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Hunting for Clues
The 1,500 family collections and bequests stored at the Archive of the Jewish Museum Berlin are a trove of history and personal stories. They document and shed light on German-Jewish history by showing numerous individuals' lives.
Researchers can view our collections for scholarly analysis in the Reading Room. But before they are made available, new holdings must be cataloged by the staff of the Museum Archive. That inventory process can require background research, which can sometimes become very extensive. With patience, passion, outside assistance, some experience, and a little luck, this process often allows us to fill in gaps and find connections, gradually piecing together a larger picture out of isolated puzzle pieces.
Taking the Oliven Family Collection as an example, we will show what extensive and sometimes surprising insights can emerge from the process of cataloguing and indexing a collection.
Unpacking the Oliven Family Collection; Jewish Museum Berlin, photo: Ulrike Neuwirth
In 2016 and 2018, the Archive of the Jewish Museum Berlin acquired a vast collection from the Oliven Family. After it was unpacked, it wound up on the desk of one of the archive employees to be inventoried. Alongside photographs, diaries, and documents spanning around two hundred years of family history, this collection also included a small book inscribed with the title All for Love , a Goethe quotation, and dedicated "For Klaus from Kurt."
A photograph of Kurt has been pasted in next to the dedication. He is looking straight into the camera with an expression of what might be described as melancholy. The following page reads, in neat handwriting:
"Books speak to a person / if a person hears them out. / And this little book will speak to you / when you open it. / It can talk softly / if you address it softly / and it can talk loudly / if you wish. / It is free of context / yet linked as a chain. / It is one thing / yet many. / Books speak to a person / if a person hears them out / and this little book speaks to you. / Listen:"
The little book contains musings on matters of love, a variety of quotations and poems whose authors we have not always been able to identify, a copy of a "Letter from Silingtal," and many lovingly drawn illustrations. See for yourself:
Portrait of Kurt from the little book All for Love , about 1937 or 1938; Jewish Museum Berlin, accession 2016/15/322, gift of the Oliven family
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This and all subsequent images show pages of the little book All for Love , about 1938 (blank pages generally not shown).
Jewish Museum Berlin, gift of the Oliven family
Click each image to see an enlarged version and an English translation of the text.
Inside cover of the book with the dedication For Klaus from Kurt .
Inside cover of the book with the dedication from For Klaus from Kurt .
"[...] Books speak to a person
if a person hears them out [...]"
Transkription:
"Prologue
Books speak to a person
if a person hears them out.
And this little book will speak to you
when you open it.
It can talk softly
if you address it softly
and it can talk loudly
if you wish.
It is free of context
yet linked as a chain.
It is one thing
yet many.
if a person hears them out
and this little book speaks to you.
Listen:"
"Man Drawing His Sword by Barlach"
"There are five kinds of human relationships [...]"
"There are five kinds of human relationships.
Familiarity, acquaintanceship (flirtation),
comradery, friendship, and love.
Five stages that lead from 'me' to the 'you' (du) of intimacy. Five stages of suffering and joy.
Some people leap over them in a day, others need years, and some spend a lifetime on the way to that intimate 'you' but never get beyond the stage of acquaintanceship.
Capability is the magic word that leads to the intimate 'you', to the final stage of love.
Knowledge is the crowbar of ability.
Knowledge and honesty.
Honesty with the 'me' and with the 'you'.
Honesty of mind and of heart.
To observe these five stages is to observe life."
"Familiarity is stage one [...]"
"Familiarity is stage one.
You shake hands, but the soul does not speak.
You have a conversation, but the heart is silent.
Stage two of life lies bleak before us, the stage of acquaintanceship (flirtation).
No soulful light illuminates this stage, no heart-fire warms it. It is only occasionally enflamed by the fire of the senses, but this fire is not warming, it burns out, smolders the soul and the heart. At this stage, you can have physical closeness. But you are still far away from the intimate 'you'.
Light envelops us when we have risen to the stage of comradery.
The mind of the 'me' nears the mind of the 'you' and mutual knowledge emerges. The stage of comradery is chilly because the hearts are far apart and do not give out a warming fire."
"[...] The souls are gratified, but not the hearts [...]"
"The souls are gratified, but not the hearts.
They wait from afar – and freeze.
Stage four is called friendship.
In comradeship, the hearts mingle
and warm each another
boy and girl,
man and woman,
with affection. –
Can a person rise higher still?
Some time and somewhere in the world, a couple is rising to the stage of love. Is it in Singapore or Marseille, in New York or Samarkand? In a palace or a clay hut? Love is a flower that goes unseen when it blooms. Love is beyond description. Words are too small to strike the essence of love. They always miss the target. Only in some distant music does it resound, only in some distant paintings could we behold it!
Blissful are those who achieve the stage of love."
"[...] You, whom I do not tell that all night long I lie weeping [...]"
"Song
You, whom I do not tell that all night long
I lie weeping,
whose very being makes me feel wanting
like a cradle.
You, who do not tell me,
that you lie awake thinking of me:
what, if we carried all these longings within us
without ever being overwhelmed by them,
letting them pass?
Look at these lovers, tormented by love,
when first they begin confessing,
how soon they lie!
You make me feel alone. I try imagining:
one moment it is you, then it's the soaring wind;
a fragrance comes and goes but never lasts.
Oh, within my arms I lost all whom I loved!
Only you remain, always reborn again.
For since I never held you, I hold you fast.
Rainer Maria Rilke"
[translated by Albert Ernest Flemming]
"A Suicide Speaks from the Year 1500 BCE in Egypt [...]"
"A Suicide Speaks from the Year 1500 BCE in Egypt
To whom can I speak today?
Hearts are rapacious:
Every man seizes his fellow's goods.
The gentle man has perished,
But the violent man has access to everybody.
There are no righteous;
The land is left to those who do wrong.
Death is before me today:
Like the recovery of a sick man,
Like going forth into a
Garden after sickness.
Like the odor of myrrh,
Like a cool breeze on a hot day.
Like the scent of lotus flowers
When sitting on the banks of intoxication.
Like the home that a man longs to see
After years spent as a captive."
"Nighturnal Dreamdeath [...]"
"Nighturnal Dreamdeath
madahatter taciturn
floatflowing, floatgliding,
floatflooding black
dreamcypresses,
wanderizing ancient-oceanwards
dreamtaurus and dreamthujer-
under interreflected stars
labyrinthinely
drifts … my … boat.
Beguiling … sirenical … dyssweetifying
a fairybird
callsings.
All through-
the … long… thick
night!
My hands,
pallid slimthin fine
as if outlandish
coldsouled, enigmamatic, hangingstiff,"
"Hands [...]"
"Hands
dip down
into shimmering
water lettuce.
Below,
lurking… below… soundless,
threatening, glimmering
temptational, emblazonal, seductional
unfathomable, deepdeadsilent
… depths! …
on and on
banks!
Ever farther from me … my life! … Ever
stranger to me… song!
Arno Holz"
"Dream"
"Dream
Once upon a time, I, Chuang Chou, dreamt I was a butterfly, fluttering hither and thither, a veritable butterfly, enjoying itself to the full of its bent, and not knowing it was Chuang Chou. Suddenly I awoke, and came to myself, the veritable Chuang Chou. Now I do not know whether it was then I dreamt I was a butterfly, or whether I am now a butterfly dreaming I am a man.
Confucius"
[Zhuangzi/Zhuang Zhou, translated by James Legge]
"Chant of the Fang People"
"Chant of the Fang People
'I drank the dzang, the drink that delights the heart.
I drank the dzang, my heart is enthralled, I drank the dzang.
The chief, whom all obey, it is I, the great chief.
It is I, Ngan, it is I, lord of the water, lord of the forest.
I drank the dzang, the drink that delights the heart.'
Translated from Fang into German by Carl Einstein."
»MENNA«
Ikhnaton
THE BOOK OF WISDOM"
"Prayer"
"Prayer
Amon-ra, I love you and have taken you into my heart… O sweet spring for the thirsty in the desert!
He is closed off to those who speak but open to the silent. When the silent man comes, behold, he shall find the spring."
[Egyptian hymn]
"Do not still thy heart [...]"
"Do not still thy heart with a brother,
know no friend,
and do not select any confidants,
therin lies no end.
When you sleep, keep your heart for yourself
For a man has no friends
In days of doom.
Listen to what I tell you,
That you are a sovereign upon the earth.
That you are a ruler of the land.
That you shall grow strong in goodness.
2900 BCE"
"Guard yourself [...]"
"Guard yourself against the foreign woman
who is unknown in your native town;
do not gaze upon her.
Do not associate with her, for she is a wide and deep flood
whose eddies no man knows.
The woman whose husband is afar tells you 'I am beautiful' day after day.
If there are no witnesses, she comes to you with her charm.
O what an enormous fatal crime to harken to such charms,
even if the tale will not leave the country.
For after committing this sin,
there is none other to which a man would not fall."
"Grave Robbery"
"Grave Robbery
The earth lies in darkness like the dead
Who sleep in their chambers,
Their heads shrouded,
Their nostrils stuffed,
And none can see the others,
While all their things are stolen
From beneath their heads,
And they know nothing of it…
The world is unspeaking,
Its Creator rests in his horizons."
"The Dead"
"The Dead
No one returns from there
to tell us how they are faring
to recount to us their fates
and to gratify our hearts.
Till the day we too strike out
to find their land,
we must satisfy ourselves
by encouraging our hearts
to forget."
"Happy is he who [...]"
"Happy is he who never betrays his beloved,
Happy is he who knows his enemy and crushes him,
Happy is he who knows the truth and fears not."
"You lied to the heart [...]"
"You lied to the heart
that loves you.
You are mistaken."
"The Inaccessibility [...]"
"The Inaccessibility
of Scholarship"
"… And if, one day, mankind will even be able [...]"
"… And if, one day, mankind will even be able to see and calculate the positions and movements of all the many particles that make up the brain. If someday, there is an 'astronomy of the brain' as well attuned to the movements of brain particles as is an astronomer to the movements of the stars above, even then we would still not know why a particular configuration of particles should produce this thought and another configuration produce that thought. How do mechanical and chemical changes in our brain bring intellect, that is the enigma! Fundamentally, we do not know whether the world truly exists as we see it, as it appears to us, or is merely a product of our brain. We do not know whether a creature of another kind would have an entirely different picture of the world. The objects of the exterior world are truly present, but what appears to us as a plant, as a rock, as the sun"
"The purpose of science is [...]"
"is perhaps, as an entity, in its true essence, something entirely different.
The purpose of science is simply to find the truth – no matter whether, to human perceptions, that truth is soothing or bleak, beautiful or unaesthetic, logical or inconsistent, reasonable or foolish, necessary or marvelous.
The truth may state that there is no purpose in living on earth; it might say that 'human beings are an illness of the earth', but it would still be true in the final analysis."
"Steadily fall the droplets"
"Steadily fall the droplets
of pain.
Sapping reminders
They trickle into the depths of the heart
and fall throbbing to the floor
of existence.
Steadily fall the droplets
of pain."
"Summer"
"Summer
The fields bear ripening fruit
while the year, at the peak of its power, pauses and ponders.
On days like these the heat trembles over fields and forests.
On days like these, the animals are quiet
and the people in low moods, as if
carrying burdens on wavering sholders.
Nature holds ist breath
and is pregnant with the fruit to come."
"Each Person"
"Each Person
Each person carries around
a little stone inside himself.
And the stone is called longing.
He carries it wherever he may be
and whatever he may do.
It is never lost.
He forgets it only on occasion.
Sometimes it is light
and sometimes heavy.
… Everyone must carry it.
Somewhere the wind whips the palm trees,
somewhere the sea is outspread.
A person longs for something
Perhaps the kiss of a mouth,
perhaps the shade of a tree.
He does not know
and nobody can tell him.
Forests, mountains, and meadows are…
… And yet…"
"Each person carries around
He carries it wherever he is
and whatever he does.
And the stone is called longing."
"Time
The screaming lamps reflect each other
in the windows and the streets.
They stand like soldiers at the front
Terror-stricken, prostituting all
that they possess within.
The piercing sounds of traffic ring out
As if attempting with stiff, sore fingers
To stop time from rushing past.
And they do not notice that their haste
has built a stone wall around their existence
and that time is now jolting faster and faster.
Hurried humanity picks up pace with machines
seeking to capture time, which he sees
a scarce arm's length ahead.
But when his hand is about to grab it,
time jumps, propelled again by his new haste,
faster and faster forward with sore eyes and feet.
Humanity is astonished at the sight."
"The Ninth Parable"
"The Ninth Parable
One cannot hold while pouring;
One cannot whet while touching;
One cannot have while keeping.
Selfishness, unbridled, brings sin.
To work, to complete, living in vacancy:
That is the Path.
Lao Tse"
"The Eternal Poem"
"The Eternal Poem
I paint letters with solitude for company.
The bamboo swells like sea. Shrubs dangle
dewdrops like strings of pearls.
I throw verses onto gleaming paper
like plum blossoms scattered in snow.
How long can the scent of mandarin fruit
linger under a woman's arms?
How long can the snow
bloom in the sunshine?
Only this poem that I write here,
O, may it last forever, forever, forever!
Li Bai"
[freely translated from Klabund's German translation]
"Self-Abandonment"
"Self-Abandonment
I sat drinking and did not notice the dusk,
Till falling petals filled the folds of my dress.
Drunken I rose and walked to the moonlit stream;
The birds were gone, and men also few."
[Li Bai, translated by Arthur Waley]
"The lonely pond..."
"The lonely pond
The ancient pond
A frog leaps in
The sound of the water."
[Haiku by Matsuo Basho, translated by Donald Keene]
"The Last Word
True words aren't eloquent;
eloquent words aren't true.
Wise men don't need to prove their point;
men who need to prove their point aren't wise.
The Master has no possessions.
The more he does for others,
the happier he is.
The more he gives to others,
the wealthier he is.
The Tao nourishes by not forcing.
By not dominating, the Master leads.
Lao Tzu"
"Geisha"
"Geisha
So that all men will like me best
I'm all a whirl and bric-a-brac
But if they're slurring their requests
I sit aloof and turn my back.
They bring me gold and little morsels
But none have brought a pleasant word.
And so I'm loudly, softly sorrowful
I weep with yearnings sweet, deferred.
Then yesterday a bachelor bowed
Compelled by his magnetic passion.
He left a kiss upon my brow –
I'll never see his face again."
[Translated from Klabund's adaptation of the Circle of Chalk by Li Qianfu]
"Letter from Silingtal"
"Letter from Silingtal
Dear Kurt,
I feel terrible that we spoke so little in Silingtal, and now that I saw that your letter showed you would understand me, I'm sad to think of it.
Everyone here is different from me and I have become different too. Although my general status is unlike ever before, I am still so empty, so alone. And since Selma has left us too, I often think it will break me that I don't like anyone here and no one likes me. With Silma, things were so good recently. I gave to her all the feelings, all the love I carry inside me and we spent beautiful hours together, the two of us among all the "strangers" here, but that was all there was, and must remain all there will be in my memory.
Selma has left because she"
"live happily somewhere else"
"could not live here and she will live happily somewhere else.
I think I will not be able to live anywhere anymore, all the things that are breaking me are within me and I will never become any different. Some people are too cowardly to die and too weak to live.
Nobody here knows what I'm like on the inside. I've never before been so balanced, so in control on the surface as now, and never before so empty; my life has never felt so pointless.
I'm ruminating, and have a big question inside that nobody can answer, I have such longing and I don't know for what.
I'm walking down an endless path, living a life without meaning or purpose. Why? For what? Oftentimes, I don't want to live with so much awareness. I want to let go and forget it all. –
I dream a lot and I dream to forget, to be happy at least in my dreams, and the dream is"
"afraid of waking up"
"pleasant, but when dreaming I'm afraid of waking up. Because when I open my eyes, the dream is over, history, has sunk into the depths – and I long ago stopped believing in a future, the present is bleak and life is hard.
I often find myself crying and I don't know why, I think and I ruminate and my poor head hurts so much. I'm afraid and I don't know of what.
Half a year ago I stole arsenic tablets from Richard's medicine cabinet, then I put them back because that was childish back then.
Today we don't have arsenic tablets, but plenty of other things…
I am weak and I'm taking the easy way out. I'm living and acting with the knowledge if I ever cannot keep going at all, there remains this one last option.
What is all that awareness, all that activity good for?"
"I will never be able to endure life"
"I will never be able to endure life. With all the things inside me, I'll break.
No need to ask why I am writing all this to you, and if it bothers you, don't reply. Don't be angry at me, and don't misunderstand me.
Yours, …
(One can think what one wishes about feelings, be they ripe or unripe, foolish or wise. One cannot deny their reality. And one cannot negate the effect that they have on a feeling person.)"
"Faust, Part II"
"Faust, Part II
Mephistopheles:
Unwillingly! There's a greater mystery, I say, Goddesses, enthroned on high, and solitary.
No space round them, not even time: only
To speak of them embarrasses me.
They are The Mothers!
Faust (Terrified.):
Mothers!
Faust:
The Mothers! Mothers! It sounds so strange!"
[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, translated by A.S. Klein]
"To Give to Men Is Meaningless"
"To Give to Men Is Meaningless
If One Withholds Oneself"
[Axel Munthe]
"Grave-diggers"
"What it therefore produces, above all, are its own grave-diggers. Its fall and the victory are equally inevitable."
[after Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels]
"to eat crow"
"No matter what should happen,
you must never sink so low
that after being tarred and feathered
you proceed to eat crow."
[after Erich Kästner]
"For Klaus from Kurt"
What was Kurt's relationship to Klaus? In the beginning, we only knew who Klaus was. Klaus Oliven was born in Berlin in 1918 and emigrated to Brazil in 1939, where he died in 2010. He is at the center of the collection in question, which was donated to us by his children. It contains countless documents from his life as well as many photos depicting him.
But who was Kurt?
Kurt [Unknown]
The book itself contains no further clues as to Kurt's identity, not even his family name. Perhaps as we indexed the rest of the collection, we would come across more leads to help resolve his identity?
Portrait of Klaus Oliven, photograph by Margot Neuding, Dresden, 1938; Jewish Museum Berlin, accession 2016/15/8, gift of the Oliven family
Sicha on Friendship
And so, the inventory process continued. A few days later, we unearthed a stack of minutes from meetings of Hashomer Hatzair, a Jewish youth movement, held in Frankurt am Main in 1937 and 1938. Other documents show that at that time, Klaus Oliven was the leader of the Frankfurt chapter whose discussion group went by the Hebrew name Sicha (conversation).
Hashomer Hatzair
The socialist Zionist youth organization Hashomer Hatzair was founded in 1913.
More on Wikipedia
The Minutes of the Sicha from 30 Jan 38 on Friendship deal with various interpersonal relationships - comradery, friendship, flirtation, and love:
"The modern person views another person as a product, an object... There is no such thing as friendship, only flirtations; no such thing as love, only affaires."
Aren't those the very same themes as in the little book, All for Love ? The handwriting seems familiar too. And sure enough! The minutes are signed by a "Kurt Friedmann," who was clearly also living in Frankfurt in 1938.
Notes on the Sicha about friendship, first page, 30 January 1938; Jewish Museum Berlin, accession 2016/15/7, gift of the Oliven family
Kurt Friedmann's signature beneath the notes (detail), 30 January 1938; Jewish Museum Berlin, accession 2016/15/7, gift of the Oliven family
Nine Different Kurts
This was, then, a sufficient basis for searching the List of Jewish Residents in Germany 1933-1945 , a database of the German Federal Archives, which is now in its eleventh edition and is continuously amended and periodically revised.
The database contains nine entries on people by the name of Kurt Friedmann and two others with the spelling Curt. The oldest was born in 1877, the youngest in 1938. The Kurt in question would have been born between 1918 and 1925, we hypothesized. Unfortunately, none of the individuals from the List of Jewish Residents in Germany 1933-1945 matches that age range, and neither did any of them reside in Frankfurt am Main. Ah well; a dead end.
List of Jewish Residents in Germany 1933-1945 (Residentenliste)
The List of Jewish Residents in Germany 1933-1945 includes the names, dates and places of birth, places of residence, and notes on emigration or deportation of approximately 600,000 Jewish residents of the German Reich from 1933 to 1945. In Berlin, it may be viewed in the Reading Room of the German Federal Archives. The address is listed here:
Federal Archives website
You can find more information about the List of Jewish Residents in Germany 1933-1945 in Die Liste der jüdischen Einwohner im Deutschen Reich 1933-1945 (The List of Jewish residents of the German Reich, 1933-45) by Nicolai M. Zimmermann, who collaborated on the Memorial Book's development.
Download (in German)
Diaries as a Source
As such, we could only hope that the Oliven Collection, which includes fourteen diaries by Klaus, would furnish more clues. Klaus Oliven wrote at length in his diaries about his involvement in Jewish youth movements, beginning at Habonim Noar Chaluzi and moving over to Hashomer Hatzair in 1936.
Zionist Youth Movement
His descriptions reveal many interesting details about life in the association, the Bundist vision of education, discussions about issues and ideology, and group activities such as field trips and evening gatherings. The diaries also mention that the 19-year-old Klaus traveled from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main in October 1937 to lead the local chapter, called the "Ken."
And finally Kurt Friedmann reappears:
"Kurt Friedmann developed an immediate fondness for me. [...] When I arrived, he was 17 and he later turned 18. A handsome boy, completely blond, but he had very blemished skin, a pimply face. He spoke in authentic Frankfurt dialect. A highly intelligent boy with a mind of his own and also artistic talents. He was good at drawing and made little books of poems and drawings for his good friends... He made one for me too, a long time after I left Frankfurt. A very peculiar, unusual boy, but the only one of them all who was really worth his salt."
A "little book of poems and drawings" ? Just like the little book All For Love , which you can peruse above?
One of Klaus Oliven's diaries; Jewish Museum Berlin, accession 2016/15/10, gift of the Oliven family
Diary entry by Klaus Oliven mentioning Kurt Friedmann, diary no. 7 (exzerpt), Porto Alegre, 17 March 1940; Jewish Museum Berlin, accession 2016/15/10, gift of the Oliven family
A False Lead
Invigorated by these new discoveries, our researcher tried once more to track down Kurt Friedmann. A subscription-based genealogy website did indeed reveal a private family tree listing a Kurt Friedmann who was born in 1920 in Wiesbaden and died in 2005. Wiesbaden is not far from Frankfurt. Perhaps this was our man?
The first search result for "Kurt Friedmann 2005 Wiesbaden" was a publication from Wiesbaden titled Poems in Dialect by Kurt Friedmann , raising hopes of a match: poems sounded like the right Kurt, as did the use of (Hessian) dialect. But the genealogist who had created the family tree in question responded promptly, crushing our hopes: this Kurt Friedmann was his father, and was "not Jewish."
Alas, it was back to the drawing board and to Klaus Oliven's diaries, hoping for more mentions of Kurt Friedmann. And sure enough, like puzzle pieces, scraps of information gradually fit together to form a vague picture of Kurt Friedmann from the perspective of his friend Klaus:
Klaus on Kurt
"He had only been to elementary school, made awfully many spelling mistakes, and at fourteen had started apprenticing under a very strict master painter, who had terrified him."
Jewish Museum Berlin, illustration: Florian Schmeling
"Kurt... said that he had to own every book that he really enjoyed. And in fact, before he started working in the big Rothschild Park as a gardener's apprentice, he had used the few pfennigs he earned as a housepainter's apprentice to buy all his favorite books, which he guarded like his own children."
"Kurt... said that he had to own every book that he really enjoyed. And in fact, before he started working in the big Rothschild Park as a gardener's apprentice, he had used the few pennies he earned as a housepainter's apprentice to buy all his favorite books, which he guarded like his own children."
"I gave him my notes on Ad[onism] and we read them together. I made him a reading list and gave him scholarly books, though he had read almost only novels until then."
"We also had many conversations. He was a dead-set philosophical materialist and always wanted to persuade me. He wanted to prove that the material produces the intellectual... We used to spend hours talking at my place until late at night and it was not uncommon for him to leave at two in the morning. We also talked about moral questions. Whether it was permissible for a poor man to steal from the rich. And whether it made a difference if someone stole for himself or for the movement. And whether it was the same thing to steal from a rich man when in urgent need or to expropriate his property later during the Revolution."
"I also talked to Kurt about sexual morality. My position was that someone should only have a sexual relationship if they truly had a 'harmonious connection' with the other person... He drew a distinction between love and sex. He felt that every person needed sexual gratification. So in his mind it was not always possible to wait for such a harmonious connection. If they matched physically, they could have a sexual relationship without it."
"He was a boy who could have a strong effect on girls. He had something very suggestive and interesting about him, which was reflected in his activities, his letters, and his poems, as well as his imaginative and mystical drawings. He certainly always had ideas."
One of Kurt's many ideas was to organize the sicha on friendship mentioned earlier. Klaus Oliven writes about it in his diary:
"By the way, the idea of talking about this question, and that each of us should give our opinion of how we envisioned a friend, came from Kurt, who had already done a similar שיחה [sicha] with the workers."
The two friends also took trips together. One Sunday, they set off on a motorcycle:
"I took Kurt on the back, and we rode off, taking the Reich Autobahn to Bad Homburg, etc. It was magnificent, and I was very happy. Kurt stuck his tongue out at all the people I passed driving cars or motorbikes."
The two of them paid repeated visits to a certain Herr Friedberg, whose apartment in Frankfurt harbored a large private library including many books banned by the Nazis.
"He had a fantastic library... We never tired of looking through it and leafing through all the treasures. And when we had to go, we would each take a whole stack of books with us, which we'd quickly finish reading and return to borrow more."
Kurt and Klaus shared a love of literature. Together with some other friends, their chaverim and chaverot, they read Goethe's Faust , each playing different parts. Perhaps that is how the Goethe quotation "All for Love" made it on the cover of the little book? The two of them also read the Communist Manifesto together.
Two-page spread from a photo album with four photos of the "Frankfurt Bund," 1937/38
(Showing Kurt Friedmann, Fredi Katz [1921–41, murdered in Kaunas], Hans Löwenstamm, Erich Moses, Chajim Pinkus, Grete Schaumberg [1920–41, murdered in Riga], Ruth Sichel [1920-?], and Rony [last name unknown]); Jewish Museum Berlin, accession 2016/417/40, gift of the Oliven family
Before Klaus Oliven left Frankfurt in 1938, the members of Hashomer Hatzair organized a "nice farewell neshef with shmonzes," or a literary evening at Kurt's house. Kurt suggested that each member read their three favorite passages from their favorite books. Kurt's favorite books were Fabian by Erich Kästner and Children of Pain by Georg Fink.
At the Hakhshara
Klaus was not the only one leaving Frankfurt. Kurt left as well to attend the Intermediate Hakhshara. The Intermediate Hakhshara prepared teenagers from fifteen to seventeen for emigrating to Palestine by training them in agriculture and skilled labor.
First there was significant resistance to overcome. Hans, Kurt's previous group leader, "did not think much of Kurt and we had completely different views of him." But Klaus advocated for him and eventually also convinced Kurt's parents of the idea.
Fabian: The Story of a Moralist by Erich Kästner, 1931 edition, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt (book cover designed by Georg Salter); Jewish Museum Berlin, accession BIB/836/0, gift of George Warburg
Because the Friedmanns were penniless, the Jewish Community had to provide a scholarship. Finally, Kurt was invited to a farm in Silingtal. Silingtal? Where is that? It took an inter-library loan through our colleagues at the Museum Library to locate it: Silingtal was a little-known teaching farm for prospective emigrants located near the village of Klein Silsterwitz in Lower Silesia. It was presumably the only Hakhshara camp operated by Hashomer Hatzair at the time.
Hakhshara
These agricultural training centers trained Jews for emigration to Palestine, mostly in the 1920s and 1930s.
Departure from Frankfurt
On 1 March 1938, the two friends parted ways. Klaus returned to his family in Berlin, then continued onward to Dresden. Meanwhile, Kurt traveled to Silingtal.
"He left the same night as I did, only five minutes later... He was going to the Hakhshara with great expectations. He had resolved to start a new life there and wanted to leave Frankfurt as soon as possible because Dorle had left for America a few days earlier, which hit him hard of course, after a girlfriend he had loved very much had already been taken from him in the same way."
Dorle was Kurt's fifteen-year-old girlfriend who had worked at his mother's hat shop. In his diary, Klaus wrote that Kurt had trusted him with "strictly confidential," intimate details of their relationship.
"The Book Speaks for Itself"
The two friends stayed in contact after they both left Frankfurt. This is how we know that Kurt was unhappy in Silingtal and in particular had issues with its director, whom he perceived as a dictator. "It was a pity that Kurt couldn't find his place there," wrote Klaus in his diary.
Kurt did not linger long. Within a matter of months, he was making his way back to Frankfurt. By then, Klaus was living in Dresden and had gotten together with a new girlfriend, who was named Margot and known as Spatz. "Kurt told Spatz so many nice things about me from Frankfurt etc. that she was shocked that a boy could gush about me so wildly." In turn, Klaus was impressed with Kurt and described him as a "boy who, while peculiar, is so talented and impressionable. He has something girlish, enthusiastic, and soft about him."
The two of them continued their correspondence, although Kurt did so in secret because his family disapproved of his friendship with Klaus. He worked in Frankfurt. With his wages, he barely kept above water. Klaus helped him out and gave him a knickerbocker suit as a gift.
"From Frankfurt, he finally sent me the little book he'd promised me ever since we parted in Frankfurt.... He'd made one like it for all the people he really liked.... The book speaks for itself and I will take very good care of it."
Klaus kept that resolution for a lifetime.
"Dearest שלום"
Some of the correspondence between Kurt and Klaus has been preserved in the Oliven Collection: five letters and a postcard that Kurt wrote between 3 April and 10 August 1938, almost all of them sent from Silingtal. The final letter was the only one he wrote from Frankfurt am Main, which he sent together with the little book All for Love : "Enclosed, the long-awaited book."
Kurt had sent one of the earlier letters from Silingtal together with a letter to his parents, asking Klaus a favor:
"Could you be so kind as to put it in an envelope and send it to Isaak Friedmann in Frankfurt, Eschersheimerlandstr. 5."
Letters from Kurt Friedmann to Klaus Oliven, Silingtal and Frankfurt am Main, 3 April to 10 August 1938; Jewish Museum Berlin, accession Presse/2699/0, gift of the Oliven family
Postscript by Kurt Friedmann at the end of his letter, Silingtal, 3 April 1938; Jewish Museum Berlin, accession 2016/15/9, gift of the Oliven family
This was our researcher's stroke of luck. Finally, a new lead! This specific address made it possible to send an inquiry to the Institute of City History in Frankfurt am Main, which responded that same day: Kurt Josef Friedmann was born on 21 September 1919 and had a sister named Margot who was four years younger than him. His mother Jenny Friedmann ran a clothing store on Hochstrasse 4. In 1934, the family moved to Eschersheimer Landstrasse. His father Isaak Friedmann died on 23 September 1938.
Their address registration forms indicated Polish citizenship. The archivist in Frankfurt therefore assumed that the Friedmanns were deported to Poland during the Polenaktion (Polish Action) of October 1938.
Finally, Some Progress!
Thanks to these new leads, we were able to find more information on Kurt's family via a few detours: A son of Kurt's cousin, who lives in Jerusalem in her old age, can be found on the Internet. Thankfully, he was able to contact David, the son of Kurt's sister Margot. David lives in England, and was taken aback by the email from the Jewish Museum Berlin.
We need a Friedmann family tree to keep track of things; Jewish Museum Berlin, accession Presse/2704/0, photo: Jörg Waßmer
"My Uncle"
David responded:
"Unfortunately my mother passed away some 19 years ago, and when she was alive she did not talk a lot about her life in Germany, maybe she just wanted to try and forget about the horrors. What I do know is that she mentioned that my uncle, whom my father called 'The Communist' wished to travel to Russia instead of accompanying my mother and grandmother to England. That's really where the story ends, as he was never heard from again.... Bizarrely, your email came a week after my wife and I traveled to Yad Vashem in Jerusalem and I tried to gain more information on my uncle whilst we were there. Alas without any success."
Nevertheless, the Archive of the Jewish Museum was able to send him reproductions of two photographs of his mother Margot from one of the photo albums in the Oliven Family Collection. The photos had been pasted in alongside a photo of Kurt with the caption "Kurt's sister." David was stunned. He had never seen a photo of his mother as a young girl before.
Two portraits of Margot Friedmann with dedications on the back: "For you - 3 December 1938" and "Keep me in mind sometimes - 23 February 1939"; Jewish Museum Berlin, accession 2016/417/42/003 (left) and 2016/417/42/002 (right), gift of the Oliven family
Page of Testimony at Yad Vashem
This exchange also revealed that forty years ago, David had left a Page of Testimony for his uncle at the Israeli memorial museum Yad Vashem. But because it is listed under the name Joseph Friedmann and does not mention his first name Kurt, the Archive staff member had previously been unable to find him in Yad Vashem's online database.
His 1980 Page of Testimony lists Russia as his presumptive location during the war; meanwhile, the International Tracing Service in Bad Arolsen listed him as "missing" ever since his deportation during the Polenaktion.
Deportation from Germany
Indeed, one of the last people to see Kurt Friedmann in Germany was Klaus Oliven. In the ninth volume of his diaries, he describes the Polenaktion of October 1938, when at least 17,000 Jewish with Polish citizenship residing in the German Reich were arrested, transported to the border, and violently deported. At the time, Klaus was still living in Dresden and experienced the grief of this firsthand:
"Most of the trains passed through Dresden on their way to the Polish border. The community had received authorization from the State Police to set up food and aid at the train station for those passing through."
Yad Vashem is Israel's official memorial to the Jewish victims of Nazi annihilation and preserves scholarly documentation of their lives.
Yad Vashem website
International Tracing Service
Information center in the town of Bad Arolsen, in northern Hesse, which focuses on determining the fates of the targets of the Nazi regime's oppression and searches for their relatives.
International Tracing Service website
Klaus Oliven and his chaverim/-ot signed up as volunteer aid workers. They distributed food such as hot soup, beverages, hygiene items, medicine, and stamped postcards allowing those deported to contact their relatives. Klaus writes:
"Trains also passed through from Frankfurt, and I found many old friends from Frankfurt in one of them. Kurt, his sister Margot, his mother (his father, I found out on the platform, had since died).... The train made a long stop and I had some time to talk to them.... Kurt nearly fell backwards when saw me. He hadn't expected this."
Klaus goes on to mention that Margot and her mother returned to Frankfurt: "Only Kurt went over to Poland." "We haven't had a letter from Kurt for four weeks now," wrote his sister Margot in December 1938 to Klaus Oliven. "But from others, we've heard that sadly he is not doing especially well because he has no work and is living off the Komittée."
And that was where all traces of Kurt Friedmann, then aged nineteen, ran cold.
Kurt Friedmann climbing on a wall, about 1937 or 1938; Jewish Museum Berlin, accession 2016/417/42/001, gift of the Oliven family
Remaining Questions
Unfortunately, we have found no leads whatsoever to help us determine where Kurt Friedmann ended up, and we have likely exhausted our options for determining his fate. We have more hope of answering some smaller questions that remained unresolved during the research process described above.
In his diaries, Klaus Oliven mentions in several places that Kurt had sent other friends little books of poems and drawings similar to the one presented here.
One of those friends was Kurt Sommerfeld, whose identity cannot be conclusively established. There are some indications that he may have committed suicide in exile in London in 1939. It is unclear whether his possessions and papers have been preserved somewhere.
Bella Reiner, who later married Xiel Federmann, was also mentioned as having received a little book. When the Archive contacted her son in Israel, he informed us that he could not find a little book of that description among her things. (She died in 2011.)
So far, we have not been able to find out about the later life of Kurt Friedmann's girlfriend Dorle, who emigrated to the United States. She was also supposed to have received a little book. But we have not been able to find her or any children she may have had.
Did any of Kurt Friedmann's other friends receive such books? Have any of them been preserved by the recipients or their heirs?
Can you help? Do you have any other leads?
Jörg Waßmer
archive@jmberlin.de
Citation recommendation:
Jörg Waßmer (2018), Kurt. Hunting for Clues.
URL: www.jmberlin.de/en/node/5803
Sexual Diversity in the Collection of the Jewish Museum Berlin
"Polenaktion" ("Polish Action," 1938)
In our collections, you can find documents, photographs, and other objects related to the "Polenaktion" (in German).
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text:
MALDEF AND ALLIED WEALTH PARTNERS REACH AGREEMENT TO DISMISS EMPLOYMENT LAWSUIT
May 31, 2019 | DACA, Employment, Media, News Releases
On April 5, 2018, MALDEF (Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund) filed a lawsuit, on behalf of an individual job applicant work-authorized through DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals), which alleged that...
VMware, a Silicon Valley Tech Company, Discriminated Against Dreamers, According to MALDEF Suit
Apr 23, 2019 | DACA, Employment, Immigrants' Rights, News Releases
LOS ANGELES – A multi-national tech company based in Northern California illegally discriminated in employment against Dreamers and other immigrants who are authorized to work in the U.S., according to a lawsuit filed Tuesday in...
MALDEF Sues Marin County Housing Authority for Harassment and Unlawful Dismissal of Latino Employee
Jan 30, 2019 | Employment, News Releases
LOS ANGELES – A former Marin Housing Authority employee who faced a hostile work environment that included anti-Latino and homophobic comments was fired shortly after he complained to his supervisor, according to a lawsuit...
MALDEF AND BANK OF AMERICA REACH AGREEMENT TO DISMISS EMPLOYMENT LAWSUIT
Nov 16, 2018 | Employment, News Releases
LOS ANGELES – On May 3, 2018, MALDEF (Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund) filed a lawsuit, on behalf of an individual job applicant work-authorized through DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals),...
MALDEF FILES NOTICE OF INTENT TO SUE DIGITAL SERVICES FIRM FOR EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION AGAINST NON-CITIZENS
Jul 20, 2018 | Employment, News Releases
LOS ANGELES – A digital services firm based in Silicon Valley illegally denied a paid internship to a qualified applicant based on her immigration status, according to a letter sent to California state labor officials...
MALDEF STATEMENT ON U.S. SUPREME COURT'S ANTI-LABOR DECISION
Jun 27, 2018 | Employment, News Releases
LOS ANGELES – Thomas A. Saenz, president and general counsel of MALDEF (Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund), issued the following statement on today's U.S. Supreme Court decision undermining the...
MALDEF Files Class-Action Lawsuit Against Bank of America for Employment Discrimination Against Non-Citizens
May 3, 2018 | Employment, News Releases
LOS ANGELES- Bank of America illegally denies employment to qualified applicants based on their immigration status even though they are authorized to work in the United States, a lawsuit filed in federal court today charged....
MALDEF FILES CLASS-ACTION SUIT AGAINST NEW JERSEY FINANCIAL SERVICES FIRM FOR EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION AGAINST NON-CITIZENS
Apr 6, 2018 | Employment, News Releases
LOS ANGELES – A New Jersey financial services firm illegally denied a qualified applicant a job as an independent financial advisor because of his immigration status, a class-action lawsuit filed this week in federal court...
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DACA Recipients Unwelcome at P&G
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The federal lawsuit, Rodriguez v. Procter & Gamble, alleges that the consumer products giant illegally denied qualified applicants paid internships because of their immigration status.
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MALDEF Sues Burger King Corporation for HIV Discrimination Restaurant Wrongfully Terminated Latino District Manager Based on Health Status VIRGINIA BEACH, VA — Today, MALDEF filed a lawsuit in federal court against the Burger...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Microsoft has long imagined much of the functionality of a smarthome, and has just released the computer code it hopes will stitch it all together: HomeOS. It's timely because with so many pertinent technologies evolving at the same time (powerful Wi-Fi, the Internet of Things, smart metering and many more) the long-dreamed for intelligent house is incoming. HomeOS is a whole platform, designed to overcome the problem that while "in theory," Microsoft Research notes, the tech "enables scenarios like remotely monitoring cameras from a smartphone or customizing climate controls based on occupancy," currently they're "limited to expert hobbyists and the rich because of the high over-head of managing and extending current technology." HomeOS aims to solve this. MS's only PR worry? A whole new meaning to having your Windows crash.
To keep abreast of news developments like this during the day, visit our main Fast Feed page.


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text:
Ивановская — деревня в Бабаевском районе Вологодской области.

Входит в состав Борисовского сельского поселения (с 1 января 2006 года по 13 апреля 2009 года входила в Новостаринское сельское поселение), с точки зрения административно-территориального деления — в Новостаринский сельсовет.

Расстояние до районного центра Бабаево по автодороге — 77 км, до центра муниципального образования села Борисово-Судское по прямой — 6 км. Ближайшие населённые пункты — Васютино, Костино, Никоново, Федюнино.

По переписи 2002 года население — 6 человек.

Примечания

Ссылки
  в реестре населённых пунктов Вологодской области

Населённые пункты Бабаевского района

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Chicago Review of Books
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Books to Help You Keep Your New Year's Resolutions
'Fight Club' is about exercise, right?
by Jordan Foti Gulino
A new year, a new decade. The month of January—named by Julius Caesar after Janus, the Roman god of beginnings and endings—is a time for looking backwards and forwards. Perhaps that need to look back and reflect was the germ of the first new year's resolution.
It's hard to stick to resolutions, but with the help of books—and their inspiring characters—we can find motivating (and okay, some not-so-motivating) ways to keep those promises. Below are twelve common new year's resolutions and the twelve books to read to help you keep them.
Resolution: Travel more
Book: The Buried Giant by Kazuo Ishiguro
Planning your next trip? For inspiration, look no further than Axl and Beatrice in Kazuo Ishiguro's The Buried Giant. The aging couple walk across the scenic plains of Old Anglo-Saxon England, scale mountains, take ferry rides, and make friends along the way. The only downside: much like dealing with modern airports and overbooking, there's only room enough for one of them on the return journey home.
Resolution: Make a new friend
Book: Borne by Jeff VanderMeer
Sometimes new friends are found in the most unlikely places. Like, say, during a scavenging mission on the furry flank of a gargantuan flying bear named Mord. For Rachel, one of the few human characters in Jeff VanderMeer's Borne, a meaningful (and chilling) friendship is made with the "hybrid of sea anemone and squid" she peels from the sleeping Mord's body. The unlikely friendship changes Rachel's life—and the lives of everyone else.
Resolution: Listen to more live music
Book: A Visit from the Goon Squad by Jennifer Egan
You know that new sound you're looking for? In our over-Spotified lives, live concerts are a great way to discover bands and artists you may otherwise overlook. Take Scotty Hausman in Jennifer Egan's A Visit from the Goonsquad. Scotty's historic performance—raw and unflinchingly candid—is one for the ages. Keep your ears perked for that next new sound. You won't want to miss it.
Resolution: Find a new hobby
Book: Sudden Death by Álvaro Enrigue; translated by Natasha Wimmer
Who knew the Italian master Caravaggio had such a wicked backhand? In a tennis match between the painter and Spanish poet Francisco de Quevedo, Álvaro Enrigue not only explores in Sudden Death the history of tennis, but the history of European colonial conquest. The metaphysics of the novel are striking, invoking the type of fictional and hypothetical interplays between historical figures seen in Milan Kundera's fiction (think Beethoven and Goethe in Immortality).
Resolution: Use social media less
Book: My Struggle by Karl Ove Knausgaard
Giving up social media is almost as difficult as reading the six volume, 3,600 page autobiographical novel My Struggle by Karl Ove Knausgaard. Knausgaard's novel challenges the reader, not only because it's very long, but because it lacks a linear narrative. But that said, the novel does beg readers to pause and consider the value of the written word—a helpful reminder in a world that demands our constant attention and that we stay connected at all times.
Resolution: Cook more/eat out less
Book: Boy, Snow, Bird by Helen Oyeyemi
Not every meal needs to be cooked at a Michelin starred restaurant to be grand. As Boy Novak notes in Boy, Snow, Bird by Helen Oyeyemi: "… [at] the candlelit table you'd try and imagine what dinnertime remarks the real people were making … your food turned to sawdust in your mouth." Eating at diners and lunch counters throughout the novel, Boy discovers that a home-cooked meal surrounded by others—however emotionally messy—provides the sustenance and comfort she craves.
Resolution: Read more
Book (short story): The Library of Babel by Jorge Luis Borges
The librarians of Jorge Luis Borges' short story The Library of Babel may take issue with this resolution. They endlessly try to find meaning in a limitless collection of books, convinced a singular truth exists. Taken to its extreme, the task of reading can be as dispassionate as it is dulcifying. Borges, himself a paradox—a blind librarian—explores the depth of the human imagination, as well as the shallowness of finding vindication in it.
Resolution: Join a club
Book: The Club: Johnson, Boswell, and the Friends Who Shaped an Age by Leo Damrosch
A doctor, lawyer, painter, economist, and historian walk into a bar. No, this is not the beginning of a bad joke. In Leo Damrosch's The Club: Johnson, Boswell, and the Friends Who Shaped an Age, a group of remarkable personalities and minds do just that. Through historiographical research, Damrosch recreates late eighteenth-century Britain through the lens of "the Club," the group that met weekly at a London tavern to discuss enlightenment-era fodder.
Resolution: Get a pet
Book: Death and the Penguin by Andrei Kurkov
Pets can ease stress, offer companionship, and add levity to any living space. Levity is just what unfulfilled writer Viktor Zolotaryov needs more of in Andrei Kurkov's Death and the Penguin. Relegated to writing obituaries after his creative writing career hits the skids, Victor's only solace comes in the form of Misha, the pet penguin he rescues from a penniless Kiev zoo. Kurkov's novel, timely as ever, measures the lengths a person will go to keep such a relationship alive.
Resolution: Exercise more
Book: Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk
As we learn through Chuck Palahniuk's narrator in Fight Club, occasional exercise can be both cheaper than therapy and a gym membership.
Resolution: Learn a new skill
Book: The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas
Let's say your 2020 doesn't begin how you want: your best friends betray you, you're thrown into jail for a crime you didn't commit, and your fiancée finds someone else. What's left, aside from befriending your prison mates? Like Edmund Dantes in Dumas' classic The Count of Monte Cristo, you can learn a few things. Five or six languages, modern medical practices to rival even the best doctors, and oh, the location of a hidden treasure to make your personal assets rival the wealth of most small countries.
Resolution: Quit smoking
Book: The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle by Haruki Murakami
Lemon drops. Haruki Murakami's novel The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle begins simply enough with its protagonist, the recently unemployed Toru Okada, listening to Rossini on the radio and making spaghetti at 11 o'clock in the morning. As a slew of troubles ensue for Toru— a missing cat, a missing wife—Toru never turns to former vices. Apparently for the former smoker, a pocketful of lemon drops is enough to take the edge off.
TagsHappy New Year
About Jordan Foti Gulino
Jordan Foti Gulino is the Features Editor for the Chicago Review of Books. He is a poet, essayist, and translator based out of Chicago (and sometimes Greece). Jordan has a Master of Arts degree in humanities and is writing a novel. Follow him on Twitter at @fotakigulino.
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As part of Multiculturalism Day being celebrated at Cape Breton University on June 27, the Centre for Sound Communities is hosting Songwriting Workshops for youth aged 12 -18 years old. The workshops begin at 10 a.m. and participants will work with east coast musicians, Stewart MacNeil, Brian Cherwick and Robert Deveaux, to study stories, and then create their own songs, about immigration, which they will perform that evening during the Multiculturalism Day celebrations. The workshop is part of a larger project, Songs and Stories of Immigration and Encounter, being led by Dr. Marcia Ostashewski and the Centre for Sound Communities.
Songs and Stories of Immigration and Encounter is an arts-based project in which, together with youth, elders and community members at large, we explore narratives and experiences of immigration and resulting encounter and relationships in Cape Breton. This project, powered by proactive, community-engaged research and pedagogies, is vital at this juncture in our nation's history, and in a context of heightened concern for the challenges migrants and refugees face in Canada and around the world," Dr. Marcia Ostashewski.
The Centre was awarded $17,000 to facilitate in-community programming in Whitney Pier's Ukrainian Hall, a vibrant community centre that serves a diversity of groups in the district, and two other Sydney locations: McConnell Library and Centre Communautaire Étoile de l'Acadie, which will be the locations of the songwriting workshop. Funds were awarded from CBRM Festivals and Events, Community Foundations Canada, and from CBU's internal research grants program.
Youth who are interested in participating in the Songwriter's Workshops should register by June 15, with the Centre at sound_communities@cbu.ca or phone 902.563.1696. Community members with have stories of immigration to share, and who would be willing to work with the youth and musicians, please also contact the Centre.
For more information about the project and in-community programming this fall visit www.soundcommunities.org.


text:
Facing Mount Kenya, first published in 1938, is an anthropological study of the Kikuyu people of central Kenya. It was written by native Kikuyu and future Kenyan president Jomo Kenyatta. Kenyatta writes in this text, "The cultural and historical traditions of the Gikuyu people have been verbally handed down from generation to generation. As a Gikuyu myself, I have carried them in my head for many years, since people who have no written records to rely on learn to make a retentive memory do the work of libraries."

The book's introduction was written by anthropologist Bronisław Malinowski, who mentored Kenyatta while both were at the London School of Economics. Malinowski wrote, 'As a first-hand account of a representative African culture, as an invaluable document in the principles underlying culture-contact and change and as a personal statement of the new outlook of a progressive African, this book will rank as a pioneering achievement of outstanding merit.'

The book was banned in Ireland.

Book sections
 Tribal Origin and Kinship System
 The Gikuyu System of Land Tenure
 Economic Life
 Industries
 System of Education
 Initiation of Boys and Girls
 Sex Life among Young People
 Marriage System
 The Gikuyu System of Government
 Religion and Ancestor Worship
 The New Religion in East Africa
 Magical and Medical Practices
 Conclusion

References

Heinemann Kenya Ltd

External links
A brief summary of the book
Chapter 6

Anthropology books
Kenyan books
Jomo Kenyatta
Secker & Warburg books


text:
APTQI Commends U.S. Senators for Introducing Legislation to Protect Specialty Providers from Harmful Payment Cuts
S. 5007 would hold providers harmless from cuts to Medicare services through 2022
Washington, D.C. – The Alliance for Physical Therapy Quality and Innovation (APTQI) today applauded Senators John Boozman (R-AR), Cindy Hyde-Smith (R-MS), Susan Collins (R-ME), Kevin Cramer (R-ND) and Tom Cotton (R-AR), for introducing S. 5007. If enacted, the legislation would provide critical relief to dozens of specialty providers scheduled to incur severe payment cuts starting in 2021, including physical, occupational, and speech language therapists.
As companion legislation to the bipartisan Holding Providers Harmless From Medicare Cuts During COVID-19 Act of 2020 (H.R.8702), which was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives in October, S. 5007 would hold providers harmless from cuts for Medicare services provided through 2022. The legislation represents a much needed legislative fix that would protect specialty providers and Medicare beneficiaries from draconian reimbursement reductions while still allowing significant reimbursement increases for evaluation and management (E/M) services included in the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services' (CMS) Final Physician Fee Schedule (PFS) Rule for CY2021.
"We commend Senators Boozman, Hyde-Smith, Collins, Cramer and Cotton for championing legislation to ensure continued patient access to vital specialty care, including services furnished by physical, occupational, and speech language therapists," said Nikesh Patel, PT, Executive Director of APTQI. "The financial impact of the COVID-19 public health emergency – in conjunction with steep Medicare payment cuts – would deal an irrevocable blow to America's healthcare infrastructure. With the clock ticking, it's critical for lawmakers to move quickly to get this legislation through Congress and onto the president's desk for signature before the cuts take effect January 1."
Over the last several months, APTQI has worked aggressively to support passage of S. 5007's companion legislation in the U.S. House. In November, the Alliance joined more than 70 leading healthcare organizations in sending a letter to House lawmakers thanking them for the introduction of H.R.8702 while underscoring the need for immediate relief.
APTQI has worked collaboratively with lawmakers in the Congressional Black Caucus and other lawmakers across the House and Senate to advance this essential senior care legislation. Further, APTQI advocates have sent more than 65,000 letters to CMS and lawmakers in Congress urging relief from these cuts.
"The introduction of this legislation in the U.S. Senate is a critical development, and APTQI will continue its engagement efforts with key members on Capitol Hill until a legislative remedy is achieved, whether in this Congress or the next," Patel concluded.
← 9% Cut to Physical and Occupational Therapy in Final PFS Rule for CY 2021 Threatens Patient Access to Care
APTQI Commends Congress for Easing Medicare Cuts to Specialty Care in End-of-Year Package →


This page contains predictions of Polycomb/Trithorax Response Elements (PREs) in Drosophila melanogaster version 4 and Drosophila pseudoobscura version 2. The prediction was performed with the jPREdictor software.
These are single-species genome-wide predictions. The score cutoff is 157, corresponding to a genome-wide E-value of 1. Each list contains the genomic positions of predicted PREs, their scores, and the positions of the nearest genes. When a PRE overlaps with a gene, the distance is given as "0", and only this one gene is shown.
Dynamic predictions are done in regions of varying search radii around segments that are orthologous to predicted PREs in other species. Score cutoffs depend on the sizes of the search radii and on the number of orthologous positions. Here, static predictions in D. melanogaster were used for dynamic predictions in D. pseudoobscura, and static predictions in D. pseudoobscura were used for dynamic predictions in D. melanogaster. Each list contains the genomic positions of predicted PREs, their scores, and the positions of the nearest genes. When a PRE overlaps with a gene, the distance is given as "0", and only this one gene is shown. In addition, the positions of analagous PREs in the other species, the statically predicted starting points of the dynamic search, are given.


Thank you for the update! Good stuff as always With 3.3 I dont see any reaction to gunfire within VCM_HEARINGDISTANCE. And an AI squad barely reacts when coming under direct fire from far... dive to kneel animation and just standing. Tested with CBA&VCOM only. Also noticed that tanks would not move on a seek & destroy waypoint from far - maybe dynamic simulation? Btw how would I set snipers to have a spot distance skill of 1? What would be the classnames?
Thank you again Genesis and Freddo! With Arma3 being the only game I still play and only VCOM making the AI interesting enough... this means a lot. This might be the best release. No errors thus far and all features seem to be working. One thing I noticed that an AI group w/o waypoints didnt want to advance in my direction when I shot at them from 500m Question. Do the CBA settings overrule the userconfig settings for the mod?
Not sure if it's a problem with the current Arma version or vcom, but transports are currently broken. When AI decides to enter a vehicle they barely move and keep getting out/in. And still the insta-detection is still present. "VCOM_HEARINGDISTANCE= 500" results in 1shot < 500m and the AI gets "knowsabout 4" about the player.
Hi Thank you for the best AI Arma can have! With the 2.91 mod version I am getting a lot of this. I did not get this error with the script version from a week ago.
Thank you for taking the time! A feature that I think is missing is that AI medics from any squad could heal any friendly unit. Including player and ACE medical compability. Currently it only seems to work inside the squad.
Hi I cant figure out how to activate modules with a trigger. For example "red flare" module. I've tried syncing it to a trigger, trigger on activation "flare=true" and condition of presence on module "flare". Also "triggerActivated flare". Nothing activates the flare. Thanks!
Same here. When 8GB gets full, Windows keeps showing the "low memory" warning, although 8GB is still free. Windows 10 here.
Yes my page file is set to 2GB maximum becuase it's an SSD and it's not needed for any other application. Increasing it is not a proper solution, but a workaround. Windows and Arma should be able to utilize the free RAM, instead of disk space. Just an observation to take into consideration. Also the problem might just be on my side.
Thank you for 64bit! The performance according to YAAB did not change, but the game seems smoother under load. Getting a lot of "your computer is low on memory", although I have 8GB still free and Arma is using <3GB... guess it's a Windows issue.
Thank you for the new version! A lot of good fixes in this version. The godly-insta detect fix works:) Two things I observed: call vcomai_closestobject; if (|#|_ClosestFirendly distance _PlantPosition...' error undefined variable in: _closestfriendly vcomai_destroybuilding.sqf, line 126 Helicopters called in for support dropped their gunners to death and landed directly in the enemy squad (multiple times). Do i understand correctly that in VCOM_RainPercent a higher value means less skill penalty?
For mod version if you set the debug markers on then there are arrows spawned in the air on you position and so on. \Arma 3\userconfig\VCOM_AI\AISettingsV2.hpp //Turn this on to see certain debug messages VCOM_AIDEBUG = 1; //Turn on map markers that track AI movement VCOM_UseMarkers = true; AI throwing smokes when engaged is also a good sign.
Hi and thank you! The gibbing does not work with ACE it seems. Bloodsplatters work. And when I remove ACE gibbing works but I also get: No Entry 'bin\config.bin/CfgModels.default'.
Hi Set skills to 0 in difficulty settings... still detected with first shot. With the 21.02. vcom version it takes ~4 shots to be detected (same userconfig). Thank you!


Education plays a significant role in preparing one for the future. You will learn a lot of things that shape you to become a better person. Your decision making will also be good when you learn different things. Education also helps you to broaden your knowledge and choose a career path. Some of the things you learn can be applied in several real-life situations.
Learning does not stop in life. You will come across new things each day that will broaden your knowledge. Assessments are also part of any learning program. You will be given exams, assignments or projects that will help gauge your level of understanding from what you have been taught.
One can register for English lessons to understand the language better or take any other related courses. The ITP TOEFL exam is one you will be given meant to gauge your skills in the English language. You should have a look at how resultado toefl itp is calculated before enrolling for any English course or sitting for their exam.
One good thing about regular assessments is that they promote a better understanding of what you are taught or everything in your coursework. You will be tested on several areas that you have learned. The kind of results you get helps you know the areas you need to improve on or what you should study more. This will help you understand all that you have been taught.
Through exams or other types of assessments, you will be ranked according to your performance. This is another thing that may challenge you to work hard, especially if you have performed poorly. What you get can also be indicated in the certificate or degree which you will use on several occasions.
If you are trying to learn the English language and you have realized that for you to make it you will want a good teacher, then it is good to know some of the qualities of a good teacher. When you know what makes a good teacher, it becomes an easy task for you to make an informed choice. Here are some of the qualities that you need to consider when looking for a great native english teacher.
If an English teacher does not have great communication skills, then it will be hard for you to benefit from them. The communication skills are what actually make it possible for the teacher to impart the knowledge that you seek into your mind. Therefore, if the teacher does not have great communication skills, the chances are that will not be of any importance to you.
So before you choose an English teacher whether on the online platform or in the physical world, you need to ensure that you talk to them and gauge how they talk to you. You can always know if they are great orators just by listening to the way they speak.
Another thing that you should look at before hiring an English teacher is the qualification. Just make sure that you are dealing with someone who is qualified to teach English. You can ask them to provide you with certifications that prove that they are indeed qualified for the task that you are about to give them. Hiring an English teacher who is not well qualified will definitely slow down the learning process.
Another quality that a good English teacher needs to possess is listening skills. Sometimes you might want to ask questions that will help you better your learning process, and if the teacher is not listening, then you might not get the help that you deserve.
Probably you have started learning English, but you have met a lot of difficulties on the way. How can you reverse the problem and enjoy the learning process? You can learn Ingles en linea or English online. In this post, you will learn some vital things that can help you overcome common problems people like you face when learning English.
When learning any language, vocabulary is quite important. Ideally, any language has millions of words. Even the native speakers do not know all the languages, there are many to learn. Studies show that there are about 800 words you should know in English to converse in the language. You can look for the list and see how many words you know. Another problem that most people face is when they learn new words. They forget the old words as soon as they learn new ones.
Fortunately, different techniques can help you learn the language. The right method is to make a list. Other than making the list, you should continue reading. Make a list of about 50 words each week and keep on reading them. Try to take your time and you will improve your English reading skills.
This is another major complaint that is raised by people who want to speak English. Whenever you want to learn a new language, you will have to deal with the inability to communicate in the language successfully. You need to start by reducing your accent. It is true a lot of people have poor speaking skills. Surprisingly, most people think learning grammar in class and studying vocabulary words can help them speak the English language.
It is advisable to watch English movies. This is a great way of trying to learn and study English. When you watch the movie, you will hear the words that are spoken out. This learning effect will make a better and bigger improvement in learning. You can read books, magazines, and newsletters. This will help you improve your confidence in speaking the language. You can read out loud. Never give up on this. Even if you read slowly, ensure you pronounce the words.
Pharmacy technicians are assistants of licensed pharmacists with responsibilities and duties as the handling of all aspects of the prescription fulfillment process, dealing with patients and medical representatives, and many related functions. They can work in different environments such as government-run or private hospitals or other pharmacy outlets.
The basic educational attainment to become a pharmacy is a high school diploma. High school graduates who are to become pharmacy technicians should have a post-secondary training program from community schools or vocational colleges or an on-the-job training within one year. In some states, pharmacy technicians need to have certification from the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board or the National Healthcareer Association.
The demand for pharmacy technicians is growing every year. The main argument of being a pharmacy technician lies mainly on their salary which up to this date remains as one of the lowest in the medical field which may not sound fair if we look at the many responsibilities of a pharmacy technician.
But should one opt to look at the many opportunities for career move for a pharmacy technician, being a lowly paid pharmacy technician can actually be the beginning of something big.
While being employed as a pharmacy technician provides job security to many, it is by no means that the salary is still one of the lowest in the health care service industry. With some agencies offering larger salaries to pharmacy technicians, the pharmacy technician should scout for opportunities for higher wages in other institutions. Usually, government-owned hospitals pay more than private medical centers. Pharmacy technicians in drug stores are often paid the least.
For some pharmacy technicians who do not consider this data as a golden opportunity for a better paying job, being loyal to their present job for many years may reward them in due time as salary increments.
Some states pay their pharmacy technicians better than other states. For example, according to an online source, a pharmacy technician is paid an hourly wage of $11.20 compared to New York state where pharmacy technicians being paid $15.50 or in Wyoming with $14.80 hourly rate.
In the United Kingdom, though the average annual salary of pharmacy technicians is almost the same as that in the States, some pharmacy technician employees are exorbitantly paid.
Pharmacy technicians can pursue an Associate of Applied Science so they can apply for other related jobs as a pharmacy service technician, pharmacy implementation specialist, and other jobs in the health care service.If the question, how much does a pharmacy tech make, interests you, you would be surprised that these positions have higher salaries compared to that.
From pursuing an associate degree, a pharmacy technician can continue through formal education and take on a degree in pharmacy or other related fields such as nursing and even medicine. The knowledge gained from years of experience will definitely help him through the course of study.
It is everybody's wish that when they are undertaking that much anticipated first test drive, they go in at once and they are done and dusted with it. That is why it is nobody's wish that they have to go through a hard time to pass their driving test. To ensure that you do not experience the same, it is important that you go through a reputable driving school, which will equip you with all you need.
So, let us look at some of the advantages and the important things that individuals can learn when they undertake their driving lessons in a reputable driving school.
The first advantage that you will get when you learn how to drive in a reputable driving school is that you are well equipped on how best to tackle your examinations. Everybody wishes that when they go for the driving test, they should do it once. To ensure that this is possible, you should start by getting the proper training, practice and have the required instructions before you embark on your exams. This is way better than undertaking your driving learning through friends or parents.
When you undertake your studies in a reputable driving school, you will have the advantage of being handled by professional instructors. They have a lot of experience and will go a long way in teaching you on how always to stay calm and focused as you learn to drive with confidence. The experienced instructor will also go a long way in ensuring that you are conversant with not only the current but the proper rules of the road.
When you learn from an individual, who is a professional trainer, they are used to teaching people on how to drive all day long. This is very important as it will give you a foundation of the basics that encompass good driving. One main thing you will have a good grasp of is the rules and regulations that govern behavior on the road.
You are sure to get all the information that you will require about street driving and the traffic signs and what they mean. Having a good instructor will always ensure that you have got a complete understanding of the driving basics before you hit the road.
When you learn how to drive in a reputable driving school, it will be very easy to learn how to drive carefully and safely. You are being trained by professionals, as opposed to when you are learning it from friends and family. They might not have the required knowledge to pass to you on how best to avoid a dangerous situation.
For the longest time, there has been a heated debate about whether a private school is better than a state school. No viable conclusion has been reached just yet. This calls to show that everyone has a right to their own opinion. All that should matter is your child's well being in every sense of the word. It has never been a point of focus until now. From the mental focus all the way to their creative side. All these have to be realized in the most efficient ways possible.
Children love it when they are in their little world. Since they come from different homes, you can never be too sure what they go through at home. Which is why a good preschool for children must be all about children.
From the playground to the classrooms, down to the content of the lessons. Engaging their little minds in games and active participation will do more for your child than you can imagine.
The likes of Green Meadow Waldorf School for Private Education with kindergarten and preschool in New York know about this all too well.
As your child grows, it is such a proud moment when you watch them move from one stage to another. Well, only a good school understands the importance of going as per the curriculum.
This doesn't mean that they should only be pegged on nothing but school work all day.
It helps to take a break and look into other areas. This is the only way to ensure that the curriculum moves on as swiftly as it should.
It is important to note that every stage is vital and must be taken very seriously.
It is pointless to drive your child to a school that is not goal oriented every morning. They will have nothing to look forward to as there is always a keen sense of aiming high.
If your child is not exposed to such an environment, they will never learn the importance of striving to reach for something very important.
Enrolling them in a goal oriented school will do more for them than you could ever imagine. It is only a cause for greater things to be accomplished in your child's life.
At this stage, your child's development should be your main source of concern. It could be either in the spiritual aspect or even the mental intellect. Your child needs a helping hand at these critical stage.
It is at this point that they are in a make or break stage that should be handled extensively. As much as possible, it should be in your best interests as a parent to focus only on the things that will mold your child into becoming a better person.
You do realize that you will not always be around your child all the time. Which is why they need to learn other skills outside the ones they learn inside the classroom.
Any business can have several uses of the magnetic whiteboard. This explains why several companies that use the unique boards have several boards in different sizes. If you have realized that your company can benefit from a unique board, you will need to determine what is required. In this post, you will learn important tips that will help you make the right selection.
Usually, the size of a magnetic whiteboard is dependent on available space. You should note that there are several types of boards available in different sizes. According to GlassWhiteboard.com.au, some boards operate and look like portable chalkboards can be hang on the wall. There are also boards, which can be used as walls. Ensure you get the right size you need. There is a good chance that you can get the right space for it.
Check the materials that have been used to make magnetic whiteboard. The boards can be made of materials such as steel, aluminum, melamine, glass, porcelain, laminate, and magnetic glass. As you probably know, different materials come with different prices. Thus, you will need to consult your pocket. The fact that you will need to replace these boards on a routine basis, you need to ensure you get the right quality that is likely to stay for quite long.
Usually, businesses require an average of three boards. Your conference room alone can take up one or two. Moreover, if the organization is large, you will need to have several small boards for every individual office. The variety of sizes, styles, and shapes available can suit every purpose within the organization and amount of space you have got.
This is quite important as it will help you determine the right type of magnetic whiteboard. Will the boards just be used only during the meetings? Do individual employees use small boards in their spaces? Does your design team require several boards for a wide range of projects? You need to take this into account.
Working for a company or any other kind of formal or informal employed job, you will be limited to their working hours. If it is 9 am to 5 pm then those will be your working hours. You won't be able to choose when to work. However, with self-employment you have to choose your working hours. You decide when it is time to work and when not to.
Employment can cut down your social circle. You will be on the job for all the weekdays with no time to spare for social activities. Even worse, some jobs will want you to work on weekends. With self-employment, you have the freedom to be on job or socializing. It is you who call the shots and your social life will not be curtailed.
When employed, you can hardly make your own decision. You are only there to execute what is brought down to you. On the flip side of being self-employed, you make your own stand and stick to that to the end. You will make your decision and no one will question you. The down side of this is if you make wrong calls, you will carry the consequences alone.
Passion is one thing many people do not get a chance to follow. However, with self-employment you get that chance to be what you have always wanted. You will do what you love for the rest of your life. There is nothing as satisfying as this: following your passion every single day.
When you start a new job, begin to plan for the next promotion immediately. Start by staying focused on the job you were hired. Never assume that you will be promoted every year since promotions are never given. Promotions also are not always an upward path. Earlier workers used to progress along specific career paths in their careers, but globalization, technology, and flatter organizational structures have changed the paradigm. This has enabled employees to manage and create their own career paths. As an employee, one needs to make a lateral step to position oneself a later upward step. You have to develop promotion plan. Here are various ways you can get a promotion at work.
Every boss in every company can either make employee move to the next step or can block an employee from any movement within the company. Let your boss be a key supporter of the promotion. Try to be professional and seek counsel and show interest in staying with the company to your boss. Talk to your boss about roadblock to the promotion via performance appraisals. Be open to the boss by building rapport and learning more about his or her hobbies and interest.
Asking for more responsibilities at the workplace is one way which can land you to promotion very fast. Always try to volunteer in helping other departments and increase your value within the company. Remember that when you ask for more responsibilities, it shows the desire and interest to help your organization and the department to succeed.
Every time you think of promotion at work, make sure you have adjusted your attitude. Be more optimistic and positive and avoid "glass half empty" mentality. According to a survey, sixty-two percent of employers have discovered that pessimistic or negative attitude in employees has denied them chances for promotion. Avoid negative attitude that may make you show up at wok late, regularly leaving the work early, using vulgar language and taking too many sick days.
This is another very important way that can make you get a promotion at work. Try to expand the knowledge and the skills sets in critical areas of the organization. This will not only land you to a promotion but you will stay very marketable. Pay attention to events and trends outside your specialty and also keep current with industry news.