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'Brethren' and the Brethren Movement or Philadelpia by Douwe Scheepsma
Tuesday December 2, 2014
"'Brethren' and the Brethren Movement or Philadelpia" by Douwe Scheepsma
[The original Word document of this article can be downloaded here:]
Some remarks about the so-called brethren and their relationship to Philadelphia or the Brethren Movement/Evangelical Movement, including some remarks about the so-called KLC- & TW-brethren
After I read The Lord's Testimony of D.J. Christiaanse on the interesting website www.brethrenarchive.org, I felt forced to write something. One can find there, on his website, the option Brethren Archive and under the heading The Tunbridge-Wells section two papers of which the last one is called The Lord's Testimony of D.J. Christiaanse.
The title, you can say, is quite presumptuous and we must say, has a wrong focus. The so-called brethren saw themselves as a testimony, but to focus on "us" and "we" is wrong, because it takes away the grace of God. About times past we read in the Bible about a company "whose spirit God had raised, to go up to build the house of the Lord which is at Jerusalem" (Ezra 1:5). As has been pointed out by many: in those days and in the Philadelphia ('brotherly love') period of the history of the Church God did work something for His glory and our blessing. So, He works and He sustains and preserves. We only are good in ruining things… In days of old (O.T.) many got of the track, as also with Philadelphia.
This is a perspective written for insiders, for those who already know a bit about the so-called brethren.
"You ('brethren') think you are Philadelphia!". I indeed believe, in a way, we can say so, because we ARE PART OF IT. When we try to trace Philadelphia in the history of the church (we take for granted that most of our readers know about reading Rev. 2 + 3 as a prophecy about the history of Christendom, see the Appendix) we will find that around 1700 AD Christians became aware that there was going on a new work of God among them.
The Reformation and also what is called the Second Reformation unfortunately had failed.
This new movement of God's Spirit we can call the Brethren Movement or the Evangelical Movement. A clear and full gospel again was preached, with results of real conversions and assurance of faith. These believers also often learned that they couldn't stay in the Roman Catholic Church and the Reformed or Lutheran state churches, where there was a mixture of believers and unbelievers. They learned to gather as believers, as brethren (alone)! We will not really dive into this interesting part of Church history here, but will only mention the main characteristics and so draw a sketch.
There also came light again about the importance for Christians of the expectation of the return of Christ, missions, the future of Israel and the Millenial reign of Christ.
Jung Stilling (1740-1817) wrote : "In the whole history of the Church is no time in which the expectation of the Lord's coming was so instant and so universal as in the first half of the century just ended".
Again, to draw the great line here a bit, one can also speak of the Great Awakening in the 18th century, which unfortunately had lowered dramatically at the end of that age, but came back as the Second Great Awakening in the 19th century. In that age the the '(Plymouth) brethren' came into the picture. The famous count Von Zinzendorf (1700-1760) had said, in my words: when we are not serious and faithful anymore the Lord will take others.
God's work deepened in the 19th century and we find a more clear dispensationalism developed as the means to understand God's Word, His ways in history. This right way of understanding Scripture we find already with, for instance, Johannes Cocceius (or Coccejus, 1603–1669), a Dutch theologian born at Bremen. He showed that we don't find one covenant in Scripture, but more (what we now would call dispensations) and that the sabbath was meant for Israel to keep and not for the Church of the NT. This all was really revolutionary in those days and gave big problems for many years. The well known American evangelical theologian Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) also already worked out an understanding of Scripture in a more dispensational way.
In the 'official' church history we can't find much about Philadelphia, this Brethren Movement, because that gives their own, Roman Catholic and Reformed/Lutheran, perspective. For the interested reader I mention here some names which can help although to get a kind of picture:
Jean de Labadie (1610-1674), he was an ex catholic priest and would not use the name "Reformed" anymore, but preferred "Evangelical" (although by this Lutherans were also named in Europe) . His course of live is descriptive of Gods new work which came up in those days. There started a looking back to Apostolic times and taking serious the teaching of the New Testament, stressing that the church was and had to be the assembly of real believers.
Philip Jacob Spener (1635-1705), started his "collegia piëtatis", meetings of serious Christians. These were actually ecclesiolae in ecclesia ("little churches within the church") and often became the nucleus of Gods new and separate work. Compare with this also the societies of the Wesley's.
Among these so called pietists (nickname) was also August Hermann Francke (1663-1727), who started the well known "Halle foundations", schools, hospital, orphanage, printing office etc. In the same way George Müller (1805-1898) started up his famous orphanage etc. in Bristol an age later!
We already wrote about Zinzendorf. He started the well known Herrnhut and although he wanted the community to join or stay in touch with the Lutheran Church, the lot (a method used by them) decided not to do it. Felix Bovet writes in his biography about Zinzendorf (which can be found on the internet under Google books): "he was perhaps the first who had a clear understanding about the essential unity of the Christian Church, notwithstanding their name as Lutheran, Reformed, Catholic ". Zinzendorf indeed saw the unity of all believers and tried to give expression to it. He tried to organize the different new assemblies, conventicles and societies which came up but did not succeed. The more institutional Moravian Church (Unitas Fratrum, United Brethren) was not his goal.
Gottfried Arnold (1666-1714), Johann Albrecht Bengel (1687-1752), John (1703-1791)and Charles (1707-1788) Wesley, George Whitefield (1714-1770) and Gerard Tersteegen (1697-1769) are some other well known names. These (and many others!) could be seen as the initiating brethren. As already stated: because the 'official' church history often is Protestant or Roman Catholic you don't get a clear picture of Philadelphia by it.
The nucleus were the more 'radical elements', like Jean de Labadie and the radical pietists. They saw 'the churches' as Babylon, as part of the world. Many of them who tried to change things were purged out themselves, like Luther before and many others did separate and were called separatists. In a very serious way they tried to return to the N.T. practise. It's easy to point out wrongs with these radicals, but God was working and therefore much was genuine, scriptural.
In the 17th and 18th century you will see the movement still more alongside and often operating within the Roman Catholic Church, with names as Francois Fénelon (1651-1715) and Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), also alongside and often within the Protestant state churches (conventicles). In the 19th century as a more separate movement within Christendom. Although there were already many separatists (radical pietists, enthusiasts) from the beginning and these did more or less characterise Gods new work in its essence.
It's typical that the late professor of Modern History, W.R. Ward (1925-2010) called his work about the revival movement in the 18th century: The Protestant evangelical awakening (Cambridge University Press, 1992), but it's not a Protestant movement. It's a new movement, the Evangelical or Brethren Movement.
The same can be said about the more recent 'An Introduction to German Pietism, Protestant Renewal at the Dawn of Modern Europe' of Douglas H. Shantz (The John Hopkins University Press, 2013). It can be stated although that most adherents of the movement had a protestant background.
As mentioned already: Jean de Labadie called himself an evangelical. He had been a Roman Catholic (priest), a Protestant (minister), but now saw himself as an Evangelical (let's say: just a brother, as fruit of the gospel: "One is your Master and you all are brethren"). Also in our days does an evangelical still stress conversion and the authority of the Bible. Although it's not that pithy and radical anymore, so to say and we now also have many neo-evangelicals, who compromise Scripture. The high-tide of the movement found it's end around 1900. See the attached appendix about Revelation 2 + 3 at the end of this article.
Johannes Kelpius (1667-1708) perceived in 1699 a "revolution in Europe… which in the Roman Church goes under the name of Quietism, in the Protestant church goes under the name of pietism, chiliasm and philadelphianism" (W.R.Ward, The Protestant evangelical awakening, page 51). Another quote from the same book: "… the great movement for awakening spiritual life which [has] broken out like a new reformation in Germany under the name of Pietism, and which had also appeared in other countries…" (page 52).
I would not advice my readers to buy this expensive book. It is interesting, but loaded with very much political background info.
Again I do come back upon the mentioned pamphlet of D.J. Christiaanse. He was a brother from The Netherlands (I'm from The Netherlands too) and came from the so-called KLC-fellowship. I'll try not to make the story about him too long. He was with the 'TW-brethren' about four years, until 1956. There came problems within two small meetings, to one of which D.J.C. belonged and he 'knew things better than the others', raised himself above his brothers. After this he sought contact with the Renton-group of meetings (don't confuse this with the Renton-split with the heretic Taylorites). This group divided from 'TW' because of certain opinions about marriage and remarriage. On the island Corsica came a division among them in a place called Bastia (1959/1960) and D.J.C. choose the side of the pro-Bastia Group. I have to finish here and don't relate the further complicated story. You can say that he was a gifted brother and could present things well in a way, but it became clear that it was difficult for him - as it is for all of us - to take the low and dependend place. In the end, so to say, he wrote a short history of the 'Brethren'(in the Dutch language) in which he made it clear where the Table of the Lord was: in Oudewater, where he lived and with some in Deal, England and perhaps with some in Philadelphia, USA…
For many years he did visit many KLC-persons and meetings (outside), where he scattered his pamphlets etc. and so he delivered the 'TW-brethren' here in Europe a very, very bad name…
Some years ago we were contacted by a brother who had been for many years with D.J.C. He was ashamed of it now and let me know many things. Also that he found out that D.J.C. and his son were not honest towards the others. Although I also know about another brother and sister who were with D.J.C. and left him, this is of course only one witness. Although a very earnest (and damaged!) Christian.
Let me relate two more points: I accidently came into contact recently with somebody here in The Netherlands who had invited D.J.C. and his son (by the way, they both don't live anymore), because he was interested in how they saw things. The main thing what negatively impressed him was the dictatorial attitude.
I even met D.J.C. myself, when doing door to door gospel work in the town where he lived, but can't remember about nothing anymore.
Perhaps the readers can understand that it pricks, irritates me, that this person and that pamphlet must present the 'TW-brethren' on www.brethrenarchive.org (in itself it's of course an interesting paper for Tom his brethren archive).
Also, because I believe these brethren, by Gods grace, try to be faithful to Scripture and are not presented well this way.
Let us now first proceed again with the more general Brethren Movement or Filadelphia. Crucial for this Evangelical Movement was a healty and clear gospel: Where are you standing? Do you know you are going to heaven, belong to the Lord? They were convinced that something had to happen within people (conversion/new birth) with the end result, as promised by the gospel, the assurance that one belongs to heaven/to the Lord (sealing with the Spirit). Although they didn't explain it yet the way I do here between brackets. It's interesting to mention that John Wesley placed some notes in his published dairy where he describes how he found peace at Aldersgate Street on the 24th of May, 1738. He had stated "he wasn't converted up till that moment" and commented: I'm not sure about that. And further on commented: I did have the belief of a servant and not of a son.
We are not writing now about the wrong teaching of perfection, which John Wesley developed lateron.
I would like to go on describing the history of the so-called brethren of the 19th century, mainly in this just mentioned light of a clear gospel. Can and may we ask the question which Paul asked certain believers: "Have you received the Holy Spirit when you believed?", Acts19:2. It constitutes the personal believer in this age and also the Assembly. It's therefore of immense importance!
At the beginning there was the divergence between Anthony Norris Groves and John Nelson Darby. Darby also pointed out that many didn't understand the difference there is between being born again and the sealing of the Spirit and the important consequences of this difference for the teaching about and the practice of the Church/Assembly. William Kelly did underline this later on.
Also the great danger of clericalism came up among them. Where they not anymore all brethren and didn't they all receive (at least) a gift?
It became clear that many did not have any definite ideas about what they were practising. Compare this with those who wanted to stay linked with them 'who stayed' and the 'radicals' of about a century before, at the beginning of the movement.
Unfortunately 'brethren' also had to learn by practise that separation from evil is an important principle! We can enjoy the unity of all believers, but this never may lead us to compromise regarding evil of false teaching and wrong/bad practice. In that way we need to be radicals!
Many who felt part of this whole Movement of God in these ages unfortunately missed that radicalism and… were still linked with what Scripture calls the camp (still applicable in our time, where Christianity is more or less based upon Judaïsm and O.T. principles). A choice is necasarry, separation is a must in the light of Scripture.
Perhaps Psalm 119:63 can make this point clear: "I am a companian of all those who fear thee" and we can state that we naturaly love our (spiritual) family. But our verse does go on: "and of those who keep thy precepts" and there we learn that all believers are called to live a live in obedience. Than they will be happy and can God bless them.
So we side with the first 'exclusives' (nickname, compare with the mentioned former separatists). To be exclusive concerning evil (separate from evil) is not a bad thing…
In later time again the before mentioned point (about sealing) played an important role in the worldwide split around the eminent teacher Frederick W. Grant (in 1884). Brother Grant, eminent teacher he indeed was, couldn't agree with Darby on the point of sealing with the Spirit (although he had to admit that only the ones being born again could (after that) receive the Spirit). Of course there is the point that all believers of all ages only could be blessed by Christ and will all be in Him, "in Christ", the second and last Adam. But we also need to distinguish things and see the special and extraordinary place of the church.
And the theorizing about 'state and standing' of the intelligent and also very able teacher Clarence E. Stuart (in 1885) originated an other worldwide division. These two brothers, Grant and Stuart, were probably the most gifted teachers at that time.
F.G. Patterson helpfully wrote: " C.E.S. [Stuart]. lowered Christianity to mere Judaism, and F.W.G. [Grant] raised Old Testament saints to the level of Christians".
The main point was and as I wrote that I would highlight this important point of a clear gospel: we must not introduce theories which are not in accordance with Scripture and differ with reality (of experience)! The reality of what Christianity is according to Scripture. These able brothers missed the crucial point of what Christianity was. This sounds perhaps strange to some of my readers, but try to catch what was meant. So did, for instance, Stuart ridicul the point that we, according to I Cor.15:48, already were heavenly ones now. Although we have to admit there is a danger at the other side: an over-estimating of the New Testament Church, of our position, resulting in a degrading of Old Testament saints and others who come after us.
Among the KLC-brethren and also Open bethren, the (unfortunal) standard evangelical standpoint (in our days) is that one does receive the Spirit at the same time of being born again. I wrote standard (as far as I know), because there are also those who uphold the 'old teaching'. Not so A.E. Booth:
"It was said that many in our dispensation, who are born of God ("children" therefore) had not yet received the Holy Spirit. This was a grave mistake". Pag. 23 of The ministry of Peter, John & Paul, A.E. Booth, Believers Bookshelf, Sunburry, USA.
Before the last mentioned two divisions there was the Ryde/Ramsgate one in 1881. In those days there existed not really a healty condition among the 'brethren'. The well known and pious brother Wigram stopped his periodical The Present Testimony in 1879 because he thought (in my words) "It's all over with the 'brethren'". On one side there was lukewarmness and worldliness and on the other side came up the so called 'New Lumpists' (see 1 Cor.5:7). Perhaps you can say that on both sides the teaching was most in their head, but less in their heart. It was a terrible thing that a beloved old brother, Edward (Dr.) Cronin, who was one of the first, early leaders, started this trouble. Darby, dearly loving him, didn't, couldn't spare his wrong step in public.
There has to come now and then the judgement of the Lord. We deserve it, like Israel of old. When one reads about those troubles, also in our days, you can see that a Christian still has two natures... Dishonouring when we also have to experience it ourselves. We are not 'a hair better' than unbelievers and also dangerous, when our flesh comes up...
In that time even the eminent teacher William Kelly 'lost track', of course according to my perspective, as I give it here. Much has been written about this sad division and we don't want to repeat things. The point I would like to make regarding this trouble is that in those days the assembly at Park Street London didn't have yet the negative and unscriptural role it had later on.
Problems dragged on for years already and came to a climax in 1881. Someone came with a letter of recommandation from the Guildford Hall meeting and brethren saw it as needful to seriously look into the problems now (and 'make a stand'). This they did for days and after weighing things they came up with a decision. Now, one can have certain problems with the decision, but can one basically, principally critizise it? I don't think so and brethren on the Continent in that time thought so too.
We here can perhaps mention the point of "the unity of the Spirit". It is the practical unity the Spirit works, wants to work, among the members of the one body. He (alone) can uphold it.
Among the 'brethren' there was a right winged party as we already saw (new lumpists) , which went over into the heterodox Raven party in 1890. By F.E.Raven (1837-1903) a seed was planted ("Where the unity of the Person is got from, I know not. It seems to me perfect nonsense" – speaking about Christ) and they are still sitting there, metaphorically speaking, under a big tree, grown out of that seed and can't see the sun anymore…
But he started his wicked teaching career with teaching that believers (those who are born again and sealed) didn't standard have eternal live. This again was a departure of the Scriptural teaching we did focus on before… Now detrimental to the other side! I mean that when you are sealed and assured you still haven't eternal live? Although you can say that believers have to learn a lot, this was clearly wrong teaching. After that Raven also taught that the Lord was more than eternal live, He was God. So he separated eternal live from the Godhead and in 1898 he even doubted that Christ was the eternal Son. Which became their standard teaching under the heretic James Taylor later on. How terrible all this. Christians who boast of light can fall in deep a darkness! What are we all when left to ourselves, when we don't cleave and cling to Scripture?
At the beginning of the 20th century we see the Pentecostal Movement (Laodicea as far as I see it, see the Appendix) coming up and later on, as part of the same movement, the Charismatic Movement. So, when Philadelphia failed Laodicea could come up, which came with a wrong interpretation and practise of the vital point on which we did focus! Instead of teaching that the baptism of the Holy Spirit was the formation of the Church at Pentecost, they came up with wrong teaching on this point and other points connected with it.
Through the amalgemations the so-called KLC-brethren in general lost the vital teaching we thought about. Although happily many, as also do the Open Brethren, preach a full gospel and do stress the assurance, it's a pity that they, as far as I see and believe, can't explain Scripture and practice anymore the vital, essential and rich way as was done among the early brethren and 'Exclusives'.
Let me point out some of the important distinctions, in relation to our point:
- You can, by the work of God's Spirit, be convinced that Christianity and the Bible are true, but not really converted, not born again yet. See Mat. 13:5,6; Hebr.6:4,5.
- You can, by the work of God's Spirit, be born again, but not yet have received the Spirit as seal, Acts 19:2; Eph. 1:13. This we often find where not a clear gospel is preached.
- When the last mentioned is the case, then one is not a Christian according to Rom. 8:9.
- You can be a sheep in that case, but not yet in the possesion of the abundant live spoken of in John 10:10.
- You could say that the disciples did receive this abundant live in John 20:22, where they received the Holy Spirit as the source and law (Rom.8:2) of their new live (they already possesed).
- Then one is in the proper possesion of eternal live: "because I live ye also shall live", John. 14:19.
- The Holy Spirit came in Person on the day of Pentecost and all believers were baptized into one body. That is a different thing, although believers since then receive "the law of the Spirit of live in Christ Jesus" and the Spirit as seal at the same time.
- With the apostle Paul there were three days between his conversion/being born again and being filled with the Holy Spirit, Acts 9:17,18. This can be shorter or by lack of a clear gospel longer.
I have, reluctantly, to conclude with some remarks about the TW(Tunbridge Wells)-division.
We know that the Lord's Name, Person and presence also gives the assembly the authority to bind and to loose. This principle was set aside in practice by some well known brethren as for instance W.J. Lowe and the Continental brethren. Of course wrong decisions can be made, the assembly is not infallible, but one must start in taking them serious. Wait and pray when questions may arise. It is sad to say but leading brethren (like Lowe in England and H.L. Rossier on the Continent) usurped the place of our Lord… Their weight became decisive and that's a different weight than the Lord Himself… And this still is the case among them when problems do arise. This is what I saw in practise myself when we were among the Continental/KLC brethren. Brethren among them therefore didn't and don't take serious assembly decisions anymore, dropped unfortunately this principle in practice.
There is a caricature painted by many (and who 'parrot'each other) that 'TW-brethren' hold that an assembly decision is always infallible, but that's a wrong insult. Let me copy here out of a letter which Harry E. Hayhoe wrote to Paul Wilson (Aug. 19, 1939): It is clear that we should always bow to assembly judgments, save where it would commit us to a path that is unscriptural. In other words, we should have a positive scripture for refusing to accept the judgment of an assembly. The Word gives the assembly authority. The Word only can set aside that authority. Did our owning of either the 1881, [1885], or 1909 acts of those gathered to His name commit us to an unscriptural path? The answer is simple and clears the mind when principles of the truth have weight in the soul. This does not mean that a mistaken judgment ought not to be reviewed, but in the meantime we bow to it, and wait upon God that those who have erred may see His mind and recall what was not the mind of the Lord.
Philip Nunn states: "We must sincerely admit that our TW brethren have the historic moral high ground on the issue of accepting assembly judgements". He writes this in "The Re dividing of the Reunited Brethren". It is a serious diagnose and an integer attempt to help in the present crises among the KLC brethren. Although he himself does see the 'exclusive principles' as an ever narrowing path and dropped them. Let me remind although my reader that the Lord Himself speaks of a "narrow (hard, straitened) way" in Mat.7:14 (and that it could have a narrowing effect in these "difficult (perilous, terrible) times", 2 Tim.3:1, I can conceive even too). But at the same time it is the path of true happiness and blessing and the Lord still works in rich blessing in certain quarters and in other quaters the 'two's and three's' go on in faithfullness and strengthened from above.
Darby nicely formulated the assembly as "an available mount of communion for any consistent Christian". He wrote this in 1833 and 'Open Brethren' have said that he changed his ideas after that. The truth is, and I believe that with others, that A.N. Groves and others had ideas (concerning the assembly/church) from the beginning which were basically different from Darby's ideas. The question is: which ones are scriptural? Another point is of course that Darby his ideas were not fully developed than and we already saw that a deep sorrow came in later on, to learn the second part of Psalm 119:63.
I love very much what we read in Matt.23:8: "one is your Master and you all are brethren". He alone is our Master, our great Teacher and we all as believers, as brethren, are in His school.
We all are priests now and we all are gifted servants, received a gift (at least one). How precious to practice this together! With one mouth to praise our Saviour and worship Him and our God and Father. How precious also to experience the building up ability of the diverse gifted saints do have, among each other. In relation to that there also has to be of course our witness to them that are outside, to spread the word of live.
For sure, there is only one assembly! There are no other brethren than the brethren… When we hold something different we uphold our own ideas. And we do love and have to love each other!
We all have our ideas and beliefs in these closing days of the mystery (period of grace) and we have Scripture to test them. As part of the one assemby, one body we all are called to fellowship, practical fellowship, so to say. Called to continue "steadfastly in the apostles' doctrine (in the first place, our basis) and fellowship (based upon the first point, apostolic fellowship), and in breaking of bread (also the expression of our unity), and in prayers (also necessary to uphold that unity)".
When you say: we have to receive all earnest saints (at the breaking of bread) I principally agree. But when it does mean: receive them once and afterwards as often as they should like to come, I must disagree. That's not practicing together what we find in Scripture. Therefore we find that formerly 'brethren' did explain to visiting saints what 'there position was', before or after the breaking of bread together. That there was and is one assembly of God in this world and that as believers we all are members of it. When you take that ground you are not on sectarian ground and when you believe that you, by grace, do occupy together the 'divine ground of gathering', are you not responsible to share that conviction with visiting brethren?
The heydays of Philadelphia/the Brethren Movement/the Evangelical Movement are over and 'TW' are just a bunch of believers who believe that they – by grace – bow to Scripture in what they still may practise together. They practise it amid all their brethren, whom they dearly love and with whom they feel one in the Lord.
As part of that one family they believe we are called and must go to that one place as there also was in the O.T.
Napoleon Noel (1853-1932) has written an extensive work (2 volumes) about the history of 'the brethren' (The history of the Brethren). When I'm right he was with the 'Kelly-brethren' and he still lived when these brethren did amalgamate with the 'Lowe-brethren' in 1926, after six years (!) of correspondence, visits and fellowship conferences.
He for sure wasn't positive about the 'TW-brethren' in his book. There was indeed enough to blame them unfortunately, but he and in our days others, went quite far in it. Actually it is more of a caricature they created. How come? Can it be that because the alternative would be: we are wrong and they perhaps right? I suppose so.
On page 699 (page numbering goes on in volume 2) he wrote about 'TW': "the new view of assembly infallibility". Was there anything new and did they hold infallibility? He also wrote there about: "the exclusive possession of the Lord's table; being the original". Than about the "dying out", "the crumbling", "disintegration among them" and "the most divided of any section of the exclusive brethren; they are pulverized".
Yet he sees them all by God's grace and mercy "preserved from false doctrines and independent principles" and therefore the way open "to a Reunion (such as that of 1926) with there brethren from whom they became separated in 1909, in a manner not open to other sections".
The last part of the sentence is italicized by me. So, brother Noel had a different view upon reunion than the editor and publisher of his work, brother W.F. Knapp 1936 (Denver, Colorado, U.S.A.). After years of correspondence etc. etc. even the so-called Glantons were reunited in 1974. These were untill 1908 connected with the Raven party. Were they free from that influence?
W.F. Knapp his reunion principles have led to many amalgamations and not only that…, he also made charts for the book which made it plain that they (the reunited brethren) were "the primitive party" of brethren. The 'TW-brethren' he (and also others now) accused of ecclesiasticism, by which he meant that they unduly exalt assembly action. We found that Philip Nunn although wrote: "We must sincerely admit that our TW brethren have the historic moral high ground on the issue of accepting assembly judgements". He wrote this, as mentioned also already, in "The Re dividing of the Reunited Brethren". With very much pain in my heart and about tears in my eyes I see this re dividing of the 'Reunited brethren' (is another name for 'KLC-brethren') for years now going on. We already saw that there unfortunately were enough problems among the 'TW' also, to keep them in the low place.
'KLC/RB' accuse 'TW' of claiming to have the Lord's table, although we all have to say: it is the table of the Lord! But are they not often (as W.F. Knapp) claiming something themselves?
'TW-brethren' believe they hold to biblical principles and (by grace) believe they are still treading the path of faith 'our fathers' found in Scripture. Of being gathered around their Lord and breaking the bread, the one loaf, thinking also of all their brethren, because there is only one body.
I hope and pray the Lord may use these remarks for my brethren. Perhaps they will not share all I hold, but perhaps there may be some blessing. We are living in the last confusing days of our day of grace and see also much confusion amid Christendom. Gods Spirit, the Spirit of truth is still here and many have the Word of truth in their hands. How much blessing was given among brethren in the revivals of Philadelphia. May Gods Word, as in those former times, be searched prayerfully and acted upon, to His glory and our blessing!
So you can look upon 'brethren' from a historical viewpoint and see how they tread the path of faith together. The important point although is: are they still characterised by the same biblical principles. How they believed to have found them in Scripture. Can they still stand the test of Scripture?
Darby wrote about 'brethren' that their place was to remain in obscurity and devotedness and in that way it is wrong to ask for your attention by this article. When the Word of God and the Spirit of God do really reign us we indeed don't want any attention for ourselves! We glory in the Lord and in His grace alone.
An appendix the reader will find on the following last two pages.
Revelation chapters 2 + 3
The history of Christianity foretold
In Revelation 2 + 3 we find assemblies spoken of in their responsibility to Christ and we find displayed there, prophetically, already the complete history of the Church (or perhaps better, Christianity)!
First we find the Church giving up its "first love" (Rev. 2:4).
Didn't the Lord tell his disciples that whoever should love Him should prove that by keeping His Word? "If anyone love me, he will keep my word", John 14:23.
With good intentions they might have done things, but we find in the Ephesian period of the Church history disciples, Christians, giving up, little by little, Christ's Word…
The sketch (flip-chart -) below shows the different stages. Although the text is Dutch we trust that
with the following information it still may be helpful (dates are approximately):
The first four stages are successive.
* Ephesus: the apostolic church - 100 A.D.
Candle is taken away, Rev. 2:5
* Smyrna: the persecuted church 100 - 300
Doesn't exist anymore but we can still recognize it
in the 'underground church' throughout church history
* Pergamos: Church and state joined 300 – 500
Doesn't exist neither anymore but can be recognized
(for instance) in the Eastern Orthodox Churches
* Thyatira: Roman Catholic Church 500 - 1500
* Sardis: Protestantism 1500 - 1700
* Philadelphia: Pietism, Evangelical Movement 1700 – 1900
(Great Awakening, Second Great Awakening/Réveil)
* Laodicea: Pentecostal- and Charismatic Movement 1900 – 20..?
The last four segments (parts/stages) of Christendom do still exist next to each other.
So, the first four are successional and do slide into each other up to Thyatira.
The last four do slide out of each other, out of Thyatira and all remain until the Lord comes.
Compare Laodicea with Ephesus, Smyrna with Philadephia and Sardis with Pergamos.
The prophetical interpretation of Rev. 2 + 3 we can find for instance with Joachim of Fiore (1135-1202), Bonaventura (1221-1274), Johannes Coccejus (1603-1669) en John Nelson Darby (1800-1882). Of course they could not yet see what actually came after them.
A remark I also would add here is:
To see the two stages/phases in the R.C.C. before and after 1000 A.D.
A verse out of the parable about the ten virgins could well mark that turning point: "But in the middle of the night there was a cry, Behold, the bridegroom; go forth to meet him." (Matt. 25:6). Then it started that many saints (Waldenses, Albigenses etc.) went out of this world again and for them in their time also out of the R.C.C.-system, which system had become totally mixed up then with the world. Millennial ideas and the return of the Lord Jesus again became important for them.
In 2 Cor. 6:17 we read: "Wherefore come out from the midst of them, and be separated, saith the Lord" and we find there the same Greek word for "come out" as "went forth" and "go forth" in Matt. 25:1 + 6.
As already stated above we roughly can characterize Philadelphia by the Great Awakening which happened in the 18th century and the Second Great Awakening which happened in the 19th century. Just like the period of the Reformation (Sardis) we can discern within it two 'stages'. Both these periods also lasted two hundred years and the mentioned stages hundred years each (all approximately). We can see a deepening work in the mentioned second stages.
As a final note we have to see that already for quite a time evangelicals is being used as a broad term for believers who undersign Gods Word as authoritative. To be a little more accurate we actually see in our times many evangelicals who are better termed by neo-evangelicals, who unfortunately have to be qualified as more or less liberal[1].
Douwe Scheepsma Szn
[1]Some books about church history which follow the prophetic interpretation are: Church History, Andrew Miller; The Christian Testimony through the ages, T.W. Carron, available from www.bibletruthpublishers.com.
Sym Terhune said ...
I ask the question of myself about the value of studying or writing about church history when most of it is about religious concocotions invented by men of systems not identified in scripture. We who believe the scriptures and attempt to follow the teachings of scripture with help of the mind of the Holy Spirit question the value of so much time and ink devoted to writing historical accounts of men's creations contrary to the will of God. We have scripture and all the history of the one Church dear to God He wants us to know about. What is the value of all the rest of so-called church history that has little to nothing to do with God's will?
Another question that is puzzling is scripture speaks much of God's word being passed down from one generation to the next and is eternal particularly in the OT. I cannot imagine how the original Church practices given to us in the NT could have fallen away or disappeared to the point where there were less than "two or three" to meet worldwide.
There is an interesting example of a falling away in the account in 3 John vs. 9-11 about Diotrephes and his congregation that sorely failed in carrrying out their oversight responsibilities by not reigning in the actions of the obnocious Diotrephes. Could this example be the beginning of the clerical movement and a falling away from the truth of the one body, the Church?
Monday, Nov 16, 2020 : 21:38
Syd said ...
It's a valid point; the much writing of history, but then don't we learn from history? But whose history? God's word gives us the "things that were written aforetime were written for our learning, that we through patience and comfort of the scriptures might have hope" (Rom 15:4).
There's surely more than forty different accounts of "Brethren history" and each from the author's own perspective and motivation. Yet historically one is able to see, eg, how and when Raven's error emerged, how it spread worldwide, and why in some assemblies in some countries brethren still hold to the incarnational sonship of Christ.
Some history: When Mr Edward Petter (the biscuit salesman) arrived in Cape Town, South Africa, in 1890, he found the "Raven troubles" had spread to that part of the world (https://www.brethrenarchive.org/site/forums/letters-of-edward-petter/). It is known that some of the older brethren there still deny the Father and the Son in an eternal relationship.
We have the exhortation - "Remember them which have the rule over you, who have spoken unto you the word of God: whose faith follow, considering the end of their conversation" (Heb 13:7). But we are still to search the Scriptures, to recognise and depend on one Teacher, the Holy Spirit. And, then this vital truth - "What? came the word of God out from you? or came it unto you only?" (1Cor 14:36). Indeed, it came from God, not man.
Friday, May 6, 2022 : 18:54
Gordon Mathison said ...
I found this article very enlightening. I was brought up with the Plymouth Brethren "Taylorites" starting in England when, in 1953 we emigrated to Toronto, Canada. My paternal grandfather, also Gordon, followed us from Liverpool, 4 years later. Unfortunately, the Taylorites or, PB's became less about love of Jesus and more about Legalism. When brethren started turning against each other - solely due to differing opinions, both my father, John and my Grandpa, Gordon left "the Meeting" in the early 60's. Another very sad corollary was that our family, along with other ostrasized "dissidents" lost a huge chunk of our social network. This was the glue upon which the PB's relied to keep its members "in tow". I now, in 2023, live in B.C., Canada with my wife, Donna and 1 of my twin daughters, her hubby and 3 grands. Whereas I still believe, my faith has been very tested from my association with The Brethren in my early, formative years until now when I'm in my 78th year. So, I would beseech you to pray for me, my family and all those who have been scarred by similar loveless, legalistic Brethren Cults.
Tuesday, Jan 10, 2023 : 22:04


text:
Editor's Picks Sport
Sun Devils still learning team-first lessons from Briann January
By Kenneth Manoj/Cronkite News
Senior guard Ayzhiana Basallo (center) hyped up the Sun Devils prior to tipoff against the Minnesota Golden Gophers. ASU honored former star Briann January at halftime, retiring her No. 20. (Photo by Kenneth Manoj/Cronkite News)
Briann January's No. 20 jersey is only the third retired at ASU. She joined Ryneldi Becenti (No. 21) and Kym Hampton (No. 32) when her number was retired during a ceremony at halftime of a 66-59 ASU loss to Minnesota. (Photo by Kenneth Manoj/Cronkite News)
TEMPE – Briann January's résumé is dotted with individual accomplishments.
She was a dominant two-way player at Arizona State from 2005-09, leading the team in assists and steals in all four years that she wore a Sun Devils uniform. She is still the only player in ASU history to do that.
She was named to the Pac-10 All-Freshman team in 2006, won the conference's defensive player of the year award in 2008 and 2009 and was named All-Pac-10 second and first team in her final two seasons.
And January ranks second all-time in assists and steals at Arizona State, and sixth all-time in three-pointers made.
But of all of those individual awards and records, January values one record above all the rest: 104-32.
That was Arizona State's record during her time in Tempe, the best four-year stretch in the program's history. And, naturally, she called it a team effort.
"I give total credit to my team. We played some awesome basketball, we had a lot of fun," January said. "And we had a lot of success."
World class: ASU women's soccer is a global family
To honor January's accomplishments, ASU retired her No. 20 jersey Friday at halftime of a disappointing 66-59 overtime loss to Minnesota at Desert Financial Arena. January said she was "speechless" when she learned her number would be retired.
However, the loss put a damper on the festivities and served as a reminder about the lesson ASU coach Charli Turner Thorne hoped her players would learn from January's ceremony: the importance of team success over individual accomplishments.
"I hope (the jersey) inspires them, " said Turner Thorne. "I mean, to me (Briann) is inspiring."
January set a standard that is tough to match. As a much-improved sophomore in 2006-07, she led the Sun Devils to a 31-5 mark and a berth in the NCAA Elite Eight, the best record and deepest run an ASU team has accomplished. And she led the Sun Devils back to the Elite Eight again as a senior on the back of a 26-9 record.
March Madness brought out the best in January, and the record book bears that out as well. She holds ASU's records for points, assists, steals, free throws made and field goals made in the NCAA tournament.
In the wake of the loss, Turner Thorne lamented her team's poor decision making and inability to execute the offense efficiently. She also critiqued the team's efforts to secure defensive rebounds.
And she promised that the team-first lessons will continue, especially on the offensive end of the floor.
"We're not a team that is going to come out ever again this year and play (isolation) ball," Turner Thorne said. "That is not what we are trying to do."
When asked what aspect of the Sun Devils' performance troubled her the most, Turner Thorne didn't mince words.
"Offense," she said, bluntly. "Yeah, because that's what we spent the most time on. And that's what we were coaching them the hardest (on).
"We knew (the Golden Gophers) were very talented, and that they were going to hit some shots even when we played good defense. So we should have scored better and played better offense."
Senior guard Taya Hanson and teammates Jade Loville and Maggie Besselink all shared their disappointment after the loss. Hanson and Loville, her fellow senior guard, led the way with 16 and 15 points respectively, while sophomore forward Besselink grabbed 15 boards in the losing effort.
I was honestly speechless," Briann January said of her reaction when she learned ASU would retire her number during halftime of a game against Minnesota. (Photo by Kenneth Manoj/Cronkite News)
"We're still learning to play with each other … I think that's going to come, but (tonight) it came down to just playing as a team and we could have done a much better job of that," Loville said.
Besselink agreed.
"It's totally like a lesson that we learned, and we are going to use it every time we play another team," Besselink said. "Teams are going to get better and tougher as the season goes on, but so are we."
The loss was especially painful coming on ASU's home floor.
"We've got to defend our house. And today we didn't do that," Hanson said. "That hurts."
January continues to contribute to the ASU program, regularly returning to Tempe in the spring and summer to workout with the team and pass on lessons she learned during her time as a Sun Devil over 13 seasons in the WNBA, including two in Phoenix, and as the floor leader of Indiana's 2012 WNBA championship team.
For the 2017-2018 season, she took it a step further by joining Turner Thorne's staff as an assistant coach.
"Briann is a legend," said Hanson, a freshman on that 2017-2018 team who learned from January what it takes to maximize her potential.
"(I) feel so privileged to have had the opportunity to be coached by her, that was just an amazing experience," Hanson said. "She just brings a level of intensity and passion to the game that I really needed that year."
Hanson brought that passion and intensity against Minnesota, scoring a pair of three-point shots midway through the fourth to bring the Sun Devils within striking distance. Hanson delivered as well in the final minutes, converting the game-tying layup to send the game to overtime.
But Gophers junior guard Jasmine Powell scored seven of her 21 points in overtime to help Minnesota secure the 66-59 victory over Arizona State. The loss puts Arizona State at 1-1 on the season after winning the home-opener over Northern Colorado last week.
The Sun Devils try to get back on track Wednesday at BYU, with tipoff at 11 a.m. MST.
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Kenneth Manoj
Kenneth Manoj expects to graduate in December 2021 with a master's degree in sports journalism. Manoj, who has worked as a freelance videographer for Riccio Productions, ZAP Entertainment and Harvard University, is working in the Phoenix Sports Bureau.

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text:
Rawmarsh
The Ancient Parish of RAWMARSH
"RAWMARSH, a parish-town, in the upper-division of Strafforth and Tickhill; 2 miles N. of Rotherham, 8 from Sheffield, 10 from Barnsley, 46 from York. Pop. 1,259. The Church is a rectory, dedicated to St. Lawrence, in the deanry of Doncaster, value, £8. 7s. 3½d. Patron, the Lord Chancellor.
Here is a small Charity School, founded early in 1600, by one Thomas Wilson, and Edward Goodwin."
"KILNHURST, in the townships of Swinton and Rawmarsh, and parish of Rawmarsh, upper-division of Strafforth and Tickhill; (Kilnhurst Hall, the seat of William Turner, Esq.) 5 miles NE. of Rotherham, 8 from Barnsley.
Here are six Alms or Hospital Houses, value, each, £3. 6s. 8d. per annum."
"LANE HEAD, a farm-house in township and parish of Rawmarsh; 3 miles from Rotherham, 9 from Sheffield."
"PARKGATE, a single house in the parish of Rawmarsh; 1 mile S. of Rawmarsh."
"ROSE HILL, (the seat of Robert Leighton, Esq.) in the township and parish of Rawmarsh; 3 miles from Rotherham."
"ROUNDWOOD, a farm-house in the township and parish of Rawmarsh; 2½ miles N. of Rotherham."
"RYECROFT, a farm-house in the township and parish of Rawmarsh; 3 miles N. of Rotherham."
"STUBBING, (or Stubbin) a farm-house in the township and parish of Rawmarsh; 3½ miles N. of Rotherham."
"UPPER HAUGH, in the township and parish of Rawmarsh, upper division of Strafforth and Tickhill; 3 miles N. of Rotherham, 9 from Sheffield and Barnsley."
The Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Rawmarsh.
The Methodist Church, Rawmarsh.
The Salvation Army, Rawmarsh, (being extended).
St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church, Rawmarsh.
The Victoria Gospel Mission Church, Rawmarsh.
The Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses, Rawmarsh.
The National Spiritualist Church, Rawmarsh.
The former Methodist Church, Rawmarsh.
The Cemetery Chapel, Rawmarsh.
St. Nicholas' Church, Ryecroft (view 1).
Ryecroft Methodist Church, Ryecroft.
St. Thomas' Church, Kilnhurst.
The former Wesleyan Church, Kilnhurst.
A transcription of the Rawmarsh Congregational Church History
Transcript of the entry for Rawmarsh in the "Collections relative to Churches and Chapels".
The following transcriptions are transcriptions of transcriptions originally done in 1988 by Wath and Mexborough Archives. These documents have many typographical errors and so we cannot vouch for the accuracy in the original transcription. If you find anything of interest here, please be sure to check the original Parish Registers source material.
Transcriptions by Jack Parry of:
The transcripts of Rawmarsh Baptism Registers for:
1558-1569, 1570-1579, 1580-1589, 1590-1599, 1600-1609, 1610-1619 1620-1629, 1630-1649,
1650-1659, 1660-1669, 1670-1679, 1680-1689, 1690-1699, 1700-1709, 1710-1719, 1720-1729,
1730-1739, 1740-1749, 1750-1759, 1760-1769, 1770-1779. 1780-1789 1790-1799, 1800-1809,
1870-1874, 1875-1879, 1880-1884, 1885-1889, 1890-1894, 1895-1899.
The transcripts of Rawmarsh Marriage Registers for:
1790-1809, 1810-1829, 1830-1849, 1850-1869, 1870-1879, 1880-1889, 1890-1899.
The transcripts of Rawmarsh Burial Registers for:
1885-1887, 1888-1890, 1891-1893, 1894-1896, 1897-1899.
The transcripts of Kilnhurst Primitive Methodist Baptisms 1879-1959.
The transcripts of The Wesleyan Chapel Baptism Registers for Kilnhurst 1873-1948.
The whereabouts and dates of the Registers etc. for the Parish of Rawmarsh.
Ask for a calculation of the distance from Rawmarsh to another place.
You can see maps centred on OS grid reference SK436962 (Lat/Lon: 53.460751, -1.344794), Rawmarsh which are provided by:
The 1914-18 and 1939-45 War Memorial near St. Mary's Church, Rawmarsh
(SE955436) Parkgate
Rotherham FHS


FAULK-Dorothy J. (Peter), 84. Memorial Mass Sept. 2 at St. Robert Bellarmine Church. Preceded in death by husbands, McKaber Koory and Sam Faulk; parents, Val J. and Margaret Peter. Survived by children and spouse, Barbara Goodrich, Beth Vogel, Stuart, and Bob and Marci Koory; 14 grandchildren; three great-grandchildren; brother, Gene Peter; sisters, Teresa Bredar, Marge Egenberger and Valerie Crane. Memorials to St. Robert Bellarmine Catholic School.
DeMARIA-Maria, 67. Visitation 5:30 p.m., vigil service 7 p.m., both Sept. 3 at the funeral home. Funeral Mass 10 a.m., Sept. 4 at St. Leo the Great Church. Interment Calvary Cemetery. Preceded in death by parents, Antonio and Angela Mangiameli. Survived by husband, Armando; children and spouses, Sam DeMaria, Linda DeMaria friend, Arthur Vanhorn, and Tony and Stephanie DeMaria; five grandchildren; brother, Joe Mangiameli; sisters, Liliana Zito and Juliana Mangiameli; brother-in-law and sister-in-law, Sebastian and Mary Jane DeMaria; nieces; nephews. Memorials to the family.
CAFFREY-James Donald, 79. Funeral Mass Sept. 2 at St. Margaret Mary Church. Interment Grand Island. Preceded in death by parents, Martin Joseph and Catherine Rose (Powers) Caffrey; brothers, Stephen, Martin J., Robert and David Caffrey; sister, Blanche Murphy; niece, Kathleen Murphy. Survived by sisters, Eileen Atherton, Rose Mary Victor, Golden, Colo., Patricia Lambertus, Kearney, and Catherine Caffrey; nieces; nephews.
BONANNO-Vincent A., 67. Visitation 6 p.m., vigil service 7 p.m., both Sept. 2 at the funeral home. Funeral Mass 10 a.m., Sept. 3 at St. Philip Neri Church. Interment Calvary Cemetery. Preceded in death by parents, Tony and Sarah Bonanno. Survived by sisters and brothers-in-law, Ann Marie and Douglas Mossberg, and Theresa and Ken Henson, Fort Worth, Texas; nieces; nephews; great-nieces; great-nephews. Memorials to the church or charity of choice.
Read more about BONANNO-Vincent A.
BLANKENSHIP-John P., 63. Mass of Christian Burial Sept. 2 at Ss. Peter and Paul Church. Interment St. Mary Magdalene Cemetery. Preceded in death by parents, John and Ruth; sister, Marge Horacek; brother, Charles Blankenship.
Read more about BLANKENSHIP-John P.


Our kick off adoption fundraiser, a huge yard sale, was held last weekend and it went way better than we could have imagined. Like, way way better. We were hoping to get maybe $1,000 and instead we ended up bringing in $1,815! Can we just take a moment to let that sink in and appreciate how blessed we are?
The prep for the yard sale was more work than I could have possibly imagined, mostly because we got way more donations that I had expected. We had over 30 people make donations to our event, mostly church family and friends but even strangers were giving us stuff to sell. It was incredible and I was floored by how much stuff we had.
My sister-in-law Trish was superwoman leading up to the event and came to the church and helped me sort through things for two days straight, and then returned for the day of and helped for 10 hours. Plus, she did this with 3 kids in tow. If it weren't for her, there was no way I could have gotten through all the boxes and there would have been way more crying involved. Instead, we laughed and sighed and worked and worked and worked and were actually ready come Saturday morning. Thanks a bajillion Trish.
Can you find me in the above picture?
We were so lucky to have a beautiful day for the sale and it was crazy busy. We had eight volunteers helping us put stuff out, set stuff up and then sell things. Plus, we had a pretty sweet refreshment table with cookies, lemonade and coffee.
The sale officially started at 8:00am but people started showing up shortly after 6:00am once we had some things out. From that point on, we had a steady flow of traffic all the way until it ended at 2:00pm, although there were a few lulls come midday. We sold a ton but still had two trailers full of leftovers that we donated to a local Christian day camp. Once again, people were so generous and we couldn't have done it without them.
Dan and I feel super loved and can't thank people enough for their donations, their help and their support as we kicked off our adoption fundraisers with a super successful event. We are so encouraged and are excited to keep going, each step bringing us closer to our child.


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Calcium signaling pathway
What is the Biological Role of Calcium Ion?
Calcium ion (Ca2+) serves as a universal second messenger in all eukaryotes. Ca2+ exerts a broad and wide range of biological roles inside and outside cells, such as muscle contraction, cell movement (the movement of flagella and cilia), neuronal transmission in the excitatory synapse, fertilization, neurogenesis, and cell growth or proliferation. And Ca2+ can also regulate the activity of enzymes (as a cofactor) & ion pumps and the permeability of ion channels. Moreover, it participates in the buildup of the cytoskeleton.
What is Calcium Signaling Pathway?
When neurotransmitters, hormones, growth factors, or initial chemical stimulation of excitatory cells stimulate cell membrane excitation, intracellular Ca2+ increases and then activates the Ca2+ signaling pathway. The Ca2+ signaling pathway consists of a series of molecular biological events that link external stimuli to appropriate responses within cells.
The Process of Calcium Signaling Pathway
The importance of Ca2+ signaling pathway for the implementation of the information provided by Ca2+has been increasingly appreciated and several distinct families of Ca2+ sensing proteins have been identified and characterized.
As it shows in the following picture, there are two principal sources of Ca2+ for signaling. One principal source of signal Ca2+ is the Ca2+ that enters the cell from the outside. The emergence of a large electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane drives the entry of Ca2+. Cells use this external source of signal Ca2+ by activating various entry channels with widely different properties. The voltage-operated channels (VOCs) are found in excitable cells and generate the rapid Ca2+ fluxes that control fast cellular processes. Besides, there are also many other Ca2+-entry channels, including the receptor-operated channels (ROCs), second-messenger-operated channels (SMOCs) and store-operated channels (SOCs).
Another principal source of Ca2+ signaling comes from internal Ca2+ store that is primarily located in the endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR). And inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) or ryanodine receptors (RYRs) regulate the release of Ca2+ in ER/SR. The primary activator of these channels is Ca2+ itself. The process induced by Ca2+ will release Ca2+, which is critical to the mechanism of Ca2+ signaling. Various second messengers or modulators also control the release of Ca2+. In the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway, phospholipase C (PLC-β) binds to hormones and the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and then is activated. Activated PLC-β hydrolyzes 4, 5-bisphosphate phosphatidylinositol (PIP2) to form IP3. And IP3 regulates the IP3Rs. Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) releases Ca2+ via RYRs. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) may activate a distinct mechanism of Ca2+ release on separate acidic Ca2+ store. Ca2+ released from the NAADP-sensitive mechanism may also give feedback to either RYRs or IP3Rs.
The Function of Calcium Signaling Pathway
Only free calcium can play a role in the life activities within cells. Ca2+ plays a major coordinating role in almost all cellular processes. Ca2+ is a very important second messenger in cells. Many hormones and neurotransmitters achieve downstream signal transduction through the activation of calcium signaling by intracellular Ca2+ elevation, further causing gene expression, proliferation, substance secretion, motility, muscle contraction, the release of neurotransmitters, fertilization and apoptosis.
The Applications of Calcium Signaling Pathway
Calcium signaling has been widely demonstrated to be involved in plant responses to stresses. At present, it has been found that many kinds of stresses, such as low temperature, high temperature, oxygen stress, pathogenic factors, hypoxia, osmotic stress, and heavy metal ion, can cause the increase of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration. And many downstream stress reactions, like the changes in the expression of some genes, have also been proved to be related to the generated calcium signaling.
Ca2+ is not only an inducer for long-term enhancement (LTP) but also contributes to the maintenance of LTP. Ca2+ signals to activate downstream protein kinases and immediate early genes (IEGs) that promotes gene transcription and protein synthesis, thus leading to the phosphorylation of ERK. The phosphorylation of ERK is a key step in maintaining LTP.
Movement of Ca2+ from the extracellular compartment to the intracellular compartment alters membrane potential. This occurs in the heart during the plateau phase of ventricular contraction. In this example, Ca2+ acts to maintain the depolarization of the heart. Calcium signaling through ion channels is also important in neuronal synaptic transmission.
Besides, studies have proved that the Ca2+ signaling pathway plays an important role in invasion and metastasis of tumors cells.
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This course is designed to prepare students for the study of Calculus. Topics include an in-depth study of functions such as polynomial functions, inverse functions, radical functions, rational functions, trigonometric functions, exponential and logarithmic functions; solving inequalities; elements of vectors and complex numbers; solving trigonometric equations and identities involving sum, double and half-angle formulas; Binomial Theorem; and progressions. A graphing calculator is required.
Topics include an in-depth study of functions such as polynomial functions, radical functions, rational functions, trigonometric functions, exponential and logarithmic functions; connections to vectors and complex numbers; solving trigonometric equations, and identities involving sum, double and half-angle formulas; Binomial Theorem and progressions.
This course introduces the foundations of discrete mathematics as they apply to computer science, focusing on providing a solid theoretical foundation for further work. Topics include functions, relations, sets, simple proof techniques, Boolean algebra, propositional logic, elementary number theory, writing, analyzing and testing algorithms.
This site is a place for Math Department Curriculum Committee members to make announcements and share resources and ideas.
This is a private group for members of the management team of "Opening Gateways to Completion: Open Digital Pedagogies for Student Success in STEM," a Title V Cooperative Arrangement grant funded through U.S. Department of Education's Supporting Hispanic-Serving Institutions program. The project, a collaboration between City Tech and the Borough of Manhattan Community College, is focussed on using Open Digital Pedagogies to increase student success in gateway mathematics courses for STEM disciplines. Avatar image and site header by Flickr user Rosa Say (https://flic.kr/p/8vdRTC).
"Opening Gateways to Completion: Open Digital Pedagogies for Student Success in STEM" is a 5-year, $3.2 million grant funded by the U.S. Department of Education's Developing Hispanic-Serving Institutions program (Title V). The goal is to support student success in mathematics courses that serve as gateways to STEM disciplines, courses that often act as barriers to progress and completion in these disciplines. The project, awarded jointly to the New York City College of Technology (lead) and the Borough of Manhattan Community College (partner) in 2015, brings the two institutions together in a cross-campus collaboration that will introduce open-source digital technologies, open educational resources, and active learning pedagogies into the sequence of high-enrollment mathematics courses required for STEM disciplines at each college. Avatar by Flickr user David Stanley. Site Header by Flickr user Maritè Toledo.
This group is for faculty who are participating in the rollout of WeBWorK. We are working together to: Create instructional documents for the WeBWorK end-users (both faculty and students), Develop creative problems for core Math courses, Evolve existing problems in order to enhance their educational value to students, Streamline the management of the WeBWorK system, Provide technical support and respond to user feedback in order to improve everyone's experience of WeBWorK.
Laura Ghezzi hasn't created or joined any clubs yet.


If the table is defined as having footer row(s), EditTablePlugin should insert new rows before the footer rows when "Add rows" is invoked. Currently, "Add rows" appends the rows to the table.
It is a bug that a footer row is not respected when adding rows.
It is not an enhancement.
I have very recently had to give up using this plugin in combination with having a line that contains %CALC because adding a row goofs up the whole thing.
This really needs to get resolved now. And I see I am not alone with this problem. Raising to urgent. We need to get this plugin a bit more stable.
The plugin parses tables in TML format, not rendered HTML. The solution should be in reading the TABLE attributes for headerrows and footerrows.
Below is a nice little test case from real life.
This table can be edited in Edit Table plugin but try to add a row and all goes bad. The plugin should really be aware of the footer rows defined by the TABLE tag. OR gets its own set of attributes so it knows.
I am quite far now with implementing this. Just need to fix some failing tests and a couple of new ones.
It works now. Unfortunately (low prio bug) TablePlugin does not handle more than 1 header row or footer row: Item5050.
The error log gives warnings when no headerrows or footerrows is set.


text:
Ag Interest Rate Snapshot
Farm Credit Rates
Biofuels Mandates Under Pressure
Washington Insider -- Thursday
Freedom Caucus Still Formulating Stance on House Farm Bill
No official position exists yet for the House Freedom Caucus relative to the farm bill approved by the House Ag Committee, caucus chairman Mark Meadows, R-N.C., told reporters Wednesday.
"At this point I think the decision is coming down between supporting the current farm bill with work requirements or doing an extension," said Meadows. "I think that's the debate that is out there." While not yet having a formal position, Meadows indicated he does not know there is any division on the farm bill.
"Conversations have actually put people in a place where they are willing to consider it," he observed.
Meanwhile, House Ag Committee Chairman Mike Conaway, R-Texas, continues to work to find support for the measure, insisting that he just needs to find 218 votes. Indications are the bill could be headed for consideration on the House floor the week of May 7. But if it does not take place in that timeframe, contacts signal that likely means the votes are not there yet for the package.
Groups Welcome Lawmakers' Call for Canada Dairy Policy To Be Addressed In NAFTA 2.0
Elimination of Canada's protectionist trade policies for dairy, specifically its Class 7 pricing program, in ongoing North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) renegotiations, is being called for by a bipartisan group of 68 House members.
"It is critical that the [Trump] administration achieves its goal of eliminating Canada's trade-distorting Class 7 program and dairy tariff walls," the lawmakers wrote in the letter to U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer. They noted the issue affects America's 40,000 dairy farmers along with almost three million workers employed in jobs connected to the dairy industry.
Canada's Class 7 system, which U.S. officials including USDA Secretary Sonny Perdue have asked be ended, has had a major negative impact on U.S. ultrafiltered milk exports and exacerbated a dairy glut in the domestic market. The program has "already led to a tripling of Canadian skim milk powder exports being essentially dumped onto world markets and eliminated US exports of certain dairy products to Canada," the lawmakers noted.
Dairy groups laud call for Class 7 elimination
"We commend the efforts of these congressmen for tackling Canada's ever-expanding list of restrictive trade policies, which have had a negative impact on our U.S. dairy industry and the US economy overall," said Michael Dykes, president and CEO of the International Dairy Foods Association (IDFA). "Canada's Class 7 milk pricing policy, implemented 14 months ago, artificially lowers milk ingredient prices and incentivizes the substitution of domestic Canadian dairy ingredients for imported ingredients. It also promotes the dumping of Canadian proteins onto world markets at below-market prices."
Washington Insider: Biofuels Mandates Under Pressure
The Dallas News and other media reported recently that "a politically charged debate over biofuels mandates is stirring anew." The reason is that EPA has been "more generous" of late in giving "hardship" waivers to petroleum refiners. At issue is the renewable fuel standard, which requires a certain amount of ethanol and other biofuels to be blended into gasoline.
Oil state partisans, including certain refiners, have raged about a credit-trading market within the program that they say causes undue economic pain. The biofuels industry counters that those compliance credits, known as renewable identification numbers, are essential to making the mandate work.
While the battle has heated up in Congress — drawing the attention of Texas Republican senators Ted Cruz, R-Texas, and John Cornyn, R-Texas — the EPA has turned to a little-used provision to give the refiners some relief, the News said.
EPA in recent months has exempted a couple dozen refineries from their biofuel requirements for 2016 and 2017, according to press reports in the News, the Houston Chronicle, Reuters and other media outlets. That's far more exemptions than the EPA has granted in years past.
Among those to receive waivers is Dallas-based HollyFrontier, which saved nearly $58 million last year thanks to exemptions for two refineries in Wyoming and Utah.
"Our receipt of temporary waivers, as allowed under the RFS, for two small refineries pales in comparison to the punitive RINs costs for our company," said chief executive George Damiris, pointing out that HollyFrontier still spent $300 million on the biofuel credits last year.
The biofuels industry isn't happy about the waivers.
"President Trump made a commitment to our industry ... that he supported the renewable fuel standard," said Geoff Cooper, executive vice president of the Renewable Fuels Association. "But EPA is not following his marching orders on this program, and that's concerning."
Congressional leaders appear to be at loggerheads over what to do about the biofuel credits. Numerous White House meetings, including some with President Donald Trump, have produced no solution. The opposing factions can't even agree on the extent to which there is a problem, the News said.
The waivers have long existed for refineries producing less than 75,000 barrels a day that are suffering a "disproportionate economic hardship" from complying with the biofuels mandate. An EPA spokesman told the press that the agency "follows a longstanding, established process" to determine which refiners are eligible and that the criteria hasn't changed.
It is not clear just who has received waivers in all cases, the News says. Companies like HollyFrontier, which posted some $900 million in profits last year, disclosed the waivers in SEC filings. But privately held companies don't have to provide that information and EPA hasn't released any company-specific information, "further peeving the biofuels industry."
Reuters, for instance, had to rely upon unnamed sources to report that San Antonio-based Andeavor, one of the nation's largest refiners, received exemptions for three of its plants. Those waivers came even as the company posted profits last year of about $1.5 billion.
Even USDA Secretary Sonny Perdue has expressed concern, noting the waivers that he is aware of total at least 1 billion gallons. The waivers, he told lawmakers this week, represent "demand destruction."
At this time, news of the waivers has roiled the biofuel credit market, causing prices to drop, and could have a ripple effect on the political negotiations underway.
This is yet another fight affecting a large group of producers and important markets — just ahead of the fall elections. Both sides are deeply dug in and emotionally and politically committed and the administration will be hard pressed to find a way forward that will avoid further political combat. This is a struggle producers should watch closely as it proceeds, Washington Insider believes.


text:
Parties in control of Syrian territory continue to take precautionary procedures to fight COVID-19; numbers of people infected with COVID-19 increase in neighboring countries
Editing: Mohamad Alaa |
TranslationEditor: Glory Jabr |
Translation: Muhammad Ghaith
SOCIETY RELIEF & HUMANITARIAN INTERNATIONAL
Syria - SMART
Coronavirus (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, continues to spread worldwide, amid decisions by governments trying to decrease the number of people infected. The parties in control of Syrian terrritory are taking precautionary procedures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, especially as it infects more people in neighboring countries.
The Autonomous Administration in Northeastern Syria extended the curfew for another 15 days to fight COVID-19. The Autonomous Administration announced new decisions to help people during this period.
The Autonomous Administration issued a statement saying that the curfew starts on April 7 until 21, 2020. The statement added that the curfew excludes agricultural and vet pharmacies, and shops of repairing and selling agricultural vehicles' spares. The Autonomous Administration allowed the shops and pharmacies, and centers that the decision excluded, to open from 5:00.p.m until 1:00 a.m.
The Autonomous Administration issued another statement saying that it exempted subscribers from paying electricity, water, and hygiene bills for the third round (May and June) to help the people during curfew. The Autonomous Administration stopped compulsory recruitment campaigns in its controlled areas, Northeastern Syria for three months starting from April 5 until July 5, 2020, as a precautionary procedure to prevent the spread of COVID-19.
COVID-19 affects Syrians' access to bread:
Residents in the Syrian government-controlled city of Hama, Central Syria, complained about difficulty in getting bread through distributors after the Syrian government closed bakeries in early April.
Residents reported to SMART that bread distributors in neighborhoods come on purpose early at 5:00 a.m, which is the time of the curfew due to COVID-19, so it is difficult for the residents to buy bread. The residents complained that the distributors sell the bag of bread for 150 instead of 100 Syrian pounds (SYP), and sell families only the half of their quantity that is supposed to be 14 loaves of bread.
The residents added that the Syrian government did not allocat distributors for many people, which forces them to buy another kind of bread for 550 SYP per bag.
British Prime Minister enters intensive care due to COVID-19:
British Prime Minister Boris Johnson has asked Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab to deputise "where necessary" after he has been moved to the intensive care unit in a hospital in London due to his infection with coronavirus (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2.
On Monday night, BBC News quoted a spokesman as saying that Johnson was moved on the advice of his medical team and was receiving "excellent care."
The prime minister, 55, was admitted to hospital in London with "persistent symptoms" on Sunday evening.
The Queen has been kept informed about Johnson's health by No 10, according to Buckingham Palace.
BBC added that the prime minister was given oxygen late on Monday afternoon, before being taken to intensive care. However, he has not been put on a ventilator.
Cases of COVID-19 increase in Syria's neighboring countries:
The total of people infected with COVID-19 exceeded 30,000 people in Turkey.
On Monday night, Fahrettin Koca, the Turkish Health Minister said that they conducted tests for 21,400 people. Koca added that the results showed that 3,148 people are infected with COVID-19, bringing the total of the infected people to 30,217.
Koca noted that 75 infected people died, bringing the total of deaths to 694.
The Jordanian Health Ministry confirmed four new COVID-19 cases, bringing the total of the infected people to 349.
A source from the ministry reported to SMART that they registered one death of an elderly woman, bringing the total of deaths to six. The source added that they registered four new cases of COVID-19, including two people who contacted an already-infected person, and two people who contacted already-infected people. The source noted that the number of people who recovered increased to 126.
The Iraqi Health Ministry announced 70 new cases of COVID-19.
The ministry posted on social media that the total of people infected with COVID-19 increased to 1,031 after the ministry registered 70 new cases in the cities of Baghdad, al-Karkh, City of Medicine, Basrah, al-Najaf, Sulaymaniyah, Karbala, Dhi-Qar, and Erbil where 40 out of the 70 cases were registered.
The Lebanese Health Ministry registered seven new cases of COVID-19, bringing the total of the infected people to 548.
The ministry published a report saying that the total of the people infected with COVID-19 increased to 548 following seven new cases. The ministry noted that it did not register any new death over the past 24 hours. The deaths remained 19.
On Dec. 31, 2019, the novel coronavirus COVID-19 spread in the Chinese city of Wuhan. The virus has infected about 1,360,000 people until April 7, 2020 in more than 206 countries, about 75,000 of them died, according to the (Worldometer).
COVID-19 is an infectious disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, that spreads from person-to-person and by respiratory droplets. These droplets fall on surrounding surfaces, so other people could be infected when they touch these surfaces by touching their eyes, noses, or mouths. People could be infected if they inhale droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes, so it is important to keep a one-meter distance (three feet) away from infected people.
Infection symptoms include body aches, blocked nose, sore throat, cough, and fever. The symptoms begin as mild and develop gradually. Some people become infected without showing any symptoms and without feeling ill. About 80% of infected people recover from the disease without any special treatment.
COVID-19 Pandemic Epidemic Illness Chronic Diseases Virus SARS-CoV SARS-CoV-2 Syrian Ministry of Health ministry of health of the Syrian interim government World Health Organization Health Health Directorate Free Health Directorate Self-Administration Local Administration Department of Local Councils Agriculture Federation of Chambers of Commerce Industry Agriculture Agriculture Grain Cultivation Curfew Decision Population Turkey Turkish Refugee Camps Syrian-Turkish Border Syrian Pound Lebanon Syrian-Lebanese Border Lebanese refugee camps Jordan Syrian-Jordanian Border Iraq Iraq's Kurdistan Region Syrian-Iraqi Border Military Conscription People's Protection Units Syrian Democratic Forces Bread Food Security Food Aid Food Basket Market Local Market Local Market United Kingdom Secretary of State of the United Kingdom Prime Minister of Britain China Death
SAMS opens center to quarantine and treat COVID-19 cases in Idlib
Single Video News Coverage
Civil Defense launches awareness campaign about COVID-19 in western Aleppo
Syrian government Health Ministry registers 14 new COVID-19 cases, raising tally to 372
Syrian government announces 16 new COVID-19 cases and one death, according to Syrian government media
EWARN says that all tests' results to detect coronavirus in Northwestern Syria showed negative, according to statement.
Syrian government registers 14 new COVID-19 cases, raising tally to 293, according to Syrian government media.
EWARN says that all tests' results to detect coronavirus in Northwestern Syria showed negative so far
Syrian government Ministry of Health registers 13 new COVID-19 cases, raising tally to 269
Syrian government announces 14 new COVID-19 cases
Syrian government announces 10 new COVID-19 cases and imposes lockdown on building in Rif Dimashq
Syrian government registers 13 new COVID-19 cases, raising tally to 312
Eight million Syrians face food insecurity; European countries demand accounting Syrian government for using chemical weapons
First cases of COVID-19 are registered in Northern Syria; Report accuses WHO of underestimating severity of pandemic risks in Idlib
Syrian Interim Government says that no COVID-19 cases were registered in Northern Syria; Russia and Turkey deploy joint patrols in Aleppo
Response Coordination Group warns of COVID-19 spreading in Idlib; HTS executed four people accused of killing and theft in Idlib
Clashes occur in al-Bab city in Aleppo after police tried to close market; COVID-19 kills one person in Syria
COVID-19 kills one man and infects others in Aleppo and Hama; health authorities take precautionary procedures to prevent its spread in Syria


The 125 between Bolton and Preston is operated by Stagecoach under their Gold sub-brand, but the most useful publicity map showing all places served is that issued with the timetable by Transport for Greater Manchester. It is a high frequency service, with a turn-up-and-go frequency Mon-Sat daytimes and every half-hour evenings and Sundays. See a full list of stops served here or here. Click here to discover other bus routes in the North West.
The 125 starts off from stand P at Bolton's gleaming new Interchange, next to the railway station. Here's a map.
Before you leave Bolton, why not visit one of Bolton's attractions, which include The Fred Dibnah Heritage Centre?
To see the first part of the 125's route in detail, take a look at TfGM's route map. That shows you the way the 125 takes to Horwich.
Supermarket: Morrisons Atlas Mills. Use the Rutland Grove/Kings Arms stops.
Pub/restaurant: Bob's Smithy. Use the Walker Fold Road stops.
You're still in Greater Manchester here, just.
Horwich is a great starting point for a scenic walk to Rivington Pike or Winter Hill.
After leaving Horwich, the 125 leaves Greater Manchester, so if you're travelling on a System One Daysaver ticket, this is as far as it gets you.
Pub: The Crown. Use Horwich Crown stop B for Preston, A for Bolton.
Restaurant: Luciano's. Use the Grimeford Road stops (TfGM tickets not valid, except Wayfarer).
The next major stop is Adlington, where the 125 stops just a short walk from Adlington Railway Station.
Lancashire County Council don't update their maps any more, so the other bus routes on this excerpt are out of date.
We continue to Chorley, home of the cake, where the 125 serves the Interchange (use stand N for Bolton and E for Preston), adjacent to Chorley Railway Station.
Other routes on this map are now out of date and Lancashire County Council won't do a new version.
Stop off in Chorley to visit Astley Hall. Click for other Chorley attractions.
Gastropub: Yarrowbridge. Hotel: Premier Inn. Use the Yarrow Bridge stops.
Supermarket: Morrisons. Use the Goring Street stops.
Supermarket: Asda. Use the Goring Street stops.
Shopping Centre: Market Walk. Near Chorley Interchange.
Supermarket: Booths. Use the Booths stops.
Supermarket: Aldi: Use the Preston Street stops.
Supermarket: Morrisons. Use the Withy Trees stops.
The 125 terminates at stand 29 of Preston Bus Station, one of the biggest in the country.
There's plenty to see and do in Preston. Try the Harris Museum. Click for other attractions in Preston here and here.
Supermarket: Waitrose. Use the Edward Street stops.
Supermarket: Lidl. Use the Queen Street stops.
Supermarket: Aldi. Use the Queen Street stops.
Hotel: Travelodge. Use the Queen Street stops.
Major bus routes connecting with the 125. Stagecoach Lancashire Dayriders can be used on the red routes. Green routes are operated by various other companies.
If not starting or finishing your day in Bolton, you can use TfGM's website to see what other buses serve the bus station, then look up the current timetable for any bus route in Greater Manchester here.
If arriving or leaving Bolton by train (the quickest and easiest way to/from Manchester), you can easily look up times here and rail fares here.
In Horwich, you can connect with Arriva 575 to and from Wigan. It also runs between Horwich and Bolton, but on a parallel route to the 125. It's not run by Stagecoach though, so unless you're travelling on a Greater Manchester System One ticket, you'll need to pay again to use the 575.
At Adlington, the 125 stops just a short walk from Adlington rail station. Timetable here, live departures here, departure list here and fares here.
From Chorley, buses run in many directions. Here's a map of Stagecoach services. All buses are listed on the Interchange's destination finder. Timetables for all buses in Lancashire can be found here.
Chorley rail station is right next to the Interchange. Click for live departures, departure list and fares.
Bamber Bridge rail station is useful for trains on the route between Blackpool South and Colne via Blackburn. Click for the rail timetable, live departures, departure list and fares.
Bamber Bridge is covered by Stagecoach's Preston route map, which also tells you where you can connect to with your Stagecoach ticket from Preston Bus Station.
From Preston Bus Station, major connecting routes and destinations with Stagecoach are: 113 Wigan, 2X Southport, 61/68 Blackpool, 40/41 Lancaster, 59 Blackburn.
The cheapest day ticket that is valid for the whole 125 route is the Stagecoach Lancashire Dayrider at £7.70. A single journey between Bolton and Preston costs £7.40. You can look up single and return fares for any journey on Stagecoach's journey planner.
If you want to travel up into Cumbria, then you can with the £11 Explorer ticket.
If you're only going to be using the 125 between Bolton and Horwich and want to travel to or from anywhere else in Greater Manchester by bus, train, tram or a combination of the three, then a System One Daysaver (£5.60 for the adult bus only version) is for you.
The TfGM Wayfarer at £13 is valid on the 125 between Bolton and Chorley, plus it's valid on all buses, trams and trains across all of Greater Manchester, the Peak District and more. It's also valid on trains as far as Chorley. See the full zone map here. Watch out though, as Wayfarers cannot be bought on buses, only from Paypoint outlets and staffed rail stations in the zone of validity.
then you can use a £4.50 Preston Dayrider.
A Chorley Plus Dayrider at £4.70 is valid between Horwich and Walton Summit.
Full details of all of Stagecoach's Lancashire tickets and the zone's boundaries can be found here.
Plusbus tickets are valid on sections of the 125 in the relevant zones. Click for full details of the Plusbus tickets and zones for Bolton, Chorley and Preston.


text:
Q: How to return from a list-generating, recursive function using `take` I have a function that recursively generates an infinite list, but never returns:
f n ns = f (n+1) (n:ns)

With lazyness in mind, do I need a return condition or can I do something to make it return using take 10 $ foo 0 []?

A: Your function never returns at all. It always recurses. If you want it to ever return, you need to either add a stopping condition of some sort, or make it return a partial result.
Perhaps you actually meant to write something like
f n = n : f (n+1)

which returns n followed by a recursive call to generate the rest of the list. (?)

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