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Remy Ma's Ectopic Pregnancy
Katie Visco
Remy Ma, one of the few female American rappers who has reached a level of mass fame in a male-dominated industry, has been in headlines for her music, a shooting scandal for which she spent six years in prison, a feud with Nicki Minaj, and more endearingly, her adorable relationship with her husband Shamele Mackie (stage name Papoose). In January 2017 of last year, though, news was circulating about her miscarriage due to an ectopic pregnancy.
It's somewhat of a relief when a celebrity speaks out about their experiences because they say the things that come to mind that ring true with us, but that oftentimes, we won't say. As miscarriage is a common phenomenon, Remy Ma's experience with this is applicable to many women. Read further to learn about:
Remy Ma's Experience
Miscarriages in General
Though most miscarriages are due to genetic abnormalities, physical complications are also a leading cause. An ectopic pregnancy partakes of this category. In a normal pregnancy, once the egg is fertilized, it travels through the fallopian tube to attach to the lining of the uterus, where the baby will develop. In an ectopic or tubal pregnancy, the fertilized egg becomes lodged in the fallopian tube and begins develop in that very small space. Though in 95% of cases, the egg lodges in the tube, it can also lodge in the ovary, cervix, or abdominal cavity. Though ectopic pregnancies are somewhat uncommon, occurring in 1-2% of all pregnancies, they are the leading cause of death to the mother in the first trimester of pregnancy. So it can be a serious complication.
(Photo: Courtesy of Mayo Clinic)
Why? Risk Factors
Ultimately, we do not know why ectopic pregnancies occur, but we do know of some risk factors that seem to contribute to their likelihood:
Previous ectopic pregnancy
Inflammation or infection in tubes or nearby organs
Birth defect in fallopian tubes
Tubal surgery
Scarring after a ruptured appendix or past infections and surgeries
Pregnancy after having your tubes tied
Getting pregnant while using an intrauterine device (IUD)
Being over 35
Having had many sexual partners
Some infertility treatments
In Remy's case, she miscarried previously in her teens due to an ectopic pregnancy so that her chances of another ectopic pregnancy were higher; she was also 36 at the time of the miscarriage. However, it is impossible to say what caused her first ectopic pregnancy.
Preventing a miscarriage is tricky business; the short answer in most cases is simply that you can't. However, doctors do stress putting some key elements of your health in order if you are likely to get pregnant, trying to, or are pregnant already. Parents.com offers some advice from an expert:
"Generally, I advise that women considering pregnancy see their OB/GYN to review chronic conditions and medications, begin prenatal vitamins 2 to 3 months prior to trying to conceive, ensure that all their vaccines are up-to-date, review their diet and ensure they limit or eliminate alcohol and caffeine in their diets," recommends Stephanie Zobel, M.D., an OB-GYN with Winnie Palmer Hospital. "Women who smoke or use recreational drugs are advised to quit."
Taking care of high blood sugar and verifying the safety of all medicines you're on with your doctor is also advised.
Symptoms and Diagnoses
Symptoms include pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding or spotting, absence of a menstrual cycle, abdominal pain, and shoulder pain. However, these symptoms can also occur in a healthy pregnancy. Still, you must report them to a doctor anyway, as an ectopic pregnancy is life threatening. Symptoms usually appear six to eight weeks after the last menstrual cycle and could occur alongside symptoms of a normal pregnancy such as nausea, breast tenderness, mood swings, etc., as the body is still undergoing the usual hormonal changes of a healthy pregnancy.
If an ectopic pregnancy has progressed for too long and has ruptured, the woman might experience weakness, dizziness, lightheadedness, and low blood pressure. At this point, the woman's life is at risk, so it's vital that you address early symptoms by consulting a doctor. It's also important to note that an ectopic pregnancy can occur even if you are on birth control, hence the use of an IUD as a risk factor. Therefore, don't ignore symptoms if you think a pregnancy is unlikely.
Further, symptoms can vary. Remy Ma explained the symptoms of her first ectopic pregnancy that she experienced as a teenager on the American talk show The Real: "The bad thing with me is that this happened to me before when I was a kid. I was a teenager the first time I got pregnant. And I had an ectopic pregnancy then…I literally passed out. Like I thought I just had bad cramps and I passed out."
She noted that with her second ectopic pregnancy, though, the symptoms were not nearly as severe so that she was not as certain of their seriousness. Therefore, there is some variable in symptoms.
As of today's medicine, there is no way to dislodge the fetus and guide it to the uterus. If left alone, an ectopic pregnancy would rupture the part of the body it is trapped in—most often, the fallopian tube—causing internal bleeding and a medical emergency. Not only would it risk the mother's death, but almost definitely the fetus's so that in almost all cases—despite some fluke situations in which women successfully gave birth—the fetus must be terminated.
In Remy's case, doctors removed the fallopian tube the fetus was lodged in at each pregnancy so that now, Remy cannot have a child naturally as both of her fallopian tubes have been surgically removed. However, before her most recent miscarriage, she did conceive naturally and successfully, as her son Jayson testifies to, so that one ectopic pregnancy does not indefatigably mean another.
Whenever celebrities open up about their personal hardships, they can lend a lot of support to the average person. Remy Ma's transparency in openly stating her emotional reaction to her miscarriage is an encouragement to other women experiencing the same difficulty.
Though the rapper's life is featured on Love & Hip Hop so that her time in the hospital after the fetus was terminated was filmed,she went beyond this, even, and videoed her own announcement to the public about the termination. In a grainy, down to earth video in which the Remy isn't wearing makeup, she is being as real as possible.
Remy Ma expressed the wide array of emotions that follow a miscarriage, but perhaps her comments reflecting the common emotions of anger and depression are the greatest comfort to women: "It seems like, no matter what we do, all the worst stuff just happens," she told her husband. "It doesn't make sense. Everybody else's baby is fine. Everybody else that's pregnant, they all fine. Why mine's couldn't be fine?" she said from her hospital bed on Love & Hip Hop.
(Photo: Courtesy of MadameNoire.com)
Later, when reflecting on her miscarriage, she expressed personal guilt, another common reaction. "I promised my husband that I would give him the child that he's been asking me for since almost the day he met me and I can't do that any more. I can't."
Best of all, though, Remy has looked to the positive. She said in the caption of her Instagram video at the hospital: "I was totally against it but in a fit of crying @papoosepapoose said 'you are not the only one going thru this , we will get thru it' ...made me realize how many women like myself experience the same thing and don't have a strong partner by their side to say it will be alright. So I'm here to tell anyone going thru a similar situation that it is not over and God has the last say."
Miscarriages are common, as they account for 15-20% of pregnancies. They are a different kind of challenge from infertility alone, as almost 20% of women exhibit symptoms of anxiety and depression after a miscarriage with symptoms persisting for one to three years. Women with a history of infertility are especially vulnerable to deeper psychiatric struggles along with younger women and those of lower socioeconomic status, according to an article published on NCBI's website.
Women who do not have adequate coping skills struggle more psychologically after a miscarriage so that it is incredibly important that they not only have a support system and allow themselves to grieve, but that they receive psychological help from a professional if necessary.
However, the good news is that 50-80% of women who have had a miscarriage become pregnant again. Even though Remy Ma cannot naturally conceive, she and Papoose are investigating in vitro fertilization, which would still allow them to have a child of their own despite the removal of Remy Ma's fallopian tubes.
Also worth a read
State of Illinois to Pay for Egg Freezing in the Face of Disease
The diagnosis of cancer and/or another life threatening and changing disease can be devastating. Facing the loss of one's health coupled with fear of the unknown, all the while needing to make decisions big and small about what best course of action is needed to achieve the best result, leaves little time for anything else...
Is Osteoporosis Pregnancy Safe?
For those of you who don't know, osteoporosis is a bone disease that can affect bone density and cause fractures. It isn't a disease that is commonly tested in young women, but you are at a higher risk if you have experienced eating disorders, arthritis or excessive steroid use...
Signs of Infertility
If you want to have kids someday, it's a good idea to get to know your body. Issues with fertility can begin anytime after puberty...
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Above all, we want our customers to be successful. If that means developing new technology, we will build it. If it means finding and integrating an existing technology, we'll do it. If we need to connect our customers with other systems or services, we will connect them. We understand that we have no success if our customers aren't successful with us. We also acknowledge our debt to our customers—the feedback they provide helps us make our products better.
Our flagship product, the GreenFolders file production system, is the result of years of research into how "paper-heavy" businesses work. We discovered early on that businesses that (at least, in theory) do the same thing do it using very different processes. Because of this, we've made our software virtually universal, so it can be configured for just about any way you want to work. We've made it powerful, yet easy to use.


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Simply put - creative design and production for both print and electronic realms. Our work with numerous service providers allow us to source anything from standard stationery to powerful promotional items.
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W oliwnym gaju – wiersz młodopolskiego poety Kazimierza Przerwy-Tetmajera, opublikowany w tomiku Poezje. Seria pierwsza, wydanym w 1891. Utwór jest napisany klasyczną sekstyną, czyli zwrotką sześciowersową rymowaną ababcc, układaną jedenastozgłoskowcem.

W oliwnym gaju, gdzie pachną jaśminy,
perłowe lilie i szkarłatne róże,
nad cichym morzem barwy złotosinej
od słońca, co się paliło w lazurze,
dzieło od bogów natchnionego dłuta,
Afrodis stała z marmuru wykuta.

Utwór opowiada o tym, jak grecki wojownik, idący na wojnę z Persami, przystanął przed marmurowym posągiem bogini Afrodyty i – urzeczony jego pięknem –- powiedział –- Za jeden uścisk twój, bogini złota,/zapłacę chwałą mojego żywota!.... Wtedy figura ożyła. To sama bogini objawiła się śmiertelnikowi. Tymczasem jego towarzysze poszli w bój i zginęli: A jego bracia milczący leżeli/na piersiach wrogów i na piersi krwawej....

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

Twórczość Kazimierza Przerwy-Tetmajera
Utwory literackie z 1891
Utwory literackie napisane jedenastozgłoskowcem
Utwory literackie napisane sekstyną

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Under the circumstances, laying all this out in grisly detail — and believe me, when you dive into the figures, they couldn't be grislier — is the only way to offer a better sense of the true costs of our wars past, present, and future, and of the funding that is the lifeblood of the national security state. When you do that, you end up with no less than 10 categories of national security spending (only one of which is the Pentagon budget). So steel yourself for a tour of our nation's trillion-dollar-plus "national security" budget. Given the Pentagon's penchant for wasting money and our government's record of engaging in dangerously misguided wars without end, it's clear that a large portion of this massive investment of taxpayer dollars isn't making anyone any safer.
1) The Pentagon Budget: The Pentagon's "base" or regular budget contains the costs of the peacetime training, arming, and operation of the U.S. military and of the massive civilian workforce that supports it — and if waste is your Eden, then you're in paradise.
The Pentagon can't even get an accurate count of the number of private contractors it employs, but the figure is certainly in the range of 600,000 or higher, and many of them carry out tasks that might far better be handled by government employees. Cutting that enormous contractor work force by just 15%, only a start when it comes to eliminating the unnecessary duplication involved in hiring government employees and private contractors to do the same work, would save an easy $20 billion annually.
And the items mentioned so far are only the most obvious examples of misguided expenditures at the Department of Defense. Even larger savings could be realized by scaling back the Pentagon's global ambitions, which have caused nothing but trouble in the last decade and a half as the U.S. military has waged devastating and counterproductive wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria, and elsewhere across the Greater Middle East and Africa. An analysis by Ben Friedman of the libertarian Cato Institute estimates that the Pentagon could reduce its projected spending by one trillion dollars over the next decade if Washington reined in its interventionary instincts and focused only on America's core interests.
2) The War Budget: The wars of this century, from Iraq to Afghanistan and beyond, have largely been paid for through a special account that lies outside the regular Pentagon budget. This war budget — known in the antiseptic language of the Pentagon as the "Overseas Contingency Operations" account, or OCO — peaked at more than $180 billion at the height of the Bush administration's intervention in Iraq.
As troop numbers in that country and Afghanistan have plumetted from hundreds of thousands to about 15,000, the war budget, miraculously enough, hasn't fallen at anywhere near the same pace. That's because it's not even subject to the modest caps on the Pentagon's regular budget imposed by Congress back in 2011, as part of a deal to keep the government open.
3) Nuclear Warheads (and more): You might think that the most powerful weapons in the U.S. arsenal — nuclear warheads — would be paid for out of the Pentagon budget. And you would, of course, be wrong. The cost of researching, developing, maintaining, and "modernizing" the American arsenal of 6,800 nuclear warheads falls to an obscure agency located inside the Department of Energy, the National Nuclear Security Administration, or NNSA. It also works on naval nuclear reactors, pays for the environmental cleanup of nuclear weapons facilities, and funds the nation's three nuclear weapons laboratories, at a total annual cost of more than $20 billion per year.
4) "Other Defense": This catchall category encompasses a number of flows of defense-related funding that go to agencies other than the Pentagon. It totals about $8 billion per year. In recent years, about two-thirds of this money has gone to pay for the homeland security activities of the FBI, accounting for more than half of that agency's annual budget.
5) Homeland Security: After the 9/11 attacks, Congress created a mega-agency, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). It absorbed 22 then-existing entities, all involved in internal security and border protection, creating the sprawling cabinet department that now has 240,000 employees. For those of you keeping score at home, the agencies and other entities currently under the umbrella of DHS include the Coast Guard, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency, the Transportation Security Agency, the U.S. Secret Service, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE), and the Office of Intelligence Analysis (the only one of America's 17 intelligence agencies to fit under the department's rubric).
How many of these agencies actually make us safer? That would be a debatable topic, if anyone were actually interested in such a debate. ICE — America's deportation force — has, for instance, done far more to cause suffering than to protect us from criminals or terrorists. On the other hand, it's reassuring to know that there is an office charged with determining whether there is a nuclear weapon or radioactive "dirty bomb" in our midst.
6) Military Aid: U.S. government-run military aid programs have proliferated rapidly in this century. The United States now has scores of arms and training programs serving more than 140 countries. They cost more than $18 billion per year, with about 40% of that total located in the State Department's budget. While the Pentagon's share has already been accounted for, the $7 billion at State — which can ill afford to pay for such programs with the Trump administration seeking to gut the rest of its budget — has not.
7) Intelligence: The United States government has 16 separate intelligence agencies: the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); the National Security Agency (NSA); the Defense Intelligence Agency; the FBI; the State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research; the Department of Homeland Security Office of Intelligence Analysis; the Drug Enforcement Administration Office of National Security Intelligence; the Treasury Department Office of Intelligence and Analysis; the Department of Energy Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence; the National Reconnaissance Office; the National Geospatial Intelligence Agency; Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance; Army Military Intelligence; the Office of Naval Intelligence; Marine Corps Intelligence; and Coast Guard Intelligence. Add to these the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), which is supposed to coordinate this far-flung intelligence network, and you have a grand total of 17 agencies.
The U.S. will spend more than $70 billion on intelligence this year, spread across all these agencies. The bulk of this funding is contained in the Pentagon budget — including the budgets of the CIA and the NSA (believed to be hidden under obscure line items there). At most, a few billion dollars in additional expenditures on intelligence fall outside the Pentagon budget and since, given the secrecy involved, that figure can't be determined, let's not add anything further to our running tally.
8) Supporting Veterans: A steady uptick of veterans generated by the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan has dramatically increased the costs of supporting such vets once they come home, including the war wounded, some of whom will need medical care for life. For 2018, the Veterans Administration has requested over $186 billion for its budget, more than three times what it was before the 2001 intervention in Afghanistan.
9) Military Retirement: The trust fund set up to cover pensions for military retirees and their survivors doesn't have enough money to pay out all the benefits promised to these individuals. As a result, it is supplemented annually by an appropriation from the general revenues of the government. That supplement has by now reached roughly $80 billion per year.
10) Defense Share of Interest on the Debt: It's no secret that the U.S. government regularly runs at a deficit and that the total national debt is growing. It may be more surprising to learn that the interest on that debt runs at roughly $500 billion per year. The Project on Government Oversight calculates the share of the interest on that debt generated by defense-related programs at more than $100 billion annually.
So the next time you hear the president, the secretary of defense, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, or a hawkish lawmaker claim that the U.S. military is practically collapsing from a lack of funding, don't believe it for a second. Donald Trump may finally have put plutocracy in the Oval Office, but a militarized version of it has long been ensconced in the Pentagon and the rest of the national security state. In government terms, make no mistake about it, the Pentagon & Co. are the 1%.


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Growth In Incomes, Spending Slowed In 2012; Jobless Claims Jumped Last Week
Consumer spending rose in 2012, but not by as much as the year before. In December, these shoppers were out and about in Glendale, Calif.
Americans' personal incomes grew by 3.5 percent in 2012, compared with 5.1 percent growth the year before, the Bureau of Economic Analysis reports. And it says consumer spending rose 3.6 percent last year, vs. 5 percent in 2011.
But the year ended on one strong note: in December alone, incomes rose 2.6 percent from the month before. That's the biggest one-month rise in eight years, The Wall Street Journal says. Consumer spending was up 0.2 percent in December from November.
Also this morning, the Employment and Training Administration reported that there were 368,000 first-time claims for unemployment benefits last week. That's up 38,000 from the week before. The increase is from a five-year low and puts claims back at "levels consistent with modest job growth," Reuters writes.
The week's big economic indicator is due Friday at 8:30 a.m. ET. That's when the Bureau of Labor Statistics will issue its figures on job growth and unemployment in January. According to Bloomberg News, economists expect to hear that there were 165,000 jobs added to payrolls (vs. 155,000 in December) and that the unemployment rate remained unchanged at 7.8 percent.


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Samuel Giuseppe Vito Volterra
Born: 3 May 1860 in Ancona, Papal States (now Italy)
Died: 11 October 1940 in Rome, Italy
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Vito Volterra's parents Abramo Volterra, a cloth merchant, and Angelica Almagià were married on 15 March 1859. The family were of Jewish origins. The name Volterra comes from the Tuscan town of Volterra where one of Vito's ancestor moved in the 15th century, having originally come from Bologna. One of the Volterras had opened a bank in Florence while other members of the family were writers, collectors of books and manuscripts, and travellers. They had lived in various different cities but from the 18th century there were Volterras living in Ancona. Vito, his parents' only child, named after his maternal grandfather, was born at exactly the time (May 1860) when Giuseppe Garibaldi set out to conquer Sicily and Naples and so to create a unified Italy. After victories in Sicily, Garibaldi quickly moved north in August 1860. Ancona was at this time under the direct rule of the pope but Garibaldi's army besieged the town attacking it with missiles. Vito, aged about three months, was in his cradle when a missile fell close by destroying the cradle yet, by good fortune, baby Vito survived.
Surviving this close call certainly was not the end of the young child's problems. His father Abramo died when Vito was only two years old. The family was left without any means of financial support and only survived because Alfonso Almagià, a brother of Vito's mother, took care of them. They all moved from Ancona to Terni in the autumn of 1863 when Alfonso worked there for a railway company but in January 1865 he became an official with the Banco d'Italia in Turin and at this stage Vito and his mother returned to Ancona. After only a short stay in Turin, Alfonso moved to Florence where he continued to work for the bank, and Vito and his mother joined him there. It was in this city that Vito spent most of his childhood, although he returned to Ancona for some long family visits, and it was in Florence that he received his education. His interest in mathematics started at the age of 11 when he began to study Legendre's Geometry. At the age of 13 he began to study the Three Body Problem and made some progress by partitioning the time into small intervals over which he could consider the force constant. After elementary school, Vito studied at the lower secondary Dante Alighieri Technical School and later he spent three years at the Galileo Galilei Technical Institute in Florence.
Since his family were extremely poor, there was pressure on Vito to leave the Galileo Galilei Technical Institute after one year of study and take a job. However, his determination to continue studying, supported by his uncle Edoardo, saw him continue. Edoardo, who had a degree in applied mathematics and civil engineering, had a firm which was involved in railway construction. Alfonso put pressure on Vito to join Edoardo's firm but Edoardo kept delaying to allow Vito to continue his education. One of Vito's mathematics teachers at the Galileo Galilei Technical Institute was Cesare Arzelà and he quickly realised that Vito was an extremely talented mathematician. The physics teacher, Antonio Ròiti (1843-1921), became another important ally in Vito's bid to continue his education. Ròiti offered Vito a position teaching physics at the Istituto di Studi Superiori e di Perfezionamento in Florence in 1877, so managing to prevent him from being forced by Alfonso to take a job at the Banco d'Italia. Volterra was able to proceed to the University of Pisa in the autumn of 1878, enrolling in the faculty of Science. In the autumn of the following year he sat the competitive examination for entry to the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa and scored the highest possible marks. This meant he received a scholarship together with free board and lodgings. At the Scuola Normale he was taught by several inspiring teachers, the most influential being Ulisse Dini and Enrico Betti. Volterra published three papers in 1881 before graduating, one on mathematical physics Sul potenziale di un' elissoide eterogenea sopra sè stessa Ⓣ and two on analysis, Alcune osservazioni sulle funzioni punteggiate discontinue Ⓣ, on pointwise discontinuous functions, and Sui principii del calcolo integrale Ⓣ which became important in the development of the history of integration. At Pisa he worked for his thesis advised by Enrico Betti, graduating with his laurea in 1882. His thesis on hydrodynamics, Sopra alcuni problemi di idrodinami Ⓣ, included some results of George Stokes, which Volterra had discovered later but independently.
After graduating with his laurea, Volterra was appointed as Betti's assistant in December 1882. He was named Professor of Rational Mechanics at Pisa in 1883 and immediately gained a reputation as a severe and demanding teacher. He was well liked by his colleagues, for example Ernesto Pascal who arrived in Pisa in 1887 wrote in a letter to a friend (see [4]):-
Professor Volterra is an angelic young man, of characteristic modesty.
Volterra's mother Angelica had continued to live with her brother Alfonso while Volterra studied at Pisa and she continued to live in Florence until 1887 when she moved to Pisa and set up home with Volterra. His remarkable mathematical contributions were quickly recognised and he was awarded the gold medal of the National Academy of Sciences of Italy (the "Academy of XL") in 1887, he became a corresponding member of the Accademia dei Lincei and a member of the French Mathematical Society in 1888 and, three years later, he was elected to the Mathematical Circle of Palermo and also named a Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy. After Betti's death in 1892, he occupied the Chair of Mathematical Physics at Pisa. In the same year he became dean of the Faculty of Science at Pisa and succeeded Betti at editor-in-chief of the journal Nuovo Cimento. During these years while holding a chair at Pisa, Volterra had made a number of trips abroad. He visited Henri Poincaré in Paris in 1888 and was invited to come to Paris again in the following year for the Congrés international de bibliographie des sciences mathématique. This proved an important event since it saw Volterra become a significant member of the international mathematical community. In 1891, as a consequence of these newly established connections, he travelled to Germany spending a month at the University of Göttingen and a few days at the University of Berlin. He met a number of leading German mathematicians on this trip including Hermann Schwarz and Leopold Kronecker.
Although he never formally applied for the position, he was offered the Chair of Higher Mechanics and Rational Mechanics at the University of Turin in July 1893. It would appear that Enrico D'Ovidio was behind the invitation. Volterra wrote to Ulisse Dini a few days later (see [4]):-
Most esteemed Professor, I have come to look for you several times in recent days but I have never succeeded in finding you. I would like to tell you some news that I received the other day from Segre, that is, that the Faculty of Turin has called me there to succeed Siacci, who is going to Naples. This news reached me unexpectedly, and I have written to Turin saying that since it concerns a matter of importance I wanted to wait until I had had time to reflect on it.
Pisa tried to entice him to stay, while Turin tried hard to persuade him to accept their offer which Volterra eventually did. One of his new colleagues at Turin was Giuseppe Peano and, beginning in 1895, the two mathematicians became involved in a dispute. This was an unfortunate affair which started as a priority dispute but became rather heated. The dispute did nothing to harm Volterra's reputation, if anything he came out of it rather well, and he continued to receive honours for his contributions. In particular, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences of Italy (the "Academy of XL") in 1894 and, in the same year, became a member of the board of the Mathematical Circle of Palermo. He won the mathematics prize from the Accademia dei Lincei in 1895. In 1897 he attended the first International Congress of Mathematicians in Zürich and there met Paul Painlevé and Émile Borel who invited him to Paris in the following year. He made the visit and had useful discussions with Henri Lebesgue. The next International Congress of Mathematicians was held in Paris in August 1900 and Volterra was invited to give one of the four plenary lectures; he gave the lecture Betti, Brioschi, Casorati - Trois analystes italiens et trois manières d'envisager les questions d'analyse Ⓣ.
By the time Volterra gave his lecture in Paris he was married. After a short engagement of one month, he married his second cousin Virginia Almagià, the daughter of Edoardo Almagià, on 11 July 1900. They spent their honeymoon in Switzerland visiting places that Volterra knew from his visit for the International Congress in 1897. He had also been appointed to the Chair of Mathematical Physics at Rome where he succeeded Eugenio Beltrami who had died in February of 1900. Volterra took up the appointment in Rome in November 1900 and, in the following year, gave his inaugural lecture Sui tentativi di applicazione delle matematiche alle scienze biologiche e sociali Ⓣ which discussed applications of mathematics to the biological and social sciences. His first child, a son, was born in 1901 but died soon after birth. A second child, a daughter Luisa, was born in 1902 and in the same year his uncle Alfonso died. Let us continue to give Vito and Virginia Volterra's other children: Edoardo (born 1904), Enrico (born 1905), Gustavo (born 1906 but died after a few months) and Gustavo (born 1909). Volterra was not in Rome when some of these children were born since to travelled much over these years. The summer of 1901 was spent in England (London, Oxford and Cambridge), in 1902 he visited Germany (Berlin) as well as Denmark, Sweden and Norway. He received an honorary degree from the University of Christiana while there for the centenary of Niels Abel's birth. In 1904 he was back in England when awarded an honorary degree by the University of Cambridge. He also attended the International Congress of Mathematicians in Heidelberg in August 1904 and four years later was a plenary speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Rome giving the address Le matematiche in Italia nella seconda metà del secolo XIX Ⓣ. In 1909 he gave a series of lectures at Clark University in Massachusetts, United States, and received an honorary degree from the university as part of its 20th anniversary celebrations. In 1912 he was in London for the 250th celebrations of the Royal Society receiving its Royal Charter - he had been elected as a fellow in 1910. Also in 1912, he went on a lengthy lecture tour of leading American universities. Let us now examine some of his important mathematical contributions.
Volterra conceived the idea of a theory of functions which depend on a continuous set of values of another function in 1883. Hadamard was later to introduce the word 'functional' which replaced Volterra's original terminology. In 1890 Volterra showed by means of his functional calculus that the theory of Hamilton and Jacobi for the integration of the differential equations of dynamics could be extended to other problems of mathematical physics. During the years 1892 to 1894 Volterra published papers on partial differential equations, particularly the equation of cylindrical waves. His most famous work was done on integral equations. He began this study in 1884 and in 1896 he published papers on what is now called 'an integral equation of Volterra type'. He continued to study functional analysi applications to integral equations producing a large number of papers on composition and permutable functions. Let us quote from [66] regarding these contributions by Volterra:-
The theory of functionals as a generalization of the idea of a function of several independent variables was developed by Volterra in a series of papers published since 1887 and was inspired by the problems of the calculus of variations. These papers initiated the modern theory of functional analysis. They attracted attention at once from the foremost mathematicians of his time. Actually the name "functional" was introduced later by Hadamard and has now replaced Volterra's original nomenclature. In developing this theory Volterra already followed a principle which guided him through many discoveries and which he called the passage from the discrete to the continuous. It was this principle which he applied to his celebrated researches on integral equations of Volterra's type. He considered heuristically the integral equations as a limiting case of a system of linear algebraic equations and then checked his final formulae directly. His procedure opened the way for Fredholm and Hilbert who, however, investigated the limiting process itself.
World War I broke out in 1914 but, shortly after hostilities began on 3 August, Italy declared that it would not commit troops to the fighting. This was despite having an alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary. Volterra spoke out strongly against Italy honouring its treaty with the Central Powers. Italy revoked this alliance on 3 May 1915 and later that month declared war on Austria-Hungary. The day before war was declared Volterra repeated a request he had made in April to enlist:-
... in technical or laboratory service or in another service of any form or nature whatsoever.
Volterra became a lieutenant in the corps of engineers and was sent to the Central Institute of Aeronautics. He was given the task of determining how guns could be fired from dirigibles without causing them to catch fire. He was appointed as head of the Office of Inventions in 1917. This coordinated contributions from the military, industry and the universities. It was renamed the Office of Inventions and Research in 1918. After the War he returned to the University of Rome and his interests moved to mathematical biology. He studied the Verhulst equation and the logistic curve. He also wrote on predator-prey equations. Weinstein writes [66]:-
A considerable part of the work of Volterra in the latter part of his life was devoted to the applications of mathematics to biology. The subject of these investigations was mainly the study of biological associations of animals of different species living together. In other words he was interested in a mathematical theory of the "survival of the fittest." While there are today other methods of a stochastic nature, the work of Volterra still exerts a dominant influence on several modern and quite recent developments in mathematical biology.
In 1920 he was invited to give a plenary address at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Strasbourg; this was his third invitation to be a plenary speaker. He gave the lecture Sur l'enseignement de la physique mathématique et de quelques points d'analyse Ⓣ. Let us note that he was again invited as a plenary speaker at the 1928 International Congress of Mathematicians in Bologna where he gave the lecture La teoria dei funzionali applicata ai fenomeni ereditari Ⓣ.
The Italian Fascist movement had started around 1921 as a nationalist movement. Led by Benito Mussolini, the Fascists came to power in 1923 although at this time they did not adopt racial policies. Volterra fought against the Fascists in the Italian Parliament but continued to be a leading figure being elected the first president of the Italian National Council for Research in 1923 and, in the same year, elected president of the Accademia dei Lincei. By 1926 the Fascists had abolished all opposition parties and Volterra felt he could not continue with these two roles, and resigned as president. By 1928 elections to Parliament had been abolished and the police began constructing a file on Volterra as being "politically suspect". He was subject to police surveillance from that time on. When Volterra refused to take the oath of allegiance to the Fascist Government in 1931, which was required of all tenured and contracted professors, he was forced to leave the University of Rome. From the following year he lived mostly abroad, mainly in Paris but also Spain and other countries. For refusing to sign another oath to Fascism he was removed from the Accademia dei Lincei in 1934 and removed from the Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere in 1938 because he was Jewish. It was a sad end to his highly successful career. The Manifesto della razza (Manifesto of Race) enacted by Mussolini in July 1938 stripped Jews of Italian citizenship and banned them from positions in banking, government, and education. By this time, two of Volterra's sons held university positions and they were deprived of these by the racial laws. Volterra advised his sons to go abroad and try to start a new life there. Enrico moved to the Untied States and became a professor of aerospace engineering at the University of Texas.
Volterra was offered an honorary degree by the University of St Andrews in 1938 but, although he wished to come, his doctor did not allow him to travel to Scotland to receive it. Edmund Whittaker writes [68]:-
In December 1938 he was affected by phlebitis: the use of his limbs was never recovered, but his intellectual energy was unaffected, and it was after this that his two last papers 'The general equations of biological strife in the case of historical actions' and 'Energia nei fenomeni elastici ereditarii' were published by the Edinburgh Mathematical Society and the Pontifical Academy of Sciences respectively. On the morning of 11 October 1940 he died at his house in Rome. In accordance with his wishes, he was buried in the small cemetery of Ariccia, on a little hill, near the country-house which he loved so much and where he had passed the serenest hours of his noble and active life.
List of References (69 books/articles)
A Quotation
A Poster of Vito Volterra
Honours awarded to Vito Volterra
1. Speaker at International Congress 1900
4. Fellow of the Royal Society 1910
5. Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1913
8. Lunar features Crater Volterra
Italian Mathematical Union
Italian Society of Applied and Industrial Mathematics
MathSciNet Author profile
JOC/EFR © May 2013
https://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Volterra.html


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Royal baby live updates: Meghan Markle gives birth to a baby boy
Meghan Markle went into labour on Monday morning and has given birth to a boy.
REFRESH FOR UPDATES
The duke and duchess's Instagram account @SussexRoyal also announced the birth saying: "It's a boy! Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Sussex are overjoyed to announce the birth of their child."
A beaming Harry said: "It's been the most amazing experience I could ever have possibly imagined.
"How any woman does what they do is beyond comprehension. But we're both absolutely thrilled.
"We're both absolutely thrilled and so grateful for all the love and support from everybody out there, it's been amazing, so we just wanted to share this with everybody."
Meghan Markle and Prince Harry
Harry said the couple were "still thinking about names" for their son.
He said: "The baby was a little bit overdue so we've had a little bit of time to think about it.
"That's the next bit."
He said he planned to make another announcement in two days' time "so everyone can see the baby".
Harry added: "I haven't been at many births.
"This is definitely my first birth - it was amazing, absolutely incredible.
"I'm so incredibly proud of my wife.
Devolution to UK cities key for nation's growth, London deputy mayor
"And as every father and parent would say, your baby is absolutely amazing.
"But this little thing is absolutely to-die-for so I'm absolutely over the moon."
Harry and Meghan's baby will be seventh in line to the throne and the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh's eighth great-grandchild, and a fourth grandchild for the Prince of Wales.
The baby's sex will be a surprise for the couple, who chose not to find out what they were having.
Ahead of the birth, the duke and duchess made a personal decision to keep the arrangements private, amid speculation they had opted for a home birth at their new home Frogmore Cottage, close to the Queen's Windsor Castle home.
They have said they will only share the news of the baby's arrival once they have had a chance to celebrate privately as a family.
Meghan was last seen on an official engagement on March 19 when she signed a book of condolences in London with Harry for the victims of the Christchurch terror attack.
The American former actress and the duke moved into their renovated home Frogmore Cottage on the Windsor Estate at the beginning of April, as they prepared for their baby's arrival.


This thesis presents a search for invisible decays of the Higgs boson using the vector boson fusion channel. This uses 36 fb^−1 of proton-proton collision data at √s = 13 TeV using the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The experimental methods for understanding the signal and background processes as well as detector effects are described in detail. The search is carried out in several regions defined by kinematic requirements on the final-state objects, and the observed event yields are used in a profile-likelihood fit in order to constrain the backgrounds. The results are interpreted using a modified frequentist method and are found to be consistent with the Standard Model expectations. An upper limit of 34% (28% expected) at 95% C.L. is placed on the invisible branching ratio of the Higgs boson. Re-interpretation of these results in terms of dark matter is also discussed, in the context of the Higgs portal and other simplified models.
Balunas, William, "A Search For Nothing: Dark Matter And Invisible Decays Of The Higgs Boson At The Atlas Detector" (2018). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2723.


Where were you fifteen years ago this month? Do you remember when the NASDAQ Composite hit an all-time high of over 5,000? I sure do. It was the beginning of the end. During the first week of March I was abroad leading a one week tour of companies with 15 of the leading international mutual fund managers in the U.S. and Europe. It was during my Piper Jaffray days and everyone was as bullish as you can imagine. Oops. Oh well.
It may seem hard to fathom, but the S&P 500 Index rose 9.67% that month, following two straight monthly declines of 5% and over 2%, respectively. The consensus was that the drops were needed to weed out weaker stocks and to give the market breathing room to move higher. Of course the ensuing months were brutal by and large as valuations were unsustainable as were the dollars allocated to stocks.
Today, we are in a very different state. We are not enjoying strong GDP growth. Financial markets and sovereign governments are not in as solid a shape. Valuations are not too high on a relative or historical basis, but we are getting close. All of the major indices are trading between 17-19x forward twelve-month estimated earnings. We remain bullish in the aggregate and look forward to NASDAQ 5000 again, this month. Still, this week's economic data and current trends may have more to do with market direction than anything else.
This week alone there are 12 economic data reports ranging from January personal income and spending, to manufacturing, to international trade, to employment. Thus, we could have a herky-jerky week of trading, although with an upward bias.
Beyond this month, stocks could get the proverbial Apple (NASDAQ—AAPL) boost from the introduction of the Apple watch. Still, I think that a change in overall expectations really needs to be taken into account from the big picture perspective in order to accurately forecast sector and market trends.
Ever since the Millennials report was released by the Pew Research Center, with a follow-up by the White House in October 2014, marketing and other experts have been digesting and pontificating on the data attempting to make heads or tails of what it really means.
The bottom line is that millennials (those born from 1980-1999) make up more than 28% of the U.S. population and these 92 million people of (what is also called) Generation Y are very different from the Generation X and baby boomer segments. That means that the direction of the economy, governmental and social agendas are being turned on their collective ears, thus making prognostications difficult, going forward.
For example, when our economy has been under pressure, the housing market has been a big driver of growth as part of the rebound given its reach in so many consumer purchases and service-related businesses. Today, with high college debt levels, marrying later, and no burning desire for home ownership after witnessing a housing price collapse, the housing engine is not going to come to the rescue anytime soon.
LivePerson, Inc. (NASDAQ—LPSN—$11.54) is a stock that has been around 20 years, but given its model, appears to be right in the sweet spot for millennials and is a familiar feature to anyone on the Web today.
LivePerson, Inc. provides digital engagement solutions that facilitate real-time assistance and expert advice in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific region. It operates in two segments, Business and Consumer. The company facilitates real-time online interactions, such as chat, voice, and content delivery across various channels and screens for corporations of various sizes; and facilitates online transactions between independent service providers and individual consumers seeking information and knowledge for a fee via real-time chat. It sells its products through direct and indirect sales channels to Fortune 500 companies, Internet businesses, online merchants, government agencies, and organizations in the financial services, retail, telecommunications, technology, and travel/hospitality industries.
You would be hard pressed to find someone that hasn't used the service (via pop-up windows on websites) at least once and that explains its historical and projected success. The Company is projected to increase sales by 26% to $266M in 2015, up from $210M in 2014. EPS is also forecast to rise dramatically, from $0.20 last year to $0.29 this year, and $0.36 in 2016. LPSN has no debt, $44M in cash and its float is over 60% owned by institutions. While the stock is not cheap, a 20% or more rise is not out of the question in the coming months.


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New North Stand sponsors revealed
RM Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Ltd are the new North Stand sponsors at One Call Stadium for the 2021/22 season, we are pleased to announce.
The Mansfield-based business, which is a family-run air conditioning equipment and servicing company, were randomly drawn as North Stand sponsors as part of Wednesday evening's 200 Club draw.
The 200 Club gives businesses or individuals the chance to sponsor the North Stand for the entire season.
Therefore, the North Stand will be known as the RM Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Stand for the duration of the 2021/22 campaign.
Commercial manager Paul Nyland said: "First of all, I would like to say congratulations to RM Refrigeration & Air Conditioning for winning sponsorship of the North Stand for the coming season.
"We are so pleased with the commercial commitments and show of support from local companies for this year's 200 Club.
"I have been overwhelmed with the number of businesses that have entered this year's draw considering the difficulties we have all faced over the last 18 months.
"The 200 Club has once again proven to be another example of local companies coming together to support Mansfield Town."
New prizes to be won in this month's Stags' Super Draw!
Spectacular new prizes are up for grabs in this month's Stags' Super Draw - in association with Bapp for Bolts and United Carpets & Beds!
Winners announced: Stags' Super Draw
Congratulations to Stags' supporter Dennis Cassidy, who has won £1,000 in the first Stags' Super Draw!
Win £1,000 in the new Stags' Super Draw + 9 other spectacular prizes!
There are more spectacular new prizes to be won for Mansfield Town supporters in this month's Stags' Super Draw - in association with Bapp for Bolts and United Carpets & Beds!
New North Stand sponsor sees uptake in business
ME Environmental are pleased to have experienced an uptake in business since winning sponsorship of the North Stand earlier this month.


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Caring Management: Myth or Reality?
Good managers and caring management are still real assets for a company even in this time of the Corona Virus pandemic and the rise of freelancing. Those who have the qualities necessary to direct the action of the teams and maintain their motivation are always sought after, even if each generation has a different style, due to the economic environment of the moment.
Management is Always Cultural
Management and its methods of actions are always an important part of a culture. We have seen recently that the values of a Nation deeply influence the styles acceptable to employees. There are thus different ways of ruling depending on whether one is in the United States, China, Japan, Europe, or Russia. By taking a little more height, there are Western, Asian, or African models of management.
Rules That Adapt to Everyone
In addition, in the past, the type of management adapted according to the sectors, as pointed out by numerous books which put in opposition a few years ago the banking and advertising universes by way of example. Nowadays, it can be said that the main principles can just as easily apply in a car factory or an innovative start-up of a few people.
It is the styles that change, the form more than the substance. Once these particularities have been integrated, modern management values can then be expressed and adapted to different countries and fields of activity.
A Wind of Change
One element is promoting the wind of change in management, and its full employment. This may concern a whole market, as is the case in the United States or Germany, but also certain tight trades, such as those related to artificial intelligence or cybersecurity.
In this type of environment, it is the employee who chooses his employer, sometimes even his salary and not the opposite. It, therefore, becomes important to attract the best skills. Reputation, brand image, values transmitted via social networks play an important role today, more than in the past.
The Demand for Meaning and Freedom
Millennials are in the process of imposing new rules and are forcing managers to question themselves in the face of their entrenched requirements. When they are the managers, they obviously have a different vision from their elders as to how to manage people. You could say that employees followed the same approach as consumers.
They have stopped going to hypermarkets every Saturday to fill their shopping carts, to move towards more varied, less loyal consumption patterns, looking for new products (e.g. online gifts, shoes, etc.), proximity and healthy values.
New Rules and Values
The "new" employees also put forward different behaviors compared to the 80s and 90s: the decisions must be explained, understood, the manager must almost obtain the support of his teams to work, the simple notions of authority and hierarchy are no longer sufficient in many cases.
Similarly, the search for balance and fulfillment between private and professional life means that constant trade-offs are made between financial considerations related to work and family and personal considerations. Among other things, this means that salary is no longer the main motivation criterion. It is for some, not for others, and not forever.
Squaring the Circle
A manager must learn to play the best possible with 3 cards: a goal, a team, material means. How he uses these three elements will determine the content of his results, good or bad. The patterns have changed.
Many specialists no longer systematically place it at the top of a pyramid, it is more often today located in the center of a circle. It is not closed, leaving freedom of movement inside and outside the circle. Some authors speak of the transition from a vertical system to a horizontal system. The organization must allow transparency.
If discretion or confidentiality can be required, secrecy is badly lived, while it is the basis of certain traditional managerial styles.
Different Playing Cards
1. The "Objective" Card
Whether it is the vision of the company or a quantified objective, the card must be clearly exposed to the table, presented, explained. Even better, the ideal is for the manager to have prepared this objective in advance with the employees, via a preliminary debate or discussion, thereby de facto facilitating future membership.
Indeed, when, if the final decision or approval of the goal rests with the business manager or with the management body, it is smart to consult the team. They often have ingenious proposals to make, and this liberated expression, proof of recognition, also helps to limit the frustrations of some, who are tempted to leave the company.
2. The "Team" Card
It is obvious in this card that the heart of management resides. With the qualified generations of Y or Z, graduates, it is more and more often the interest of the function which takes precedence over the other criteria, including that of the remuneration.
Managers and other bosses must prove that they are in their place by their behavior and skills; a shock for many leaders, not always ready to accept this questioning. The good side is that these new employees understand that the same goes for them.
3. The "Means" Card
The resources allocated are limited, often limited, and the manager must integrate a new constraint: that of the environment. Indeed, the art of mastering the financial aspect remains an intangible element of the qualities expected from a manager, but it becomes essential to consider the scarcity of certain resources. The time for abundance is over, frugality is in order, making the task of the leader even more complex ... and interesting.
A few years back, it seemed that the idea of transitional management is one of the flagship phenomena in terms of recruitment. Initially, these transition managers were mainly hired to overcome a crisis, social plan, sudden departure of an executive, etc. Today, transitional management also exists internally.
Some companies, working in working groups for the execution of different missions carried out in parallel, decide to appoint temporary managers. These new project managers, therefore, have managerial responsibilities for a defined period. It is only about knowing how to highlight the talents best suited to the task at hand.
This is often very well received by experts who appreciate that their talent is recognized during a mission, but who are not interested in a permanent function of manager, because of the stress that this induces for them, or of workload in relation to their private lives. The degree of autonomy granted must, therefore, be studied before any decision is made concerning an individual.
Take Time
Changes take time, so do not rush any event, but prepare them by starting to work with the leader and executive themselves before going any further. The famous Socratic "Know Yourself" has never been mentioned as much in the context of the company.
Today, the job choices made by young graduates of business schools, for example, are not always perfectly correlated with the skills they have learned and developed. The reason? Young people most often want to be sure to flourish in what they do, even if it means not always doing what is expected of them.
It also means that managers must perfectly master the art of delegation, while many admit that they do not know, be able or want to delegate.
Not Too Much Needed
Management, therefore, wants to be released, delivered as the song says. Also, benevolent, agile, responsible... Not too much is needed anyway!
Be careful not to lose your managers during the transformation phase. Everything depends on a clear idea of the organization we are targeting, the timing and clear explanations of the process and expected results. Without forgetting the basics of salaries and career development. Clearly…
Vikram Rana is Marketing Manager at LiftnGift and has served as the Head of Conversion Marketing at Planet Web Solution. He is an expert in inbound marketing and lead generation.
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