text:
Running in Fear, Sprinting Towards Hope
May 3, 2013 by Team Celebration Leave a Comment
Migrants tell their stories at the UN Commission on Population and Development
UNITED NATIONS, New York — In an increasingly interconnected world, more individuals than ever before are leaving their homes to begin a new life somewhere else. Since 1990 the number of migrants has increased from 155 million to around 214 million, with women making up an increasing proportion of that total.
Sometimes running in fear, other times sprinting towards hope, migrants take off for reasons as varied and complex as the stories of each individuals. This point was pressed home to the delegates attending the 46th Commission on Population and Development as they listened to the testimony of Fatumo Farah, Harold Fernandez and Natalacia Rocha Tracy — all migrants, each with a unique story to tell.
RUNNING FROM CONFLICT
Fatumo Farah was a teenager studying at the university in Mogadishu, Somalia when she was forced to flee her home country. "I didn't choose to move to The Netherlands, but because of the situation in Somalia, I needed to escape. The conflict had made things very bad. There was lots of violence, including rape and sexual violence," she told delegates. "Moving wasn't easy for me, the climate and the culture of The Netherlands was very different to home, but as things go it was a pretty good place to end up.
"When I arrived I still dreamed of graduating and continuing my studies. But not knowing the language that was difficult for me. By accessing local support from agencies like the Refugee Council I got help with language lessons and I was able to graduate. After that I had two priorities, first was finding a way to help other girls back in Somalia to get an education, second was sending money home to my family."
Dreaming of becoming a doctor
All three migrants on the panel spoke of education as a key to integrating into a new culture. For Dr. Harold Fernandez, who arrived in the United States at the age of 13 after enduring a life-threatening boat journey from the Caribbean, the dream of becoming a doctor and making a contribution came as close to sinking as his rickety boat.
"When I got here I studied hard at school and got into Princeton and was sailing along in my medical studies. I had just received a letter from the Dean telling me I was in the top 2 per cent of students. Then, two weeks later another letter arrived, this time asking me to come and see the dean and to bring my papers with me.
"Of course my documentation had been obtained on the black market, I knew what this could mean, so I decided to go and tell my professor about my situation. The easiest thing for him to have done would have been to tell me that I had broken the law and the rules of the college and that I would have to leave. But he didn't. He decided to help me so that I could complete my studies."
Seeking higher education
Natalacia Rocha Tracy's migration to the United States was fueled by the desire for an education as the key to a better life.
"In Brazil a person like me would not have easy access to education — for women of Afro-descent my chance of an education was about 4 per cent. So I came here, I worked all night and studied during the day.
"I paid all my own fees, right up to Ph.D. level and you can imagine how much that has cost. But as a mother I wanted to be a model for my son. I wanted to show that if you work hard you will prevail."
Giving back to their communities
Armed with an education all three panelists were committed to giving back, both in their country of residence and in their country of origin. Fatumo, a 'born activist' works with the Somali diaspora to provide practical support to women and girls in Somalia.
"In the Somali community and culture, boys are preferred to girls. When I came to The Netherlands I believed that education is a weapon that can make women strong. I believed that if I didn't do anything for girls, what have I really achieved? "
Together with other Somalis, Fatomu has helped send around 1500 girls to school. She has also used her understanding of the culture, language and local situation to campaign effectively to end female genital mutilation and to end child marriage.
Highlighting the importance of female empowerment
Natalacia Rocha Tracy now works at the Brazilian Immigrant Centre in Boston, Mass. A campaigner for the rights of female domestic workers, she described the challenges that women migrants face on a daily basis and how their legal status makes them particularly open to exploitation and abuse. "Many female domestic workers arrive on a household visa that makes them completely vulnerable and dependent on their employer." She described domestic workers as being regarded more like pets, than as a human being with fundamental rights.
All panelists agreed that migrants in general, and especially women and children migrants — face tremendous hardship throughout their migration journeys. They relate stories of being robbed, having unintended pregnancies, and being physically and sexually abused, not only in developing countries but in their country of origin. According to Natalacia protecting women migrants comes down to focusing on female empowerment, providing women with the information and support they need to defend themselves by moving safely.
What was clear in each person's story was how opportunities can be forged out of challenges, how economies, culture and families can be enriched if policies enable people to move safely and pursue their personal development in our increasingly mobile world.
About UNFPA
Filed Under: AFRICA, ASIA, CARIBBEAN, CENTRAL AMERICA, EURASIA, EUROPE, FEATURED, FORMER SOVIET UNION, MIDDLE EAST, NORTH AMERICA, OCEANIA, SOUTH AMERICA, Uncategorized, WOMEN GENDER EQUITY ISSUES, YOUTH of ACTION™ Tagged With: 46th Commission on Population and Development, A Celebration of Women, Africa, asia, Brazil, Dr. Harold Fernandez, eastern europe, EURASIA, fear, global issues, HUMAN RIGHTS, Middle East, migration, Running in Fear, RUSSIAN FEDERATION, Somalia, South America, Sprinting Towards Hope, women and girls in Somalia, women's rights, women.


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Students who enrolled in Honors in Summer B 2012 or later must complete the new completion requirements. This is the Completion Coversheet for the required portfolio.
Apply to enroll in an honors independent study. Please check and see if there is a course in the major that would be appropriate!
IDH Undergrad Research Credit Application. This should only be used when the research advisor does not have an undergrad research number available to them. For example, students doing research in the health sciences should enroll with this.
Turn any upper division course into an Honors course.
Student takes the form or emails it to the Honors Program Director for approval.
If approved, the student is added to a section of IDH 4903.
Professor submits the final grade for the student for the honors section to the Honors office.
It should enhance the quality of the learning experience in the course, rather than simply increasing the quantity of work. In most cases, a higher quality experience will require more time and effort, so Honors students will indeed be working harder.
It should hone the student's critical thinking, writing, and presentation skills in addition to enhancing their grasp of the subject.
It should enhance interaction between the student and the professor.
It should not be burdensome to the professor in terms of time or resources.
Student participates in lab meetings and/or research with professor and grad students on course topic.
Student attends and summarizes seminars on campus related on course topic.
Student does independent reading on the topic with guidance from professor, and then presents analysis (either oral or written, to professor or to class).
Student helps professor develop lecture(s), lab exercise(s), or multimedia on course topic.
Student helps with web design, publication writing/revision, or other extension- related activities on course topic.


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text:
U.S. Department of Education Awards More Than $116 Million in Grants for Programs Focused on Equity and Accessibility for Students
Contact: Press Office, (202) 401-1576, press@ed.gov
Today, the U.S. Department of Education (Department) announced 19 Magnet Schools Assistance Program (MSAP) awards totaling $110 million and four new grant awards for the 2022 Equity Assistance Center (EAC) program totaling more than $6.5 million.
The EAC awards fund four new regional EACs that each provide technical assistance to public schools and other agencies focused on addressing equity in their community for students and the educators who support them related to race, sex, national origin, gender identity, disability, and religion. This funding also supports regional EACs that provide technical assistance and training at the request of school boards and other governmental agencies in the preparation, adoption, and implementation of plans for the desegregation of public schools. Each center provides training and technical assistance, upon request, in the areas of civil rights, equity, and school reform to school systems within a region comprised of 12-15 states. This assistance helps schools and communities ensure that equitable education opportunities are available and accessible for all children.
The MSAP awards support efforts to develop and revitalize magnet schools with academically challenging and innovative instructional approaches designed to bring together students from different social, economic, ethnic, and racial backgrounds. These 19 grantees will implement a variety of curricular focus areas in 62 schools offering programming in all five areas of STEAM learning, career development, leadership skills, and language immersion.
"Today, we're investing in schools and communities that have shown a commitment to intentionally serving students and closing opportunity gaps based on race, place, and circumstance in America," said U.S. Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona. "Every child has something to offer this country, and they deserve access to effective educators, inclusive and supportive learning environments, and innovative, engaging programs that unlock their potential and lead to success. These grant awards will help communities reimagine our schools through a more equitable lens and raise the bar for how we serve students who too often get left behind."
Last January, Secretary Cardona laid out his vision for education in America by boldly addressing opportunity and achievement gaps in education. That vision includes challenging states and districts to fix broken systems that may perpetuate inequities in our schools. When deciding on grantmaking, the Department centralizes it efforts around educational equity, including high-quality educational experiences for all students. This principle continues to guide discretionary grantmaking, especially for programs that support historically underserved communities and students such as reflected in the awards given to EACs and MSAPs.
Additional information about the EAC and MSAP programs and grantees are available here.
A full list of awards can be found below:
Magnet Schools Assistance Program Grants
Hope School District
Livermore Valley Joint Unified School District
Pasadena Unified School District
Area Cooperative Educational Services (ACES)
The School Board of Broward County, Florida
The School Board of Miami-Dade County, Florida
The School Board of Polk County, Florida
Clayton County Public Schools
Cedar Rapids Community School District
Board of Education of the City of Chicago
Lansing School District
NYC Department of Education - Community School District 32
Georgetown County School District
Richland County School District #1
Kaleidoscope Youth Development Services, Inc.
Equity Assistance Centers Program
Mid Atlantic Equity Consortium Inc
Region I: Connecticut, Delaware, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virgin Islands, West Virginia
Southern Education Foundation
Region II: Alabama, Arkansas, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia
Trustees of Indiana University
Region III: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin
Region IV: Alaska, American Samoa, Arizona, California, Colorado, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming
Tags: Equity and Accessibility for StudentsPress Releases

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


As the saying goes "Natural Born Leader" women have been supporting organizations in leading roles across many diverse industries globally.
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text:
Q: Centering a 64 bit-string comparison relative to the pages absolute center I'm using a table to show a comparison of two 64-bit blocks/strings — bit for bit.
Like so:

Without the table it of course fits comfortably with room to spare, but when we draw the tables, extra space is added between each value on account of the minimum width of each cell. However, we can override this minimum width by putting \setlength{\tabcolsep}{1.0pt} between \begin{table} & \begin{tabular}. You can go all the way down to 0.0pt (probably even further if you really wanted to), and each cell gets its sides squished in. At 0.5pt, it will fit nicely between my 1.25in margins, but any bigger, it will be flush with the left margin, and overhanging the right.
I'd like to know how to get the table to ignore the margins and become truly centered, relative to the center of the current page. It shouldn't affect anything other than the table (surrounding text for instance). Just a quick temporary override. I thought it was possible with a minipage environment to get a float to.. well float, but I'm not having much luck.
Here's my MWE for the image above:

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\documentclass[a4]{article}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{colortbl}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage[margin=1.25in,a4paper,showframe]{geometry}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\makeatletter
\newcommand*{\yncellcolor}{}
\def\yncellcolor\ignorespaces{\@ifnextchar{1}{\cellcolor{green!20}}{\@ifnextchar{0}{\cellcolor{red!20}}{}}}
\newcolumntype{C}{>{\yncellcolor}c}
\makeatother
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{document}\tiny
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{table}
\centering
\begin{center}
    \setlength{\tabcolsep}{1.0pt}
\begin{tabular}{|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|C|}

\hline
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\
\hline
0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
\hline

\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{table}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\end{document}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

Please, no obvious suggestions about font size, etc. Thanks.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
WAHM Forums - WAHM.com > Promote Your Business > Advertise Your Business
View Full Version : Advertise Your Business
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HomeLondon Photo DiaryUrban Photo Festival
Urban Photo Festival
Written by NYPD on November 26, 2015 . Posted in London Photo Diary
Looking back on this year's Urban Photo Festival (UPF), it appears that the genre known as Street Photography has been given something of a shakeup. The festival's packed out and wide-ranging events came to a close at the end of October (including but not limited to numerous London based exhibitions, a two day Tate Britain conference, guided walks, seminars, discussions and photography master classes), with debates about the purpose and potential of the genre resonating with many who attended. While an expansive, forward looking conception of Street Photography caused a few people some consternation, others found their perceptions positively challenged, leaving them inspired to further reflect on the topic of Urbanism and their own output. As Paul Halliday (the creative director of UPF) stated, the intention of the festival was to "push the boundaries beyond traditional notions of what counts as 'street photography'" and "explore how artists, photographers and urbanists might rethink how they approach the street."
For many the term 'Street Photography' conjures up pictures of strangers caught in chance altercations; the spectacle of the busy street with its fleeting joys, frustrations and absurdities. Nick Turpin is one such photographer adopting this more conventional approach to his work. His shooting method is instinctive, unplanned and revelatory: "there is no specific subject matter and only the issue of 'life' in general" he says. "[The photographer] does not leave the house in the morning with an agenda and he doesn't visualise his photographs in advance of taking them." However, despite the fascination of the public spectacle and the insights it can provide, it seems that this singular concept of Street Photography now runs the risk of becoming irrelevant. As Michael Sweet despairs, the practice is now inundated by "hundreds of thousands of dull, hackneyed images of random strangers". The genre, he argues, tends to lack a critical eye, with social media encouraging the notion that each picture taken is a potential piece of art worthy of attention.
The Bunker © Carlo Navato 2015
Responding to the current challenges facing the practice of Street Photography today, UPF15 was inspired to rigorously investigate and expand its significance beyond a single methodology or philosophy. The Drift exhibition was one example of such an attempt, located at the Truman Brewery just off busy Brick Lane. Here a stunning variety of works were on display, all in their different ways responding to the notion of the urban environment; how we shape it, how it shapes us, how it is experienced and represented. Carlo Navato's series Spaces of Otherness was mysterious, sparse and beguiling; images at the crossroads of past, present and future. Engaging with Michel Foucault's idea of 'heterotopia', these places can be described as being 'neither here nor there', and of having a psychological as well as a spatial dimension. Navato describes the series as shot in "a classic 'edgeland' – a space outside the confines of town or city, but urban in that man has had a significant hand in its development." His photos, rural land with remains of human influence, illustrated in their referents (a road sign, a wind sock, an entrance to an ex-military site) the way spaces change over time; how the rural slowly succeeds to the urban and how sometimes nature gets its sovereignty back.
Beatrice Tura's series Terra Firma also challenged the conception of the city as a fixed, un-yielding concrete colossus. Like Navato, she sees the urban environment as transitional, in dialogue with its inhabitants; pavements as altered by the thousands of tramping feet as we are shepherded by its streets. Tura demonstrates an abstract, unconventional approach to the urban by taking extreme close up shots of anonymous streets; gum and paint marked pavements; the edges of new tarmacked paths rising up against old concrete ones; change, erosion, "the constant movement of the urban soil."
© Kevin Fitzgerald 2015
A lot of the work of the festival challenged me to consider that, while it is difficult to think of photography as providing more than a visual experience, urban life itself is not dominated by one single sense. Remove the plethora of smells from the streetfood stalls and curry houses along Brick Lane, the bustle of the crowds and sounds of street musicians, and you become blind to at least half the experience. It is this fact that Kevin Fitzgerald seeks to elucidate in his series Audiographies. As well as questioning our visiocentric society, he encourages the viewer "to not only reconsider the relationship between the aural and visual but the relationship between all the senses." Sound, it is easy to forget, helps shape our understanding of what we perceive; informing us further about a thing's quality or nature. Photography as a representational tool can imply sound but it cannot embody it. Fitzgerald highlights the aural by drawing our attention to its absence; abstracting his images from a wider context and de-engaging our visual sense. His photos ask the viewer to fill in the blanks, "to see with their ears." You wonder, looking at his images, where you are, what you are seeing. He challenges us for example with a close up of the corner of a room; a shot of a window indoors with no view and few discerning features. Sound, you realise, is the sense missing which would allow you to 'see' your environment; filing in the gaps of your awareness vision cannot grasp alone (the sound of cars on the busy street below your window, for example). It is our metaphorical blindness to the images which forces us to acknowledge this.
Another compelling exhibition over in south London which investigated the effect of the aural sense in urban life was Retention, by artists Anne Zeitz and David Boureau. This immersive piece was installed at the Old Police Station in Deptford and was a contemporaneous work replicating the soundscape of the Mesnil Amelot 2 detention centre. Based in Paris just north of the Charles de Gaulle airport, it currently holds hundreds of illegal immigrants. Using a quadriphonic speaker setup, the soundscape of the detention centre filled the room, consisting of the all-consuming roar of the airplanes that pass daily over the detainees' heads, interspersed with radio communications between pilots and the control tower. In a visceral way, it reflected the oppressed state of the immigrants inside the centre. Not only are they aurally subjugated by the noise of the passing planes, but they are reminded of their lack of physical autonomy as other people pass freely overhead. Reinforcing their plight was the visual exploration Cartographies of Fear #1, which portrayed the different ways in which migrants interpret and experience their new (often hostile) urban surroundings.
Graffiti, Harlem, 2015 © Rebecca Locke
Moving on to the 71a Gallery in Shoreditch, the exhibition Streetopolis consisted of a range of work from across the globe, providing examples of the urban from Russia to New York, Copenhagen to Jakarta, and Atlanta to Paris. The artists' responses to the idea of "streets of the world" were varied, creative and incisive. Rather than simply documenting the urban environment, they sought in their different ways to draw out its contradictions and complexities. Rebecca Locke's series We Are Paper, We Are Celluloid, We Are Digital, showed her wandering New York City in the guise of Princess Leia, her fantastical appearance contrasting with the banal realities of the city. With New York being synonymous with film, these images raised questions about how the urban environment helps to shape identity, as well as asking how our media-induced fantasies might isolate us from the real world in front of us.
A number of other artists' work explored the clash between the natural world and the urban milieu. Michael Frank's photographs from his series Tiger Schmiger responded to the rise in sightings of strange beasts and big cats in our increasingly urbanised world. These sightings, often imaginings, are what Frank believes to be the result of "ecological boredom"; our secret yearning for the wild in our over-developed, insulated modern landscape. These still night-time shots evoke an apprehension, as if waiting for something to crawl into our city streets at any moment. Peter Coles riffs on similar themes in Urban Forrest, Paris, with his moody monochrome photos of enclosed lone trees, fenced off and isolated amidst the concrete jungle. They appear forced into submission by the city, dominated over by the surrounding buildings as if the urban had gained ascendency over the natural world.
© Michael Frank 2015
The festival rounded off its 6 day photographic odyssey at The Greenwich Gallery, with a private view of Framing Urban Narratives, the last exhibition of the festival. Showcasing the work of 10 recent graduates from Goldsmiths University, it expounded on contemporary urban topics such as homelessness, regeneration, the environment and community. The gallery also hosted the closing reception, and everyone was left to toast their collective hard work with drinks and a (stoically optimistic) BBQ. Having covered an extraordinary breadth of work and engaging with a host of critical approaches, the festival resulted in some challenging and fascinating debate, as well as producing a slew of striking photography. Deconstructing assumptions about what Street Photography is 'supposed' to be, it re-evaluated the practices importance in our changing modern world, as well as suggesting the genre's potentialities. Reiterating what was clearly demonstrated in the numerous exhibitions was Paul Halliday's comment that "people can interpret what the street means to them. They can come at it from a range of perspectives and approaches." Which they indeed did, intelligently and with aplomb.
– Daniel Pateman
Published by Ashley Lumb
© 2021 New York Photography Diary. All rights reserved
Background image, Ea Vasko, Reflections of the Ever Changing, #32, 2010, digital c-print, diasec (matte); Video image: image by Instaberlinerin, artwork by Cecile Wesolowski, pictured Denia Kazakou/ Redd Gallery; Festival image by Vanessa Bouziges.


Thanks to Hook, Line, and Inkwell for nominating me for this award and since it is the holidays and I am relaxing I shall be happy to accept it.
• Thank the nice person who nominated you and ping back.
• Complete the task your nominator assigns.
• Nominate several bloggers—up to seven, if you like!
• Give them a challenge to complete, and share these rules.
• Include the logo, above, in your acceptance post.
Complete one act of kindness (ie. donate something to the homeless or someone in need; help someone carry groceries; shovel a walk way for some one; volunteer somewhere; etc…) and write a post about the experience.
So, I chose to go with a monetary donation this time of year and made an extra donation to Operation Christmas Child from the Sanaritan's Purse foundation. This charity has a special place in my heart as it provides presents to children in areas of the world where children hardly have the basics for daily life, never mind a Christmas present. For Operation Christmas child you can fill a box for a child of a certain age group and fill your box with school supplies, hard candies, a small stuffed toy or other kind of toy, hair accessories, etc. Operation child will deliver your box to a child in need. They also appreciate monetary donations and fill boxes themselves as well as use the money to support the charity. If you would like to donate to Operation Christmas child or any Samaritan's purse cause you can go to the website here. Also, you can read about Samaritan's Purse's projects to help people in need.
I nominate the following people to receive this award. You do not have to participate but you can if you like.
You are all amazing bloggers who I have had the privilege to read and admire your writing. You make me think and make me laugh. You make me consider things in a different view point then I usually perceive the world. So thank you so much.
I like Hook, Line, and Inkwells idea of performing an act of kindness, especially at this time of year. So your challenge should you accept is to perform one act of kindness and then write about it when you accept this award.


Method for producing a shell of relativistic particles at an altitude above the earths surface - APTI, Inc.
A method for establishing a region of a high density, high energy plasma at an altitude of at least about 1500 kilometers above the earth's surface. Circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation is transmitted at a first frequency substantially parallel to an earth's magnetic field line to excite electron cyclotron resonance heating in normally occurring plasma at an altitude of at least about 250 kilometers to generate a mirror force which lifts said plasma to said altitude of at least about 1500 kilometers. Heating is continued at a second frequency to expand the plasma to the apex of said field line whereupon at least some of the plasma is trapped and oscillates between mirror points on said lines. The plasma will be contained within adjacent field lines and will drift to form a shell of relativistic particles around a portion of the earth.
"A Theoretical Study of Electron-Cyclotron Absorption in Elmo Bumpy Torus", D. B. Batchelor et al., Nuclear Fusion, vol. 20, No. 4, 1980.
"The Radiation Belt & Magnetosphere", W. N. Hess, Blaisdell Publishing Co.; 1968, pp. 155 et sec.
"Ionosheric Modification Theory", G. Meltz et al.; Radio Science, vol. 9, No. 11, pp. 885-888; Nov. 1974.
"The Platteville High Power Facility", Radio Science; J. Carrdl et al.; vol. 9, No. 11, pp. 889-894, Nov. 1974.
"Arecibo Heating Experiment", W. Gordon et al., Radio Science, vol. 9, No. 11, pp. 1041-1047, Nov. 1974.
"Ionospheric Heating by Powerful Radiowaves", Meltz et al., Radio Science vol. 9, No. 11, pp. 1049-1063; Nov. 1974.
"Plasma Accleration with Microwaves Near Cyclotran Resonance", Kosmahl et al., Journal of Applied Phsics; vol. 38, No. 12, Nov. 1967; pp. 4576-4582.
"Particle Beam Weapons", J. Parmentola et al.; Scientific American; Apr. 1979, vol. 240, No. 4.
"Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions", S. Glasstone et al.; Robert Krieger Publishing Co.; Malabar, FIA; pp. 136-145; 1960.
"The MST Radar at Poke Flat"; Radio Science; vol. 15, No. 2; Mar.-Apr. 1980; pp. 213-223.
"A New Mechanism for Acclerating Electrons in the Outer Ionosphere"; Journal of Geophysical Research; R. Helliwel et al., vol. 65, No. 6, Jun. 1960.
"The Golden Book of Astronomy a Comprehensice & Prtical Survey"; S. Dunlop; Golden Press/New York; pp. 239-244.
continuing to excite said second electron cyclotron resonance in said plasma to produce relativistic electrons in said plasma having an electron energy up to 20 million electron volts.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the excitation of said first electron cyclotron resonance is continued for a sufficient time of about 1200 seconds to expand said plasma upward along said diverging magnetic field lines to the apex of said lines to thereby trap at least some of said plasma which causes said plasma to oscillate between magnetic mirror points on said field lines and to be further heated by stochastic heating.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said second electron resonance is continued until the electron concentration of said trapped plasma reaches at least about 109 per cubic centimeters.
4. The method of claim 2 wherein the energy of the relativistic electrons in said trapped plasma is at least about 2 million electron volts.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein said first electron cyclotron resonance is continued until a shell of relativistic electrons is formed by natural drift of said electrons around the earth's circumference.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the width of said shell is at least about 100 km.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein said shell is formed as an anti-missile shield.
The present invention relates to a method for altering a selected region of plasma normally existing at a substantial altitude above the earth's surface and more particularly relates to a method for producing a magnetically-trapped shell of high density plasma having relativistic particles therein.
In the past several years, substantial effort has been made to understand and explain the phenomena involved in belts of trapped electrons and ions and to explore possible ways to control and use these phenomena for beneficial purposes. For example, in the late 1950's and early 1960's, both the United States and U.S.S.R. detonated a series of nuclear devices of various yields to generate large numbers of charged particles at various altitudes, e.g., 200 kilometers (km) or greater. This was done in order to establish and study artificial belts of trapped electrons and ions. These experiments established that at least some of the extraneous electrons and ions from the detonated devices did become trapped along field lines in the earth's magnetosphere to form artificial belts which were stable for prolonged periods of time. For a discussion of these experiments see "The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere", W. N. Hess, Blaisdell Publishing Co., 1968, pps. 155 et sec.
Other proposals which have been advanced for altering existing belts of trapped electrons and ions and/or establishing similar artificial belts include injecting charged particles from a satellite carrying a payload of radioactive beta-decay material or alpha emitters; and injecting charged particles from a satellite-borne electron accelerator. Still another approach is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,042,196 wherein a low energy ionized gas, e.g. hydrogen, is released from a synchronous orbiting satellite near the apex of a radiation belt which is naturally occurring in the earth's magnetosphere to produce a substantial increase in energetic particle precipitation and, under certain conditions, produce a limit in the number of particles that can be stably trapped. This precipitation effect arises from an enhancement of the whistler-mode and ion-cyclotron mode interactions that results from the ionized gas or "cold plasma" injection.
The earth's ionosphere is not considered to be a "trapped" belt since there are few trapped particles therein. The term "trapped" herein refers to situations where the force of gravity on the trapped particles is balanced by magnetic forces rather than hydrostatic or collisional forces. The charged electrons and ions in the ionosphere also follow helical paths around magnetic field lines within the ionosphere but are not trapped between mirrors as in the case of the trapped belts in the magnetosphere, as the gravitational force on the particles is balanced by collisional or hydrostatic forces.
In recent years, a number of experiments have actually been carried out to modify the ionosphere in some controlled manner to investigate the possibility of a beneficial result. For detailed discussions of these operations see the following papers: (1) Ionospheric Modification Theory; G. Meltz and F. W. Perkins; (2) The Platteville High Power Facility; Carrol et al.; (3) Arecibo Heating Experiments; W. E. Gordon and H. C. Carlson, Jr.; and (4) Ionospheric Heating by Powerful Radio Waves; Meltz et al., all published in Radio Science, Vol. 9, No. 11, November, 1974, at pages 885-888; 889-894; 1041-1047; and 1049-1063, respectively, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. In such experiments, certain regions of the ionosphere are heated to change the electron density and temperature within these regions. This is accomplished by transmitting from earth-based antennae high frequency electromagnetic radiation at a substantial angle to, not parallel to, the ionosphere's magnetic field to heat the ionospheric particles primarily by ohmic heating. The electron temperature of the ionosphere has been raised by hundreds of degrees in these experiments, and electrons with several electron volts of energy have been produced in sufficient numbers to enhance airglow. Electron concentrations have been reduced by a few percent, due to expansion of the plasma as a result of increased temperature.
In the Elmo Bumpy Torus (EBT) device, a major controlled fusion device at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, all heating is provided by microwaves at the electron cyclotron resonance interaction. A ring of hot electrons is formed in the magnetic mirror by a combination of electron cyclotron resonance and stochastic heating. In the EBT, the ring electrons are produced with an average "temperature" of 250 kev (2.5×109 K) and a plasma beta between 0.1 and 0.4 ; see, "A Theoretical Study of Electron - Cyclotron Absorption in Elmo Bumpy Torus", Batchelor and Goldfinger, Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 20, No. 4 (1980) pps. 403-418.
Electron cyclotron resonance heating has been used in experiments on the earth's surface to produce and accelerate plasmas in a diverging magnetic field. Kosmahl et al. showed that power was efficiently transferred from the electromagnetic waves and that a fully ionized plasma was accelerated with a divergence angle of roughly 13 degrees. Optimum neutral gas density was 1.7×1014 per cubic centimeter; see, "Plama Acceleration with Microwaves Near Cyclotron Resonance", Kosmahl et al., Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 38, No. 12, November, 1967, pps. 4576-4582.
It has heretofore been recognized that an intense focused beam of charged or neutral particles (e.g., plasma) can carry a potentially destructive amount of energy and is capable under certain circumstances of melting a hole in a piece of metal or of damaging even shielded electronic circuits. Recently, proposals have been set forth to exploit such particle beams as possible defense mechanisms to be used to protect against offensive missiles which may be launched by a hostile power; see "Particle-Beam Weapons"; J. Parmentola and K. Tsipis; Scientific American, April, 1979, Vol. 240, No. 4, which is incorporated herein by reference.
In such proposals, a particle accelerator is mounted in a satellite in an earth orbit at a 1000 km altitude and, when actuated, will increase the kinetic energy of a large number of individual atomic ions or subatomic charged particles and then direct them collectively at a target. A typical accelerator consists of a source of particles, a device for injecting the particles into the accelerator, and a series of accelerating sections. Every particle that strikes a target will transfer some of its energy to the material of the target. Given a large enough number of particles hitting the target in a short enough time, the deposited energy can become great enough to burn a hole in the "skin" of the target (e.g., missile) to denotate the chemical-explosive "trigger" of a warhead or to disrupt the electronics (e.g., guidance controls) inside the target vehicle. However, in these proposals, the accelerator has to be placed in orbit to generate the required "beam" of charged particles, and has to be accurately placed so that the beam can be aimed directly at the target.
This invention provides a method for establishing an upper region of a high density (i.e., electron concentration), high energy plasma at a selected altitude, e.g., at least about 1500 km, above the surface of the earth. Plasma (i.e., charged particles) which normally exists at a lower region, e.g., altitude of at least about 250 km, is excited by first electron cyclotron resonance heating to thereby increase the charged particle energy. This is done by transmitting circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation from a point at or near the location where a naturally-occurring dipole magnetic field (force) line intersects the earth's surface. The radiation is deliberately transmitted at the outset in a direction substantially parallel to and along the field line which extends upwardly through the region or regions of plasma to be altered. The radiation is transmitted at a first frequency, e.g., from about 1000 to about 3600 kilohertz (kHz) based on the gyrofrequency of the charged particles in the lower regions. When applied to the plasma in said region, the radiation excites electron cyclotron resonance within the plasma to heat and accelerate the charged particles in their respective helical paths around and along the field line. This increase in energy causes ionization of neutral particles which then become a part of the plasma thereby increasing the charged particle density of the plasma.
This first electron cyclotron resonance heating is carried out at sufficient power levels to allow the plasma to generate a mirror force which forces the charged electrons of the altered plasma upward along the force line to said upper region.
Circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation of a second frequency (e.g., from about 20 to about 1800 kHz) is employed to excite a second electron cyclotron resonance heating in the plasma at the level of said upper region to further and further ionize said plasma. This heating is continued until the plasma has expanded to the apex of said divergent magnetic field lines at which time at least some of the plasma is trapped along said field lines and oscillates between magnetic mirror points on said lines. As energy is absorbed by the trapped electrons by continued second electron cyclotron resonance heating, the mirror points of the particles forming the altered plasma will be raised from their original positions in the lower region to the point in the upper region where said second electromagnetic radiation is being absorbed. Further, as trapped particles oscillate back and forth between the hemispheres, they will be heated stochastically since they pass repeatedly through the heating region, that is the said upper region. The stochastic heating will be continued until the electron energies reach the range of from about 2 to about 5 Mev, at which the electrons are relativistic because of the electron masses having been increased substantially due to their high velocities. This increases the density or electron concentration of the trapped plasma to 109 per cubic centimeter.
The plasma will be confined between adjacent field lines and will form a shell of relativistic particles therebetween as these particles naturally "drift" around the earth. The shell so formed may be used as an anti-missile shield. The high energy, relativistic particles in the shell will collide with any missile passing therethrough to give up energy which, in turn, will damage or destroy the missile.
FIG. 3 is a simplified, perspective view of a high intensity, plasma shell formed in accordance with the present invention.
The earth's magnetic field is somewhat analogous to a dipole bar magnet. As such, the earth's magnetic field contains numerous divergent field or force lines, each line intersecting the earth's surface at two points on opposite sides of the equator. The field lines which intersect the earth's surface near the poles have apexes which lie at the furthest points in the earth's magnetosphere while those closest to the equator have apexes which reach only the lower portion of the magnetosphere and below.
In both the earth's ionosphere and the magnetosphere, plasma is present along these field lines. This plasma consists of equal numbers of positively and negatively charged particles (i.e., electrons and ions) which are guided by the field line. It is well established that a charged particle in a magnetic field gyrates about field lines; the center of gyration at any instance being called the "guiding center" of the particle. As the gyrating particle moves along a line of force in a uniform field, it will follow a helical path about its guiding center, which moves linearly along the field line. Electrons and ions both follow helical paths around a field line but rotate in opposite directions. The frequencies at which the electrons and ions rotate about the field line are called gyromagnetic frequencies or cyclotron frequencies because they are identical with the expression for the angular frequencies of gyration of particles in a cyclotron. The cyclotron frequency of ions in a given magnetic field is less than that of electrons, in inverse proportion to their masses.
The ionosphere, while it may overlap some of the trapped-particle belts, is a region in which hydrostatic forces govern its particle distribution in the gravitational field. The motion of the ionosphere is governed by both hydrodynamic and electrodynamic forces. While there are few trapped particles in the ionosphere, nevertheless, plasma is present along field lines in the ionosphere. The charged particles which form this plasma move between collisions with other particles along similar helical paths around the field lines and although a particular particle may diffuse downward into the earth's lower atmosphere or diverge from its original field line due to collisions with other particles, these charged particles are normally replaced by other available charged particles. The electron density or concentration (Ne) of the plasma will vary with the actual conditions and locations involved. Also, neutral particles, ions, and electrons are present in proximity to the field lines.
As known in plasma physics, the characteristics of a plasma can be altered by adding energy to the charged particles or by ionizing additional particles to increase the density of the plasma. One way to do this is by heating the plasma which can be accomplished in different ways, e.g., ohmic, magnetic compression, shock waves, magnetic pumping, electronic cyclotron resonance, and the like.
Referring now to the drawings, the present invention provides a method for altering an upper region of plasma which lies along a field line when it passes through the ionosphere and/or magnetosphere. FIG. 1 is a simplified illustration of the earth 10 and one of its essentially dipole magnetic force or field lines 11. As will be understood, line 11 may be any one of the numerous naturally existing field lines and the actual geographical locations 13 and 14 of line 11 will be chosen based on the particular operation to be carried out. The actual locations at which field lines intersect the earth's surface is documented and is readily ascertainable by those skilled in the art.
Line 11 passes through region R1 which lies at an altitude, e.g., at least about 250 kilometers (km) above the earth's surface. As explained above, plasma will be present along line 11 within region R1 and is represented by the helical line 12. Plasma 12 is comprised of charged particles (electrons and ions) which rotate about opposing helical paths along line 11.
Antenna 15 is positioned as close as practical to the location 14 where line 11 intersects the earth's surface. Antenna 15 may be of any known construction for high directionality, for example, a phased array, beam spread angle (θ) type; see "The MST Radar at Poker Flat, Alaska", Radio Science, Vol. 15, No. 2, March-April 1980, pps. 213-223, which is incorporated herein by reference. Antenna 15 is coupled to transmitter 16 which generates high frequency electromagnetic radiation at a wide range of discrete frequencies, e.g., from about 20 to about 7200 kHz.
Transmitter 16 is powered by power generator means 17 which is preferably comprised of one or more commercial electrical generators such as magnetogydrodynamic, turbine, fuel cell, electrogasdynamic generators, and the like. Some embodiments of the present invention require large amounts of power, e.g., up to 1010 watts, in continuous wave or pulsed power. Generation of the needed power is within the state of the art. The electrical generators can be powered in any known manner, e.g., nuclear reactors, hydroelectric facilities, hydrocarbon fuels in areas where large supplies are available, and the like.
In FIG. 1, a first step of the present invention is illustrated where a selected region R1 of plasma 12 is altered by electron cyclotron resonance heating to accelerate the electrons of plasma 12, which are following helical paths along line 11.
To accomplish this result, electromagnetic radiation is transmitted at the outset, essentially parallel to field line 11 via antenna 15 as circularly polarized radiation wave 20 (right-hand circularly polarized in the Northern Hemisphere and left-hand in the Southern Hemisphere). Wave 20 has a frequency which will excite electron cyclotron resonance with plasma 12 at its initial or original altitude. This frequency (from about 20 to about 7200 kHz) will vary depending on the electron cyclotron resonance or harmonic of the resonance of region R1 which, in turn, can be determined from available data based on the altitude of region R1, the particular field line 11 being used, the strength of the earth's magnetic field, etc. Also, for any given application, there will be a threshhold (minimum power level) which is needed to produce the desired result. The minimum power level is a function of the level of plasma production and movement required, taking into consideration any loss processes that may be dominant in a particular plasma or propagation path.
As electron cyclotron resonance is established in plasma 12, energy is transferred from the electromagnetic radiation 20 into plasma 12 to heat and accelerate the electrons, and subsequently ions and neutrals. As this process continues, neutral particles which are present within R1 are ionized and absorbed into plasma 12 and this increases the electron and ion densities of plasma 12. As the electron energy is raised to values of about 1 kilo electron volt (kev), the generated mirror force (explained below) will direct the excited plasma 12 upward along line 11 into a second region R2 which is at an altitude higher than that of R1.
where the left hand side is the initial electron transverse kinetic energy; the first term on the right is the transverse electron kinetic energy at some point (Y) in the expanded field region, while the final term is the ion kinetic energy parallel to B at point (Y). This last term is what constitutes the desired ion flow. It is produced by an electrostatic field set up by electrons which are accelerated according to Equation (2) in the divergent field region and pulls ions along with the them. Equation (3) ignores electron kinetic energy parallel to B because Ve11 ≉Vi11, so the bulk of parallel kinetic energy resides in the ions because of their greater masses. For example, if an electromagnetic energy flux of from about 0.1 to about 1 watts per square centimeter is applied to region R1, whose altitude is about 250 km, a plasma having a density (Ne) of 109 per cubic centimeter and an ion energy of about 3 ev will be generated and moved upward to region R2, which has an altitude of about 1500 km. The movement of electrons in the plasma is due to the mirror force while the ions are moved by ambipolar diffusion (which results from the electrostatic field). This effectively "lifts" a layer of plasma 12 from R1 to the higher elevation R2.
FIG. 2 is an idealized representation of movement of plasma 12 upon excitation by electron cyclotron resonance within the earth's divergent force field. Electrons (e) are accelerated to velocities required to generate the necessary mirror force to cause their upward movement. At the same time neutral particles (n) which are present along line 11 in region R1 are ionized and become part of plasma 12. As electrons (e) move upward along line 11, they drag ions (i) with them but at an angle θ of about 13 degrees to field line 11. The ions, in turn, will drag the neutrals n along by colliding with them. Also, any particulates that may be present in region R1, will be swept upwardly with the plasma. As the charged particles of plasma 12 move upward, other particles such as neutrals within or below R1, move in to replace the upwardly moving particles. These neutrals, under some conditions, can drag with them charged particles from adjoining regions.
Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 3, plasma 12 having a density of 109 per cubic centimeter and an ion energy of about 3 ev is formed in region R2 by heating plasma 12 within region R1 and moving it upward along field line 11 (e.g., earth field line L4) to region R2 which lies at an altitude of about 1500 km. To raise the necessary volume of plasma for the present invention, a total energy of 1015 joules will be applied through the electron cyclotron resonance heating of region R1. After the plasma 12 is raised to region R2, circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation having a second, different frequency (e.g., about 1.0 MHz) is transmitted to upper region R2 where it further excites electron cyclotron resonance heating within plasma 12 in region R2. This radiation having a second different frequency can be supplied by adjusting the frequency of the original radiation used in region R1, and/or supplied by way of separate source of radiation. By further exciting the electrons to 10 ev per electron, plasma 12 will expand along line 11 to apex point C. When this occurs, a substantial portion of plasma 12 becomes trapped along line 11 and oscillates thereon between mirror points MB. The mirror points for the trapped particles of the altered plasma will be raised from their original mirror points MA (FIG. 1) in region R1 to mirror point MB in the upper region R2 by the continued second resonance cyclotron resonance heating as it is being applied to the particles in the upper region R2. The oscillation of the particles will then allow additional heating by stochastic heating which is associated with trapped and oscillating particles; see "A New Mechanism for Accelerating Electrons in the Outer Ionosphere" by R. A. Helliwell and T. F. Bell, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 65, No. 6, June, 1960, which is incorporated herein by reference.
The continued excitation of electron cyclotron resonance heating in region R2 coupled with the stochastic heating that occurs due to oscillation on field line 11 will excite the electrons of plasma 12 to energies of from about 2 to about 5 Mev thereby making them relativistic (i.e., particles whose mass has increased due to high velocities). This combined heating effect is similar to Elmo Bumpy Torus (EBT) heating. As plasma 12 oscillates on line 11 above mirror points MB, it is contained between divergent field lines 11a and 11b (FIG. 3) which lie adjacent line 11, as will be understood by those skilled in the art.
Particles trapped on a earth's magnetic field will naturally migrate or "drift" laterally around the earth's circumference following a path defined by a particular magnetic field shell (e.g., L4) which is present at substantially the same latitude around the earth. The plasma will drift until a shell 20 is formed having a width (w) in region R2. The total energy to generate a shell 20 of relativistic particles having an average width in region R2 of 100 kilometers and a particle density of 109 per cubic centimeter and a particle energy of 6 Mev will be about 1019 joules.
Shell 20, once formed, provides an anti-missile, relativistic electron barrier that will detonate or serverly damage the electronic system of any missile that passes therethrough. As illustrated in FIG. 3, an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) that is launched along a trajectory such as shown by the heavy dashed line 25, will have to pass through shell 20 twice on its way to target X (once on its ascent and once upon reentry).
As the missile passes through shell 20, the (high intensity (e.g., 6 Mev) particles of plasma 12 penetrate the missile. As each particle does this, it loses energy principally by transferring energy to electrons in the missile by a series of elastic collisions giving a cascade of electrons which leaves the direction of the mo ion largely undisturbed. Eventually, the energy lost in the material of the missile manifests itself as heat thereby raising the temperature of the material where the particles collide. At the density and energy levels of plasma 12 within shell 20, the rate of energy deposition (i.e., heating) will be greater than can be dissipated and the material will melt or crack under thermal stress. Detectable damage will result either from burning through the walls of the missile's fuel container, damaging the electronic systems of the missile, or from detonation of the chemical-explosive triggers of the missile's warhead; the latter requiring about 200 joules per cubic centimeter of material impacted.
It can be seen from the above, that by generating a shell 20 of high density, relativistic particle plasma, an effective defensive shield can be provided to guard against offensive missiles.


This past weekend, I planned my Style in the City itinerary with a focus on things to do in Atlanta. The priority was laying my eyes on Carolina Herrera's Refined Irreverence at SCAD. I knew it what be time well spent and much needed inspiration.
Carolina Herrera's brand is synonymous with elegance, femininity and refinement. Her legacy is being celebrated with the first-ever retrospective of her work—at both Atlanta's SCAD FASH Museum of Fashion + Film and SCAD Museum of Art in Savannah.
Featured pieces from were "Refined Irreverence" were a gorgeous assymetrical black velvet gown with yellow organza ruffle detail, an azalea faille strapless gown with multicolored grossgrain bow detail, a silk modern art print with a knit top.
What was so impressive was that the pieces particularly all of them could easily be worn today just as they were in the 80s or 90s. Timeless!! All of the current pieces from the early 2000s are just as remarkable. Carolina Herrera has mastered the art of keeping her design aesthetic yet changing or evolving with the fashion industry.
If you are in Atlanta or visiting this summer, "Refined Irreverence" runs through September 25 at the SCAD FASH Museum of Fashion + Film in Atlanta, and the SCAD Museum of Art in Savannah.


The CIPA summer school on Cultural Heritage 3D Surveying and Modeling gives the opportunity to scholars, PhD students, researchers and specialists in the surveying and heritage fields to deepen their knowledge and expertise with reality-based 3D modeling techniques.
The summer school consists of theoretical lectures (surveying, photogrammetry, active sensors, etc.) and practical work, in the field and in the lab. The participants will learn the basics in surveying and data acquisition (with digital cameras, laser scanning sensors and UAV platforms) as well as practice with data processing methods for 3D models and metric products generation.
The summer school is organized within the research project PAESTUM and by CIPA within its dissemination and technology transfer activities and with the financial support of the CIPA sustaining members.
The location of the school is Paestum, 50 km south of Salerno (Italy). Paestum can be reached by car or train. The closest international airports are Rome or Naples. The event will take place in the Hotel Villa Rita and inside the archaeological area and museum of Paestum.
The registration fee for the participation is 600 Eur which includes: lecture material, entrance to the site and museum, full-board hotel, welcome party, social dinner.
For the participation, please send a CV to Fabio Remondino before June 5th, 2015. The max number of participants is 24. The participant selection will be done according to the CV and order of arrival of the request.


text:
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Covert Operation to get Dawood, Hafiz Saeed on the cards: Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore
Tehelka Web Desk
In a tough stand against terror, the BJP led government is mulling over various options to eliminate those who aid terror against India . This was indicated by the Minister of State for Information and Broadcasting Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore who said that the government would explore every possible means, including carrying out a covert or a special operation, to neutralise Pakistan-based terrorists Dawood Ibrahim or Hafiz Saeed.
Speaking to a private news channel , the Minister said that, India is always ready to neutralise its enemies. "Wherever India's enemies are based, they must never be under any delusion that India is not thinking about them," said Rathore.
When asked why a military operation was not carried out against Dawood, the main accused in 1993 Mumbai blasts, as was done in the case of Myanmar-based insurgents who had struck in Manipur, he said: "It is possible that an operation is launched but it will not be talked about before it is launched."
Rathore, however, maintained that the government still believed that dialogue was the best way to find a way forward with Pakistan, but insisted that a dialogue, in current circumstances, can only happen on ending terror.
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Police arrest 3 youth for allegedly raping class 12 student in Himachal Pradesh
US asks India, other nations to stop oil imports from Iran by Nov 4
Pathalgarhi supporters abduct 3 policemen from BJP MP's house in Jharkhand, says Police


text:
Ariane Binder (* 1974 in Vöhrum, Niedersachsen) ist eine deutsche Journalistin und Fernsehmoderatorin.

Leben
Ariane Binder begann 1995 mit dem Studium der Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaften an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin und studierte außerdem an der Universität Wien Theaterwissenschaft. Nach dem Studium absolvierte sie ein Volontariat beim SWR und moderierte dort vier Jahre lang die Sendung Landesart.

Seit 2006 arbeitet Ariane Binder im Auftrag der ARD als Redakteurin für die Sendung Kulturzeit auf 3sat, die sie seit 2018 auch vertretungsweise moderiert.

Seit September 2018 moderiert Ariane Binder im Wechsel mit Steffen König das Kulturmagazin Kunscht! im SWR.

Ariane Binder lebt mit ihrer Familie in Mainz.

Einzelnachweise

Fernsehjournalist
Fernsehmoderator (Deutschland)
Person (Südwestrundfunk)
Deutscher
Geboren 1974
Frau
Journalist (Deutschland)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Western Heritage
Brewery & Vineyards
Local Venues & Vendors
Restaurants, Food & Beverage
Mardi Gras Nocona Style!
Bullfest
Nocona Iron Jacket Tournament
Chisholm Trail Rodeo
Nocona Wheels & Grills Cookoff
Halloween in the Park
Small Town Christmas
Indian Valley Raceway
More Activities Here
Download Our Visitors Guide!
City of Nocona
Seniors' Services
Financial Services & Attorneys
Nocona and the surrounding area offers strong educational opportunities - from the excellent public school system to area colleges.
Nocona ISD is Texas Education Agency (TEA) recognized with three campuses that provide education to approximately 900 students. Nocona Elementary and Head Start are located just south of US Hwy. 82, while Nocona Middle School and Nocona High School are on the north part of town. The central NISD office is in historic downtown Nocona, and there are a number of other facilities including Jack Crain Stadium, Bob Storey Baseball and Softball Complex, an agriculture farm, a media center, an auditorium, multiple gyms and practice fields, a large vocational building, and technology, maintenance and transportation facilities. The Nocona Indian's proudly offer football, volleyball, cross country, basketball, baseball, softball, powerlifting, track, golf, tennis, and cheerleading. Other UIL activities include videoing and photography competitions, one act plays and academic contests.
Nocona Independent School District
220 Clay Street - Nocona
www.noconaisd.net
Prairie Valley ISD campus holds an Elementary School, and a Middle School/High School with an Exemplary rating with Texas Education Agency (TEA). The school is located in the northern part of Montague County, with the Red River being its northern boundary. It's important to Prairie Valley to provide a solid educational program, making their students lifelong leaders and problem solvers. Students are taught to use technology, and with a low student to teacher ratio, and a 1:1 computer to student ratio, the students are being well prepared for future careers. Known as the Bulldogs, this school participates in cross country, volleyball, basketball, tennis, track, and golf. Other UIL activities include one act play and academic contests.
Prairie Valley ISD
12920 FM 103 - Nocona
www.prairievalleyisd.net
Area Colleges
North Central Texas College - Bowie Campus
North Central Texas College- Bowie Campus
The 16,000 square foot, $2.196 million building opened in January 2000, marking a significant moment in the city's development. The beautiful structure is situated on picturesque property at the intersection of Mill Street and State Highway 287. The Bowie 4B, EDC, Bowie Economic Development Board, along with oil and gas industry partners then funded a 6560 sq. ft. expansion to the existing building accommodating a state-of-the-art training facility with a new library, a new Student Success Center, and new learning labs.
810 South Mill Street - Bowie
www.nctc.edu
North Central Texas College - Gainesville
North Central Texas College- Gainseville
The Gainesville campus of NCTC is its main campus, serving as home to the central administration and governing board. The main campus serves all of Cooke County, of which Gainesville, Texas is the county seat and largest city. In its present location since 1960, the college district was created as a separate entity from the local public school district. Both the Gainesville and Corinth campuses are situated along the "Interstate 35 Corridor" that extends from the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex northward through Lewisville, Denton and points north along the route to Oklahoma City.
1525 California Street - Gainesville
MSU, in nearby Wichita Falls, is part of the Texas Tech University System. This 255-acre campus is nestled among the city's residential area and comprises 70 buildings, numerous playing fields, and an outdoor recreational facility near Sikes Lake. They offer several undergraduate and graduate degree programs.
3410 Taft Blvd - Wichita Falls
www.mwsu.ed
This fully accredited community college located in Vernon and Wichita Falls, Texas offers academic, workforce, and continuing education classes.
www.vernoncollege.edu
There's a number of accredited online degree programs that are available in many of the more than 365 post-secondary institutions in Texas:
www.accreditedonlinecolleges.org
www.onlinecollegesdatabase.org
www.affordablecollegesonline.org
http://www.discoverbusiness.us/education/online-mba/us/texas/
Nocona Public Library
Today's libraries are so much more to a community than just a place to check out books. Computers and genealogy, children's story-time and book clubs, Nocona's library is evolving to meet its customer's needs. Nocona Public Library has all these resources and much, much more.
The library's current collection consists of more than 25,000 items. The book collections consist of fiction and non-fiction for all ages. Audio books and audio-visual media are also available for check out, along with an assortment of periodicals and magazines on several topics. The library maintains a large genealogy section, and reference items include many books that focus on local and county history.
The library is located at 10 Cooke Street and is open from 9:00 am until 5:30 pm Monday through Friday. Questions can be directed to the head librarian: (940) 825-6373.
Tales N' Trails Logo
Fenoglio Boot
Red River Valley Tourism Logo
Horton Museum Logo
Peonies Depot
304 Clay St Suite 3
Nocona, TX 76255
NEDC
Chamber Member Directory
© Nocona Economic Development Corporations 2022
Crafted by Firespring


text:
Q: How to handle NullBean object when @RequestScope bean could be null My spring boot application has been secured with keycloak, everything works well except when I'm trying to load current AccessToken from request.
With the following statements the current Token is loaded from RequestContext:
@Bean
@RequestScope(proxyMode = TARGET_CLASS)
public AccessToken accessToken() {
  return Optional.ofNullable(
          (KeycloakSecurityContext)
              RequestContextHolder.currentRequestAttributes()
                  .getAttribute(KeycloakSecurityContext.class.getName(), SCOPE_REQUEST))
      .map(KeycloakSecurityContext::getToken)
      .orElse(null);
}

and then injected where requested.
@Resource(name = "accessToken")
private AccessToken accessToken;

Eveything works as expected when user is logged and token found in request, but when the request is anonymous and AccessToken has not been found the we have this error:
Caused by: java.lang.ClassCastException: class org.springframework.beans.factory.support.NullBean cannot be cast to class org.keycloak.representations.JsonWebToken (org.springframework.beans.factory.support.NullBean and org.keycloak.representations.JsonWebToken are in unnamed module of loader 'app')

I can't find the right way to handle with the NullBean object. Null check is always successfully passed, either whth if ==null statement, and exception is thrown.
public Optional<TenantAdapter> current() {
   // This is always false
   if (accessToken.equals(null)) {
      return Optional.empty();
   } else {
      // and here exception is thrown
       Map<String, Object> claims = accessToken.getOtherClaims();

   }
}

Do you have any suggestion ?
Thanks
Stefano

A: Try with
@Autowired(required=false)
@Qualifier("accessToken")
private AccessToken accessToken;

@Autowired(required=false) <-- will accept if the bean does not exist in application context.
@Qualifier("accessToken") <-- will allow only a bean with name accessToken to be picked so that autowire is not allowed to pick only by type if only 1 bean is available. This is needed because you already pick by name only using the @Resource(name = "accessToken").


Great presentation today, Grant! Come back to NYC soon. Forgive me, but have never taken much time examining execution plans before, but that is going to change after sitting in on your talk.
P.S. Joe Celko is my favorite SQL guru, but I'll be sure to check out Gail Shaw's blog. Thanks again.
I'm glad you found it useful. Thank you.


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Indianapolis, IN -- (ReleaseWire) -- 03/16/2015 -- A child's graduation only comes once in a lifetime. Although the child may graduate from different institutions over the years, each event is unique and the celebration of this momentous occasion should be special as well. With the help of Big Bounce Fun House Rentals graduation party rentals Indianapolis, ensuring this is the case for each child and each event has never been easier.
"Young children, such as those graduating from Kindergarten, love tattoos and face painting and Big Bounce Fun House Rentals may be of assistance here. Those graduating from elementary school, however, may prefer Big Bounce Fun House Rentals Fun Flicks Indianapolis, IN. As the child matures, his or her tastes change. For those finishing high school or college, a green screen may be preferred as this allows them to capture images with family and friends before they move on with the next stage of their life," Susan Lorimer, spokesperson for Big Bounce Fun House Rentals, explains.
When hosting a graduation event, parents must find a way to guarantee the party is a success in every way. Catering offers a way to please friends and family and a variety of foods allow each host to select those which best meets the needs of their guests. Others prefer a more casual atmosphere and choose to rent concessions through Big Bounce Fun House Rentals. Either way, guests love the food and appreciate the effort the host put into making the party enjoyable for all.
"From cotton candy machines to a double chocolate fondue fountain, Big Bounce Fun House Rentals supplies a variety of equipment designed for kids of all ages. Catering offers an option for those who wish for a more hands off event. As Lorimer points out, it's a matter of what one envisions for their big event, as Big Bounce Fun House Rentals offers both options to meet the needs of all clients.
In addition to offering items suitable for a graduation party, Big Bounce Fun House Rentals offers inflatables and other party gear designed for a wide range of occasions. Following graduation, many families turn their thoughts to a block party in their neighborhood, Fourth of July festivities, or a festival they are helping coordinate in their area. From Town Festival Rentals from Big Bounce Fun House Rentals to wet rides for hot summer days when families and friends are gathering together for any reason, the company provides what one needs to make the event special.
"Contact Big Bounce Fun House Rentals today to learn more about their many offerings. Some opt to make use of mechanical rides and games, while others choose to host an event with animals and entertainers. No matter what one needs to make their gathering unique, the staff at Big Bounce Fun House Rentals works to make this happen," Lorimer declares.
With more than 20 years of experience in the rental industry, Big Bounce Fun House Rentals understands what is needed to make a client's event a success. The trained, experienced staff provides personalized attention and assists those planning an event of any type. The company maintains the necessary insurance to ensure the safety of clients and equipment is set up by trained professionals to guarantee it is done properly. Clients find they feel comfortable when using this company as they provide everything, allowing the client to relax and enjoy the event.


Aggregate consists of sand and gravel and crushed stone. The principal . quarry. In contrast, since sand and gravel operations do not usually require sophisticated or can result in additional restrictions being placed in the operating plans. machinery and equipment, working capital, business, and goodwill assets.
Proposed format for an Environmental Monitoring Plan. 39 .. Any quarrying site used for providing rock for the stone crushing plant shall be properly reinstated.
Are you interested in starting a granite quarry Do you need a sample granite quarry business plan template If YES, then i advice you read on.
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