary confinement in Feltham prison.
Concern about the rise in deaths in our prisons have been raised by members of parliament, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Prisons, the Prisons and Probation Ombudsman and coroners. Numerous recommendations have been made, with the aim of preventing further deaths.
The Harris Review, an inquiry into the self-inflicted deaths of 18 to 24 year olds in prison, was published in July 2015. It called for radical changes and stated "unless progress is made on the proposals that we have made, young people will continue to die unnecessarily in our prisons". 22 young people aged 18-24 have taken their lives since the report was published less than two years ago.
In the 2016 annual report, Her Majesty's Chief Inspectorate of Prisons stated that prisons had become "unacceptably violent and dangerous places" and described the picture in respect of self-harm and suicide as "shocking". It made nine recommendations concerning the care of people in crisis in prison.
The Prisons and Probation Ombudsman investigates every death in prison. In his 2016 annual report, the PPO described "a shocking 34% rise in self-inflicted deaths" and "steadily rising numbers of deaths from natural causes". He noted that "improving safety and fairness is less about identifying new learning and more about implementing the learning already available".
In April, the Council of Europe Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) published a report on the UK.
The committee was "deeply concerned" about the high levels of violence in prisons and noted that overcrowding and inadequate regimes were having a negative effect. The Committee stated: "the situation was particularly austere for those juveniles who were placed on 'separation' lists (denoted by vivid pink stickers of 'do not unlock' on their cell doors), who could spend up to 23.5 hours a day locked up alone in their cells." The CPT concluded this amounted to inhumane and degrading treatment.
In November 2016 the Ministry of Justice published a White Paper on prison safety and reform.
It recognised the need to improve safety and security in prisons and announced there would be investment in staffing and an increase in the number of prison officers by 2,500 by 2018. It also announced plans to reform the prison estate to make it less crowded.
Increasing staffing levels in prisons should help to prevent suicides. Positive staff/prisoner relationships are crucial in managing suicide risk in prisons. Prison officers need knowledge but also time to identify and support prisoners in crisis. Having a cup of tea and a chat with a prisoner might be the vital intervention that prevents a death.
However urgent action is still needed to reduce the number of people in prison. Statistics published by the Council of Europe show that the prison population rate in England and Wales is 148.3 prisoners per 100,000 inhabitants, higher than the European average of 133.8 and the highest rate in Western Europe. Prison should only ever be used by the courts as a last resort for the most serious offences and when someone poses an immediate risk to public safety. Reducing the number of people in prison will have a far more immediate impact than building new prisons, which takes time and resources and is likely to lead to an increase in the prison population in the long term.
Prisoner safety should be a top priority for the new government following the general election in June. Reforms cannot be delayed or more lives will be needlessly lost; more families and staff will face bereavement.
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Home/Egyptology/Astonishing archaeological discoveries help rewriting the history of the Ancient Egyptian harbour
Astonishing archaeological discoveries help rewriting the history of the Ancient Egyptian harbour
Luxor Times July 19, 2015
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Dr. Mamdouh El Damaty, Minister of Antiquities, announced today the discoveries were made by mission of the Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw (co-director Dr. Iwona Zych) and the University of Delaware, USA (co-director Dr. Steven E. Sidebotham) at the site of Berenike on the Red Sea coast. Berenike is located 825km south of Suez and 255km east of Aswan.
Drawing by M. Hense.
The harbor site was considered Roman-Ptolemaic but the latest discoveries shows that it was used a long period prior including Amenemhat IV cartouche of Middle Kingdom on a sandstone stele.
The mission continued a geomagnetic survey of Berenike and also excavated in whole or in part 12 trenches during the last season. Participants included dozens of staff from the USA, Poland, the UK, Spain, Romania, Canada, the Netherlands, Sweden and Egypt together with approx. 76 locally recruited Bedouin workmen.
Plan of Berenike with locations of trenches from the winter 2014-2015 season.
Drawing by M. Hense
6 of the 12 trenches excavated were in the south-western harbour and two of these were continuations from previous seasons. Those in the south-western harbour excavated during the last season – where the season before, the remains of an early Roman ship frame made of cedar wood had been discovered and previously ship timbers joined using pinned mortise and tenon construction techniques -contained a range of structures and finds.
The purpose of some structures excavated in the south western harbor during the last season remains unknown at this time. One was an edifice of uncertain function (Trench BE15-103: possibly a warehouse or work area) that lay west of a sunken structure excavated in 2010 and 2011 (Trench BE10/11-70). Excavations also included part of the interior of a late Roman temple (Trench BE10/12/13/14/15-61), industrial and metal working areas (Trenches BE14/15-102 and BE15-108) and a possible ship repair or ship dismantling facility (Trench BE15-109). There was also a small sondage (BE15-106) excavated to recover additional archeobotanical remains for study.
Excavations in trench BE14/15-102 (which had produced an intaglio of a mounted horseman during winter 2013-2014) also documented another intaglio this season. Carved on an oval shaped cabochon likely made of carnelian, this specimen had engraved on it a draped female figure standing facing left.
Intaglio from a ring or necklace, likely made of carnelian. Second/first century BC. Photo by S.E. Sidebotham
The discoveries of the last season include parts of the enterance to Serapis temple, several inscription fragments, Steles, first century 3 human burials: 2 for males and one for a female, Ptolemaic urban defenses and hydraulic facilities.
Inscription dedicated by a secretary to Isis the Greatest Nurse Goddess in 49 AD.
Photo by S.E. Sidebotham
Inscription (records a statue) dedicated by a secretary in charge of an aromatics warehouse at Berenike to a prominent citizen of the city in 112/113 AD. Photo by S.E. Sidebotham. Courtesy of MOA
One of the many inscription fragments from the so-called Serapis Temple. Carved in Greek during the joint reigns of Septimius Severus and Caracalla. Late second-early third century AD. Photo by S.E. Sidebotham
Several of the many inscription fragments (a plaque in this case) from the Serapis Temple. Carved in Greek during the reign of Septimius Severus (193-211 AD) Photo by S.E. Sidebotham
Stele in Egyptian pharaonic style of Roman date depicts (from left to right) images of Hathor/Isis, some emperor whose name is lost, Harpocrates standing on a podium and Min/Pan. Photo by S.E. Sidebotham
Upper right portion of an inscription on a sandstone stele in hieroglyphs. The cartouche records the Pharaoh Amenemhat IV (reigned about 1800 BC) Photo by S.E. Sidebotham. Courtesy of MOA
Trenches BE14-97/BE15-104 shaft cut into bedrock with five tunnels. View looking east. Tunnel at top right is hydraulic. Photo by S.E. Sidebotham. Courtesy of MOA
Skeleton of an adult male wearing an iron ring (indicated by red arrow). First century AD.
For more details of the last season of excavation and documentation at the site, you can download Dr. Steven E. Sidebotham field report in details from Here
Also you can support the mission work "The Berenike project" from HERE
The great supporter of The Berenike Project during the last season was Honor Frost Foundation. You can check their great work from HERE
#Egypt #Archaeology #Egyptology #Discovery #AncientEgypt
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Q: Global Frame of Reference in General Relativity People have been saying that a global frame of reference does not exist in General Relativity.
However, from Wikipedia:

In Schwarzschild coordinates ${\displaystyle (t,r,\theta ,\phi )}$ the Schwarzschild metric (or equivalently, the line element for proper time) has the form
  $${\displaystyle g=-c^{2}\,{d\tau }^{2}=-\left(1-{\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }}{r}}\right)c^{2}\,dt^{2}+\left(1-{\frac {r_{\mathrm {s} }}{r}}\right)^{-1}\,dr^{2}+r^{2}g_{\Omega },}
$$
  where ${\displaystyle g_{\Omega }}{\displaystyle g_{\Omega }}$ is the metric on the two sphere, i.e. ${\displaystyle g_{\Omega }=\left(d\theta ^{2}+\sin ^{2}\theta \,d\varphi ^{2}\right)}.$
–"Schwarzschild metric", Wikipedia

Isn't $\left(t,r,\theta,\phi\right)$ representing the spherical coordinates of an observer, looking at the black-hole from infinity?

A:
People have been saying that a global frame of reference does not exist in General Relativity.

Can you give an example? I don't really know what this means.
There are no global inertial reference frames in general relativity, in general.

[...] Isn't (t,r,θ,ϕ) representing the spherical coordinates of an observer, looking at the black-hole from infinity?

The word "observer" is used in totally different ways in special relativity, general relativity, and quantum mechanics. If you assume they're related, you'll get confused.
In special relativity, "observer" usually means "inertial reference frame."
In general relativity, "observer" usually means a scientist making observations from a particular vantage point (a particular location in spacetime).
In special relativity it happens to be the case that if a scientist is moving inertially, there's a unique (up to time translation) global inertial reference frame in which they're at rest at the origin. Often people call that "their" coordinate system, though this is very misleading since you can just as well use any other coordinate system to describe their motion if you want to. But that unique inertial frame does exist, and it can be defined mathematically. There's no analogous special coordinate system for a moving scientist in general relativity. You might, in some cases, find it useful to use coordinates in which the scientist is at rest at the origin, but that doesn't uniquely define what the coordinates look like away from the origin. And often that coordinate system isn't very useful anyway, because the metric has a complicated form with respect to it, and a simpler form with respect to some other coordinate system in which the scientist isn't at rest.
Schwarzschild coordinates (t,r,θ,ϕ) are just coordinates in which the Schwarzschild metric has a simple mathematical form. They don't represent any observer, in the special-relativistic or general-relativistic sense. You can use Schwarzschild coordinates to determine what an observer (general-relativistic) will see. You can also use totally different coordinates to work out what the same observer will see, and if you did it correctly you'll get the same answer, because the underlying physics is independent of the coordinates.

A: when people talk about 'local frame of references' they are basically talking about charts, which are diffeomorphisms between an open subset of the manifold and open subset of Minkowski. A global frame of reference is actually an atlas made by the union of all charts that cover spacetime
A chart is basically a local coordinate bidirectional function between the target space and the coordinate space, an atlas is a collection of such charts with some overlap between them.
To drive the point home, notice that if you wanted to make a single 2D coordinate system on the sphere, you are either going to find points that behave "oddly" like the poles, for which the function is not entirely bidirectional. You can address this by adding more coordinate systems, like one for the northern hemisphere and another for the southern hemisphere, which can be both parametrized as a simple circle with the south and north pole as centers, and in this case these charts will overlap on the region of the equator. This illustrates that not all spaces can be covered with a single coordinate system, but if you allow more than one, you can consider the union of all those coordinate systems as a collection of local maps, an Atlas. When someone talks about 'global frame of references' in general geometries, they are actually referring to these structures

A: Depends on the metric and topology. Euclidian metric for exame you can have a global coordinate system.


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