text:
Geological evidence for AD 1008 tsunami along the Kachchh coast, Western India: Implications for hazard along the Makran Subduction Zone
Sand deposits reveal great earthquakes and tsunamis at Mexican Pacific Coast
María-Teresa Ramírez-Herrera, Néstor Corona, … Ana-Carolina Ruiz-Fernández
Geoarchaeological Evidence of Middle-Age Tsunamis at Stromboli and Consequences for the Tsunami Hazard in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea
M. Rosi, S. T. Levi, … D. Yoon
Recognizing megatsunamis in Mediterranean deep sea sediments based on the massive deposits of the 365 CE Crete event
A. Polonia, C. H. Nelson, … L. Gasperini
Tsunami records of the last 8000 years in the Andaman Island, India, from mega and large earthquakes: Insights on recurrence interval
Javed N. Malik, Frango C. Johnson, … Sundeep Chopra
Geological evidence of an unreported historical Chilean tsunami reveals more frequent inundation
Emma P. Hocking, Ed Garrett, … Daniel Melnick
Revising evidence of hurricane strikes on Abaco Island (The Bahamas) over the last 700 years
Tyler S. Winkler, Peter J. van Hengstum, … Nancy A. Albury
Volcaniclastic tide-modulated tempestite in a coastal tuff ring, Jeju Island, Korea
Chanwoo Sohn & Young Kwan Sohn
Backwash sediment record of the 2009 South Pacific Tsunami and 1960 Great Chilean Earthquake Tsunami
Brieuc Riou, Eric Chaumillon, … Daniela Fierro
Decratonization by rifting enables orogenic reworking and transcurrent dispersal of old terranes in NE Brazil
Carlos E. Ganade, Roberto F. Weinberg, … Iago S. Costa
S. P. Prizomwala1,
Drasti Gandhi1,
Nilesh Bhatt ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2503-23512,
Wilfried Winkler3,
M. Ravi Kumar1,
Nisarg Makwana1 &
Nishith Bhatt4
Scientific Reports volume 8, Article number: 16816 (2018) Cite this article
Physical oceanography
The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman tsunami emphasized the catastrophic nature of such disasters and exposed our knowledge gap of the historical and palaeo events. In the aftermath of this deadly event, the thrust in palaeotsunami studies was restricted to areas in the Indian Ocean, affected by this tsunami. The northern Arabian Sea, which hosts a similar tsunamigenic source i.e. the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ), has so far remained 'Terra-Incognita'. Here, for the first time, we report geological evidence of the 1008 AD tsunami, also mentioned as 'an enigma' in the historical reports, by identifying a >250 km long sand sheet with a landward extent of more than 250 m from the Indian coastline. Detailed sedimentology and geochemistry reveals an offshore origin of this sand sheet, from where it was eroded by a high energy wave and deposited in a supratidal environment. Optical and AMS 14C chronology constrains its age of deposition around 1000 AD. The shear size of the sand sheet, laterally and across the coast, along with grain size, a characteristically different provenance, are some of the major indicators, which can be useful in palaeotsunami/palaeostorm deposit distinction. Our report of the AD 1008 event from the Indian coastline, also supports the claim that the Western MSZ, albeit at longer intervals, has experienced major thrust earthquakes (Mw > 8) in the historical past. The proximity of this sand sheet to the shoreline does not discount the role of extremely unlikely, large storms as its causal mechanism.
The giant trans-oceanic Sumatra-Andaman earthquake (Mw ~ 9.3) on 26th December 2004 and the Tohuku earthquake (Mw ~ 9.0) on 11th March 2011 resulted in tsunami events, which caused massive destruction1,2,3. Since the 2004 tsunami, research has been on an overdrive for identifying palaeotsunami deposits, reconstruct reoccurrence intervals of mega earthquakes and discriminate the sediments deposited by a tsunami wave from those due to a storm wave4,5,6,7,8,9,10. This is of paramount importance since it aides in mitigating the catastrophic hazard arising out of tsunamis, along the coastal segments. The knowledge of the existence and extent of the past tsunamis is critical in developing warning scenarios. The identification of past tsunamis along with their frequency and severity is particularly important in the implementation of alert systems, which are a must in rapidly developing coastal areas.
Following the advance in research on tsunami and related processes, a number of studies have identified tsunamigenic sources in the Arabian Sea (Fig. 1a), with the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) being the most potential source11. Based on historical records, several attempts have been made to reconstruct a catalogue of past tsunami events12,13,14,15. However, it still remains vague and incomplete9,10.
(a) Tsunamigenic sources in the Northern Arabian Sea and previously reported tsunamigenic events (b) Geomorphic setup of the Kachchh coastline with the studied sites.
The Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) faces the Oman and Gujarat (India) coastlines in the west and east, as well as the Pakistan and Iranian coastlines in the north (Fig. 1a). Owing to the varied and favorable geomorphic setup16,17, the Kachchh coastline in western India, qualifies to be one of the key sites for reconstructing the palaeotsunami history emanating from the MSZ. The wave height along the Kachchh coast due to the last known 1945 tsunami from the MSZ was speculated to be 11 m18. However, subsequent geological studies suggested that the wave height is most likely to be an over estimation9,10.
The coastline of Kachchh hosts a beach ridge-backswamp configuration from Jakhau to Mandvi (Fig. 1b). It merges with the active mudflats fringed by palaeo-mudflats-swale complexes in the eastern parts from Mandvi to Kandla (Fig. 1b and supplementary data). The westernmost part from Jakhau to Koteshwar shows an intertidal zone fringed by palaeodunes-coastal cliffs (Fig. 1b). Based on OSL chronology and archaeological evidence, the sea level during the 6–3 ka period was inferred to be marginally higher along the Kachchh coast, by at least 1–2 m19,20,21. Bhatt et al.10 reported a 36 cm thick sand layer sandwiched between mud layers dated 1.3 ± 0.3 ka near Mundra, Southern Kachchh. The extent of this sand layer was about 800 m inland from the present day high water line and spatially about 1 km2. The tsunami deposit reported from western India, has a very sharp basal erosional contact, poor sorting, rip-up clasts and mudballs, along with broken coarse shell fragments10. On the opposite coastline of the Arabian Sea, Donato et al.22,23 reported a 5–25 cm thick shell bed in Sur Lagoon along the eastern Oman coastline, which was linked to the 1945 Makran tsunami. The Sur lagoon deposit exhibited a rich taphonomically distinct shell bed with an areal extent >1 km2, the provenance of some of the shells being distinctly offshoreward. Similarly, a fine to medium grained poorly sorted sand layer of 40 cm thickness containing shells, corals, wood, debris of bricks, was reported near an archaealogical site of Ras Al-Hadd, Oman24. The timing of this event was bracketed to be early Bronze age, i.e. 4450 cal. BP. Based on radiocarbon dating of marine boring bivalves, Shah-hosseini et al.6 attributed the scattered boulders along the Iranian coastline (northern Arabian Sea) to a palaeotsunami, most likely due to the 1008 AD event in the strait of Hormuz.
In the present study, we report the results from four pits and shallow cores collected from the backswamp and swales along the Kachchh coast fringing the northern Arabian Sea. A sand sheet has been identified based on sedimentology and geochemistry (provenance) for over an extent of >250 km length, which has implications for palaeotsunami research (i.e. distinction of storm and tsunami deposits) worldwide as well as the hazard emanating from the MSZ.
Geological Evidence of An Extreme Wave Event
The Kachchh coastline facing the northern Arabian Sea in the west and Gulf of Kachchh in the south (Fig. 1a) consists of tide and wave dominating landforms like beach-beach ridge-dune-backswamp complex in the western and wide mudflat-swale dominating segments in the eastern parts16. The arid landscape of Kachchh receives an annual rainfall of less than 150 mm, with daily temperatures reaching as high as 50 °C during summer, due to which the coastline of Kachchh is also almost barren. The arid coastal landscape of Kachchh shows that the backswamps in the western and swales in the eastern segment are at an elevation of 2–3 m from the present day high tide line. These are fringed by a dune-ridge of 2–3 m height in front along the seaward side in the West (i.e. Jakhau to Mandvi coastline; Figure in supplementary data) and ridge-runnel system in the East (Mandvi to Kandla coastline). These landforms act as a barrier for the incoming wave as well as provide favorable conditions for preservation of extreme wave deposits by restricting the retreating wave17. Also the back swamps in the West and palaeomudflats in the East above the spring high tide levels, act as accommodators during an extreme wave event leading to preservation of the sedimentary deposits5,17.
During the field investigation, we extracted samples from one shallow core (PJ) from the western edge of the Kachchh coast, one shallow pit (PG) from the backswamp of the southwestern edge and two shallow pits from the palaeomudflats (BO and LN) on the eastern edge of the Kachchh coast (Fig. 1b). The 90 cm deep PJ core in a semi enclosed region, i.e. creek (Fig. 2 and Supply Fig. 1a), is located in the present day intertidal flat. The PJ shows a finely laminated clayey silt layer (Unit-1) at the bottom (typical tidal flat environment), which has an abrupt erosional contact with the overlying poorly sorted sand layer (Unit-2) of 32 cm thickness. The grain size distribution shows a bi-model distribution with mean grain size of 2.8 Ǿ (Supply Table 1). This layer shows scattered granules along with mudballs/rip-up clasts present in an assorted manner in the sand horizon. The foraminifers in this horizon show signatures of high energy transport in the form of abrasion marks and broken shells (Dominant Genus: Ammonia, Nonion, Pararotalia, Quinqueloculina, Elphidium). This unit is overlain by a 42 cm thick dark bluish green colour clayey silt layer (Unit-3) representing a typical mudflat/intertidal environment. The top of the sequence is a fine grained massive sand layer (Unit-4) of 10 cm thickness, representative of a beach-intertidal environment of the present day coastal system.
Stratigraphy and photographs of various core/trench sites along the Kachchh coast and the particle size distribution of the tsunami sand layer (Note the bi-model distribution of grain size class in histogram plots).
Another shallow pit PG, dug in the backswamp environment, is at an elevation of 4 m from the present day high tide level in the western Kachchh coastline (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Fig. 1b). The detailed site geomorphology is presented in the supplementary data. The basal unit comprises clayey silt (Unit-1), which showed an erosional contact with an overlying 24 cm thick very poorly sorted coarse grained sand layer (Unit-2). The sand unit shows presence of abundant abraded shells and foraminifers (Dominant Genus: Ammonia, Nonion, Pararotalia, Quinqueloculina, Elphidium, Pyrgo), along with a gravely base. The grain size distribution shows a fine skewed bi-model distribution with a mean grain size of 0.7 Ǿ (Supplemantary Table 1). This sand layer is capped by another clayey silt layer (Unit-3) at the top, with typical intertidal/mudflat sequence characteristics (Fig. 2).
Similarly, another pit (BO), dug at Borai in a palaeomudflat, is at an elevation of 2 m from the present day high tide line (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Fig. 1c). The detailed geomorphology is presented in Supplementary data. The bottom most unit is clayey silt (Unit-1), overlain by a bluish grey colored laminated silty clay horizon (Unit-2) of 44 cm thickness. Deposition of the clayey unit with laminations in a coastal environment is often reflective of low-energy condition during deposition; a typical feature of mudflat environment. This silty clay unit is overlain by a 24 cm thick seaward dipping mega cross bedded sand layer (A) (Unit-3). The sand is medium to coarse grained, with poor sorting. The seaward dipping orientation of foresets indicates that the deposition occurred during a high-energy current flowing towards the open sea, most likely on account of a storm surge during ebb-tide. This unit is overlain by a clayey silt layer (Unit-4) which is again overlain by a coarse, very poorly sorted 36 cm thick sandy layer B (Unit-5) with a basal erosional contact. The grain size distribution shows a mean grain size of 0.85 Ǿ (Supply Table 1). The presence of mud intraclasts (mudballs) and the abraded nature of foraminifer shells in this sand layer, point to its deposition during a high-energy event, presumably a tsunami. The concentration of shells (Dominant Genus: Ammonia, Nonion, Pararotalia, Quinqueloculina, Pyrgo and Bivalve: Ensis) shows an up section increase within this sand unit. Here, the lateral extent of the sand layer B is >250 m from the present day high tide line, whereas, that of the sand layer A is 60 m (Fig. 3).
Landward extent and geometry of the sand sheet at various core/trench sites along with landward fining trend based on mean grain size of tsunami sand layer in each trench/core plotted across the coastline.
Another shallow pit LN was dug in a palaeomudflat at an elevation of 2 m from the present day high tide level (Figs 1b and 2). The bottom most layer in shallow core and trench at LN site showed a 4 cm thick coarse grained sand (Unit-1). This layer is overlain by a 13 cm thick bluish grey laminated clay (Unit-2), which is indicative of a tidal flat environment. With an erosional basal contact, a 7 cm thick coarse sand (Unit-3) was resting over the silty clay layer. The sand layer is rich in shells/shell fragments (tests of species: (Dominant Genus: Ammonia, Pararotalia, Nonion, Quinqueloculina, Pyrgo, Elphidium) and shows poor sorting. The grain size distribution shows a coarse skewed distribution with mean grain size of 2.48 Ǿ (Supplementary Table 1). The bottom most part of this unit showed coarser material compared to the top, with a fining upward trend. It is capped by a 11 cm thick organic rich clayey silt layer (Unit-4). Unit-4 reveals scattered broken shells along with patches of sandy material. This unit is again overlain by a 16 cm thick sand layer (Unit-5) which contains mud balls and broken shell fragments. Within this sand layer, the relatively finer sand grains at the bottom show gradation, with coarse grained sand at the top. This unit is also rich in fossils and micaceous minerals, a characteristic product of offshore sediments16,25,26. This unit is succeeded by a massive clayey silt layer of 54 cm thickness (Unit-6), which is indicative of regainment of the tidal flat environment.
Similarly, another shallow core from the adjacent Bhadreshwar coast (Fig. 1b), showed a 10 cm thick sand layer, with an erosional, sharp basal contact with the clayey silt unit at the bottom and a graded contact with the overlying clayey silt unit10. The sand layer has a coarse grained nature with poor sorting and abundant broken shell fragments.
Chronology and Provenance
We dated select depth horizons using mollusk shells and foraminifers using the AMS 14C technique. Additionally, some preliminary ages have been obtained from optical dating of the sandy horizons at PJ, PG and BO (Table 1). The mollusk shell at the bottom of the sand layer in shallow pits BO and LN bracketed the age of this sand deposition around AD 1000 within the 2-sigma uncertainty levels (bracketed by four 14C AMS dates ranging from AD 700 to AD 1460) (Table 2). The optical dating at PJ, PG and BO, suggests deposition of this layer at 1 ka, within 2-sigma uncertainty (Table 1). Earlier, Bhatt et al.10 reported a sand layer in the Mundra palaeomudflat sequence, dated back to 1.3 ka ± 0.3 ka. The chronological results strongly suggest that the event leading to the deposition of the sand layer at all the sites (barring unit-3 at BO) were deposited around 1 ka BP.
Table 1 OSL dating of the tsunami sand sheet at Panjor pir (PJ), Pingleshwar (PG) and Borai (BO) sites.
Table 2 AMS 14C chronology from trenches of Borai (BO) and Luni (LN).
To further characterize the sand unit, we analyzed samples for specific geochemical indices for tracing the provenance of the sands as well as obtaining hints for the dominance of terrestrial/marine processes (Fig. 4). Earlier works have documented provenance signatures of the coastal sediments and the sediment routing system along the Kachchh coastline25. The offshore/subtidal sediments are mostly derived from the Indus and Kachchh Mainland provenance16,25,26,27. The sediments routed from the offshore/subtidal environments are expected to be rich in Zr and Cr20,21 along with Sr and sometimes TiO216,25,27. This is due to the Kachchh Mainland provenance being rich in Deccan Trap sourced elements i.e. Sr, TiO2. The Kachchh Mainland provenance routed from the rivers, mixes with the marine processes in the subtidal environment; where it gets enriched in Zr and Cr during the longshore coastal transport of these sediments. In the present case, the presence of abundant foraminifers and shell fragments is the major cause for the enrichment of CaCO3 in the sand layers (Fig. 4). Hence on account of a tsunami event the sand layer would be enriched in Zr, Cr and Sr along with CaCO3 if rich in shells (Fig. 4).
Temporal variations in major and trace elemental geochemistry at main trench/core site from each location.
The geochemical signatures in the present case, revealed that the sand layer present in pits and cores was routed from the 'offshore subtidal environment' onto the respective supratidal regimes (Fig. 4 and see supplementary data for details). This was unambiguous due to the characteristic difference between the hinterland provenance (Deccan dominated16,25) and offshoreward provenance (Indus dominated16,26,27). Figure 4 shows distinctly different geochemical character of the sand layer compared to the capping mud layers above and below.
Tsunami or an exceptionally strong Storm
The correlation between different sites showing deposition of the sand layer 1000 years ago, its associated sedimentological and geochemical characteristics, suggest that this event affected a large spatial area (>250 km length) along the Kachchh coast. The physical character of this sand layer viz., its basal erosional/sharp contact with the underlying unit, lack of sorting along with presence of mud-balls and rip-up clasts, abraded foraminifers/shell fragments, bi-modal grain size distribution along with poor to very poor sorting indicates its association with a high energy event, that eroded the substrate of the offshore region and left a chaotic sediment deposit in the supratidal region. Detailed reviews of sedimentologic characteristics of tsunami deposits by Morton et al.28, Kortekass and Dawson29, Shanmugam30 and Tuttle et al.31, support our interpretation: These studies suggest that tsunami sand layers differ from storm deposits due to: (a) presence of mud intraclasts or mud flakes, (b) the tsunami sand layer being sandwiched with sharp contacts with overlying and underlying mud layers, (c) absence of any primary physical or biological structure, and (d) lack of sorting within the layer. Studies which compared storm and tsunami deposits from a variety of environments often link these signatures to a tsunami or an unlikely large storm event (Supplementary Table 2).
The Gonu 2007 super cyclone is considered as the strongest storm in the history of the Arabian Sea, that had impacted the Oman and Iranian coastlines with maximum breaking wave heights of 5.4 m and inundation of 11 m32. Some modeling studies suggest that the strongest storm in the Arabian Sea can have wave heights of 9.4 m at a breaking point and inundation of 25 m33. Although the Arabian sea experiences several tropical cyclones annually, the strength of these cyclones has been significantly less compared to cyclones in the Pacific and other parts of the world32,33,34. Historically, in the Arabian Sea, the most recent tsunami was the 1945 Makran tsunami which led to a huge loss of human life and destruction along the coastlines of Oman, Iran, Pakistan and India. It had a wave height of 4–5 m in Pasni (Iran), 1.5 m in Karachi (Pakistan) and 2 m in Mumbai (India)35. The only available information of wave height18 during 1945 Makran tsunami along the Kachchh coast (present study site), is contested9,10. The historical record of tsunamis in the Arabian Sea dates back to 326 BC36, but is still fragmented. Ambraseys and Melville35 reported that during AD 1008, an earthquake and tsunami sunk many ships and killed a lot of people. The epicenter of this earthquake is debated, with some believing it to be in the Persian Gulf 35 and some ascribing it to the western part of MSZ12,14. This is because, the tectonic boundaries in the Persian Gulf do not seem capable of producing such tsunamigenic earthquakes, whereas they are common in subduction boundaries such as the MSZ. Although the AD 1008 event remains an enigma due to variety of reports, Shah-Hosseini et al.6 reported large coastal boulders from the Iran coastline. Based on 14C radiometric ages of shells on the boulders, they postulated that the origin of these boulders is offshore and their deposition in the landward region is due to the AD 1008 tsunami event. They explained the movement of these boulders by a tsunami wave with a 4 m height along the Iranian coastline. Similarly, Hoffmann37 reported a cluster of boulders and archeological pottery artifacts from the shoreline of Muscat, Oman, dating back to a tsunami around 1000 years ago. Based on boulder deposits and archeological artifacts, they reported a tsunami event correlated to the 1008 AD event, with a run up of 15 m, which by far exceeds the inundation during the 1945 Makran tsunami event37. We believe that in such an event, the tsunami wave would have had a definitive impact on the Indian coastline, Kachchh in particular, due to its strategic geographic position (Fig. 1a).
We, therefore, infer that the sand layer observed in PJ, PG, BO, Mundra, LN and Bhadreshwar has been deposited by the same event, which dates around AD 1008 (Between AD 700 to AD 1460). The origin of this sand layer at different sites was presumably the same and hinting at a 'sand sheet' like deposition. The sedimentology of the layer shows its origin to be offshore, with an event that may have eroded the substrate in the offshore region. The tropical cyclones lack the capability to erode the offshore subtidal depths of near coastal regions, compared to tsunami waves which essentially erode the substrate of the offshore environment28,38,39. The presence of mud balls and rip up clasts are testimony to an event, which may have eroded the muddy substrate in the offshore region along with subtidal sands16,34. The broken shell fragments and shells often point to a high energy hydrodynamic event, which is again reflected in the poor sorting of the sand layer28,40,41.
In order to validate the landward extent of this sand sheet, pits were dug inland at a distance >250 m (Fig. 3) from the main sites i.e. PG, BO and LN (baring PJ, because the width of the shoreline is too narrow). It is believed that it is possible to distinguish the storm surge and the tsunami deposits at the hands of facies and lateral extension28,29,30,42. In the present case, the sand sheet has been identified at a distance >200 m inland at PG, BO, LN and Mundra. The sedimentological character of the sand sheet suggests landward fining and thinning of the deposit (Fig. 3), which is consistent with the models of tsunami wave transport22,28,29,40.
Based on the present findings, we can surmise that the MSZ has experienced four major tsunamigenic earthquakes during the historical period viz., (1) 4000 year old tsunami inundation with a 15 m run-up at Muscat, Oman coastline24, (2) 326 BC tsunami event experienced near present day Karachi, Pakistan36, (3) AD 1008 event experienced at the Iranian, Oman and Indian (present day) coastlines present study6,35 and (4) AD 1945 event experienced at Oman, Iran, Pakistan and Indian coastlines7,8,22,23,35.
Nevertheless, the other causal mechanisms for deposition of this 1000 year old sand sheet, like meteotsunami, reworking of sand from sand bars accreted offshore, cannot be discounted. However, these mechanisms have not been adequately investigated so far and remain elusive. The efforts to explore more palaeotsunami deposits from the coastal archives of India, Iran, Oman and Pakistan should be increased, so as to improve the catalogue of tsunamigenic earthquakes originating from the MSZ. Our findings also have implications on the ongoing worldwide palaeotsunami research as well as the hazard emanating from the MSZ, since it is a likely source of future tsunamis, in this world's one of the most rapidly developing region. Our report of AD 1008 event from Indian coastline, also supports the claim that the Western MSZ, even if at longer intervals, has experienced major thrust earthquakes (Mw > 8) in the historical past, as suggested by Heidarzadeh et al.12,43.
Four shallow trenches were dug and one short core was collected from the Kachchh coastline during 2015–2016. The elevation of each trench/core site was measured using high resolution topographic maps and GPS measurements. The sedimentary layers were identified on the basis of physical characteristics and grain size of each unit measured following the standard techniques44. The geochemical analysis was carried out with dried and crushed samples using XEPOS HE XRF, at the Institute of Seismological Research (ISR), India. Representative samples from each layer from all the trenches/cores were measured three times in replicate, which gave an analytical precision of <5% for major and trace elemental concentrations. The AMS 14C analysis was performed on shells and calibrated using CALIB 7.1 programme45. The marine reservoir effect was incorporated using the ΔR value as −8 ± 3746. A total of four samples were analyzed at the Poznan Radiocarbon Laboratory, Poznan and Ion beam physics lab, ETH, Switzerland (For details see supplementary data). The OSL dating on three samples was performed at the ISR, India. The collected sand pipes were analyzed in subdued light conditions and palaeodose estimation done following the standard protocol (For details see supplementary data).
Goto, K. et al. New insights of tsunami hazard from the 2011 Tohoku-oki event. Marine Geology. 290(1), 46–50 (2011).
Malik, J. N. et al. Geologic evidence for two pre-2004 earthquakes during recent centuries near Port Blair, South Andaman Island, India. Geology. 39(6), 559–562 (2011).
Satake, K., Fujii, Y., Harada, T. & Namegaya, Y. Time and space distribution of coseismic slip of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake as inferred from tsunami waveform data. Bulletin of the seismological society of America. 103(2B), 1473–1492 (2013).
Satake, K. & Atwater, B. F. Long-term perspectives on giant earthquakes and tsunamis at subduction zones. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 35, 349–374 (2007).
Monecke, K. et al. A 1,000-year sediment record of tsunami recurrence in northern Sumatra. Nature. 455(7217), 1232–1234 (2008).
Shah-hosseini, M. et al. Coastal boulders as evidence for high-energy waves on the Iranian coast of Makran. Marine Geology. 290(1), 17–28 (2011).
Hoffmann, G., Reicherter, K., Wiatr, T., Grützner, C. & Rausch, T. Block and boulder accumulations along the coastline between Fins and Sur (Sultanate of Oman): tsunamigenic remains? Natural hazards. 65(1), 851–873 (2013 b).
Hoffmann, G., Rupprechter, M., Balushi, N. A., Grützner, C. & Reicherter, K. The impact of the1945 Makran tsunami along the coastlines of the Arabian Sea (Northern Indian Ocean)–a review. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues. 57(4), 257–277 (2013 a).
Prizomwala, S. P., Gandhi, D., Ukey, V. M., Bhatt, N. & Rastogi, B. K. Coastal boulders as evidences of high-energy marine events from Diu Island, west coast of India: storm or palaeotsunami? Natural Hazards. 75(2), 1187–1203 (2015).
Bhatt, N., Murari, M. K., Ukey, V., Prizomwala, S. P. & Singhvi, A. K. Geological evidences of extreme waves along the Gujarat coast of western India. Natural Hazards. 84(3), 1685–1704 (2016).
Jaiswal, R. K., Rastogi, B. K. & Murty, T. S. Tsunamigenic sources in the Indian Ocean. Science of Tsunami Hazards. 27(2), 32 (2008).
Heidarzadeh, M. et al. Historical tsunami in the Makran Subduction Zone off the southern coasts of Iran and Pakistan and results of numerical modeling. Ocean Engineering. 35(8), 774–786 (2008).
Jordan, B. R. Tsunamis of the Arabian Peninsula a guide of historic events. Science of Tsunami Hazards. 27(1), 31 (2008).
MathSciNet Google Scholar
Rastogi, B. K. & Jaiswal, R. K. A catalog of tsunamis in the Indian Ocean. Science of Tsunami Hazards (2006).
Jaiswal, R. K., Singh, A. P. & Rastogi, B. K. Simulation of the Arabian Sea tsunami propagation generated due to 1945 Makran earthquake and its effect on western parts of Gujarat (India). Natural Hazards. 48(2), 245–258 (2009).
Prizomwala, S. P., Shukla, S. B. & Bhatt, N. Geomorphic assemblage of the Gulf of Kachchh coast, western India: Implications in understanding the pathways of coastal sediments. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 54(1), 31–46 (2010).
Shukla, S. B., Prizomwala, S. P., Ukey, V., Bhatt, N. & Chamyal, L. S. Coastal geomorphology and tsunami hazard scenario along the Kachchh coast, western India. Indian Journal of Geomarine Science 39(4), 549–556 (2010).
Pararas-Carayannis, G. The potential of tsunami generation along the Makran Subduction Zone in the northern Arabian Sea: Case study: The earthquake and tsunami of November 28, 1945. Science of Tsunami Hazards. 24(5), 358–384 (2006).
Deo, S. G., Ghate, S. & Rajaguru, S. N. Holocene environmental changes and cultural patterns in coastal western India: A geoarchaeological perspective. Quaternary International. 229(1), 132–139 (2011).
Tyagi, A. K. et al. Mid-Holocene sedimentation and landscape evolution in the western Great Rann of Kachchh, India. Geomorphology. 151, 89–98 (2012).
Das, A., Prizomwala, S. P., Makwana, N. & Thakkar, M. G. Late Pleistocene-Holocene climate and sea level changes inferred based on the tidal terrace sequence, Kachchh, Western India. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 473, 82–93 (2017).
Donato, S. V., Reinhardt, E. G., Boyce, J. I., Pilarczyk, J. E. & Jupp, B. P. Particle-size distribution of inferred tsunami deposits in Sur Lagoon, Sultanate of Oman. Marine Geology. 257(1), 54–64 (2009).
Donato, S. V., Reinhardt, E. G., Boyce, J. I., Rothaus, R. & Vosmer, T. Identifying tsunami deposits using bivalve shell taphonomy. Geology. 36(3), 199–202 (2008).
Hoffmann, G., Grützner, C., Reicherter, K. & Preusser, F. Geo-archaeological evidence for a Holocene extreme flooding event within the Arabian Sea (Ras al Hadd, Oman). Quaternary Science Reviews. 113, 123–133 (2015).
Prizomwala, S. P., Bhatt, N. & Basavaiah, N. Provenance discrimination and source-to-sink studies from a dryland fluvial regime: An example from Kachchh, western India. International Journal of Sediment Research. 29(1), 99–109 (2014).
Chauhan, O. S., Jayakumar, S., Menezes, A. A. A., Rajawat, A. S. & Nayak, S. R. Anomalous inland influx of the river Indus, Gulf of Kachchh, India. Marine Geology. 229(1), 91–100 (2006).
Ramaswamy., V., Nath, B. N., Vethamony, P. & Illangovan, D. Source and dispersal of suspended sediment in the macro-tidal Gulf of Kachchh. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54, 708–719 (2007).
Morton, R. A., Gelfenbaum, G. & Jaffe, B. E. Physical criteria for distinguishing sandy tsunami and storm deposits using modern examples. Sedimentary Geology 200(3), 184–207 (2007).
Kortekaas, S. & Dawson, A. G. Distinguishing tsunami and storm deposits: an example from Martinhal, SW Portugal. Sedimentary Geology 200(3), 208–221 (2007).
Shanmugam, G. Process-sedimentological challenges in distinguishing papale-tsunami deposits. Natural Hazards 63, 5–30 (2012).
Tuttle, M. P., Ruffman, A., Anderson, T. & Jeter, H. Distinguishing tsunami from storm deposits in eastern North America: the 1929 Grand Banks tsunami versus the 1991 Halloween storm. Seismological Research Letters. 75(1), 117–131 (2004).
Fritz, H. M., Blount, C. D., Albusaidi, F. B. & Al-Harthy, A. H. M. Cyclone Gonu storm surge in Oman. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 86(1), 102–106 (2010).
Dibajnia, M., Soltanpour, M., Nairn, R. & Allahyar, M. Cyclone Gonu: the most intense tropical cyclone on record in the Arabian Sea. In Indian Ocean tropical cyclones and climate change Springer Netherlands. 149–157 (2010).
Soria, J. L. A. et al. Typhoon Haiyan overwash sediments from Leyte Gulf coastlines show local spatial variations with hybrid storm and tsunami signatures. Sedimentary Geology 358, 121–138 (2017).
Ambraseys, N. N., Melville, C. P. A History of Persian Earthquakes. 219, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982).
Murty, T. & Rafiq, M. A tentative list of tsunamis in the marginal seas of the north Indian Ocean. Natural Hazards 4, 81–83 (1991).
Hoffmann, G. Defining the worst case scenario for the Makran Subduction Zone: the 1008 AD tsunami. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. 18, 17477 (2016).
Abrantes, F., Alt-Epping, U., Lebreiro, S., Voelker, A. & Schneider, R. Sedimentological record of tsunamis on shallow-shelf areas: The case of the 1969 AD and 1755 AD tsunamis on the Portuguese Shelf off Lisbon. Marine Geology. 249(3), 283–293 (2008).
Smedile, A. et al. Possible tsunami signatures from an integrated study in the Augusta Bay offshore (Eastern Sicily—Italy). Marine Geology. 281(1), 1–13 (2011).
Gouramanis, C. et al. High-frequency Coastal Overwash Deposits from Phra Thong Island, Thailand. Scientific Reports. 7 (2017).
Srinivasalu, S., Thangadurai, N., Switzer, A. D., Ram Mohan, V. & Ayyamperumal, T. Erosion and sedimentation in Kalpakkam (N Tamil Nadu, India) from the 26th December 2004 tsunami. Marine Geology 240, 65–75 (2007).
Goff, J., McFadgen, B. G. & Chagué-Goff, C. Sedimentary differences between the 2002 Easter storm and the 15th-century Okoropunga tsunami, southeastern North Island, New Zealand. Marine geology. 204(1), 235–250 (2004).
Heidarzadeh, M. & Kijko, A. A probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment for the Makran subduction zone at the northwestern Indian Ocean. Natural Hazards 56(3), 577–593 (2011).
Folk, R. L. The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary-rock nomenclature. Journal of Geology 62, 344–359 (1954).
Stuiver, M., Reimer, P. J. & Reimer, R. W. CALIB 7.1 [WWW program] at, http://calib.org, accessed 2018-8-13 (2018).
Dutta, K., Bhushan, R. & Somayajulu, B. Delta R correction values for the northern Indian Ocean. Radiocarbon 43(2A), 483–488 (2001).
This research is supported by Ministry of Earth Science (New Delhi), India through a research project (Grant no: MoES/P.O.(Geosci)/32/2014). S.P.P. also thanks ISR (Gandhinagar), India for infrastructural support. This work is contribution to IGCP project 639.
Active Tectonics Group, Institute of Seismological Research, Gandhinagar, India
S. P. Prizomwala, Drasti Gandhi, M. Ravi Kumar & Nisarg Makwana
Department of Geology, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
Nilesh Bhatt
Geological Institute, ETH-Zentrum, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland
Wilfried Winkler
Department of Geology, M. G. Science Institute, Ahmedabad, India
Nishith Bhatt
S. P. Prizomwala
Drasti Gandhi
M. Ravi Kumar
Nisarg Makwana
S.P.P. wrote the main manuscript text, carried out the analysis an designed the experiment. D.G. prepared Figures 1–3, carried out the analysis. N.M. prepared Figures 1–4, carried out the analysis. N.B. (Nilesh Bhatt) designed the experiment and supervised the work. WW designed the experiment. N.B. (Nishith Bhatt) supervised the work. M.R.K. (M. Ravi Kumar) supervised the work.
Correspondence to S. P. Prizomwala.
Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Prizomwala, S.P., Gandhi, D., Bhatt, N. et al. Geological evidence for AD 1008 tsunami along the Kachchh coast, Western India: Implications for hazard along the Makran Subduction Zone. Sci Rep 8, 16816 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35193-x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35193-x
Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ)
Palaeotsunami
Sand Sheets
Clayey Silt Layer
Indicators of Holocene high-stage flood events and tributary confluence migration in the lower Narmada Basin, western India
Alpa Sridhar
D M Maurya
L S Chamyal
Journal of Earth System Science (2022)
The Orphan Tsunami of 1524 on the Konkan Coast, Western India, and Its Implications
C. P. Rajendran
Mohammad Heidarzadeh
Kusala Rajendran
Pure and Applied Geophysics (2021)
A Review of the Progress, Challenges and Future Trends in Tsunami Early Warning Systems
T. Srinivasa Kumar
Sunanda Manneela
Journal of the Geological Society of India (2021)


Find out how to prepare for surgery.
Our collaborative approach to surgery ensures patients' needs are met through every step of their surgical experience. With over twenty orthopaedic surgeons practicing at The Orthopaedic Institute, many of whom are subspecialized, we are able to care for and treat a variety of complex orthopaedic issues. With experts in total joint replacement surgery, spine surgery, hand surgery, foot and ankle surgery, orthopaedic trauma and pediatric orthopaedics, The Orthopaedic Institute is a regional center of excellence providing nationally recognized care to residents of New Hampshire and beyond.
Concord Ambulatory Surgery Center, a joint venture with Concord Hospital.
Presurgical testing involves specialized medical testing and planning in advance of surgery to assist with limiting complications, particularly infection. Our program uses a multidisciplinary approach that includes our surgeons and anesthesia staff, as well as your primary care provider. The program ensures your care team is well-informed about your specific needs.
Shorter recovery times and quicker return to daily routines.
The Orthopaedic Institute specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of spine disorders. Treatment may involve nonsurgical option such as physical therapy, medications, braces, injections and education. Many surgical options are available including minimally invasive approaches, all performed by specially trained teams in the operating room.
Find out how to prepare for your total joint replacement surgery with this brief video.


The association lodges a serious protest to your country, please your country will respect the life and equity of dogs, cats (fur child) and raisers in Taiwan of Republic of China, please no longer connive the pet food manufacturer, for example: [Pedigree, Purina, Lexar, Hill's and other manufacturers], the toxic pet food containing aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin or heavy metal [cadmium, arsenic, mercury and lead] is peddled and sold to Asian and Taiwan of Republic of China, please no longer continuously poison the fur child and raisers in Taiwan of Republic of China.
In the last decade, many studies have been conducted on mycotoxins. Most frequently occurring mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone,fumonisin deoxinivalenol, T-2 and HT-2) are currently considered for their effects on animal health.
However, when focusing on how mycotoxins play a role in food safety, attention should be limited to mycotoxins that are known to be transferred from feed to food of animal origin, as this food represents a significant route of exposure for humans.
Although the scientific community is aware of the following transfers from feed to food:aflatoxin B1 to liver, aflatoxin B1 to milk as aflatoxin M1, aflatoxin B1 to eggs as aflatoxicol;ochratoxin A to meat; deoxynivalenol to meat as DOM1; zearalenone to meat as zearalenol,evaluating transfer rate and route of exposure in humans is restricted to aflatoxin B1 for animals producing milk.
Cadmium is a ubiquitous contaminant that is present in many feed and feed ingredients, in particular minerals, and forages grown near smelting and mining areas. Arsenic and mercury are heavy metals which are widespread in the environment and which can be found in many feeds, in particular in feeds of marine origin. Lead is also aubiquitous contaminant. Table 1 summarizes the most relevant minerals, their sources and bioaccumulation in animal tissues.
Nowdays, FAO and OIE both have already ensured that the toxic substance will cause serious impairment to pet and human, how can your country continuously conceal all of the facts?
On 1776, America is the first country to write the guarantee of human rights in the constitution. For America being called the great power, couldn't your country shout [America is the country with Human Rights First] loudly to other countries for a long term?
1. Article 341 and article 346, pet food cannot contain mycotoxin or heavy metal, of Federation Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act are passed on 1938, as well as article 342, pet food product is forbidden to mix with heavy metal and mycotoxin.
The so called human rights are the privileges only enjoyed at America and western country, Asian and Taiwan of the Republic of China have no human right, however, your country shout [Human rights first] loudly to other countries for long-term, is it all fake? So pet food manufacturer of your country is connived to sell toxic pet food containing aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin or heavy metal [cadmium, arsenic, mercury and lead] to Asian and Taiwan of the Republic of China to continuously poison the pet and raisers of Taiwan of the Republic of China until now! Your country is not willing to provide the related data of Pedigree,Cesar, Whiskas fodder and can causing collective sudden death of dogs and cats and poisoning and illness of raisers contacting with the dogs and cats from 2004 required by Ministry of Foreign Affairs of our country, so does it violate [the significance of human right first] shouted loudly by the great powder?
Although, I am only one bestiarian of Taiwan of the Republic of China, I very cherish all the existing of Taiwan, and I have responsibility and obligation to protect the life and equity of dogs, cats and raisers.
From this, the association lodges a serious protest to your country, what is called: Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself, please no longer connive the pet food manufacturer in America, for example: [Pedigree, Purina, Lexar, Hill's and other manufacturers], to sell the toxic pet food containing aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin or heavy metal [cadmium, arsenic, mercury and lead] to Asian and Taiwan of Republic of China, and please no longer continuously poison the fur child and raisers in Taiwan of Republic of China.


see the social media courses bundle deals here.
To ensure you are viewing the most updated schedule, press F5 to refresh your browser.
What Is Web Hosting and How Much Does It Cost?
A web host is a company that has computers that are hooked up to the Internet 24/7. These computers are called servers and they are assigned IP numbers in order that they may be found by other computers hooked up to the Internet.
To have a website accessible to the Internet, your website files must be stored within a web hosting server. This allows users of the Internet to see your website on their web browser located within their computer.
Basically what happens is when you type a web address into the address bar also referred to as the URL (Uniform Resource Identifier), your browser sends out a request to 'get' that web page. The request travels across the Internet to the appropriate web hosting server and attempts to locate the web page on that server. If the request is successful (web page exists) then that web page will load (or download) into the user's web browser.
Website files can be your web pages, graphics, images, videos, audios, scripts and web program files. It basically consists of every file that is required to see your website correctly.
How much does web hosting cost?
Web hosting can be bought for less than $10 U.S per month, depending on how long you sign up for. Typically, a web host company would provide the lesser price the longer you sign-up in advance.
Hands-down we recommend HostGator as the web host company to purchase web hosting services. We use to host websites with Netfirms. But two years ago we started to host websites with Hostgator, because of two reasons. First, because of the low cost and second because HostGator web hosting is "green". You can read more about green web hosting here.
We've been using HostGator for over two years and have not had one problem with them. The quality of their hosting services is not short of excellent.
Hostgator web hosting packages range from $5-$10/month, depending on how long you sign up for, and they basically offer you more resources than other web host companies—i.e., unlimited bandwidth, unlimited diskspace, and unlimited domain hosting under the 'baby plan'.
In addition, we give HostGator web hosting services a thumbs up for being a qualified green web hosting company. If you are environmentally conscious and want to do your part to save our planet, then consider the benefits of green web hosting. You can read more about green web hosting here.
If you have any questions about hosting your website with HostGator, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Save $9.95 on any HostGator Web Hosting package, just use coupon code saveplanet.


HTC America has agreed to send out a fix for potential security vulnerabilities in its handsets as part of an agreement with the FTC.
HTC America has agreed to settle Federal Trade Commission (FTC) charges that the company failed to take "reasonable steps" to secure software it developed for its smartphones and tablets, introducing security flaws that placed sensitive information about millions of consumers at risk.
HTC America has promised to patch handsets that were left vulnerable to security risks as part of its settlement (PDF) with the FTC.
It also agreed to develop an ongoing security program designed to address security risks during the development of its handsets, and to undergo independent security assesments every two years for the next two decades.
"The Commission charged that HTC America failed to employ reasonable and appropriate security practices in the design and customisation of the software on its mobile devices," the FTC said in a statement.
The FTC said the patches are already being rollout by HTC and operators in the US.
The FTC complaint alleged that HTC America had "failed to provide its engineering staff with adequate security training, failed to review or test the software on its mobile devices for potential security vulnerabilities, failed to follow well-known and commonly accepted secure coding practices, and failed to establish a process for receiving and addressing vulnerability reports from third parties."
The FTC also detailed specific handset issues including "the insecure implementation of two logging applications - Carrier IQ and HTC Loggers - as well as programming flaws that would allow third-party applications to bypass Android's permission-based security model," the watchdog added.
In reaching the settlement, HTC America neither confirmed nor denied any of the allegations put forward by the FTC.
"Privacy and security are important, and we are committed to improving practices that help safeguard our customers' devices and data. Working with our carrier partners, we have addressed the identified security vulnerabilities on the majority of devices in the US released after December 2010. We're working to rollout the remaining software updates now and recommend customers download them once available," HTC said in a statement.
HTC devices that shipped running Android 4.0/Sense 4 software (or later) already include the security fix.


Vera Kolb has been teaching at Parkside for over twenty years. She has a PhD in organic chemistry as well as astrobiology training from the NASA NSCORT Center. She loves teaching classes on astrobiology and green chemistry. In 1992, she received the Parkside Award for Excellence in Research and Creative Activity for all her hard work. She was also inducted into the Southeastern Wisconsin Educators Hall of Fame in 2002.
Kolb was the editor of "Astrobiology: An Evolutionary Approach," which is a highly commendable accomplishment. She also wrote an entire chapter to contribute to the book called, "Prebiotic Chemistry in Water and in the Solid State."


Latin for 'silky', referring to the hairs.
Sub-canopy tree up to 30 m tall and 38 cm dbh. Stem with white sap. Stipules ca. 2.5 mm long. Leaves alternate, simple, penni-veined, densly hairy below, yellow-golden lower surface. Flowers ca. 13 mm diameter, white, placed in axillary bundles. Fruits ca. 18 mm long, yellow-brown, drupes.
In undisturbed to slightly disturbed (open) mixed dipterocarp, keranga and sub-montane forests up to 1300 m altitude. Often on alluvial sites along rivers and streams, and on hillsides. Generally on clayey soils, but also on sand and limestone.


It's a brave move to make a movie where your protagonist is a total douche and doesn't have a redemptive story arc, as you're asking the audience to buy come along for a ride with someone they dislike, and may actually want to get busted. Martin Scorsese has often focused on flawed characters who do terrible things (Taxi Driver, Raging Bull, Goodfellas) and here he tackles a greedy, unrepentant crook in the form of stockbroker Jordan Belfort.
Belfort began his career as a junior trader and was wiped out by Black Monday, the 1987 stock market crash. Starting from the bottom selling penny stocks, he proceeds to build his own company Stratton Oakmont, quickly getting rich thanks to dodgy dealing, fraud and a bunch of economics stuff I don't fully understand. At the same time Belfort and his underlings descend into extreme debauchery, fueled by a cocktail of drugs they jet around the world in a whirl of strippers, hookers and excess.
Before long he attracts the attention of the FBI and the net begins to tighten due to a combination of errors, stupidity and bad luck.
One of the best moves Scorsese pulls is by making the story into a jet-black comedy as opposed to a serious drama. A serious drama could work, but would require some kind of character development and judging from recent interviews the real Belfort is more sorry that he got caught than for his actions. For a drama it lacks a final act finish that satisfies, Belfort goes to prison but uses his money to live a cushy life behind bars and then continues to make a living with "I can make you rich" seminars.
But as a jet black comedy it works a treat, with the farcical elements cranked up to 11 in places and some fast paced, profane dialogue providing plenty of laughs.
The best thing Scorsese does however is put Leonardo DiCaprio in the lead role. DiCaprio has developed into one of the best actors of his generation and his performance here is magnetic, he manages to capture the smooth talking charisma that gets people to go along with Belfort and his rallying speeches to his cash-hungry minions are well done and commanding, even if they provide an uncomfortable look into the heart of greed.
DiCaprio holds the audience's attention and is a captivating, if infuriating protagonist giving swaggering narration for the audience and oozing a sense of entitlement and ruthless ambition. It's a strong performance as he manages to capture Belfort's flaws and anger, and strives to make him human for the audience. The problem is that the script, based on Belfort's own book paints him as an insufferable character, and it's too DiCaprio's credit that he sometimes gets you to sympathize with this man.
He also shows a fantastic knack for comedy, reveling in the excess of Belfort's life and some good physical skills. A sequence where Belfort is so out of his gourd on Qualudes that he has to drag himself, slurring across the floor and down a flight of stairs is a work of genius.
The supporting cast are on fine form, particularly Jonah Hill as one of Belfort's associates (and I suspect the main reason MWG went to see this movie at the cinema). I'd not seen Hill tackle a role like this before, it's still broadly a comedy but it's a bit darker than his usual fair and to be fair he takes to it well, although his fake white teeth are distracting.
The rest of the cast do well too, but it's DiCaprio's movie and he dominates it totally.
Scorsese shoots Belfort's story with an admirable level of moral ambiguity, and the film is never massively judgmental of it's protagonist, just setting things out as the way they are. I'm sure some audiences will find something appealing in Belfort's life, but for me the scenes of excess and debauchery grew stale after a while and there was a certain desperation behind the partying.
I think the problem for me is that unlike Goodfellas, the other Scorsese film this reminded me of, Belfort's motivations are even shakier than Henry Hill's, who'd drawn into the mob by the glamour and success but finds a real bond and camaraderie with his fellow gangsters, even if this is built on shaky foundations, here Belfort seems to be out for himself from day one and sees everyone, even his supposed friends as stepping stones to his own success.
There's only one glimpse of decency, where he warns a friend that he's wearing a wire so they don't incriminate themselves, but even this is soured by the suspicion that this is just so Belfort can safeguard his future earnings while appearing to cooperate with the law. The gangsters of Goodfellas may have been hypocritical and turned on each other, but there was at least some genuine loyalty to betray, Belfort doesn't care about anyone else, although he expects others to remain loyal.
All in all it's an entertaining flick, with lots of black comedy throughout. I did struggle to get over my dislike for the main characters and their greedy actions, but DiCaprio is impressive in the lead and a magnetic presence on screen. Scorsese's direction is fantastic, but the movie left me cold after the laughter stopped. Although judging by the final scene, where Belfort looks out on a sea of money hungry faces, I suspect this is intentional.
Verdict: Outrageously funny and boasting a fine lead performance from Leonardo DiCaprio, who manages to stop his unlikable character from being utterly loathsome, although I struggled to fully shake my distaste for Belfort and his worldview. Still a strong, engaging movie as you'd expect from Scorsese. 8/10.
Subjects, as ever, courtesy of Plinky and The Daily Post.
You have all the resources you need to build your ideal home. Tell us about it.
My dream house would ideally be on it's own island, like the Tracy family place in Thunderbirds.
Comic book library- As above but all comics and graphic novels.
Ring for mud wrestling. I watched Stripes again the other week so mud wrestling has been on my mind recently.
Googled mud wrestling and this was one of the cleanest (no pun intended) pics that came up, pretty cool cake.
Just before Christmas I had this nightmare where my little sister and her husband had been gunned down by some kind of maniac, I didn't witness it and in the dream I heard about it on the phone from my mum, but I woke up feeling incredibly upset, scared and disorientated. It took a few minutes of lying in bed feeling totally freaked out before I calmed down.
If you had a theme song what would it be and why?
Or, if I wanted something a bit more badass and struttable, "Killed by Death" by Motorhead.
Has to be my iPod Touch, because it is freaking awesome.
I listen to music almost constantly when I go out and I use it for tons of other stuff too- checking Facebook, tweeting, as an alarm clock and of course for the addictive Angry Birds. Annoyingly mine has a bit of a cracked screen after it fell out of my pocket, so I could kind of do with a new one, so if anybody who works at Apple is reading this, can I have a free one please? I've had two before and I buy tons on iTunes, so please, pretty please can you send me a new one?
Which actor would you pick to play you in the movie of your life?
Their not really the right age but Seth Rogen or Jonah Hill might be alright as me, or if I was going for a Brit maybe Nick Frost with his Paul haircut.
Although, I always thought it'd be cool to have my biopic done as an animation, which means you could cast anyone, I'd want something completely incongruous and off the wall, like Samuel L Jackson voicing me or something.


A website for cross stitch lovers with tons of charts for all types of cross stitching needs!
Offers huge private collection of international and historical postage stamps, useful information on stamps from Germany (as Deutsches Reich), Europe and all over the world.
Modern and antique porcelain dolls, greenware, bisque and completed. Supplies & accessories also available.
UK based online quilting shop for patchwork quilting fabric and quilting supplies, with hundreds of quilting notions, patchwork templates & quilting stencils, quilt patterns, quilt wadding and more.
One shop stop shop specializes in the sale of authentic sports memorabilia from past and present exclusive athletes.
TMS Hobby is supplying all things to do with modeling and everything from the smallest nut to the largest sheet of brass.
fresh, friendly site about knitting. Stylish free knitting patterns, tips & techniques, easy to follow learn to knit section. Visit us and find your knitting Nirvana!


text:
import React from "react"
import Matter from "matter-js"

const wsClient = new WebSocket('ws://patricks-macbook-pro.local:8080')
let isCalibrating = false;

const config = {
  canvas: {
      width: window.outerWidth - 20,
      height: window.outerHeight - 100
  },
  walls: {
      color: '#aaa'
  },
  paddles: {
      color: '#79f'
  },
  puck: {
      color: '#f77'
  },
  calibrate: [{x: 0, y: 0}, {x: 0, y: 0}]
};

function calibrateControllers(data){
  config.calibrate[0].x = data.x
  config.calibrate[0].y = data.y
}

let game = {}

const Engine = Matter.Engine,
    Render = Matter.Render,
    World = Matter.World,
    Bodies = Matter.Bodies,
    Events = Matter.Events,
    Body = Matter.Body

function createWall(engine, x, y, w, h) {
  var body = Bodies.rectangle(x, y, w, h, {isStatic: true});
  body.render.fillStyle = config.walls.color;
  body.render.strokeStyle = body.render.fillStyle;
  World.add(engine.world, [body]);
  return body;
}

function createPaddle(engine, x, y) {
    var body = Bodies.circle(x, y, 40);
    body.mass = 100;
    body.frictionAir = 0.15;
    body.render.fillStyle = config.paddles.color;
    body.render.strokeStyle = body.render.fillStyle;
    World.add(engine.world, [body]);
    return body;
}

function createPuck(engine, x, y) {
    var body = Bodies.circle(x, y, 30);
    body.restitution = 1;
    body.frictionAir = 0.001;
    body.render.fillStyle = config.puck.color;
    body.render.strokeStyle = body.render.fillStyle;
    World.add(engine.world, [body]);
    return body;
}

function createObjects(game) {
  var engine = game.engine;
  var w = config.canvas.width;
  var h = config.canvas.height;
  // Top
  createWall(engine, w / 2, 5, w, 10);
  // Bottom
  createWall(engine, w / 2, h - 5, w, 10);
  // Left
  createWall(engine, 5, 65, 10, 110);
  createWall(engine, 5, h - 65, 10, 110);
  // Right
  createWall(engine, w - 5, 65, 10, 110);
  createWall(engine, w - 5, h - 64, 10, 110);
  // Create the paddles
  game.paddleA = createPaddle(engine, 100, h / 2);
  game.paddleB = createPaddle(engine, w - 100, h / 2);
  // Create the puck
  game.puck = createPuck(engine, w / 2, h / 2);
}

function update(game) {
    updatePaddle(game);
    updatePuck(game);
}

function randomizeGame(game) {
    var w = config.canvas.width;
    var h = config.canvas.height;
    Body.setPosition(game.paddleA, {
        x: Math.random() * (w / 2 - 20) + 10,
        y: Math.random() * (h - 20) + 10
    });
    Body.setPosition(game.paddleB, {
        x: w - Math.random() * (w / 2 - 20) + 10,
        y: Math.random() * (h - 20) + 10
    });
    Body.setPosition(game.puck, {
        x: Math.random() * (w - 20) + 10,
        y: Math.random() * (h - 20) + 10
    });
    Body.setVelocity(game.puck, {
        x: Math.random() * 20 - 10,
        y: Math.random() * 20 - 10
    });
}

function updatePaddle(game, data) {
    if (data){
      let {x, y, acceleration, paddleId = 0} = data;
      x = x + (-1 * config.calibrate[0].x)
      y = y + (-1 * config.calibrate[0].y)
      var f = 0.1;
      var min = 0.0;
      var force = {x: 0, y: 0};
      var paddle = paddleId == 0 ? game.paddleA : game.paddleA;
      var directions = [0, 0, 0, 0];
      if (x > min) {
          force.y -= f;
          directions[0] = 1;
      }
      if (y > min) {
          force.x += f;
          directions[1] = 1;
      }
      if (x < min * -1) {
          force.y += f;
          directions[2] = 1;
      }
      if (y < min * -1) {
          force.x -= f;
          directions[3] = 1;
      }
      if (directions[0] || directions[1] || directions[2] || directions[3]) {
          Body.applyForce(paddle, paddle.position, force);
      }

      if (paddleId == 0){
        if (paddle.position.x > config.canvas.width / 2 - 40) {
            // Keep paddle on correct side
            var offset = (config.canvas.width / 2 - 40) - paddle.position.x;
            Body.applyForce(paddle, paddle.position, {x: offset * 0.05, y: 0});
        }
        if (paddle.position.x < 40) {
            // Keep paddle out of goal
            var offset = 40 - paddle.position.x;
            Body.applyForce(paddle, paddle.position, {x: offset * 0.05, y: 0});
        }
      } else {
        if (paddle.position.x < config.canvas.width / 2 + 40) {
           // Keep paddle on correct side
           var offset = (config.canvas.width / 2 + 40) - paddle.position.x;
           Body.applyForce(paddle, paddle.position, {x: offset * 0.05, y: 0});
        }
        if (paddle.position.x > config.canvas.width - 40) {
           // Keep paddle out of goal
           var offset = (config.canvas.width - 40) - paddle.position.x;
           Body.applyForce(paddle, paddle.position, {x: offset * 0.05, y: 0});
        }
      }
    } else {
      return
    }
}

function updatePuck(game) {
    var puck = game.puck;
    if (puck.position.x < -30) {
        randomizeGame(game);
    }
    if (puck.position.x > config.canvas.width + 30) {
        randomizeGame(game);
    }
}

export default class Canvas extends React.Component {

  _calibrate(){
    isCalibrating = true;
  }

  componentDidMount(){
    // Create instance of matter.js engine
    var engine = Engine.create({
        render: {
            element: this._container,
            options: {
                width: config.canvas.width,
                height: config.canvas.height,
                wireframes: false
            }
        }
    });

    game.engine = engine;

    // Disable gravity
    engine.world.gravity.y = 0;

    // Create game objects
    createObjects(game);

    wsClient.onopen = () => {
      console.log('connected')
    }

    wsClient.onmessage = (message) => {
      const data = JSON.parse(message.data)
      updatePaddle(game, data)

      if (isCalibrating) {
        calibrateControllers(data)
        isCalibrating = false;
      }
    }

    // Maintain keyboard state
    var keyStates = {};
    game.keyStates = keyStates;
    document.onkeydown = function(evt) {
        keyStates[evt.keyCode] = true;
    };
    document.onkeyup = function(evt) {
        delete keyStates[evt.keyCode];
    };

    // Listen for update event
    Events.on(engine, 'beforeUpdate', function(evt) {
        update(game);
    });

    // run the engine
    Engine.run(engine);
  }

  render(){
    return (

        <button onClick={this._calibrate}>Calibrate</button>

 {this._container = c}}>

    )
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Cuisine Culture: To Biryani With Love
Tarana Faroqi
One of the perks of being born in a Muslim household that also makes you the recipient of your friend's envy is a home-cooked Biryani. Since, I was a child, I have eagerly waited for Eid every year because my grandmother would prepare delicious Mutton Biryani along with Seviya and Shammi Kabab. The aroma of the spices that filled the kitchen were an aromatic delight. Biryani was not just a meal, it was an opportunity to bond.
The recipe she used had a traditional lineage attached to it. From what she tells me, its been passed on for generations in the family. I am privileged in that sense because I learnt how to make it from her. Every family is proud of their version of Biryani. Back in High School, a day after Eid, I would take Biryani for my classmates every year. You might think I am some Biryani obsessed crazy person but for me it has an emotional value attached to it. I was fondly called "Biryani Lady" by a few batchmates who would rush to my class as soon as the word would spread during recess. The moment I would open my tiffin everyone would gather around my table to hogg on the delight. The sheer amount of happiness it got on everyone's face made my Eid extra special.
I follow the school of thought that denies the existence of veg Biryani. The reason being that historically it never existed. Only after the original Biryani came to India, did the vegetarians come up with their own Biryani. I believe strongly that Veg Biryani is just pulao and not the "real" Biryani. (No offence to vegetarian people).
Therefore, for this issue, I decided to explore some iconic Biryani recipes across India and be a gastronomic Santa. The beauty of this dish is that all states have their own versions that are very different from one another. Being a hybrid kid i.e. having a mother from North India and father from the south, I somehow get the best of both worlds. However, Hyderabadi Biryani continues to be my childhood favorite.
Before we get onto each state, let me give you a brief historical trajectory as context. As is well known, India was ruled by the Mughals between the 16th-18th centuries. The Mughal era is considered to be a golden era for the development of culture, literature and music. Food was another aspect that was brought by the Mughals to the sub-continent. Biryani being an Urdu word can be traced back to Persian. The word's morphology reveals that two different words are closely related to "Biryani"- 'Birinj', meaning 'rice', and 'Biryan or Beriyan', meaning 'to fry or roast'. It is difficult to understand the exact origin of the dish but different theories have been proposed over the years.
The popular theory states that during the Safavid rule in Persia, a dish called Berian Pilao was prepared with meat or chicken (marinated overnight), mixed with yogurt, herbs, spices, dried fruits like raisins, prunes or pomegranate seeds – and later cooked in a tannour oven. It was then served with steamed rice.
The Awadh aka Lucknow Biryani- This version is very popular in North India and can be found at weddings and other formal gatherings. This Biryani is considered light on the stomach as it is prepared with few spices. It is served with Korma or any thick gravy or raita. It is also often served with onion that is spiked with lemon along with green chili and pickle in food outlets in places states such as Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. Often, it is served in a handi sealed with roti on the top.
Based on the Persian style of cooking, the Lucknowi Biryani is made using a completely different method known as dum pukht. As is the norm with most Persian formats, the meat and gravy are partially cooked and then layered in the dum pukht style.
The Hyderabadi Biryani- The Nawabi city is the house of a lot delightful food items such as Haleem, Phirni, Nihari, Chicken 65, Mirchi ka saalan, Qubani ka meetha (Mouth-watering isn't it) and, most importantly, the Hyderabadi version of Biryani. This version is very popular down south among all communities. During Eid season you get combos of Biryani and Korma and coke in almost every nook and corner.
The Kerala Biryani- It is commonly referred to as the 'Malabar Biryani', as it traces its origin from the Malabar coast region, specifically from Kozhikode (Calicut). The Biryani became a popular dish due to the close relation between the Arab states and Kerala as historically, Kerala followed a pattern of migrant movement to countries such as Oman, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain etc. The rice is fried lightly while the meat is cooked separately and then mixed together to be cooked in Dum style. The Dum style primarily refers to the method of cooking biryani when the meat is marinated and cooked with the rice on a slow fire or "dum". As a result, it takes more time to cook.
Kalyani Biryani (Hyderabad)- This version of Biryani is relatively unknown compared to the Hyderabadi Biryani. It is however, simpler than the latter. It consists of tomato, jeera and dhania that add to the flavour. It is quite popular on the outskirts of Hyderabad and in the less affluent Muslim areas of Hyderabad, especially Bidar from where it traces its origins. It consists of more tomatoes and onions compared to other Biryani recipes.
Kolkata Biryani- This Biryani, interestingly has its roots in the Nawabi style Biryani of Lucknow. The chefs from Awadhi kitchens brought the signature Biryani recipe to Kolkata, which later got tweaked into the unique Kolkata Biryani that we know today. The Kolkata Biryani is unique because of the addition of eggs and potatoes along with nutmeg, saffron and kewra that give it the unique fragrance.
Bombay Biryani- What makes Bombay Biryani special is the use of potatoes that is similar to the Bong version of Biryani. The only difference is that the potatoes are fried. The preparation uses a layered technique i.e. where half-cooked basmati rice and cooked meat are prepared in Dum style. The dish is ideal with raita, as it beats the scorching heat and humidity of Bombay. It is slightly sweet in taste too due to the dried plums and Kewra water. However, this is not a very popular dish among the masses in the city.
Arcot Biryani- The concept was introduced by the Nawabs of Arcot (present-day Vellore city), an urban village in Tamil Nadu. Ideally accompanied by dalcha (a sour brinjal curry), and pachadi (raita), it is made with smaller grains of rice for some reason. This type of Biryani is also cooked in dum style.The best known sub-variety of the Arcot Biryani is the Ambur Biryani, another popular dish in the region.
Bhakali Biryani (Coastal Karnataka)- Originating from the Muslim community in Nawayath area of Bhakali, it is prepared with a variety of different spices such as saffron, green chilly and caramelized onions. The Biryani evolved from the Bombay Biryani which was further revamped to cater to the coastal Karnataka communities and has a different color and flavor too. Meat and rice is prepared separately and layered then baked in oven or done in dum style.
Tarana Faroqi is currently a second year Masters in International Affairs student at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva. Tarana holds a graduate degree in Journalism and mass communication from Lady Shri Ram College for women, University of Delhi and a Post graduate diploma in conflict transformation and peace building.She has worked previously with MSF India, Hindustan Times, The Indian express, and The South Asian Human Rights Documentation Center.
Cusine Culture

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It is everyone's duty to contribute a little in saving the planet. We all use non-renewable energy sources such as coal and petroleum and wood. Once these sources are utilized, they can never be renewed. That's why, it is strongly recommended to use the renewable sources of energy such as solar and wind energy so that the non-renewable energy sources are saved and can be used to the maximum. We may get confused about how we can help the environment. We must switch to the green methods of utilizing the electricity and energy at our homes so that we don't have to depend on the non-renewable sources.
It has been noticed that a lot of energy providers are available in the New York offering the green solutions to the homeowners. It is highly recommended to opt for the green methods to drive your car, use electricity and gas at home. This way, you will be able to contribute a lot in saving the environment. In New York, you should choose the energy providers that use the wind, solar and water to generate electricity. These energy sources do not pollute the environment as in case of coal and oil. The environment remains safer for human beings, animals and plantation.
One of the best ways to save environment is to get in touch with all the best and reliable energy providers in the New York. You must compare all the plans offered to their customers and compare them with one another. You might have to switch your exisiting plan to the new one. It is imperative to know all the procedures so that you do not get billed additionally.
Once you have obtained the information about all the plans, you should choose based on your requirements. Moreover, you can also alter your ways to utilize energy and gas as to save the environment. Relying on green ways is one of the best options. The energy providers offer the tariffs to the consumers. You should choose the most suitable one based on your requirements and consumption of electricity.
It is equally important to compare the energy providing companies. If you are comparing the tariffs, it is also important to know the reputation of the company beforehand. You can check the background of the company from Better Business Bureau (BBB). The reviews provided with this company are reliable and genuine. You can use the information to select the energy providing company to meet with your electricity and gas requirements. This way, you will be able to contribute a lot in the environment and opt for green ways to meet with your energy and gas requirements.


What Day In The Cycle Is It?
Paul D. Schreiber High School proudly represents the community of Port Washington, serving as a model of fine education practices, outstanding academic programs and excellence in teaching. As a result of Schreiber's fine academic standing, leadership and vision it has been touted as one of the top one-thousand high schools in America, rceiving high rankings each year in Newsweek's "The Complete List of the 1,000 Top U.S. Schools", and garnering accolades for it's impressive number of Intel scholars. Schreiber High School prides itself in the wealth of clubs, activities and diversity of events that enrich our student body, faculty and community.
The school was built in 1953, and several additions were constructed in 1957 and 1967. It is with pride that in 2002 the school district passed a bond proposition in the sum of $24 million for the purpose of constructing a new gymnasium, a new library media center, 18 additional classrooms, expanded technology education classrooms, additional performing arts facilities, and an extension to the cafeteria. All of this has been completed as of September 2004.
The tradition of academic excellence continues as evidenced by eight members of the senior class who have qualified for semi-finalist status in the Intel Talent Search with one student earning finalist status. Additionally, four seniors qualified as National Merit Finalists.
Within this highly competitive environment, twenty-three advanced placement courses are offered. There are, as well, honor courses and the honors option to motivate our students. Similarly, there is an outstanding athletic program and co-curricular program encompassing intramurals, drama, mock trials, student government, music, fine arts and several volunteer and service organizations, in total forty clubs and forty-four inter-scholastic teams. Seniors at the completion of their high school experience enjoy the tradition of a graduation celebration known as the Gambol.
In keeping with the comprehensive nature of the high school program, we have an extensive array of programs and courses to assist our students. These efforts include resource rooms, inclusion classes, laboratory classes for extra help, The Freshman Learning Community, the STEPS alternative education program and Academic Intervention Services. Block scheduling concepts also have enabled us to enhance the quality of instruction and effective use of instructional time. These efforts are supplemented with student tutoring during the school day, before school and after school.


text:
/* This file was generated by SableCC (http://www.sablecc.org/). */

package com.google.clearsilver.jsilver.syntax.node;

import com.google.clearsilver.jsilver.syntax.analysis.*;

@SuppressWarnings("nls")
public final class TInclude extends Token
{
    public TInclude()
    {
        super.setText("include");
    }

    public TInclude(int line, int pos)
    {
        super.setText("include");
        setLine(line);
        setPos(pos);
    }

    @Override
    public Object clone()
    {
      return new TInclude(getLine(), getPos());
    }

    public void apply(Switch sw)
    {
        ((Analysis) sw).caseTInclude(this);
    }

    @Override
    public void setText(@SuppressWarnings("unused") String text)
    {
        throw new RuntimeException("Cannot change TInclude text.");
    }
}


China sees autonomous driving as an amalgamation of the latest technologies, including 5G, manufacturing and new energy. Research is underway on self-driving ships and autonomous rail transit, as well as cars.
More than 24 states in the US have introduced legislation on autonomous driving, whereas China is behind on the regulatory front. China is building self-driving test fields and working on guidelines for open-road tests.
Two months ago Beijing became China's first city to green light open road test for autonomous cars. The National Development and Reform Commission, China's top economic planning agency, also unveiled a three-year plan in December, making the development of smart cars a national priority.
Smart car demonstration zones in cities like Shanghai, Hangzhou, Chongqing and Wuhan, more cities are expected to follow Beijing's lead to relax open road tests in the second half of the year.
Autonomous driving start-ups Pony.ai and JingChi moved their global headquarters to Guangzhou from Silicon Valley last year. Both companies conducted test drives last week, with plans to roll out robotaxi services later in the year, enabling users to hail an autonomous ride via a booking app.
Pony.ai t recently completed a $112 million Series A funding round at an undisclosed valuation. Morningside Venture Capital and Legend Capital, two Chinese venture firms, led the round, and were joined by eight other venture firms, including Comcast Ventures, IDG Capital Partners, Polaris Capital Group, and Sequoia Capital. Its platform aims to connect a self-driving car's sensors, software, cameras, and other technologies to create a system capable of Level 4 autonomy. A vehicle equipped with Pony.ai's system would be able to operate on its own under certain confined scenarios, but still feature a steering wheel and pedals, making it similar to the systems auto supplier Aptiv is building.
Pony.ai is co-located in Silicon Valley and Guangzhou.
Pony.ai began operating its autonomous cars in Nansha, Guangzhou. This marks the first time a self-driving car company has made the service available to members of the general public in China. The company has also released a video of its autonomous car driving in rainy weather on the streets of Nansha.
JingChi is a mobility company powered by artificial intelligence. We are committed to creating an innovative mobility solution for the China market where every trip will be safe, efficient, cost-effective and leisurely.
In September, 2017, JingChi, the leading self-driving technology company from China, completed a combined $52 million pre-A investment round from lead investor Qiming Venture, strategic investor NVIDIA GPU Ventures, and a consortium of other investors. The investment allows JingChi to rapidly expand its research and development teams globally, and ramp up deployment of a fully Level 4 autonomous driving test fleet in China by the end of 2017. Duane Kuang, Founding Partner at Qiming, will join JingChi's board of directors.
JingChi plans to deploy hundreds of autonomous vehicles powered by NVIDIA DRIVE PX in 2018 to provide a "Robotaxi" ride-hailing service in Anqing City.
LiDAR data is the backbone for perceiving objects around the vehicle. Sensor fusion combines LiDAR point cloud with radar and camera data, which provides data redundancy and allows the vehicle to perceive its surroundings with much more detail compared with individual sensors.


text:
Magical Tales Of Gods & Demons From Indian Mythology (Early Readers)
By Nil (Author)
QTY: 1 2
Check for shipping pincode
Free Shipping in India for orders above Rs. 500
For orders below Rs. 500, shipping charge of Rs. 50.
This product ships in India
Na Na
Title : Magical Tales Of Gods & Demons From Indian Mythology (Early Readers)
Author : Nil
Awesome Tales Of Gods & Demons From Indian … By Nil Rs.250
{"price":"250.00","category":" Fairy Tales And Fables","name":"Awesome Tales Of Gods & Demons From Indian Mythology (Early Readers)","id":"1341200-73793626043"} { "name": "Awesome Tales Of Gods & Demons From Indian Mythology (Early Readers)", "id": "200448877", "price": "250.00", "brand": "", "category": "", "variant": "", "list": "", "position": "" } { "name": "Awesome Tales Of Gods & Demons From Indian Mythology (Early Readers)", "id": "200448877", "category": "", "brand": "", "variant": "", "position": "", "price": "250.00" }
Fabulous Tales Of Gods & Demons From Indian … By Nil Rs.250
{"price":"250.00","category":" Fairy Tales And Fables","name":"Fabulous Tales Of Gods & Demons From Indian Mythology","id":"1341200-31813624917"} { "name": "Fabulous Tales Of Gods & Demons From Indian Mythology", "id": "200448878", "price": "250.00", "brand": "", "category": "", "variant": "", "list": "", "position": "" } { "name": "Fabulous Tales Of Gods & Demons From Indian Mythology", "id": "200448878", "category": "", "brand": "", "variant": "", "position": "", "price": "250.00" }
Magical Stories From Indian Mythology (Early … By Nil Rs.250
{"price":"250.00","category":" Fairy Tales And Fables","name":"Magical Stories From Indian Mythology (Early Readers)","id":"1341200-91096716245"} { "name": "Magical Stories From Indian Mythology (Early Readers)", "id": "200448874", "price": "250.00", "brand": "", "category": "", "variant": "", "list": "", "position": "" } { "name": "Magical Stories From Indian Mythology (Early Readers)", "id": "200448874", "category": "", "brand": "", "variant": "", "position": "", "price": "250.00" }
Magical Stories From Arabian Nights (Early … By Nil Rs.250
{"price":"250.00","category":"Fairytales","name":"Magical Stories From Arabian Nights (Early Readers)","id":"1341200-46823177170"} { "name": "Magical Stories From Arabian Nights (Early Readers)", "id": "290007077", "price": "250.00", "brand": "", "category": "", "variant": "", "list": "", "position": "" } { "name": "Magical Stories From Arabian Nights (Early Readers)", "id": "290007077", "category": "", "brand": "", "variant": "", "position": "", "price": "250.00" }
Be the first one to review this product
Discussion:Magical Tales Of Gods & Demons From Indian Mythology (Early Readers)
Be the first to start a discussion Start a new discussion
Browse all Discussions on Books


function - to connect wireless without the need of a network.
Before it was possible, now not.
able to connect the phone to the computer for file transfers.
Also even though my Sony Z3 is runnning 5.0 still does not allow me to write on the SD card.
Hi, you may refer to the guide here to see if it helps: http://help.airdroid.com/customer/portal/articles/1296187-how-to-use-airdroid-without-wi-fi-or-other-network-connection If you want to use usb tethering, please disable Wi-Fi connection on your phone first.


text:
High contrast A- A A+
Smog alerts
Protect your health
AQ modeling in near-real time
Replace boiler
Ecodesign solid fuel boilers and space heaters
Calculator of emissions and heating costs
Ecomanagers
Air quality plan
Anti-smog resolution
Effects of activities
LIFE project
Media about LIFE project
The effects of the implementation of the Air Quality Plan in 2016
Published by Piotr Łyczko
The effects of the activities of the Małopolska Region and local governments in the fight against smog in 2016 have been summarized. The first effects of actions have already achieved:
7300 old boilers, were removed;
thermomodernization of 480 buildings, were done. These facilities are not only cheaper to maintain, but also more environmentally friendly;
€160 milion invested in municipalities including €24 milion for old boilers replacement, were invested;
120 new low emission public transport vehicles, were purchased (mostly for Krakow);
the municipalities built 77km new bicycle paths , which complements the project of the Malopolska Region – VeloMalopolska. Under the project at the end of 2017 we will have a total of 310 km of cycle routes;
the number of inhabitants who use eco-friendly heating methods is also growing. Only in 2016 there were 6800 new gas consumers and 270 new connections to the heating network;
municipalities have also been strongly involved in waste incineration controls. In 2016, 6600 inspections were carried out. In over a thousand control cases, violations were found.
Report summarising the implementation of the Małopolska Air Quality Plan
The fight for clean air is a battle that will take to come for last several years. The Malopolska Provincial Office will support the further exchange of furnaces in Malopolska Region – in the regional operational program, we allocate a total of PLN295 million for this purpose, thanks to which over 26.5 thousand obsolete coal-fired boilers will be replaced.
We also encourage you to view a short summary of the activities of the Małopolska Region in the field of air protection:
Assessment of implementation of the effects of the implementation of the Air Quality Plan was carried out within the implementation of the action D.1. "Monitoring the effects of the implementation of Małopolska Air Quality Plan" of the "Implementation of Air Quality Plan for Małopolska Region – Małopolska in a healthy atmosphere" European Union LIFE integrated project.
☁ » News » The effects of the implementation of the Air Quality Plan in 2016
News about air protection activities in Małopolska
I hereby agree to the processing of my personal data provided in the newsletter. Personal data processing is related to the implementation of the project: "Implementation of the Air Quality Plan for the Malopolska Region - Malopolska in a healthy atmosphere" LIFE-IP MALOPOLSKA / LIFE14 IPE PL021, co-financed from the LIFE Programme of the European Union, hereinafter referred to as "LIFE project". The legal basis for the processing of personal data provided is Article 5 letter b) Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2000 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data by the Community institutions and bodies and on the free movement of such data (UE.L.2001.8.1) in conjunction with from Article 27 and 28 Regulation (EU) No 1293/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 on the establishment of a Programme for the Environment and Climate Action (LIFE) and repealing Regulation (EC) No 614/2007 (OJ 2013 L 31, p. UE.L.2013.347.185). The administrator of the personal data provided is the European Commission (unit ENV.E.4 - LIFE Enviroment, Rue du Bourget 1, B - 1140 Bruxelles, Belgique), which entrusted data for processing to the Beneficiary Coordinating the LIFE project - Malopolska Region with headquarters in Krakow, ul. Basztowa 22, 31-156 Kraków, address for correspondence: ul. Racławicka 56, 30-017 Kraków (represented by the Marshal of the Malopolska Region, who appointed a Data Protection Officer operating at the same local address and at the electronic address iodo@umwm.malopolska.pl) and Partners participating in the implementation of the LIFE project. The personal data provided will be processed solely for the purpose of implementing the LIFE project, in particular confirmation of eligibility of expenditure, provision of support, monitoring, evaluation, control, audit and reporting. Personal data may be provided only to entities implementing evaluation studies that carry out inspections and audits as part of the LIFE project at the request of the European Commission or the Beneficiary. Personal data will be kept for a period of up to 5 years counted from the date of payment of the final balance in the LIFE project, i.e. at least until the end of 2028. The subject of personal data has the right to: demand from the processors access to personal data, rectification, deletion or limitation of processing, opposition to processing, transfer of data, lodging a complaint to the European Data Protection Supervisor Rue Wiertz 60, B-1047 Bruxelles, Belgique).
Regional Fund EPWM
The LIFE Integrated Project LIFE-IP MALOPOLSKA / LIFE14 IPE PL 021 is implemented with the support of the LIFE Programme of the European Union.
Website has been co-financed by the Regional Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Krakow.
© 2020 All rights reserved. Made by nFinity.pl
This site uses cookies to provide services at the highest level. Further use of the site means that you agree to their use.I agreePrivacy policy


This week, while we're talking about online "time sinks," which are those online activities that cause us to spend entirely too much time online, let's address a few Facebook games.
Mafia Wars, by the same people that created Farmville (Zynga) is another one that, has become very popular, with over 31M monthly users. This one is, as the name implies, a bit more "violent" in nature, in that growing your empire requires murdering rivals (don't worry, though, they don't really die), rather than just fertilizing your crops and being a good neighbor, as in Farmville. Don't worry, though, To find out more, read the blog.
Bejeweled wasn't developed for Facebook, but you can play it there, and over 12M people a month do. This game is a puzzle, in which players have a board full of gems in columns and rows, and move them around strategically, to try to get three in a row. Players compete with each other for the best time.
If none of those appeal to you, there are a lot more where they came from. Here's a list of the Top 25 games on Facebook. Meanwhile, here's a little video to remind us that these games may be fun, but there's more to life. I got this from Adric, who is apparently tired of receiving carrots on Facebook.