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Home Overview CyrusOne Inc. Announces Tender Offers & Consent Solicitations
DALLAS--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Nov. 20, 2019-- CyrusOne Inc. (NASDAQ:CONE) (the "Company") today announced that CyrusOne LP and CyrusOne Finance Corp. (the "Issuers") have commenced tender offers (each, a "Tender Offer") to purchase for cash any and all of their outstanding 5.000% Senior Notes due 2024 and 5.375% Senior Notes due 2027 (together, the "Notes").
In conjunction with the Tender Offers, the Issuers have also commenced solicitations of consents (the "Consent Solicitations") to amend the indentures governing each series of Notes to reduce the notice requirements for optional redemption from 30 days to 3 business days, to eliminate substantially all of the restrictive covenants and certain events of default and to eliminate or modify certain other provisions contained in each indenture. The Tender Offers and Consent Solicitations (together, the "Offers") are being made upon the terms and conditions set forth in the Offer to Purchase and Consent Solicitation Statement (the "Offer to Purchase and Consent Solicitation"), dated November 20, 2019.
Holders of the Notes are urged to carefully read the Offer to Purchase and Consent Solicitation before making any decision with respect to the Offers. The following table summarizes certain material terms of the Offers:
CUSIP Numbers
Outstanding Principal Amount
Title of Security
Early Redemption Date
Fixed Spread
Reference Security
Relevant Bloomberg Page
Consent Payment
23283PAE4
23283PAG9
5.000% Senior
Notes due 2024
1.625% U.S. Treasury Note due March 15, 2020
$30.00 per $1,000 Principal Amount of Notes
23283PAH7
23283PAK0
Holders who validly tender their Notes of either series and deliver their consent pursuant to the Consent Solicitations on or prior to 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on December 4, 2019, unless extended or earlier terminated as described in the Offer to Purchase and Consent Solicitation (the "Consent Payment Deadline"), and who do not validly withdraw their Notes or consent, will be eligible to receive the applicable total consideration for such series of Notes determined in the manner described in the Offer to Purchase and Consent Solicitation by reference to the fixed spread over the yield to maturity of the applicable Reference Security listed above (for each series of Notes, the "applicable Total Consideration"), which, for each series of Notes, includes a consent payment equal to $30.00 per $1,000 principal amount of tendered Notes. For Notes that have been validly tendered prior to the Consent Payment Deadline, settlement is expected to be December 5, 2019, which is the next business day following the Consent Payment Deadline.
Holders who properly tender their Notes of either series after the Consent Payment Deadline and on or prior to the Offer Expiration Time (as defined below), and who do not validly withdraw their Notes, will be eligible to receive an amount equal to the applicable Total Consideration less the $30.00 consent payment per $1,000 principal amount of that series of tendered Notes.
The Offers will expire at 11:59 p.m., New York City time, on December 18, 2019, unless extended or earlier terminated as described in the Offer to Purchase and Consent Solicitation (the "Offer Expiration Time").
In addition, all validly tendered and accepted Notes will receive accrued and unpaid interest up to, but not including, the payment date of the Notes.
The Company's obligation to accept for purchase and to pay for any Notes validly tendered or consents delivered pursuant to the Offers is subject to the satisfaction or waiver of certain conditions described in the Offer to Purchase and Consent Solicitation. Notes tendered and consents delivered pursuant to the Offers may be withdrawn at any time before the Consent Payment Deadline.
The Company expressly reserves the right, in its sole discretion, subject to applicable law, to (i) terminate or withdraw either Offer at any time and not accept for purchase any Notes or consents, (ii) waive any or all of the conditions of either Offer, in whole or in part, at any time prior to the Offer Expiration Time and from time to time, (iii) extend the Offer Expiration Time or the Consent Payment Deadline or (iv) otherwise amend either Offer in any respect. If the Company makes a material change in the terms of either Offer or the information concerning such Offer or waives a material condition of such Offer, the Company will disseminate additional offering materials and extend the Offers to the extent required by law. Until the Offer Expiration Time, no assurance can be given that the Offers will be completed.
The Issuers expect to redeem any and all of the Notes not tendered by issuing a notice of redemption immediately following the initial settlement date. Nothing in this press release should be construed as a notice of redemption with respect to the Notes.
The Company has retained Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC to serve as dealer manager for the Offers. The information agent and tender agent for the Offers is Ipreo LLC. For additional information regarding the terms of the Offers, please contact Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC at (800) 828-3182. Requests for the Offer to Purchase and Consent Solicitation Statement may be directed to Ipreo LLC, by telephone at (888) 593-9546, by email at ipreo-tenderoffer@ihsmarkit.com or in writing at 450 West 33rd Street, 5th Floor, New York, New York 10001.
None of the Company, Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC or Ipreo LLC makes any recommendation in connection with the Offers. Holders must make their own decisions as to whether to tender their Notes, and, if so, the principal amount of Notes to tender.
This press release is for informational purposes only and is neither an offer to purchase or sell nor a solicitation of an offer to purchase or sell any securities. The Offers are being made solely by means of the Offer to Purchase and Consent Solicitation. In those jurisdictions where the securities, blue sky or other laws require any tender offer to be made by a licensed broker or dealer, the Offers will be deemed to be made on behalf of the Company by one or more registered brokers or dealers licensed under the laws of such jurisdiction.
Safe Harbor Note
This release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The Company intends such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and includes this statement for purposes of complying with these safe harbor provisions. All statements, other than statements of historical facts, are statements that could be deemed forward-looking statements. These statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts, and projections about the industries in which the Company operates and the beliefs and assumptions of the Company's management. Words such as "expects," "anticipates," "predicts," "projects," "intends," "plans," "believes," "seeks," "estimates," "continues," "endeavors," "strives," "may," variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. In addition, any statements that refer to projections of the Company's future financial performance, the Company's anticipated growth and trends in the Company's businesses, and other characterizations of future events or circumstances are forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned these forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties, which could cause the Company's actual results to differ materially and adversely from those reflected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in this release and those discussed in other documents the Company files with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). More information on potential risks and uncertainties is available in the Company's recent filings with the SEC, including the Company's Form 10-K report, Form 10-Q reports, and Form 8-K reports. The Company disclaims any obligation other than as required by law to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect changes in underlying assumptions or factors or for new information, data or methods, future events or other changes.
CyrusOne (NASDAQ: CONE) is a high-growth real estate investment trust (REIT) specializing in highly reliable enterprise-class, carrier-neutral data center properties. CyrusOne provides mission-critical data center facilities that protect and ensure the continued operation of IT infrastructure for approximately 1,000 customers, including more than 200 Fortune 1000 companies.
With a track record of meeting and surpassing the aggressive speed-to-market demands of hyperscale cloud providers, as well as the expanding IT infrastructure requirements of the enterprise, CyrusOne provides the flexibility, reliability, security, and connectivity that foster business growth. CyrusOne offers a tailored, customer service-focused platform and is committed to full transparency in communication, management, and service delivery throughout its nearly 50 data centers worldwide.
Michael Schafer
Vice President, Capital Markets & Investor Relations


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Vida y época de Michael K (Life & Times of Michael K) es una novela de 1983 del autor sudafricano y ganador del Premio Nobel de LIteratura J. M. Coetzee. En el mismo año fue galardonado con el Premio Booker y en 1984 con el Premio Literario CNA. La novela describe una Sudáfrica futura fuertemente ficticia, en un estado de guerra civil desde una perspectiva anterior al fin del apartheid, y es uno de los textos más leídos de Coetzee. El personaje principal es el taciturno jardinero Michael K, descrito como mentalmente simple, que quiere llevar a su madre en un carro de mano a través del caos de la guerra hasta la granja donde nació. En el transcurso de la historia, la madre muere, lo que no impide que Michael K continúe el viaje con sus cenizas. El texto cambia varias veces la perspectiva narrativa. Vida y época de Michael K trata cuestiones como las relaciones de poder, resistencia política e individualidad y es rico en referencias a otros textos. El lenguaje, la comunicación y la comprensión interpersonal también son temas centrales. La novela fue recibida en la mayor parte de los casos positivamente por la crítica, y una gran cantidad de investigaciones literarias se ocupan de ella.

Ambientación
La novela tiene lugar, en parte, en regiones reales de Sudáfrica. Publicada once años antes del fin del apartheid, describe un escenario futuro en el que persiste la segregación racial y reina una guerra civil. Sin embargo, no está claro quiénes son exactamente las partes en el conflicto. Tampoco se dan los tiempos exactos, sin embargo, se puede deducir de las descripciones de los logros técnicos, que corresponden consistentemente a la situación en el momento de la publicación de la novela, que el futuro no está muy lejos. También hay algunas alusiones a eventos pasados en Sudáfrica, como el levantamiento de Soweto de 1976 y los disturbios posteriores. De esta manera, Coetzee proyecta los conflictos de este período y las preocupaciones y temores asociados de la población hacia el futuro.

Trama

El personaje principal, Michael K, es un jardinero humilde y sin educación en los suburbios de Ciudad del Cabo, caracterizado en la primera oración de la novela por su labio leporino. Su color de piel nunca se menciona directamente en la novela, sin embargo, según las entradas en una ficha que se guarda sobre él en la estación de policía, se puede concluir indirectamente que es de color. La trama de la novela comienza con el nacimiento de K. Tiene un fuerte vínculo con su madre, una limpiadora que lo trata con desdén debido a su desfiguración física. Cuando la guerra civil se intensifica y su madre enferma gravemente, Michael K renuncia a su trabajo para llevar a su madre a su granja natal cerca de Prince Albert. Incapaz de conseguir los papeles necesarios para el viaje, transporta a su madre en un carro de mano. En el camino, ella muere en un hospital de Stellenbosch. Michael K quiere llevar sus cenizas a la granja en una bolsa de plástico, pero los funcionarios del gobierno lo atrapan en el camino y lo llevan a un campo de trabajo. Después de escapar, se esconde en una granja abandonada (no está claro si esta es realmente la granja natal de su madre) y cultiva calabazas. Desde allí, observa repetidamente a los combatientes de la resistencia que pasan y, a veces, usan su jardín. Aunque esto lo enoja, no sale de su escondite.

Después de ser capturado nuevamente por los soldados, lo envían a un campo de reasentamiento en la región del Cabo. Allí, un médico comienza a interesarse por él. Michael K se niega a comer y se enferma gravemente. El médico intenta en vano comprender la motivación detrás de su comportamiento e intenta lograr su liberación. Al final, sin embargo, Michael K logra escapar de nuevo. Vive con nómadas por un tiempo, pero luego regresa a su antiguo departamento en Ciudad del Cabo. Al final de la novela, Michael K saca agua de un pozo con una cucharilla y decide elevar esta forma de vida (recogiendo una ínfima porción tras otra) a un principio. Al mismo tiempo, se hace referencia al comienzo: el bebé Michael fue alimentado por su madre con una cucharita, porque no podía beber de un biberón debido a su labio leporino.

Estructura
La novela se divide en tres secciones. La primera, y con mucho más larga, describe en tercera persona la historia de Michael K antes de su incorporación al campamento. Los diálogos son relativamente raros debido a su naturaleza poco comunicativa. La narración se limita en gran medida a las descripciones de la trama y algunos pensamientos de Michael K El personaje no es presentado de una manera completamente coherente: si bien muchos de sus pensamientos tienen un nivel ingenuo, a veces infantil, algunas reflexiones también alcanzan un nivel relativamente alto que se lee como contradictorio con respecto a su comportamiento habitual. Derek Attridge vio este estilo narrativo como un intento de distanciar la narración misma de Michael K: en su opinión, debe quedar claro que la narración no captura realmente la vida interior de Michael K (como se sugeriría en el estilo indirecto libre), pero siempre se mantiene una posición artificial fuera del mundo real del pensamiento.

La segunda parte de la novela describe el tiempo de Michael K en el campo de reintegración y trae consigo un cambio radical de perspectiva. Consiste en las entradas del diario del médico, escritas en primera persona, que reflejan sus intentos por comprender a Michael K No se dice nada sobre su vida interior en esta parte: el lector solo experimenta la incapacidad del médico para comprender la personalidad de Michael K El médico se dirige constantemente a él con un nombre falso, a saber, "Michaels".

La tercera y más corta parte, trata del tiempo posterior a la fuga de Michael y, al igual que la primera parte, se cuenta nuevamente en tercera persona. Sin embargo, esta vez el propio Michael K tiene la palabra: en un pasaje al final de la novela, sus propios pensamientos y su filosofía de vida se reproducen en el habla. Para Dominic Head, la estructura formal de toda la novela está diseñada para dar a esta parte una alta prioridad.

Interpretaciones

Título y nombre del personaje principal.

El título Life & Times de Michael K (en el original en inglés, a diferencia de la traducción al alemán, sin el punto abreviado ) se ha interpretado de varias maneras. Por un lado, el nombre del personaje principal hace referencia a los personajes principales de las novelas El juicio y El castillo de Franz Kafka, que comparten la inicial K con el personaje principal de Coetzee. La referencia directa de Coetzee a Kafka es prácticamente un consenso en la investigación sobre la novela. El propio Coetzee dijo que "no había monopolio sobre la letra K". El primer nombre Michael también da lugar a una lectura autobiográfica : Michael es el segundo nombre de Coetzee, al mismo tiempo, su apellido a veces aparece en variantes como "Kotze" o "Koekemor", de las cuales la K puede derivarse, como apunta Nadine Gordimer (quien, al mismo tiempo, es prácticamente la única intérprete que niega cualquier conexión con Kafka). El mismo Coetzee ha expresado repetidamente la opinión de que los elementos autobiográficos no pueden desterrarse de la literatura y que todo texto es autobiográfico hasta cierto punto. En varias de sus obras se mezclan narraciones autobiográficas con ficción, lo que ha llevado a interpretar que el nombre de Michael K es también una alusión destinada a crear confusión al respecto.

(La) vida y época de... es a su vez una fórmula utilizada en el título de biografías, novelas de aprendizaje y novelas históricas desde el . y por lo tanto crea una conexión con estos géneros. Estas tradiciones generalmente tenían como objetivo retratar a un individuo en el contexto de su sociedad, en la novela de Coetzee esto se rompe irónicamente cuando el personaje principal Michael K intenta cortar toda conexión con el mundo exterior y con otras personas. Debido al tiempo ficticia en el que transcurre la novela, la época tampoco puede ser claramente especificada.

Narrativa
La narración cambiante a lo largo de la novela plantea cuestiones directamente relacionadas con sus temas principales. Dominic Head señala que el narrador omnisciente en la primera y tercera parte de la novela es una convención del realismo literario que llama la atención sobre la medida en que la historia de Michael K es manipulada por la narrativa misma. Esta pregunta es enfatizada por la segunda parte, en la que el médico tratante hace intentos explícitos de interpretar la vida de su paciente y así apropiarse de su historia. Esto advierte al lector a ser cauteloso con esta tendencia. Aunque el narrador omnisciente hace intentos de interpretación menos obvios en las otras dos partes (y se abstiene casi por completo de emitir juicios sobre el personaje de Michael K), esta precaución también es apropiada. El casi total secretismo del protagonista, que casi nunca permite vislumbrar su mundo de pensamientos, hace este problema más difícil y para Head es también un signo tanto de su privación de derechos como al mismo tiempo de su (política) resistencia.

La cuestión del contenido alegórico
Un motivo típico que comparte Vida y época de Michael K con muchas de las otras novelas de Coetzee es una trama que no puede asignarse históricamente con claridad. Un problema que surge de esto es si la novela debe leerse alegóricamente. El problema de la alegoría también se aborda específicamente en la novela: el médico que trata la estancia de Michael K en el campo de reintegración es una alegoría que debe ser dilucidada. Varios críticos han abordado la cuestión de si la novela en sí debe leerse como una alegoría (es decir, que implica un significado diferente al literal), incluido David Attwell, quien también le hizo directamente la pregunta a Coetzee. Sin embargo, Coetzee se negó a responder y dijo que no quería comentar su propio trabajo.

Las lecturas alegóricas han llevado a varias acusaciones contra Coetzee (ver la sección Recepción) y presentan un problema que también se aborda en varias otras obras de Coetzee. Derek Attridge se ha ocupado extensamente de esta cuestión. Llega a la conclusión de que la novela plantea conscientemente la pregunta y también la aborda en sí misma, pero en última instancia debe leerse en su significado literal y excluye deliberadamente las generalizaciones excesivas con estrategias narrativas. Un ejemplo para él es la situación narrativa, que parece sugerir una cercanía con el mundo de las ideas de Michael K, pero finalmente crea nuevamente una distancia a través de estrategias como la renuncia al habla y diversas consideraciones filosóficas, que no son atribuibles al personaje de Michael K. Las voces de Michael K y el narrador están así entretejidas y no pueden ser separadas claramente por el lector, ya que el narrador interviene en el flujo de ideas de Michael. Debido a que esto, el punto de partida narrativo no puede definirse claramente. Attridge cree que la novela debe leerse con referencia específica a la redacción de su lenguaje: las interpretaciones generalistas o alegóricas requerirían conocimiento sobre quién está realmente contando la historia, lo cual es sistemáticamente socavado.. Para Attridge, las descripciones sistemáticas de detalles aparentemente sin importancia, las consideraciones fundamentales de Michael y la descripción de experiencias físicas también centran la atención más en la redacción del lenguaje que en un posible significado alegórico.

Clasificación política y social
El intento de clasificar políticamente la novela ha dado lugar a diversas interpretaciones. El papel de Michael como jardinero juega un papel especial. Derek Wright lo ve como un héroe del movimiento ecológico de los 80, otros intérpretes partieron más de una relación con la situación sudafricana de los 70. El cultivo de calabazas en el suelo en el que Michael había esparcido las cenizas de su madre se interpretó, por ejemplo, como la propagación de un nuevo comienzo simbólico en la sociedad o como un proceso ritual de purificación. Por otro lado, la negativa de Michael a comer en el campo de reintegración obstaculiza el cultivo de alimentos. Los enfoques poscoloniales ven aquí un acto subversivo: la negativa a volverse dependiente de los poderes gobernantes que actúan como opresores en otros lugares. Como resultado de esta interpretación, la incomprensión que el médico tratante tiene por el comportamiento de Michael fue leída como un éxito de la subversión. Otros críticos, sin embargo, se inclinan más a ver al personaje de Michael K como fundamentalmente apolítico y a interpretar su huelga de hambre precisamente como un intento de mantenerse al margen de todo discurso político e ideológico.

Michael K le explica al médico que lo trata que no participa en la guerra ("I am not in the war").Dominic Head ve al personaje como la encarnación del retraimiento apolítico: Michael K se resiste absolutamente a cualquier tipo de clasificación social o política. El hecho de que la novela en sí ni siquiera mencione el color de la piel del personaje principal (que en realidad es relevante en el contexto) lo ve como una negación del sistema de clasificación del apartheid.

Debates similares se extienden a otros dos personajes de las novelas de Coetzee, la muchacha bárbara de Esperando a los Bárbaros y Viernes de Foe la adaptación de Robinson Crusoe.

Michael K como individuo independiente

Derek Attridge ve en el rasgo físico más destacado de Michael, el labio leporino, una prueba de que él, como personaje, está fuera del discurso ideológico: la impronta psicológica que recibió de esta deformación, y el consiguiente rechazo de su madre, no se basa en su clasificación en un grupo social, sino en una característica individual. Para él, la figura de Michael K, por lo tanto, no debe leerse como representante de un grupo de población específico, sino como un individuo que, en cierto modo, se sitúa fuera de todas las categorizaciones posibles, y también lucha por ese estatus tratando de evitar todas las obligaciones interpersonales. Michael K declara expresamente su deseo de no tener hijos a su cargo y desaparecer sin dejar rastro en la medida de lo posible después de su muerte.

Referencias a otros textos
Como muchas de las novelas de Coetzee, Vida y época de Michael K es rica en referencias intertextuales a otras obras. Frecuentes comparaciones son las obras de Franz Kafka y Samuel Beckett, donde hay muchos paralelos obvios. Michael comparte la inicial "K" con los personajes principales de las novelas de Kafka El juicio y El castillo, así como con el propio Kafka. El mismo Coetzee publicó varios ensayos sobre Kafka y escribió también un episodio claramente basado en El castillo en su novela Elizabeth Costello. Cuando se le preguntó sobre el nombre de Michael K, dijo: "No me arrepiento de haber usado la letra K en Michael K, aunque parezca un exceso de confianza. No existe el monopolio de la letra K, o, para decirlo de otra manera, es tan posible girar el universo alrededor de la ciudad del Príncipe Alberto en la provincia del Cabo como alrededor de Praga. Además de los protagonistas de las dos novelas, Michael K también muestra similitudes significativas con el Un artista del hambre de Kafka, que desaparece gradualmente al negarse a comer. Sin embargo, mientras que el personaje de Kafka hace esto como una actuación pública, para el Michael K de Coetzee es precisamente el alejamiento de la sociedad y la negativa a satisfacer sus demandas lo que es decisivo. A diferencia del artista del hambre, Michael K no tiene rasgos heroicos. También se pueden encontrar claros paralelismos con Kafka en las descripciones de Coetzee de mecanismos burocráticos infinitamente duraderos y sin esperanza, como la solicitud de Michael K a las autoridades de un permiso de viaje, que fjamás es concedido.

Samuel Beckett es otro autor cuyo trabajo se ha relacionado frecuentemente en relación con la novela. Gilbert Yeoh es un crítico literario que se ha ocupado intensamente de esta referencia. En su opinión, Coetzee hace un uso específico de las estrategias narrativas de Beckett en toda su obra, pero particularmente en Michael K, para ponerlas en interacción con las implicaciones políticas concretas de la situación en Sudáfrica. Se refiere en particular a las novelas de Beckett, especialmente a Molloy, sin embargo, el tema subyacente del forastero se puede encontrar en toda la obra de Beckett, incluida su obra de teatro más conocida Esperando a Godot. Para Yeoh, las figuras marginales de Beckett son empujadas a sus posiciones por la alienación general, mientras que Coetzee lo convierte en un problema concreto de exclusión social. Yeoh demuestra varias referencias directas entre Beckett y Coetzee a nivel lingüístico e ideológico, donde la incapacidad de contar la propia historia juega un papel especial. Si bien los personajes de Beckett a menudo tematizan ese problema, en el caso de Michael K generalmente solo lo notan quienes lo rodean (por ejemplo, el médico en el campo de reintegración). Desde este punto de vista, Yeoh considera que Coetzee se sientió incapaz de contar la historia desde un punto de vista "negro" en esta novela, pero al mismo tiempo siente cierta obligación de hacerlo, lo que irremediablemente extrañó a la población blanca.

Manfred Loimeier reconoció como punto de referencia un poema del poeta brasileño João Cabral de Melo Neto, llamado Muerte y vida Severina y que, por lo tanto, ya tiene paralelos en el título. Loimeier cree que Severino, un nombre común en Brasil, es, como Michael K, representante del hombre promedio Al igual que Michael K, Severino proviene de un origen humilde y enfrenta problemas como el hambre y la enfermedad. El poema describe su viaje desde el interior hasta la costa, durante el cual se encuentra, entre otras cosas, con dos hombres que transportan un cadáver en una hamaca. Loimeier ve en esto un modelo literario para la novela de Coetzee.

También se puede hacer una referencia a Michael Kohlhaas de Heinrich von Kleist, sobre todo por la similitud en el nombre. Peter Horn describió a Michael K como una inversión de Michael Kohlhaas y afirmó que mientras Kleist se aferraba a una idea burguesa de libertad, Coetzee afirma una ética del minimalismo que se basa en la terquedad indestructible de un individuo. Dimitris Vardoulakis señaló similitudes entre los puntos de control por los que debe pasar Michael K y la frontera entre Brandeburgo y Sajonia, que se convierte en un obstáculo para Kohlhaas.

Recepción

Premios
Vida y época de Michael K recibió en 1983 el Booker Prize, considerado el premio literario británico más importante. El comentario a la decisión fue:Cuando en 1999 la novela Desgracia también recibió el premio, Coetzee se convirtió en el primer autor en ganarlo dos veces.

La novela también recibió en 1984 el prestigioso Premio Literario de la Agencia Central de Noticias de Sudáfrica, que compartió con Selected Poems de Douglas Livingstone.

Crítica
La novela fue, en general, bien recibida por la crítica y, junto con Esperando a los bárbaros y Desgracia, sigue siendo una de las obras más conocidas y citadas de Coetzee, tanto en revistas como en estudios literarios.

La escritora Cynthia Ezick comparó la novela en el The New York Times con Las aventuras de Huckleberry Finn y Robinson Crusoe, ya que reelabora las ideas de Huck Finn, pero desde la perspectiva de Jim, el esclavo fugitivo. Coetzee es un autor lleno de inventiva y persuasión, su queja sorda pero urgente está dirigida a una Sudáfrica que ha convertido a sus propios niños (blancos y negros) en adictos, parásitos y prisioneros. Las revelaciones de Michael K no deben de ninguna manera ser entendidas como una justificación oculta del el terrorismo. Coetzee no habría escrito una novela simbólica sobre la inevitabilidad de la guerra de guerrillas y la revolución, sino que reveló en el lenguaje de la imaginación la estupidez de las bromas torpes y el autoengaño. Su tema es el salvaje y despiadado poder de la limitación.

Julia Leigh de The Independent dijo que el libro le causó una profunda impresión y le hizo leer la mayor cantidad posible de la otras obras de Coetzee. Elogió la alternancia de voces narrativas, con las cuales el texto logra inteligentemente evadir la autoridad, y calificó el estilo de Coetzee como, entre otras cosas, barroco, vertiginoso, colorido y picaresco.

También se alzaron voces críticas y negativas. Algunos críticos percibieron como inapropiado el paralelo implícito entre el campo de reasentamiento en el que está internado Michael K y un campo de concentración. Clasificaciones tan obviamente inexactas correrían el riesgo de oscurecer la injusticia realmente cometida en Sudáfrica. El mito de la capacidad de sufrimiento y la inflexibilidad de los bóeres se vería afectado por esto. Sin embargo, existe desacuerdo en la literatura secundaria sobre si Coetzee es vulnerable en este punto o es "deliberadamente blasfemo", como supone Susan VanZanten Gallagher.

Otra acusación fue que Coetzee descuidó los intereses de la población negra oprimida al usar clichés blancos: Michael K es el epítome del hombre negro inculto y amante de la naturaleza que está fuera de la historia y, por lo tanto, es un estereotipo de los movimientos ecológicos blancos de la 1980 A través de esta figura, los mitos y prejuicios de los opresores blancos finalmente se perpetuarían bajo un manto de simpatía. Ulrich Horstmann respondió que Michael K no busca la continuidad en el estilo de vida de los bóeres y se ve a sí mismo como un "jardinero" que tiene que cultivar el paisaje.

La ganadora del Premio Nobel de literatura, Nadine Gordimer, también expresó reservas sobre la novela en una reseña muy aclamada titulada The Idea of Gardening (La idea de la jardinería) en el New York Review of Books. Acusó a Coetzee de no reconocer el papel real de las víctimas de la opresión política con su protagonista marginado y privado de derechos: "[He] does not recognize what the victims, seeing themselves as victims no longer, have done, are doing, and believe they must do for themselves" ("No reconoce lo que las víctimas, que ya no se ven a sí mismas como víctimas, hacen y creen que tienen que hacer por sí mismas"). Al mismo tiempo, siguiendo a Georg Lukács, echa de menos una organicidad que define la conexión central entre el destino privado y el social y que aquí está más distorsionada de lo que podría justificar la subjetividad de un escritor.

En una revisión de Guardian de 2009, Sam Jordison criticó al personaje Michael K, a quien percibía como un "dispositivo de trama torpe" ("clumsy plot device") en lugar de un personaje real. Para Jordan, sus trucos y logros, sus discursos elocuentes y sus preguntas inquisitivas están reñidas con la sencillez del personaje, que le es recordada constantementeel al lector . También criticó el hábito de Coetzee de enfatizar demasiado sus declaraciones didácticas y tener muy poca fe en la capacidad de sus lectores para comprender el significado sin constantes anotaciones. Jordison ve en ello "graves molestias" ("serious annoyances"). Aunque Vida y época de Michael K está elegantemente escrito, es un "libro profundamente defectuoso" ("a deeply flawed book").

Christopher Lehmann-Haupt hizo reproches similares en el New York Times en 1983 y también criticó lo que consideraba alusiones demasiado intrusivas a Kafka. Por estas razones, Vida y época de Michael K no logra desarrollar la misma potencia que la novela anterior, Esperando a los bárbaros.

Adaptación cinematográfica fallida
El director Cliff Bestall estaba planeando una adaptación cinematográfica de la novela para la cadena de televisión Channel 4 de Gran Bretaña. Coetzee, quien insistió en el poder de veto, comentó varias versiones diferentes del guion. La versión original, con la que estuvo de acuerdo, fue rechazada por la emisora, que quería un final más positivo, una demanda que Coetzee no quiso satisfacer. Bestow trató de encontrar un compromiso entre las dos partes y presentó un segundo borrador del guion, que Coetzee rechazó rotundamente. Una tercera versión del guion, que se basó en el original, finalmente no se filmó debido a cambios en la estructura de personal de Channel 4.

Bestall estaba particularmente interesado en la realización cinematográfica de la taciturnidad del personaje Michael K, que quería realizar a través de medios escénicos : "Una figura negra a la luz del sol brillante que atraviesa una cosecha de calabazas me atrapó" ("A black figure in brilliant sunlight stepping through a crop of pumpkins got me"). Nombró a Charlie Chaplin y Buster Keaton como modelos a seguir para la adaptación cinematográfica. Según él, Coetzee se sintió atraído por la idea y describió la versión original como "mejor que el libro".

Literatura secundaria

 Gardening as Resistance: Life and Times of Michael K in: Dominic Head: J. M. Coetzee, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge (1997) ISBN 0-521-48232-1
 In der Strafkolonie. Leben und Zeit des Michael K in: Manfred Loimeier: J. M. Coetzee, edition text + kritik: München (2008) ISBN 978-3-88377-916-4
 Tamlyn Monson: An Infinite Question: The Paradox of Representation in "Life & Times of Michael K", in Journal of Commonwealth Literature 38 (2003), 87–106
 Derek Wright: Chthonic Man: Landscape, History and Myth in Coetzee's "Life & Times of Michael K", in New Literatures Review 21 (1991), 1–15
 Derek Wright: Black Earth, White Myth: Coetzee's "Michael K", in Modern Fiction Studies 38 (1992), 435–444
 Gilbert Yeoh: J. M. Coetzee and Samuel Beckett, in: Ariel 41/4 (2004)

Referencias

Novelas de J. M. Coetzee
Wikipedia:Páginas con traducciones sin revisar
Novelas de 1983
Novelas de Sudáfrica
Novelas ambientadas en África

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Pure Pigments
By Carrie Stern
Paint. It's something that is inside most homes, and most of us usually don't give it a second thought.
When it comes time to paint a house, there is an alternative to glossy, flat or eggshell finish: How about natural paint? It doesn't come from a "depot." It isn't laden with chemicals, and--best of all--it can be handmade. The popularity of solar-powered, strawbale and rammed-earth buildings in Tucson is nicely complemented by these paints' earthy nature.
Why use natural paints and finishes? Joelee Joyce, instructor of Natural Paints and Finishes, a noncredit course with Pima Community College, says that natural paints are essentially nontoxic, inexpensive and easy to make. "Our base is a flour paste and casein, so it's almost edible," Joyce says.
Other ingredients include raw linseed oil to which pigment can be added for exterior sealing, lime as a substitute for cement, and straw or mica for a uniquely natural texture.
"Mica is a product that is found in the earth," Joyce says. "People make beautiful pottery with it, and we add it to the paint or plaster as a filler or a texture."
But what about color? Never fear--flour-based paint doesn't mean flour-colored walls. The addition of clay can infuse paint with lustrous colors, rivaling traditional paint. Joyce says that, when making paint, she tries to find natural clays with the desired colors already in them, such as blue and green clays found in the Painted Desert region of Arizona. If that isn't possible, colored clay is also available commercially. An aspect of natural clay that appeals to many people is, as she puts it, "an appreciation for color variation that is already there."
In addition to colored clay, natural paints can get their vibrant hues from plants.
"Some of the plant products that make dyes are native," Joyce says. "Native indigo makes a beautiful, iridescent blue--better than cobalt."
Natural finishes can be polished to resemble the flat or glossy finishes found in traditional interior paint. Experienced artists can make beautiful filigree lace or exotic finishes with the materials. There are even techniques for painting frescoes--paintings on wet plaster--with natural paints. At one point, Joyce remembers, a Benedictine monk attended one of her workshops specifically to learn techniques for the ancient art form.
The paints can be applied to almost any type of surface, such as latex, gypsum, cement, sheetrock or wood. Once on the wall, natural paints have an expected lifespan comparable to that of a commercial product, but Joyce points out that care is different for these paints. Residents need to pay attention to the surfaces, and some protective measures may need to be taken, such as rain protection or gentle cleaning. The addition of raw linseed oil can boost durability.
Health is another reason to consider natural paints and finishes. Many paints--exterior and interior--contain volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), which can contribute to indoor air pollution. Joyce says that these chemicals are often added to paint to speed drying and aren't necessary for most purposes. The EPA's Web site states, "Volatile organic chemicals are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short- and long-term adverse health effects."
Many commonly used paints, paint thinners and solvents, as well as hundreds of other commonly used household chemicals, emit VOCs. While the EPA states that some of these chemicals have no apparent effects on health, it suggests that others are suspected to be carcinogens. In sensitive individuals, symptoms such as respiratory irritation can occur. There are no standards for acceptable levels in nonindustrial settings, so individuals with chemical sensitivity or who are concerned about chemical use in the home may find natural paint--which is free of VOCs--to be a suitable replacement for traditional paint.
"I think that not only are natural paints safer and more pleasing, but they also have properties that the typical store-bought paints don't have," Joyce says. "They fit into the permaculture concept, looking at the whole picture without destroying resources."
Joyce certainly knows her permaculture. She is the owner and instructor of DAWN Southwest, an organization that seeks to teach "a way to live on the Earth that takes care of the Earth, and people and can produce a surplus to share, with a conscious effort made to introduce ways of thinking about the design of an entire site, while building and gardening and conserving water and other resources."
DAWN Southwest offers regular classes on a variety of sustainable building topics, such as rainwater harvesting, permaculture, building with natural materials and more. Special workshops can be organized in advance for groups or upon request (minimum group sizes may apply). The organization accepts work exchange and internships for classes, and also sells natural paints, recycled building materials and other resources for building what Joyce calls "beautiful, creative, natural, low-cost extensions of the Earth."
"It's a really nice way to learn about history and ancient techniques with materials that exist almost anywhere," Joyce says. "Some technology is actually being lost over generations. It's nice to be able to bring these ideas back to life. All the different building techniques that we're re-learning--there's so much we can do with them."
The Natural Paints and Finishes workshop is from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Saturday, Oct. 15. The workshop takes place at DAWN Southwest's site in southwest Tucson; call for directions. The cost is $98. Space is limited, so don't delay; call 206-6468 or send an e-mail to communityed@pima.edu with course reference No. 60580. For more information, e-mail dawnaz@earthlink.net.
Pictures of DAWN Southwest's permaculture projects and more information about the organization's workshops are available at caneloproject.com/dawn.
Carrie Stern

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Relevant Cases: Roeling Adams, Reggie Cole, Michael Hanline, Luis Vargas
Brady material law is a technical term for a specific type of prosecutorial misconduct. It is derived from the United States Supreme Court case Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963). In that case, the Supreme Court held the prosecution must turn over any evidence favorable to the defendant. Thus, Brady material is evidence discovered – but suppressed – by the prosecution that would have helped the defendant in some way, by proving his or her innocence, impeaching the credibility of a witness, or reducing his or her sentence.
When a prosecutor withholds favorable evidence from the defense, Brady material is implicated, and a defendant's rights to due process under the U.S. Constitution are violated. The prosecution's job is not merely to "win" by getting a conviction, but to seek justice. Defendants are entitled to all evidence that would help their case.
Brady issues typically arise when a prosecutor gets tunnel vision because he or she is so convinced the defendant is guilty of the crime. This tunnel vision leads the prosecutor to ignore or hide evidence that could potentially prove the defendant's innocence because the prosecutor does not want the evidence to get in the way of a conviction. An egregious example of Brady material arising in an innocence case is in the case of Michael Hanline, who served 36 years for a murder he did not commit before his conviction was reversed in 2014.
Brady issues present a difficult problem for the wrongfully convicted because they generally require a great deal of post-conviction investigation – and sometimes, mere luck – to find the evidence suppressed by the prosecution. By its nature, Brady material is hidden from the defense, and an inmate serving a prison sentence has next to no chance of discovering it from the confines of his or her jail cell.
One issue is whether Brady applies to the post-conviction arena as well. That is, what happens if evidence of innocence is discovered after the conviction? Is the prosecution obligated to turn over such evidence or even inform the inmate or their counsel?
From a legal perspective, the answer appears to be no. As noted by one commentator, a recent U.S. Supreme Court case, District Attorney's Office for Third Judicial Dist. v. Osborne, 557 U.S. 52 (U.S. 2009), held that defendants have fewer rights after conviction than pre-conviction. Osborne, convicted of sexual assault and other crimes, filed a lawsuit alleging that he had a Constitutional due process right to DNA testing at his own expense. The Ninth Circuit had also previously held that Osborne had a right to exculpatory material under Brady. The Court disagreed with both assertions and held that the Ninth Circuit "erred in extending the Brady right of pretrial disclosure to the postconviction context."
But is there an ethical obligation? According to Rule 3.8(g) of the ABA's Model Rules of Professional Conduct, when a prosecutor "knows of new, credible and material evidence creating a reasonable likelihood that a convicted defendant did not commit an offense of which the defendant was convicted," he or she must disclose the information to a court and to the defendant. However, the ABA Model Rules are only guidelines and states are not required to adopt the Model Rules.


BILLINGS, Mont (NMB) – The All Class State Championship Wrestling Tournament finished up it run at the Metra in Billings Saturday night.
When it was all said and done, the Havre Blue Ponys did not come away with a team championship this year, but Martin Wilkie at 145 pounds came away with his 4th consecutive All Class State Championship Class A Title, pinning his opponent in 38 second in the finals to register the win and the Championship. Mick Chagnon also came away with a State Class A Championship Title at 103 pounds.
Second place finishers for the Blue Ponys include Cameron Pleninger, Lane Paulson and Austin Ratliff. Finishing in third place for Havre was Conner Harris, Riley Pleninger finished in fourth place, and Orion Thivierge claimed a fifth pace finish.
Sidney took the Class A Team Title, with Havre taking second. In Class AA, Boseman was the top team and in Class C, it was Colstrip taking the team title.


text:
Amazing Women's March Photos From All Over the World
Photo: Women's March on Washington by Kevin Carroll
Last weekend half a million people came together for the Women's March in Washington. They were joined by protesters all over the United States and around the world.
Since the moment the marches started, people have been sharing their photos all over the web—including on 500px.
The tradition of protest photography is an important part of photojournalism. As Magnum photographer, Marc Riboud said, "Photography cannot change the world but it can show the world, especially when it changes."
Andrej Ivanov, a photojournalist from Toronto, traveled to Washington D.C. to document this historic event — that rallied people together to speak out on human rights.
"It can easily feel very claustrophobic. But it can also be empowering, to know that so many people rallied together for one greater cause: Human rights. Some people criticized it for not having, per se, a specific intent. I feel that was the beauty of it: It doesn't matter who you are, what walk of life you come from, we were all there, in the now, rallying for something we all felt strongly about, and against someone we all felt strongly about. Whether someone was there to represent women's rights, LGBTQ rights, immigrant rights, or indigenous rights, the unifying term here was HUMAN rights. I went because I felt it was going to be something historic that I needed to witness for myself, that I wanted to photograph and I wanted to be a part of."
Scroll down to see photos, by photographers on 500px, of Women's Marches all over the globe!
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For St. Patrick's Day or anytime you need a comforting, delicious main dish pie, this recipe using corned beef and lots of vegetables is perfect. It's also a great way to use up St. Patrick's Day leftovers.
You can use leftover cooked corned beef, or buy some from the meat department of the deli for this recipe. Leftover cooked cabbage could be used too. If you use that, don't cook the cabbage along with the onion, garlic, and carrots. Add the cabbage along with the cooked and diced corned beef.
You don't need to serve much with this recipe since it's a meal in one dish. We would add a crisp green salad or maybe some fresh fruit, to add a cooling and textural contrast. Some cold beer or red wine would be a good accompaniment.
In a large skillet, melt 2 tablespoons butter over medium heat. Add the onion and garlic; cook and stir for 4 to 5 minutes until crisp-tender.
Add the carrots; cook and stir 4 minutes.
Then add cabbage; cook and stir 4 to 5 minutes longer until crisp-tender.
Then add the corned beef; cook and stir for 3 minutes.
Add the flour; cook and stir for 3 minutes to remove the raw flour taste.
Add the broth, ketchup, mustard, Worcestershire sauce, and salt and pepper to taste to the skillet and stir gently but thoroughly; simmer for 10 minutes.
Meanwhile, combine 3 cups water, 3 tablespoons butter, and 1/2 cup milk in large saucepan; bring just to a boil. Remove from heat and beat in the potato flakes until combined. Add the sour cream and Parmesan cheese.
Add the peas to beef mixture and pour into a 3-quart casserole dish. Top with the mashed potatoes and spread to cover, then run a fork over the potatoes to make shallow furrows. Sprinkle with paprika.
Bake for 25 to 35 minutes or until filling is bubbly and the potatoes are golden brown.
Let cool for 10 minutes, then serve.


Los Angeles, CA – Kid Cudi stopped by Jada Pinkett Smith's Red Table Talk to debate his psychological well being points and battle with medicine. After Pinkett Smith opened up about her personal struggles, the veteran actress introduced out Cudi for a revealing dialog about his troubles.
Cudi spoke about coping with despair, which he stated was exacerbated by his fame. The multi-platinum artist famous that he felt an amazing quantity of stress to stay as much as the lofty requirements projected on him by followers and trade gamers alike.
Later on, Cudi delved into his drug use. The "Day 'n Nite" creator stated he secretly used cocaine, which is why it flew below the radar for therefore lengthy.
I'm soooo glad that @kidcudi got here to the desk to share his testimony. It's a robust one. It continues to show that we're ALL going by one thing. Our ache just isn't distinctive. Therefore, there is not any cause we will't assist one another get by this factor known as life ✨ Join us tomorrow on the Red Table ❤ @RedTableTalk #RedTableTalk _______________________________________ Estou tão feliz que Kid Cudi veio até a Table para compartilhar seu testemunho. É muito poderoso. Continua a provar que todos nós estamos passando por algo. Nossa dor não é única. Portanto, não há razão para não nos ajudarmos a passar por essa coisa chamada vida. Junte-se a nós amanhã na Red Table.
Cudi stated he was good at maintaining his drug abuse hidden, even from his shut buddies.
Cudi gave followers some optimistic information when he introduced he'd been off cocaine for 2 years. He additionally had a particular second with one of many present's manufacturing assistants, who tattooed lyrics from Cudi's "Ghost!" on his arm.
Check out your complete episode of Red Table Talk above.


The Great NYC Burger Bash. – CINECLAST • FILM, FOOD, & FOREIGN PLACES.
The Great NYC Burger Bash.
I am a foodie, and fortunately I have the pleasure of knowing the man who makes the world's best hamburger. This isn't up for discussion. So I found it humorous to say the least when I was invited down to the Food and Wine Burger Bash, a contest of over 250 purveyors of the hamburger arts held down on the docks on the Hudson River. (OK it was pier 90 but that sounds much less romantic).
It was a glorious evening, the sun setting to the west making Jersey look damn fine, and the place was buzzing with excitement. My man Jeremy Spector was all set up testing his patties, jabbing and flipping them much like a boxer warming up for a fight. I had no doubt he was going to knock the competition right out of the ring.
As things heated up the place became PACKED. Wall to wall New Yorkers all there to get their grease on. There were bands, celeb chefs gated off with a white picket fence, and of course, sponsors. All sorts of sponsors. Even some that made you go huh as C&C would say.
I wandered around and forced myself to try some of the competition, if you want to call it that. Organic burgers with ramp relish, Italian burgers with mozz and basil, even Thai burgers with peanut sauce and indigestion. Tasty, sure. Interesting, fine. Better than a Brindle Room Deckle burger? Hell no son.
The heat was on. The grill was roaring. It was a war, and these little burgers were like soldiers storming the beach of Hungary (people). It was life or death.
Finally it was the moment of truth. We sat back and listened to the judges congratulate everyone, genuflect to Food & Wine, and announce the winner.
In the end the troops were beat, tired, and longed for a slow, strong drink. It was a good fight, and like most wars, it would seem that politics had its share in determining the outcome. Still, while history is written by the victors, those that lived through the battle will always know the truth, that Brindle Room Deckle Burger is the one true leader of griddled meats, and its day will come again.


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text:
GPs and hospitals are overwhelmed by patients with flu and colds at present
Many patients are consulting their GPs about respiratory problems. / SUR
The regional government's health service activated a special plan on 1 December to cope with the situation
Ángel Escalera | MALAGA .
12 January 201811:34
So many people are suffering from colds and flu viruses in Malaga at present that it is putting pressure on health centres and hospital emergency services. Doctors say they are overwhelmed by the sheer numbers of patients with respiratory problems. "I have seen more than 100 patients in one day, between normal appointments and those who need to be seen immediately," one GP told us this week.
Another GP said there is currently a full flu epidemic, and in addition many people have catarrh, pharyngitis, colds, bronchitis, pneumonia etc. As a result, there are delays in getting appointments and a considerable increase in the number of people who go to emergency departments instead.
In the first week of 2018 there were 79.67 cases of flu per 100,000 inhabitants in Malaga province; this was lower than the 102.37 in the last week of 2017. In Andalucía, 162.56 cases were registered per 100,000 inhabitants between 1 and 7 January, and 188.19 from 25 to 31 December.
"There is more flu than it would appear from the official statistics," said one GP, because the procedure to register a case of flu is complex and involves filling in a great deal of information on the computer. Instead, doctors sometimes say a patient is suffering from a viral infection instead of flu, because they don't want to lose time when so many other patients are waiting to be seen.
Another GP said that, because they are allocated so little time to attend to patients in their surgeries, and because of a lack of reliable methods, it is often not clear whether someone has flu, severe catarrh, early pneumonia or a respiratory infection. "The only thing we can say is that at this time of year there is a considerable increase in respiratory problems," he explained.
Another factor is that the flu this season is intense and presents a variety of symptoms: high temperature, shivering, aches and pains, dry and persistent cough, headache etc.
The regional government activated a special plan on 1 December to deal with the problem, and it is supposed to mean that extra staff are taken on at hospital emergency departments and health centres, but professionals working for the Andalusian health service say that they were extremely short-staffed over Christmas. "Last Friday there were only four of us on duty instead of ten," said one GP who works in Malaga city.
The plan monitors several parameters: the increase in patients attending hospital emergency departments, health centres and observation rooms, the increase in the number of people admitted to hospital and those requesting home visits from GPs. The information is then compared on a weekly basis, and the appropriate measures are put into effect. However, the Andalusian forum for GP treatment (FoAAP) and the Basta Ya Malaga association have published a statement expressing their concern over the situation faced by doctors over Christmas and the New Year.
The patients who mostly go to emergency departments at this time of year are generally suffering from chronic health problems, especially those which are complicated by the cold weather and viruses.
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Let's play the awesome Dragon Ball Fierce Battle game with Goku for free at Coolmath-online.com! You will help your character beat every opponent and enemy that he meets in the upcoming combat to become the champion. To implement the goal in this Dragon Ball Fierce Battle, you will have to control the skills that he owns wisely and quickly. Don't allow the others to counterattack or your character can be damaged! Are you ready for this challenge? Wish you have much fun!
One-player: use WASD to move, JKL to attack, UIO to skills.
Two-player: hits arrows to move, 123 to attack, 456 to skills.


Facebook as a learning tool?
Can Facebook and similar tools help communities to learn? "Yes!" say Christoph Pimmer and Urs Gröhbiel, two researchers who have investigated the use of mobile phones and social software by medical students, doctors and midwives in Nepal and South-Africa. They challenge coordinators and project leaders to consider the potential of social mobile media in their projects, for reporting, networking and knowledge-exchange.
It all started with the simple observation that Nepalese medical students used Facebook on their smartphones to engage in learning. They did not only engage in discussions about their professional identities on the basis of jokes but also solved quiz-questions and short case studies – some with multimedia content – often instead of using a high-end learning management system!
A deeper analysis of student midwives and nurses has revealed a variety of activities that are crucial for learning and communicating in a professional context: social and mobile media can facilitate professional participation, identity formation, problem solving and peer-support, the reflection of professional practices or mentoring during placements. In addition to these capacity building activities, social mobile media has also promising qualities to increase accountability of health workers. For example, the Ethiopia Public Health Officers Association uses its Facebook page to discuss challenges facing their members and potential solutions; or, an app of IntraHealth Int. helps to report presence (and absence) of health workers.
Of course the team from the University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland has also identified several limitations and risks. The knowledge exchange based on social software is often ad-hoc and ephemeral and there are no mechanisms to control the quality of the individual contributions. In addition, the designers of online communities have to consider carefully aspects like the level of moderation, the commitment and media literacy skills of participants – and relationships and hierarchies within the communities .
To better understand the potential and limitations of mobile devices and social media in a development context, Urs Gröhbiel and Christoph Pimmer plan to compare scenarios of professional training in health and education in different global areas.
Development cooperation itself could serve as an excellent case to find out how social mobile media can support learning and communication between a central coordination and many decentralised actors in different communities. The researchers are therefore looking for actors who are interested to pioneer in this fascinating field.
How do you experience the use of social mobile media in learning and networking?
Brysiewicz, P., Pimmer, C., Gröhbiel, U., Walters, F., Linxen, S., & Chipps, J. (2013). The neglected grass root adoption of mobile phones as learning tools in resource-limited settings. A study from advanced midwifery education in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Paper presented at the South African Association of Health Educationalists, Durban, South Africa.
Pimmer, C., Linxen, S., Gröhbiel, U., Jha, A., & Burg, G. (2012). Mobile learning in resource-constrained environments. A case study of medical education. DOI:10.3109/0142159X.2012.733454. Medical Teacher.
Linxen, S., & Pimmer, C. (2011). The transformational role of social mobile media on education and learning in developing countries. Paper presented at the International Roundtable on Social mobile networking for informal learning, London.
– how can I restrict the circle of my facebook friends to my DDLG friends if and when I post on DDLG?
First, you will need to create a list called, for example, "DDLG". This can be done if you just choose one friend you have on facebook, go on their profile, and then click on the "friends" tab (you can find this in the background picture of the person). There, choose "add to another list" in the "friends" tab and create your new list "DDLG".
Identify all the friends that are related to DDLG and make sure that they are in that list.
When posting something that is only relevant to those friends, choose the "DDLG" list in the selector next to "post".


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