text:
Hockeynomics - at times an embarrassment
We expect and need to hear the truth from the Opposition.
Shortly after Joe Hockey took over as the Coalition's Treasury spokesman the Comonwealth Bank inched up its standard variable mortgage rate from 5.64 per cent to 5.74 per cent, bringing it into line with NAB's.
Hockey dived in:
"The increase in interest rates by the Commonwealth Bank today is directly linked to Kevin Rudd's debt."
I labelled what Hockey had said "bizarre garbage".
I was disappointed - indeed shaken - when his leader (who must have known better) actually backed him up:
"Doesn't the Prime Minister accept that it is his reckless spending and debt binge which is pushing up interest rates?"
We weren't getting it then.
Today at the Senate hearing the Reserve Bank Governor dealt with Hockey's contention in a way Hockey and Co. can't have enjoyed.
Transcript below:
SENATOR JOYCE: Thank you. First of all I would like to know does the amount of Australian borrowing, Government borrowing, force up the amount of interest rates and, if so, by how much?
STEVENS: Well I take it we're talking about the rates the Government actually pays to borrow it and…
JOYCE: And also, borrowing of the Government's involvement in the market (inaudible) State Government and the Federal Government for hundreds of billions of dollars. How much effect is that having on interest rates in Australia or is it having any effect at all?
STEVENS: Well I don't think it's having a significantly large effect on the rates that they're actually paying at their tenders. As I said earlier, the 10 year yield in Australia, I think it's in the bottom half of the five at present. You know these rates go up and down but that's not materially different to the sorts of rates we've seen on average for a decade or so.
JOYCE: So is it less than 1 per cent or more than 1 per cent.
STEVEN: I don't think you could, I think the effects, if any, is quite small. Certainly not more than a percent, no. Much less, if anything.
JOYCE: So is there any extent of borrowings where it does have an effect? Or are just Government borrowings are irrelevant?
STEVENS: They're not irrelevant, but this is an area where over the years in my memory at least, the studies which try to pin this down empirically find a pretty wide range of estimates and often they struggle to find much effect. You know, I think if we had very large, much larger debt burdens like 50 per cent of GDP or something, we would see a noticeable premium on Australian debt reflecting that. But I don't really think that one can claim that there is a significant measurable impact in these yields at present. These yields presumably embody the market's expectation of all of the things that are ahead.
JOYCE: Okay you say 50 per cent of GDP. Now Australia's GDP is what – $1.2 trillion so we are looking at about $600 billion. Would that be a fair analysis of what you're saying is it?
STEVENS: What I am saying Senator is that, I think, that with debt positions of 10 or 15 or 20 per cent of GDP, the likely impact of that on the premium that our Government pays over and above what other Governments would pay is likely to be pretty small. And the most likely cause of a big rise in government borrowing costs is the borrowing by other governments around the world. After all it's a global capital market.
Labels: debt, gdp, Liberal Party, mortgage rates, reserve bank
House prices surge for 8th consecutive month - Ste...
We're spending like, well - never before
What if Armstrong and Aldrin had been stranded on ...
$11 billion fewer reasons for the Coalition to com...
How to read a newspaper column
Glenn Stevens fronts the Senators 9.15 am
Shock, horror: Some of our stimulus money went ove...
We're getting richer at last
"Now about that bonus... you'll have to earn it"
ANZ to buy ING Australia -- so no more ads like this:
The Coalition Debt Truck: Running on empty
We're weathering the storm - RBA
Treasury on stimulus: "Look, but don't touch"
The IMF wants us to do more than target inflation
Celebrities speak out... for threatened US health ...
"We're screwed" - the chilling message in today's ...
The case against Conroy
What do you get for a study of emissions trading t...
"The young men in Kevin Rudd's office could get ol...
Ken Henry's grain of mustard seed - what to expect
The Reserve Bank Annual Report reads like a thriller
IKEA HEIGHTS
OECD on Australia's stimulus measures - the graph
A highlight from today's Rudd-Beazley-Nelson love-in
Your own personal what? Inflation rate - seriously
"There are two sides of this climate change business"
Alston, Beazley and the telecommunications union s...
Reserve Bank: Not so sure that stimulus was so hot
I bet you never finished "A Brief History of Time"
It's back! The National Times has risen from the a...
Godwin Grech has a different take on the panic tha...
"Things were right on the edge" - the crisis as it...
Things are looking better, why deny it?
Unemployment's levelling off!
We're cooking less, sobering up and abandoning bo...
Our economic future has never looked better
Retail spending: It's taking a long while for the ...
Ray Barrett lived in Thunderbird 5
Where was economics?
We'll be spared a high unemployment rate, almost c...
The GFC itself will kill an extra 30,000 infants
Stimulus payments can kill?
Anglicans vote Liberal
We're stimulating... other tourist industries
How many solar panels would it take to power the w...
Treat all parents like single parents - Ken Henry
It wasn't the industrial revolution that ignited l...
"Something is very wrong with the GDP"
"If you throw enough money at a problem, some of i...
"All that worry for nothing, the economy's running...
We're positive! (however reliable the estimate)
The big four banks have all the mortgages
"This ain't normal" - Colebatch
Rate rise imminent, regardless of today's GDP
Australia's Number 1... for swine flu
We better get used to less-impressive commodity pr...
"Take a cold shower" - Reserve Bank
"Economists are loathsome charlatans, and GDP coul...


text:
← The Legault Government Might Actually Implement Mixed-Member Proportional Representation in Quebec
Newfoundland & Labrador Will Also Go for An Early Election in May 2019 →
Wade MacLauchlan of PEI Has Become the First Premier to Ignore a Fixed-Date Election Law Twice
Events have answered a question that I posed last year here on Parliamentum on 24 May 2018. I wondered, "Will Wade MacLauchlan Become the First Premier to Ignore a Fixed-Date Elections Law Twice?" Yes. Wade MacLauchlan has become the first premier in Canada to ignore a fixed-date elections law twice, once on 26 April 2015 (as I wrote contemporarily in "The Mandate Problem: Early Dissolutions and Fixed-Date Election Laws in Prince Edward Island and Alberta") and again on 26 March 2019. I also included that prediction on page 77 of my thesis "Reining in the Crown's Authority Over Dissolution: The Fixed-Term Parliaments Act of the United Kingdom versus Fixed-Date Election Laws in Canada" in September 2018.
A Discretionary Early Election Prevents a Mandatory Late Election
Wade MacLauchlan proved me right on 26 March 2019 when he advised Lieutenant-Governor Antoinette Perry to dissolve the 65th General Assembly of Prince Edward Island and issue writs of election for 23 April 2019.[1] MacLauchlan dismissed criticism of his second early election, saying: "It's been four years. We had a mandate and fulfilled it. This is an opportunity to ask Islanders for their confidence to build on that record."[2]
Indeed, four years have passed since the Island's previous election, and Canadian parliaments and legislatures traditionally last around 4 years. So what accounts for all this bad timing? What made these two early elections necessary? In short, Prince Edward Island's Election Act says that if Premier MacLauchlan had not advised an early dissolution before October 2019, then the provincial general election would have happened instead in April 2020 – thus forcing that 65th General Assembly to live out its absolute maximum lifespan under the Constitution Act, 1982. MacLauchlan's early election and four-year General Assembly thereby prevented a late election and a five-year General Assembly.
This, in turn, depends upon two crucial facts, which most observers did not accept when I first started writing about this issue but which they do now seem to accept:
first, that Canadian fixed-date election laws impose only a maximum lifespan on a legislature of somewhere between four and five years but do not prescribe a minimum lifespan of four years, and;
second, that they necessarily preserve the established constitutional positions of the Governor and First Minister under Responsible Government and thus mean that the Governor dissolves the legislature on and in accordance with the First Minister's advice, apart from some exceptional circumstances in minority legislatures which do not apply here but which did apply in British Columbia in 2017 and New Brunswick in 2018.
A Brief History of Prince Edward Island's Fixed-Date Election Law
In 2008, Prince Edward Island added its fixed-date election law into its Election Act; section 4.1(1) contains the standard non-derogation clause:
Nothing in this act affects the powers of the Lieutenant Governor, including the power to dissolve the Legislative Assembly, by proclamation in Her Majesty's name, when the Lieutenant Governor sees fit.[3]
Section 4.1(2) fixes the election to the first Monday in October every four years, starting in 2011.
Like Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island had to respond to the fallout of the early federal general election of 2011. In December 2013, Liberal Premier Ghiz confirmed in Question Period that his government would introduce legislation in the next sitting modelled on the Manitoban and Saskatchewanian amendments. This law would allow Prince Edward Island to hold its next general provincial election in April 2016 so that it does not coincide with the federal election.[4]
Prince Edward Island's new fixed-date election law now says that if the general federal and provincial general elections would overlap, then "the [provincial] general election shall be held on the fourth Monday in April, in the calendar year following the calendar year."[5] The Election Act now reads as follows, as of 2018:
4.1 Powers of the Lieutenant Governor are not affected
(1) Nothing in this section affects the powers of the Lieutenant Governor, including the power to dissolve the Legislative Assembly, by proclamation in Her Majesty's name, when the Lieutenant Governor sees fit. Elections at four-year intervals
(2) Subject to the powers of the Lieutenant Governor referred to in subsection (1),
(a) a general election shall be held on Monday, October 3, 2011, unless a general election has been held, after the day in which this subsection comes into force and before Monday, October 3, 2011, because of a dissolution of the Legislative Assembly; and
(b) thereafter, general elections shall be held on the first Monday in October in the fourth calendar year following ordinary polling day in the most recent general election.
April general election, circumstances
(3) If the writ period for a general election to be held in accordance with clause (2)(b) overlaps with the writ period for a general election to be held pursuant to subsection 56.1(2) or section 56.2 of the Canada Elections Act, the general election shall be held on the fourth Monday in April, in the calendar year following the calendar year mentioned in clause (2)(b).
Writ period, defined
(4) In subsection (3), "writ period" means, in respect of a general election held under this Act, the period commencing on the date of the writ and ending on the date of the ordinary polling day.[6]
The first provincial general election scheduled under section 4.1(2) of the Election Act occurred in October 2011. The second fixed-date election should therefore have been scheduled originally for October 2015 but then, applying this new provision, should have been postponed to April 2016. The 64th General Assembly should therefore have been scheduled to live for four and one-half years instead of four years, from October 2011 to April 2016. But it did not. This is because Premier MacLauchlan by-passed the whole process.
The Liberals enjoyed a comfortable majority in the 64th General Assembly, elected in 2011, and Robert Ghiz decided to resign as party leader and Premier mid-parliament. The Liberal Party of Prince Edward Island then acclaimed Wade MacLauchlan as leader on 21 February 2015, and the Lieutenant Governor appointed him Premier on 23 February.[7] However, MacLauchlan was not a sitting MLA. This might explain why he opted for early dissolution rather than serving as an non-MLA Premier for over one year until the next scheduled general election. Under the Heardian viewpoint, here two constitutional conventions came into conflict: the contrived "convention" that First Ministers can only advise early dissolution and by-pass a fixed-date election law if the government has first lost a vote of confidence in the assembly, versus the legitimate, well-established convention that the Premier should be both an Executive Councillor and an elected MLA. A Premier under those circumstances would probably face fewer accusations of democratic illegitimacy by advising early dissolution than by adhering to the scheduled fixed-date election, and so MacLauchlan cut the Gordian Knot and opted for an early dissolution on 6 April 2015; after a writ of 28 days, the general election on 4 May 2015 also yielded a Liberal majority in the 65th General Assembly.[8]
However, MacLauchlan faces a second Fixed-Date Election Problem: the 65th General Assembly is also scheduled to last for longer than four years. The legislation schedules the next provincial election for October 2019, but since that would coincide with the scheduled federal election, the law would postpone the provincial election to April 2020 and thus push the 65th Assembly perilously close to its absolute maximum lifespan of five years (4 May 2015 to 4 May 2020), as prescribed in section 4(1) of the Constitution Act, 1982. With a writ of 28 days, MacLauchlan would have had to advise the Lieutenant Governor to dissolve the 65th General Assembly on Monday, 23 March 2020 so that the general election could have been held on Monday, 20 April 2020. This 65th General Assembly would certainly have become the longest-lived elected assembly under a fixed-date election law if MacLauchlan had allowed it to run out the clock for another year.
Even though the Island passed its fixed-date election law in 2008, eleven years ago, events have conspired such that the province has held only one general election in accordance with the schedule contained in the Election Act. After Islanders elect their 66th General Assembly in April 2019, their next general election would be scheduled for October 2023 – and then postponed again until April 2024 if the federal election scheduled for October 2023 would also still happen. Therefore, the strong possibility remains that the Island's fixed-date election law would schedule the 66th General Assembly to last for its absolute five-year maximum yet again; at minimum, it would schedule the upcoming 66th General Assembly to last four and a half years instead of merely four.
This absurdity cannot continue. The Legislature of Prince Edward Island should repeal section 4 of the Election Act – this stupid fixed-date election law – entirely and revert back to what the law said before 2008. Prince Edward Island would boldly go where no province has gone before and re-join the ranks of Nova Scotia, currently the only one of the ten provinces which never passed a stupid "fixed-date" election provision in the first place.
Alternatively, if the 66th General Assembly truly and sincerely believes that Wade MacLauchlan's two consecutive early dissolutions demonstrate something other than the futility and redundancy of fixed-date election laws, it should at the very least make this new quadrennial vernal pattern official and amend section 4 of the Election Act for the third time and schedule the Island's general elections for spring 2023 and every fourth spring thereafter, perhaps for mid-May or early June. The spring and early summer serve as the best time of year for holding elections in Canada anyway: more daylight and warmer temperatures provide more opportunity for campaigning and door-knocking and for happier party volunteers and election workers. Ontario recently switched its scheduled elections from early October to early June for these reasons.
I'm quite pleased to have correctly predicted that MacLauchlan would opt for an early dissolution in the spring of 2019 instead of allowing the 65th General Assembly to prolong itself for an extra year. On some level, I also wonder whether I made it happen in some sort of operationalization of Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle. By definition, we'll never know! But at least we do know that my grasp of these issues and analyses of these laws are sound and true.
Reining in the Crown's Authority Over Dissolution: The Fixed-Term Parliaments Act of the United Kingdom versus Fixed-Date Election Laws in Canada
The Mandate Problem: Early Dissolutions and Fixed-Date Election Laws in Prince Edward Island and Alberta
Will Wade MacLauchlan Become the First Premier to Ignore a Fixed-Date Elections Law Twice?
[1] Prince Edward Island, "Proclamation: Dissolution of the Legislative Assembly," Royal Gazette volume 145, no. 13 (Charlottetown: 30 March 2019), 347.
[2] Kevin Bisset, "Prince Edward Island Election Called for 23 April," CTV News, 26 March 2019.
[3] Prince Edward Island, Legislative Assembly. An Act to Amend the Elections Act. Bill 9, 63rd General Assembly, 2nd Session, 2008.
[4] Premier Robert Ghiz, ["Oral Questions: Provincial Election Date"] in Prince Edward Island, Legislative Assembly. Hansard, 64th General Assembly, 4th Session, 3 December 2013 (Charlottetown: Prince Edward Island Legislative Assembly, 2013), 658.
[5] Prince Edward Island, Legislative Assembly. An Act to Amend the Election Act. Bill 34, 64th General Assembly, 4th Session, 2014.
[6] Prince Edward Island, Election Act, Chapter E-1.1, 23 December 2017.
[7] Andrew Vaughan, "Wade MacLauchlan Officially Takes Helm as PEI Premier," The Globe and Mail, 23 February 2015 [accessed 24 May 2018]. <https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/wade-maclauchlan-officially-takes-the-helm-as-pei-premier/article23149605/>
[8] Elections Prince Edward Island, Report of the Chief Electoral Officer for the Provincial General Election, May 4, 2015 (Charlottetown: Legislative Assembly, 7 October 2015), 7.
This entry was posted in Crown (Powers and Office), Dissolution, Fixed-Date Elections, Reform. Bookmark the permalink.
11 Responses to Wade MacLauchlan of PEI Has Become the First Premier to Ignore a Fixed-Date Election Law Twice
Rand Dyck says:
James! Of course you are right on dissolution and the first one to be right! Now straighten us out on this other debate you have generated!!! LOL Rand
James W.J. Bowden says:
No one else would have congratulated me for having either correctly made this prediction or for having made it happen on some quantum level, so I might as well do that myself instead. Probably some PhD would have come in and taken credit for that what I did, since the unwritten rule in academia is that taking the work of someone of a lower rank and passing it off as your own is not plagiarism.
New Zealand's (coalition) PM is the first sitting Head of Government to give birth – Out of Wedlock – while in office.
You could look it up
Robert Ede,
Um, ok??? What does this have to do with anything?
To do with YOUR post- Abso nothing. But it's a factoid that no one has "scooped" and if you blogged it …. your blog might get some re-tweets etc
Yeah… I'm not interested in blogging about gossipy nonsense steeped in moral judgement, so I suggest that you create your own blog and write about it if you think that it will get you re-tweets and readers.
Yes we'll then why don't you pick up on my Order in Council PC 1940-1121 that "seconded/merged/usurped" the Clerk of Privy Council into one job along w the Secretary to Cabinet – All reporting to the PM— the Executive Power cannot be controlled by the Legislative power, at least not under 1867, and notwithstanding 1931 or 1947 or 1982 it still prevails. Now that is a scoop!
Ronald A. McCallum says:
Uncle Bob,
Do you realize that the Prime Minister by virtue by his appointment — by the Governor General — to The Queen's Privy Council For Canada and as Prime Minister, becomes a Member of the Executive Branch and Principal Advisor to the Governor General?
First: Orders-in-Council are decrees made by the Governor General on the Advice of The Queen's Privy Council — the Constitutional body advising the Governor General — under the authority of the Constitution Act 1867, Part III – Executive Power, Section 13:
"13. The Provisions of this Act referring to the Governor General in Council shall be construed as referring to the Governor General acting by and with the Advice of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada"
therefore, the Legislative Branch (The Queen represented by the Governor General, the Senate and the House of Commons) had nothing to do with the Order-in-Council 1940-1121.
Secondly, and more importantly, in the Westminster system of Parliamentary Democracy – Responsible Government form of government, the Legislative branch — the Parliament, specifically, the House of Commons — holds Her Majesty's Government, also known as the Government of the Day — to account is a Constitutional convention, not Constitutional Law.
Therefore, I do NOT see how your "scoop" could be seen as an usurpation of the Executive Branch by the Legislative Branch.
Ronald A. McCallum, B. A. (History and Political Science)
Google the order and pretend your mind is unfettered. The Clerk retired on Jan 1/40, Tweedsmuir suddenly died in February – the Order appointed a new Clerk and had that man also Secretary to the Cabinet (as is the case today) . Surely Wernick's words at the Justice committee were those of the (Legislative) Secretary and not those of the (Executive) Clerk …. just look, with your eyes open and your mind open
Ronald McCallum says:
I wonder whether or not you realize that the Cabinet is a committee of The Queen's Privy Council For Canada? The Prime Minister and the Ministers of The Crown in Right of Canada are Members of The Queen's Privy Council For Canada, and therefore, are part of the Executive Branch. Justin Trudeau and the 29th Ministry constitute the Executive Government of Canada, and are the Principal Advisors to the Governor General.
In regards to Michael Wernick, the former Clerk of the Privy Council and Secretary to the Cabinet, the fact he had testified that he was in fact pressuring Her Majesty's Attorney General For Canada on the SNC-Lavalin affair was absolutely despicable, and I am glad that he realized that and resigned. It was absolutely wrong for Prime Minister Trudeau to use the Clerk in a partisan fashion, and Wernick realized that there was no way the opposition parties would trust him.
Ronald A. McCallum
Dear sir, I believe you are describing the UK system that Wm LM King so desired to construct here. There, (no written constitution) the Executive is incorporated into the Legislative but our "similar in principle " power-sharing system #1 is written, #2 is hierarchical with the Executive as a superior and separate power and #3 is not being followed.
It is not being followed because of the emergency wartime Order in Council PC 1940-1211 (the Privy Council office today has this noted as their"Enabling Legislation " on their website.
I believe very few of us were politics- following adults in 1940 and no one has the personal memory to advance an opinion on the times or the actual before and after in the "differences in practices" as a result of this Order.
I believe what has evolved today into a combined PMO-PCO Court-of-the-King did not begin on March 25,1940 but gradually assembled itself and drew power unto itself and it absolutely the opposite of what the Framers of the BNA 1867 designed.
Their is no separate and superior Executive, the Governor General exercises 'de jure' NONE of the s.12 powers that are re-stated in the 1947 Letters Patent and the Privy Council is NOT a set of independent advisors to the Governor General as specified in S.11.
Please join the few of us who have actually read PC 1940-1221 and after examining it, sit down and RE-read the Executive Power section of the BNA/Constitution 1867 .
Further, ponder why Wm LM King required that Order? And why at that time?
Do you know that the Clerk who advised Byng to NOT grant King a dissolution in 1926 was the same Clerk (Lemaire) who was retired on Jan 1, 1940?
Do you know that Tweedsmuir had just suddenly died in Feb 1940
And you recall the terrible wartime events in the UK in the last Qtr of 1939 and first Qtr of 1940 – they had better things to do than countermand the orders of an uppity Dominion PM who was to be the vital link in mobilizing his country to aid so ably in defending the Realm.
Yes. It was necessary – but 1940-1221 should have been rescinded in peacetime.
But who would do it?
An incumbent- not likely?
An opposition Party Leader- no s/he wanted a chance to wield that absolute power to pay-back his supporters.
The Clerk/Secretary – no s/he kept her/his mouth shut.
You or a million other educated but not informed students of Parliamentary Law? How could you -you were never taught!
Two final questions- first, what does "similar in principle" mean? and second, why, if the BNA /Const 1867 (and its predecessor the Constitutional Act of 1791) is laid out with a separate and superior Executive, do we not have this hierarchy today?
Why not? PC 1940-1221 is why.
Dear old Canada had its colonial Responsible Government local system amended in 1867 by adding another layer of the same Responsible Government atop the 4 provincial ones.
All Legislative Initiatives were to be announced by the ViceRegal/Lt Gov at the sessions beginning, approved by that office at the end (or reserved or Assent Withheld) and subject to final approval/disallowance at the next higher order of administration (General or Imperial as the case may be)
We didn't amend any of those aspects in 1982 we just pretended we did,
And now it is impossible to amend-with-100% these foundational aspects of our arrested-in-development Written Constitution – so we must reform them with non-Constitutional measures.
We must rescind the 1940 Order in Council
We must select-by-election the recommendation for appointment as next Governor General
We must restore the as-written 1867 Act and return the Legislative Power and office of PM to its place as Chief Operating Officer and restore the Executive and office of Governor General To it's place as Chief Executive Office.
We are not emulating any other country – we are following our own unique system of written laws- and if we cannot, will not or are not compelling our government to follow our own unique system of written laws how can we call them to account?
If the government is not following the written laws…. what laws ARE they following.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Kubernetes Cron Jobs - Run multiple pods for a cron job Our requirement is we need to do batch processing every 3 hours but single process can not handle the work load. we have to run multiple pods for the same cron job. Is there any way to do that ?
Thank you.

A: You can provide parallelism: <num_of_pods> to cronjob.spec.jobTemplate.spec and it will run the multiple pods () at the same time.
Following is the example of a cronjob which runs 3 nginx pod every minute.
apiVersion: batch/v1beta1
kind: CronJob
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    run: cron1
  name: cron1
spec:
  concurrencyPolicy: Allow
  jobTemplate:
    metadata:
      creationTimestamp: null
    spec:
      parallelism: 3
      template:
        metadata:
          creationTimestamp: null
          labels:
            run: cron1
        spec:
          containers:
          - image: nginx
            name: cron1
            resources: {}
          restartPolicy: OnFailure
  schedule: '*/1 * * * *'
  concurrencyPolicy: Forbid
status: {}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Ambush part ways with guitarist Adam Hagelin and have finished recording new album 'Infidel'
And then there were four! Ambush guitarist and band co-founder Adam Hagelin has left the group after a run of almost seven years. The group released two full-length albums — Firestorm (2014) and Desecrator (2015) — with Hagelin. The remaining Ambush band members are lead vocalist Oskar Jacobsson, guitarist Olof Engqvist, bassist Ludwig Sjöholm and drummer Linus Fritzson.
The following message was posted on Ambush's Facebook page earlier today: (with slight edits):
"Almost 7 years ago Ambush was started by 5 friends with a mutual love for beer, mischief and, of course, Heavy Metal. Today 5 turns into 4 as our beloved brother Adam has decided to leave the band. Even though Adam will not be with us on stage anymore the memories of all good times, bad times and all the stupid shit we've done together will remain forever.
Statement from Adam: "Dear Killers.
Time has now come for me to leave the band. This journey has truly been amazing and I will remember every single moment for the rest of my life. Thanks to every single one of you who has come to our shows, bought our merch and everyone that's listening to our music.
The new album Infidel is recorded and I am confident it will rock your socks off, you're welcome!
Ambush will never die!
Nothing will ever replace Adam's personality since he truly is one of a kind. We wish our brother Adam all the best in the future!
Cheers killers!"
Ambush's "Southstreet Brotherhood" video (from Desecrator album):
Ambush – Southstreet Brotherhood (Official Video)
Official music video from 2015 release Desecrator


text:
ADRIAN HELL
Full Name: Adrian Hell
Occupation Other - Assassin
Creator: James P. Sumner
Adrian Hell is an assassin.
He is mostly freelance for most of the time we know him but he did get his training courtesy of some quality time spent in the service of the U.S. military. Then more training and more service and more experience with the CIA. Then a serious falling out (for very good reasons) and then the new career removing people other people want removed.
"Adrian Hell is an assassin. His name commands fear and respect in equal measure throughout the criminal underworld. But the former soldier is not without his demons. Desperate to forget a tragic past, he loses himself in the one thing he was good at: killing bad people he believes deserve a bullet."
1 True Conviction
Written by James P. Sumner
At first Adrian Hell thought it was a straightforward contract - a mob boss was angry at a corrupt Nevada businessman for pulling out of a lucrative deal so the businessman needed to die and Hell needed to do it. The closer Hell got to things the more they changed and soon he was finding himself having to stop a terrorist attack that would presage a world war.
2 Hunter's Games
Adrian Hell was in San Francisco to eliminate a corrupt politician causing trouble for a gangster but when Hell is suddenly picked up by the FBI, he is surprised to learn they knew nothing of the planned hit but instead needed his help finding a psychopath who was extorting the city after some nasty attacks. The nut-job's demand? 'Bring me Adrian Hell'.
3 One Last Bullet
Adrian Hell is finally able to conceive of ending his hitman occupation but first he must take down Wilson Trent, the man responsible for killing Hell's wife and daughter.
4 Deadly Intent
It has been two years since Adrian Hell retired his guns. Now he has a bar in Texas and a new girlfriend and he is content. Then three strangers enter his life and need his help and suddenly he is in the middle of a plot that can end with the whole world back at war.
5 A Necessary Kill
Things definitely did not end well on his last adventure and Adrian Hell is now being sought by his own government, thought to be the man behind a horrible terrorist attack. Hell's only option is to put together a team of other assassins, a couple of whom are rather strange, to get his life back.
6 Good Intentions
Adrian Hell was dead. That is what the world thought, executed for his crimes. He was in fact still alive and living with a new identity and carrying out hits for the Order of Sabbah, a very clandestine organization using killers like himself to remove anyone they thought threatened their vision of the future. Hell begins to suspect they were not as altruistic as they presented themselves.
7 Thicker Than Blood
When Adrian Hell, a bit at odds with his employer, the Order of Sabbah, is given a contract he knows he cannot carry out, it means he must defy that organization and become a target of their other killers. Which means he must bring them down to survive.
NOVELLAS AND SHORT STORIES
1 A Hero Of War
The year is 1990 and an 18-year-old Adrian Hughes joins the army. He will soon be shown the horrors of combat in the Gulf War and will show there just how good a killer he can be.
1 Forged
The year is 2003. Adrian is recently separated from CIA operations and looking for work. He finds it in a contract by a crime boss angered by a Russian mobster moving in on his territory.
2 Tested
The year is 2003. Adrian has a contract in Chicago where the board of directors of a large corporation is unhappy with its CEO but cannot remove him. They hire Adrian to do just that.
3 Broken
The year is 2007. Adrian Hell does not do contracts in his home state but this assignment seems so important he is willing to break his rule. When the target turns out to be someone unexpected, Adrian must become a bodyguard and not an assassin.
4 Runaway
A couple hires Adrian Hell to rescue their daughter from a cult and to kill the sadistic leader in the process.
5 Nowhere
The contract is to free the son of a high-ranking Russian mafiya leader who is in a prison in Siberia. Adrian Hell must get sent there and then find a way to get the two out.


1977 Porsche Carrera 3.0 TargaThis low production 1977 Porsche Carrera 3.0 Targa presented here is available in its original color code#443 copper brown metallic with tan interior. It is equipped with a 5-speed manual transmission with a 2.7-liter engine, power windows, Fuchs wheels and includes the jack, spare tire and tool kit. It has lots of potential and is priced just right. It has had the same owner for many years and has just came out of storage. For $36,500If you have any additional questions Please call 310-975-0272 or email with any questions! We also welcome all international buyers. We can help with shipping quotes and arrangements.


The Coalition Movement Camp series brings new players and possibilities into view and allows us to connect the dots between them. Our goal is to consolidate our collective powers and prepare for a collaborative web development project unlike anything the world has seen.
The inaugural Coalition Movement Camp took place on October 10, 2010. Participants included representatives of Appropedia, OpenKollab, Metacurrency, 350, Dadamac, CoopAgora, JAK Bank, GreenTribe, and Gaia10. For eight hours, we brainstormed ideas towards a new generation of internet platforms and collaborative strategies for the climate crisis. Details of the 10/10/10 Coalition Movement Camp can be found on the Coalition blog (http://cotw.me/invite101010, http://cotw.me/camp101010).
On November 14, 2010, the conversation continues.
• The world is warming. Satellite records show that in the past two decades, the process of warming has sped up. 2010 is on track to be the warmest year on record.
• Without drastic action, we risk temperature rises of 6°C or more by the end of this century. This would be a catastrophe.
• Yet the international community is ill-prepared, if not unwilling, to reign in carbon emissions to prevent this outcome.
We have no choice but to try a new approach.
We propose using new internet tools and a renewed commitment to interoperability and collaboration to creatively impact this situation and turn it around.
The internet is rapidly evolving from a place for sharing information to a place for collaboration and co-creation. How easy it should be, given the money, talent, and need in the world, to build an online network that enables the best people from about the world to collaborate on climate action solutions.
This is our vision. It is neither radical nor extreme. It is necessary, plain and simple.
Join us on November 14, 2010, as we continue this world-changing adventure. The venue is an open collaboration staging area: http://movementcamp.org. There will be sessions devoted to BetterMeans/Open Enterprise Manifesto, the Global Innovation Commons, and more. You'll be able to upload image and video files and contribute to real time chat. There will be live interviews and webcasts, with an audio stream component for participants in low-bandwidth zones. Our facilitators will work to summarize developments and keep you up to speed.
If you'd like to send a video shout out or presentation to Coalition Movement Camp participants, we welcome pre-recorded content. Please submit links to Vimeo or Youtube content by Friday November 12, 5.00pm Los Angeles time, and we'll include suitable material on the Coalition Movement Camp blog. Submit these to: tropology at gmail dot com. Submitted content should include a summary paragraph, with links to more information.
The above message is based on the linked post on the Coalition Blog, and thus licensed as CC-BY-NC-SA.


(Cattle Exploitation - Bullfighting - 24) Bullfighters are really cowards, despite their pretense of bravery. It's all part of an act to please an evil crowd of spectators. If this were not so, they wouldn't need to "soften-up" the bull by stabbing and bleeding him.


text:
Khalifahklothing - Black Magic - From Darkness to Light - Class 4/8 - By Abu Imran Al-Sharkasi
The An-Naseeha Foundation brings you an EXCLUSIVE 8 session course on Aqeedah (Islamic beliefs) covering a wide variety of issues related to the fundamentals of Islam and hot topics, such as:* Shirk: It's Definitions&Types (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFJvpDe1Efk)* Disbelief&Hypocrisy (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzL9kGBXd2c)* Black Magic* The Evil Eye* The Rulings on Taweez (Amulets)* Knowledge of the Unseen* Loving The Prophet* The Virtues of Ahlul Bait&The Companions* The Dangers of Bid'ahThe course was delivered by Abu Imraan Al-Sharkasi, who was born in Russia into a Muslim family and moved to the UK in 1993.Abu Imran is highly skilled in the Arabic language and has translated extensively at seminars for many scholars and students of knowledge.He also has tazkiyyah from scholars such as Shaikh 'Abdus-Salaam al-Burgis (rahimahullah), Shaikh Khaalid al-Anbari, Shaikh Fasial al-Jaasim and many others.Currently Abu Imran is the director of the Al-Burhaan Institute based in Leicester U.K which offers regular beneficial classes throughout the week.An-Naseeha Foundation[W]: http://www.an-naseeha.com[E]: info@an-naseeha.com
Khalifahklothing - Al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam (RA)- series 5/10- By Abu Imran Al-Sharkasi
Khalifahklothing - Black Magic, Charms, Soothsayers - Ibrahim Dremali
Khalifahklothing - Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas (RA) - series 4/10- By Abu Imran Al-Sharkasi
Khalifahklothing - Love of the Prophet (s.a.w.s) - From Darkness to Light - Class 6/8 - By Abu Imra
Khalifahklothing - Talhah bin 'Ubaidullah (RA) - series 6/10- By Abu Imran Al-Sharkasi
khalifahklothing - The Evil Eye&amulets (taweez) - From Darkness To Light - Class 3/8 - By Abu Imran
Khalifahklothing - Disbelief&Hypocrisy - From Darkness to Light - Class 2/8 - By Abu Imran Al-Sharka
Khalifahklothing - The Dangers of Bid'ah - From Darkness to Light - Class 8/8 - By Abu Imran Al-Shar
Khalifahklothing - Shirk: It's Definitions&Types - From Darkness to Light - Class 1/8 - By Abu Imran
Khalifahklothing - Where is Allah - From Darkness to Light - Class 5/8 - By Abu Imran Al-Sharkasi
The An-Naseeha Foundation brings you an EXCLUSIVE 8 session course on Aqeedah (Islamic beliefs) covering a wide variety of issues related to the funda...


LASIK surgery is the most popular elective vision surgery in the United States. And while most people know it's a way to correct vision, they may not understand exactly how it works. LASIK is an acronym for a procedure called "laser in-situ keratomileusis" – a bit of a mouthful, but simply explained the surgery reshapes the cornea using a cool beam laser to treat nearsightedness, farsightedness and astigmatism. LASIK is a very quick procedure, literally taking just seconds. Recovery is also quick and the results will last a lifetime. A common question is whether LASIK is safe, and the answer is a resounding "yes!" We use iLASIK, which reduces the risk of complications associated with the use of the hand-held microkeratome blade. It's an added safety measure that not only improves the overall surgery but gives many patients an added level of comfort. The U.S. Navy even tested Bladeless iLASIK technology for naval aviators. Previously, traditional LASIK vision correction was off-limits for these pilots because of high altitude concerns and recovery time following the procedure. According to the Navy's studies, a Bladeless iLASIK procedure delivered better vision quality, faster visual recovery time, and no issues with high altitude. Recovery time is important to the Navy because these aviators must make frequent carrier landings to maintain their qualifications. Another one of the concerns many people have when it comes to LASIK surgery is the cost. Don't let that be the reason you don't pursue LASIK and enjoy a life without glasses or contacts. Taking into consideration what you spend on contacts and glasses over the year, there's a good chance you'll find LASIK a better deal in the long run. You also can look into insurance discounts and financing. Check out our website for information on how to make LASIK affordable.


Home Tags Posts tagged with "Human Barbie"
In a recent interview, living doll Valeria Lukyanova said she believes the world's looks are deteriorating because ethnicities are mixing.
Ukrainian-horn Human Barbie has been an object of fascination for several years for her extreme proportions and features.
For GQ Russia's April issue, editor-in-chief Michael Idov traveled overseas to meet the 28-year-old living doll in the flesh and discovered that "her world is far more bizarre" than any photo online can capture.
"I realize that just like everyone reading about Human Barbie, I had had a simple narrative prepared in my head: A small-town girl grows up obsessed with dolls, etc.," Michael Idov wrote.
In her interview with GQ magazine, the "Human Barbie" addressed topics she's never explored with reporters before: race and procreation.
According to Valeria Lukyanova, everyone wants to be beautiful, but because of race-mixing, many have had to resort to plastic surgery.
"Everyone wants a slim figure. Everyone gets breasts done. Everyone fixes up their face if it's not ideal, you know? Everyone strives for the golden mean. It's global now," she said.
The living doll explained further that because of the melting pot that is the world today, there's been an increase in demand for plastic surgery.
"Ethnicities are mixing now, so there's degeneration, and it didn't used to be like that. Remember how many beautiful women there were in the 1950s and 1960s, without any surgery? And now, thanks to degeneration, we have this," she said.
For this reason, Valeria Lukyanova said, she is not open to the idea of having children.
"It's unacceptable to me. The very idea of having children brings out this deep revulsion in me," she said.
Valeria Lukyanova has sparked international controversy by turning herself into a human doll using plastic surgery and thick layers of dramatic make-up, confessing she wishes to be considered "the most perfect woman on the internet".
Ukraine's Valeria Lukyanova, 23, believes she has become a living, breathing Barbie, something she sees as the ultimate embodiment of perfection.
Vice.com documentary-maker Will Fairman has gone behind the scenes with Valeria Lukyanova – who currently has 876,000 fans on her Facebook page – journeying to Ukraine to capture her idiosyncratic life on film.
Will Fairman negotiated coming to the Ukraine to film Valeria Lukyanova, despite the model being "a little bit skeptical" at first.
Valeria Lukyanova believes she is from another planet – possibly Venus, but she isn't quite sure – so isn't really human like the rest of us.
"She's not a fraud," clarified Will Fairman.
Valeria Lukyanova, who is supported by her construction-working husband who also acts as her manager, spends the film discussing theories about her pre-Earth space life, and how she has become an object of hatred within some internet communities.
"I come from a place where only love and joy exist," she says.
"But I noticed the media is only interested in negativity: show someone in a bad light, show someone's mistakes.
"There are hate blogs and communities about me who post bad pictures about me and try and worsen my mood.
"Perhaps at some point I was an energy vampire, because I constantly received their negative reactions and enjoyed it. Specifically for them I created posts that would make them angry.
Valeria Lukyanova, who says she has a "small group of friends who accept me for who I am", also admits she has visited a psychiatrist about the voices in her head.
Describing how he found Valeria, Will Fairman added: "She's kind of like the really pretty, popular girl at school who you're completely blown away by.
"She's like a little queen, and she carries herself like that all the time. She never breaks. It's not like the camera turns off and she whips out a cigarette and gets into a tracksuit.
"She's naturally like that: a girl who has been getting attention ever since she was a teenager and gets crazy attention wherever she is.
"And she is paranoid about not looking perfect. I don't know exactly where it comes from, but I suspect really it's down to… she seems to have a quite a lot of issues about her physical self, and is incredibly fixated with her image.


My Little Monster focuses on the relationship between Shizuku Mizutani, who has absolutely no interests except in studying and her plans for the future, and a boy named Haru Yoshida, who sits next to Shizuku in class but rarely attends school. After Shizuku is tasked with delivering class printouts to Haru's home, she meets Haru, who immediately greets her as a friend, starting their new relationship. Nicknamed "dry ice," Shizuku is renowned as a girl who is emotionless and cold. However, when she met Haru she was touched by his innocence and his lack of knowledge towards human relationships. Though known as a violent and uncontrollable monster, Haru is actually kind and gentle. Haru immediately declares his love towards Shizuku, but it takes much longer for Shizuku to realize and accept her own feelings towards Haru. Together, as two previously unsocial beings, they help each other learn how to care for others and make friends.


text:
> version 1.1.0, created by JPPM.

Parsing html like in jQuery.

### Install
```
jppm add jphp-jsoup-ext@1.1.0
```

### API
**Classes**

#### `php\jsoup`

- [`Connection`](https://github.com/jphp-compiler/jphp/blob/master/exts/jphp-jsoup-ext/api-docs/classes/php/jsoup/Connection.md)- _Class Connection_
- [`ConnectionRequest`](https://github.com/jphp-compiler/jphp/blob/master/exts/jphp-jsoup-ext/api-docs/classes/php/jsoup/ConnectionRequest.md)- _Class ConnectionRequest_
- [`ConnectionResponse`](https://github.com/jphp-compiler/jphp/blob/master/exts/jphp-jsoup-ext/api-docs/classes/php/jsoup/ConnectionResponse.md)- _Class ConnectionResponse_
- [`Document`](https://github.com/jphp-compiler/jphp/blob/master/exts/jphp-jsoup-ext/api-docs/classes/php/jsoup/Document.md)- _Class Document_
- [`Element`](https://github.com/jphp-compiler/jphp/blob/master/exts/jphp-jsoup-ext/api-docs/classes/php/jsoup/Element.md)- _Class Element_
- [`Elements`](https://github.com/jphp-compiler/jphp/blob/master/exts/jphp-jsoup-ext/api-docs/classes/php/jsoup/Elements.md)- _Class Elements_
- [`Jsoup`](https://github.com/jphp-compiler/jphp/blob/master/exts/jphp-jsoup-ext/api-docs/classes/php/jsoup/Jsoup.md)- _Class Jsoup_

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


6sqft's ongoing series The Urban Lens invites photographers to share work exploring a theme or a place within New York City. In this installment, Sam Golanski highlights New York's unique narrow and corner buildings. Are you a photographer who'd like to see your work featured on The Urban Lens? Get in touch with us at [email protected].
6sqft recently featured Sam Golanki's photography series "Park Avenue Doormen," where he gave the men who safeguard the Upper East Side's ritzy buildings a chance to step out from behind the velvet ropes and in front of the camera. He's now taken a similar approach–albeit this time with buildings, not people–in his collection "Narrow and Corner Buildings." Choosing to forego iconic structures like the Flatiron Building, Sam instead focuses on small structures off the beaten path that may otherwise be overlooked. "I realized the corner is the center of each block, a place for small businesses, barbershops, and coffee shops," he said, explaining that he didn't pre-plan the series, but rather was drawn to these unique structures while strolling the city.
6sqft's ongoing series The Urban Lens invites photographers to share work exploring a theme or a place within New York City. In this installment, Sam Golanski gives Park Avenue doormen their moment in the spotlight. Are you a photographer who'd like to see your work featured on The Urban Lens? Get in touch with us at [email protected].
Sam Golanski grew up in a small town in Poland, but has been residing in Manchester, U.K. since 2005. Though he thinks New York is "a tough place to live," he fell in love with its energy as a child watching films set in Manhattan from the '60s and '70s. Now all grown up, he comes to New York frequently to visit friends and work on his urban and social photography projects ("I have to admit I shredded a few pairs of shoes by just walking up and down for days everywhere with my camera bags," he says). In his series "Park Avenue Doormen," Sam gives the men who safeguard the Upper East Side's ritziest buildings an opportunity to step from behind the velvet ropes and in front of the camera.


1.1. Introduction. We know that the spiritual gift of the Word of Wisdom is the same kind of gift as the Word of Knowledge because of the grouping of the gifts in the list provided in 1 Corinthians 12:8-10, page 1796 (for that grouping, see Spiritual Gifts │ The Word of Wisdom. The Word of Knowledge concerns the application of revelation so that we know God better, and particularly how to apply revelation to accomplish the will of God by edifying the church. Before we go too far, be sure to understand that the Holy Spirit helps every believer understand the teachings of Christ. Every believer has an anointing from God (1 John 3:27, page 1906). This general anointing to understand and apply Scripture differs from the the Spiritual Gift of the Word of Knowledge. The Word of Knowledge gives new revelation from God about how to apply previous revelation from God, resulting in new, completely perfect and entirely authoritative and verbally inspired revelation from God. So, let us begin this study by reviewing key concepts concerning wisdom, knowledge and revelation in First Corinthians.
2.1 Revelation and Coming To Know God. Paul told the Corinthians that ". . . the world through its wisdom did not come to know ("ἔγνω") God . . . " (1 Corinthians 21, page 1783). In this verse, Paul shows that the world did not come to know God through worldly wisdom. We need to pause for a moment and consider the link Paul draws between wisdom and knowing God. Paul implies that while the wisdom of the world will not help you know God, the opposite is also true: the wisdom from God will help you know God.
2.1.1 Godly Wisdom. Therefore, we may discern a principle: the right kind of wisdom will help us know God and the things freely given to us by God (1 Corinthians 2:12, page 1784). Paul's chief concern for the Corinthians was that they would know Christ, and Him crucified (1 Corinthians 2:2, page 1783). In 1 Corinthians 1:21, Paul tells us indirectly that the wisdom of God helps us know God, and by implication, His will. The Corinthian's worldly wisdom was useless because it could never lead a person to know God (1 Corinthians 2:8, page 1784; 1 Corinthians 3:20, page 1785).
2.1.2 Wisdom and The Mysteries of God. In contrast, the wisdom of God contained new revelations of God, called mysteries (see Spiritual Gifts │ The Word of Wisdom), which allowed the Corinthians to know God and the things free given to them by God (1 Corinthians 2:6-16, page 1784). Furthermore, the wisdom from God helps the people called of God to know Christ and Him crucified. In turn, Christ becomes the power of God and wisdom of God to believers (1 Corinthians 1:24, page 1783; Colossians 2:2-3, Page 1842). Christ crucified becomes a stumbling block to unbelieving Jews and foolishness to unbelieving Gentiles (1 Corinthians 1:23-25, page 1783). Therefore, the proper application of the wisdom of God transforms the called of God so that they know God. The believers particularly come to know God's power and wisdom in the person of Jesus Christ and Him crucified. In other words, through the preaching of Paul to the Corinthians, God applies the mystery of Christ crucified and it changes the people called by God (1 Corinthians 1:23, page 1783). Paul highlights the primary change as knowing Christ as the power of God and the wisdom of God. In a nutshell, we have a nice exegetical explanation of the Word of Knowledge right there in 1 Corinthians 1:18-31, and particularly 1 Corinthians 1:21-25. We should keep in mind that the spiritual gift of the Word of Knowledge is a revelatory gift, and related directly to the Word of Wisdom because of the grouping of gifts in 1 Corinthians 12:8-10, page 1796). Therefore, we know that the application of the wisdom of God also concerns revelation.
3.1 A Closer Look at 1 Corinthians 12:8. In 1 Corinthians 12:8, page 1796, God distinguishes the Word of Wisdom from the Word of Knowledge. Because the Bible has been verbally and plenarily inspired by God, every word in every verse makes a difference.
3.1.1 Through the Holy Spirit. In this case, the Word of Wisdom is given "through" ("διὰ") the Holy Spirit. As we have seen, the Word of Wisdom was a gift of the revelation of the mysteries of God. The mystery was something hidden in the Old Testament, but now preached and taught by the apostles and prophets (Romans 16:25-27, page 1781; Ephesians 3:1-13, pages 1829-1830). In this sense, the Holy Spirit reveals mysteries through the spiritual gift of the Word of Wisdom to certain believers, particularly prophets and apostles. The Word of Wisdom focuses upon a new communication from God. It is the message itself God delivers concerning the mystery being revealed now. So we see that the Word of Wisdom is given "through" the Holy Spirit, because the Holy Spirit gives the communication of the mystery to the apostle or prophet. Think of the Word of Wisdom as the message inside the envelope. Once you open the envelope and read the message contained in the envelope sealed up for centuries, you now need to know what to do with that message.
3.1.2 According to the Holy Spirit. The proper use of the message revealed by God is provided by the Word of Knowledge. The Holy Spirit directs the believer to use the wisdom from God to know God and His will. In this sense, the Word of Knowledge is given according to ("κατὰ") the Holy Spirit, because He directs the use of the prior revelation given through the Word of Wisdom. The Word of Knowledge depends upon the Word of Wisdom being given first. We open the envelope, read the message provided through the Holy Spirit, and then apply the new message to know God and His will, with particular focus upon Christ and Him crucified. This application of message in the envelope is the Word of Knowledge.
3.1.3 Two-Step Process of Revelation. Think of the Word of Wisdom and the Word of Knowledge as related to one another in a two-step process of revelation.
3.1.3.1 Step One. The Holy Spirit reveals a mystery to the person with the spiritual gift of the Word of Wisdom.
3.1.3.1.1 The Envelope and the Letter.Think of an envelope being opened now after being sealed for centuries, and the letter inside being read for the first time ("the mystery"). The letter itself has been sent to the person with the spiritual gift of the Word of Wisdom. The letter said: "You should not call any man unholy or unclean." Signed: God.
3.1.3.2 Step Two. The Holy Spirit uses the wisdom of God to help us know God and His will. Specifically, the Holy Spirit first delivers the revelation of the mystery (Word of Wisdom) and then the Holy Spirit uses that revelation to help believers know God and His Will (Word of Knowledge). Therefore, we may say that the Word of Knowledge enables the use of the Word of Wisdom.
3.1.3.2.1 Authoritative Application of the Letter. In Step One, the Holy Spirit communicated His revelation of the mystery "through" ("διὰ") the letter in the envelope (now opened and read)–think Word of Wisdom. Now in Step Two, the Holy Spirit directs the church to act according to ("κατὰ") the message provided by the letter (Word of Knowledge). The Holy Spirit first revealed to you the mystery so that you have a new message (given "through" the Holy Spirit–Word of Wisdom) and then the Holy Spirit acted according to that revelation ( given "according" to Holy Spirit–the Word of Knowledge) so that the church would be free to evangelize Gentiles and receive Gentile believers into fellowship (edification of the church).
4.1 Peter and the Pigs in a Blanket. As one example of the Word of Knowledge in action, consider the revelation given to Peter at Joppa. Peter had an experience with the these gifts in Acts 10. He went up on a housetop in Joppa, and began to pray (Acts 10:1, page 1718). As he prayed, God showed Peter a great sheet lowered from heaven, with all kinds of four-footed animals and creatures of the earth and birds of the air (Acts 10:11-12, page 1719). God told Peter to kill and eat, but Peter responded that he had never eaten unclean animals like them. God repeated this event three times, and told Peter three times "What God has cleansed, no longer consider unholy." Peter had never eaten pigs nor other unclean animals because of the Old Testament law restricting diet (Acts 10:13-16, page 1719; Leviticus 11:1, page 175 to 11:47, page 178). Let me try to illustrate this passage with a letter in an envelope, or an attachment to an email. First, think of the envelope as having a particular address, such as the believers listening to Peter explain that God revealed to to him that "You should not call any man unholy or unclean." Having read the letter from God ("You should not call any man unholy or unclean"), Peter then had to apply that knowledge to the church (the address of the recipient on the envelope). Perhaps a better example would be an email. Peter received an email from God that said: "You should not call any man unholy or unclean." This original email was a mystery, a revelation of something not revealed to previous generations as it was now revealed to Peter. Peter saved that mystery as an attachment (the Word of Wisdom). Now, Peter forwards that attachment to an email to various people living in different locations, with various email addresses. He uses the new email (the Word of Knoweldge) to explain and apply the mystery (attached to the new email). In his new email (the Word of Knowledge), Peter provided God-inspired guidance on how to apply the mystery (the Word of Wisdom) in the church. The mysteries brought radical changes to the believers in the churches. They needed both the letter and the envelope, or in other words, both the original attachment and the new email. You now know God's will, and you must act. So, you take your letter from God and start showing it to various assemblies and let them know that they should not call any man unholy or unclean.We will walk through Peter's experience briefly below to illustrate the substance and procedure of a mystery first revealed, and then applied to the church.
4.1.1 Gentiles Admitted to Full Fellowship. At Joppa on the rooftop, Peter experienced the use of the Word of Wisdom followed by the use of the Word of Knowledge.
4.1.1.1 Mystery Revealed: God Has Cleansed. God had revealed a mystery to Peter through the Word of Wisdom. What mystery was revealed? Mystery revealed: "What God has cleansed, no longer consider unholy." Now for step two.
4.1.1.2 Application of Mystery: Gentiles in Christ. Peter has already received his knowledge of the mystery through the ministry of the Holy Spirit. Peter moves on to Caesarea, under the leading of the Holy Spirit, and tells many people assembled there: "You yourselves know how unlawful it is for a man who is a Jew to associate with a foreigner or to visit him; and yet God has shown me that I should not call any man unholy or unclean" (Acts 10:28, page 1719). In step two here, the Holy Spirit works according to the prior revelation of the mystery concerning God's cleansing of the Gentiles. That revelatory wisdom must be used to know God's will for the Gentiles, and applied to the churches' programs of evangelism, discipleship and fellowship. The Gentiles were welcomed by God into the church–Word of Knowledge.
5.1 Prophecy, Mysteries and Knowledge. In 1 Corinthians 13:2, page 1797, Paul expounds upon the vitality of love. Without love, we are nothing and have nothing. He links prophecy with knowing all mysteries and all knowledge. As we have seen, the Word of Wisdom concerns the mysteries, and the Word of Knowledge concerns the application of the revelation provided through the Word of Wisdom. This verse confirms our understanding of the relationship between the revelatory gifts of the Word of Wisdom and the Word of Knowledge. It also opens the door to our understanding the spiritual gift of prophecy, but that is for another day.
5.2 Other Uses of the Word of Knowledge. The New Testament also contains examples of the Word of Knowledge used without the Word of Wisdom. In some instances, the Word of Knowledge was used with previous revelations provided through: (a) Old Testament prophets; and (b) New Testament apostles.
5.2.1 The New Testament Application of Previous Revelations. The Word of Knowledge generally concerns the application of previous revelation to a specific situation. The new application amounts to new revelation also. Consider a few examples. We will consider the New Testament authoritative application of: (a) Old Testament revelations; and (b) New Testament revelations.
5.2.1.1 The New Testament Application of Old Testament Revelations. The Old Testament prophets had provided revelations concerning the Lord (2 Peter 3:2, page 1902). Peter specifically applied those Old Testament prophecies (revelations in themselves).
5.2.1.1.1 Mockers Will Come. In 2 Peter 3:1-9, pages 1902-1903, Peter illustrates the divine application (Word of Knowledge) of Old Testament prophecies to the present problem of mockers disparaging God's plans and disturbing God's people. In 2 Peter 3:7, page 1903, Peter explained that the holy prophets of the Old Testament and apostles of the New Testament had spoken about the mockers that would come. The result of Peter's application of Old Testament prophecies amounted to new revelation (Word of Knowledge) for confronting mockers.
5.2.1.1.2 Avoid the Idolatry of Israel. Likewise, in 1 Corinthians 10:6-11, page 1793, Paul authoritatively applied the example of Israel's past actions to the Corinthians so that they would avoid idolatry and immorality.
5.2.1.1.3 The Veil of Moses. In a similar way, Paul also used the Old Testament picture of the veil of Moses obscuring his fading glory from the mountain top experience with Yahweh. Paul applied that Old Testament event to the veil that lies over the face of the Jews when they read the old covenant (2 Corinthians 3:12-18, pages 1806-1807). He expanded upon that application by showing that the Spirit of the Lord provides liberty and lifts the veil, and the Jewish believers are transformed into the same image, from glory to glory (2 Corinthians 3:18, page 1807).
5.2.2 The New Testament Application of Apostolic Prophecies. In this same sense, Jude also demonstrated the Word of Knowledge without reference to the Word of Wisdom. Jude , like Peter, applied the teachings of the New Testament apostles.
5.2.2.2 The Application of the Apostle's Prophecies. Jude applied the prophecy of the apostles in several ways.
5.2.2.2.1 The Mockers Exposed. Jude first exposed the mockers as causing divisions, worldly-minded, devoid of the Spirit (Jude 1:18, page 1913). Jude authoritatively applied the revelation previously given to the apostles to the trouble-makers in the local assemblies.
5.2.2.2.2 The Believers Encouraged. Jude then encouraged the believers to be building themselves up in their most holy faith, praying in the Holy Spirit, and to keep themselves in the love of God, waiting anxiously for the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ to eternal life. He further encouraged the believers with instructions about helping the weak.
6.2 The Temporal Nature of Some Spiritual Gifts. Paul tells us that while love never fails, prophecy will be done away ("καταργηθήσονται"); tongues will cease ("παύσονται"); and knowledge will be done away ("καταργηθήσονται") (1 Corinthians 13:8, page 1798).
6.3 The Partial Done Away. Paul then declares that "we know in part and we prophesy in part; but when the perfect comes, the partial will be done away("καταργηθήσεται")" (1 Corinthians 13:9-10, page 1798). He illustrates this teaching with the analogy of growing up. The adult, analagous to "the perfect," has done way ("κατήργηκα") with what the child used to speak ("ἐλάλουν"), used to think ("ἐφρόνουν"), and used to reason ("ἐλογιζόμην") (1 Corinthians 13:11, page 1798). The New Testament, combined with the Old Testament, perfectly equips the man of God for every good work (2 Timothy 3:16-17, page 1864). As believers, we may all rest assured that every authoritative application of every revelation from God has been preserved for us in the New Testament, and we may know God, and the things freely given to us by the Holy Spirit.
7.1 Application of Previous Revelation. So we learn more about the spiritual gift of the Word of Knowledge. The Word of Knowledge concerns the authoritative application of the revelation provided by previous revelation, including, without limitation, the Word of Wisdom, for the edification of the church. The Word of Knowledge produces new, inspired revelation from God, built upon the previous inspired revelation from God.
7.2 The Word of Wisdom and the Word of Knowledge. The preaching of Paul rested upon the Word of Wisdom and the Word of Knowledge. By the wisdom of God, we know God, His plans, and His great love for us. By the Word of Knowledge, we know how to use the revelations of God.


We exclusively represent some of the world's leading companies in regards to design, development and production of unique, high-quality carpets. Our suppliers combine successfully history with modern technology, resulting in amazing quality and design in the industry's shortest lead time.
Rugs, either plain or with innovative shapes and vibrant colours, offer a new atmosphere to every interior. We can offer you a great variety in qualitiy, shapes and dimensions, in order to fit perfectly into each space.
Wood is a purely natural material, which makes the floors long lasting and timeless. Wooden floors can add depth and vastness to a room and we offer the opportunity to choose among a wide range of products, which cover different aesthetic requirements.
We are proud to be one of the first companies in the Greek market that presented the possibilities of luxury vinyl tiles. We have contributed to the creation of a new market for designer flooring, which is not only stylish, but also flexible and durable.
Outdoor flooring should mainly provide resistance to various weather conditions. We can offer a great variety of outdoor floors, with slip resistance, safety and stability.
Our wallcovering products meet the high quality requirements of the contract market, such as flame retardancy, lightfastness, wear-resistance etc. and are used mainly in hospitality, healthcare, office and education sectors, where both appearance and functionality are of vital importance.
Drapery and upholstery fabrics can change completely the atmosphere of a room / space.Our company offers a wide range of fabrics suitable for all kinds of spaces, complying with the necessary standards for use in the sectors of hospitality, healthcare, education, office and culture.
Interior shading is of major importance in a country with intense sunshine throughout most of the year. We offer a great variety of shading systems, such as roller blinds, panel curtains and roman blinds, combined with innumerable choices of fabrics specified for different sectors.
We can offer both indoor and outdoor furniture solutions that meet high standards of quality and design, fulfilling our customers request for sustainability and comfort.


text:
For other people named Anthemius, see Anthemius (disambiguation).
Tremissis of Emperor Anthemius. His title is Our Lord, Anthemius, Pious, Fortunate, Augustus.
April 12, 467 – July 11, 472 [1]
Co-emperor
Leo I (Eastern Emperor)
(472-07-11)July 11, 472, (aged 52)
Marcia Euphemia
Alypia, Anthemiolus, Marcian, Procopius Anthemius and Romulus
Procopius Anthemius
Imperator Caesar Procopius Anthemius Augustus
Anthemius [2] ( /ænˈθɛmiəs/ ; Latin: Procopius Anthemius Augustus; c. 420 – 11 July 472) was Western Roman Emperor from 467 to 472. [1]
Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets and ultimately from the Phoenician alphabet.
Rise to the throne
Internal affairs and relationship with the Roman Senate
Perhaps the last capable Western Roman Emperor, Anthemius attempted to solve the two primary military challenges facing the remains of the Western Roman Empire: the resurgent Visigoths, under Euric, whose domain straddled the Pyrenees; and the unvanquished Vandals, under Geiseric, in undisputed control of North Africa. Anthemius was killed by Ricimer, his own general of Gothic descent, who contested power with him.
In historiography, the Western Roman Empire refers to the western provinces of the Roman Empire at any time during which they were administered by a separate independent Imperial court; in particular, this term is used to describe the period from 395 to 476, where there were separate coequal courts dividing the governance of the empire in the Western and the Eastern provinces, with a distinct imperial succession in the separate courts. The terms Western Roman Empire and Eastern Roman Empire are modern descriptions that describe political entities that were de facto independent; contemporary Romans did not consider the Empire to have been split into two separate empires but viewed it as a single polity governed by two separate imperial courts as an administrative expediency. The Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476, and the Western imperial court was formally dissolved in 480. The Eastern imperial court survived until 1453.
The Visigoths were the western branches of the nomadic tribes of Germanic peoples referred to collectively as the Goths. These tribes flourished and spread throughout the late Roman Empire in Late Antiquity, or what is known as the Migration Period. The Visigoths emerged from earlier Gothic groups who had invaded the Roman Empire beginning in 376 and had defeated the Romans at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. Relations between the Romans and the Visigoths were variable, alternately warring with one another and making treaties when convenient. The Visigoths invaded Italy under Alaric I and sacked Rome in 410. After the Visigoths sacked Rome, they began settling down, first in southern Gaul and eventually in Hispania, where they founded the Visigothic Kingdom and maintained a presence from the 5th to the 8th centuries AD.
Euric, also known as Evaric, or Eurico in Spanish and Portuguese, son of Theodoric I, ruled as king (rex) of the Visigoths, after murdering his brother, Theodoric II, from 466 until his death in 484. Sometimes he is called Euric II.
Anthemius belonged to a noble family, the Procopii, which gave several high officers, both civil and military, to the Eastern Roman Empire. His mother Lucina,[ citation needed ] born c. 400,[ citation needed ] descended from Flavius Philippus, Praetorian prefect of the East in 346, and was the daughter of the influential Flavius Anthemius, Praetorian prefect of the East (404–415) and Consul in 405. [3] His father was Procopius, magister militum per Orientem from 422 to 424, who was descended from the Procopius who had been a cousin of Emperor Julian I and a usurper against the Emperor Valens (365–366).
Procopius was the name of various Romans who lived during the fourth and fifth centuries, most of whom were connected with the emperor Anthemius. It is unclear whether Procopius was a nomen gentilicium or a cognomen, as it only occurs late in Roman history, and no individuals with the name are known to have borne the traditional tria nomina of praenomen, nomen, and cognomen.
Flavius Philippus was an official under the Roman Emperor Constantius II.
Born in Constantinople around 420, he went to Alexandria to study in the school of the Neoplatonic philosopher Proclus; among his fellow students there were Marcellinus (magister militum and governor of Illyricum), Flavius Illustrius Pusaeus (Praetorian prefect of the East and Consul in 467), Messius Phoebus Severus (Consul in 470 and praefectus urbi ), and Pamprepius (pagan poet). [4]
Constantinople was the capital city of the Roman Empire (330–395), of the Byzantine Empire, of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire (1204–1261) and of the Ottoman Empire (1453–1923). In 1923 the capital of Turkey, the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, was moved to Ankara and the name Constantinople was officially changed to Istanbul. The city was located in what is now the European side and the core of modern Istanbul.
Alexandria is the second-largest city in Egypt and a major economic centre, extending about 32 km (20 mi) along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part of the country. Its low elevation on the Nile delta makes it highly vulnerable to rising sea levels. Alexandria is an important industrial center because of its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez. Alexandria is also a popular tourist destination.
Proclus Lycaeus, called the Successor, was a Greek Neoplatonist philosopher, one of the last major classical philosophers. He set forth one of the most elaborate and fully developed systems of Neoplatonism. He stands near the end of the classical development of philosophy, and was very influential on Western medieval philosophy.
In 453 he married Marcia Euphemia, daughter of the Eastern Emperor Marcian (450–457); after the marriage he was elevated to the rank of comes and sent to the Danubian frontier with the task of rebuilding the border defences, neglected after Attila's death in 453. In 454 he was recalled to Constantinople, where he received the title of patricius in 454 or 455 and became one of the two magistri militum or magister utriusque militiae of the East. In 455 he received the honour of holding the consulate with the Western Emperor Valentinian III as colleague.
Marcia Euphemia was the wife of Anthemius, Western Roman Emperor.
Marcian was the Eastern Roman Emperor from 450 to 457. Very little of his life before becoming emperor is known, other than that he was a domesticus who served under Ardabur and his son Aspar for fifteen years. After the death of Emperor Theodosius II on 28 July 450, Marcian was made a candidate to the throne by Aspar, who held much influence due to his military power. After a month of negotiations Pulcheria, the sister of Theodosius, agreed to marry Marcian, and Flavius Zeno, a military leader of similar influence to Aspar, agreed to help Marcian to become emperor in exchange for the rank of patrician. Marcian was elected and inaugurated on 25 August 450.
"Comes", plural "comites", is the Latin word for "companion", either individually or as a member of a collective denominated a "comitatus", especially the suite of a magnate, being in some instances sufficiently large and/or formal to justify specific denomination, e. g. a "cohors amicorum". "Comes" derives from "com-" ("with") and "ire" ("go").
This succession of honourable events – the wedding with Marcian's daughter; a promotion to an important military rank, but with administrative rather than military tasks; the prestigious rank of patricius and the highest military position; the consulate held with an Emperor as colleague – suggests that Marcian had selected Anthemius as a possible candidate for the Eastern or Western throne. This hypothesis is further strengthened by the fact that Anthemius' prestige misled the 6th-century historian John Malalas to state that Marcian had actually designated Anthemius as Western Emperor after Avitus. [5]
John Malalas, was a Greek chronicler from Antioch.
Marcus Maecilius Flavius Eparchius Avitus c. 380/395 – after 17 October 456 or in 457) was Western Roman Emperor from 8 or 9 July 455 to 17 October 456. He was a senator and a high-ranking officer both in the civil and military administration, as well as Bishop of Piacenza.
Avitus was deposed in October 456; it is probable that Marcian considered Anthemius as successor, but the Eastern Emperor died in January 457 before choosing his colleague. Therefore, both empires had no emperor, and the power was in the hands of the Western generals, Ricimer and Majorian, and of the Eastern Magister militum, the Alan Aspar. As Aspar could not sit on the throne because of his barbaric origin, he opposed Anthemius whose prestige would have made him independent and chose a low-ranking military officer, Leo; in the West, as his barbaric origin barred Ricimer from the throne, it was Majorian who received the purple. [6]
Anthemius stayed in service under the new Emperor; as magister militum, his task was to defend the Empire from the barbaric populations pressing on its border. Around 460, he defeated the Ostrogoths of Valamir in Illyricum. During the winter of 466/467 he defeated a group of Huns, led by Hormidac, who had crossed the frozen Danube and were pillaging Dacia. The raiders had conquered Serdica, and Anthemius besieged the city until the starved Huns decided to accept open battle; despite the treachery of his cavalry commander (a Hun), Anthemius led his infantry to victory, and when Hormidac offered surrender Anthemius asked for the deserter to be given to him. [7]
The newly elected Eastern Roman Emperor, Leo I the Thracian, had a major foreign affairs problem: the Vandals of King Geiseric and their raids on the Italian coasts. After the death of Libius Severus in 465, the Western Empire had no Emperor. Gaiseric had his own candidate, Olybrius, who was related to Gaiseric because both Olybrius and a son of Gaiseric's had married the two daughters of Emperor Valentinian III.
With Olybrius on the throne, Gaiseric would become the real power behind the throne of the Western Empire. Leo, on the other hand, wanted to keep Gaiseric as far as possible from the imperial court at Ravenna, and took time to choose a successor to Severus. To put Leo under pressure, Gaiseric extended his attacks on Sicily and Italy to the territories of the Eastern Empire, sacking and enslaving people living in Illyricum, the Peloponnese and other parts of Greece, so Leo was obliged to take action.
On 25 March 467,[ citation needed ] Leo I, with the consent of Ricimer,[ citation needed ] designated Anthemius Western Emperor as Caesar[ citation needed ] and sent him to Italy with an army led by the Magister militum per Illyricum Marcellinus. On April 12, Anthemius was proclaimed Emperor at the third or twelfth mile from Rome. [8] Anthemius' election was celebrated in Constantinople with a panegyric by Dioscorus. [9]
By choosing Anthemius, Leo obtained three results: he sent a possible candidate to the eastern throne far away; he repulsed Gaiseric's attempt to put a puppet of his own on the Western throne; and he put a capable and proven general with a trained army in Italy, ready to fight the Vandals.
This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Anthemius" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Relationship with the Eastern Empire
The reign of Anthemius was characterised by a good diplomatic relationship with the Eastern Empire; for example, Anthemius is the last Western Emperor to be recorded in an Eastern law. [10] Both courts collaborated in the choice of the yearly consuls, as each court chose a consul and accepted the other's choice. Anthemius had the honour of holding the consulate sine collega (without a colleague) in 468, the first year he started as Emperor, following a similar honour given to Leo in 466. The following year the two consuls were Anthemius' son, Marcian, and Leo's son-in-law, Flavius Zeno (later successor of Leo on the Eastern throne).
In 470 the consuls were Messius Phoebus Severus, Anthemius' old friend and fellow student at Proclus' school, and the Magister militum per Orientem Flavius Iordanes. In 471, the year in which Leo held his fourth consulate with the Praetorian prefect of Italy Caelius Aconius Probianus as colleague, the two emperors strengthened their bonds with a marriage between Anthemius' son, Marcian, and Leo's daughter, Leontia; Marcian was honoured with his second consulate the following year, this time chosen by the Eastern court.
Anthemius' matrimonial policy also included the marriage of his only daughter, Alypia, and the powerful Magister militum Ricimer. The poet Sidonius Apollinaris arrived in Rome on the occasion of the wedding at the end of 467 and described the celebrations in which all social classes were involved; he also hints that Alypia might have not liked her husband, a barbarian. [11]
Campaigns against the Vandals
The Vandals were the major problem of the Western Empire. In late 467, Anthemius organised a campaign of the western Roman army, probably under the command of Marcellinus, but the result was a failure: the bad weather obliged the Roman fleet to return to its base before completing the operation.
In 468, Leo the Thracian, Anthemius and Marcellinus organised a major operation against the Vandal kingdom in Africa. The commander-in-chief of the operation was Leo's brother-in-law Basiliscus (who would become Eastern emperor seven years later). A fleet consisting of upwards of one thousand vessels was collected to transport the combined Eastern-Western-Illyric army, and while most of the expenses were paid for by the Eastern Empire, Anthemius and the Western treasury contributed to the costs. The fleet was defeated in the Battle of Cape Bon, however, with Marcellinus killed at Roman hands in its wake.
Leo decided to sign a separate peace with Gaiseric. Anthemius lost his allies and, with the imperial treasury almost emptied by the failed operation, renounced taking Africa back. Instead he concentrated on the second problem of his Empire, keeping under his control the Western provinces targeted by Visigothic expansion.
Campaigns against the Visigoths
After the disastrous campaign in Africa, Anthemius turned to the reconquest of Gaul, occupied by Visigoths under the ambitious King Euric who had exploited the weak Roman control caused by political instability. Euric's sphere of influence had also separated some imperial provinces from the rest of the Empire. Even though Arelate and Marseilles in Southern Gaul were still governed by the Western court, Avernia was isolated from the rest of the Empire and governed by Ecdicius, son of Emperor Avitus, while the territory later included in the so-called Domain of Soissons was located further north.
In 470, Anthemius recruited Britons living in either Britain or Armorica to fight Euricus. [12] The Britons, under King Riothamus, were initially successful and occupied Bourges with twelve thousand men. However, when they entered the core of Visigoth territory, trying to conquer Déols, they were outnumbered and defeated by a Visigoth army, and Riothamus was forced to flee to the Burgundians, who were Roman allies. [13]
Anthemius took the matter into his own hands and decided to attack the Visigoths directly. He collected an army under the nominal leadership of his own son, Anthemiolus, but actually commanded by the generals Torisarius, Everdingus, and Hermianus. Anthemiolus moved from Arelate and crossed the Rhone river, but he was intercepted by Euric, who defeated and killed the Roman generals and pillaged the area. [14]
While Africa was lost and the control over Western provinces was shaky, Anthemius' power over Italy was threatened by internal opposition; he was of Greek origin, had been chosen by the Eastern Emperor from among members of the Eastern court, and was suspected of being a pagan. [15]
In order to obtain the support of the senatorial aristocracy, Anthemius conferred the rank of patricius on members of the Italian and Gallic governing class. He introduced the practice, common in the East, of appointing even civilians to the patrician rank, and honoured so many members of the aristocracy with this title that it suffered a sort of inflation. Among the new patricii there were Italian senators, e.g. Romanus and Messius Phoebus Severus, but against common practice he also appointed Gallic senators and even aristocrats without noteworthy careers, such as Magnus Felix and the Gallic poet Sidonius Apollinaris.
Sidonius had come to Rome to bring a petition from his people; his contact in the court, the consul Caecina Decius Basilius, suggested that he should compose a panegyric to be performed at the beginning of Anthemius' consulate, on 1 January 468. The Emperor honoured the poet, conferring on him the patrician rank, the high rank of Caput senatus, and even the office of Praefectus urbi of Rome, usually reserved to members of the Italian aristocracy. [16] Sidonius was so influential that he convinced the Emperor to commute the death penalty of Arvandus, the Praetorian prefect of Gaul who had allied himself with the Visigoths.
The good relationship between the two Roman Emperors was good news in the recent affairs between the two halves of the Roman Empire, and was used in imperial propaganda. Anthemius had his mints (at Mediolanum, Ravenna and Rome) issue solidi depicting the two Emperors joining hands in a show of unity.
Anthemius had restored his court in Rome, and thus this mint became more and more important, overshadowing the other two mints.
Some coins are in the name of his wife Marcia Euphemia; among these there is a solidus depicting two Empresses on the thrones, probably a reference to Alypia's marriage.
The Old St. Peter's Basilica, built by Emperor Constantine I, was the refuge of Anthemius from Ricimer's supporters in 472
The most important figure at the Western court was Ricimer, the powerful magister militum, who had already decided the fate of several emperors. [17] The new Emperor, however, had been chosen by the Eastern court, and, despite the bond of the marriage between Ricimer and Anthemius' daughter, Alypia, they were not on good terms. The tipping point of their relationship was the trial of Romanus, an Italian senator and patricius supported by Ricimer; Anthemius accused Romanus of treachery and condemned him to death in 470. [18]
Ricimer had gathered 6,000 men for the war against the Vandals, and after the death of Romanus he moved with his men to the north, leaving Anthemius in Rome. Supporters of the two parties fought several brawls, but Ricimer and the emperor signed a one-year truce after the mediation of Epiphanius, the Bishop of Pavia. [19]
At the beginning of 472, the struggle between them renewed, and Anthemius was obliged to feign an illness and took refuge in St. Peter's Basilica. The Eastern Roman Emperor, Leo, sent Olybrius to mediate between Ricimer and Anthemius but, according to John Malalas, had sent a secret letter to Anthemius, urging him to kill Olybrius. Ricimer intercepted the letter, showed it to Olybrius, and had him proclaimed Emperor. [20]
The struggle became an open war. Anthemius, with the aristocracy and the people of the city, faced the Gothic magister militum and the barbarian units of the army, which included Odoacer's men. Ricimer blockaded Anthemius in Rome; five months of fighting followed. Ricimer entered the city and succeeded in separating the port on the Tiber from the Palatine, starving the supporters of the Emperor. [21]
Both sides appealed to the army in Gaul, but the Magister militum per Gallias, the Burgundian Gundobad, supported his uncle Ricimer. Anthemius elevated Bilimer to the rank of Rector Galliarum and had him enter Italy with the loyal army. Bilimer arrived in Rome but died trying to prevent Ricimer entering the centre of the city from the other side of the Tiber, through the Pons Aelius in front of the Mausoleum of Hadrian. [22]
Losing any hope of external help and pressed by the scarcity of food, Anthemius tried to rally, but his men were defeated and killed in great numbers. [21] The emperor fled for the second time to St. Peter's (or, according to other sources, to Santa Maria in Trastevere), where he was captured and beheaded by Gundobad [21] [23] or by Ricimer [24] on 11 July 472. [25]
1 2 Alison E. Cooley, The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy (Cambridge: University Press, 2012), p. 507
↑ Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire II.96.
↑ Morris, Jones & Martindale (1992), p. 697.
↑ O'Meara, Dominic, Platonopolis: Platonic Political Philosophy in Late Antiquity, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-19-925758-2, p. 21.
↑ John Malalas, Chronicon, 368–369, cited in Mathisen.
↑ Mathisen (1998).
↑ Thompson, Edward Arthur, The Huns, Blackwell Publishing, 1996, ISBN 0-631-21443-7, p. 170.
↑ Fasti vindobonenses priores , no. 597, s.a. 467: "his cons. levatus est imp. do.n. Anthemius Romae prid. idus Aprilis.", cited in Mathisen.
↑ Dioscorus was the teacher of Leo's daughters, Ariadne and Leontia, and later became Praetorian prefect of the East.
↑ Justinian code , I.11.8, issued on July 1 472, cited in Mathisen.
↑ Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistulae, i.5.10–11.
↑ Chronica gallica anno 511 , n. 649, s.a. 470; Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistulae III.9
↑ Jordanes, 237–238; Gregory of Tours, ii.18.
↑ Chronica gallica anno 511, n. 649 s.a. 471, cited in Mathisen.
↑ Anthemius had many pagans as collaborators: Marcellinus was a pagan, as was Anthemius' friend, the philosopher, Consul of 470 and Praefectus urbi , Messius Phoebus Severus.
↑ Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistulae, i.9.1–7.
↑ Ricimer had deposed Avitus and Majorian and supported the election of Libius Severus.
↑ Cassiodorus, Chronicon, 1289; Paul the Deacon, Historia Romana, xv.2; John of Antioch, fragments 209.1–2, 207, translated by C.D. Gordon, The Age of Attila (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1966), pp. 122f
↑ Magnus Felix Ennodius, Vita Epiphanii, 51–53, 60–68; Paul the Deacon, Historia Romana, xv.203.
↑ John Malalas, Chronographica, 373–374.
1 2 3 John of Antioch, fragment 209.1–2; translated by C.D. Gordon, The Age of Attila, pp. 122f.
↑ Paul the Deacon, Historia Romana, xv.4.
↑ John Malalas, Chronographica, 37.
↑ Cassiodorus, Chronicle, 1293; Marcellinus Comes, Chronicon, s.a.472; Procopius of Caesarea, Bellum Vandalicum, vii.1–3. Chronica gallica anno 511 (n. 650, s.a. 472) records both versions.
↑ Fasti vindobonenses priores , n. 606, s.a. 472.
Sources for Anthemius's life are richer than for most fifth century Western Emperors, partly because of his origin in Constantinople, where the tradition of court histories was kept alive, and partly because of the details that can be extracted from a panegyric delivered on January 1, 468 by the Gallo-Roman poet Sidonius Apollinaris.
Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum
Jordanes, Getica
Sidonius Apollinaris, Epistulae and Carmen
Mathisen, Ralph W. (1998). "Anthemius (12 April 467 – 11 July 472 A.D.)". De Imperatoribus Romanis. Retrieved 2015-08-31.
Morris, John; Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Martindale, John Robert (1992). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-07233-6.
Libius Severus Western Roman Emperor
467–472 Succeeded by
Flavius Aetius,
Flavius Studius Consul of the Roman Empire
with Imp. Caesar Flavius Placidus Valentinianus Augustus VIII Succeeded by
Flavius Iohannes,
Flavius Varanes,
Imp. Caesar Eparchius Avitus Augustus
Illustrius Pusaeus,
Iohannes Consul of the Roman Empire
468 Succeeded by
Flavius Marcianus,
Flavius Zeno
( Pescennius Niger )
( Clodius Albinus )
( Laelianus )
( Domitianus II )
( Martinian )
( Eugenius )
LCCN: nb2010016567
The 460s decade ran from January 1, 460, to December 31, 469.
Glycerius was Western Roman Emperor from 473 to 474. He served as comes domesticorum during the reign of Olybrius, until Olybrius died on 2 November 472. After a four-month interregnum, Glycerius was proclaimed Western Emperor on 3 or 5 March 473 by the magister militum and power behind the throne Gundobad. Very few of the events of his reign are known other than that during his reign an attempted invasion of Italy by the Visigoths was repelled, diverting them to Gaul. Glycerius also prevented an invasion by the Ostrogoths through gifts. Glycerius was not recognized by the Eastern Roman Emperor Leo I, who instead nominated Julius Nepos as Emperor and sent him with an army to invade the Western Empire. Glycerius was without allies, because Gundobad had left to rule the Burgundians, and therefore was forced to abdicate on 24 June 474. He was appointed Bishop of Salona, which position he held until his death. He died some time after 474, possibly 480. He may have had a role in the assassination of Julius Nepos in 480.
Julius Nepos was de jure and de facto Western Roman Emperor from AD 474 to 475 and then only de jure until his death in AD 480. He was also the ruler of Roman Dalmatia from 468 to 480. Some historians consider Nepos to be the final Western Roman Emperor, while others consider the western line to have ended with Romulus Augustulus in 476. In contrast, the Eastern Roman Empire and its line of emperors survived this period.
Olybrius was Western Roman Emperor from April or May 472 until his death; his rule was not recognised as legitimate by the Eastern Roman Empire. He was in reality a puppet ruler put on the throne by Ricimer, a Roman general of Germanic descent, and was mainly interested in religion, while the actual power was held by Ricimer and his nephew Gundobad.
Flavius Ricimer was a Romanized Germanic general who effectively ruled the remaining territory of the Western Roman Empire from 461 until his death in 472, with a brief interlude in which he contested power with Anthemius. Deriving his power from his position as magister militum of the Western Empire, Ricimer exercised political control through a series of puppet emperors.
Flavius Julius Valerius Majorianus, usually known simply as Majorian, was the Western Roman Emperor from 457 to 461.
Aegidius was ruler of the short-lived Kingdom of Soissons from 461–464/465 AD. Before his ascension, he became magister militum per Gallias serving under Aetius, in 458 AD. An ardent supporter of Majorian, Aegidius rebelled against Ricimer when he assassinated Majorian and replaced him with Libius Severus; Aegidius may have pledged his allegiance to Leo I, the Eastern Roman Emperor. Aegidius repeatedly threatened to invade Italy and dethrone Libius Severus, but never actually launched such an invasion; historians have suggested he was unwilling to launch an invasion due to the pressure of the Visigoths, or else because it would leave Gaul exposed. Aegidius launched several campaigns against the Visigoths and the Burgundians, recapturing Lyons from the Burgundians in 458, and routing the Visigoths at the Battle of Orleans. He died suddenly after a major victory against the Visigoths; ancient historians say that he was assassinated, but do not give the name of the assassin, whereas modern historians believe it is possible that he died a natural death. After his death he was succeeded by his son Syagrius, who would be the second and last ruler of the Kingdom of Soissons.
The office of Roman Emperor underwent significant turbulence in the fourth and fifth centuries, particularly under the period of the Dominate. In the West, where the fall of the Western Roman Empire was underway, its holders became puppets of a succession of barbarian kings. In the East, it began to assume autocratic trappings.
Flavius Procopius Anthemius was a politician of the Eastern Roman Empire, son of Western Roman Emperor Anthemius.
Placidia was the wife of Olybrius, unrecognized Western Roman Emperor. Her full name is uncertain. The Chronicle of the Roman Emperors: The reign by reign record of the rulers of Imperial Rome (1995) by Chris Scarre gives her name as Galla Placidia Valentiniana or Galla Placidia the Younger, based on naming conventions for women in ancient Rome.
Marcian was a member of the House of Leo and a usurper against Emperor Zeno in 479.
Marcellinus was a Roman general and patrician who ruled over the region of Dalmatia in the Western Roman Empire and held sway with the army there from 454 until his death.
Arvandus was a Gaul who rose through the hierarchy of Imperial Roman society to twice be appointed Praetorian prefect of Gaul.
Libius Severus, also Severus III, was Western Roman Emperor from November 19, 461 to his death.
Flavius Caecina Decius Basilius was a politician of the Western Roman Empire, Consul and twice Praetorian prefect of Italy.
Romulus was a member of the House of Theodosius, son of Western Roman Emperor Anthemius.
Alypia was a noblewoman of the Western Roman Empire, daughter of the Western Roman Emperor Anthemius.
Romanus was a Roman usurper in the Western Roman Empire who unsuccessfully rebelled against the Emperor Anthemius in 470 before being executed at Rome.