text:
ABSTRACT AERIAL LANDSCAPES
written by: Joël Neelen
artist link: www.tomhegen.de
Graphic Designer Tom Hegen (1991, Germany) began to focus more and more on photography since 2010. Sitting at the window and seeing the earth from above on a long flight from Germany to New Zealand inspired his love for aerial photography. It takes a second to orient yourself to the bright colors, geometric shapes, and gritty textures of his Antropocene photography. Tom Hegen shows us the beauty of the earth and also how people have shaped it. This is the common thread that unites all of the works in his oeuvre. Hegen reflects on how mankind interferes with nature, showing us the traces we leave behind. He's trying to sensitize the viewer for those subjects by taking a look on the extraordinary forces impacting our environment. And yet he does this in the most seductive of ways: with beauty, with appealing symmetry, and radiant colors. He challenges us to reflect on what we see.
A photographers perspective on the human impact of natural landscapes
Tom Hegen is one of those photographers' work whom I'm captivated by since I discovered his breathtaking series while browsing Behance for new inspiration. I'm excited to share this photographer and I hope you enjoy it as much as I do.
Tom Hegen's photos look like abstract paintings, but they're kind of the opposite of abstract — they're actually objective documentation of our planet. What you're looking at is the surface of Earth from above. He's also fascinated by the aestheticization as a visual language that comes with the change of perspective; seeing something familiar from a new vantage point that you are not used to. Hereby Hegen attempts to inspire people and also offers the viewer a connection to the subject as they need to decode what they are looking at. At first glance, his photographs are appealing for the eye, but most of them have, at a second glance, something artificial and disturbing. The images ask if and how we could develop on that. If we show more respect for the space in which we live, we'll hopefully shape it more sustainably in the future. We all need to demonstrate responsibility toward nature, along with more appreciation and more intelligent and creative action. We only have this one earth. That is why we should respect, protect, and preserve it while it is still possible.
Tom Hegen's aerial photography examines the relationship between man and nature. You can say his work circles around the concept of the Anthropocene, which is the proposed term for a new geologic era of human dominance over Earth's geology and ecosystems. From open-pit mining to melting glaciers, the Munich-based artist travels around the globe documenting mankind's abusive relationship with nature. Through his lens, he shows the human impact on earth, a dire warning about the repercussions of obtaining resources. Focusing on landscapes that have been heavily transformed by human intervention, Hegen's photos makes you pause for a second and consider the consequences of our way of life.
"Anthropocene. It is a term used by scientists which theorize that humans, in recent centuries, have become one of the most important factors influencing the biological, geological and atmospheric processes on earth. Some of the most significant changes in the Anthropocene include climate change, the ozone hole in the Antarctic, rapidly rising sea levels, and landscape changes caused by river shifts or the degradation of raw materials. In my photography, I explore the origin and scale of that idea to understand the dimensions of man's intervention in natural spaces and to direct attention toward how humans can take responsibility." — Tom Hegen
Hegen uses various techniques to create his work like helicopters, small airplanes, drones or photographing from hot air balloons. For him it's not really about the tool he's using, it's mainly the story and concept behind the photos. He spends more time researching getting photos, focussing on the single image, the series and the concept rather about than techniques. His projects are very much research driven: on the subject, the area and the technical requirements. Before getting up in the air, he has quite an exact idea in mind of what he would like to photograph. Most of Hegen's work is based on a story of the relationship between human and nature. He choses working with a set of images to show different aspects of one scenery. A series allows expressing the art of the photographer much better than a single image, as a series is more personalized.
Tom Hegen's first book HABITAT, published in 2018 by German Kerber Verlag, has won the Adobe Award! If you're interested in Human-altered landscapes check the Adobe Award website. Five chapters and 95 photographs show the traces of human presence on earth. Each chapter is supplemented by some representative facts and infographics that illustrate to which extent we claim our environment in order to meet our needs. The photos look pleasing at first sight but reveal an irritation of man-made landscapes at second glance.
"You start to see the gestalt of how humans have affected the environment; that beauty that we're experiencing is the veneer on something rather dark." — Adobe Award judge Mark Del Lima
See similar work at Simon Butterworth and Paul Hoelen, 2017 AIPP Tasmanian Photographer Of The Year.
Tom Hegen September 30, 2020
thank you for your message and the link to this wonderful article about my work, very pleased with it!!
If you wish, I can put you on my mailing list for updates on new projects.
Very best
Design is in everything we make, but it's also between those things. It's a mix of craft, science, storytelling, photography, propaganda, and philosophy.
2020 © Woodland Studio.


Thirty five Oklahoma Native American Tribes and Nations joined with AARP to celebrate the lives of honored elders at the 4th Annual AARP Indian Elder Honors held recently in Oklahoma City.
Tribal officials, friends and family members converged on the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum along with AARP state, regional and national officials to recognize language preservationists, artists, dancers, ministers, authors, patriarchs and matriarchs that have impacted their tribes, communities and state.
AARP also announced the formation of an Inter-Tribal Community Group that will meet on community issues and is open to all 50+ Native Americans in Oklahoma. To find more information or join this group, email ok@aarp.org or call 1-866-295-7277.
Among honorees recognized at the 2012 event was one of the few remaining Oklahoma Indians who speaks only her native language, a world-champion fancy dancer and a noted artist who is 100 years old.
AARP National Board Member Joan Ruff, who delivered the keynote address, said, "We hope the partnerships we've established here will be the foundation to create partnerships between AARP and other Native American nations in other states.
But tonight our focus isn't on AARP. It's on you, the elders, and the contributions you've made to improve the lives of people around you – in your own tribes, the greater tribal community, in the state of Oklahoma, our nation, and even around the world.
Ruff, along with AARP Oklahoma State President Marjorie Lyons, Regional Vice President Nancy Stockbridge and Associate State Director Mashell Sourjohn presented each honoree with a medallion.
Peggy F. Acoya – Sac & Fox – served as the Secretary of the Sac and Fox Nation in the 1960s and worked at the Bureau of Indian Affairs to improve housing and building projects. During her time at the BIA she worked with the Southern Ute and Ute Mountain of Colorado, the Shoshoni and Northern Arapahoe of Wind River, Wyoming and other tribes in North Dakota and Nebraska. She also worked for the National Congress of American Indians assisting with Economic Development programs. Peggy participates in the timeless traditional dances of the Sac and Fox and spends time explaining customs and stories to her grandchildren and great grandchildren.
Fredo "Chubby" Anderson – Muscogee Creek – has been employed with the Muscogee Creek Nation since 1974. Most of his years have been spent working with offenders. Mr. Anderson attends court and parole hearings for both men and women inmates and provides tours of the prisons for adults and youth offenders as requested. During his employment with the Muscogee Creek Nation, Mr. Anderson has worked under five Principal Chiefs. Mr. Anderson has worked with the Oklahoma state boxing team in the maximum security level and has trained and boxed with inmates. Mr. Anderson received the award for volunteer of the year in 1999 by Warden Debbie Mahaffey at Eddie Warrior Correctional Center for Women in Taft, Okla.
Buel Anglen – Cherokee – a tireless advocate for Indian Country and the Cherokee Nation, Buel is a long – time leader in his local community who especially cares for the elderly and youth. In addition to his service to the Cherokee Nation, Buel was a Loyal Shawnee Councilmember for several years. Buel has been committed to keeping the Cherokee people informed of beneficial information and new programs that are available and was very instrumental in helping form the Victory Cherokee Organization in Collinsville and the Washington County Cherokee Association in the Bartlesville and Dewey areas.
Neill Bayhylle – Pawnee – served as Director of Education for the Pawnee Nation where he provided strong leadership for staff and participants. His proven leadership skills were based on honesty, integrity and a positive approach to challenges. Neill is especially strong in his commitment to working with youth and teaching them values that will successfully carry them through life as productive citizens.
Mary Ann Brittan – Choctaw – a former speech, drama and English teacher in Oklahoma City and Long Beach, California, Mary Ann has also been an instructor at the University of Oklahoma and Oklahoma City University, teaching Indian Education, School Improvement and the Choctaw Language. She is a co – founder of American Indian Research and Development and serves as vice chairman of the Oklahoma City Indian Clinic where she has been on the Board of Directors since 2002. Working with the Oklahoma City Indian Clinic is a family heritage of Brittan who is carrying on the work of her mother Corinne Yvonne Halfmoon. Mrs. Halfmoon was responsible for many of the health care services available to Native Americans in metro Oklahoma City today.
Lloyd Perry Buffalo – Quapaw – former Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretary – Treasurer and Councilman, Lloyd has also represented the tribe on the Inter – Tribal Council, Northeast Area Indian Health Board, Quapaw Tribal Gaming Corporation, is the longest active member of the Quapaw Tribal Enrollment Committee and the Downstream Development Authority. As Business Manager, Lloyd assisted in creating the Quapaw Tribal Office and wrote and prepared multi grants and contracts that included funding for higher and vocational education, cultural classes, housing, a Community Health Representative program, economic development and an elder lunch program. He similarly served the Modoc Tribe as business manager. He and his wife LuAnn have always kept and practiced their Quapaw cultural traditions throughout their lives and have passed those practices on to their children and grandchildren.
Grace Bunner – Thlopthlocco – a member of the bird clan, Grace was the first woman to serve two, four year terms as the Thlopthlocco Town Mekko. Under her leadership, she negotiated and entered into Memorandums of Agreements and compacts with many federal and state agencies for the first time in Tribal Town history. She successfully lead litigation efforts regarding Tribal Town ownership of oil/gas minerals and revenues, increased the Tribal Town's land base and annual budget, secured new programs, was instrumental in securing funding for renovation of tribal headquarters and negotiated an agreement for Housing Authority funding. Grace offers thanks to the Thlopthlocco Tribal Business Committee members who served with her during her terms of office who she says were instrumental in helping move the Tribal Town forward.
Mary Butler – Kaw and Ponca – last surviving child of Newman and Clara Mehojah Littlewalker, Mary, who is half Kaw and half Ponca, worked as a human resource administrative assistant for Oxy USA and Rural Water District #4. She has been on several different committees in the past and is currently on the Culture Committee. Mary is involved in the Kaw Nation Annual Pow Wow and the Veteran's Dance held every year. She believes it is important to keep tribal traditions alive for future generations.
Royce Carter – Miami – a contemporary jewelry maker and silversmith who is known for his beautiful creations. Royce's work has been featured in exhibitions across the country. He uses a mushroom stamp as his hallmark. He has used his talents to preserve tribal traditions and heritage.
Ella M. Colman – Seminole – a member of the Deer clan and Ocese band, Mrs. Colman was elected Assistant Chief of the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma in September 2009. She worked at the Rockville, Md. headquarters of the Indian Health Service, the Washington, D.C., Office of the Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs and the Central Office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. She has also held positions with the Soil Conservation Service and Tinker Air Force Base. In addition to her professional appointments, Assistant Chief Colman has also served on the Seminole Nation Development Authority and Interim Seminole Nation Division of Commerce review committees, as well as the Seminole Nation Finance Committee.
George Coser – Muscogee Creek – has worked at the Tulsa Indian Health Care Resource Center as a Chemical Dependency Counselor and with adolescents in the Muscogee Creek Nation. Mr. Coser has worked for the Smithsonian on native language and recovery of tribal remains, and traveled as an Ambassador for the tribe in the Tulsa Sister City cultural exchange program with Germany. He is in the Redman singing group for powwow's and is in demand as the MC at powwow's and continues to teach the Creek language.
Judy Deer – Kickapoo – has taught young women how to dance at powwows and is known for her beading work here and abroad. She has made beaded crowns for several Indian Princesses, has bead work in Tulsa area museums and the Smithsonian. She has made Native American jewelry for many years and has handmade many Native American men and women tribal specific dance costumes from ribbon shirts, beaded vests, to jingle dresses, deerskin dresses and moccasins. She was a cultural exchange Ambassador for the tribe to Germany, and is often the Head Lady dancer at pow wows.
Leland Michael Darrow – Ft. Sill Apache – has served as Secretary-Treasurer of the Business Committee since 2002. In 1986, the General Council designated Mr. Darrow Tribal Historian, a position that he maintains today. Mr. Darrow has consulted on several documentaries and movies related to the Tribe's history as a result of both his position as Secretary-Treasurer and Tribal Historian of the Tribe. Mr. Darrow attended the University of Oklahoma where he majored in Botany from 1975-1980. He also attended the Institute of American Indian Arts, in Santa Fe, New Mexico from 1975-1980.
Georgia Gallegos – Delaware Nation – was instrumental in helping to build the foundation of the Tribal Rolls. She assisted in creating the Base Roll and researched and compiled information to create the Original Allottee List. She served as enrollment officer for many years.
Glenda Galvan – Chickasaw – is clan storyteller for the Fox Clan She was the first curator and repatriation representative for the tribe and has served on numerous museum boards including Oklahoma Museums Association, Mountain-Plains Museums Association, Smithsonian Institution, Institute of Museum and Library Services and the Sam Noble Museum of Natural History. Glenda has been published by such organizations as The Smithsonian Institution, National Park Service, Wonderland Press, Chickasaw Press and Chelsea House Publishers. She recently published two children's books in both English and Chickasaw and was able to present some of these stories at the National Museum of the American Indian in November, 2011. Glenda often travels the country sharing her culture and traditional southeastern stories. She has been to Canada, Mexico and many tribal events in most of the United States in schools and on campuses.
Joe Grayson, Jr. – Cherokee – a full blood, Grayson served as Deputy Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation. Among his special initiatives were instituting the Cherokee National Medal of Patriotism, establishing a Cherokee Warrior Memorial, expanding services to native veterans, the launching of the Cherokee National Park System and expanding community-based, self-help construction for housing, community buildings and utilities. A veteran of the U.S. Army, Grayson worked at the VA Hospital and W.W. Hastings Indian Hospital and served four years as the Eastern Oklahoma Area Vice President of the National Congress of American Indians. He remains actively involved in community service, volunteering for Help-In-Crisis and the Cherokee Heritage Center.
John Hair – United Keetowah – former Chief of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians, John is deeply devoted to the people he has served. He laid the groundwork in this modern era for the United Keetowah tribe to achieve land-in-trust and continues to actively serve on UKB committees and encourages all ages of Keetoowah to achieve their best.
Louis Headman – Ponca – one of only five Poncas who is fluent in the native language, Louis has portrayed Chief Standing Bear in a play titled "Waaxe's Law" a dramatic re-enactment of the historic trial of Ponca Chief Standing Bear, who successfully argued in 1879 that Native Americans should be recognized as "persons under the law." He is a flute maker and serves as Pastor of the Ponca Indian Nazarene Church.
Sharon Den Hoed – Ottawa – known for her generous spirit, beautiful smile and big heart, Sharon carries on the tradition of tribal beading. She spends many hours visiting and working with tribal elders on their beading projects, often buying supplies herself. In addition, she is involved in literacy projects and volunteers at the Ottawa Christmas Dinner. Sharon can usually be found at the tribal center conducting classes, visiting and laughing.
Leroy Howard –Seneca Cayuga – has served as Chief since 2008 and has dedicated himself to the advancement of the Seneca Cayuga Tribe.
Doyle Barry Kerr – Shawnee – served 12 years as second chief of the Shawnee Tribe beginning in 2000 when the tribe was recognized by the federal government. Barry has always been available to represent the tribe at functions and is very knowledgeable about Shawnee history. A U.S. Army veteran, Barry is a gourd dancer, jewelry maker, silversmith, fan maker and bead artist. Barry has always been active in local civic activities and has contributed countless hours of his time to many worthy causes.
Dee Ketchum – Delaware Tribe – served as Chief of the Delaware Tribe from 1998 to 2002. He was a member of the Tribal Council for 12 years and served three years on the Trust Board. Chief Ketchum was instrumental in acquiring the 80-acre land base on which the tribal complex is located and has served 14 years as a trustee at Haskell Indian Nations University Foundation. He is a member of the University of Kansas Letterman Club, the Association of American Indian Affairs and the National Congress of American Indians. In addition, he has served six years as chairman and co-chairman of the Indian Summer Festival, northeastern Oklahoma's premiere native American celebration. He is a member of the Lenape Gourd Society and the Southern Eagle Ridge Singers and currently serves as director of the Ketchum Institute of American Indian Studies at Oklahoma Wesleyan University.
Annette Ketchum – Delaware Tribe – born on her grandmother's allotment in Dewey, Annette was raised among the Delawares and exposed to tribal government and traditions at a young age. She served on the tribal council and is a renowned Indian artisan who makes dance clothes for her family as well as other tribal members. Annette is a leader and mentor among tribal people and particularly a role model for Delaware girls. She takes pride in participating in tribal culture and has received many honors including Head Woman Dancer at the 1990 Nowata Pow Wow and the 2004 Women's Network History Maker of the Year. She is actively involved in the Bartlesville Indian Women's Club, the Bartlesville Area History Museum, the National Center for Grand Lake Native American Culture and First Baptist Church of Bartlesville. In addition, she was instrumental in beginning Oklahoma Indian Summer, which celebrates its 25th year and honors her this year for her contributions to the festival. A book and movie entitled, "The Long Journey Home," has been released about Dee and Annette Ketchum and the Delaware Indians.
H. Mongraine Lookout – Osage – created the orthography used in the Osage language classes and he is one of the last fluent Osage speakers. Through the orthography, he has insured generations of future Osage speakers. He is a member of the Native American Church and is Head Committee Man in the Osage Dances (In lon schkah) for the Pawhuska District. He is known for his giving nature.
Alice Roberta Hedges Lindsley – Peoria – has been a member of the Peoria Historical Committee and Economic Development Committee since 1992 and joined the Election Committee in 1999. She and her family can also be seen attending and participating in tribal meetings, at the annual Stomp Dance and at the annual children's Christmas party. She is proud to follow in the footsteps of her Peoria father, Forrest Hedges and continue his legacy as an active member of the Native American community. A veteran of the U.S. Navy, Mrs. Lindsley is active in her church, the Bartlesville Indian Women's Club, the Salvation Army Christmas Toy Drive, the annual Indian Summer event in Bartlesville and has served as a past treasurer of Operation Eagle Title VII Indian Education Program.
Rebecca Lindsey – Muscogee Creek – helps the Muscogee Creek Community Health Department with many different projects including volunteering as a group leader at the Adult Diabetes Camp, is a co-facilitator in the Living Longer, Living Stronger Program, and helps on the planning committee for the Muscogee Creek Nation Diabetes Awareness Summit. Rebecca is a great community advocate for tribal programs (walking program, exercise classes, camps, elder prevention program) by attending and making sure others have a ride to attend. She inspires other elders to make healthier choices and to participate in the different programs offered by the Wewoka Indian Health Center, Seminole Nation Diabetes Program, and the Muscogee (Creek) Nation Diabetes Program. She is a role model for good health for all elders in the Wewoka area.
JoAnn Big Soldier Mayes – Iowa/Otoe – Missouria – her Iowa name is Hin' Gah Soje Mi of the Buffalo Clan meaning "Dust His Fur Woman", an old Original Clan Story name. JoAnn is a kind and honest person, and has been a hard worker all her life. She owned and operated her own beauty shop in Shawnee for many years, and later, was employed for the Pottawatomie Nation in Medical Records, and is presently employed by the Iowa Tribe. She loves to Gourd dance, and she especially enjoys learning more about her tribe and where her People came from. She feels it is important that she teach her children these traditional ways; and she wants to leave these ways for her future generations.
Guy Munroe – Kaw – is currently serving his 12th year as Chairman of the Kaw Nation and is the first Kansan to lead the Kaws in more than 125 years. Under the leadership of Chairman Munroe, the Kaw Nation has expanded its business operations and has grown to be one of the largest employers in northern Oklahoma. "It is critical that we, as a Nation, take care of each other," he says. "Walk in a beautiful manner and with Freedom of Heart, and the blessings will follow." Mr. Munroe is a veteran of the US Army and was cited by the Kansas House of Representatives in 2011 for his leadership.
Emma Murdock – Kickapoo – a revered elder, Mrs. Murdock is one of the few remaining American Indians who speaks only her native Kickapoo language. She teaches traditional cooking and makes traditional regalia clothing for her family and other Tribal members.
Lyndreth "Tugger" Palmer – Kiowa/Choctaw – has been a member of the Kiowa Blackleggings Warrior Society for 53 years. He worked seven years in the Indian Education Division of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and as business manager of the Kiowa Tribe and Executive Director of the Wichita, Comanche and Kiowa Housing Authorities. Mr. Palmer was a world-champion fancy dancer and a professional entertainer at Six Flags Over Texas. He is a U.S. Navy Veteran and served on the USS Constellation in the Gulf of Tonkin during the Vietnam War.
Dr. Steven B. Pratt, Ph.D (Wazhazhe) – Osage – born and raised on the Osage Indian reservation, Dr. Pratt serves as a traditional and ceremonial leader of the Osage people and works extensively on the revitalization of the Osage language. He developed an Osage orthography, accompanying CD and workbook and recorded three volumes of the Osage language focusing on tribal customs, ceremonies and day-to-day life activities. Dr. Pratt is an Osage Road Man – a person who conducts the traditional ritual of the Osage Christian way of worship that was adopted by the tribe in the late 1880s – – for the Lottie Shunkamolah Chapter of the Native American Church, Hominy Indian Village.
Lucinda Robbins – Cherokee – has been a positive role model known for passing on the Cherokee language, traditions and love of God. She has taught Cherokee language for many years to students and missionaries from all over the world who have studied at Northeastern State University in Tahlequah. She is an elder member of the First Indian Baptist Church in Tahlequah where she has taught Sunday School and sung in the Cherokee Choir.
Gayle Cussen Satepauhoodle – Caddo – a founding member of the Oklahoma Federation of Indian Women, Gayle worked as the Caddo Tribal Business Manager for many years, served on the Caddo Tribal Museum board and has been very active in Caddo politics and events most of her life. In addition, she is a past Caddo Tribal Princess.
Jim Schreen – Tonkawa – gives back to his community and tribe by serving not only as Vice President of the Tonkawa Tribe but also Vice Mayor of the City of Tonkawa.
Jack Shadwick – Modoc – has counseled college and high school students in the fields of business, nursing, math, science and English in professional, academic and personal settings. His work experience includes business ownership, counseling and education director positions at a community college, a federal agency and Native American tribes. He currently serves as historian of the Modoc Tribe and Enrollment Officer. His decision to serve in these capacities, at the invitation of Chief Bill Follis, has helped the tribe advance greatly in maintaining its library after a devastating flood and serving tribal members in reaching advanced educations and learning their tribal history.
Baptiste Shunatona – Otoe Missouria – After 42 years of service as a Colonel in the United States Army, Retired Colonel Shunatona has worked tirelessly for his people. Mr. Shunatona listens carefully, and cares equally for each and every tribal member's needs and problems. He distinguishes himself by his genuine concern and the action he takes to fairly secure help and aide, for all individuals regardless of relationship or political ties. Mr. Shunatona follows up, keeps his word, and does what he says he will do. He helps each tribal member achieve one's goal whether it is related to education, health issues, or community development.
Doyle Morton Thompson – Citizen Potawatomi – a respected tribal elder, Doyle is a direct descendant of Pete Anderson. He is active in the Title VI Senior Center in McLoud and is known for contributing his time and effort to projects that benefit his fellow elders and for volunteering in the Harrah area. A U.S. Army veteran, Mr. Thompson served in the 1st Armed Rifle Battalion in the 84th Infantry, achieved the rank of Special 4th Class and was awarded the Good Conduct Medal.
William (Bill) Thorpe – Sac & Fox – patriarch of the Jim Thorpe family, Bill has taken over the role as the leader of his family. He has made himself available to help the children of any and all tribes as he pays homage and honor to his father and to his father's great athletic achievements. With the passing of his brother Jack, Bill has been in the public eye for interviews to share his story of his father and his legacy. He was the guiding force in the arrangement for his Dad's medals to be placed on display at the Smithsonian Institute Native American Museum. Bill has helped his tribe, the state of Oklahoma and certainly the Nation as he continues to bring to the front of people's hearts and minds his Dad's accomplishments.
Nathan "Jumbo" Tselee – Apache – serves as chairman of the Cultural Revitalization and Preservation for the Apache Tribe and has served as Interim Chairman. In addition he is a headman in the Blackfoot Gourd Dancing Society.
Pauline White Wahpepah – Absentee Shawnee – raised by her grandparents in a traditional Absentee Shawnee home, Pauline has dedicated much of her life to language and cultural preservation. She began working with the Choctaw Bilingual Education Program and helped develop the Oklahoma Native Youth Language Fair at the University of Oklahoma. She worked with the OU Department of Anthropology Department to develop 20 language lessons and a booklet and served on the Oklahoma Council for Indian Education. In addition, Mrs. Wahpepah served three terms as Lt. Governor of the Absentee Shawnee Tribe and was instrumental in the development of the Tax Commission, serving as its first president. She attended the Pawnee and Riverside Indian Schools and Haskell Institute and returned to school after the death of her husband and earned a Master's degree in Bilingual Education from the University of Central Oklahoma.
Josephine Myers-Wapp – Comanche – After completing her education at Haskell University, Mrs. Wapp entered an art education program at Santa Fe Indian School and chose fiber and traditional arts as her major area of study. She taught arts and crafts at Chilocco Indian School and in 1963 joined the faculty at the Institute of American Indian Arts in Santa Fe where she was involved in all aspects of art including dance. In 1968, she helped coordinate a dance exhibit at the Summer Olympic Games in Mexico City featuring IAIA students. She retired from teaching in 1973 to focus on creating traditional and contemporary finger weaving. Her award-winning, creative work has been exhibited throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, South America and the Middle East. Today, at age 100, Mrs. Wapp is the oldest living Comanche.
Dr. Linda Sue Warner – Comanche – one of the most cited authors regarding American Indian and cultural leadership, Dr. Warner served as the Director of the Penn State American Indian Leadership Program. She was appointed to the National Advisory Council on Indian Education by former President George W. Bush and cited for her work as President of Haskell Indian Nations University by the former Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs. Dr. Warner also served as academic Vice Chancellor for the sixth largest system of higher education in the nation and was appointed to the research faculty at the Truman School of Public Policy at the University of Missouri, Columbia. She was appointed Program Officer at the National Science Foundation for Education and Human Resources and currently serves as Special Assistant to the President on Tribal Affairs at Northeastern Oklahoma College. Among her numerous awards and honors is the Penn State College of Education Alumni Society Leadership and Service Award in 2006 and Distinguished Alumna by Northeastern State University, Oklahoma. Additionally, she is one of the founders of Hope 4 Today, a national literacy non – profit foundation.
Matthew Whitehorse – Kiowa – was bustlekeeper for Kiowa Ohomah Society from 1952 until his passing this summer at age 95. Ohomah means war dance. There have been a total of 6 keepers since it was introduced to the Kiowa by the Cheyenne in 1884. The Cheyenne obtained it from the Lakota, who had in turn obtained it from the Omaha around 1865. Mr. Whitehorse was taught at a young age by his father Charley Whitehorse, bustlekeeper from 1925 to 1940, the song, dance, ceremony of the Ohomah Society. This is the only society he belonged to and dedicated his knowledge to the next generations to come, so this society will carry on for many years to come.
Stratford Williams – Wichita & Affiliated – has served as President and Vice President of the tribe and as Transportation Director. He has served on the Dance Committee and has been involved in the return of artifacts to the tribe.
Stella Wilson – Sac & Fox and Iowa – one of the foremost seamstress and crafts person among the Sac and Fox Nation, she, along with her husband Jim, have provided many families with Indian shirts, village dresses, beadwork, moccasins, wooden spoons, and wooden bowls used for the Sac and Fox traditional ceremonies such as funerals, adoptions and Spring Feasts – as well as pow wow regalia for men, women and children. She is also the Sac and Fox Elders Building Manager and has taught or provided instructors to teach classes on Moccasin making, beading, village dresses, traditional cooking, plastic canvas, and appliqué work. She not only is a hard worker, but also is detail oriented. Stella is an asset to the Sac and Fox Nation, and to many other Algonquin tribes in Oklahoma and is well known among the Iowa's, Otoe's, Kickapoo's and Pawnees for her work. She has served the Sac and Fox and Iowa people for many years including time spent as the Title VI Elders Coordinator.
Robert Wilson – Cheyenne & Arapaho – an employee in the tribal treasury office, Mr. Wilson's knowledge of culture and history is surpassed only by his knowledge of current – day tribal business. Robert's total interest and life – long commitment as a member is to his tribe. His vision and direction is demonstrated daily in his work in the treasury office.
Gladys Yackeyonny – Delaware Nation – Gladys started her career as a Licensed Practical Nurse and worked in Lawton and Anadarko for over 50 years. From 1962 to 1975, Gladys sat on the IHS Advisory Board and helped organize Indian health policies, hired doctors, nurses and staff members and helped write proposals for a new hospital. She served the Delaware Nation on the tribal election board, Delaware Language and Culture Committee and is currently on the Enrollment Board.


The City Council is here to help you.Members are happy to answer questions and respond to your concerns. Listed below are the ways you can reach your Council person as a group, or click on the specific member's photo for individual contact information.
As a home rule city operating under a council-manager form of government, the City Council is the governing body of the City. The City Charter lays out the rules and regulations under which the City operates.
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The City Council generally holds regular meetings the first and third Tuesdays of each month at City Hall, 749 Main Street, at 7:00 PM. Every City Council meeting begins with time for public comments for items not on the agenda. You may request to speak by signing up with the City Clerk just prior to the meeting. There are also opportunities for citizen input for items on the agenda. Each person's public comments will be limited to three minutes. The City Council has adopted Rules of Procedure to govern its meeting process.
The City Council generally holds study sessions the second and fourth Tuesday of each month at the Library Meeting Room, 951 Spruce Street, at 7:00 PM. Please check the City calendar to verify the study session schedule.
Various other City Council meetings, including the Finance Committee, Utility Committee, and Legal Review Committee, are held regularly. Please check the City calendar for meeting dates.
Meeting agendas, packets, and minutes from the current year are available here. For earlier information, please visit the City's Digital Records Repository.
City Council committee meetings are held periodically. Check the City Calendar for dates and times.
The City Council has adopted a Public Involvement Policy to encourage all members of the public to be involved and informed about City activities and issues.
The City Council has adopted Rules of Procedure to govern its meeting process.
For copies of approved ordinances and resolutions please visit the City's Digital Records Repository.
You can watch City Council meetings (as well as Planning Commission and Historic Preservation Commission meeting) through the web here.
Comcast Channel 8 also broadcasts these meetings live and repeats them throughout the week.
DVDs of City Council and Planning Commission meetings are available for 24-hour check out from the City Manager's Office, City Hall (2nd floor), 749 Main Street.


I like the cover on Carpe Corpus, hope you enjoy.
I loved your review of Wonder - I want to read it even though it sounds like the kind of book that would have me hiding random tears on the train! I have Erabos on my eReader and for some reason haven't been in the mood for it yet! Hopefully you'll tell me it's amazing and fix that!
Sounds like you've had a good week. The only one I have read is Carpe Corpus. The series does get better but not for long I think. Still a fun read though.


25. Thunderblast Feb 3, 06 12pm Toys "R" Us - MACLEOD TRAIL Calgary, Alberta 1 remaining yoink!
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NYJO is a glittering showcase for the UK's finest young professional jazz musicians, combining a hard-swinging rhythm section and a raft of hugely talented soloists, to bring you the very best in British big-band jazz. Under the Artistic Direction of Mark Armstrong, the 23-piece orchestra perform around 40 concerts a year nationally and internationally, and aim to inspire the next generation of young jazz musicians with education work wherever they tour. Over its 53-year history, NYJO has helped launch the careers of many of the country's most renowned jazz musicians including Guy Barker, Amy Winehouse, Mark Nightingale, Gwilym Simcock and Mercury Award Nominee Laura Jurd.
NYJO's recent highlights include a highly acclaimed appearance at the BBC Proms in August 2018, and a collaborative concert tour in September 2018 to Germany and Holland with their German and Dutch national youth jazz orchestra equivalents BuJazzO and NJJO entitled Three Nations Under One Groove.
Tell us what you think of NYJO - National Youth Jazz Orchestra below..


The society's pre-eminent research award recognizes innovative and exceptional research contributions in applied or industrial mathematics.
This prize was established in 2003. The award will consist of a prize of $1,000 and a commemorative plaque that will be presented at the CAIMS • SCMAI Annual Meeting. The recipient will be invited to give a plenary lecture at the Annual Meeting in the year of the award. A travel allowance will be provided.
Nominations will be evaluated annually by the Research Prize Committee; their decisions are final. Nomination packages should provide evidence of research excellence by the nominee in applied or industrial mathematics. The committee may seek advice from experts as needed.
The CAIMS-SCMAI Research Prize is intended to recognize outstanding contributions in a certain area of research or industrial application. It is not a life-time achievement award, rather a recognition of a body of work that had significant impact in mathematics, sciences, or industry.
a title of the award, that describes the research area for which the award is given.
four reprints that relate to the specified research area.
It is a great honour for the Canadian Applied and Industrial Mathematical Society to present the Research Prize to Dr. Leon Glass from McGill University. Dr. Leon Glass, a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, has made seminal contributions to research, education and community leadership.
His early research on dynamic genetic networks in the 1970's and 80's has laid the foundation of major developments in systems biology. Through L. Glass' work, tools from dynamical system theory became available for the analysis of large genetic networks.
A special interest of L. Glass is the analysis and detection of cardiac arrhythmias. He and his colleagues could show the existence of chaotic dynamics in embryonic chicken heart cells, which was the first demonstration of chaotic behaviour in a biological system. J. Gleick wrote in his popular science book "Chaos" about Glass that this was "one of the most talked about lines of research in the whole short history of nonlinear dynamics" (1987). L. Glass' research on cardiac arrhythmias culminated in patents for a detection software of cardiac arrhythmias.
L. Glass is a true interdisciplinary researcher, with publications in mathematics, biology, and physiology journals. He educated students in all these disciplines and guided them to fully interdisciplinary research. His work is unique within our Society and his career is a role model for the next generation of mathematical physiologists.


text:
Introduce frequent flyer levy to fight emissions, government told
By Roger Harrabin
BBC environment analyst
Frequent flyers should face higher taxes to help tackle aviation emissions, the government's climate advisers say.
The Committee on Climate Change says a "frequent flyer levy" would help curb the growing demand for air travel.
Analysis shows that 70% of UK flights are made by a wealthy 15% of the population, with 57% not flying abroad at all.
The government says it will study the recommendations.
Aviation is set to be the biggest source of UK emissions by 2050. And at the moment, ministers are planning for an increase of up to 49% in flying.
But the committee says growth should be limited to 25% of current levels.
Battery-powered planes?
The CCC said frequent flyers were a large part of the problem, but it is not clear how a levy would work in practice.
For instance, would it apply to businesses at a time when the UK wants to stimulate trade with other nations? And how would you stop people pretending their flights were for work purposes to avoid paying it?
Other solutions could include increasing taxes on airlines, or restricting airport capacity, the committee said.
But it warned that if the planned expansion of Heathrow airport went ahead, it would leave very little growth room at other UK airports.
The government has been hoping to solve problems of aviation emissions through new technology, including battery-powered short-haul planes and long-haul planes running on sustainable biofuels.
The committee says aviation emissions could be reduced by about 20% from today to 2050 through improvements to fuel efficiency.
But electric planes will only be suitable for small short-haul journeys for the foreseeable future, critics say.
What is more, the aviation industry has been struggling to develop adequate biofuels. And all plant-based material is likely to be contested by different industries as the century wears on.
Climate change: Should you fly, drive or take the train?
Climate change: Which airline is best for carbon emissions?
Heathrow reveals expansion 'masterplan'
Young will pick up climate change bill, advisers warn
In a letter to Transport Secretary Grant Shapps, the committee chairman, Lord Deben, writes that the industry is "highly unlikely" to be able to eliminate emissions by 2050 by technical means.
He warns that contrails - the trails of condensed water left by aircraft at high altitude - add to the warming impact of flying, even though currently their effects are poorly understood.
Lord Deben says the UK should continue pushing for strong international policies on aviation.
'Out of step'
Currently the airline industry is hoping to counterbalance its emissions through the controversial practice of offsetting, in which firms agree to pay for, say, tree-planting in developing countries.
But many such schemes have been discredited.
Cait Hewitt, from the Aviation Environment Federation, said: "British people currently take more international flights than anyone else in the world, but there's a growing public recognition that this feels out of step with the action we need on climate change.
"The government's dodged the issue of aviation emissions for too long. It's worth remembering that demand for aviation growth is being driven by a minority of frequent flyers - 70% of UK flights are made by just 15% of the population."
Neil Robinson, from the industry group Sustainable Aviation, urged the government not to adopt stand-alone UK policies on aviation pollution.
He said: "By investing tens of billions of pounds in new, cleaner aircraft we have already decoupled growth in aviation from growth in emissions, and as a global industry we have a long-established plan to halve our emissions by 2050.
"Carbon reduction, however, is a global issue requiring a global response, with governments and industry working closely together for emissions to be managed within an international framework."
A government spokesman said: "We are also committed to setting a clear ambition for the aviation sector and will carefully consider the advice of the Committee on Climate Change when we publish our position on aviation and climate change for consultation shortly."
Follow Roger on Twitter @rharrabin
Young will pick up 'climate change bill'
Which airline is best for carbon emissions?
Committee on Climate Change

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Storm to the west of Molonglo. November 2014. Photo credit Miles Sweeney.
Frosty morning at Molonglo, -10 C overnight. June 2015.
Sunset through stormy sky, looking East.
The Milky Way seen through the telescope structure. 35 mm DSLR. Image credit Fabian Jankowski.
Dave Temby working on fine tuning the meridian drives from the cherry picker.
Looking west from the end of the East arm.
View to the west from near the center of the west arm.
Gearing for the North-South drive.
Flower-pot covers for the ring antennae, spaced half a wavelength (18 cm) apart.
View of the East arm, looking East from near the phasing hut.
Panoramic view of East arm (left) and West arm (right), plus the main building, workshop and sleeping quarters. A foggy morning, winter 2013.
End on view of the telescope, pointing at the zenith. Graduate student Sarah Bird is holding a 2 meter long stick for scale.
Molonglo with crescent moon and pale Earthshine.
Vivek V K goes for a ride with Dave Temby on the cherry picker.
View from the cherry picker, looking East.
Evan Keene and Dave Temby heading for LNA (low noise amplifier) inspection in the cherry picker.
View East from the cherry picker, about half way down the West arm.
Fred the tiger snake, sunbaking near bay E2. Credit: Fabian Jankowski.


text:
Nampa Planning & Zoning Commission
Nampa Planning and Zoning Commission
Nampa Planning and Zoning Commission Creation and Duties
The Nampa Planning and Zoning Commission was originally created by an ordinance passed by the City Council. The Commission consists of nine (9) members, all of whom are appointed by the Mayor and which appointments are confirmed by the majority vote of the City Council. Not more than two (2) of the appointed members are nonresidents of the city. Members of the Commission who are residents must have resided in the city for at least two (2) years prior to their appointment and must remain a resident during their time of service. At least one is to be a resident of the area of city impact. Commissioners are appointed for six (6) year rotating terms. Each year appointments shall be made to fill the positions of retiring members.
Many of the duties of the Commission are listed in the Idaho Local Land Use Planning Act (LPA). By law, the Commission plays a major role in all aspects of the local planning process, including:
Obtaining the public's advice through surveys, meetings and hearings.
Promoting public interest and understanding of and participation in the planning process.
Advising the Mayor and City Council on planning and zoning matters.
Preparing, implementing, reviewing and updating the Comprehensive Plan.
Reviewing and making recommendations to the City Council on Annexations, Comprehensive Plan Amendments, Conditional Use Permits, Planned Unit Developments, Subdivision (Condo, Preliminary, Final, and Short) Plats, and Zoning Ordinance Map and Text Amendments.
Recommend a map, a governing plan and ordinances for an Area of City Impact that is within the unincorporated area of the County.
Such other duties as are required by Idaho law and Nampa City Code.
Nampa Planning & Zoning Commissioners
Matthew Garner 12-31-2024
Steve Kehoe - 2020 Vice Chair 12-31-2021
Ron Van Auker, Jr. 12-31-2022
Michaella Franklin 12-31-2023
Tom Turner 12-31-2025
Bret Miller 12-31-2021
Adam Hutchings 12-31-2022
Jeff Kirkman 12-31-2024
Peggy Sellman - 2020 Chair 12-31-2025
For more information about the Nampa Planning & Zoning Commission, or to discuss business items or public hearing items to be added to an upcoming agenda, please contact Sylvia Mackrill.
Arts & Historic Preservation Commission
Bicycle and Pedestrian Advisory Committee
Board of Appraisers
Building and Site Design Standards Committee
Crow Management
Impact Fee Advisory Committee
Nampa Development Corporation
Venue Management Advisory Commission
Wastewater Design Review Committee
Building and Fire Code Advisory and Appeals Board
Why Nampa?


text:
import os
from config import ERROR_MSG_INVALID_ENTRY_TYPE
from exception import InputError
import validator

"""
Parses a string into tokenized integers. Unformatted integer inputs raise ValueError during conversion.
Arguments:
    line - string (e.g. "7 2 4")
Returns:
    list of tokenized integers (e.g. [7,2,4])
"""
def parse_line(line):
    entry = [int(token) for token in line.split(' ')]
    return entry

"""
Parses a file into appropriate input format and validates it. Unformatted input raise InputError.
Arguments:
    file_f - file to be parsed
Returns:
    list of valid integers (e.g. [[7,2,4], [30,2,3]])
"""
def parse_file(file_f):
    #output
    parsed_data = []
    #line count for more explanatory raise exception
    line_count = 1
    input_size = None
    #parse each input line
    try:
        input_size = int(file_f.readline())
        for line in file_f:
            line_count += 1
            parsed_data.append(parse_line(line))
    except ValueError:
        raise InputError(ERROR_MSG_INVALID_ENTRY_TYPE % line_count)

    #validates data according to the according limits and argument sizes
    validator.validate(input_size, parsed_data)

    return parsed_data

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
georgette bauerdorf
YMRT #27: Star Wars Episode I: Bette Davis and the Hollywood Canteen / January 6, 2015 by Karina Longworth
Today we're launching a new series for the new year, Star Wars, which will focus on movie stars and their lives and careers during times of war. Our first eight episodes will explore stories of women during World War II, and we'll start with the woman who dominated all aspects of Hollywood, including its war effort, in the late 1930s-early 1940s: BetteDavis.
This is the story of how BetteDavis evolved from a wannabe starlet who was constantly told she was too ugly for movies, to the most powerful woman in Hollywood, by playing heroines that had never been seen on screen before — to borrow a term from Davis herself, sympathetic "bitches." After Pearl Harbor, the tenacious Bette became the figurehead of the Hollywood Canteen, a nightclub for servicemen staffed by stars, which was the locus of the industry's most visible support of the troops on the home front.
The Hollywood Canteen was a catalyst for propaganda in more ways than one, aims Hollywood furthered by telling the story of the Hollywood Canteen in a movie called, um, Hollywood Canteen, starring Davis, John Garfield, Barbara Stanwyck, Peter Lorre and other celebrities as "themselves." The movie and most press accounts of the Canteen portray it as a miraculous force for good in the world, which it probably was, but that narrative leaves out a lot, including illicit affairs, a murder, and an FBI investigation whose findings would have an impact on the blacklist of the following decade.
This episode was a hell of a thing to research. BetteDavis published two autobiographies and both are very, very far from being impartial, but I consulted The Lonely Life a bit, as well as the authorized biography The Girl Who Walks Home Alone by Charlotte Chandler. I'd also recommend the Mysteries and Scandals episode on Davis, mostly to marvel at all of the ways in which A.J. Benza manages to call her a bitch without actually using the word "bitch." Mark Harris' Five Came Back was useful, particularly in its shading of the relationship between Davis and William Wyler.
More difficult was nailing down the story of the Hollywood Canteen. Hollywood Canteen: Where the Greatest Generation Danced With the Most Beautiful Girls in The World is as prosaic as its title; at least Hollywood's propaganda about the Canteen, including the Delmer Daves movie Hollywood Canteen (excerpted in the episode) makes the spin fun. Much, much better is Dance Floor Democracy: The Social Geography of Memory at the Hollywood Canteen. by Sherrie Tucker — a fascinating, beautifully written and researched study of the Canteen which goes into deep consideration of the social/racial/class/political conflicts enmeshed into this supposedly squeaky-clean nightclub which has become an icon of the supposed uncomplicated patriotism of the generation who fought WWII.
Dance of the Stargazer performed by the US Army Blues Band
Lonely Town performed by Blossom Dearie
Ghost Dance performed by Kevin MacLeod
I Knew a Guy by Kevin MacLeod
The Insider Theme by The Insider
5:00 AM by Peter Rudenko
Will be war soon? by Kosta T
Off to Osake by Kevin MacLeod
Balcarabic Chicken by Quantum Jazz
Hi Ho Trailus Bootwhip by Louis Prima and His Orchestra
Divider by Chris Zabriskie
My Country by Tune-Yards
bette davis, star wars, star wars episode 1, hollywood canteen, world war II, fbi, communism, georgette bauerdorf, mark harris, aj benza, john garfield, women in hollywood, karina longworth, podcast, hollywood, hollywood history, 1940s hollywood December 14, 2017


The purpose of the teaching activity of the department is to provide chemical, biological and biochemical knowledge within the fields of natural sciences underpinning the agronomic and environmental sciences, and to enable the preparation for the disciplines of applied life science.
The staff members of the department carry out educational activities at each level of the education at AKK (higher education vocational training, basic, master and unclassified training), including the education of PhD students and teaching foreign language courses as well. We also take part in the Faculty of Economics through the knowledge transfer of our department profile. The teaching of biological objects is carried out in cooperation with the Department of Physiology and Animal Hygiene. In the field of agricultural courses, after the basic subjects of chemistry, students acquire knowledge of specific areas of the discipline (biochemistry, agrochemistry, food chemistry, feed analytics), which, along with the basic knowledge, enables interdisciplinary approaches and solutions for tasks and problems of the agricultural sector. cooperation with professionals in the food production industry. In the field of nature- and environmental preservation, we emphasize the basic relationships of environmental chemistry and the chemical background of the most important anthropogenic effects.
The staff members of the department participate in the implementation of the professional activities of the Economic Development and Innovation Operational Programs awarded by the University of Kaposvár. They cooperate with the Institute of Nutrition and product development and with the Institute of Plant Sciences and the laboratory network of the University. The research activities include molecular biological analyses, as well as stress-research studies, in particular with regard to the herbal and nutrition-related issues of heavy metal loads.


Just moments ago, the CEO of Microsoft, Satya Nadella has revealed that the company is planning to cut up to 18,000 positions by next year. A majority of those positions (around 12,500) will be involving former staff from the Nokia Devices and Services division that the company acquired last year as Microsoft is looking into further integrate the division as its own.
But apart for that news, the company has also revealed that it will be shifting the fairly young Nokia X portfolio to the Lumia Windows Phone family. In other words, Microsoft has killed off the Nokia X series.
According to the e-mail that the company's Executive Vice President, Stephen Elop has sent to Microsoft Devices Group employees right after Nadella's announcement, it turns out that Microsoft is planning to increase its effort in the low cost segment which is apparently the fastest growing segment in the market. With that, the company will be coming out with more lower-cost Lumia devices by using select future Nokia X designs and products.
Elop added that this shift will happen immediately although Microsoft will continue to sell and support existing Nokia X devices. All in all, this is an abrupt end to the Nokia X series which was originally launched at MWC 2014 five months ago and has just received its successor in the form of Nokia X2 last month.


text:
Huascar
Inca chieftain
Alternative Titles: Inti Cusi Huallpa Huáscar, Washkar
Huascar, in full Inti Cusi Huallpa Huáscar ("Sun of Joy"), (died 1532, Cajamarca, Peru), Inca chieftain, legitimate heir to the Inca empire, who lost his inheritance and his life in rivalry with his younger half brother Atahuallpa, who in turn was defeated and executed by the Spanish conquerors under Francisco Pizarro.
Huascar succeeded his father in 1525 but was given only part of the empire (Cuzco), while about one-fifth of it (Quito) was left to Atahuallpa. Although at first Atahuallpa agreed to the division, he soon began to tire of the limits upon his power and started an armed rebellion. Huascar led his troops north to subdue the threat to his supremacy, but Atahuallpa was consistently victorious. Huascar fled Cuzco with the remnants of his army but was apprehended and compelled to watch the murder of his family, friends, and supporters. He was then ordered to be taken to Atahuallpa's residence at Cajamarca. This was the state of affairs when Francisco Pizarro arrived in 1532. After the Spaniard succeeded in his great conquest, Atahuallpa feared that Pizarro might return Huascar to power, and so he ordered his brother's assassination.
Ecuador: Pre-Spanish era
…divided between his legitimate heir, Huascar, in Cuzco, and his son by an Ecuadoran Cara princess, Atahuallpa. This led to a territorial dispute, and Atahuallpa won the ensuing civil war after a major battle near Riobamba in 1532; at just about the same time, a Spanish expedition led by Francisco…
…the empire from Quito, and Huáscar, the legitimate heir, who ruled from Cuzco, the traditional Inca capital.…
Francisco Pizarro, Spanish conqueror of the Inca empire and founder of the city of Lima.…
Peru, country in western South America. Except for the Lake Titicaca basin in the southeast, its borders lie in sparsely populated zones. The boundaries with Colombia to the northeast and Brazil to the east traverse lower ranges or tropical forests, whereas the borders with Bolivia to the…
Inca, South American Indians who, at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1532, ruled an empire that extended along the Pacific coast and Andean highlands from the northern border of modern Ecuador to the Maule River in central Chile. A brief treatment of the Inca follows; for full treatment, see…
More About Huascar
conflict with Atahuallpa
In Atahuallpa
Ecuadoran history
In Ecuador: Pre-Spanish era
Inca history
In pre-Columbian civilizations: Civil war on the eve of the Spanish conquest
Cajamarca, Peru
World War II, conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the years 1939–45. The…
American Civil War, four-year war (1861–65) between the United States and 11 Southern states that seceded…


For anyone who struggles with allergies, heartburn, acid reflux or digestion, has trouble controlling weight or cholesterol, or simply doesn't have the means to eat well, soylent is for you.
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By taking years to spoil, dramatically reducing cost, and easing transportation and storage, soylent could have a dramatic effect on hunger and malnutrition. Proceeds from the purchase of soylent enable us to work with aid partners and reduce hunger and environmental impact both in the United States and the developing world.
Think about what the future of food looks like. Imagine everyone having a customized, efficient, nutritious default diet and the freedom to eat for leisure as desired. It is a bright, healthy future indeed.
Have questions about Soylent? Please check out their blog for more information!


text:
Decorating & Entertaining Ideas
#WhereToFindMe: The Instagrammer's Guide to Santa Barbara, CA
Nicknamed the American Riviera, Santa Barbara feels like a bit of the Mediterranean in our own backyard. Cupped by terraced hillsides giving way to beaches and harbor, the city is a gem, all Spanish stylings, palm trees, and wine at sun-drenched sidewalk cafés. It's the kind of place where, imperceptibly, your pace slows down.
It's also a favorite weekend escape of Anne Sage, the Los Angeles-based maven of all things creative. Her résumé spans from blogger (she's been at it since 2008—"I'm a dinosaur," she laughs) to author (Sage Living: Decorate for the Life You Want) to entrepreneur (she co-founded Rue magazine and creative studio and event space Light Lab), and she documents highlights of the life creative on her Instagram account, @citysage. Anne and her husband (a University of California at Santa Barbara alum) regularly ditch the hustle of L.A. for a Santa Barbara slowdown, so of course we wanted to know where they go. Below Anne shares "one of the best hotel experiences," an "Old Hollywood coastal-glamour revival," and the spot where you absolutely have to try the ice cream.
Nestled high up in the hills, the Belmond El Encanto embodies Santa Barbara's luxe-meets-laid-back atmosphere. Photo by @citysage.
For a splurge, Anne suggests the beachside Four Seasons Biltmore. Photo by @citysage.
For years Anne's brother-in-law lived in Santa Barbara and had a guest room at the ready. But since his recent move to New York City, the Santa Barbara hotelscape has opened up before Anne's eyes. On their most recent trip, Anne and her husband opted for the Belmond El Encanto up in the hills, and "it was one of the best hotel experiences I've ever had," Anne says. "We were living our best lives staying there! Pillows with our initials on them. A rain-head shower. And the robes! The robes were so plush!" Days start with "out-of-this-world waffles" at the restaurant, then segue into lounging on a chaise by the nearby pool or strolling gardens full of native species ("the smell of the flowers is incredible") before kicking back in the evening by the fireplace in your room (most have one).
Another bucket-list spot Anne's got her eye on? "The Four Seasons Biltmore if you've got the budget. We've had drinks and dinner there. The location is right on the beach, and it really doesn't get much better."
The Santa Barbara vibe is quite luxe, but it's not pretentious at all.
— Anne Sage
Armada Wine & Beer Merchant is a winning cocktail-hour pick. Photo by @citysage.
Tapas joint Loquita is on Anne's must-visit list—for the menu as well as the Scandi-chic decor. Photo by @citysage.
Jump-start your morning with coffee at hip French Press, which has "a really cute shop too," or funky Handlebar, swathed in reclaimed wood. And for a "crazy-good" breakfast, hit Tupelo Junction. "It's Southern comfort heaven," Anne says, where your meal (pure decadence: think syrup-soaked French toast or chicken and waffles) should start with a beignet appetizer. "You won't need to eat for, like, eight hours after," Anne says.
For a predinner glass, Anne recommends Armada Wine & Beer Merchant: "The vibe is vibrant, fun, and welcoming, and the women who work there are so knowledgeable and passionate about wine." When the dinner bell tolls, head to Wildwood Kitchen. "The decor is a fun combination of down-home meets industrial modern: reclaimed wood and weathered brick walls with minimalist sconces and neon," says Anne. "Exactly the sort of setting designed to make me feel like my choice to order a second Frito pie was in fact chic and cool, rather than gluttonous."
Or you can splurge at the Tydes Restaurant, part of the Coral Casino Beach and Cabana Club, which boasts seaside views and decor that feels like "an Old Hollywood coastal-glamour revival." Last but not least is a big ol' scoop of ice cream from McConnell's, where just reading the flavors—sea-salt cream and cookies, double peanut-butter chip, whiskey and pecan pralines—makes your mouth water. "You have to eat ice cream at McConnell's when you're in Santa Barbara," Anne insists. "It's just what's done."
The last time Anne was in Santa Barbara, she snapped a few shots of Loquita but wasn't able to stop in. This gorgeous new spot (its older sis is atmospheric local fave The Lark) serves Spanish tapas but flirts with boho Scandinavian design, from the birch chairs to the whitewashed brick walls to the sheepskin seats.
The well-curated wares at Millworks, a Santa Barbara design showroom. Photo by @citysage.
Beachy-chic Diani is a favorite of the fashion crowd. Photo by @citysage.
"It's insanely good," says Anne of Diani, the beloved clothing boutique that collects all the heart-eye emojis from the Santa Barbara fashion set. "It's fashion-forward but beachy-boho, and their home store in the same shopping center is a little nook packed with cute vintage stuff, cookbooks, and gardening accessories." Closer to Santa Barbara's Funk Zone neighborhood, design showroom Millworks is perfectly curated Instagram fodder, from "the linens to the pillows to the cute beauty brands."
When Anne was in Santa Barbara last, she day-tripped it to the Lotusland garden (more on it below), stopping at posh Montecito's main drag on the way down, "and boy, is there some cute shopping there," she says. Jenni Kayne ("we've crossed paths in L.A., and her Montecito shop is beautiful"), Maison K ("a mix of rustic French homewares, cashmere, and candles"), and K. Frank ("awesome selection of men's and women's apparel from a variety of designers with—thankfully—middle-of-the-road price points").
Either on the road up or on the road back, Anne says she "absolutely must stop at the recently opened Arte Department," a Carpinteria shop owned by photographer Elizabeth Messina. "Elizabeth has a killer eye for beauty, and I can only imagine what treasures, both vintage and new, her shop holds!"
If a little pampering is on the agenda, Anne heads to picturesque Float Luxury Spa. Photo by @citysage.
Gazing out at the pink-toned sunset: one of Santa Barbara's many simple pleasures. Photo by @citysage.
"One of the things I love most about Santa Barbara," says Anne, "is how you can be walking along State Street—which is lovely but touristy—and take a turn down these warrens of old alleyways and courtyards that feel as if they've been there forever. Giving yourself permission to wander is important while you're there." On upper State, the historic Arlington Theatre is a favorite even if there's no show on. "I love the arcaded archways and beautiful little fountain—when you're there you get a sense for the grandiose influence of Hollywood on Santa Barbara, and it's so easy to envision all the stars coming up the coast to escape to the Riviera of California," she says.
If you're jonesing for a little celebrity-style pampering, drop by Float Luxury Spa, a day spa with "an outdoor seating area with a fountain surrounded by trees, and a boutique with such an amazing selection of natural skincare brands that every time I'm in there, I'm going, 'How have I never heard of this?'" says Anne.
And she always pays a visit to Santa Barbara's famed giant fig tree—the largest in the U.S.—on the corner of Montecito and Chapala Streets. "My mom and dad are botany professors," Anne says, "so it's really special to me—like being in the presence of an ancient being."
Santa Barbara does such a lovely job of making you feel a very strong sense of its past—but not in a frozen-in-time way. It always feels fresh.
Butterfly Beach is a photographer's dream, all white sand and crashing surf. Photo by @citysage.
The grounds at Lotusland, a famed Montecito estate, offer stunning scenes around every corner. Photo by @citysage.
Can't-Miss Photo Ops
One of Anne's favorite places to take photos is Lotusland, the Montecito estate and gardens formerly owned by a charismatic opera singer notorious for her devil-may-care take on boyfriends and botany. "Every nook and cranny in there is a shot," says Anne. She's also a fan of the vistas at Butterfly Beach: "White sand, some surfers, sunsets—you can't get any better." But one of the easiest ways to snap some stunning shots is simply by heading for higher ground. "It's incredible how a short drive up any of the hills gives you this incredible view of the city and coastline."
Want to get the look without the drive? Shop Santa Barbara style here →
Follow all our #WhereToFindMe adventures on Instagram! →
Written By	Kelly Lack
Photos By	Anne Sage
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Daihatsu is a leading auto manufacturer and has always presented high performance, state of the art, powerful engines with maximum efficiency. If you are searching for high quality replacement engine for your Daihatsu vehicle then you are at the right place. We are one of the biggest suppliers of replacement Daihatsu engines in the UK. We carry huge variety of petrol and diesel engines for all types and models of Daihatsu. As a manufacturer, Daihatsu symbolize sophistication, exciting performance and cutting-edge technology in engine manufacturing. In these tough economic times, replacing a problematic Daihatsu engines is a viable option your vehicle. Our experts inspect and test all second hand and remanufactured engines to make 100% sure that they are in proper working condition. The inspection of all our Daihatsu recon engines include block crack inspection, leak, crankshaft reconditioning, compression and starting tests to ensure your safety as our top most priority.
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A century ago, the Hatsudoki Seizo Company changed its name to Daihatsu Motor Co but the brand name was not used itself on any vehicle produced till 1951. The Daihatsu was involved in manufacturing the small sized cars and they initially introduced the low priced three wheelers with the small engines before the release of four wheelers in the 1958. Cleverly positioned brand and the small capacity cars, reigned the Daihatsu's market over the small auto Asian category with Domino and Charade models being among the most successful models in the Asian Market. They were first Japanese who gained access to European markets especially the United Kingdom. However, the Daihatsu was formed in 1951 as a successor of Hatsudoki Seizo Co. Ltd, founded in 1907 but in 1960s, they regularly started exporting their range to Europe but they did not have a great success in sales however, they were getting better in 1980s. In 1992, Toyota Motors started distributing the Daihatsu models as part of its North American Distribution. Daihatsu has announced that they are pulling off from Europe by 2013.


Riversimple aims to offer customers a truly affordable, hassle free, fun-to-drive eco car, delivered as a complete and cost-transparent subscription service.
Our entry vehicle, the Rasa, is a zero emission electric car, powered by hydrogen rather than batteries. Our first production run is well underway with Rasas destined for a 12 month trial with the public.
We plan to follow the Rasa promptly with a light commercial van, and a 5 seat family vehicle as the network of filling stations matures.
Rather than selling our vehicles, Riversimple will provide them as a service, with a single monthly fee which covers the car, the maintenance, insurance and all fuel.
We successfully raised £2M+ in 2 previous crowd rounds, and are partnering with Seedrs again to build our movement and bring our brand of sustainable, clean mobility to market.
This is an opportunity to have a stake in a car manufacturer designed from a clean slate to be sustainable – financially, socially AND environmentally.


I am always interested in health, food, exercise information for creating a strong, healthy body. The problem for me is that so many of the books or articles written on these subjects can be extremely boring to read, but The Body Book by Cameron Diaz is not like that at all.
I loved this book from the first page; it's written from Cameron Diaz's perspective in a friendly format that reads as though you are mid-convo with Cameron herself as she talks about how she spent years training her body through diet and exercise, along with how you can do the same through diet, exercise, and the importance of getting enough sleep and making healthy choices every day.
Also, who doesn't love Cameron Diaz's infectious way of speaking and taking charge of her life? Reading about how you can do the same is just awesome, the book gives genuinely amazing healthy advice, breaking down what is really going on in a woman's body at any given time, along with explaining health, diet, lifestyle and exercise in an understandable level.It also goes into the importance of making a lifetime commitment to yourself, your health and your body to have a long, happy and healthy life.
I enjoyed reading this book so much I read it from end to end in one weekend. Has anyone else read this book? What did you think?


Elementary & Middle Schools in Sacramento, California - Elementary & Middle Schools in Sacramento, CA: Yellow Pages Directory Inc.
Elementary and middle schools in Sacramento offer their students a state-of-the-art learning environment. A variety of educational programs such as after-school tutoring, enrichment courses, and online curricula provide students with a wealth of opportunity to excel and achieve. Each teacher can better meet student needs as well with data warehousing resources; these resources allow teachers to profile the past performance of a student and better meet the specific needs of the individual student. They endorse and support the benefits and notion that literacy is the key to a child's educational success and future. Schools strive to implement reading in every aspect of their daily, rigorous curriculum which pushes their confidence, boosts brain, raises test scores, expands view of the world, and builds grasp of language. These schools are the perfect stepping stones for building a child's future.


text:
Date: 21-MAR-1958
Lockheed F-104A Starfighter
Owner/operator: United States Air Force (USAF)/Convair
Registration: 56-0738
C/n / msn: 183-1026
Location: Kirtland AFB, NM - United States of America
Departure airport: Kirtland AFB, New Mexico
Destination airport: Kirtland AFB, New Mexico
Crashed at Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, 21/3/1958: bailed to Convair at time of the crash for chase flights (used as a chase plane for Convair B58 Hustler). Pilot ejected safely.
1. http://www.916-starfighter.de/F-104_Lockheed_serials.pdf
2. http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1956.html
3. http://web.archive.org/web/20170421194129/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk:80/PROJECT/YEAR_Pages/1958.htm
29-Oct-2012 03:22 Dr. John Smith Updated [Date, Registration, Cn, Operator, Total fatalities, Total occupants, Other fatalities, Location, Country, Phase, Departure airport, Destination airport, Source, Narrative]
06-Jun-2013 18:13 Dr. John Smith Updated [Operator, Source, Narrative]
25-Apr-2015 18:23 TB Updated [Operator, Location, Source]


text:
Q: Django - social_auth - How could I separate social_auth_facebook_scope to request different scope I am a new web developer using the Django framework and I try to set multiple scopes for social_auth_facebook_scope in the Django framework.
What I have done is ref from this link: How can I ask for different permissions from facebook at different times?
But I didn't know how to do it so
First,I put the FACEBOOK_SCOPE and FACEBOOK_CUSTOM_SCOPE in the setting.py file
SOCIAL_AUTH_FACEBOOK_SCOPE = ['email', 'user_link']
SOCIAL_AUTH_FACEBOOK_CUSTOM_SCOPE = ['instragram_basic']

Second, I don't know where to put this code in.
class CustomFacebookOAuth2(FacebookOAuth2) :
  name = 'facebook-custom'

Is it have to use in views.py or apps.py, I don't have any ideas.
Next, I want my 2 buttons to separate each request

*

*First button is to log in with Facebook only

*Second button is to request permission for an Instagram business account
so how do I config in my HTML file

Now what I am config is set the URL to call Facebook-custom to request different scope but it doesn't work and return Error pages not found
http://localhost:8000/social-auth/login/facebook-custom/
Instagram business Account HTML
class="nav-link" href="{% url 'social:begin' 'facebook-custom' %}">Instragram business account

How can I fix it, Anyone has an idea.

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