text:
story from Tech
Following the Money: Researcher Tracks Bitcoin Movements and Anonymity
Dec 8, 2013 at 18:47 UTC Updated Jan 13, 2014 at 13:23 UTC
Carrie Kirby
This article is the first of a two-part interview with University of California-San Diego researcher Sarah Meiklejohn on her new research paper, "A Fistful of Bitcoins: Characterizing Payments Among Men With No Names."
Due to murky regulations and a lack of awareness among major law enforcement entities, for victims of bitcoin theft, there aren't many places to turn to seek justice. One of those places, however, is University of California-San Diego (UC-SD), which is home to researcher Sarah Meiklejohn.
Law enforcement agencies and media outlets turn to the PhD candidate to trace bitcoin movements, because Meiklejohn – along with a team including other UC-SD researchers and those from George Mason University – has dug deep into the block chain, following the money and challenging the notion that bitcoin transactions are anonymous.
Meiklejohn's paper, "A Fistful of Bitcoins: Characterizing Payments Among Men With No Names," provides a snapshot of the bitcoin economy as of April 2013.
The paper also describes how Meiklejohn's team sleuthed out bitcoin addresses by making transactions and deposits, then used heuristics to link clusters of addresses, following money from a supposedly anonymous marketplace such as Silk Road all the way to an exchange such as Mt. Gox, which if subpoenaed would have to turn over users' real names to authorities.
In light of these findings, we sat down with Meiklejohn in an antique shop/cafe in San Diego to talk about her dealings with bitcoin and whether the currency can truly be used anonymously.
CoinDesk: Do you own any bitcoins yourself?
Sarah Meiklejohn (SM): We bought a bunch of bitcoins with the grant money… one of the things I bought was 10 of the physical bitcoins, Casascius Bitcoins. We have these weekly reviews so we decided to give out a bitcoin to whoever gave the best presentation.
But if you gave any presentation, that was the best one by default. So we had to stop giving out the bitcoins, because we were giving people like $80 [the exchange rate at the time] to show a graph.
I earned one of those bitcoins for my presentation. I cashed out right away… and got 80 bucks. [laughs] I guess I could have waited and done better.
When we first bought bitcoins, [the exchange rate] was like $5 a bitcoin, so we've done well for ourselves there. [On Nov. 8, when this conversation took place, one bitcoin was worth $288.71.]
We bought a bunch more later, probably at more like $15. The rise in the price has been pretty outrageous. We bought about 25 bitcoin [and still have many of them].
CoinDesk: What will your research group do with them?
SM: That's a good question. I've been talking to people about different follow-up projects. But it's not clear that any of it will involve actually spending bitcoins.
For this project, we didn't really have to spend much. Our biggest hit was Bitmix, one of these mixing services, which just stole 10 bitcoin from us. [CoinDesk attempted to contact Bitmix but so far has not received a response.]
But all the stuff we bought was kind of junky, it didn't cost all that much. For the exchanges, we didn't even need to spend anything, it was just deposit/withdrawal.
CoinDesk: Can you sum up your bitcoin research for us?
Sarah Meiklejohn (SM): The two broadest questions we were trying to answer were, one, what are people using bitcoins for? There are all these legitimate vendors – BitPay signing up companies like WordPress – and we wanted to see how prevalent that was relative to anything else.
The second question, which was more security focused, surrounded bitcoin's potential for anonymity. Bitcoin uses these pseudonyms, and in theory the behavior of your pseudonyms doesn't have to be linked – if you're careful. But the question was, how much is this potential for anonymity actually achieved?
Most active bitcoins are found in these locations.
CoinDesk: What did you learn about the whole bitcoin economy landscape that surprised you?
SM: It's really concentrated in a small number of places. Our numbers are from back in April – I would expect that things have shifted at least a bit, just because of changes that have happened in bitcoin over the summer.
As was pointed out by an older paper by [Dorit] Ron and [Adi] Shamir, the majority of bitcoins are not moving; they're sitting in these addresses. You can speculate however you want about what that means – either they're hoarded, they're lost, they're the cold storage for different exchanges, we don't know.
There's no way of knowing. We did see some movement in these, I call them "dinosaurs." When they did their research, in May 2012, Ron and Shamir said about 76% of bitcoins were being hoarded, and even when we re-did their analysis this year, it was already down to 64%. I expect that number to keep changing, especially given what's happening with the exchange rate.
So first of all, the majority of bitcoins aren't even circulating. The other thing was how quickly the remaining bitcoins were circulating.
If there are only 4 million BTC in circulation, we saw – again this is all back in April – that a total of 1.2 trillion BTC had been transacted. So that means that all these circulating bitcoins have been spent many, many times over.
The other phenomenon that we had to include in the paper, just because it was so outrageous, was SatoshiDICE and dice games in general. The transaction volume completely dwarfs everything else, but then at the same time, the amounts that are being spent are tiny – it's fractions of bitcoins. That was fascinating.
The other thing that I thought was interesting – and again I'd expect to have changed even since April – is this rise in instantaneous transfers.
With SatoshiDICE, the second you click send, you get your (winnings) back. They're taking this double-spending risk here… as a result there has been some double spending on SatoshiDICE – a small amount.
It's the same with BitPay – the second you click send, they say, "We got your bitcoins." That's actually a nice trend – as long as you're a big company and you can build this into your cost of doing business, it really provides a big service to your users.
Because when we were doing our transactions, depositing into an exchange, withdrawing them, sitting there and waiting an hour before we could move them again was a real pain.
CoinDesk: As far as anonymity, you came to the conclusion that it's not that easy to stay anonymous with bitcoin?
SM: Actually, I'm not sure that that's the right conclusion. I think that if you are motivated and if you understand how the Bitcoin protocol works, you can stay anonymous.
The caveat there is that you have to try to stay anonymous at scale. If you have a bitcoin, then sure, you can stay anonymous. If you understand the protocol, if you use mix services or other crazy stuff, you're going to do fine.
The problem is when you try to scale this up, if you have millions of dollars worth of bitcoins, then it's going to become a lot harder to hide that number of bitcoins in the network.
When we ultimately went to track some of these big thefts, we saw these attempts to do crazy things like splitting the bitcoins, then peeling them, then aggregating the bitcoins back together – but ultimately the fact that every transaction was publicly available was going to shoot you in the foot when you try to obscure the flow of large amounts of bitcoins.
CoinDesk: Getting back to your "Fistful of Bitcoins" paper, can you sum up, in layman's terms, how your research followed bitcoins from one transaction to another and partially broke through the anonymity of bitcoin?
SM: We did a two-pronged methodology. The first thing we did was pretty dead simple. We just did a lot of transactions. We signed up with like 30 different exchanges, deposited bitcoins into the accounts, then withdrew the bitcoins; a fancy re-identification attack.
The idea was that if I'm depositing, then Mt. Gox will give me a deposit address and I'll say "Oh, that's Mt. Gox's address". I can then label that as definitively belonging to Mt. Gox.
Similarly, when I withdraw the bitcoins, I can go look at the transaction and see the sender and say, "That's Mt. Gox too". This basically allows us to identify a very minimal amount of ground data.
We next tried to cluster different addresses together, using two clustering heuristics that we described in the paper.
The first one was really standard, a lot of people have used it, and the idea was that if any addresses have been used as inputs to the same transaction, then they have to be controlled by the same user.
[For example,] someone needs to send someone 5 BTC and they have 1 BTC in each of five addresses, and they pool those addresses together to pay it. This is kind of a standard thing in the protocol… this is a very safe heuristic, there are very limited cases in which this heuristic would be violated. It's acknowledged in the protocol by Satoshi.
The second one is based on the idea of making change. Let's consider, I still need to send someone 5 BTC, but instead of having 1 BTC in each of five addresses, I have 6 BTC in one address.
By the properties of the Bitcoin protocol, I need to send those 6 BTC all at once. I can't just spend 5 of them. What I can do, functionally, since obviously I don't want to overspend, is create a transaction with two outputs.
One of the outputs is the legitimate recipient, for 5 BTC, and the other output is an address I own, to which I send the excess 1 BTC. That's the change address.
Again, this is a well-established property of bitcoin that these change addresses are going to be prevalent. The heuristic is: The change address in the transaction belongs to the same person as the sender. That's great – if you can identify change addresses. That is the really tricky part, and probably the bulk of the work of the project went into making this heuristic conservative.
This heuristic was really helpful in identifying certain patterns in the network.
For example, what we call in the paper, peeling chains. The idea is, I take a big amount of bitcoins in one address, I spend a tiny amount and I peel the bulk of the coins off to a change address and that continues.
For example, think about a mining pool getting the 25 BTC reward and then paying its miners. This pattern is really common in the bitcoin network, and the idea is that without identifying these change addresses you can't follow the money at all.
CoinDesk: Are there cryptographic technologies that people could be using to make bitcoin more anonymous?
SM: There was this paper published this year, "Zerocoin: Anonymous Distributed E-Cash From Bitcoin," out of Johns Hopkins University that layered certain cryptography technologies on top of bitcoin to give provably secure anonymity guarantees. Unfortunately, the big caveat with their work is that it's a lot less efficient.
Cryptography image via Shutterstock
In some sense, bitcoin was this big slap in the face to traditional cryptography. On its face, bitcoin shouldn't work. It's just signatures and hashes, and it's really amazing that it works, and I think the design of it is incredible.
It's kind of dead simple. I also think that that's part of the reason that it actually got widely adopted — anyone can understand it, if you take 10 minutes and explain how it works.
It's intuitive, and it makes a lot of sense. Whereas, traditional cryptographic e-cash doesn't make as much sense. Bitcoin is an interesting wake-up call as a cryptographer.
Another project I'm interested in is exploring the provably secure aspects of bitcoin, and the relation between bitcoin and existing cryptographic e-cash schemes that use a lot more heavy machinery.
CoinDesk: In light of your research, how do you feel about the future of bitcoin? Do you feel more confident about this system, or less, after examining it?
SM: The thing that makes me the most nervous right now is this volatility and this low trading volume, and the fact that these big whales with thousands of bitcoins can really affect the price single handedly.
That kind of stuff makes me a little nervous. It's a chicken-or-egg problem. You need more people to adopt bitcoin in order to stabilize this, but people are shying away from bitcoin because they perceive it as volatile and as a risky investment.
The other thing is, it would be important to see more legitimate uses of bitcoin. Its biggest problem right now is there's no clear reason why I should start using bitcoin. I'm happy enough with my credit card.
Unless you really, really care about privacy, the barrier to entry for bitcoin is pretty high. It's not that usable, you can't walk into a coffee shop – at least outside the Bay Area – and buy stuff with bitcoins. I know there have been startups geared to this, but right now it's a little clunky.
Even if I can walk into a coffee shop and buy something with bitcoins, there's not a great mechanism for doing that. Unless you're both using the same wallet service and they have great Wi-Fi, it's a little tricky right now.
I think the usability will have to be higher, I think there will have to be more legitimate services that accept bitcoins, and I think the volatility will have to be lower.
I think that people aren't adopting bitcoin because these things aren't happening, and these things aren't happening because there are not enough people using bitcoin.
It's tricky. I don't know what will happen to bitcoin. I think it's a nice first step in a certain direction – and maybe it'll be more than that.
You can now read the second part of the interview, where Meiklejohn discusses her findings related to Silk Road and online black markets.
Blockchain TechnologyBitcoin ProtocolSatoshiDiceSarah MeiklejohnTechnologyBitcoinNewsFeaturesTechnology News


text:
Sulfonation products of disodium sulfite with (esterification products of C9-11 (branched and linear) Alkyl Polyglycosides with maleic anhydride)
23.5 mg/m³
ECHA REACH Guidance
No inhalation repeated toxicity study has been performed, because toxicological literature regarding alkyl polyglucosides is very exhaustive and no additional animal testing was deemed necessary.
The starting point for the DNEL calculation was a NOAEL, therfore the default assessment factor, as a standard procedure, is 1.
An assessment factor of 3 has been applied in order to consider the differences the duration of the exposure in the oral 90-day repeated toxicity study and the
Allometric scaling does not apply in case of oral-inhalation route to route extrapolation.
No substance-specific data are available, so a default assessment factor of 2.5 has been applied for other interspecies differences.
An assessment factor of 5 has been chosen to cover workers, as this population does not cover the very young, the very old, and the very ill.
Data regarding "Sulfonation products of (esterification products of C9-11 (branched and linear) alkyl-(mono-, di- and tri-)glycosides with maleic anhydride) with disodium sulfite" are complete and of good quality, indeed, where no specific studies regarding the substance are available, literature regarding alkyl polyglucosides covers all the data gaps.
No remaining uncertaintens are foreseen.
1 mg/kg bw/day
No route-to-route extrapolation was necessary, because a 14-day repeated toxicity study was available for the dermal route of exposure.
Data derive from a subacute toxicity study.
Allometric scaling for rabbits involves a default assessment factor of 2.4.
Data regarding "Sulfonation products of (esterification products of C9-11 (branched and linear) alkyl-(mono-, di- and tri-)glycosides with maleic anhydride) with disodium sulfite" are complete and of good quality, indeed, where no specific studies regarding the substance are available, literature regarding alkyl polyglucosides covers all the data gaps. Moreover, the original study, although not available, is reported by a reliable source (Hill at al., 1997).
59 µg/cm²
other: LOAEL: 60 mg/kg bw/day
The use of a LOAEL instead of a NOAEL involves the use of a default assessment factor between 3 and 10. In this case, the study does not report information on dose-response relationship.
It has been considered that increasing the duration of exposure does not increase the severity of the irritative effects.
No inter-species AF has been applied, because the mechanism of skin irritation is considered to be the same in experimental animals and in human.
Data regarding "Sulfonation products of (esterification products of C9-11 (branched and linear) alkyl-(mono-, di- and tri-)glycosides with maleic anhydride) with disodium sulfite" are complete and of good quality, indeed, where no specific studies regarding the substance are available, literature regarding alkyl polyglucosides covers all the data gaps. Moreover, the original study, although not available, is reported by a reliable source (CIR, 2011).
Two DNEL values were derived for systemic effects after long-term exposure in workers: a dermal DNEL and an inhalation DNEL. Values were obtained from the NOAELs of an oral repeated toxicity study and of a NOAEL of a dermal 14-day repeated toxicity study. As this NOAELs were observed in an oral and a dermal study, respectively, a route-to-route extrapolation was needed in order to obtain the correct starting point for the derivation of the inhalation DNEL. Moreover, a DNEL for dermal local effects after repeated exposure was derived. In this case the dermal NAEL for local effects needed to be corrected into the correct unit. The correct starting points were then divided by an overall assessment factor, which was a result of various consideration on uncertainties in inter-and intra-species variations, and on differences in the duration of exposure between test animals and humans. Moreover also the whole quality of the database was considered. No DNEL was derived for local inhalation effects after long term exposure, for which a qualitative assessment has been performed.
For acute effects, no DNEL was deemed necessary, because no acute toxicity hazards (leading to C&L) have been identified, with the only exception of the risk of serious eye damage, which was considered from a qualitative point of view. Peak exposure to "Sulfonation products of (esterification products of C9-11 (branched and linear) alkyl-(mono-, di- and tri-)glycosides with maleic anhydride) with disodium sulfite"is not expected, and therefore the long-term DNELs are considered conservative enough to protect also from acute exposure risks.
5.8 mg/m³
An assessment factor of 10 has been chosen to cover general population, as this population includes also the very young, the very old, and the very ill.
The starting point for the DNEL calculation was a NOAEL, therefore the default assessment factor, as a standard procedure, is 1.
No assessment factor is considered necessary when data derives from a reproductive/developmental toxicity study.
An additional AF for interspecies differences is considered not necessary, because allometric scaling will be conservative enough.
Intraspecies AF for general population, according to ECHA guidelines.
The available data are sufficient to correctly derive the inhalation DNEL
An assessment factor of 2.5 has been chosen to consider the read-across from the similar substance adipic acid.
no DNEL required: short term exposure controlled by conditions for long-term
other: LOAEL
An assessment factor of 10 has been chosen to cover general population, according to ECHA guidelines.
No remaining uncertainties are foreseen.
No route-to-route extrapolation was necessary as the route of the starting study was oral.
Allometric scaling for rats involves a default assessment factor of 4.
Three DNELs were derived for systemic effects after long-term exposure in workers: an inhalation DNEL, a dermal DNEL and a DNEL for oral effects. The inhalation DNEL was obtained from the NOAEL of an oral repeated toxicity study, therefore a route-to-route extrapolation was needed in order to obtain the correct starting point for the derivation of the DNEL.
A DNEL for local effects after dermal exposure was also derived. In this case, the LOAEL for skin effects derived from the dermal repeated toxicity study had to be corrected in right unit (mg/cm2 from mg/kg bw/day).
The correct starting points were divided by an overall assessment factor, which was a result of various consideration on uncertainties in inter-and intra-species variations, and on differences in the duration of exposure between test animals and humans. Moreover also the whole quality of the database was considered. No DNEL was derived for local inhalation effects after long term exposure, for which a qualitative assessment has been performed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Bald Mountain (Colorado)
Bald Mountain viewed from Dillon Reservoir
13,690 ft (4,173 m) [1][2]
2,099 ft (640 m) [2]
7.51 mi (12.09 km) [2]
North America highest peaks 82nd
US highest major peaks 64th
Colorado highest major peaks 31st
39°26′38″N 105°58′10″W / 39.4438764°N 105.9694606°W / 39.4438764; -105.9694606Coordinates: 39°26′38″N 105°58′10″W / 39.4438764°N 105.9694606°W / 39.4438764; -105.9694606 [3]
Summit County, Colorado, U.S.[2]
Parent range
Front Range[2]
USGS 7.5' topographic map
Boreas Pass, Colorado[3]
Bald Mountain is a high and prominent mountain summit in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 13,690-foot (4,173 m) thirteener is located in Arapaho National Forest, 5.5 miles (8.9 km) southeast (bearing 135°) of the Town of Breckenridge in Summit County, Colorado, United States.[1][2][3]
1 Mountain
Mountain[edit]
A view of Bald Mountain from the top of the Kensho SuperChair at Breckenridge Ski Resort
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^ a b The elevation of Bald Mountain includes an adjustment of +1.922 m (+6.31 ft) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88.
^ a b c d e f "Bald Mountain, Colorado". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
^ a b c "Bald Mountain". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
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Snowmass Mountain is a fourteen thousand foot tall mountain in the U. S. state of Colorado, is the thirty-fourth highest mountain peak in the state. Located in the Elk Mountains, within the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness of the White River National Forest, it lies along the border between the Pitkin and Gunnison counties, west of Aspen and southwest of the town of Snowmass Village. Snowmass Mountain is named for the large snowfield. Snowmass Mountain should not be confused with the Snowmass ski area, located outside Snowmass Village. Hagerman Peak sits between Snowmass Mountain and Snowmass Peak and is often mistaken for Snowmass Mountain; the route most used to climb Snowmass Mountain is the Snowmass Creek approach. The route to the summit starts at Snowmass Lake, itself an 8.1-mile hike up Snowmass Creek from the parking area. Most people hike to the lake, camp the night and proceed to the top; this route is recommended in the spring and early summer when the snowfield still covers much of the route.
In the summer there is more travel on talus and more danger from rockfall. An alternative in snow-free conditions is to hike up to the saddle between the peak and Hagerman Peak. From that point there are climbers' trails which proceed on the opposite side of the ridge to the summit. A different and much less used route climbs the west side of Snowmass Mountain from Geneva Lake, accessed from the North Fork of the Crystal River. Snowmass Mountain Snowmass Peak List of mountain peaks of Colorado List of Colorado fourteeners Snowmass Mountain on 14ers.com "Snowmass Mountain". SummitPost.org. Photo Journal from a trip up Snowmass Mountain and on to Capitol Peak Aspen Ski & Snow Report
A summit is a point on a surface, higher in elevation than all points adjacent to it. The topographic terms acme, apex and zenith are synonymous; the term top is used only for a mountain peak, located at some distance from the nearest point of higher elevation. For example, a big massive rock next to the main summit of a mountain is not considered a summit. Summits near a higher peak, with some prominence or isolation, but not reaching a certain cutoff value for the quantities, are considered subsummits of the higher peak, are considered part of the same mountain. A pyramidal peak is an exaggerated form produced by ice erosion of a mountain top. Summit may refer to the highest point along a line, trail, or route; the highest summit in the world is Everest with height of 8844.43 m above sea level. The first official ascent was made by Sir Edmund Hillary, they reached the mountain`s peak in 1953. Whether a highest point is classified as a summit, a sub peak or a separate mountain is subjective; the UIAA definition of a peak is.
Otherwise, it's a subpeak. In many parts of the western United States, the term summit refers to the highest point along a road, highway, or railroad. For example, the highest point along Interstate 80 in California is referred to as Donner Summit and the highest point on Interstate 5 is Siskiyou Mountain Summit. A summit climbing differs from the common mountaineering. Summit expedition requires: 1+ year of training, a good physical shape, a special gear. Although a huge part of climber's stuff can be left and taken at the base camps or given to porters, there is a long list of personal equipment. In addition to common mountaineers' gear, Summit climbers need to take Diamox and bottles of oxygen. There are special requirements for crampons, ice axe, rappel device, etc. Geoid Hill – Landform that extends above the surrounding terrain Nadir Summit accordance Peak finder Summit Climbing Gear List
Snowmass Peak in the U. S. state of Colorado dominates the view from Snowmass Lake. It is mistaken for Snowmass Mountain, the thirty-fourth highest mountain peak in the state, as well as for Hagerman Peak. Snowmass Peak is not a peak but the lower end of Hagerman Peak's east ridge. Natural forced perspective causes the optical illusion that Snowmass Peak is higher than Hagerman Peak though it is 221 ft shorter than Hagerman's summit; this illusion combined with its striking rise behind Snowmass Lake justifies it being a named point on USGS topographical maps. It is located in the Elk Mountains, within the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness of the White River National Forest, it lies along the border between Pitkin and Gunnison counties, west of Aspen and southwest of the town of Snowmass Village. The route used to climb Snowmass Peak is the Trail Rider Pass trail to Hagerman Peak; this trail can be accessed by Snowmass Creek approach off Divide Road Snowmass Village or the Geneva Lake trail. It is possible to reach the summit between Hagerman Peak and Snowmass Mountain, but is much more difficult.
List of Colorado mountain ranges List of Colorado mountain summits List of Colorado fourteeners List of Colorado 4000 meter prominent summits List of the most prominent summits of Colorado List of Colorado county high points
The Front Range is a mountain range of the Southern Rocky Mountains of North America located in the central portion of the U. S. State of Colorado, southeastern portion of the U. S. State of Wyoming, it is the first mountain range encountered as one goes westbound along the 40th parallel north across the Great Plains of North America. The Front Range runs north-south between Casper and Pueblo, Colorado and rises nearly 10,000 feet above the Great Plains. Longs Peak, Mount Evans, Pikes Peak are its most prominent peaks, visible from the Interstate 25 corridor; the area is a popular destination for mountain biking, hiking and camping during the warmer months and for skiing and snowboarding during winter. Millions of years ago, the present-day Front Range was home to ancient mountain ranges, deserts and oceans; the name "Front Range" is applied to the Front Range Urban Corridor, the populated region of Colorado and Wyoming just east of the mountain range and extending from Cheyenne, Wyoming south to Pueblo, Colorado.
This urban corridor benefits from the weather-moderating effect of the Front Range mountains, which help block prevailing storms. About 1 billion years ago, the earth was producing massive amounts of molten rock that would one day amalgamate, drift together and combine, to form the continents we live on today. In the Colorado region, this molten rock spewed and cooled, forming what we now know as the Precambrian Pikes Peak Granite. Over the next 500 million years, little is known about changes in the sedimentation after the granite was produced. However, at about 500–300 million years ago, the region began to sink and sediments began to deposit in the newly formed accommodation space. Eroded granite produced sand particles that began to form strata, layers of sediment, in the sinking basin. Sedimentation would continue to take place until about 300 million years ago. Around 300 million years ago, the sinking reversed, the sediment-covered granite began to uplift, giving rise to the Ancestral Rocky Mountains.
Over the next 150 million years, during uplift the mountains would continue to erode and cover themselves in their own sediment. Wind, rainwater and ice-melt supplied rivers that carved through the granite mountains and led to their end; the sediment from these mountains lies in the Fountain Formation today. Red Rocks Amphitheatre outside of Denver, Colorado, is set into the Fountain Formation. At 280 million years ago, sea levels were low and present-day Colorado was part of the super-continent Pangaea. Sand deserts covered most of the area spreading as dunes seen in the rock record, known today as the Lyons Sandstone; these dunes appear to be cross-bedded and show various fossil footprints and leaf imprints in many of the strata making up the section. 30 million years the sediment deposition was still taking place with the introduction of the Lykins Formation. This formation can be best attributed to its wavy layers of muddy limestone and signs of stromatolites that thrived in a smelly tidal flat at present-day Colorado.
250 million years ago, the Ancestral Rockies were burying themselves while the shoreline was present during the break-up of Pangaea. This formation began right after Earth's largest extinction 251 million years ago at the Permian–Triassic Boundary. Ninety percent of the planet's marine life was a great deal on land as well. After 100 million years of deposition, a new environment brought rise to a new formation, the sandstone Morrison Formation; the Morrison Formation contains some of the best fossils of the Late Jurassic. It is known for its sauropod tracks and sauropod bones among other dinosaur fossils; as identified by the fossil record, the environment was filled with various types of vegetation such as ferns and Zamites. While this time period boasts many types of plants, grass had not yet evolved; the Dakota Sandstone, deposited 100 million years ago towards Colorado's eastern coast, shows evidence of ferns, dinosaur tracks. Sheets of ripple marks can be seen on some of the strata. Over the next 30 million years, the region was taken over by a deep sea, the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, deposited mass amounts of shale over the area known as the Pierre Shale.
Both the thick section of shale and the marine life fossils found. Colorado drained from being at the bottom of an ocean to land again, giving yield to another fossiliferous rock layer, the Denver Formation. At about 68 million years ago, the Front Range began to rise again due to the Laramide Orogeny in the west; the Denver Formation contained fossils and bones from dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops. While the forests of vegetation and other organisms thrived, their reign would come to an end at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. In an instant, millions of species are obliterated from a meteor impact in Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. While this extinction led to the demise of the dinosaurs and other organisms, some life did prevail to repopulate the earth as it recovered from this tremendous disaster; the uplifted Front Range continued to erode and, by 40 million years ago, the range was once again buried in its own rubble. 37 million years ago, a great volcanic eruption took place in the Collegiate Range and covered the landscape in molten hot ash that torched and consumed everything across the landscape.
An entire lush environment was capped in a matter of minutes with 20 feet of extr
Mount Sopris is a twin-summit mountain in the northwestern Elk Mountains range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 12,965-foot mountain is located in the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness of White River National Forest, 6.6 miles north by northeast of the community of Redstone in Pitkin County, United States. Mount Sopris is located in western Pitkin County, south of Carbondale and southwest of the confluence of the Crystal and Roaring Fork rivers. Mount Sopris is notable for having two summits, East Sopris and West Sopris, that are one-half mile apart and have the same elevation of 12,965 feet, it is named for Richard Sopris, a former mayor of Denver and part of the first European expedition in the Roaring Fork Valley. In 2011 J. P. McDaniels petitioned to rename East Sopris "Mount John Denver" after the Colorado singer. A local poll in Aspen and Carbondale said. Mount Sopris is believed to have been formed by an igneous intrusion 10,000 feet below the earth's surface, geologically referred to as a pluton, that occurred around 30 million years ago, after the initial uplift of the modern Rocky Mountains.
Mount Sopris is not a volcano, but it is possible that an ancient volcano sat above it, with the current rock forming the magma chamber far below. Due to subsequent continued erosion, any evidence is now gone. In either case, the rock that makes up Sopris never reached the surface and crystallizing in situ, becoming exposed due to erosion. Nearby prominent peaks Mount Gunnison and Crested Butte are believed to have formed similarly. Mount Sopris dominates the skyline of Carbondale and the lower Roaring Fork Valley, serving as an unofficial symbol of the area, it is prominently visible from State Highway 82 in the vicinity of Carbondale. In terms of local relief, it is one of the largest peaks in the state of Colorado. For example, West Sopris rises 6,400 ft above the valley to the west in only 2.7 mi. In fact a vertical rise of over 6,000 feet in less than 3 miles is rare and impressive anywhere in the contiguous United States; the Mount Sopris Trail ascends to East Sopris via its east ridge. It starts near Dinkle Lake, on the northeast side of the mountain, passes between the two Thomas Lakes just before reaching timberline.
The ascent involves 12 mi of hiking. Mount Sopris Sopris Peak List of Colorado mountain ranges List of Colorado mountain summits List of Colorado fourteeners List of Colorado 4000 meter prominent summits List of the most prominent summits of Colorado List of Colorado county high points Live Mount Sopris webcam. Mount Sopris on Summitpost, an excellent article with many further links Rock Glacier on Mount Sopris at NASA Earth Observatory
Aspen Mountain (Colorado)
Aspen Mountain is a mountain summit in the Elk Mountains range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 10,705-foot peak is located in White River National Forest, 1.4 miles south-southeast of downtown Aspen in Pitkin County, United States. The north face of the mountain is the location of the Aspen Mountain ski area, one of four adjacent ski areas operated collectively as Aspen/Snowmass. Aspen Mountain is not high, relative to other mountains in Colorado, but nonetheless looms over the town of Aspen because of the proximity of the town, founded as a silver mining camp in 1879 during the Colorado Silver Boom; the mountain flank was the site of intense mining activity in the late 1880s and early 1890s, with many remains of mining activity below and on the surface of the mountain. In the middle 20th century it became the site of recreational downhill skiing. In 1946, the newly formed Aspen Skiing Company, founded by Walter Paepcke, built the first chairlift to the top of the mountain and opened the ski area that bears the name of the mountain.
Nowadays, people use a modern gondola, to get to the top of the mountain. Aspen Mountain is alternatively called Ajax by the locals. List of Colorado mountain ranges List of Colorado mountain summits List of Colorado fourteeners List of Colorado 4000 meter prominent summits List of the most prominent summits of Colorado List of Colorado county high points
A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area in the form of a peak. A mountain is steeper than a hill. Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism; these forces can locally raise the surface of the earth. Mountains erode through the action of rivers, weather conditions, glaciers. A few mountains are isolated summits. High elevations on mountains produce colder climates than at sea level; these colder climates affect the ecosystems of mountains: different elevations have different plants and animals. Because of the less hospitable terrain and climate, mountains tend to be used less for agriculture and more for resource extraction and recreation, such as mountain climbing; the highest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest in the Himalayas of Asia, whose summit is 8,850 m above mean sea level. The highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System is Olympus Mons on Mars at 21,171 m. There is no universally accepted definition of a mountain.
Elevation, relief, steepness and continuity have been used as criteria for defining a mountain. In the Oxford English Dictionary a mountain is defined as "a natural elevation of the earth surface rising more or less abruptly from the surrounding level and attaining an altitude which to the adjacent elevation, is impressive or notable."Whether a landform is called a mountain may depend on local usage. Mount Scott outside Lawton, Oklahoma, USA, is only 251 m from its base to its highest point. Whittow's Dictionary of Physical Geography states "Some authorities regard eminences above 600 metres as mountains, those below being referred to as hills." In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, a mountain is defined as any summit at least 2,000 feet high, whilst the official UK government's definition of a mountain, for the purposes of access, is a summit of 600 metres or higher. In addition, some definitions include a topographical prominence requirement 100 or 500 feet. At one time the U.
S. Board on Geographic Names defined a mountain as being 1,000 feet or taller, but has abandoned the definition since the 1970s. Any similar landform lower. However, the United States Geological Survey concludes that these terms do not have technical definitions in the US; the UN Environmental Programme's definition of "mountainous environment" includes any of the following: Elevation of at least 2,500 m. Using these definitions, mountains cover 33% of Eurasia, 19% of South America, 24% of North America, 14% of Africa; as a whole, 24% of the Earth's land mass is mountainous. There are three main types of mountains: volcanic and block. All three types are formed from plate tectonics: when portions of the Earth's crust move and dive. Compressional forces, isostatic uplift and intrusion of igneous matter forces surface rock upward, creating a landform higher than the surrounding features; the height of the feature makes it either a hill or, if steeper, a mountain. Major mountains tend to occur in long linear arcs, indicating tectonic plate boundaries and activity.
Volcanoes are formed when a plate is pushed at a mid-ocean ridge or hotspot. At a depth of around 100 km, melting occurs in rock above the slab, forms magma that reaches the surface; when the magma reaches the surface, it builds a volcanic mountain, such as a shield volcano or a stratovolcano. Examples of volcanoes include Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines; the magma does not have to reach the surface in order to create a mountain: magma that solidifies below ground can still form dome mountains, such as Navajo Mountain in the US. Fold mountains occur when two plates collide: shortening occurs along thrust faults and the crust is overthickened. Since the less dense continental crust "floats" on the denser mantle rocks beneath, the weight of any crustal material forced upward to form hills, plateaus or mountains must be balanced by the buoyancy force of a much greater volume forced downward into the mantle, thus the continental crust is much thicker under mountains, compared to lower lying areas.
Rock can fold either asymmetrically. The upfolds are anticlines and the downfolds are synclines: in asymmetric folding there may be recumbent and overturned folds; the Balkan Mountains and the Jura Mountains are examples of fold mountains. Block mountains are caused by faults in the crust: a plane; when rocks on one side of a fault rise relative to the other, it can form a mountain. The uplifted blocks are block horsts; the intervening dropped blocks are termed graben: these can be small or form extensive rift valley systems. This form of landscape can be seen in East Africa, the Vosges, the Basin and Range Province of Western North America and the Rhine valley; these areas occur when the regional stress is extensional and the crust is thinned. During and following uplift, mountains are subjected to the agents of erosion which wear the uplifted area down. Erosion causes the surface of mountains to be younger than the rocks that form the mountains themselves. Glacial processes produce characteristic landforms, such as pyramidal peaks, knife-edge arêtes, bowl-shaped cirques that can contai
Summit [videos]
A summit is a point on a surface that is higher in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. The topographic terms acme, apex, peak, and zenith are synonymous. — The term top is generally used only for a mountain peak that is located at some distance from …
Climbers on the world's highest summit, Mount Everest.
View from the summit of Switzerland's highest, Monte Rosa
Topographic isolation [videos]
The topographic isolation of a summit is the minimum great-circle distance to a point of equal elevation, representing a radius of dominance in which the peak is the highest point. It can be calculated for small hills and islands as well as for major mountain peaks, and can even be calculated for …
Image: Everest kalapatthar crop
Image: Monte Aconcagua
Image: Denali Mt Mc Kinley
Image: Glacier at summit of Mt Kilimanjaro 001
Colorado [videos]
Colorado is a state of the Western United States encompassing most of the southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. It is the 8th most extensive and 21st most populous U.S. state. The …
A view of the arid high plains in Southeastern Colorado
The Calhan Paint Mines on the Colorado Eastern Plains
Front Range Peaks west of Denver
Continental Divide at Monarch Pass
Mountain range [videos]
A mountain range or hill range is a series of mountains or hills ranged in a line and connected by high ground. A mountain system or mountain belt is a group of mountain ranges with similarity in form, structure, and alignment that have arisen from the same cause, usually an orogeny. Mountain …
The Himalayas, the highest mountain range on Earth, seen from space
An 1865 lithograph showing the High Tatras mountain range in Slovakia and Poland by Karel Kořistka appearing in a book by August Heinrich Petermann.
The Andes, the world's longest mountain range on the surface of a continent, seen from the air
Hillary and Tenzing Montes on Pluto (14 July 2015)
Front Range [videos]
The Front Range is a mountain range of the Southern Rocky Mountains of North America located in the central portion of the U.S. State of Colorado, and southeastern portion of the U.S. State of Wyoming. It is the first mountain range encountered as one goes westbound along the 40th parallel north …
Front Range Peaks in the Indian Peaks Wilderness
Pikes Peak and Garden of the Gods.
Sandstone slabs along the eastern edge of the front range
Image: Image Wpdms nasa topo front range
Elevation [videos]
The elevation of a geographic location is its height above or below a fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface. — The term elevation is mainly used when …
Part of a topographic map of Haleakala (Hawaii), showing elevation.
Heightmap of Earth's surface (including water and ice) in equirectangular projection, normalized as 8-bit grayscale, where lighter values indicate higher elevation.
Processed LiDAR point cloud showing not only elevation, but heights of features as well.
Image: San Bernardino Mountains 8000feetsign
Mountain [videos]
A mountain is a large landform that rises above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill. Mountains are formed through tectonic forces or volcanism. These forces can locally raise the surface of the earth. Mountains erode …
Mount Ararat, as seen from Armenia.
Illustration of mountains that developed on a fold that thrusted.
Pirin Mountain, Bulgaria, part of the fault-block Rila-Rhodope massif
The Catskills in Upstate New York represent an eroded plateau.
Rocky Mountains [videos]
The Rocky Mountains, also known as the Rockies, are a major mountain range in western North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than 4,800 kilometers from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico in the Southwestern United States. Located within …
Mount Robson in British Columbia
Tilted slabs of sedimentary rock in Colorado
Sir Alexander MacKenzie in 1800
Cherokee Trail near Fort Collins, Colorado, from a sketch taken 7 June 1859
North America [videos]
North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south …
The El Castillo pyramid, at Chichén Itzá, Mexico
Benjamin West's The Death of General Wolfe (1771) depicting the Battle of the Plains of Abraham
Satellite imagery of North America
Washington National Cathedral, in Washington, D.C. The United States has the most people in the world identifying as Christian.
Thirteener [videos]
In mountaineering in the United States, a thirteener is a mountain that exceeds 13,000 feet above mean sea level, similar to the more familiar "fourteeners," which exceed 14,000 feet. In most instances, "thirteeners" refers only to those peaks between 13,000 and 13,999 feet …
The Crestone Group including Columbia Point, Colorado
Mount Silverheels, Colorado
Lizard Head, Colorado
Mount Humphreys, California
Breckenridge, Colorado [videos]
Breckenridge is a Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Summit County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 4,540 at the 2010 United States Census. The town also has many part-time residents, as many people have vacation homes in the area …
Main Street in Breckenridge
An aerial view of the town of Breckenridge from the top of the Kensho SuperChair on Peak 6
Mexican sculptor Abel Ramírez Águilar posing with other members of team Graciela Ferreiro, Gabriel Rayar and Robert Hancock in front of their snow sculpture "Little Village" at the International Snow Sculpture Championships in 1999
Image: Breckenridge,CO Panorama
Breckenridge Ski Resort [videos]
Breckenridge Ski Resort is an alpine ski resort in the western United States, in Breckenridge, Colorado. Just west of the Continental Divide in Summit County, it is perennially one of the most visited ski resorts in the western hemisphere. Breckenridge is owned and operated by Vail Resorts, Inc …
The Falcon SuperChair (replaced in 2017) services a variety of advanced trails, ranging from groomed blacks to glades on the north side and chutes on the south side
Peak 9 is composed of intermediate terrain, as well as beginner terrain on the lower slopes and chutes on the north face
Peak 8 is the geographical center of the resort. It also has the widest variety of terrain, from beginner trails to steep bowl terrain
The Independence SuperChair services moderate intermediate terrain on the lower part of Peak 7
Summit County, Colorado [videos]
Summit County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 27,994. The county seat is Breckenridge.Summit County comprises the Breckenridge, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area. — History — Summit County was organized as one of the seventeen …
Snowmelt runoff fills Lake Dillon in Summit County
Gold specimen from the Breckenridge Mining District
Image: Summit County court house in Colorado
United States Geological Survey [videos]
The United States Geological Survey is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it. The organization has four major …
The USGS headquarters in Reston, Virginia
Clarence King, first director of the USGS
Image: USGS Station
Elk Mountains (Colorado) [videos]
The Elk Mountains are a high, rugged mountain range in the Rocky Mountains of west-central Colorado in the United States. The mountains sit on the western side of the Continental Divide, largely in southern Pitkin and northern Gunnison counties, in the area southwest of Aspen, south of the Roaring …
The Maroon Bells, Elk Mountains.
Sievers Mountain, near Maroon Bells
Maroon Lake, Elk Mountains.
Dillon Reservoir [videos]
Dillon Reservoir, sometimes referred to as Lake Dillon, is a large fresh water reservoir located in Summit County, Colorado, south of I-70 and bordered by the towns of Frisco, Silverthorne, and Dillon. It is a reservoir for the city of Denver, and its waters are under the control of Denver Water …
Dillon Reservoir in October
Panoramic view of the Dillon Reservoir and surrounding towns.
Book Cliffs [videos]
The Book Cliffs are a series of desert mountains and cliffs in western Colorado and eastern Utah, in the western United States. They are so named because the cliffs of Cretaceous sandstone that cap many of the south-facing buttes appear similar to a shelf of books. — Description and history …
Book Cliffs and Mt. Garfield (on right, approximate altitude 6,600') in Mesa County, Colorado
A flute cast, one of many sedimentary structures found in the Book Cliffs
Capitol Peak (Colorado) [videos]
Capitol Peak is a high and prominent mountain summit in the Elk Mountains range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 14,137-foot fourteener is located in the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness of White River National Forest, 8.7 miles east by south of the …
Capitol Peak, from Capitol Lake
Capitol Peak Knife Edge
Mount Sopris [videos]
Mount Sopris is a twin-summit mountain in the northwestern Elk Mountains range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 12,965-foot mountain is located in the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness of White River National Forest, 6.6 miles north by northeast of the …
Mount Sopris as viewed from State Highway 82.
Looking North West from Mt. Sopris
Pyramid Peak (Colorado) [videos]
Pyramid Peak is a fourteen thousand foot mountain in the U.S. state of Colorado. It is the 47th highest mountain peak in Colorado, and 78th highest peak in the United States. It is located in the Elk Mountains in southeastern Pitkin County, approximately 12 miles southwest of Aspen. The …
Pyramid Peak as seen from Maroon Peak in 2009
View of Pyramid Peak from Aspen Highlands
Maroon Bells [videos]
The Maroon Bells are two peaks in the Elk Mountains, Maroon Peak and North Maroon Peak, separated by about half a kilometer. The mountains are on the border between Pitkin County and Gunnison County, Colorado, United States, about 12 miles southwest of Aspen. Both …
Maroon Lake and Maroon Bells, pre-dawn photo, 19 September 2012.
Topographic map [videos]
In modern mapping, a topographic map is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines, but historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographic map to show both natural and man-made …
Curvimeter used to measure the length of a curve
Arapaho National Forest [videos]
Arapaho National Forest is a National Forest located in north-central Colorado, United States. The facility is managed jointly with the Roosevelt National Forest and the Pawnee National Grassland from the United States Forest Service office in Fort Collins, Colorado. It has a wildlife refuge which …
Image: Arapaho National Forest 2010 USD Agov
Mount Garfield (Colorado) [videos]
Mt. Garfield is the high point of the Book Cliffs, north of Grand Junction, and overlooking the town of Palisade. Two classic hiking trails ascend the mountain. The mountain was named after President James Garfield a year after Garfield's …
Mt. Garfield from East Orchard Mesa, Colorado.
Aspen Mountain (Colorado) [videos]
Aspen Mountain is a mountain summit in the Elk Mountains range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 10,705-foot peak is located in White River National Forest, 1.4 miles south-southeast of downtown Aspen in Pitkin County, Colorado, United States. The …
Aspen Mountain, seen from the northwest showing the lower ski runs of the Aspen Mountain ski area
Castle Peak (Colorado) [videos]
Castle Peak is the ninth highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the U.S. state of Colorado. The prominent 14,279-foot fourteener is the highest summit of the Elk Mountains and the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness. The peak is located 11.6 miles northeast …
View from NNE above Montezuma Basin
Chair Mountain [videos]
Chair Mountain is a prominent mountain summit in the Elk Mountains range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The 12,727-foot peak is located in the Raggeds Wilderness of Gunnison National Forest, 5.0 miles west by south of the Town of Marble in Gunnison …
Snowmass Mountain [videos]
Snowmass Mountain is a fourteen thousand foot tall mountain in the U.S. state of Colorado, and is the thirty-fourth highest mountain peak in the state. Located in the Elk Mountains, within the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness of the White River National Forest, it lies along the border between the …
Snowmass Mountain, July 2007
Snowmass Peak [videos]
Snowmass Peak in the U.S. state of Colorado dominates the view from Snowmass Lake. It is often mistaken for Snowmass Mountain, the thirty-fourth highest mountain peak in the state, as well as for Hagerman Peak. Snowmass Peak is not really a peak but the lower end of Hagerman Peak's east ridge …
Snowmass Peak rises up out of Snowmass Lake
Treasure Mountain (Colorado) [videos]
Treasure Mountain, elevation 13,535 ft, is a summit in the Elk Mountains of western Colorado. The mountain is in the Raggeds Wilderness southeast of Marble. The massif has been the site of marble mining and a legend of lost French gold. — Immediate vicinity — Treasure Mountain forms a …
Image: Treasure Mountain Colorado
Elkhead Mountains [videos]
The Elkhead Mountains are a mountain range in Colorado. The mountain range is considered to be low altitude within Colorado as the mountains are under 11,000 feet. Located within Routt and Moffat counties, the mountain range is far from metropolitan areas and has few lakes and streams …
The Elkhead Mountains
Salzburg [videos]
Salzburg, literally "salt castle", is the fourth-largest city in Austria and the capital of Federal State of Salzburg. — Its historic centre is renowned for its baroque architecture and is one of the best-preserved city centres north of the …
View at Salzburg from Hohensalzburg Fortress
Salzburg in 1914
Young Austrians at celebrations just after the Anschluss
View from Mönchsberg
Florence [videos]
Florence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with 383,084 inhabitants in 2013, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Florence was a centre of medieval European trade and finance and …
A collage of Florence showing the Galleria degli Uffizi (top left), followed by the Palazzo Pitti, a sunset view of the city and the Fountain of Neptune in the Piazza della Signoria.
View of Florence by Hartmann Schedel, published in 1493
Julius Caesar established Florence in 59 BC
The Goth King Totila razes the walls of Florence during the Gothic War: illumination from the Chigi manuscript of Villani's Cronica
History of Portugal [videos]
The history of Portugal can be traced from circa 400,000 years ago, when the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Homo heidelbergensis. The oldest human fossil is the skull discovered in the Cave of Aroeira in Almonda. Later Neanderthals roamed the northern Iberian peninsula. Homo …
Aroeira 3 skull of 400,000 year old Homo heidelbergensis. The oldest trace of human history in Portugal.
Mértola's former mosque was transformed into a church in 1238.
Monument of Pelagius at Covadonga where he won the Battle of Covadonga and initiated the Christian Reconquista of Iberia from the Islamic Moors.
Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba


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Scott Walker says Wisconsin needs a break from 'massive new interchanges in Milwaukee'
Gov. Scott Walker said the state would put off the largest road projects in southeastern Wisconsin if he is re-elected next month.
Scott Walker says Wisconsin needs a break from 'massive new interchanges in Milwaukee' Gov. Scott Walker said the state would put off the largest road projects in southeastern Wisconsin if he is re-elected next month. Check out this story on jsonline.com: https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/elections/2018/10/22/scott-walker-says-state-needs-break-new-interchanges-milwaukee/1730390002/
Patrick Marley and Mica Soellner, Milwaukee Journal Sentinel Published 1:51 p.m. CT Oct. 22, 2018 | Updated 4:12 p.m. CT Oct. 22, 2018
State schools Superintendent Tony Evers (left) shakes hands with Gov. Scott Walker before their first debate on Friday.(Photo: Molly Beck / Milwaukee Journal Sentinel)
MADISON - Gov. Scott Walker said Monday the state would put off the largest road projects in southeastern Wisconsin if he is re-elected next month, even as business leaders call for $1 billion of work on I-94 in the heart of Milwaukee.
"We're not doing massive new interchanges in Milwaukee," the GOP governor said on WISN-AM (1130). "We're just not going to do them for a while. We needed to finish the work on the Marquette and then on the Zoo, but we need a break here."
Also Monday, at a stop in Appleton, Walker said he opposed allowing undocumented immigrants to get driving permits, addressing an issue he avoided in Friday's debate. His Democratic opponent, state Schools Superintendent Tony Evers, said in the debate he backed providing permits to those drivers.
"Until the federal law is changed, the State of Wisconsin should not be providing driver's licenses to people who are here in the country illegally," Walker said Monday. "Tony Evers' approach saying that we should is actually ignoring the law.
"Think about all the people who are marching towards this nation's border. Tony Evers would say, 'I'll give you free driver's licenses. I'll give you licenses to come and work and operate vehicles here in the state of Wisconsin.' "
RELATED: Scott Walker and Tony Evers spar over immigration, taxes, health care in first debate
RELATED: Join us Tuesday evening for a PolitiFact discussion
POLITIFACT: Ahead of Wisconsin visit, Donald Trump on the Truth-O-Meter
In the debate, Evers said allowing illegal immigrants to get driving permits would be good for workers and businesses and make the state's roads safer.
"Undocumented folks are working hard at jobs all across the state of Wisconsin, paying taxes, paying into Social Security," he said. "To me, it wins for the economy and it wins for the workers and it wins for the people of Wisconsin."
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Walker and Evers have clashed over road funding throughout the campaign, with Evers saying he would be willing to raise the gas tax to find more money for transportation. Walker has opposed raising taxes and said on WISN that a big influx of cash is not needed for roads.
His comments come as the Metropolitan Milwaukee Association of Commerce lobbies for rebuilding I-94 between the Marquette and Zoo interchanges. Walker initially backed that project, which is expected to cost about $1 billion, but abandoned it last year.
He was not asked specifically about that project, but suggested he would not seek to revive it or ones like it.
"I think the drivers in this area would say we need a break in this area for sure," Walker told conservative host Jay Weber and the audience at a town hall-style event.
RELATED: Wisconsin abandons I-94 east-west project in Milwaukee County for lack of funds
During the event, Walker touted the importance of protecting coverage for those with pre-existing conditions, even as he emphasized his opposition to the Affordable Care Act, widely known as Obamacare, which requires coverage for such people.
Walker said he had no regrets about his stance.
"Never retreat from doing the right thing," he said. "In this case, we can protect people with pre-existing conditions in this state and not have to protect the failure that is Obamacare."
In a statement, Evers renewed his call for withdrawing Wisconsin from a lawsuit authorized by Walker against Obamacare. Evers released a letter he said he would send to the attorney general if he is elected to get the state out of the federal lawsuit.
"I cannot continue to allow the use of taxpayer resources toward a lawsuit that could undermine the health security of the people of the state," Evers said in his statement.
On WISN, Walker suggested the decision to make this his last campaign for governor was made by his wife, Tonette.
"I said my only limit is not legally a term limit; it's a Tonette limit," Walker said. "She said this is the third term, the final term, get the job done and then pass it on to a new generation of leadership."
Patrick Marley reported from Madison for this story and Mica Soellner, of the USA TODAY Network-Wisconsin, reported from Appleton.
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Read or Share this story: https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/elections/2018/10/22/scott-walker-says-state-needs-break-new-interchanges-milwaukee/1730390002/
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Mario Giovanni Guerriero Ruffini (ur. 15 kwietnia 1937 w Costa Volpino, zm. 15 września 1990 w Lovere) – włoski polityk i samorządowiec, eurodeputowany III kadencji.

Życiorys
Kształcił się w zakresie ekonomii i handlu, pracował jako konsultant. Zaangażował się również w działalność polityczną w ramach Chrześcijańskiej Demokracji. Był burmistrzem swojej rodzinnej miejscowości. Od 1970 wybierany na radnego Lombardii, pełnił funkcję asesora do spraw m.in. rolnictwa i przemysłu, a także wiceprzewodniczącego rady regionalnej. W 1989 uzyskał mandat posła do Parlamentu Europejskiego. Był m.in. członkiem grupy chadeckiej. Zmarł w trakcie III kadencji Europarlamentu.

Przypisy

Włoscy posłowie do Parlamentu Europejskiego
Włoscy samorządowcy
Politycy Chrześcijańskiej Demokracji (Włochy)
Urodzeni w 1937
Zmarli w 1990

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Tariska Péter (1946 –) magyar neurológus, pszichiáter és geriáter szakorvos. Tariska István orvos, neurológus fia.

Életpályája
Tariska Péter orvosegyetemi tanulmányait 1970-ben fejezte be. Ezt követően a Budapesti Orvostudományi Egyetem II. sz. Neurológiai és Pszichiátriai klinikáján központi gyakornokként, majd egyetemi tanársegédként tevékenykedett. 1976-tól 2008-ig az Országos Ideg- és Elmegyógyászati (később Országos Pszichiátriai és Neurológiai Intézetben) dolgozott. 1976-1982 között a HIETE Intézetbe kihelyezett Neurológiai tanszékének egyetemi adjunktusa, majd 1983-tól az OPNI osztályvezető főorvosa. 1994-2004 között az Intézet általános főigazgató-helyettesi tisztét töltötte be. 2008 februárjától az Állami Egészségügyi Központ Pszichiátriai osztályán demencia szakrendelést vezet.

Neurológiából 1974-ben, pszichiátriából 1977-ben, geriátriából 2001-ben tett sikeres szakvizsgát, valamint 1980-ban elektroencephalographiából is szakképesítést szerzett. Kandidátusi értekezését 1984-ben védte meg.

A neurológia és pszichiátria határterületi kérdéseivel, az elmúlt évtizedekben pedig a demenciákkal foglalkozik. Kezdeményezésére jött létre 1992-ben az OPNI-ban az első hazai Memória klinika, amely egészen az Intézet megszűnéséig működött.

A Magyar Ideg- és Elmeorvosok Társasága Alzheimer-kór szekciójának és a Magyar Pszichiátriai Társaságnak vezetőségi tagja. 1995 óta az European Federation of Neurologic Societies (EFNS) Dementia paneljében Magyarországot képviseli. Részt vett az Európai Neurológiai Társaságok Szövetsége demencia átvizsgálási szakmai protokollja kidolgozásában (megjelenés: 2000, revideált változat: 2007), tagja volt az Alzheimer Europe 2009-ben megjelenő szakmai protokollja kidolgozó bizottságának. Korábban az MTA Pszichiátriai Szakbizottsága tagja (1993-1996) volt, 2002-től az MTA Idegtudományi Bizottságának titkára.

Továbbképző jellegű könyvei könyvfejezetei, valamint közleményei 1979 óta jelennek meg. Több orvosegyetemen is egyetemi tankönyvként elfogadott a Pszichiátria magyar kézikönyve című kötet, melynek négy kiadása, szerkesztése, és azokban fejezetek írása fűződik a nevéhez. Különösen jelentős műve, a 2000-ben kiadott Alzheimer-kórral foglalkozó könyve és a Rajna Péterrel közösen írott, Az időskor neuropszichiátriája című könyve. A Magyar Pszichiátriai Társaság több könyvét is a Nyírő Gyula nívódíjjal jutalmazta. A Memória klinikáról beszámoló publikációt az Orvosi Hetilap szerkesztősége 1995-ben Markusovszky-díjjal tüntette ki.

Főbb publikációi
 A dementia mai szemlélete. Magyar Pszichiátriai Társaság, Budapest, 1988.
 Gyakorlati útmutató az emlékezészavarok általános orvosi megközelítéséhez. Pharma Press, Budapest, 1995.
 Dementiák a családorvos gyakorlatában: korszerű diagnosztika és terápia. Mind Kft, Budapest, 1995.
 Az emlékezetzavarok jelentősége az általános orvosi gyakorlatban. UCB kiskönyvtár sorozat 20. kötet, Budapest, 1998
 Alzheimer-kór. Golden Book, Budapest, 2000
 Az idős kor neuropszichiátriája. (Rajna Péterrel) B+V kiadó, Budapest, 2000
 Szellemi hanyatlás időskorban. Therapia kiadó, 2003.

Források
 Tariska Péter életrajza
 Tariska Péter életrajza és publikációs listája

További információk
Tariska Péter: Kortünet vagy kórtünet? – YouTube

Magyar orvosok
Magyar ideggyógyászok
Magyar pszichiáterek
1946-ban született személyek
Élő személyek


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Meet Dean Quiñones: Robins School Welcomes New Dean
Before coming to Richmond, Quiñones served as the O. Paul Corley Distinguished Chair in Organizational Behavior and Administration and department chair in the Southern Methodist University Cox School of Business.
When you walk into Dean Quiñones' office at the Robins School of Business, you'll notice family pictures and an artist's rendering of the Puerto Rican flag. But sometimes you might be greeted by his little five-pound dog, Rusty, who likes to perch on the edge of his desk, and look out the floor to ceiling windows.
"I take my job very seriously, but I don't take myself too seriously," Quiñones said when asked how he would describe himself.
The new dean, originally from Puerto Rico, moved to San Antonio at the age of 11, and knew very little English. He went from being a top student in his grade every year, to failing his first round of tests. But his teachers believed in him, and recognized his passion for learning.
"I learned English, and began to excel. I am so grateful to my teachers when I first came to San Antonio, because they did not judge me or show any bias against me. And that helped me to succeed," Quiñones said. "My passion for education comes from them. I hope to show the same qualities of kindness and acceptance toward every person I meet."
This experience of being welcomed and inspired to learn, drives one of his primary goals for the Robins School at the beginning of his tenure: to make it the most welcoming and accepting school on the University of Richmond campus. According to Quiñones, being welcoming is about respecting the inherent worth of every individual. This is one of the key values he learned from his father.
"I want every student who's interested in studying business to feel welcome in the school," Quiñones said. "I want students who don't pursue business to do it because they found another subject they are passionate about, not because they felt like they didn't belong here."
His friendly nature comes from growing up in a tight-knit family, which experienced struggle and loss, but remained strong. He told faculty and staff he lost his older brother when he was just five years old, and therefore lives his life to the fullest he can and tries to be open and genuine in all interactions.
"That taught me early on how to be resilient and adaptable," Quiñones said, which shows, as he runs marathons, climbs mountains, bikes, hikes, and does every adventurous thing he can in his free time. He even qualified to run the Boston Marathon in April of 2020.
"I can also be a little goofy around my family. I have two kids, both teenagers, but my wife says it's like having three teenagers with me around," Quiñones said.
He is a naturally curious person and loves learning something from everyone he meets. This personality gives him a unique connection with students and their families, which he is excited to bring to the Robins School.
"I came here because of the tightly knit and welcoming community that we have. We're all invested in each other's success, I'm invested in our students' success, as they are in the success of the Robins School," Quiñones said.
Before coming to Richmond, Quiñones served as the O. Paul Corley Distinguished Chair in Organizational Behavior and Administration and department chair in the Southern Methodist University Cox School of Business. He is an internationally recognized expert and widely-published author in the areas of individual and organizational development, as well as the strategic management of human capital. He was previously on the faculties of the University of Arizona and Rice University. He also served as a U.S. Fulbright scholar and visiting professor at the Pontificia Universidad Catolica in Santiago, Chile, and was a visiting professor at Singapore Management University, as well as the IE Business School in Madrid. Quiñones also holds a dual citizenship with Spain and the United States.
He says his time at Rice University grounded him in his passion for connecting with students, when he lived on campus as Magister of Baker College, and says the student-centered nature of the Robins School drew him to the program.
"The energy of the students hooked me, and the faculty and staff are committed to making decisions in the best interest of our students," Quiñones said. "This is the most welcoming community I've ever encountered, and I want our students to feel the same way when they walk through my door."
Mickey Quiñones
Professor of Management
Individual and Organizational Development
Strategic Management of Human Capital
Diversity and Inclusion in Organizations
mquinones@richmond.edu


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Home » Europe » School closures: Full list of schools closed today over UK snow chaos
School closures: Full list of schools closed today over UK snow chaos
Schools throughout the UK will be closed today with more heavy snow, ice and fog forecast to cover the nation as the winter deep freeze continues to take hold. On Monday, pupils in counties such as Gloucestershire, Cornwall, Devon and East Sussex were told to stay at home following a thick blanket of snow that had settled overnight. Today will follow a similar trend as Britain wakes up from a bone-chilling -15C deep freeze overnight.
Dozens of schools will again be completely closed and moving to online learning for pupils, while several others are expected to have later starts.
Below are the areas throughout the UK where schools have announced closures or delayed starts.
People have been urged not to travel due to the adverse weather conditions.
Cornwall Fire and Rescue Service received over 300 reports of road traffic accidents due to the huge build-up of ice in the area over the weekend.
As a result, there are several school closures in Cornwall today, while others are only partially closed.
At least nine schools will remain closed today or open at a different time. Click here to see the full list of schools that are closed.
Some schools in the southwest English county will remain fully or partially closed today freezing temperatures continue.
Find out the latest information on school closures in Devon here.
THIS IS A BREAKING STORY. MORE TO FOLLOW…
Prince Jacques and Princess Gabriella celebrate birthday
EU disaster – How a 20-year-old policy could destroy Brussels' dream


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En France, le domaine royal désigne l'ensemble des terres, des biens et des droits relevant directement du pouvoir du roi au sein du royaume de France.

En France, lors de l'avènement d'Hugues Capet, ce domaine était très restreint. Les possessions, si on les évalue en termes territoriaux, étaient essentiellement concentrées dans l'Île-de-France et l'Orléanais, discontinues, avec en sus quelques îlots isolés tels que le domaine d'Attigny, reliquat de l'ancien fiscus. Elles provenaient pour l'essentiel des domaines des Robertiens, lignée des ancêtres des Capétiens.

Chronologie de l'accroissement du domaine royal

Abréviations : * (DR) = concerne le domaine royal * (RF) = concerne le royaume de France

Les premiers Capétiens étaient, parmi les grands féodaux, les moins bien lotis en territoires. Patiemment, en usant du droit féodal (en particulier la confiscation d'un fief à un vassal félon), mais aussi par d'habiles mariages avec les héritières des grands fiefs, voire l'achat, ils agrandissent le domaine royal, qui finit par se confondre avec le royaume au . Cependant la pratique de l'apanage ampute l'étendue du domaine et crée de dangereux concurrents à la puissance royale (en particulier le duché de Bourgogne aux , pourtant tenu par des Capétiens issus du roi Jean II le Bon, la seconde Maison capétienne de Bourgogne).

Les Capétiens directs

Règne d'Hugues Capet (987-996)
 988 : Montreuil, premier port tenu par les Capétiens. Acquis par mariage du prince héritier Robert (futur Robert II le Pieux) avec Rozala, veuve du Comte de Flandres Arnould II. (DR)

Règne de Robert II le Pieux (996-1031)

1016 : acquisition de la Bourgogne. Le roi est le neveu du duc Henri mort sans héritier. (DR)
1021/1023 : le roi de France Robert II enlève le comté de Dreux à Eudes  de Blois, successeur désigné d'Étienne , et le réunit à la couronne. Louis VI le Gros, le donna en 1152 à son fils Robert.

Règne de Henri  (1031-1060)
 1032 : le roi donne à son demi-frère Robert I le duché de Bourgogne. (DR)
 1055 : Annexion du comté de Sens. (DR)

Règne de Philippe  (1060-1108)
 1068 : Le roi de France Philippe  annexe le Vermandois et le Gâtinais au domaine royal, obtenus de Foulque Réchin. (DR)
 1077 : annexion au domaine du Vexin français. (DR)
 1081 : Moret-sur-Loing. (DR)
 1101 : acquisition de la vicomté de Bourges et de la seigneurie de Dun. (DR)

Règne de Louis VI le Gros (1108-1137)
 le roi passe une grande partie de son règne à pacifier le domaine royal en réduisant à l'obéissance certains seigneurs (les sieurs de Montlhéry, de Coucy, du Puiset, de Crécy...).

Règne de Louis VII le Jeune (1137-1180)

 1137 : par son mariage avec Aliénor d'Aquitaine Louis peut espérer rattacher au domaine tout le Sud-Ouest du royaume. Mais, leur séparation en 1151, ruine tous les espoirs de la royauté française. Puisque l'année suivante, Aliénor d'Aquitaine épouse Henri Plantagenet comte d'Anjou, du Maine et duc de Normandie (qui deviendra en 1154, roi d'Angleterre), lui apportant ses territoires en dot.

Règne de Philippe Auguste (1180-1223)

 1180 : le comté d'Artois revient au royaume, dot de sa femme Isabelle de Hainaut. (DR)
 1185 : le comté d'Amiens est uni à la couronne. (DR)
 1191 : le comté de Vermandois est acquis par le roi, après la mort d'Élisabeth de Vermandois, héritière du comté. Confirmé en 1214, par Éléonore de Vermandois sœur d'Élisabeth. (DR)
 1200 : le Vexin normand et le comté d'Évreux en échange de la reconnaissance de Jean sans Terre comme roi d'Angleterre. (DR)
 1202 : confiscation (commise) du duché de Normandie au roi d'Angleterre Jean sans Terre (DR) Idem pour la Touraine, l'Anjou, la Saintonge et temporairement le Poitou, remis à Arthur  de Bretagne, puis au domaine royal - les conquêtes territoriales ne seront effectives que deux ans après.
 Annexion du Comté d'Auvergne.
 1208 : La seigneurie de La Ferté-Macé est confisquée à Guillaume IV de la Ferté-Macé. (DR)
 1220 : Le comté d'Alençon réuni au domaine royal par l'absence d'héritier du comte Robert IV, vente par la vicomtesse de Chatellerault, héritière. (DR)

Règne de Louis VIII le Lion (1223-1226)
 1223 : Philippe Hurepel demi-frère du roi reçoit en apanage les comtés de Boulogne, et de Clermont en Beauvaisis, ainsi que les seigneuries de Domfront, Mortain et Aumale. (DR)
 Il enlève au roi d'Angleterre le Poitou, La Saintonge, l'Angoumois, le Périgord et une partie du Bordelais. (DR)
 1229 : La signature du Traité de Paris à l'issue de la guerre contre les Albigeois et le comte de Toulouse, permet de s'emparer du comté de Toulouse dont l'héritière Jeanne de Toulouse est mariée, en 1237, à Alphonse de Poitiers fils du roi. (DR)

Règne de Louis IX, dit Saint Louis (1226-1270)
 1229 : le comte de Toulouse cède au roi les sénéchaussées de Nîmes-Beaucaire et de Béziers-Carcassonne (traité de Paris). (DR)
 1237 : le roi donne le comté d'Artois à son frère Robert. (DR)
 1241 : le roi confirme l'apanage, le Poitou de son frère Alphonse de Poitiers. (DR)
 1249 : Alphonse de Poitiers succède à Raymond VII de Toulouse.
 1255 : comté de Beaumont-le-Roger, racheté à Raoul de Meulan. (DR)
 1258 : le roi renonce au Roussillon et à la Catalogne, en échange le roi d'Aragon renonce à la Provence et au Languedoc (traité de Corbeil). (RF)
 1258 : Jacques I vend le comté de Gévaudan à Saint-Louis, roi de France, qui rattache le comté au domaine royal.
 1259 : seigneuries de Domfront et de Tinchebray. (DR)
 1259 : le roi rend au roi d'Angleterre Henri III l'Aquitaine, et lui donne l'expectative pour le sud de la Saintonge, l'Angoumois et l'Agenais, en cas de disparition, sans enfant, du comte de Toulouse Alphonse de Poitiers (traité de Paris). (DR)
 1268 le roi donne le comté d'Alençon à son fils Pierre. (DR)

Règne de Philippe III le Hardi (1270-1285)
 1271 : comté de Toulouse, Poitou et Auvergne, le Comtat Venaissin apanages d'Alphonse de Poitiers revenant au domaine royal. (DR)
 1274 : achat du comté de Nemours. (DR)
 1274 : le roi cède la moitié du Comtat Venaissin au pape Grégoire X.
 1283 : Perche et comté d'Alençon hérités de son frère Pierre. (DR)
 1284 : achat du comté de Chartres. (DR)

Règnes de Philippe le Bel et de ses fils
Philippe IV le Bel (1285-1314), Louis X le Hutin (1314-1316), Jean I le Posthume (1316), Philippe V le Long (1316-1322), Charles IV le Bel (1322-1328).

 1284 : mariage de Philippe IV le Bel, futur roi de France avec Jeanne, fille d'Henri  le Gros, roi de Navarre et comte de Champagne. Le comté de Champagne est réuni au domaine. Officialisé en 1361. (DR)
 1285 : Charles de Valois, frère de Philippe Le Bel, fut apanagé du comté d'Alençon.
 1285-1295 : achat du comté de Guînes à son comte Arnould III qui devait payer une rançon. (DR)
 1286 : achat du comté de Chartres à Jeanne de Blois-Châtillon, veuve de son oncle Pierre. (DR)
 1292 : Ostrevant.
 1295 : le roi rend une partie du comté de Guines. (DR)
 1307 : intégra définitivement le Velay au domaine royal. (DR)
 1308 : achat du comté d'Angoulême, de Fougères et de Lusignan à Yolande de Lusignan. (DR)
 1313 : confiscation de la châtellenie de Tournai - pourtant terre d'Empire - sur Marie de Mortagne.
 1322 : le comté de Bigorre est incorporé au domaine royal à l'avènement du roi Charles IV, qui le tenait de sa mère Jeanne Ire de Navarre. (DR)

Les Valois

Règne de Philippe VI de Valois (1328-1350)
L'apanage du nouveau roi (Valois, Anjou, Maine, Chartres et Alençon) est réuni au domaine. (DR)

1343-1349 : le Dauphiné est vendu à la France par son duc et prince, le Dauphin de Viennois, redevable de l'hommage à l'Empereur du Saint-Empire Romain germanique. Le roi de France devra hommage à l'Empereur. Le royaume déborde largement le Rhône à l'est. (RF)
1336 : Conquête du comté de Ponthieu, rendu au roi d'Angleterre en 1360.
1349 : achat de la seigneurie de Montpellier à Jacques III (de son vrai nom Jaume  III, en catalan et occitan ), roi dépossédé de Majorque, contre 120 000 écus d'or. (RF)

Règne de Jean II le Bon (1350-1364)

1350-1360 : après la mort de Raoul II de Brienne, comte de Guînes, connétable de France décapité pour trahison, le comté de Guînes est confisqué. Il sera cédé aux Anglais au traité de Brétigny. (DR)
1360 : au traité de Brétigny, l'Aquitaine (soit un tiers du royaume) est donnée au roi d'Angleterre, pour obtenir la libération du Roi retenu prisonnier depuis la défaite de Poitiers. (RF)
1360 : le Roi de France Jean II le Bon confie en apanage le Berry à son fils Jean I de Berry.
1361 : le Roi donne la Touraine en apanage à son fils Philippe le Hardi. (DR)
1361 : le Roi s'empare de la Bourgogne dont le duc est mort sans héritier mâle. (DR)

Règne de Charles V (1364-1380)

 : La ville de Montivilliers est détachée du comté de Longueville et directement rattachée au domaine royal. (DR)
1364 : Philippe le Hardi reçoit en apanage le duché de Bourgogne. (DR)
1369 : Reconquête du Comté de Ponthieu.
1371 : Achat du comté d'Auxerre. (DR)
1377 : Après la mort du comte Simon de Thouars, le Comté de Dreux fut acquis par le roi de France. (DR)
1380 : conquête de l'Aquitaine. (RF)

Règne de Charles VI (1380-1422)

1382 : Charles VI donne le Comté de Dreux en dot à Marguerite de Bourbon en la mariant avec Arnaud-Amanieu d'Albret.
1399 : Le roi dépossède les derniers comtes de Périgord de leurs terres, et le Périgord ne sera inféodé de nouveau qu'en 1407, au comte d'Angoulême Jean d'Orléans.
1416 : L'apanage de Berry revient au domaine après la mort de la fille du duc Jean de Berry oncle du roi.
1416 : Le roi recrée l'apanage de Berry pour son fils Jean qui meurt en 1417.
1417 : Le roi donne l'apanage de Berry à son fils Charles.

Règne de Charles VII (1422-1461)

1429 : Le Comté de Laval est créé, par distraction du Comté du Maine, et dépend directement du domaine royal.
1434 : La seigneurie d'Amboise est confisquée à Louis d'Amboise qui avait comploté contre Georges de la Trémoille, favori du roi, et réunie à la couronne.
1435 : Le , le roi Charles VII cède les villes de Montreuil, la Somme, le comté de Mâcon et le comté d'Auxerre à Philippe le Bon.
1454 : Le comté de Comminges est intégré au domaine royal.

Règne de Louis XI (1461-1483)

 Le roi donne le Berry en apanage à son frère Charles de France qui le perd en 1466. (DR)
 1477 : le comté de Ponthieu est rattaché définitivement au domaine.
 1478 : le comté de Boulogne est acquis par échange.
 1480 : Le roi obtient de son oncle René d'Anjou, le duché d'Anjou. (DR)
1481: Charles III du Maine lègue au roi la Provence, héritée de René d'Anjou, et le Maine
 1482 : par le traité d'Arras la Bourgogne ducale et les Villes de la Somme (à l'origine du futur gouvernement militaire de Picardie) sont rattachées au domaine.
 1482 : vicomté de Châtellerault.

Règne de Charles VIII (1483-1498)
 1483 : Les seigneuries de Châtel-sur-Moselle et de Bainville prises sur le duché de Bar.
 1491 : Le mariage du roi avec la duchesse Anne de Bretagne est une première étape vers une union personnelle du duché au royaume qui sera avortée en 1498 (cf. infra).

Les Valois-Orléans

Règne de Louis XII (1498-1515)
 1498 : l'avènement du nouveau roi réintègre au domaine royal son apanage : le comté de Valois, le duché d'Orléans, le comté de Blois et le comté de Dunois.
 1498 : le contrat de mariage du roi avec la duchesse Anne de Bretagne exclut explicitement l'union personnelle de la Bretagne au royaume.
 Juin 1498 : les comtés de Provence et de Forcalquier.
  : le comté de Comminges qui avait été aliéné est réuni au domaine.
 1499 : le roi donne le Berry à sa femme Jeanne de France qu'il vient de répudier.
 1507 : la vicomté de Narbonne est cédée au roi de France.

Règne de François  (1515-1547)
À partir du règne de François I, la notion de domaine royal commence à se confondre avec celle de royaume tout entier. Il ne reste que l'apanage des Bourbons.
 1531 : les possessions du connétable de Bourbon qui a trahi le roi, sont confisquées (Bourbonnais, Auvergne, Comtés de Montpensier, de Clermont, de Mercœur et le Forez).
 1532 : Union de la Bretagne à la France par trois traités successifs entre les États de Bretagne et François I ; le dauphin est couronné duc sous le nom de François III de Bretagne.

Règne de Henri II (1547-1559)
 1547 : Premier roi de France à régner en son nom sur la Bretagne.
 1549 : Alençon fut définitivement rattachée au domaine royal après la mort de Marguerite de Navarre (1492-1549).
 1551 : Clermont ou Clairmont (future Clermont-Ferrand) devient ville royale, puis en 1610, propriété inséparable de la Couronne.
 1551 : Les évêchés de Toul, Metz et Verdun sont placés sous la tutelle du roi de France suivant les termes d'un accord signé avec les princes protestant allemand signé à Lochau. Ils sont occupés l'année suivante.
 1556 : la couronne reprend le Comté de Dreux
 1558 : François Ier duc de Guise, s'empare du port de Calais et reconquiert le Calaisis, anglais depuis 211 ans.
 1566 : le roi donne en apanage Alençon à François de France.

Les Bourbons

Règne de Henri IV (1589-1610)
 1589 : Henri III de Navarre devient le roi Henri IV de France en succédant à son cousin assassiné Henri III. Son immense apanage retourne au domaine : comté de Soissons, duché de Vendôme, duché de Beaumont, vicomté de Limoges, comté de Périgord, comté de Rodez, duché d'Albret, vicomtés de Béarn, de Lomagne, de Marsan, de Gabardan, de Tursan, de Fézensaguet et des quatre vallées, comtés de Gaure, d'Armagnac, de Foix, de Bigorre. (DR)
 1589 : le royaume de Navarre avec la principauté de Béarn dont le nouveau roi de France était le roi, est uni en liaison personnelle (mais pas incorporé) à la Couronne de France (RF) pour ce qui concerne sa partie au nord des Pyrénées, la Basse-Navarre.

 1607 : rattachement au domaine royal d'une partie du domaine personnel d'Henri IV (comté d'Armagnac, duché d'Albret, comté de Bigorre, comté de Foix, Périgord, Limousin, Rouergue, Vendômois, Beaumont, Marle).

Règne de Louis XIII (1610-1643)
 Louis XIII arrive à la tête d'une armée à Béarn et émet un édicte d'annexion de Basse-Navarre et Béarn en 1620, qui perdent leur souveraineté et sont réunies dans le Parlement de Navarre à Pau.
 À la mort de Louis XIII le domaine royal est le royaume de France. La Navarre, nominalement royaume, perd sa relevance.

Règne de Louis XIV (1643-1715)
 1663 : Louis XIV affirme son pouvoir sur la Nouvelle-France et l'intègre au domaine royal.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
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Articles connexes
 Formation territoriale de la France
 Domaine de la Couronne
 Inaliénabilité du domaine royal
 Féodalité

Wikisource
Édit d'union de la vicomté de Châtellerault à la Couronne de France (1482)
Union au domaine royal de Chastel-sur-Moselle et Bainville qui avaient appartenu au duché de Bar (1483)
Édit de réunion du comté de Provence à la couronne de France (1498)

Ancien Régime
Formation territoriale de la France