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Facial-hair cream to the rescue
Tropical-disease drugs in critical condition
Malaria is killing between one and two million people each year, 90 per cent of them in Africa and more than half of them young children. And visceral leishmaniasis will kill half a million in the developing world if they don't receive treatment. These are neglected, seriously disabling or life-threatening diseases that mainly affect people in the poor world, and for which treatment options are inadequate or do not exist. In their own right, they don't constitute a valuable enough 'market' to stimulate adequate research and development for new medicines by the pharmaceutical industry. Take sleeping sickness. Civil war and the mass movement of civilians fleeing conflict has led to an epidemic of the disease through Uganda, DR Congo, Angola, Congo Brazzaville and Sudan. Sixty million Africans are at risk from catching this often-fatal disease. Although 45,000 cases of sleeping sickness were reported in 1999, the World Health Organization estimates that the number of people actually affected is 10 times greater. Yet it's a disease that most people living in industrialized countries haven't heard of. And because it poses no threat to rich-world consumers, there is little incentive to research effective drugs to treat it. So until very recently the only drug available to patients infected with sleeping sickness was an archaic treatment first made 50 years ago that has a 1-in-20 chance of killing them. This drug – melarsoprol – is a derivative of arsenic. When injected it burns the patient. It can also cause a swelling in the brain leading to convulsions, coma and death. It has placed doctors in an invidious position – they knew the risks of injecting their patients with this caustic poison, yet they had no other option. Then, in the late 1990s, a new drug emerged which could treat sleeping sickness with none of the painful side-effects. The new drug – eflornithine – has been dubbed the 'resurrection drug' because of its ability to revive even comatose patients. But it did not make it into Africa's hospitals: despite its potential to save thousands of lives, eflornithine was pulled off the shelves in 1999 because its production was considered unprofitable. Finally, in 2001, the drug made it to Africa. Why? Because a new use for it was discovered late last year: it suppresses the enzymes that cause facial hair to grow. Now – in a facial-hair cream costing $54 a tube – it is again deemed worthy of manufacture. The discovery of a cosmetic use for the drug is good news for those at risk of sleeping sickness in Africa. The pharmaceutical companies say they will donate 60,000 vials of free eflornithine to the medical aid organization Médecins Sans Frontières in each of the next three years. However, people in the Majority World facing death from other neglected diseases will not be so lucky. Drug research and development for diseases there are at a virtual standstill. Of the 1,393 new drugs approved between 1975 and 1999, only 16 (just over 1 per cent) were specifically developed for tropical diseases and tuberculosis (which between them account for 11.4 per cent of the global disease burden). Of the money spent on researching cures for leishmaniasis, more presently goes into the strains which kill dogs in the North than those which kill people in the South. Médecins Sans Frontières International Council President Morten Rostrup says: 'Doctors in poor countries are forced to use old and ineffective treatments on their patients who are dying from treatable diseases because profit, not need, is driving the development of new medicines. We have the scientific know-how to right this fatal imbalance, but serious political and financial commitment is lacking.'
This article is from the July 2002 issue of New Internationalist.
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Pricelist valids from 24.11.2014. Prices are subject to change.


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Revealed: Amerisleep AS3 named best overall mattress for 2022
A recent study by sleep experts from SFGATE has named the Amerisleep AS3 as the best overall mattress in 2022. The results come after mattresses from a variety of the most popular brands in the country were tested and reviewed. In total, 15 mattress models were collectively named as the best mattresses in their respective categories of 2022, with Amerisleep AS3 crowned the best mattress overall.
The Amerisleep AS3 consists of HIVE® technology affinity foam in hexagon cut-outs, which provides targeted and zoned support. Each of the five zoned areas are specifically designed to provide the best level of support for various body parts. There are distinct support areas for the head, shoulders and upper back, as well as the hips, upper legs and knees, and feet.
This mattress is especially appealing to individuals who like to buy eco-friendly products, as it is made from plant-based materials, including plant-based oils. Amerisleep's innovative Bio-Pur foam tops the first three inches of the mattress and is designed to quickly adapt and accommodate the sleeper's body weight and shape. Not only does the mattress foam mold to the curves of the sleeping individual, but it also springs back into shape to give support when they are getting out of bed.
Shoppers can purchase the Amerisleep AS3 mattress in Twin, Twin XL, Full (double), Queen, King, California King, and Split King sizes. The variety of sizes means that couples can choose a mattress that allows them to sleep side by side without disturbing each other.
As with all Amerisleep mattresses, the AS3 comes with a 100 nights sleep trial and a 20-year guarantee to ensure that the mattress owners are completely happy with their purchase.
What are the top 15 mattresses of 2022?
Aside from Amerisleep's AS3, Amerisleep made the list again with its AS5, which was ranked as the best soft mattress currently on the market. The AS5, with a firmness rating of three out of ten, is made from memory foam that contours to the sleeper's body shape. This material is ideal for petite sleepers, as well as individuals of all sizes who prefer to sleep on their side.
The AS5 is partially made using plant oils to produce Amerisleep's exclusive Bio-Pur memory foam. Whilst traditional memory foam has a habit of overheating through the build-up of body heat, the Bio-Pur memory foam is designed to maintain good airflow to keep the sleeper cool throughout the night.
Another brand that makes multiple appearances on the list is Zoma. With two mattresses named the best memory foam mattress for sale and the best mattress on Amazon, Zoma offers two of the best memory foam mattresses on the market.
Professional athletes, hot and combination sleepers will find that the Zoma mattress, which has been voted as the best memory foam mattress, leaves them feeling refreshed and rested.
The heat-regulating gel memory foam mattress helps regulate the body temperature of individuals whilst they are sleeping, as well as easing pressure points. The Support+ foam layer also helps to promote good spine alignment and prevents the mattress from sagging too much, as many traditional memory foam mattresses are prone to do.
Individuals who are operating on a smaller budget may prefer the Zoma Start, which is priced between $375 and $599. It is considered the best mattress on Amazon and caters to most sleeping positions, as well as hot sleepers who are on the lookout for a cooling mattress. The Reactiv™ foam layer supports and adapts to the sleeper's changing positions throughout the night without giving too much sinkage.
Another budget mattress for shoppers that want a good-quality foam mattress is the Vaya model. With a price range of $349 to $799, shoppers can choose between a Twin, Twin XL, Full (double), Queen, King, and California King-sized mattress. The comfort foam provides a lightweight feel with a decent level of both bounce and coolness whilst contouring around the curves of the sleeper.
Unlike some foam mattresses, the Vaya mattress won't leave sleepers feeling as if they are sinking too far into the support foam. The responsive bounce of the foam also helps individuals to easily get in and out of bed without experiencing too much sagging on the edges.
At the other end of the scale, shoppers wanting to splash out on their mattress may want to consider the Nolah Evolution 15″, as it has been voted the best luxury mattress of 2022.
The hybrid mattress, as the name suggests, is a 15-inch thick mattress that comes in a variety of firmness ratings, including plush, luxury firm, and firm. The base is made from recycled plant fibers, which provides a sturdy and eco-friendly structure. In addition, the Nolah Evolution 15″ is backed by a lifetime warranty guarantee and a 120 nights sleep trial, which enables sleepers to try out the mattress before they fully commit.
Shoppers considering latex mattresses should check out the Avocado Green, which has been voted as the best latex mattress currently on the market. Made using organic materials such as wool and cotton, the Avocado Green also features upcycled steel coils, which provide minimal motion transfer.
The mattress' latex rubber foam has been certified with Global Organic Latex Standard, which is only given to mattresses that have a minimum of 95% certified organic raw material. The organic wool in the mattress also acts as a natural fire barrier, which is an added safety measure that many shoppers will appreciate.
Another natural mattress that has wowed the 2022 market is the Organica by Amerisleep. Made using naturally sourced cotton and wool, along with natural Talalay latex, the Organica contours to the sleeper's body whilst still retaining a reasonable level of bounce. Latex foam is sourced from rubber tree sap, which is a natural alternative to the synthetic chemicals that many other mattresses are made from.
The Purple Mattress has been rated as the best mattress for pressure relief, thanks to the innovative grid design. Providing a balanced feel that will support a variety of sleeping positions, the Purple Mattress helps to support good spine alignment and limits the amount of motion transfer.
Hot sleepers should look no further than the Brooklyn Bedding Aurora, which has been named the best cooling mattress of 2022. The CopperFlex® foam gives a cool cushioned feel that keeps sleepers at a good body temperature throughout the night. Heat is dispersed quickly, which stops the sleeper from tossing and turning in a bid to keep cool.
Best mattresses depending on sleeping position
Everyone has their preferred sleeping position, which is why it's important to find a mattress that provides the right level of support. Luckily, there are mattresses on the market that can cater to specific sleeping positions that ease pressure and provide a comfortable night's sleep.
Back sleepers: The Saatva Classic has been deemed a good mattress for back sleepers, thanks to the innerspring support. This mattress consists of two coil layers, along with an open-coil base and pocketed coils which provide structured pressure relief and comfort.
Back sleepers require good support, which is why the Saatva Classic excels due to its combination of high-density memory foam and active wireframe. The edge of the mattress is further supported by high-density foam, which enables easy access into and out of the bed.
This mattress is available in three different firmness ratings of three, five to seven and eight. With a cotton cover featuring an anti-bacterial barrier and hypoallergenic surface, the Saatva Classic can stay fresh for longer with maximum airflow.
Side sleepers: People who prefer to sleep on their side are best suited to the Tuft and Needle Mint, which comes in a firmness rating of four to five out of ten. Some of the mattress' best features include the antimicrobial protective layer, which prevents the material from degrading. Using micro silver and vesicle technologies, harmful microbes are eliminated and broken down so that they don't linger on the surface of the mattress.
Individuals who are prone to sleeping on their sides often experience neck and shoulder pain from the awkward way that their head rests on the pillow. Luckily, the Tuft and Needle Mint mattress provides both support and pressure relief due to the thick cushioned layers of extra-firm foam bolster on the bottom layer. This firm memory foam mattress has several cooling features, including graphite infusions and gel beads, which draw heat away from the body to keep it cool.
Whilst the medium-soft feel of the Tuft and Needle Mint may not give enough support to stomach sleepers, the Helix Dawn Luxe has a much firmer rating of eight to nine, which is partly why it has been voted the best mattress for stomach sleepers. This upgraded version of the original Dawn mattress features a pillow top and sectioned support zones. The sleeper's hips and shoulders are cradled by softer areas whilst the edge of the mattress has firmer support to help individuals in and out of bed.
Yet another eco-friendly option, the Helix Dawn Luxe features Tencel® fibers, which draw moisture away from the body to maintain a cool and dry surface.
Stomach sleepers: Anyone who sleeps on their front and is seeking a firm mattress might consider the Layla Hybrid, which has been rated as the best firm mattress of 2022. Available in both a firmness rating of four and seven, the Layla Hybrid mattress features copper-infused memory foam which has the dual benefit of cooling down the mattress and maintaining peak cleanliness.
The pocketed coils at the core of the mattress mean that the mattress has the ability to be flipped, depending on whether the sleeper prefers to sleep on a soft or firm side. This is an ideal option for individuals who haven't yet decided whether they want to commit to a firm or soft mattress or want to rotate their mattress to reduce wear and tear.
Hybrid mattresses combine the benefits of the support of an innerspring mattress with the comfort of a memory foam mattress to provide optimal pressure relief.
The most popular hybrid mattress currently on the market according to the study is the GhostBed Flex, which has a firmness rating of six to seven out of ten. With a price range of $1222 to $2660, this mattress is a slightly pricier option than some of the other mattresses that have been ranked, although the price does reflect the high quality. Some of the most popular features of the mattress include the underlying gel memory foam and double row of coils for a good level of edge of the mattress support.
The table below shows the top-rated mattresses of 2022, along with the categories that they excel in, the mattress type and their firmness rating.
Mattress Category Type Firmness rating out of 10
Amerisleep AS3 Best mattress overall Memory foam 5/6
Zoma Best memory foam Memory foam 5
Vaya Best for money Foam 5/6
Nolah Evolution 15″ Best luxury Hybrid 5, 6/7 or 8
Organica Best natural Latex 5/6
GhostBed Flex Best hybrid Hybrid 6/7
Saatva Classic Best for back sleepers Innerspring 3, 5 to 7 or 8
Tuft and Needle Mint Best for side sleepers Foam 4/5
Brooklyn Bedding Aurora Best cooling Hybrid 3, 5 or 7
Purple Hybrid Best for pressure relief Hybrid 5/6
Amerisleep AS5 Best soft Memory foam 3
Helix Dawn Luxe Best for stomach sleepers Hybrid 8/9
Avocado Green Best latex Latex 6/7
Layla Hybrid Best firm Hybrid 4 or 7
Zoma Start Best on Amazon Memory Foam 6/7
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Pricing & Supply
U.S. Canada Softwood Lumber Agreement Expires October 2015
By Karen M. Koenig January 26, 2015 | 12:45 pm EST
WASHINGTON, DC - The Softwood Lumber Agreement between the United States and Canada is set to expire in October, marking the end of the two-year extension. The agreement prohibits the Canadian federal and provincial governments from providing subsidies to the Canadian lumber industry.
Under the 2006 SLA, the United States agreed to revoke antidumping and countervailing duty orders while the Canadian government agreed to put into place export measures when the softwood lumber market slumps below US$355 per thousand board feet. Special measures were also put in place to deal with surges in exports from individual Canadian provinces and third countries. The agreement extending the SLA through October 2015 was granted in January 2012.
Prior to the original agreement, U.S. companies claimed that stumpage fees charged for lumber harvested on public lands in Canada were set at an artificially low level, which, along with other Canadian governmental programs, created a subsidy. In response, the U.S. Department of Commerce imposed countervailing duties on lumber imported from Canada along with antidumping duties on Canadian lumber imports. The dispute was subsequently brought before North American Free Trade Agreement panels, the World Trade Organization, and the U.S. Court of International Trade.
Softwood lumber includes wood produced from trees such as spruce, fir, and pine.
softwood lumber agreement
Marvin Windows and Doors rebrands: New name, logo & collections
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Karen M. Koenig
Karen M. Koenig has more than 30 years of experience in the woodworking industry, including visits to wood products manufacturing facilities throughout North America, Europe and Asia. As editor of special publications under the Woodworking Network brand, including the Red Book Best Practices resource guide and website, Karen's responsibilities include writing, editing and coordinating of editorial content. She is also a contributor to FDMC and other Woodworking Network online and print media owned by CCI Media. She can be reached at karen.koenig@woodworkingnetwork.com


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Q: Django admin AttributeError: Unable to lookup `FIELD` on 'MODEL_1' on 'MODEL_2' on 'MODEL_3' This answer didn't solve the issue for me, Generating django admin and foreignkey error.
I added a new field over a MODEL_1 everything works fine when I open the table in django dashboard but when I open an entry in MODEL_1 I get the error ```Unable to lookup 'model_1' on MODEL_1 or MODEL_1Admin or MODEL_1Form````
class Battery(TimeStampedModel):
    charging_counts = models.IntegerField(default=0)
    # tracking details
    status_updated_at = models.DateTimeField(null=True, blank=True)

Admin:
class BatteryAdmin(RemoveAddOptionMixin, VogoAbstractBaseModelAdmin):
     list_disply = ['charging_counts', 'status_updated_at', ]
     search_fields = ()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Carrie Talbot
Kickstarter campaign for deluxe hardcover Dark Souls book You Died goes live
Good news, Dark Souls fans – a Kickstarter campaign to create a deluxe hardcover edition of the 2016 lore and universe book You Died has launched. Revising, updating, and expanding on the entire book cover-to-cover, the publishing house behind the campaign is also offering a bunch of backer rewards – and something that will be "the definitive love letter to both Dark Souls and the players who can't get it out of their minds."
The new Dublin-based publishing house Tune and Fairweather has launched the campaign. It's collaborated with Andrew Hind, award-winning print designer at Edge magazine, to create the book, which was co-authored by the company's founder Jason Killingsworth and Keza MacDonald and first released in paperback.
In a video announcement of the project (which you can check out below) Killingsworth reveals the hardcover edition will feature design, intricacies, and content reflecting the series' rich universe. Along with a thorough rework to bring the book up-to-date, it will also include a new chapter by him "featuring IllusoryWall from the community, who underwent some serious detective work to figure out the mechanics behind how Vagrants spawn." Plus, it'll feature some easter eggs for fans to discover.
Beyond this, the You Died hardcover edition will include more than 40 full-colour pages of in-game photos, a cover featuring an embossed stamp detail inspired by a rose window (actually based on the game's models), and more special features to enjoy, creating "an absolute delight for the eyes."
As part of the Kickstarter campaign, there will be a Gravelord Servant Edition (a custom leather-bound edition which comes with a pine-box "coffin"), and also a "Way of White Edition" available – a white covered version featuring a gold foil emboss. Other goodies on offer include a limited edition Kickstarter poster designed by Hind and a 'Copper Coin' – "backers will earn a chance to be awarded a rare piece of loot."
If you're keen to find out more, head over to the You Died Deluxe Hardcover Edition Kickstarter page, where you can get a good look at the book's design and the rewards on offer for backers.
Dark Souls system requirements
DARK SOULS: Prepare To Die Edition


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Wingnut Week In Review: It Couldn't Happen To A Nicer Guy
by Terrance Heath | May 23, 2014 | Blog, Conservatism, This Is The GOP | 0 comments
This week saw a number of right-wingers being pulled up short, one way or another, including some of the biggest names in wingnuttia. For each wingnut up to his tinfoil hat in trouble of his own making, I can only say, "It couldn't happen to a nicer guy."
It's hard to come up with a bigger name in wingnuttia than Dinesh D'Souza. This conveniently swarthy aider and abettor of the American aristocracy's persecution complex, has been riding the right wing gravy train since the 1990s, after cutting his fangs at Dartmouth during the Reagan era (along with fellow right-wing ranter, Laura Ingraham). D'Souza's career started with his founding of the right leaning Dartmouth Review, which created controversy — and perhaps launched D'Souza's star — when it printed a passage from Mein Kampf under its masthead. On Yom Kippur, no less.
Since then, D'Souza's published more than a dozen books, and branched out into documentary filmmaking. Upon the election of Barack Obama, D'Souza morphed into the right's melanin-enhanced spokesman for the "end of racism." His greatest hits include moralizing against same-sex marriage (while violating his own marriage vows), suggesting that Muslim extremists might stop hating America for "our excesses" and our "gross depravity and immorality" if we became more like them, and inspiring Newt Gingrich to call President Obama a "Kenyan anti-colonialist."
The next phase of his career may be different, now that D'Souza has pleaded guilty to campaign finance law violations — having failed to get the charges against him dismissed. The charges involve D'Souza using "straw donors" in 2012 to give contribute more money than legally allowed to Dartmouth pal Wendy Long's US Senate campaign. D'Souza had two friends give $10,000 to Long's campaign, with the understanding that he would pay them back. Long lost, anyway.
[fve]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvhfcmxyaqM[/fve]
Not one to go down with dignity, D'Souza tried to "exploit" his criticism of Obama in order wriggle off the hook. D'Souza's producer, Gerald Molen said D'Souza was being targeted by an Obama administration that wants to "lock up" opponents. Fortunately, the judge wasn't buying it.
In his plea, D'Souza admitted that he knowingly broke the law.
"I knew that causing a campaign contribution to be made in the name of another was wrong and something the law forbids. I deeply regret my conduct," he said today.
D'Souza could face jail time. As a part of his plea, D'Souza agreed not to contest any prison sentence between 10 and 16 months, but could face up to two years. Like I said, it couldn't happen to a nicer guy.
Here's the rest of the best of worst in wingnuttia this week:
Since Fox News helped create the myth that his indictment was political payback, D'Souza naturally ran straight to Fox, where Megyn Kelly asked if D'Souza's guilty plea was what the Obama administration "wanted all along."
Arkansas Republican Rep. Asa Hutchinson was tripped up by the very voter ID law he advocated, when he forgot his ID and was denied his right to vote. Fortunately, Hutchinson could just send an aide back to retrieve his ID.
Glenn Beck's supporters turned on him after "Operation American Spring" flopped.
Sarah Palin called President Obama "lazy" for not firing VA Secretary Eric Shinseki, in the wake of a scandal involving 40 veterans who died waiting for care while on a "secret waiting list."Never mind that veterans have lost vital services because Republicans block funding, or that 250,000 vets are uninsured because Republican governors and state legislators have refused to expand Medicaid.
Speaking of veterans, former congressman Allen West questioned Rep. Tammy Duckworth's loyalty to country, following Duckworth's appointment to the House panel investigating the Benghazi attack. Duckworth lost both her legs and the use of her right arm during her Iraq War service. West was fined and had to resign from the military to avoid court martial, for allowing and participating in the torture of an Iraqi detainee during interrogation.
Game show host and right-winger Pat Sajak fired off a tweet declaring that global warming "alarmists" are "unpatriotic racists" knowingly misleading the country for their own ends.
Naturally, Ann Coulter rushed to Sajack's defense, because her name hasn't been in the news for more than a week. Either that or she's angling for Vanna White's job, because right-wing book sales are down.
National Review columnist A.J. Delago wrote that women "crying rape" were to blame for "society not believing them when they say they're raped. "After all," Delago wrote, "for every legitimate, actual rape claim there may be another that was not: a girl who cried rape."
GOP efforts to appeal to women took a farcical turn when the Colorado governor's debate took on a "Dating Game" theme, complete with the theme music. The moderator invited female panelist on stage because, "It's so much more ornamental" to pair them up with potential candidates. Issues such as reproductive health care, equal pay, personhood amendments, sexual harassment, domestic violence and childcare were not discussed.
Fox News host Sandra Smith complained that "part of the problem" with unemployment is "laziness" on the part of the unemployed. Smith claimed that collecting unemployment benefits shows that the unemployed at "not incentivized"to take lower paying jobs.
Selwyn Duke, writing at Alan Keyes' Renew America, was disgusted that First Lady Michelle Obama's speech commemorating Brown v. Board of Education was dedicated to condemning segregation and slavery instead of praising the achievements of white Western civilization. Duke wrote that Ms. Obama, and presumably African-Americans too, "should get down on their knees, kiss the ground trod by our ancestors and thank God for our civilization's existence."
Louisiana Republican Reps. Vance McAllister and John Fleming informed Democratic witness at a hearing before the House Natural Resources Subcommittee on Fisheries, Wildlife, Oceans and Insular Affairs that patching oil pipelines with duct tape a garbage bags is "innovative."
Florida Republican state Rep. Charles Van Zant warned that Common Core educational standards will turn kids gay.
Conservative blogger Clayton Kelly was arrested for breaking into a nursing home and photographing the wife of Mississippi Republican Sen. Thad Cochran, for an anti-Cochran video. Republican state Sen. Chris McDaniel, who is running to replace to unseat Sen. Cochran faced a barrage of question's about his ties to Clayton, who is also a McDaniel supporter. Three other people, including a board member of a local tea party group, have been arrested as coconspirators in Clayton's crime.


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The Works of the Rev. J. Newton ...: With the Memoirs of the ..., Volume 4
By John Newton, Richard Cecil
always so much stand in need of new information, as to have what we already know more effectually impressed upon
the mind; there are truths which can scarcely be inculcated too often, at least until the design for which they were mentioned once be effectually answered. Thus, when the strokes of a hammer are often repeated, not one of them can be deemed superfluous; the last, which drives the nail to the head, being no less necessary than any of those which preceded it,
From those readers, whose habits of thinking on religious subjects are formed by a close attachment to particular systems of divinity, the author requests a candid construction of what he advances, if he ventures in some instances to deviate a little from the more beaten track, If he is sometimes constrained to differ from the judgement of wise and good men, who have deserved well of the church of God, he would do it with modesty. Far from depreciating their labours, he would be thankful for the benefit which he hopes he has received from them. It is a great satisfaction to him, that in all doctrinal points of primary importance, his views are confirmed by the suffrage of writers and ministers eminent for genuine piety and sound learning; who assisted him in his early inquiries after truth, and at whose feet he is still willing to sit. Yet, remembering that he is authorized and commanded to call no man master, so as to yield an implicit and unqualified submission to human teachers; while he gladly borrows every help he can from others, he ventures likewise to think for himself. His leading sentiments con, cerning the grand peculiarities of the Gospel were formed many years since, when he was in a state of almost entire seclusion from society; when he had scarcely any religious book but the Bible within his reach; and had no knowledge, either of the various names, parties, and opinions, by which Christians were distinguished and divided, or of the controversies which subsisted among them. He is not conscious that any very material difference has taken place in his sentiments since he first became acquainted with the religious world; but, after a long course of experience and observation, he seems to possess them in a different manner. The difficulties which for a season perplexed him on some points, are either removed, or considerably abated. On the other hand, he now perceives difficulties that constrain him to lay his hand upon his mouth, in subjects which once appeared to him obvious and plain. Thus, if he mistakes not himself, he is less troubled with scepticism, and at the same time less disposed to be dogmatical than he formerly was. He feels himself unable to draw the line, with precision, between those essential points which ought to be earnestly contended for (in a spirit of meekness) as for the faith once delivered to the saints; and certain secondary positions, concerning which good men may safely differ, and wherein, perhaps, we cannot reasonably expect them to be unanimous during the present state of imperfection. But if the exact boundary cannot be marked with certainty, he thinks it both desirable and possible, to avoid the extremes into which men of warm tempers have often been led.
Not that the author can be an advocate for that indifference to truth, which, under the specious seniblance of moderation and candour, offers a comprehension, from which none are excluded, but those who profess and aim to worship God in the spirit, to rejoice in Christ Jesus, and to renounce all confidence in the flesh. Moderation is a Christian grace; it differs much from that tame, unfeeling neutrality between truth and error, which is só prevalent in the present day. As the different rays of light which, when separated by a prism, exhibit the various colours of the rainbow, form, in their combination, a perfect and resplendent white, in which every colour is incorporated; so, if the graces of the Holy Spirit were complete in us, the result of their combined effect would be a truly candid, moderate, and liberal spirit towards our brethren. The Christian, especially he who is advanced and established in the life of faith, has a fervent zeal for God, for the honour of his name, his law, and his Gospel. The honest warmth which he feels, when such a law is broken, such a Gospel is despised, and when the great and glorious name of the Lord his God is profaned, would, by the occasion of his infirmities, often degenerate into anger or contempt towards those who oppose themselves, if he was under the influence of zeal only. But his zeal is blended with benevolence and humility: it is softened by a consciousness of his own frailty and fallibility. He is aware, that his knowledge is very limited in itself, and very faint in its efficacy; that his attainments are weak and few, compared with his deficiencies; that his gratitude is very disproportionate to his obligations, and his obedience unspeakably short of conformity to his prescribed rule; that he has nothing but what he has received, and has received nothing but what, in a greater or less degree, he has misapplied and misimproved. He is, therefore, a debtor to the mercy of God, and lives upon his multiplied forgiveness. And he makes the gracious conduct of the Lord towards himself a pattern for his own conduct towards his fellowcreatures. He cannot boast, nor is he forward to censurë. He considers himself, lest he also be tempted; * and thus he learns tenderness and compassion to others, and to bear patiently with those mistakes, prejudices, and prepossessions in them, which once belonged to his own character; and from which, as yet, he is but imperfectly freed. But then, the same considerations which inspire him with meekness and gentleness towards those who oppose the truth,
* Gal. vi. 1.
strengthen his regard for the truth itself, and his conviction of its importance. For the sake of peace, which he loves and cultivates, he accommodates himself, as far as he lawfully can, to the weakness and misapprehensions of those who mean well; though he is thereby exposed to the censure of bigots of all parties, who deem him flexible and wavering, like a reed shaken with the wind. But there are other points nearly connected with the honour of God, and essential to the life of faith, which are the foundations of his hope, and the sources of his joy. For his firm attachment to these, he is content to be treated as a bigot himself. For here he is immoveable as an iron pillar; nor can either the fear or the favour of man prevail on him to give place, no not for an hour. * Here his judgment is fixed; and he expresses it in simple and unequivocal language, so as not to leave either friends or enemies in suspense, concerning the side which he has chosen, or the cause which is nearest to his heart.
The minister who possesses a candour thus enlightened and thus qualified, will neither degrade himself to be the instrument, nor aspire to be the head, of a party. He will not servilely tread in the paths prescribed him by men, however respectable.' He will not multiply contentions, in defence either of the shibboleths of others, or of any nostrum of his own, under a pretence that he is pleading for the cause of God and truth. His attention will not be restrained to the credit or interest of any detached denomination of Christians, but extended to all who love the Lord Jesus Christ in sincerity. On the other hand, knowing that the Gospel is the wisdom and power of God, and the only possible mean by which fallen man can obtain either peace or rectitude, he most cordially embraces and avows it. Far from being ashamed of it, he esteems it his
Gal. ii. 5.
glory. He preaches Christ Jesus the Lord, and him crucified. He dares not sophisticate, * disguise, or soften the great doctrines of the grace of God, to render them more palatable to the depraved taste of the times. He disdains the thought. And he will no more encounter the prejudices and corrupt maxims and practices of the world with any weapon but the truth as it is in Jesus, t than he would venture to fight an enraged enemy with a wooden sword.
Such is the disposition which the author wishes for himself, and which he would endeavour to cultivate in others. He hopes that nothing of a contrary tendency will be found in the volumes now presented to the public. MESSIAH, the great subject of the Oratorio, is the leading and principal subject of every sermon. His person, grace, and glory; his matchless love to sinners; his humiliation, sufferings, and death ; his ability and willingness to save to the utter most; his kingdom, and the present and future happiness of his willing people, are severally considered, according to the order suggested by the series of texts. Nearly connected with these topics, are the doctrines of the fall, and depravity of man, the agency of the Holy Spirit, and the nature and necessity of regeneration, and of that holiness, without which no man shall see the Lord. On these subjects the author is not afraid of contradiction from those who are taught of God.
With respect to some other points which incidentally occur, he has endeavoured so to treat them as to avoid administering fuel to the flame of angry controversy. He is persuaded himself, and shall be happy to persuade his readers, that the remaining differences of opinion among those who truly understand and cordially believe the declarations of Scripture on the preceding articles, are neither so wide nor so important as they have been sometimes repre
2 Cor. iv. 2.
† Eph. iy. 21.


GREEN BAY, Wis. (WBAY) - Paul's Pantry is celebrating 35 years of helping the Green Bay community.
The food pantry opened its doors on Valentine's Day of 1984. It was founded by Leo Frigo, the former president of Frigo Cheese.
Local dignitaries gathered at the pantry Wednesday to celebrate the milestone.
Over 35 years, Paul's Pantry has distributed more than 119 million pounds of food to people in need.
Paul's Pantry relies entirely on donations from the community. People who use the pantry are able to choose their groceries. That helps prevent waste.
Paul's Pantry is located at 1520 Leo Frigo Dr in Green Bay. Click here for the pantry's website.


text:
US government makes bid request for nearly 8 million pounds of Alaska pollock
July 30, 2021 — The U.S. Department of Agriculture's new massive bid request for 7.942 million pounds of frozen Alaska pollock will push the agency's pollock purchases to near-record levels.
With the latest acquisition, the agency will have purchased nearly 18.3 million pounds of Alaskan pollock for the fiscal year 2021, Association of Genuine Alaska Pollock Producers (GAPP) CEO Craig Morris told SeafoodSource.
USDA to make big purchase of Alaska pollock
May 5, 2021 — The U.S. Department of Agriculture is asking Alaska pollock suppliers to bid on a contract for 8.325 million pounds of the fish – the third-largest bid invitation for Alaskan pollock in the agency's history.
The USDA is also requesting bids on nearly 2.7 million pounds of catfish and said in a pre-solicitation notice that it plans to purchase canned tuna, haddock fillets, ocean perch fillets, wild salmon fillets, and canned pink salmon.
7-Eleven partners with GAPP on Alaska Pollock Fish Bites
March 10, 2021 — 7-Eleven has rolled out Wild Alaskan Pollock Fish Bites for the Lenten season in a limited-time capacity.
The offering includes five bite-sized morsels of herb panko-crusted Alaskan pollock filets served on a skewer, with a side of tartar sauce for dipping. The bites are priced at USD 3.69 (EUR 3.10) daily, and USD 3 (EUR 2.52) on Fridays for 7Rewards members.
US Alaska pollock consumption declines in 2020 despite meteoric rise in frozen food sales
March 1, 2021 — A meteoric global rise of frozen Alaska pollock consumption during the course of 2020 could not make up for an overall decrease in pollock consumption by US consumers compared to the previous year.
That's largely due to reduced imports as well as a smaller catch for domestic product during the year. Alaska pollock producers ended B season last year leaving nearly 65,000 fish in the water due to several challenging factors, including less-valuable fish sizes and a biomass widely dispersed across the grounds
While consumption declined by 11 percent in 2020 to 0.873 pounds per person from 2019 levels of 0.983 pounds per person, the overall US per capita consumption of pollock was still well above 2018's level of 0.717 pounds per person, according to the Association of Genuine Alaska Pollock Producers' (GAPP).
"Despite this slight decline in 2020, the jump in the percentage of domestically-caught fish makes it clear that US consumers are trying, loving and gravitating towards our Wild Alaska Pollock like never before," said GAPP CEO Craig Morris.
Read the full story at IntraFish
ALASKA: GAPP: Positioning pollock as value item could be key post-COVID-19
July 21, 2020 — As the number of nations that have been able to successfully manage the COVID-19 pandemic increases, positioning seafood items like pollock as a value proposition will become increasingly important, according to the Association of Genuine Alaska Pollock Producers (GAPP).
That perspective was shared earlier this month during GAPP's fitfth webinar in its summer series. The webinar – titled "COVID-19 Consumer Insights: A Look Forward" – was hosted by Bill Romania and Sharon Ripps of R3 Consulting, and addressed the COVID-19 situation and its impact on consumer spending habits.
ALASKA: GAPP announces new business partnerships through partnership program
July 17, 2020 — The Association of Genuine Alaska Pollock Producers (GAPP) has announced new partnerships with Denny's, Gorton's Seafoods, and New England Seafood Company, according to a 16 July press release.
Denny's plans to offer pollock fish and chips as well as a pollock fish sandwich; Gorton's plans to introduce recipes and an ad campaign to encourage customers to try Alaska pollock; and New England Seafood is introducing a pollock tenderloin – with an accompanying ad campaign – to customers in the United Kingdom.
GAPP forms new European Partnership Program to promote Alaska pollock overseas
February 11, 2020 — The Association of Genuine Alaska Pollock Producers (GAPP) is seeking proposals for its first European Partnership Program, which are due on 15 March, according to a GAPP press release.
The European Partnership Program is an expansion of GAPP's established North American Partnership Program. GAPP began soliciting proposals to drum up demand for Alaskan pollock in Europe after last year's Groundfish Forum.
Gorton's, riding high on celebrity chef partnership, launches new products
November 14, 2019 — After growing sales and awareness of its brand via a partnership with a celebrity chef and the Association of Genuine Alaska Pollock Producers (GAPP), Gorton's is unveiling new products that appeal to millennials and other key demographic groups.
Gloucester, Massachusetts, U.S.A.-based Gorton's partnered with restauranteur Antoni Porowski, star of Netflix's "Queer Eye," earlier this year to create new recipes for Gorton's and buzz for wild Alaska pollock. GAPP helped fund the partnership with a portion of USD 1 million (EUR 909,000) from its North American Partnership Program, which awarded 12 seafood suppliers in its second round of funding.
USDA confirms major US pollock purchase
January 25, 2019 — A USD 30 million (EUR 26.5 million) commitment from the United States government to buy Alaska Pollock will help mitigate the effects of the U.S.-China trade war on producers.
Due to the U.S. government shutdown, the U.S. Department of Agriculture notified the Association of Genuine Alaska Pollock Producers (GAPP) via phone that it will soon publish a solicitation so that Alaska pollock suppliers can bid on USD 30 million worth of deliveries to food banks across the country.
The USD 30 million solicitation is in addition to the USD 7.6 million (EUR 6.7 million) that USDA is already purchasing to support the National School Lunch Program, GAPP CEO Craig Morris said.
Morris said the purchase was a win for the U.S. pollock sector.
"We should be really proud that people who are in need are going to get a really nutritious product, and it is great for our industry, which has had challenging times," Morris said. "There is a lot of demand for our product and this announcement … shows that we are going to have even more demand than a couple of days ago."
Last fall Alaska legislators pushed for the USD 30 million (EUR 26.5 million) purchase to help offset losses from the U.S.- China trade war, and the news is finally official.


Make up and hair artist for bride and bridal party. Professional service across Sussex.
Congratulations on your forthcoming wedding! I would be delighted to create the look you desire for your wedding. I can offer you a wealth of experience, having over 20 years of working for brides. I also offer beautiful products from the Chanel make up range for your make up. If you have a large bridal party I can provide you with over experienced artist that will work with me on the day. I cover all of Sussex and London. All brides usually have a trial and normally this is done at my home in Hove. During the consultation we will have a good chat and you can feel free to raise any special requirements. This is a good time to get to know each other and you will feel totally confident and stress free in the knowledge that your make-up and hair will be exactly what you want on your wedding day. Feel free to bring a picture along to the trial if you find something that you really like, and if you don't have any ideas it would be a pleasure to choose your make-up colours for you.


Blob rings are made in silver and coloured plastics and incorporate symbolic micro-objects from contemporary life. Barbara works the magmatic and coloured plastics in an experimental way, recreating casual shapes around a silver ring. During the years Barbara Uderzo has created small "families" of Blob rings on specific themes, such as Blob rings food, with food material and kitchen tools; jewels with slices of cakes, small cups or teapots, small coffeepots or sweets, all dipped in cream or in a translucent glass.
The collection's name comes from the title of a science fiction cult movie of the Fifties, "The Blob", whose main character is a strawberry-like jelly which invades the Earth and swallows everything and everyone it finds on its way.


text:
layout: page
title: Carney Gold Tech Dinner
date: 2016-05-24
author: Susan Hendricks
tags: weekly links, java
status: published
summary: Praesent nec est quis quam condimentum accumsan. Nulla sed tempor.
banner: images/banner/office-01.jpg
booking:
  startDate: 01/09/2018
  endDate: 01/12/2018
  ctyhocn: APFTTHX
  groupCode: CGTD
published: true
---
Curabitur sagittis vestibulum tincidunt. Vestibulum at ultrices lorem. Interdum et malesuada fames ac ante ipsum primis in faucibus. Aliquam erat volutpat. Curabitur dignissim nisl in lorem rhoncus vehicula. Maecenas ullamcorper varius augue, vitae convallis turpis pellentesque in. Phasellus hendrerit metus eget viverra venenatis. Aliquam sagittis mattis nibh. Phasellus dignissim dolor id leo dignissim, eget volutpat nisi placerat. Nunc at tincidunt purus. Proin luctus gravida lorem quis consectetur. Praesent nec rutrum eros. Suspendisse potenti. Curabitur aliquam nulla sit amet massa malesuada, et dignissim velit accumsan.

1 Donec et mauris sit amet elit ultrices sollicitudin.

Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos. Cras vel nisi orci. Curabitur congue sagittis magna nec rhoncus. Vestibulum vel iaculis dolor. Suspendisse volutpat tortor sed quam aliquet dictum. Etiam molestie, quam eget convallis convallis, massa ligula molestie urna, eget efficitur enim dui ut sem. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


"Scanning" or reading the trail is something mountain bikers naturally do. It involves keeping an eye out on the upcoming terrain and planning a path to go around it. The way one scans a trail can dramatically improve the quality of a mountain bike ride.
As a general rule the rider should be looking approximately 30 to 60 feet (10 to 20 meters) ahead of the bike's front tire. This offers more time to prepare for potential obstacles. After selecting a negotiable trail in the terrain up ahead, the rider should take note of any rocks, roots, or other obstructions to minimize stumbling. However, focusing too long on the obstruction makes it more likely that it will be hit. The rider leads the bike with the eyes, so effective scanning includes looking ahead, picking a trail, and focusing on the desired path, which will ultimately lead to a more enjoyable ride.
Keefe Gorman is an outdoor sporting enthusiast who has been mountain biking, fly fishing, hiking, skiing, golfing, playing tennis, and motorcycling since college. Today he is a member of New York's Song Mountain Race Club.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Mid-infrared (mid-IR) studies of supernovae (SNe) have been hampered
by a combination of several factors: their intrinsic faintness at epochs
of interest, the high background at mid-IR wavelengths, and strong
terrestrial atmospheric absorption. With the sole exception of the
extremely nearby (50\,kpc) SN~1987A \citep{roche:93, wooden:93}, this
wavelength region has remained out of reach for SN studies.
Yet, access to the mid-IR region is important for at least two
reasons. First, a large number of fine-structure lines that are
sensitive to the details of the explosion physics lie in the
5--40\,$\mu$m region.  These provide robust measurements of element
abundances permitting direct comparisons with explosion models.
Second, core-collapse SNe (CCSNe) have been proposed to be major
sources of dust at high redshifts \citep[e.g.,][]{tf:01}, but even
in the local Universe, this hypothesis rests on little direct
observational evidence. By monitoring the mid-IR evolution,
where warm dust emits most strongly, we have a powerful means
by which we can ascertain the epoch of dust condensation, and
estimate the amount of fresh dust produced in the ejecta.
Alternatively, via mid-IR measurements, we can study the
development of an IR echo arising in the pre-existing dusty
circumstellar medium, thereby constraining the pre-supernova
evolution of the progenitor \citep[e.g.,][]{meikle:06}.

The improvements in terms of sensitivity and spatial resolution
afforded by the Spitzer Space Telescope ({\it Spitzer}) finally allow
us to probe SN behaviour using mid-IR diagnostics. To this end, we
are pursuing a multi-epoch spectroscopic and photometric campaign of
a significant sample of SNe of all types, within the framework of the
Mid-IR Supernova Consortium (MISC). Fortuitously, since the launch of
{\it Spitzer}, at least half a dozen CCSNe have exploded within
$\sim$10\,Mpc.
Recently, we presented a first mid-IR study of the nearest (3.13\,Mpc)
of these, SN~2004dj \citep{kotak:05}.  Here, we describe results for
the Type IIP SN~2005af that highlight the diversity of this
subgroup.

SN~2005af was discovered in the nearby edge-on spiral galaxy, NGC~4945, on 2005 Feb.
8.22 (UT) at V$=+12.8$ by \citet{jp:05}. On the basis of a spectrum obtained four
days later, \citet{ff:05} classified it as a Type~IIP (plateau) supernova, at an
epoch of about one month post-explosion. In what follows, we assume that the supernova
exploded on 2005 Jan. 9, but note that the explosion epoch is probably uncertain
by up to a few weeks. NGC~4945 is associated with the Centaurus group of galaxies,
and estimates of its distance have ranged from 3.9 \citep{dv:81} to 8.1\,Mpc \citep{baan:85}.
In recent years, these values have tended to converge near the lower end of this range.
Following the reasoning in \citet[][and references therein]{bergman:92}, we adopt a
distance of 3.9\,Mpc.

\section{Observations}

We first observed SN~2005af with {\it Spitzer} during Cycle~1 using
the Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) and IRS Peak-up Imaging (PUI) under
Director's Discretionary Time Program 237. We subsequently observed
it during Cycle~2 as part of our GO Program 20256, using the Infrared
Array Camera (IRAC), IRS, and IRS-PUI.

\subsection{Photometry}

3.6--8.0\,$\mu$m imaging with IRAC was obtained on 2005 Jul. 22 (194\,d)
and 2006 Feb. 12 (399\,d).
A frame time of 30\,s  and 5 (medium-sized) dither positions in mapping mode
for each pair of channels were used. Our measurements from aperture photometry,
carried out on the post-Basic Calibrated Data, vS14.0.0 image
mosaics using GAIA, are shown in Table \ref{tab:phot}.
At 67\,d, SN~2005af is very bright in all four IRAC channels, The
flux is particularly bright in channel~2 (4.5\,$\mu$m).  Nevertheless,
examination of individual BCD frames showed that saturation had
not occurred i.e. the measurements are robust.

Our first epoch of PUI-16\,$\mu$m imaging was obtained in Peak-Up mode
only, i.e., before dithering capabilities were offered with IRS.
The two subsequent epochs of PUI observations were
carried out using 31.46\,s ramps and 20 small-scale dither positions.
The SN was clearly detected at all three epochs (Table \ref{tab:phot}).

\begin{figure}
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics[width=0.47\textwidth,clip=]{f1.eps}
\end{centering}
\caption{Mid-IR spectra of SN~2005af for days 67 ({\it top curve}) and 214
         ({\it bottom curve}). Plausible line identifications are marked.
         The IRAC measurements are shown as triangles (194\,d) and
         ({\it red}) diamonds (399\,d), while the black squares show
         the PUI measurements for 67, 211, 433\,d from top to bottom, respectively.
         Note the sharp drop in flux between the two IRAC epochs at 4.5\,$\mu$m,
         and the relative increase in prominence of the flux at $\sim$8\,$\mu$m.
         The IRS flux levels are consistent with the photometry. The insets show
         the evolution of line profiles described in $\S$\ref{sec:analysis}.
         \label{fig:irsboth}
        }
\end{figure}

\subsection{Spectroscopy}

Spectra were obtained on 2005 Mar. 17 (67\,d) and 2005 Aug. 11
(214\,d) with the Short-Low (SL, $\lambda = 5.2-14.5\,\mu$m; R = 64-128)
module of the IRS in staring mode. A Long-Low (LL, $\lambda =
14-38\,\mu$m; R = 64-128) spectrum was also acquired at 67\,d.  For the
SL mode, the total time-on-source at the two epochs was 1219\,s and
1828.5\,s respectively, and 629\,s for the LL mode.

The first and second epoch data were preprocessed using versions
S12.3.0 and S12.4.0, respectively, of the {\it Spitzer} data processing
pipeline. We began the reduction of the BCD data by differencing the
two nod positions to remove the background emission. All subsequent
steps, i.e., straightening, extraction, wavelength and flux calibration
were carried out using SPICE v1.1-beta15 with standard settings
The spectra are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:irsboth}. We also
extracted the spectra using post-BCD S13.2.0 products and found
that they were virtually identical.

\section{Analysis}

\label{sec:analysis}
The high IRAC flux at 4.5\,$\mu$m for the first epoch compared to other
channels is almost certainly due to CO fundamental band emission.
This is corroborated by the steep rise towards 5\,$\mu$m in both
spectra, which we identify with the red wing of the CO fundamental
(see Fig. \ref{fig:irsboth}). Between 194\,d and 399\,d, the
sharpest decline in IRAC flux is seen at 4.5\,$\mu$m. These observations
suggest that CO formed in the ejecta less than 2 months after
explosion, persisting to at least 7 months, but had faded
substantially by about 1~year.
The relative increase in the IRAC channel~4 (8\,$\mu$m) flux by
399\,d is probably due to the emergence of spectral features in
the 6.43--9.40~$\mu$m region spanned by this channel.  This is
discussed below.

By day 214, a pedestal-like feature appears spanning
$\sim$7.6-9\,$\mu$m, which we identify with molecular emission due to
the SiO fundamental band (Figs. \ref{fig:irsboth},
\ref{fig:compare}). This is the first time that SiO has been detected
in the ejecta of a SN~IIP -- the most common subtype of all
CCSNe at low redshifts. The only other detection of SiO in SN ejecta
was in the peculiar Type II SN~1987A \citep{roche:91,wooden:93}. That
molecules are detected at all, provides a diagnostic of the prevalent
conditions in the ejecta. As both CO and SiO are powerful coolants,
they are regarded as precursors to dust condensation in the ejecta
\citep[e.g.][]{nozawa:03}.

In Fig. \ref{fig:model} we compare an LTE model SiO spectrum
for SN~1987A at 260~days \citep{ld:94} with the day~214 SL spectrum of
SN~2005af. The model, attenuated by a factor of 2.5, produces a convincing
reproduction of the observed behaviour. Scaling from the
model, the match to our spectrum suggests a SiO mass of
$\sim$2$\times10^{-4}$\,M$_{\odot}$. \citet{ld:94,ld:96} argue that
such a mass can only form if there is no mixing of helium into the
oxygen-silicon region of the ejecta.

Apart from molecular emission, several conspicuous lines are visible
in both spectra (Fig. \ref{fig:irsboth}) which were identified
by analogy with SN~1987A \citep{wooden:93}. At both epochs, the
spectrum is dominated by forbidden lines of Ni, Co, and
Ar, of which the [NiII] 6.64\,$\mu$m, [ArII] 6.99\,$\mu$m,
and [CoII] 10.52\,$\mu$m are the most prominent.

Between 67\,d and 214\,d the lines show appreciable increases
in intensity (see Table \ref{tab:intensities}, Fig. \ref{fig:irsboth}),
In addition, in spite of the low spectral resolution (R=64-128), we
observe in a number of lines (e.g., [NiII] $\lambda$6.64\,$\mu$m,
[CoII]$\lambda$ 10.52\,$\mu$m) an extended red wing at 67\,d which
fades by 214\,d. The broad blend with an extended red wing near
11.3\,$\mu$m at 67\,d is probably due to a combination of [NiI] and
HI (7-9), but by 214\,d, it is symmetric.
Extended red wings were also detected in several lines in SN~1987A
\citep[e.g.,][]{witteborn:89} accompanied by small redshifts of the
line centroid. A plausible explanation is provided by electron
scattering in the expanding hydrogen envelope \citep{fc:89}.  This
may also apply to SN~2005af, although we do not detect any obvious
redshifting of line centroids.

We now estimate the abundances from the stronger lines at the later epoch
when the ejecta has a lower optical depth.
Following \citet{mccray:90}, we estimate the electron density of the
ejecta as $n_e\sim10^{8}t_{\mathrm{yr}}^{-3.5}$ cm$^{-3} \approx 7\times10^{8}$
cm$^{-3}$ at day 214.
We derived critical densities for Ni$^{+}$ and Ar$^{+}$ using collision
strengths from \citet{bp:96} and \citet{osterbrock:06}, respectively,
and found these to be 1-3 orders of magnitude smaller than $n_e$.
On this basis, we deem an LTE treatment to be valid.
Using the line intensities in Table \ref{tab:intensities}, we derive
masses using the upper excited state populations of the ions and find
3.7$\times 10^{-3}\,M_\odot$, 1$\times 10^{-3}\,M_\odot$, and
2.2$\times 10^{-3}\,M_\odot$ for stable (Ni$^0$,Ni$^+$), Ar$^+$, and
Ne$^+$ respectively, for an electron temperature of 4000\,K. Note that the
result is insensitive to temperature: a $\pm$1000\,K change in temperature,
changes the mass estimates by $\lesssim$15\%. The partition functions are from
\citet{halenka:01} for Ni, and \citet{irwin:81} for Ar and Ne.
Assuming a uniform distribution of stable Ni, we find that the Sobolev
optical depths of all detected Ni lines are less than 0.06. Strong transitions
of [NiIII] 11.002\,$\mu$m and [NiIV] 8.405\,$\mu$m lie within the wavelength
region covered, but these lines are not detected at either epoch. We
conclude that the Ni is predominantly in the neutral and singly-ionised
state. Thus, assuming insignificant clumping, the value we derive above is
probably close to the total stable Ni mass.

\begin{figure}
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics[height=0.31\textwidth,clip=]{f2.eps}
\end{centering}
\caption{The 260\,d LTE model from \citet{ld:94}, attenuated by a factor of
         2.5, superimposed on the continuum-subtracted second-epoch spectrum of
         SN~2005af. From this, we deduce a SiO mass of $\sim 2\times 10^{-4}$
         $M_\odot$ (\S\ref{sec:analysis}). }
\label{fig:model}
\end{figure}

The predicted mass of stable Ni is sensitive to the progenitor mass,
although this relation is not monotonic, and depends sensitively on
the explosion mechanism, multi-dimensional effects and, in spherical
models, on the mass cut, which is a free parameter.  \citet{thielemann:96}
predict stable Ni masses in the range 0.01--0.014$\,M_\odot$ for progenitors
in the range 13-20$\,M_\odot$, and a much lower value of 0.002$\,M_\odot$
for a 25$\,M_\odot$ star. Other authors \citep[e.g.][]{cl:04,ww:95,nomoto:06}
derive comparable values, though detailed intercomparisons are difficult
due to different parametrizations of physical processes.

\citet{cl:04} provide explosive yields as a function of metallicity
based on parameters which have been calibrated to fit observed properties of
massive stars. The value for the stable Ni mass that we derive is closest to
their progenitor models of 13-15\,$M_\odot$ with metallicities of a third to
a twentieth of the solar value. Although we can definitively rule out higher
mass progenitors at even lower metallicities, we current cannot exclude a
35\,$M_\odot$ progenitor at solar metallicity. Further, planned, late-time
spectroscopy should provide tighter constraints.

Given the high energy required to ionise neutral Ne (21.6eV) and Ar
(15.8eV) we conclude that, given the low ionisation conditions
indicated by Ni, the bulk of the Ne and Ar lies in the
neutral state. However, no strong transitions of [NeI] or [ArI] lie in
our wavelength range. Consequently, the masses derived here for the
first ionisation state represent lower limits only.

For SN~1987A at 260~days, using the [CoII] 10.52\,$\mu$m
line, \citet{roche:93} derive a value for $M_{\mathrm{Co}^{+}}$ of
$4.6\times10^{-3}\,M_\odot$.  Using our day 214 intensity for this
line in SN~2005af we obtain $M_{\mathrm{Co}^{+}}$ =
$2.4\times10^{-3}\,M_\odot$. Allowing for the different epochs for
the two SNe, this implies that a $^{56}$Ni mass of 0.027\,$M_\odot$
was ejected by SN~2005af. This estimate falls in the expected range
for normal Type~II SNe \citep[e.g.,][]{hamuy:03}.

\begin{figure}
\begin{centering}
\includegraphics[width=0.45\textwidth,clip=]{f3.eps}
\end{centering}
\caption{Comparison of continuum-subtracted spectra of CCSNe at
         roughly coeval epochs. The dotted lines mark the zero-level.
         Note the striking difference in the strength of the [ArII] line
         at $\sim$200\,d between the SNe. The SN~1987A
         spectra are from \citet{wooden:93}; the 260\,d spectrum has
         been divided by a factor of 5. Isolated features that are common
         to both epochs are labelled in the top panel only; features that
         are evident in the later epoch only are indicated in the lower
         panel.
         The SN~2004dj spectrum is part of our ongoing
         monitoring programme; a fuller analysis of these data will be
         presented elsewhere.
         \label{fig:compare}}
\end{figure}

Although we have a clear detection of the SN~2005af spectrum between
16-30\,$\mu$m (Fig.  \ref{fig:irsboth}) -- the first, for any SN at this
early epoch -- we do not see any significant spectral features. This
is not surprising, given its youth. In SN~1987A, lines of [FeII] in
this spectral region were only detected after $\sim$400\,d
\citep{haas:90}.

\subsection{Comparison with other Type~II SNe}
\label{sec:compare}

In Fig. \ref{fig:compare} we compare roughly coeval mid-IR spectra of
SN~2005af with that of SN~1987A (IIpec) at $\sim$60\,d, and with those
of SN~1987A and SN~2004dj (IIP) at $\sim$250\,d. The 60\,d
mid-IR spectrum of SN~1987A is dominated by HI lines
\citep[see Fig. \ref{fig:compare} or][]{roche:93,wooden:93}. In contrast,
strong lines of [NiII] and [ArII] are present in SN~2005af. This suggests
either that our first-epoch SN~2005af observations were taken on the
radioactive tail of the lightcurve and that the length of the plateau
phase must have been $\lesssim$60\,d, or that the estimated explosion
date, based on the classification spectrum is too late by $\ga$1 month.

At the later epoch all three SNe exhibit prominent lines of nickel and
cobalt. \citet{wooden:93} emphasize that the ratio of [NiI]\,7.5\,$\mu$m
to [NiII]\,6.64\,$\mu$m lines provides a sensitive measure of the ionization
fraction of Ni ($\chi_{\mathrm{Ni}}=n_{\mathrm{Ni}^{+}}/n_\mathrm{Ni}$).
Using their Fig. 9, and assuming LTE, we find $\chi_{\mathrm{Ni}}
\approx 0.35, 0.55,$ and 0.85 for SN~2004dj, SN~2005af, and SN~1987A,
respectively, at $\sim$250\,d.

SN~2005af shows much stronger [ArII] than SN~1987A.
Moreover, SN~2004dj is found to be a factor of 20 weaker than SN~2005af
in this line. Even if we normalise to the strengths of the adjacent
[NiII]6.63\,$\mu$m, [NiI]7.50\,$\mu$m lines, the [ArII] line is still
over $\times$5 stronger in SN~2005af. This is intriguing given that
SNe~2004dj and 2005af are both of Type~IIP.
One possibility, indirectly implied by $\chi_{\mathrm{Ni}}$ above,
is that the conditions required to ionize Ar are not attained
in SN~2004dj, while Ni$^+$, with its lower ionization potential (7.6eV),
is easier to produce.

Another hint may come from the spherically symmetric \citet{thielemann:96}
models, where the bulk of the stable Ar (mostly $^{36}$Ar) is formed in
a shell just above the stable Ni region. Thus, one might expect that a higher
mass cut (below which the core collapses to a neutron star or black hole)
within the Ni zone would produce a lower absolute Ni mass, but a higher Ar/Ni
mass ratio. However, this seems to be contrary to what we observe, i.e.,
SN~2004dj has an apparently smaller Ni mass but an even smaller
Ar/Ni mass ratio than SN~2005af. We suspect that to account for this
behaviour, a certain degree of asymmetry or clumpiness, as well as mixing
in the ejecta has to be invoked. Interestingly, \citet{pereyra:06}
infer an overall asphericity of 20\% for SN~2005af from optical polarimetry.

\vspace*{-0.7cm}
\acknowledgments
\noindent
This work is based on observations made with the {\it Spitzer Space Telescope\/},
which is operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of
Technology under NASA contract 1407. Financial support for the research
is provided by NASA/{\it Spitzer} grant GO-20256.
Support for this work was provided by NASA through an award issued by JPL/Caltech.
R.K. and S.M. acknowledge support from an ESO fellowship and from the EURYI
Awards scheme respectively.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Home News Stated Clerk says Black lives still matter in the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)
Stated Clerk says Black lives still matter in the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)
J. Herbert Nelson, II, urges church to continue to press for racial justice
Rick Jones & Randy Hobson | Office of the General Assembly - October 15, 2020
Weeks after a Kentucky grand jury returned no indictments against police in connection with the shooting death of Breonna Taylor, the Stated Clerk of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) says the denomination should continue to seek justice.
Leading up to and following the grand jury's decision last month, the city of Louisville, Kentucky, saw several weeks of demonstrations in the downtown area. The PC(USA) also held a march to the city square, where groups have demonstrated in front of its courts and corrections systems.
"We are a society that boasts affirming the personhood of all people, but we know what history represents from Native Americans to the slavery of African Americans and indentured servitude," said the Reverend Dr. J. Herbert Nelson, II. "All that went on historically is still being played out today with regards to the issue of race."
Author: Rick Jones & Randy Hobson | Office of the General Assembly
Department: Stated Clerk
Tags: black lives matter, j. herbert nelson, racial equity, stated clerk
Topics: Race, Racial Equity


View alumni that have participated in Manila High School Drama. If you participated in Drama while at Manila HS Manila, AR, register now and add your name to the list with a message to your old friends.
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text:
Q: How join in SparkSQL data from mysql and Oracle? Is it possible in SparkSQL to join the data from mysql and Oracle databases? I tried to join them, but I have some troubles with set the multiple jars (jdbc drivers for mysql and Oracle) in SPARK_CLASSPATH.
 Here is my code:
import os
import sys

os.environ['SPARK_HOME']="/home/x/spark-1.5.2"
sys.path.append("/home/x/spark-1.5.2/python/")
try:
    from pyspark import SparkContext, SparkConf
    from pyspark.sql import SQLContext
    MYSQL_DRIVER_PATH = "/home/x/spark-1.5.2/python/lib/mysql-connector-java-5.1.38-bin.jar"
    MYSQL_CONNECTION_URL = "jdbc:mysql://192.111.333.999:3306/db?user=us&password=pasw"

    ORACLE_DRIVER_PATH = "/home/x/spark-1.5.2/python/lib/ojdbc6.jar"
    Oracle_CONNECTION_URL = "jdbc:oracle:thin:user/pasw@192.111.333.999:1521:xe"

    # Define Spark configuration
    conf = SparkConf()
    conf.setMaster("local")
    conf.setAppName("MySQL_Oracle_imp_exp")

    # Initialize a SparkContext and SQLContext
    sc = SparkContext(conf=conf)
    #sc.addJar(MYSQL_DRIVER_PATH)
    sqlContext = SQLContext(sc)
    ora_tmp=sqlContext.read.format('jdbc').options(
        url=Oracle_CONNECTION_URL,
        dbtable="TABLE1",
        driver="oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver"
        ).load()
    ora_tmp.show()

    tmp2=sqlContext.load(
        source="jdbc",
        path=MYSQL_DRIVER_PATH,
        url=MYSQL_CONNECTION_URL,
        dbtable="(select city,zip from TABLE2 limit 10) as tmp2",
        driver="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver")
    c_rows=tmp2.collect()
   ....
except Exception as e:
    print  e
    sys.exit(1)

Could someone please help me to solve this problem?
Thanks in advance :)

A: Here are the steps you need to follow:

*

*First register SPARK_CLASSPATH to jars of one of the databases say mysql using command
os.environ['SPARK_CLASSPATH'] = "/usr/share/java/mysql-connector-java.jar"

*Run query against mysql database and assign to RDD

*Register SPARK_CLASSPATH with jars of second database by changing the path from above command

*Run query against second database

If you have issues with lazy evaluation, make sure you first write first data set into files and then proceed further.


The Thessalonian epistles are probably best known for what they reveal about the last days. But there is much more to these letters than just end-times prophecy. At their core, they underscore the marks of a healthy church, addressing such practical matters as moral purity, disciplined living, church relationships, prayer, and church discipline.


The University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Transplant Institute has been awarded a five-year, $19.5 million grant from biotechnology magnate United Therapeutics Corporation to launch a pioneering UAB Xenotransplantation Program that both groups hope will lead to genetically modified kidney transplants from pig models to humans by 2021.
Xenotransplantation is any procedure that involves the transplantation, implantation or infusion into a human recipient of either live cells, tissues or organs from a nonhuman animal source or human body fluids, cells, tissues or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live nonhuman animal cells, tissues or organs, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Joseph Tector, M.D., Ph.D., one of the leading xenotransplant researchers in the United States, has been recruited from Indiana University to run UAB's xenotransplantation program. His first day at UAB was April 1. Tector was a professor of surgery in the IU School of Medicine and director of its transplant institute.
Xenotransplantation is not entirely novel. Pig heart valves have been used for many years without ill effect and seldom elicit rejection. UAB scientists believe whole organ transplants from genetically modified pigs are possible in the near future if immunological and physiological barriers can be overcome. Creating a xenotransplant program is another step in UAB's commitment to academic and research excellence and clinical innovation for lifesaving treatments that reach beyond standard clinical techniques, said Herbert Chen, M.D., chair of the Department of Surgery and surgeon-in-chief of UAB Hospital.
Joseph Tector, M.D., Ph.D., has joined UAB and will head UAB's new xenotransplant program. Read more about Tector's clinical practice.Devin Eckhoff, M.D., director of UAB's Division of Transplantation said the primary motivation for using genetically engineered kidneys from nonhuman resources is driven by supply, demand and cost.
In terms of supply and demand, Alabama has more than 3,400 residents in need of a kidney transplant, and more than 100,000 U.S. citizens total are waiting kidney transplants as of January 2016. All told, more than 121,000 people in the United States are waiting for lifesaving organ transplants of some type.
From a cost perspective, a recent article in the American Journal of Transplantation showed that the cost of dialysis treatments averages $1.45 million per patient over the course of a lifetime. According to the article, the net benefit for society from saving thousands of lives each year and reducing the suffering of 100,000 more who are receiving dialysis would be about $46 billion per year. In addition, it would save taxpayers approximately $12 billion each year.
Eckhoff said UAB's current infrastructure, forthcoming infrastructure improvements and faculty and staff recruitment efforts will continue the Division of Transplantation's growth efforts and stimulate more innovation zones in Birmingham and across Alabama.
Advances in molecular biology and immunology have made the possibility of xenotransplantation appear more feasible in recent years. The goal for xenotransplantation is that it will be a long-term solution for patients, much like living- and deceased-donor donations, which Eckhoff emphasizes will remain as important as they are today, even if xenotransplantation efforts are successful; xenotransplantation is viewed as a supplement to living- and deceased-donor transplants.
"Organ donation is irreplaceable, but finding other avenues to increase options for those suffering from kidney disease and kidney failure is a must," Eckhoff said.
UAB leads the nation in living donor transplantation and is a leading research center in providing novel therapies for long-term survivors. Its goal of providing innovative access to transplant has enabled UAB physicians to provide 12,000-plus transplants over five decades.


The lives of Native Americans changed in dramatic ways after Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean in 1492. Written records paint a vivid picture of conquest and epidemics sowing death and disease among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, quickly decimating them. Until recently, in fact, almost all that was known about the biological consequences of contact with the Europeans was based on these old documents, which emphasize epidemics and population collapse. These texts offer an important perspective, but they are not the only source of information.
Bioarchaeology, an emerging field that focuses on the study of archaeological remains, is supplementing our view of the health and daily life of Native Americans, particularly those who lived in the Spanish missions of the Southeast, in an area once known as La Florida. Sustained encounters between Indians and Europeans in La Florida began in 1565, when Pedro Menndez de Avils established the town of St. Augustine on the Atlantic coast in northern Florida. From there Roman Catholic priests set up a chain of missions among the Timucua and Apalachee Indians of northern Florida and the Guale Indians of the Georgia coast. At some of those places--including Santa Catalina de Guale on St. Catherines Island, San Martn de Timucua and San Luis de Apalachee--archaeologists have uncovered the ruins of large churches that served the converts. As the nucleus of each community, the church carried out important religious functions for the living; for the dead, it provided a burial ground.
Skeletons found beneath the floor of these churches have a surprisingly complete record of the diet and work habits of the mission Indians. Bioarchaeology is beginning to fill in the details of the historical record, offering specifics about how food sources changed and raising unexpected questions about the merits of a purely agricultural way of life--at least for the Indians who inhabited La Florida.
Before our research, the diets of La Florida Indians were reconstructed from two sources: accounts by priests and other Europeans, and food remains at archaeological sites. The written records are often contradictory. Some depict little farming at the time. Others say that indigenous peoples relied heavily on agriculture, particularly on corn.
The archaeological record is inconclusive as well. Plant remains do not always survive well, and in coastal regions they are particularly vulnerable to the destructive effects of moisture and acidic soils. Nevertheless, analysis of such evidence has revealed that native peoples ate numerous plant species, both wild and domesticated, before and after the arrival of the Europeans. But their use of corn is unclear. Excavations have revealed some kernels and cobs from late prehistoric and contact-era sites; however, the relative importance of this grain in the Indians diet is not known.
TO RESOLVE some of these questions, we turned to the many bones found at these sites. Because the tissues of all living things contain stable isotopes of such elements as carbon and nitrogen, we can measure the amounts of these elements in bones and then use this information to reconstruct ancient diets. Differences in the ratios of two carbon isotopes, carbon 12 and carbon 13, contain a record of which plants an individual ate. Most plants are divided into two types: carbon 3 plants break down a three-carbon molecule during photosynthesis; carbon 4 plants synthesize a four-carbon molecule. The distinctive chemical signature of the C3 and C4 plants that a person consumes shows up in his or her bones. Virtually all plants eaten in the La Florida region were of the C3 variety--including fruits, wheat, acorns and hickory nuts. The only major C4 plant eaten by native peoples was corn.
Nitrogen isotopes provide a different set of clues. Fish bones and oyster shells in archaeological sites indicate that the Guale and other native peoples of the region ate seafood regularly--before and after the Europeans arrived. Because marine plants, such as algae, and terrestrial plants use the two stable isotopes of nitrogen--nitrogen 14 and nitrogen 15--differently, the ratios of these isotopes are distinct in the bones of a person who ate mostly marine foods as opposed to one who ate mostly terrestrial foods.
Examining the differences between carbon and nitrogen ratios in bones before and after the Europeans arrived pointed to enormous changes in the Native Americans diets. My colleagues and I found that the variations were geographically and chronologically patterned. As would be expected, coastal people ate more seafood than inland people did, regardless of the era. The Guale Indians on St. Catherines and Amelia islands ate corn before and after the missionaries arrived. But during the mission period, they ate more than their ancestors had. Similarly, the Apalachee, who had eaten some corn before contact, seemed to eat it more after the Europeans arrived; and the Timucua, who had eaten little or no corn before contact, also adopted it after the establishment of the missions.
THE BONE CHEMISTRY findings thus show that the Indians diets changed after the Europeans came--but not for the better. Their relatively heterogeneous diet, rich in seafood and a variety of plants and animals, was replaced by a more homogeneous and less nutritious diet focused on the cultivation of a single crop: corn.
Corn-dominated diets are very poor ones. Corn contains a great deal of sugar, which promotes cavities and poor oral health in general. It also contains phytate, a chemical that binds with iron, inhibiting absorption of the mineral by the body. As a result, people whose diets are heavy in corn are predisposed to anemia and the many other consequences of low iron [see Iron Deficiency, by Nevin S. Scrimshaw; Scientific American, October 1991]. To make matters worse for corn-dependent populations, growth and development are hampered because corn is a poor source of calcium and of niacin, or vitamin B3, which is necessary for metabolism. Corn is also an inadequate source of protein because, depending on the strain, it is deficient in or entirely lacking three of the eight essential amino acids: lysine, isoleucine and tryptophan.
For these reasons, some mission Indians have more, and larger, cavities than their ancestors did. Tooth decay was probably exacerbated by the consistency of their food: soft foods, such as gruel made from corn, facilitate the buildup of cavity-causing bacteria and plaque on teeth. By looking at tooth wear with a scanning electron microscope, Mark F. Teaford and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins University have shown that the foods eaten by mission Indians were softer than those their ancestors ate.
In places where diet varied, this general pattern shows some interesting departures. In collaboration with Bonnie G. McEwan of the Florida Bureau of Archaeological Resource Management, we analyzed teeth from the San Luis mission site. Later work on the teeth by Tiffiny A. Tung, now of Vanderbilt University, indicated that people in this mission had fewer cavities than did their counterparts at other sites. This departure from the usual pattern may have been explained by the research of Elizabeth J. Reitz of the University of Georgia, who examined animal remains at the same site. She determined that people living in San Luis had access to beef--a rare addition to the mission Indians' standard diet--and that protein may have inhibited the formation of cavities.
The tooth record has provided us with other important insights as well. Hutchinson and I have found that many Indians had hypoplasias--visible lines on teeth caused by disease or malnutrition. The large size of the hypoplasias in some Indians suggests that they experienced severe or sustained illness or poor nutrition, or both. We also found evidence of disturbances in tooth development. With Scott W. Simpson of Case Western Reserve University, we studied microscopic features of teeth, looking at what are called Retzius lines--growth lines that can be seen in enamel. Although both precontact and mission Indians have abnormal Retzius lines, these malformations are more prevalent in the mission Indians.
Considered together with other evidence, the increase in abnormal Retzius lines suggests that poor diet was not the only problem facing the mission Indians. David Hurst Thomas of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City has excavated a shallow, plank-lined well in Santa Catalina de Guale that may have served as a reservoir for parasites. Although their ancestors relied on freshwater streams and springs, the mission Indians drank well water, and anyone living in the region today knows the dangers of drinking water from shallow wells: it is easily contaminated and can cause parasitic infection and other problems.
The probability of rampant infection is strengthened by the fact that most of the defective tooth enamel we studied appears to have been formed during the first two years of life. This is a period when dehydration from infantile diarrhea is a primary health threat. Acute dehydration can inhibit the function of all forms of cells, including ameloblasts--the cells responsible for enamel formation. As in many underdeveloped nations today, bacteria and viruses in contaminated food and water cause infantile diarrhea. Certainly the mission would have created the kind of living circumstances that promote infantile diarrhea and the pattern of growth stress we have seen in teeth.
Other diseases, such as smallpox and measles, may have easily spread as well because the Indians were clustered together in crowded communities around the missions. Although many acute infectious diseases kill people long before their bones are affected, some infections--such as those caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus--can travel from a soft-tissue wound to nearby bone, leaving observable lesions. Numerous lower-leg bones, or tibias, of contact-era Indians have lesions that suggest just this kind of infection.
Infection can also cause anemia because some types of parasites, such as hookworm, bleed their human hosts. Observations of mission bones indicate that such infection was common. The surfaces of many of these bones have sievelike lesions--called porotic hyperostosis--that can be caused by iron deficiency, scurvy or infection. Few precontact Indians seemed to have these lesions, probably because their diet of fish and maize together provided enough iron to stave off anemia. But the abundance of porotic hyperostosis in the mission Indians was most likely the result of the anemia brought on not simply by an increasingly corn-rich diet but also by intestinal infection.
Food and living conditions were not the only aspects of culture that were drastically altered for the Indians who lived in the missions. The Spanish practiced repartimiento draft labor in La Florida, which meant that able-bodied Indian men were required to work on farms, in public works and government building projects, and for the military. Indians were also required to carry heavy loads over long distances, because draft animals were not available in the region until after 1680 or thereabouts. In our studies of skeletons, we noticed that contact-era Indians had a higher rate of osteoarthritis than their predecessors did--a phenomenon we believed had been caused by the increased workload, because wear and tear on the joints can lead to osteoarthritis. But the condition is related to other factors as well. So we decided to investigate further, looking to the skeletons for more answers.
THE SKELETON of a living person is highly responsive to physical activity. Throughout life a person's bones change shape and structure in response to mechanical forces acting on them. Basically, bone tissue is placed where the skeleton needs it. When a person walks, for example, or stands, forces deriving from the pull of muscles or from body weight trigger cellular activity in the bone that results in skeletal remodeling. Without the proper amount or distribution of bone in key places, the force of bending or twisting could break the thigh bone, or femur.
Drawing from methods developed by civil and mechanical engineers for measuring the strength of building materials, Christopher B. Ruff of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and I have analyzed the strength of femur and humerus (upper arm) bones from both precontact and mission sites in La Florida. This approach entails measuring cross-sectional geometric properties of the bones called second moments of area. Second moments of area reflect how the bone is distributed in cross section and indicate the strength or ability of the bone to resist breaking during bending or twisting. The analysis entails tracing the profile of the outer (subperiosteal) and inner (endosteal) perimeters of the bones in cross section and then calculating the biomechanical properties of the bone [see illustration on page 102].
We discovered that the mission Indians had stronger bones than their predecessors did: the later bones had greater second moments of area than the earlier bones. This is not to say that the bones of the mission Indians were better than those of their ancestors. Rather the bones had just adapted to new mechanical demands. Given the well-known circumstance of exploitation and the heavy workloads of the Indians laboring under the Europeans, we believe that the increases in bone strength and osteoarthritis were caused by fundamental alterations in their way of life that involved increased physical activity.
The insights afforded us by bioarchaeology confirm much of what is found in historical texts--including the forced labor of the Indians and the diseases that plagued them--but they also give us a much more comprehensive and precise picture of the past. European contact introduced hardships on many fronts. Pestilence, poor nutrition, iron deficiency, growth disruption, infection and hard labor all took their toll. Yet despite the unfavorable state of affairs, native peoples accommodated new demands and new challenges, a story that is repeated time and again in the history of our species.
CLARK SPENCER LARSEN directs the La Florida Bioarchaeology Project, which involves the collaboration of many scientists from the U.S. and abroad. He began his studies of ancient human skeletons in his freshman year at Kansas State University, where he received his B.A. in 1974. His doctorate in biological anthropology was awarded by the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor in 1980. Larsen is distinguished professor of social and behavioral sciences and chair of the Ohio State University department of anthropology and a research associate with the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. He is currently editor in chief of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.


The GSD has proposed to upgrade Victoria Stadium to a Cat 4 stadium with a capacity of up to 8,000 supporters if they are voted into power in the upcoming elections.
To help address the needs of grass roots football and a lack of training pitches, there are proposals for four UEFA and FIFA compliant pitches. On the site, there are also plans for a new futsal and multi-purpose sports hall providing court facilities for basketball, netball, volleyball and other indoor sports and events.
The initial plans show the entire area will have pathways for cyclists, lawns and tree-lined walks for the public to use and which the GSD say will enhance the nearby estates.
A spokesman for the GSD said the proposals are for an iconic stadium in an iconic location, ideally located to minimize traffic congestion, with new parking areas and a short walking distance from many of the housing estates, shops, restaurants, marinas and the frontier.


text:
Emily Mason
NYU Dorms May House Coronavirus Patients
Vice President of Student Affairs Marc Wais sent an email on Tuesday, March 17 opening up the possibility of NYU's residence halls being used as surplus hospital beds.
Emily Mason, News Editor
A student packs up their belongings in Clark Hall, a residence hall in Brooklyn Heights. NYU dorm halls are reportedly to be used to remedy hospital bed shortages. (Staff Photo by Jake Capriotti)
Editor's Note, March 18: the number of hospital beds in New York City has been updated for specificity. They were counted using data from the New York State Department of Health with original reporting from the author.
After ordering students to leave campus, NYU may use the soon-to-be empty dorms to house coronavirus patients, according to a university-wide email sent on Tuesday, March 17.
The day after NYU President Andrew Hamilton announced the closure of New York residence halls, Vice President of Student Affairs Marc Wais sent a follow-up message to the NYU community addressing concerns expressed by the NYU Inter-Residence Hall Council, students and parents.
Wais asked students to empty their rooms in the event they would need to be converted into a site for hospital beds and noted that it was better to act now than in an emergency situation.
"NYU has an institutional responsibility to help if things come to that here in the city," Wais wrote. "It will go a lot less well if student possessions remain in the rooms. Let me put it this way: for those of you still here (or within a day-trip) and in a position to pack up your room, your willingness to do so is potentially an important contribution to health measures that may come later."
Omar Bourne, the Press Secretary for the NYC Emergency Management, said the city is making plans to accommodate all potential patients, but has not yet requested for CUNY or NYU to make their residence halls available.
"NYC Emergency Management is coordinating an interagency citywide effort to identify additional medical surge spaces in the City to alleviate the stress on NYC Hospitals," Bourne told WSN in an email. "We are considering types of spaces that include existing operational healthcare facilities, and those that can be renovated and congregate settings. We have not currently submitted a request to CUNY or NYU."
In an op-ed published Sunday, March 15, New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo urged President Donald Trump to mobilize the Army Corps of Engineers to equip existing infrastructure — including residence halls — to act as emergency medical centers.
"At this point, our best hope is to utilize the Army Corps of Engineers to leverage its expertise, equipment and people power to retrofit and equip existing facilities — like military bases or college dormitories — to serve as temporary medical centers," Cuomo wrote. "Then we can designate existing hospital beds for the acutely ill."
Cuomo cited one analysis, which estimated that 214 million people in the United States could be infected with the coronavirus and as many as 21 million of those people could require hospitalization. New York City has 23,922 hospital beds; 1,416 for intensive care.
As concerns loom that New York City hospitals will not be able to handle an influx of coronavirus patients, Mayor Bill de Blasio said that New York City will add 8,200 beds to the healthcare system by converting unused and privately owned buildings, at a City Hall Press conference on Monday, March 16, Newsday reported.
Wais' email introduced the option for students forced to leave residence halls the option to leave their possessions locked in their dorm room, but explained that this decision comes with added risks.
"We want you to understand the downside: if you choose this option, you must be prepared that, in the event of a State-mandated or other emergency condition that requires your room to be made available as part of a health response, your possessions will be swept up with everyone else's in the room," Wais wrote to students planning to leave their belongings locked in their dorm. "If it is at all possible at that time to arrange for storage, NYU will strive to do so."
Wais' email also updated Hamilton's instructions, requesting that only students who live close enough to return to New York City within one day pack their belongings — rather than all students.
Wais emphasized that the motivation for closing the residence halls was for the safety of students and the short notice was due to the quickly evolving situation.
"City life itself has changed: streets are empty, newsstands and other businesses that rely on commuters and foot-traffic are closed, ridership on mass transit is way down," Wais wrote in the email. "And the reality is, New York is only at the beginning of its struggle with this virus. We can look to Europe to get a sense of what yet may come."
Wais cited the potential shelter-in-place order as a motivating factor in the decision to close residence halls, after De Blasio told New Yorkers that the order may be issued within the next 48 hours.
Wais highlighted that international students with extraordinary circumstances may be allowed to remain on campus and linked to an exemption form. He also linked to an application for emergency aid for students facing financial complications.
Email Emily Mason at [email protected]
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