text:
Diffusion kinetics of Cr in olivine and 53Mn-53Cr thermochronology of early solar system objects
Motoo Ito, Jibamitra Ganguly
We have determined the diffusion coefficient of Cr in olivine as function of temperature, oxygen fugacity (fO2), and crystallographic orientation and used these data to develop a quantitative understanding of the resetting of the short-lived 53Mn-53Cr decay system in olivine during cooling within meteorite parent body. The diffusion of Cr in olivine was found to be anisotropic, and effectively independent of fO2 between wüstite-iron buffer and two orders of magnitude above this buffer. The diffusion data were used to calculate the spatially averaged mean closure temperature of the 53Mn-53Cr decay system in olivine as function of the initial temperature, cooling rate and grain size, and also the closure age profile of this system in olivine single crystal as function of radial distance and a dimensionless parameter that incorporates the effects of various parameters that affect the closure age. We also present a thermochronolgic formulation that permits retrieval of cooling rates from the extent of resetting of the bulk 53Mn-53Cr closure age of olivine during cooling. This method was applied to determine the cooling rate of the pallasite Omolon, which showed 53Mn-53Cr bulk age of olivine that is 10 Myr younger than the age of the solar system. The calculated cooling rate, which is 20-40 °C/Myr at ∼985-1000 °C, is in good agreement with the metallographic cooling rate at ∼500 °C, when the two results are considered in terms of a cooling model in which the reciprocal temperature increases linearly with time. The inferred cooling rate of Omolon, which seems to be a sample from the core-mantle boundary, yields a burial depth of ∼30 km in a parent body of at least ∼100 km radius.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
10.1016/j.gca.2005.09.020
Dive into the research topics of 'Diffusion kinetics of Cr in olivine and 53Mn-53Cr thermochronology of early solar system objects'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
thermochronology Earth & Environmental Sciences 100%
solar system Earth & Environmental Sciences 79%
olivine Earth & Environmental Sciences 68%
Cooling Chemical Compounds 66%
cooling Earth & Environmental Sciences 53%
Diffusion Chemical Compounds 46%
kinetics Earth & Environmental Sciences 46%
resetting Earth & Environmental Sciences 21%
Ito, M., & Ganguly, J. (2006). Diffusion kinetics of Cr in olivine and 53Mn-53Cr thermochronology of early solar system objects. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70(3), 799-809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.09.020
Diffusion kinetics of Cr in olivine and 53Mn-53Cr thermochronology of early solar system objects. / Ito, Motoo; Ganguly, Jibamitra.
In: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 70, No. 3, 01.02.2006, p. 799-809.
Ito, M & Ganguly, J 2006, 'Diffusion kinetics of Cr in olivine and 53Mn-53Cr thermochronology of early solar system objects', Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 799-809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.09.020
Ito M, Ganguly J. Diffusion kinetics of Cr in olivine and 53Mn-53Cr thermochronology of early solar system objects. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 2006 Feb 1;70(3):799-809. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2005.09.020
Ito, Motoo ; Ganguly, Jibamitra. / Diffusion kinetics of Cr in olivine and 53Mn-53Cr thermochronology of early solar system objects. In: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 2006 ; Vol. 70, No. 3. pp. 799-809.
@article{fca49714364e4dc4980217950543b644,
title = "Diffusion kinetics of Cr in olivine and 53Mn-53Cr thermochronology of early solar system objects",
abstract = "We have determined the diffusion coefficient of Cr in olivine as function of temperature, oxygen fugacity (fO2), and crystallographic orientation and used these data to develop a quantitative understanding of the resetting of the short-lived 53Mn-53Cr decay system in olivine during cooling within meteorite parent body. The diffusion of Cr in olivine was found to be anisotropic, and effectively independent of fO2 between w{\"u}stite-iron buffer and two orders of magnitude above this buffer. The diffusion data were used to calculate the spatially averaged mean closure temperature of the 53Mn-53Cr decay system in olivine as function of the initial temperature, cooling rate and grain size, and also the closure age profile of this system in olivine single crystal as function of radial distance and a dimensionless parameter that incorporates the effects of various parameters that affect the closure age. We also present a thermochronolgic formulation that permits retrieval of cooling rates from the extent of resetting of the bulk 53Mn-53Cr closure age of olivine during cooling. This method was applied to determine the cooling rate of the pallasite Omolon, which showed 53Mn-53Cr bulk age of olivine that is 10 Myr younger than the age of the solar system. The calculated cooling rate, which is 20-40 °C/Myr at ∼985-1000 °C, is in good agreement with the metallographic cooling rate at ∼500 °C, when the two results are considered in terms of a cooling model in which the reciprocal temperature increases linearly with time. The inferred cooling rate of Omolon, which seems to be a sample from the core-mantle boundary, yields a burial depth of ∼30 km in a parent body of at least ∼100 km radius.",
author = "Motoo Ito and Jibamitra Ganguly",
note = "Funding Information: This research was supported by NASA Grants NAG5-7364 and NNG04GG26G, and a post-doctoral fellowship for research abroad to M.I. from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences. Thanks are due to Prof. Richard Hervig for access to the Ion probe laboratory of the Arizona State University and advice, Dr. Marilena Stimpfl for orientating the olivine crystals, and to Prof. Gunter Lugmair for discussion about the Omolon pallasite. We greatly appreciate the constructive reviews of Prof. David Kohlstedt, Dr. Jim Van Orman, and Dr. Rick Ryerson. Prof. Kohlstedt and Dr. Van Orman independently suggested the possibility of extrinsic mechanism for Cr diffusion in olivine. Thanks are due to Prof. Sumit Chakraborty for discussions about defect chemistry of olivine.",
doi = "10.1016/j.gca.2005.09.020",
journal = "Geochmica et Cosmochimica Acta",
T1 - Diffusion kinetics of Cr in olivine and 53Mn-53Cr thermochronology of early solar system objects
AU - Ito, Motoo
AU - Ganguly, Jibamitra
N1 - Funding Information: This research was supported by NASA Grants NAG5-7364 and NNG04GG26G, and a post-doctoral fellowship for research abroad to M.I. from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences. Thanks are due to Prof. Richard Hervig for access to the Ion probe laboratory of the Arizona State University and advice, Dr. Marilena Stimpfl for orientating the olivine crystals, and to Prof. Gunter Lugmair for discussion about the Omolon pallasite. We greatly appreciate the constructive reviews of Prof. David Kohlstedt, Dr. Jim Van Orman, and Dr. Rick Ryerson. Prof. Kohlstedt and Dr. Van Orman independently suggested the possibility of extrinsic mechanism for Cr diffusion in olivine. Thanks are due to Prof. Sumit Chakraborty for discussions about defect chemistry of olivine.
N2 - We have determined the diffusion coefficient of Cr in olivine as function of temperature, oxygen fugacity (fO2), and crystallographic orientation and used these data to develop a quantitative understanding of the resetting of the short-lived 53Mn-53Cr decay system in olivine during cooling within meteorite parent body. The diffusion of Cr in olivine was found to be anisotropic, and effectively independent of fO2 between wüstite-iron buffer and two orders of magnitude above this buffer. The diffusion data were used to calculate the spatially averaged mean closure temperature of the 53Mn-53Cr decay system in olivine as function of the initial temperature, cooling rate and grain size, and also the closure age profile of this system in olivine single crystal as function of radial distance and a dimensionless parameter that incorporates the effects of various parameters that affect the closure age. We also present a thermochronolgic formulation that permits retrieval of cooling rates from the extent of resetting of the bulk 53Mn-53Cr closure age of olivine during cooling. This method was applied to determine the cooling rate of the pallasite Omolon, which showed 53Mn-53Cr bulk age of olivine that is 10 Myr younger than the age of the solar system. The calculated cooling rate, which is 20-40 °C/Myr at ∼985-1000 °C, is in good agreement with the metallographic cooling rate at ∼500 °C, when the two results are considered in terms of a cooling model in which the reciprocal temperature increases linearly with time. The inferred cooling rate of Omolon, which seems to be a sample from the core-mantle boundary, yields a burial depth of ∼30 km in a parent body of at least ∼100 km radius.
AB - We have determined the diffusion coefficient of Cr in olivine as function of temperature, oxygen fugacity (fO2), and crystallographic orientation and used these data to develop a quantitative understanding of the resetting of the short-lived 53Mn-53Cr decay system in olivine during cooling within meteorite parent body. The diffusion of Cr in olivine was found to be anisotropic, and effectively independent of fO2 between wüstite-iron buffer and two orders of magnitude above this buffer. The diffusion data were used to calculate the spatially averaged mean closure temperature of the 53Mn-53Cr decay system in olivine as function of the initial temperature, cooling rate and grain size, and also the closure age profile of this system in olivine single crystal as function of radial distance and a dimensionless parameter that incorporates the effects of various parameters that affect the closure age. We also present a thermochronolgic formulation that permits retrieval of cooling rates from the extent of resetting of the bulk 53Mn-53Cr closure age of olivine during cooling. This method was applied to determine the cooling rate of the pallasite Omolon, which showed 53Mn-53Cr bulk age of olivine that is 10 Myr younger than the age of the solar system. The calculated cooling rate, which is 20-40 °C/Myr at ∼985-1000 °C, is in good agreement with the metallographic cooling rate at ∼500 °C, when the two results are considered in terms of a cooling model in which the reciprocal temperature increases linearly with time. The inferred cooling rate of Omolon, which seems to be a sample from the core-mantle boundary, yields a burial depth of ∼30 km in a parent body of at least ∼100 km radius.
U2 - 10.1016/j.gca.2005.09.020
DO - 10.1016/j.gca.2005.09.020
JO - Geochmica et Cosmochimica Acta
JF - Geochmica et Cosmochimica Acta


I've written a number of full-length novels, which are in what the publishing industry cutely refers to as the pre-published stage.
Gross Encounters is a laugh-out-loud raucous account of the time my friends and I spent as a young student working in a haunted hotel in a small town in the Swiss Alps (i.e. Wengen in the Bernese Oberland).
00 Scale follows the adventures of a tongue-tied easily embarrassed mid-teenager struggling to cope with the primeval urge to find a girlfriend while fighting to win a Subbuteo table football league championship.
Cave Cenam is a mid-life crisis rite of passage novel, in which the central character and his friend set out to arrange a fantasy dinner with their long-lost childhood sweethearts, with life-changing results.
Two Dead Men Got Up To Fight: an EHD novel, is the story of a unique detective partnership, forged to solve a unique case, re-opened when a murder victim from 25 years earlier is found dead.
Hot Metal, Cold Heart follows this partnership as they try to solve the mystery surrounding a string of fantastic murders in the world of international journalism.
CTM remains something of a work in progress, but tells the story of how two people find themselves growing closer together, and achieving happiness together against the odds, when they join a speaking club that is in fact a front for the largest singles organisation in Britain.
And I've just started preliminary work on That Was Then, This Is Now. This tale of thwarted love begins with the arrival of an email in 2011, the dateline of which shows it was sent in the spring of 1972.
If you'd like to read one or two sample chapters, let me know. And if you want to read the rest we can work out a suitable financial arrangement.


text:
Lovelorn: Sickness Reward
Anna and Patrick Troxell come from the ranks of the psych alt rockers, Creepoid, and through their new project, Lovelorn, they have announced a new full length release which has been in the making for a while.
Drawing from synth punk, new wave and even techno, Lovelorn present their experimental take on synthpop and come up with an artform which they call 'drug pop', calling back to the psychedelic nature of their acclaimed previous band, but at the same time pushing forward and picking on unexplored territories.
New single, Sickness Reward, is a prime exemplification of that oddness, and suggests that this will also be the case for the rest of What's Yr Damage which takes its name from a term of endearment used between the two artists, constituting the whole thing as an intimate and organic piece of art.
What's Yr Damage will be out on August 6th, 2021 via 6131 Records.
What's Yr Damage by LOVELORN
Artist photo by Daniel Fried
Lovelorn Facebook
experimental lovelorn music synthpop zr

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Following the success of the email-based entry system which has been used over the last few years, organiser Gareth Price will be continuing with it for this year's RFA Club President's Cup.
The entry form is being distributed by email and here on the RFA website, and we ask everyone who would like to be considered for an entry into the competition to apply to the organiser by email. If you do not have access to email, he will also accept entries by telephone. He will acknowledge receipt of every application, and all entries must be received by Thursday December 10th. Then, on Friday 11th, a random draw will take place to select from the applicants the 32 players who will compete on the day, as well as a list of reserves, all of whom will be notified immediately of their successful application.
Finally, one word of warning from the organiser: the President's Cup (won in 2014 by Matt Cavanagh and Bruce Hanton, pictured above) is an extremely physical, full day of fives, and should the competitors have any doubts whatsoever about their ability to be on court for five hours, they need to line up/bring a suitable substitute.


You may be entitled to compensation if your symptoms are linked to poor food hygiene within your package deal. Speak to our specialist personal injury solicitors today to see how we can help you.
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To graduation and beyond means we're in this for life. As an alum, you are always welcome to tap into our strengths and leverage them as your own. And with W. P. Carey Refreshers — short video lessons brought to you by outstanding faculty and executive educators — doing so is easier than ever.
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text:
I HAVE A CODE
Personal Loan Mathura, 23 January 2020 from Lakshmi Vilas Bank
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Wedding Loan from Lakshmi Vilas Bank in Mathura
Mathura is a pious city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh which has been selected as one of the heritage cities for Indian Governments Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme. Mathura is considered to be a holy city as it was the birthplace of Lord Krishna. It is one of the seven cities included in the sapta Puri, where, according to the beliefs of Hinduism, Moksha or salvation can be attained. The city with 4 lakh residents now used to be a thriving hub of trade and commerce earlier for its strategic location at the junction of important caravan routes. The twin-city of Mathura and Vrindavan hold great historic and religious importance. Being the birthplace and hometown of Lord Krishna, this city is dotted with innumerable temples and thus attract a lot of Hindu devotees from all over the country. Tourism drives the economy of this city, closely followed by the Mathura Refinery, an oil refinery of Indian Oil Corporation. The city boasts of its aesthetic culture and traditions. sanjhee is the colorful art of decorating the ground with flowers. The city is known for its traditional folk-songs that express the love of Lord Krishna and Radha. The Raaslilas of Mathura are an integral part of Indian Folklore.
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Low interest rate Wedding Loan in Mathura, 23 January 2020 from Lakshmi Vilas Bank
On November 3, 1926, the Laxmi Vilas Bank was founded under the Indian Companies Act, 1913, and on November 10, 1926, it had achieved the certificate to commence business. In 1926, seven businessmen of Karur founded Lakshmi Vilas Bank under the leadership of Shri V.S.N. Ramalinga Chettiar. They aimed to serve the financial needs of people who were occupied in trading businesses, industry and agriculture, in and around Karur. The Laxmi Vilas Bank is a private sector bank. It is based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India and did considerable expansion of its branch network from 1961 to 1965, when the bank took over nine other banks. In 1976, the bank obtained the status of Authorized Dealer in foreign exchange for providing services to the customers involved in international trade as well as to travelers who travel overseas. In 1977, the mechanization was introduced in the administrative office. The bank implemented core Banking Solution (CBS) in October 2006, and all of the banks branches were migrated to CBS by March 2008. Lakshmi Vilas Bank has 523 offices,984 ATM centers, and seven extension counters, as of 2018. Mr. Partha Sarthi Mukherjee is the MD and CEO of Lakshmi Vilas Bank. The bank was established on November 3, 1926, under the Indian Companies Act, 1913, and on November 10, 1926, it obtained the certificate to commence business.
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text:
<?php

namespace Drupal\image\Form;

use Drupal\Core\Form\FormStateInterface;
use Drupal\image\ImageEffectManager;
use Drupal\image\ImageStyleInterface;
use Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\ContainerInterface;

/**
 * Provides an add form for image effects.
 *
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 */
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   *   The image effect manager.
   */
  public function __construct(ImageEffectManager $effect_manager) {
    $this->effectManager = $effect_manager;
  }

  /**
   * {@inheritdoc}
   */
  public static function create(ContainerInterface $container) {
    return new static(
      $container->get('plugin.manager.image.effect')
    );
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  public function buildForm(array $form, FormStateInterface $form_state, ImageStyleInterface $image_style = NULL, $image_effect = NULL) {
    $form = parent::buildForm($form, $form_state, $image_style, $image_effect);

    $form['#title'] = $this->t('Add %label effect to style %style', [
      '%label' => $this->imageEffect->label(),
      '%style' => $image_style->label(),
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    $form['actions']['submit']['#value'] = $this->t('Add effect');

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Clarke Currie Scholes (, ) est un nageur américain.

Il remporte la médaille d'or au 100 m nage libre aux Jeux olympiques d'Helsinki en 1952.

Il remporte par la suite la médaille d'or lors des Jeux Panaméricains en 1952.

Notes

Nageur américain
Naissance en novembre 1930
Naissance à Détroit (Michigan)
Décès en février 2010
Décès à 79 ans
Champion olympique de natation
Nageur aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1952
Champion olympique américain

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Moreover, states have misrepresented the extra indirect costs of integrating the intermittent output from wind into the grid. For example, the 2006 Minnesota Wind Integration Study, which has served as a basis for state policies mandating the addition of wind power to 25 percent of generation, claimed the costs of integration are only about 0.3 cents. But they made the false assumption that they would be the only state adding wind power into the entire market of the MISO, which is over 10 times as large as the Minnesota market, and thus actually determining the costs of integrating only 2 percent wind power.
At low levels of wind penetration, the variability can be regulated by reserve capacity already used for load fluctuations and allowance for failure of other generation. Wind can also be used to displace a few inefficient generators still on the system even if it is not an efficient long-term solution. The state's new transmission and integration study for 40 percent wind and solar appears to be playing the same game.
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development has estimated grid-level system costs are at least 1.6 and 1.9 cents for wind penetration levels of 10 and 30 percent respectively, compared to only 0.05 cents for natural gas generation (8). Grid-level system costs include the costs of various grid infrastructures, short-term balancing, intermittent electricity access, network congestion and instability. However, the study didn't include plant-level costs imposed on base-load plants that are increasing with wind penetration levels, including idled capacity and even an inability to make debt payments.
A 2012 study by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (financed by the U.S. Department of Energy) reports utilities are also becoming aware that requiring base load power plants to ramp up and down and operate at sub-optimal levels (while following the load of the intermittent wind output) increases maintenance costs and reduces fuel efficiency (9). Another problem related to fuel efficiency has been wasted duplication of generation when base-load plants are unable to respond rapidly or drop output enough. An April 18 Reuters article reporting on the study claims that as wind is added "Relatively inefficient single cycle gas turbines are likely to be the only practical option for load-following on the grid" (10).
In the future, grid operators can be expected to reduce the excessive need for backup with single cycle gas turbines by curtailing the five to 10 percent of wind energy greater than 60 percent of peak output at a loss to ratepayers of about 0.5 cents to one cent (or 0.2 to 0.4 cents after tax write-offs). After curtailment, wind power can be expected to supply about half of base load generation (which is 80 percent of total generation). Since single cycle gas turbines also cost about 12 cents, wind backed by these peaking plants doubles total electricity costs compared to just using combined cycle turbines fueled by natural gas at about six cents for base load power (11). The extra six cents must be assigned to wind power as backup costs.
Even wind backed by peaking plants will have additional grid-level system costs. General Electric representatives explained the problem while trying to sell their single cycle system for balancing wind: "The variability of power generation from wind farms presents an operational challenge for power systems with significant penetration of wind generation….integration of wind generation into a power system will require the ability to dispatch, or control, power output…..technology for fast, flexible, economic, modular deployment has been lacking" (12).
The industry is grasping for alternatives like new combined cycle natural gas base-load plants designed for fast-ramping (13), but integration costs would be even higher, largely due to a tripling of capital costs compared to conventional combined cycle (14). The country is also trying to develop storage and so-called smart grid technologies but costs are also high. The response has been the building of expensive transmission lines for export from high- to low-wind areas, but the potential is limited.
The U.S. has hidden from the public the additional costs to taxpayers for tax write-offs on windmills of about six cents, and to ratepayers for extra transmission of about two cents and backup of at least six cents, which drive total costs for wind power from bid prices of 4 cents to total costs over 18 cents. Despite the high costs and low environmental benefits, the U.S. has been mandating, subsidizing and misrepresenting an incredible $30 billion of windmills per year to meet 45 percent of U.S. capacity additions (with natural gas second at 40 percent).
Meanwhile, the U.S. is allowing utility monopolies to use misrepresentation (that they can get wind power at only three or four cents) to reject the purchase of other lower-cost renewable energies. The International Energy Agency has noted the "well-established competitiveness of hydropower, geothermal and bioenergy" (15). At the April 9, 2013 Biomass Conference in Minneapolis, the President of the U.S. Biomass Power Association Bob Cleaves mused that biomass couldn't use the "wind" tax write-offs very well. The US is blocking hydropower, geothermal and cogeneration fueled by captive biomass wastes that could actually solve economic and environmental problems by reducing greenhouse gases at a cost of only six to eight cents without mandates or much (if any) subsidies.
There isn't enough "captive biomass waste" to make a meaningful dent in energy consumption. Britain is importing logs for their co-fired biomass power plants. Burning trees is no way to save the planet …whatever that means exactly.
There is a huge potential from crops like sugar cane and sweet sorghum (which our company seeks to grow if not blocked by favoritism for wind energy). These cane crops yield captive biomass wastes left over after ethanol production from the sugar.
The burning of waste in local refineries to make heat and electricity seems to the most efficient use of waste and that idea isn't particularly new.
Sorry but several hours ago I posted that I have stopped responding to comments. I must devote my time toward leaving this country. Besides your questions have already been answered.
Remove biomass from the fields depletes the soil.
It's time to tell our political leaders to STOP!
Yes but I would add that a move from coal to gas will not save greenhouse gases if gas industry-wide methane leaks exceed 2 percent..
But they don't. So you can bury that overused canard in one of those carbon sequestration pits.
How long till the fossil-fueled Michael Goggin from AWEA shows up to peddle his wares on this article?
Yes Goggin's comments are typically misleading. He likes to say wind power displaces the least efficient sources but what he doesnt say is those inefficient sources are backing up wind the other half of the time, so there is no benefit. He also likes to accuse people of not knowing what they are talking about without explaining why.
"The U.S. has hidden from the public the additional costs to taxpayers…" You could have finished this sentence with pretty much any form of energy.
The subsidization of wind and solar are unprecedented. They receive far more taxpayer subsidy on a per kWh basis than any other energy source. Like I said in the article, biomass power receives little if any usable subsidies. Wind receives even greater subsidies hidden in ratepayer bills, which you so conveniently chopped from the sentence. The complexity of using the tax code in this way and the secrecy of the regulatory process also makes this subsidization more difficult to quantify than any other energy source. And the fact that this conspiracy to commit fraud has been carried out on such a large scale shows a lack of respect for the American people.
I do completely understand the frustration regarding the lack of support/differentiation for base-load renewables (geothermal and hydro supporters can make the same complaints – I told the geothermal industry that not carving out value for base-load/dispatchability in RPS programs was going to be a very big problem several years ago). With that said, not sure attacking wind is the answer – there won't be a dollar for dollar shift to other renewables, just less support for clean energy generally (which you can see from Eric's piece isn't all that much to begin with).
I think a PTC extension and some backstop (or even scoring/verification) for feedstock supply in the back years would give biomass plenty of support to thrive, irrespective of what happens with wind.
Of course, fossil and nuclear have received more total subsidies because they are larger industries operating over a much longer period of time. But like I said, wind and solar subsidies are unprecedented on a per kWh basis today. It is these per kWh subsidies that are blocking other energy sources today (i.e., 3 to 4 cent wind). Our company believes we (and the lowest-cost hydro and geothermal applications) will be competitive once all subsidies are removed (even if natural gas continues to receive its unwarranted exemption from the Safe Drinking Water Act).
@ Elias Your comments bring up another point that I wanted to discuss in the article, but found it too off-point. I believe the need for excessive transmission and backup has motivated the wind industry to support a political deal with utilities that allows continued monopolization. This has allowed the utility industry to rig wind bids to themselves, affiliates and cronies. The US electricity industry is very corrupt compared to much of the world that offers the same fair price to all generators as feed-in tariffs.
Seems like cheap natural gas prices and flat demand (which keep wholesale electric prices very low) are a bigger problem than wind subsidies, which I don't see having more than a nominal impact on power prices.
Getting rid of wind subsidies, that do have an effect on prices for satisfying renewable mandates, is an important first step. The dysfunctional wholesale energy "markets" (which have been 2 to 5 cents) are a separate problem that is not solely determined by low gas prices (6 cents). Regulated states allow utility monopolies to build their own generation (largely gas and wind) and then dump their excess generation into the wholesale markets (depressing prices). Deregulated states have created spinoff monopolies by allowing utilities to sell their old plants for pennies on the dollar and maintain control of T&D. There are so many problems with US energy markets that our company is leaving the country. For example, the US also subsidizes corn over new crops and favors cellulosic ethanol with mandates, subsidies, grants and loans.
Again, this seems like more about the structural hurdles in the the utility construct here in the U.S. Your issue with wind seems to be it got a greater set of subsidies while there was a renewable mandate in place that was for all renewables.
While I can see your point (as noted in my comment above), I think more than a little of this was poor vision and ineffective or nonexistent industry execution in the policy making that set those incentives. Trying to address it now by calling for an unwinding of wind incentives doesn't solve your more fundamental problem that biomass struggles to be competitive in wholesale power market.
I still think a better use of energy would be to figure out a way to get investor confidence up on feedstock availability and price – do that and we can meaningfully decrease the cost of capital and improve the economics dramatically (have never modeled, but willing to bet it's the difference for many projects). Alternatively, leverage the wind industry to argue for the need for a renewed round of mandates (RPS or otherwise) and then work to get a multiplier for non-intermitence.
Your understanding of my problem with wind subsidies appears correct. But I don't think you understand my problem with wholesale markets. Every energy source, including natural gas, struggles to be competitive in wholesale power markets. These pseudo-markets (based on energy prices without capacity costs) have run as low as 2 cents while regulated utilities were receiving a far higher guaranteed price. You don't seem to understand that regulated states can build surplus capacity and dump it into the wholesale market at the energy cost, thus depressing prices. Any IPP that thinks it can rely on wholesale prices is crazy. Back around 2000, many IPPs went out of business at 2 cent prices. Cogeneration fueled by biomass wastes can compete with gas at its levelized cost of 6 cents. We would accept straight forward feed-in tariffs (like found in the rest of the world) for as low as 6 to 8 cents. We will not play politics with the subsidy crap in this country, especially since, if the markets were constructed fairly, we would be competitive without subsidy.
Wind power is bad for taxpayers (6 cents), the national debt, ratepayers (at least 8 cents), jobs, the environment and the future of renewable energy. Plus they and the utility industry has a serious problem with the truth. I want nothing to do with either industry. I will go to a country that at least seeks the truth.
The article has now been published for 4 days. I will no longer be responding to further comments. Thanks to the readers.
This says a lot, Mike. It says you don't really care whether your arguments are full of holes. Or you ate firmly convinced you are right and no counter argument could possibly be persuasive so it is not worth your time to bother with.
There are a few major problems with this analysis.
1. Grid interconnection is understood to be a positive force regardless of mix of energy on the connected grids. Being able to balance generation and demand across larger geographical areas has tremendous fiscal benefits. This analysis tries to make the claim that the only value is for wind energy growth and all costs should be applied. Inaccurate and misleading.
2. Electricity prices have actually been increasing more slowly in regions with high wind penetration than in areas with low wind generation. The merit order effect drives lower wholesale prices as the form of generation with the lowest operating costs on the grid gets to set the price. Even if the PTC were eliminated, wind energy would still be setting the wholesale price because it has operating costs that are virtually zero. This is being played out all over the USA and in Australia. Other factors, usually completely unrelated to wind energy are causing world wide increases in electricity retail prices. Yet again, inaccurate and misleading.
3. Wind energy reduces 99.8% of CO2 from fossil fuels when burned and has virtually no impact on efficiency of fossil fuel generators according to major grid studies in the UK, USA and Spain. Yet this article claims the opposite. Once again, inaccurate and misleading.
4. The article picks a fight with wind over situations where wind energy might have massive penetration, supply 60% of demand. Oddly, this isn't a problem and won't be for a long time. And in regions such as Denmark and Spain where this does occur, they haven't been having any particular problems. Inaccurate, and misleading.
Basically, it's a whine by a biomass guy who isn't feeling the love that the best form of utility scale generation is feeling. Only an anti-wind campaigner of some sort wouldn't see the massive flaws, which is why a couple of the usual suspects are here and are undoubtedly spreading it around among their anti-wind fiends.
Only a wind propagandist would ignore the fact wind power receives by far the most taxpayer subsidies, as well as the most ratepayer transmission and integration subsidies, while providing such disinformation. It is wrong to say wind is setting wholesale prices, which are set by the highest price needed to clear the market. I have provided my US government study showing wind reduces the efficiency of fossil fuel generators. You need to provide yours. My analysis deals with wind penetration levels below 20% (not 60% like you claim). Even Denmark relies on the export of wind energy. Please provide a study quantifying these "tremendous fiscal benefits" of grid interconnection. Our state of Minnesota and other states with increasing wind power have experienced more rapid growth in electricity rates than other states during the last few years. The government (or you wind energy propagandists) need to document that your resource is not increasing electric rates.
How many wars have been paid for by tax payers to secure the wind power of other countries?
These articles don't address the articles I cited.
acceleration that our biomass technology doesn't receive.
the NREL report (claiming wind will need to be backed up with inefficient single cycle in the future) while promoting integration costs in Texas (that have often been calculated by GE, a wind turbine manufacturer), utilities that have been misrepresenting wind power, and grids with low wind penetrations.
Notice, AWEA attacks me on a web page where people can't comment like here. They are a joke and a complete waste of my time.
Mike, why are you immune to new information? And why is it biofuels advocates feel compelled to attack other renewable energy technologies?
Ironically, Michael Goggin's article "debunking" this one is chock full of "false and misleading claims" and also does not have a comment field that would allow readers to critique what he says. It's essentially a propaganda piece.
I typically boycott authors that do not allow readers to point out errors and misinformation. Authors who don't want others to see critiques of what they write can't be trusted.
Various lobbies aren't interested in a fair and balanced discussion. They are like defense attorneys who don't care if their client is guilty. All they care about is whether they can get them off.
The installation at Laker Schools in Michigan had a cost of $375,000, a rated total capacity of 195 kilowatts, and produced an average power of 16 kilowatts before it broke in less than 5 years. The levelized cost of electricity was $375,000/(16kw*8766hr/yr*5yrs) = $0.53 = 53 cents per kilowatt hour. I'm neglecting interest and being very generous by estimating that the project had a useful life of 5 years. The capacity factor was 16/195 = 8.2%. If the installation had put out 100% of rated power 100% of the time and lasted 20 years, then it would have paid for itself 10 times over, but it didn't. That's the difference between projection and reality.
There is a lot of cheating going on with capacity factor. We're told here that wind operates at a capacity factor of 30%, but in some cases the capacity factor is as low as 8%, which means that the actual cost of wind is about 4 times higher than indicated here. So wherever a cost figure is given for wind, multiply it by 4 and that will be the actual cost. When we're told that a country, say Germany, has 25% renewable power, that's nameplate capacity and the actual share of renewable power might be something like 2%. So Germans are paying 60% more for electricity than they did 10 years ago in order to finance energy sources that produce about 2% of their electricity.
Fossil fuels could become more expensive someday. However, it doesn't make sense to address that by replacing them with sources of energy that are much more expensive right now.
There is a lot of cheating going on with capacity factor. We're told here that wind operates at a capacity factor of 30%, but in some cases the capacity factor is as low as 8%, which means that the actual cost of wind is about 4 times higher than indicated here. So wherever a cost figure is given for wind, multiply it by 4 and that will be the actual cost.
1. Not understanding what "capacity factor" means.
does not change the average capacity factor of a wind farm).
3. Not understanding capcity factor is already applied to the cost of electricity (if a utility assumes wind power is quadruple its actual price, they're going to make some bad business decisions).
When we're told that a country, say Germany, has 25% renewable power, that's nameplate capacity and the actual share of renewable power might be something like 2%. So Germans are paying 60% more for electricity than they did 10 years ago in order to finance energy sources that produce about 2% of their electricity.
1. Assuming the numbers are capacity, not production.
2. Assuming you can just guess the "correct" numbers.
That's quite a vast conspiracy you've got going there!
And your Great Source of Ultimate Truth to counter nearly the whole rest of the world's view of reality comes from the opinion pages of the Wall Street Journal!
You should consider a career writing for The Onion.


The PGA Tour stays in Florida this week, but many of the big names we saw last week will take the week off, as with the new bunched schedule there aren't as many opportunities to get a break. For many of the top players on the PGA Tour it's either skip this week or the Texas Open in two weeks; most of the top-64 will want to play the Dell Match Play Championship next week. That said, there are some high-end players in the field this week, including a couple who played well last week.
This week: Valspar Championship - Innisbrook Resort, Copperhead Course, Palm Harbor, Fla.
Last Year: Paul Casey shot a final-round 65 on his way to a one-stroke victory over Patrick Reed.
It's rare to see a guy who has never made a cut an event, installed as such a heavy favorite, but with little firepower in the field, the Valspar is DJ's for the taking. DJ played surprisingly well last week, and although he's yet to make a cut here in two starts, he obviously has the talent to blow away the field. That said, the odds are a little steep and if you've yet to use DJ in a one-and-done format, you might as well just wait for Pebble.


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Course of the Chimurenga war
(11m 11s)
-Mlimo's call to battle happened at a time when the BSA Co's Administrator General for Matabeleland, Leander Starr Jameson, had sent most of his troops to fight the Transvaal Republic in the ill-fated Jameson Raid in Dec. 1995 leaving the country's defenses in disarray.
War in Matabeleland.
-On 29th March 1896, the Ndebele High Priest Umlugulu, with senior indunas, organized a ceremony to install Umfezela as Lobengula's successor. On that day, The Ndebele rebels killed the whites on their farms as they found them by surprise.
-They also killed African policemen in the British force.
-The European settlers took refuge in fortified camps in Bulawayo, Gwelo, Belingwe and Mangwe.
-The British immediately sent troops to suppress the Ndebele and the Shona, but it cost the lives of many settlers, Ndebele, and Shona alike.
- The Matabele military defiance ended only when Burnham found and assassinated Mlimo, thanks to a Zulu informant.
-The Ndebele finally agreed to peace talks with Rhodes during which Rhodes agreed to disband the shona police and give the Ndebele headmen some powers as indunas.
The War in Mashonaland.
-On 17 June 1896, the Hwata dynasty at Mazowe attacked the Alice Mine.
- They succeeded in driving away the British settlers from their lands on 20 June 1896. In the same month, Mashaykuma, working with
the local spiritual leader Kagubi, the Zezuru Shona people in killing a British farmer Norton and his wife at Porta Farm in Norton. With the war in Matabeleland ending in October 1897, Gen.
-Carrington was able to concentrate his forces on Mashonaland. Nehanda Nyakasikana and Kagubi Gumboreshumba were captured and executed in
1898, but Mkwati, a priest of the Mwari shrine, was never captured and died in Mutoko.
-Traditional leaders played a major role in the rebellion, notably Chief Mashayamombe, who led resistance in Mhondoro, Gwabayana, Makoni, Mapondera, Mangwende and Seke.


The term, "wither" or "withered" is used figuratively here to express a moral and spiritual deficiency that affects the heart, causing it to wither and decay from spiritual malnutrition.
I recently underwent a gastronomy to have a feeding tube inserted into my stomach. Through three disciplined feedings each day of formula to reverse the effects of malnutrition on my body, I would expect a restoration of weight and loss of healing function due to the lack of nutrients – now being replaced.
So what are some essential nutrients for a healthy spiritual heart?
First, would be to set aside prayer times throughout the day that are framed by silence and solitude – meaning no distractions. Remember that prayer is not only speaking to God, but also involves listening to God as well. This is where silence and solitude come into play.
Second, think of the Bible as not just a bunch of scripture that tell you how you should live your life, but rather as a love letter from God himself. If we believe that all scripture is God breathed, this is not a difficult concept to embrace.
Contemplative reading of Bible passages is also an avenue by which to hear God's voice, and should also be framed by silence and solitude. Contemplative reading recognizes that the words we read have multiple layers, not always distinguishable from the first reading, so we return to a familiar text expecting that something new can be revealed to us. This is where we get personal about what the text means for us. Benedictines refer to this type of reading as Lectio Divina, it's purpose being, to put us into contact with God by being aware of God's presence in what we read, or as some have put it: reading God.
Finally, cultivating an awareness of God's presence in the ordinary as well as the majestic. He is the creator of everything after all.
As I recalled the account of Mary and Martha, found in Luke 10:38-42, the distinction between what was good for the health of a spiritual heart and what was not, was encapsulated in one word: closeness.
As you may recall, Martha invited Jesus into her house, where she and her sister, Mary lived. As Mary sat at Jesus' feet listening to his teaching, Martha was busy with, and distracted by, all the serving duties. Jesus said in Matthew 4:4 that, "Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that comes from the mouth of God." Mary understood. Martha did not.


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The book 'Last Night at the Viper Room' tells of River Phoenix's life before it was cut short at 22
By Sherryl Connelly
"Last NIght at the Viper Room," the book about River Phoenix.
When River Phoenix fatally collapsed from a drug overdose on the sidewalk outside the notorious Viper Room on Halloween 1993, he was a 22-year-old Oscar-nominated star of the classic "Stand by Me" with a brilliant future in the making.
Or so people thought. As Gavin Edwards reveals in his new book, "Last Night at The Viper Room: River Phoenix and the Hollywood He Left Behind," the actor was planning to quit moviemaking.
He also had a serious heroin problem.
That night he headed out into the Hollywood scene with his younger brother, Joaquin, and sister, Rain. First, they headed in the hills for a party where Leonardo DiCaprio, dressed in costume as Johnny Hollywood, "a generic hipster actor," spotted River in the crowd.
American actor River Phoenix (1970 - 1993), was declared dead at Cedars-Sinai at 1:51 a.m. (Nancy R. Schiff/Getty Images)
Then 18, DiCaprio idolized Phoenix, whose industry cred had only risen when he played a street hustler in "My Own Private Idaho." DiCaprio couldn't get close enough to talk to Phoenix, but he did get a good look at his face.
"He was beyond pale — he looked white," the actor recalled.
The Viper Room had been open only a couple of months. Johnny Depp, looking for a cool, underground place to listen to music, had bought the space with associates. It quickly became one big VIP room, with all the famous faces in the crowd rather than performing onstage. Some nights, Depp would host late-night parties for his friends.
The exterior of The Viper Room the day after the death of actor River Phoenix. Fans have left flowers, candles and notes at the spot where he collapsed on November 1, 1993 in Los Angeles, California. (Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images)
"Kate Moss might get behind the bar; Naomi Campbell might dance with security; Depp might have a longer conversation with Chrissie Hynde about religion. On those nights, Depp had reduced the Viper Room to its essence: a party room for him and his celebrity pals," Edwards reports.
Phoenix toted his guitar to the club that night, but his buddy Flea, of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, told him that all the space on the stage was taken, with Depp leading a roster of performers. So he headed back to the table to share the evening with girlfriend Samantha Mathis and his brother and sister.
There he took a drink from a friend, someone he had twice taken to rehab, and gulped it down without asking what was in it. It was a liquid speedball, a mix of cocaine and heroin. Soon after, he vomited and slumped in his chair.
River Phoenix and sister Rain Phoenix attend PETA's "Rock Against Fur" Concert on February 19, 1989. (Ron Galella/WireImage)
Edwards speculates that if an ambulance had been called at that moment, Phoenix might have been saved.
Instead, his brother Joaquin walked River out of the club when he groggily roused himself. There, the dark-haired actor fell to the ground and went into seizures. His sister, Rain, sat on his chest to still them.
Phoenix's girlfriend, Mathis, was futilely banging her head against the wall; Joaquin kept insisting everything was fine.
Joaquin Phoenix (pictured here in 1997) says he'll never understand his brother's death, but he's close to accepting it. ``What was difficult in the beginning was that I felt robbed of my memories,'' he said. (WYATT COUNTS/AP)
They were young, they were scared, and they didn't know what to do.
At one point, Christina Applegate came out of the club and walked by. She was crying by the time she reached the corner. Joaquin's agonized call to 911 — "Please come, he's dying, please" got wide play in the aftermath.
River Phoenix was declared dead at Cedars-Sinai at 1:51 a.m.
Phoenix's girlfriend, Mathis, was futilely banging her head against the wall; Joaquin kept insisting everything was fine. (Richard Corkery/New York Daily News)
Only later did Depp learn that it was Phoenix who had died outside his club. Mourners scrawled memorials on the door. Depp, who had friends in common with Phoenix, had it unhinged and sent to the Phoenixes in Florida.
Edwards layers "Last Night at The Viper Room," with context threading a synopsis of Hollywood at the time throughout. DiCaprio was only just getting started, Tom Cruise was willing his way to big-screen stardom and Brad Pitt had just been anointed a star after beating out Phoenix for the lead role in Robert Redford's "A River Runs Through It." But the core story is that of River Phoenix, who surely had one of the most unusual childhoods of any kid come to Hollywood.
His parents, Heart (Arlyn) and John, joined the Children of God cult when River was a toddler. They became itinerants, always drifting south when they finally came to rest in the Children of God commune in Caracas, Venezuela. The children were sent into the street to sing or go hungry.
Johnny Depp would host late-night parties for his friends. (Richard Corkery/New York Daily News)
The Children of God was considered a Christian sex cult. The children were encouraged to have sex with adults and with each other. The routine was prayers, and then to bed for "sexual exploration" — including children as young as 3.
In an interview, Phoenix told Details magazine he was 4 when he first "made love." The encounter was with "kids."
"But I've blocked it out," he said. "I was completely celibate from 10 to 14."
Naomi Campbell and Kate Moss were Viper Room regulars. (Richard Corkery/New York Daily News)
The family left the cult before he turned 7. When the directive came that the women should take up "flirty fishing," using sex to recruit male members, Arlyn balked.
"The guy running it got crazy. He sought to attract rich disciples through sex. No way," she said later.
But at least to some people's minds, the family perpetuated the sexual weirdness. For instance, when Phoenix resumed having sex at 15, the act took place in a tent in the family's backyard decorated by his parents.
Then 18, DiCaprio idolized Phoenix, whose industry cred had only risen when he played a street hustler in "My Own Private Idaho." (Barry King/WireImage)
Corey Feldman, his co-star on "Stand by Me" — where the young actors, including Wil Wheaton and Jerry O'Connell, were obsessed by sex — says that Phoenix referred to it as his "second virginity." The girl was a family friend and they went to both sets of parents to get their blessings first.
But while Phoenix asked permission to have sex, and even as his siblings followed him into the business, most notably Joaquin, River remained the family bread-winner. His stand-out movies included "The Mosquito Coast" with Harrison Ford and a role as young Indiana in "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade."
He was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance in 1988's "Running on Empty." He played the son of a fugitive family living underground. There were some parallels to his own life. On Gus Van Sant's "My Own Private Idaho," where he and Keanu Reeves played street kids hustling gay men for money, Phoenix took the role seriously enough to research hard drugs.
Wil Wheaton, Corey Feldman, River Phoenix and Jerry O'Connell in a scene from the movie "Stand By Me".
One production assistant, Matt Ebert, says there was "rampant heroin use" on the set. And while Phoenix was new to using "it did not take him long to go from, you know, a casual user to having an intense drug problem."
By the time he made his last movie, "The Thing Called Love," Phoenix was an obvious casualty. After he stumbled through one scene repeatedly, his eyes unfocused, his agent and then his mother flew in to baby-sit him on location.
By then, his mother had changed her named to Heart and was managing his career. His father, John, had moved to Costa Rica, where the two would fight about the father's drinking and the son's career. John believed Hollywood was corrupt and evil and wanted River to quit.
Phoenix, meanwhile, would blow off opportunities like "Reality Bites," which did so much for Ethan Hawke's career, and then accuse his agency of hiding scripts from him.
Finally, he agreed to star in "Interview with the Vampire," and another movie, "Dark Blood." But he promised his dad that once those movies were done, so was he. He was quitting acting.
Of course, he might have reneged. On Oct. 31, 1993, the star told his young sister and brother to go have fun listening to Depp play The Viper Room.
Then, suddenly River changed his mind, grabbed his guitar and . . .


I've shared some of our wedding plans here and there, but I wanted to take this time to acknowledge all the wonderful vendors that are helping make our day special.
As a creative entrepreneur myself, I understand the grind, hustle, passion and hard work all of these vendors put into their businesses and all the behind the scenes work it takes to manage a business. It isn't just the wedding day they're a part of, they're responsible for sourcing materials, owning a website, marketing, social media, project management, accounting and so much more.
Every single vendor we've chosen has been nothing short of amazing and I wanted to take the time to recognize them and hopefully you may end up hiring them too if you live near Columbus!
Alyssa Thomas from Alyssa Thomas Events is our day-of coordinator and wedding planner extraordinaire. She's a born and raised Midwest gal who lives in Pittsburgh now but plans weddings all over the country. Her husband is a groomsman in our wedding and they're both dear friends of ours. We went to Ireland with them last year.
She's helped coordinate all of our décor, vision boards and other vendors listed here. She's helped with our timeline, given me tips on things I hadn't thought about, answered any random question I've had about wedding planning and is owning the whole process of vendor coordination for the day of. Because she's invested in us and our wedding from the beginning I completely trust her to handle everything on the day of our wedding without question.
Read more about her services here and schedule a free consultation!
PS: Alyssa styled this amazing dusty blue styled shoot.
Kirsten West from Bear Roots Floral is such a kind soul and her creativity is out of this world. If you're into greenery, she is your girl. She forages her yard and local places to find the most amazing greenery and I know her unique eye will make our flowers stand out.
We grabbed lunch at Northstar Café one day and ended up chatting for a few hours because she is just the best. She also helped us get all the flowers for my Let Love Bloom Bridal Shower.
Check out some of her amazing work here.
Lehne and Dallas are the husband/wife duo from Short and Stout Mobile Bar. They're culinary graduates and believe in the farm to table concept so much that they've created a farm to cocktail bar service. They use fresh, locally sourced ingredients whenever possible. They turned a trailer into a mobile bar with white subway tile, lots of greenery and the coolest clean and minimalist feel. OBSESSED is an understatement.
They've helped us figure out how much to order, what signature drinks we should serve and made a specific shopping list for us.
Read more about their story and services here.
The team at Oak Grove have made our planning a breeze. Zach and I walked on the venue property and immediately knew it was the one for us. We didn't even look at any other venue.
It's a historic greenhouse located on a 100-acre farm set back off the road. It has large oak trees, a pond and a large cocktail lawn with strung Edison lights. There's also a cottage and main hall attached that hold up to 200 guests.
Jorgensen is also doing our catering! They use as much organic produce from their farm as possible and the food is to die for.
Renee from RKM Photography is another dear friend of mine. We met at One Church and have bonded over all things photography, blogging and healthy food and skincare.
She has a light and airy feel and her pictures and personality are MAGIC. She taught me everything I know about golden hour and her husband is going to be our second shooter as well.
Check out her Instagram and here.
Here's a picture from our engagement shoot she took!
DJ Tommy Nutter from Diamon Entertainment is our DJ and Emcee. He is providing all of the music for our ceremony and reception. We attended a wedding two years ago that he did and Zach knew immediately we had to use them for ours because he was go good. He kept the day moving and played all the best music.
Shaylyn Ford is a master of makeup! She is a pastor at our church along with her husband who is marrying us. She was Mrs. Ohio a few years ago and frequently does makeup for pageants and shows and even did the makeup for the Arnold!
Kirby is the best at hair! We have our last trial next week and I'm so excited for how it's going to turn out. She nailed my vision on the first try!
Brooke from Lovely Grain Studio is a 9-5 worker turned creative entrepreneur and is such inspo of someone living out their dream. Not to mention her signs are unbelievableeee.
She gets all of the wood/shiplap for her signs from as many local places as possible and her style is so unique. We ordered 5 custom signs from her and ordered all of our table numbers through her too.
Check out her favorite signs here.
I get the question all the time if I'm going to be making my own cake for the weddings. That's a definite no! I don't want to be stressed about the cake leading up to the wedding.
My cousin is an amazingggg baker and she's making lots of cupcakes for our dessert bar. We're getting a small two tier cake to cut during the ceremony from Giant Eagle (yep, you read that right!) because I love their almond cake.


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est une chanson du groupe de hard rock américain Guns N' Roses. Elle est présente sur le premier album du groupe, Appetite for Destruction (1987).

Histoire
La chanson est le premier single du groupe sorti le  au Royaume-Uni où il atteint la 84 place au classement des ventes. Le single est un double face A, avec la chanson Mr. Brownstone sur l'autre face. Le single sort aussi en Allemagne vers la même date. Les chansons Shadow of Your Love et Move to the City, présentes sur les versions 12-inch vinyl et 12-inch picture du single ont été écrites par des membres de Guns N'Roses lorsqu'ils étaient dans le groupe Hollywood Rose. Ces chansons sortirent au Japon sur l'EP Live from the Jungle. Move to the Cit" était sortie aux États-Unis sur l'EP de 1986 Live ?!*@ Like a Suicide, puis dans le monde entier sur l'album de 1988 GN'R Lies.

Composition
D'après une interview publiée dans en mars 1988 dans Hit Parader, It's So Easy est

Dans une interview avec Eddie Trunk en 2006, Axl Rose affirme que Duff McKagan et West Arkeen écrivirent la chanson comme une chanson acoustique hippie, et que c'est le guitariste Slash qui la transforma en chanson rock. McKagan déclara en 2011, dans son livre autobiographique It's So Easy (and Other Lies), que c'est West Arkeen qui lui apprit à alterner les accords, ce qui conduisit la chanson à avoir un son particulier :

Vidéo
Le , le groupe sort le clip de It's so Easy tourné en 1989 au Cathouse Club de Los Angeles.

Références

Chanson interprétée par Guns N' Roses
Chanson de 1987
Single musical sorti en 1987


Truly, we put our hope in the Lord! In His goodness, God has blessed us with a beautiful property in Murrieta, CA. A recent study found Murrieta to be the 2nd safest city in the entire state of California. We are so grateful for our local police who work hard to keep our city safe. We are truly blessed!
In addition, CCBC is home to a substation of the Murrieta Police Department. Between the safety of our city, our police substation, and our 24-hour campus security, the Lord truly has blessed our students with a place of safety to study His Word and seek after Him. All glory to Him!
Click here to read about the safety of Murrieta.


text:
Iftimie Bârleanu () a fost un sculptor român, autor a mai multor monumente care impresionează prin forță și expresivitate artistică.

Biografie
Iftimie Bârleanu s-a născut la data de 6 octombrie 1916, în satul Măzănăești din județul Suceava. După ce a absolvit școala primară din satul natal, a urmat cursurile Școlii de arte și meserii din Câmpulung Moldovenesc între anii 1929-1934, secția sculptură în lemn, sub îndrumarea sculptorului Ion Pâșlea (1869-1952). A urmat apoi cursurile Academiei de Arte Frumoase din Iași, cu sculptorul Ion Irimescu, ale cărei cursuri le-a absolvit în anul 1945.

După absolvirea Academiei în 1945, a lucrat ca șef de lucrări și profesor la Institutul de Arte Plastice din Iași, îndeplinind și alte diferite funcții. A fost membru al Uniunii Artiștilor Plastici, președinte al UAP Filiala Iași și vicepreședinte al Uniunii Artiștilor Plastici din R.S.R. Începând cu anul 1945, a participat la numeroase expoziții de sculptură atât în țară, cât și în străinătate. El a călătorit în străinătate pentru perfecționarea măiestriei artistice, lucrând intens și participând la expoziții cu operele sale.

Prin Decretul nr. 514 din 18 august 1964 al Consiliului de Stat al Republicii Populare Romîne, sculptorului Iftimie Bârleanu i s-a acordat titlul de Artist Emerit al Republicii Populare Romîne "pentru merite deosebite în activitatea desfășurată în domeniul teatrului, muzicii, artelor plastice și cinematografiei".

A fost distins cu Ordinul "Meritul Cultural" cl. IV, Premiul I pentru artă monumentală al UAP și Premiul "Ion Andreescu" al Academiei Române (1981).

Sculptorul Iftimie Bârleanu a trecut la cele veșnice la data de 19 ianuarie 1986 la Iași.

Lucrări realizate

A lucrat în lemn, piatră și bronz, subiecte inspirate din folclorul românesc, chipuri de țărani bucovineni sau portrete ale unor personalități ca Ion Creangă, Garabet Ibrăileanu, Mihail Sadoveanu, Nicolae Iorga ș.a. Iftimie Bârleanu este autor a mai multor monumente care impresionează prin forță și expresivitate artistică, dintre acestea menționând:
 Statuia ecvestră a lui Ștefan cel Mare (Suceava, 1977) - statuie din bronz turnat cu o înălțime de 23 metri (inclusiv soclul), aflată în apropierea Cetății de Scaun a Sucevei;
 Statuia lui Ioan Vodă cel Viteaz (Iași), din cadrul Grupului Statuar al Voievozilor;
 Ion Creangă (Iași, 1968) - bust de granit aflat în curtea Bojdeucii lui Ion Creangă din Iași;
 Dosoftei (Iași, 1975) - statuie din bronz aflată în fața Casei Dosoftei din Iași;
 Avraham Goldfaden (Iași, 1975) - bust din bronz, amplasat în partea dreaptă a Teatrului Național din Iași;
 Ștefan cel Mare (Vaslui, 1975) - statuie din bronz turnat cu o înălțime de 6.90 metri, plus soclul care are 8 metri;
 Dimitrie Cantemir (Huși);
 Ion Neculce (Prigoreni);
 Nicolae Iorga (Botoșani);
 Elegie (Liveni) etc.

Note

Bibliografie
 Emil Satco - Enciclopedia Bucovinei (Ed. Princeps Edit, Iași, 2004)

Legături externe
 Întoarcerea meșterului, 10 mai 2013, Grigore Ilisei, Ziarul Lumina

Sculptori români
Sculptori monumentaliști români
Artiști emeriți ai Republicii Populare Romîne și ai Republicii Socialiste România
Membri ai Uniunii Artiștilor Plastici din România
Nașteri în 1916
Nașteri pe 6 octombrie
Decese în 1986
Oameni din județul Suceava
Decorați cu Ordinul Meritul Cultural


text:
Nototriton é um género de anfíbios caudados pertencente à família Plethodontidae.

Espécies
 Nototriton abscondens
 Nototriton barbouri
 Nototriton brodiei
 Nototriton gamezi
 Nototriton guanacaste
 Nototriton lignicola
 Nototriton limnospectator
 Nototriton major
 Nototriton picadoi
 Nototriton richardi
 Nototriton saslaya
 Nototriton stuarti
 ''Nototriton tapanti

Pletodontídeos
Gêneros de anfíbios


Magmatic activity plays an important role in mineralization, but little is understood of its role with respect to carbonate-hosted stratabound epigenetic PbZn deposits. The Fule PbZn deposit (~ 10 Mt of sulfide ore with mean grades of 15–20 wt% Zn + Pb), is stratigraphically placed in middle Permian strata and spatially (~ 1 m) associated with late Permian continental flood basalts of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP). It thus provides an ideal case to investigate its genetic relationship with the ELIP. In addition, the Fule deposit is characterized by high concentrations of Ag, Cd, Ge and Ga, and contains a variety of Cu and Ni sulfide minerals. Syn-ore calcite (δ13C = + 2.57–+3.01‰) and associated fluids (δ13C = + 2.96–+ 3.40‰) have δ13C values similar to those of fresh limestone (δ13C = + 1.58–+2.63‰), but the δ18O values of calcite (+ 16.83–+19.92‰) and associated fluids (+ 7.80–+10.89‰) are distinctly lower than those of limestone (δ18O = + 21.85–+23.61‰). This means that C is mainly derived from limestone, whereas the O isotope signature may be related to water/rock (W/R) interaction between mantle and/or metamorphic fluids and limestone. δ34S values of sulfide minerals obtained by in situ NanoSIMS and conventional bulk techniques record a range of + 9.8–+23.1‰ and + 10.04–+16.43‰, respectively, reflecting the enrichment of heavy S isotopes in the ore-forming fluids and thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) is the principal mechanism for the formation of S2 −. Cores of sulfide crystals have much higher δ34S values than their rims, indicating a probable mixture of multiple S reservoirs and/or a dynamic fractionation of S isotopes occurred during sulfide precipitation. The uniform femtosecond (fs) LA-MC-ICPMS in situ Pb isotopic data for galena plot in the field that differs from any of the three potential sources in the region. Such signatures demonstrate that metal Pb was most likely derived from a well-mixed source of basalts, sedimentary rocks and basement rocks. We propose that (a) the enrichment in Ag, Cu, Ni, Cd, Ge and Ga, and the isotope signatures of hydrothermal minerals in the Fule region are related to fluids derived from or flowed through multiple reservoirs; (b) Emeishan magmatism provided heat, elements and associated fluids, and its basalts acted as an impermeable and protective layer; and (c) fluid mixing caused TSR, and then resulted in W/R interaction and CO2 degassing, all of which played a key role in the precipitation of hydrothermal minerals.
Zhou, J. and Luo, K. and Wang, X. and Wilde, S. and Wu, T. and Huang, Z. and Cui, Y. et al. 2018. Ore genesis of the Fule Pb–Zn deposit and its relationship with the Emeishan Large Igneous Province: Evidence from mineralogy, bulk C–O–S and in situ S–Pb isotopes. Gondwana Research. 54: pp. 161-179.


Dental implants are an effective way to replace missing teeth. When teeth are lost because of gum disease or an accident, dental implants may be a good option.
Many people choose implants to replace a single tooth or several teeth, or to support a full set of dentures (denture implants). Implants are posts surgically placed into the upper or lower jawbone. They replace the root of one or more missing teeth.
Dental implants are made of titanium (a strong, lightweight metal) and other materials that are well accepted by the body. More than 5 million implants are placed each year by dentists in the United States.
Our dental implant patients come to us from Mission Viejo, Lake Forest, Aliso Viejo, Rancho Santa Margarita, Laguna Hills and neighboring areas.
Implants offer firm support to man-made teeth. Dentures, bridges or single teeth attached to the implants won't slip or shift in your mouth-a very important benefit when eating and speaking.
This secure fit also helps man-made teeth feel more natural than typical bridges or dentures.
Some people may find implant-supported dentures more comfortable than dentures that do not use implants.
Where teeth are missing, dental implants also help keep the jawbone from shrinking.
Implants are a good value, because they can last a lifetime with good care.


Welcome to Irma Coulson Public School!
As our incredible Staff of 'Believers' come together at ICPS, ALL of us will be working together in creating a safe and welcoming learning community for every student to ensure that they know they belong. We also know that when our students have understood and demonstrated what it means to C.A.R.E. they will be successful learners and leaders as we embark on our journey of equity and excellence for all.
It's going to be another AWESOME YEAR together!


text:
Q: How do I avoid one 'click' that triggers two functions? Hi I have two JS functions:

*

*$('button').click(function()  inside $(document).ready

*$(document).on('click','button', function()
the second function is design for buttons that I dynamically generated.
The problem I have is that when I click the button that associates with first function, the second function also gets triggered. How can I avoid this?
PS: since I give names to each button and this conflict is not affecting functionalities at all, but I think that one click trigger two function is not very smart :(

A: That is because of event propagation.
You can stop the event propagation in the first handler to prevent the dynamic handler from being fired.
$('button').click(function (e) {
    e.stopPropagation();
    //your code
})

But a more appropriate solution will be to add a common class to all the dynamic button elements and target only them with the delegated handler like
<button class="mydynamic"></button>

then
$(document).on('click','button.mydynamic', function(){
});

A: Wrap your dynamicly generated buttons into a div:
<div class="wrap">...buttons... </div>
and listen on the div:
$('.wrap').on('click','button', function(){});
It will be more efficent.

A: You can find documentation for event.stopPropagation() here

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: iOS using microsoft band build error I created the project, imported the microsoft band sdk
http://developer.microsoftband.com/download/Microsoft%20Band%20SDK%20for%20iOS.zip
And I tried intimate the sdk sensor sample
http://developer.microsoftband.com/download/Microsoft%20Band%20SDK%20and%20Samples%20for%20iOS.zip
my viewcontroller.h:
#import <UIKit/UIKit.h>
#import <MicrosoftBandKit_iOS/MicrosoftBandKit_iOS.h>

@interface ViewController : UIViewController<MSBClientManagerDelegate>

@property (strong, nonatomic) IBOutlet UIActivityIndicatorView *ConnectionIndicator;
.
.
.
other UI components
.
.
.
@end

my viewcontroller.m:
#import "ViewController.h"

@interface ViewController ()
@property (weak,nonatomic)MSBClient *client;
@end

@implementation ViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.
    [MSBClientManager sharedManager].delegate = self;
    _client = [[[MSBClientManager sharedManager] attachedClients]firstObject];
    if ( _client == nil ) {
        NSLog(@"Band connected failed: No Band paired");
        return;
    }else{
        [[MSBClientManager sharedManager] connectClient:_client];
        NSLog(@"Trying to connect to Band...");
    }
}

- (void)didReceiveMemoryWarning {
    [super didReceiveMemoryWarning];
    // Dispose of any resources that can be recreated.
}

-(void)clientManager:(MSBClientManager *)clientManager clientDidConnect:(MSBClient *)client{
}
-(void)clientManager:(MSBClientManager *)clientManager clientDidDisconnect:(MSBClient *)client{
}
-(void)clientManager:(MSBClientManager *)clientManager client:(MSBClient *)client didFailToConnectWithError:(NSError *)error{
}

@end

Warning:
Ld DerivedData/SenseWatch/Build/Products/Debug-iphoneos/SenseWatch.app/SenseWatch normal arm64
cd /Users/Jieyi/Documents/Repo/SenseWatch
export IPHONEOS_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=8.0
export PATH="/Applications/Xcode-beta.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/usr/bin:/Applications/Xcode-beta.app/Contents/Developer/usr/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin"
/Applications/Xcode-beta.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/bin/clang -arch arm64 -isysroot /Applications/Xcode-beta.app/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS9.0.sdk -L/Users/Jieyi/Documents/Repo/SenseWatch/DerivedData/SenseWatch/Build/Products/Debug-iphoneos -F/Users/Jieyi/Documents/Repo/SenseWatch/DerivedData/SenseWatch/Build/Products/Debug-iphoneos -F/Users/Jieyi/Downloads/MicrosoftBandKit_iOS_SAMPLES_1.3.10427.1 -filelist /Users/Jieyi/Documents/Repo/SenseWatch/DerivedData/SenseWatch/Build/Intermediates/SenseWatch.build/Debug-iphoneos/SenseWatch.build/Objects-normal/arm64/SenseWatch.LinkFileList -Xlinker -rpath -Xlinker @executable_path/Frameworks -miphoneos-version-min=8.0 -dead_strip -fembed-bitcode-marker -fobjc-arc -fobjc-link-runtime -framework MicrosoftBandKit_iOS -Xlinker -dependency_info -Xlinker /Users/Jieyi/Documents/Repo/SenseWatch/DerivedData/SenseWatch/Build/Intermediates/SenseWatch.build/Debug-iphoneos/SenseWatch.build/Objects-normal/arm64/SenseWatch_dependency_info.dat -o /Users/Jieyi/Documents/Repo/SenseWatch/DerivedData/SenseWatch/Build/Products/Debug-iphoneos/SenseWatch.app/SenseWatch

ld: warning: URGENT: all bitcode will be dropped because '/Users/Jieyi/Downloads/MicrosoftBandKit_iOS_SAMPLES_1.3.10427.1/MicrosoftBandKit_iOS.framework/MicrosoftBandKit_iOS(MSBClientManager.o)' was built without bitcode. You must rebuild it with bitcode enabled (Xcode setting ENABLE_BITCODE), obtain an updated library from the vendor, or disable bitcode for this target. Note: This will be an error in the future.
ld: warning: URGENT: all bitcode will be dropped because '/Users/Jieyi/Downloads/MicrosoftBandKit_iOS_SAMPLES_1.3.10427.1/MicrosoftBandKit_iOS.framework/MicrosoftBandKit_iOS(MSBBLEProvider.o)' was built without bitcode. You must rebuild it with bitcode enabled (Xcode setting ENABLE_BITCODE), obtain an updated library from the vendor, or disable bitcode for this target. Note: This will be an error in the future.
ld: warning: URGENT: all bitcode will be dropped because '/Users/Jieyi/Downloads/MicrosoftBandKit_iOS_SAMPLES_1.3.10427.1/MicrosoftBandKit_iOS.framework/MicrosoftBandKit_iOS(MSBClient.o)' was built without bitcode. You must rebuild it with bitcode enabled (Xcode setting ENABLE_BITCODE), obtain an updated library from the vendor, or disable bitcode for this target. Note: This will be an error in the future.
ld: warning: URGENT: all bitcode will be dropped because '/Users/Jieyi/Downloads/MicrosoftBandKit_iOS_SAMPLES_1.3.10427.1/MicrosoftBandKit_iOS.framework/MicrosoftBandKit_iOS(MSBDeviceManager.o)' was built without bitcode. You must rebuild it with bitcode enabled (Xcode setting ENABLE_BITCODE), obtain an updated library from the vendor, or disable bitcode for this target. Note: This will be an error in the future.
...

Error:
Undefined symbols for architecture arm64:
  "_OBJC_CLASS_$_CBUUID", referenced from:
  objc-class-ref in MicrosoftBandKit_iOS(MSBBLEProvider.o)
  objc-class-ref in MicrosoftBandKit_iOS(MSBSpple.o)
  objc-class-ref in MicrosoftBandKit_iOS(MSBPeripheral.o)
  objc-class-ref in MicrosoftBandKit_iOS(MSBSensorManagerUtility.o)
  objc-class-ref in MicrosoftBandKit_iOS(MSBZippyPushV2.o)
  objc-class-ref in MicrosoftBandKit_iOS(MSBZippyCargo.o)
  objc-class-ref in MicrosoftBandKit_iOS(MSBZippyCargoV2.o)
  ...
  "_CBCentralManagerOptionShowPowerAlertKey", referenced from:
  +[MSBBLEProvider buildCBCentralManagerOptions] in MicrosoftBandKit_iOS(MSBBLEProvider.o)
  "_OBJC_CLASS_$_CBCentralManager", referenced from:
  objc-class-ref in MicrosoftBandKit_iOS(MSBBLEProvider.o)
  "_CBCentralManagerOptionRestoreIdentifierKey", referenced from:
  +[MSBBLEProvider buildCBCentralManagerOptions] in MicrosoftBandKit_iOS(MSBBLEProvider.o)
ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture arm64
clang: error: linker command failed with exit code 1 (use -v to see invocation)

and I am pretty new to Xcode and objective-c
I have no idea what is this.

A: You are missing the CoreBuetooth framework. Include The framework under the link with libraries section.


text:
Q: C# "using" blocks and catching exceptions I have this code:
using (var requestStream = request.GetRequestStream())
{
    byte[] data = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(xmlData);
    requestStream.Write(data, 0, data.Length);
}

If the request I'm making fails because the remote server is down, how do I catch the error?
Should I just expand out the using block to try-catch-finally, or is there a more elegant way this is done when using "using" blocks?
(I need to catch only server-being-down type errors this way - I need to show the client these errors happen because their server connection is inadequate, not because of bugs in our software or something).

A: There are definitely four options here:

*

*Abandon using and just have a try/catch/finally:
var requestStream = request.GetRequestStream();
try
{
    byte[] data = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(xmlData);
    requestStream.Write(data, 0, data.Length);
}
catch (IOException e) // Or whatever
{
    // Whatever you want
}
finally
{
    requestStream.Dispose();
}

*Put just a try/catch block inside the using block:
using (var requestStream = request.GetRequestStream())
{
    try
    {
        byte[] data = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(xmlData);
        requestStream.Write(data, 0, data.Length);
    }
    catch (IOException e) // Or whatever
    {
        // Whatever you want
    }
}

*The same as the second option, but with the try/catch outside the using block instead of inside. I don't think it makes much difference which you use, to be honest.

*Catch the exception at a higher level anyway, e.g. in the calling method. Often this is a better approach, as you may well want to handle one type of exception from multiple "small" operations in the same way from the perspective of the "larger" operation.
Personally I generally favour the second approach or the fourth. It's a consistent change: when I want to catch an exception, I introduce a try/catch block. The fact that it happens to be inside a using statement is neither here nor there. It ends up with more nesting, but I find it happens rarely enough that that's not a problem.

A: The using statement will still throw an exception if the initialization fails, so you can wrap it in your own try/catch block.


"During Supreme season, I'm constantly researching, buying, and selling - it usually doesn't stop until the season is over," 21-year-old Supreme fan Jake Morell told Business Insider.
"On the Supreme Community website, when you look at each drop, they have a voting system - underneath each picture of an item, you can see if it has thumbs-up or thumbs-down ratings, like on Rotten Tomatoes," Christopher Young, a 21-year-old who says he makes as much as $300 per week flipping Supreme products, told Business Insider.
"You have to go on in advance and figure out what section your item is going to be in - is it going to be in 'tops' or in 't-shirts?' Is it going to be in 'accessories' or in 'bags?'" Young said.
Most sellers wouldn't even have the product in hand at this point - as long as an order confirmation is posted, people will buy it. It can take as little as 15 minutes to turn a profit.
"The lowest amount I ever got was retail value on a sweater. I once sold a bag very quickly, and made twice the original value of it - the bag was $70, and I made $135," he said.


text:
package org.sleuthkit.autopsy.timeline.ui.detailview;

import javafx.scene.image.Image;
import javafx.scene.image.ImageView;
import org.controlsfx.control.action.Action;
import org.openide.util.NbBundle;
import org.sleuthkit.autopsy.timeline.ui.filtering.datamodel.DescriptionFilter;
import org.sleuthkit.datamodel.TimelineLevelOfDetail;

/**
 * An Action that un-hides, in the given chart, events with the given
 * description.
 */
@NbBundle.Messages(value = {"UnhideDescriptionAction.displayName=Unhide"})
class UnhideDescriptionAction extends Action {

    private static final Image SHOW = new Image("/org/sleuthkit/autopsy/timeline/images/eye--plus.png"); // NON-NLS

    UnhideDescriptionAction(String description, TimelineLevelOfDetail descriptionLoD, DetailsChart chart) {
        super(Bundle.UnhideDescriptionAction_displayName());
        setGraphic(new ImageView(SHOW));

        setEventHandler(actionEvent -> {
            /**
             * Find any quick-hide-filters for the given description by making a
             * test one and checking all the existing filters against it.
             * Disable them.
             */
            final DescriptionFilter testFilter = new DescriptionFilter(descriptionLoD, description);
            chart.getController().getQuickHideFilters().stream()
                    .filter(otherFilterState -> testFilter.equals(otherFilterState.getFilter()))
                    .forEach(descriptionfilter -> descriptionfilter.setSelected(false));
        });
    }
}


text:
Expanding capacity to reduce emissions
Automotive Industries spoke to Jürgen Zürbig, managing director (diesel catalyst), Ceram Catalysts
Jürgen Zürbig, managing director (diesel catalyst), Ceram Catalysts
Ceram Catalysts GmbH is a key company under the umbrella of Austrian Frauenthal Holding AG. The company is especially key in the light of Euro 4 exhaust emission standards, which came into effect for commercial vehicles in October 2006.
"For Porzellanfabrik Frauenthal this means entry into a new high-tech market with very good growth opportunities. Over the next three years we will be doubling production capacity each year," says Frauenthal Holding CEO Winifried Braumann.
European legislation requires a further reduction in the concentrations of pollutants in the exhaust gases of commercial vehicles with a net weight exceeding 3.5 tonnes. The new limits represent reductions in NOx and particulate emission of approximately 30% and 80% respectively. The emission limits for the Euro 5 standard call for a NOx reduction of 60% relative to the Euro 3 standard and will apply to all vehicles over 3.5 tonnes with effect from October 2009. The Euro 6 standard, due for 2012, will bring still tighter exhaust gas regulations, and similarly to the current transition from Euro 3 to Euro 4/5 tax incentives, could mean that Euro 6 compliant commercial vehicles start coming on to the market as early as 2009.
All this is great news for Porzellanfabrik Frauenthal, which has increased human resources and capital to invest in expanding production. The company invested six million Euro in ramping up and automating its diesel catalyst production in order to meet customers' rapidly-growing demands. In the medium term, the requirements for partnerships with more European commercial vehicle manufacturers will be met and the product range considerably extended.
The company, which was founded in 1921, is a specialist in honey-comb ceramics. Initially, the company manufactured high voltage insulators made of hard porcelain. It was sold to the Swedish EUROC group and in 1985 started manufacturing selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts. In 1990, the company was bought out by the CERAM group, which went on to become the world's second largest manufacturer of porcelain insulators. In 2001, the insulator division was sold to American investor group The Riverside Company and Porzellanfabrik Frauenthal were taken over by Frauenthal Holding. Since then, catalysts and non-catalytic honey-combs have become the company's main business.
Frauenthal's core competencies include complex shaping procedures.
Automotive Industries spoke to Jürgen Zürbig, managing director (diesel catalyst), Ceram Catalysts.
AI: Does your company concentrate more on SCR diesel catalysts for commercial vehicles rather than on passenger cars? If so, why?
Zürbig: At the moment there is only a SCR-Diesel market for commercial vehicles, but catalysts for passenger cars are being developed and tested.
AI: Do you plan to increase your product offerings to include catalysts for all vehicles?
Zürbig: If the market requests it we will be offering catalysts for all vehicles.
AI: Recently, your contract with MAN reportedly increased – is this true and if so, can you please give us details?
Zürbig: The ongoing production of EURO 5 - vehicles by MAN leads to increasing deliveries from our side.
AI: Please explain to us the advantages of your honey-comb ceramics that are used in the SCR diesel catalysts vis a vis similar products.
Zürbig: Our fully extruded catalyst is homogenous. That means all the catalyst volume is catalytically active vis a vis coded catalysts, where the carrier is not active.
AI: What plans does your company have regarding expanding business overseas?
Zürbig: We will be prepared for deliveries to the US in 2010 when the SCR market will start there. We are also looking to the developing markets because there the emission limits will become stronger and stronger. The worldwide market for SCR catalysts is still in progress.