The concept of social capital has been extensively used to explain the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and adolescent health and well-being. Much less is known about the specific mechanism through which social capital impacts the relationship. This paper investigates whether an individual's perception of community social capital moderates or mediates the association between SES and life satisfaction.
This study employs cross-sectional data from the 2009–2010 Czech Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children survey: a WHO Collaborative Cross-National Study (HBSC). A sample of 4425 adolescents from the 5th, 7th and 9th grade (94.5% school response rate, 87% student response) was used to perform multilevel analysis.
We found that pupils' life satisfaction was positively related to both family affluence and perceived wealth. Moreover, we found the cognitive component of social capital to be positively associated with life satisfaction. Additionally, a significant interaction was found, such that the social gradient in life satisfaction was flattened when pupils reported high levels of perceived community social capital.
The present findings suggest that community social capital acts as an unequal health resource for adolescents, but could potentially represent opportunities for public health policy to close the gap in socioeconomic disparities.
Social inequalities are an important public health topic concerning the entire population . Differences in health outcomes do not only exist between the lowest and highest socioeconomic classes, but follow a gradient pattern [2, 3]. Regarding adolescents, a large body of evidence documents the relationship between social inequalities and health . Moreover, recent time-series analysis has shown that socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health have increased from 2002 to 2010 in 34 North American and European countries . Targeting young people and their communities is fundamental because (1) social inequalities pass across generations  and (2) what happens throughout childhood is likely to have a life-long impact  since virtually every aspect of early human development (physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional) is sensitive to external influences [4, 7, 8]. Traditional policy interventions, focusing on individuals' attributes, knowledge and skills have been shown to merely produce limited effects , whereas ample research on the other hand has shown that young people's health and well-being is shaped, not only by personal decisions, but also by the routine organization of everyday settings like neighborhoods, communities, schools and other social networks [10–12]. It is in this context that social capital emerged as a prominent concept in public health to explain the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and people's health and well-being and to suggest policy options . This has led to the incorporation of social capital into the WHO's general conceptual framework on the social determinants of health . Social capital and initiatives that increase cohesion, co-operation and interpersonal trust, can play an important role in decreasing socioeconomic inequalities between adolescents with low and high SES, thus effectively flattening the social gradient. Evidence shows that health gains incurred by increasing social capital are particularly marked for disadvantaged (or vulnerable) children and young people in communities with low social capital [15, 16]. Much less is known however on the specific mechanism, i.e. mediating versus moderating, through which social capital operates. Nevertheless, this is a crucial aspect for policy makers in order to transform existing research into policy. Moreover, any discussion on social inequalities in health and social capital has to be framed within the concept of the welfare regime theory . As such, analyzing Czech data provides a unique case since research in Central and Eastern European welfare countries remains limited to date.
Since its introduction, social capital has been variously defined, from being an individual resource embedded in social relations [18, 19] to "features of social organization such as networks, norms, and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit" (, p.67). Orthogonal to the distinction between "individual" and "collective" social capital, most conceptualizations can be decomposed into a structural and a cognitive component [21, 22]. Structural social capital refers to objectively measurable characteristics such as participation in clubs, neighborhood activities and other social networks. Cognitive social capital refers to the perception of level of trust and reciprocity, through norms, values and attitudes. Within the structural component of social capital, an important distinction is made between bonding, bridging and linking components, which respectively refer to connections between people of similar social groups, different social groups and links with external sources of power [23, 24].
Despite the lack of agreement in terms of a clear definition for social capital more than three decades after the reintroduction of social capital by Bourdieu, Coleman and Putnam, it is hard not to be impressed with the overwhelming evidence indicating that social capital is an important determinant of major health outcomes (e.g. [17, 24–32]).
Subjective well-being (SWB) is an important topic within public health research. A growing body of research evidence shows significant associations between high subjective well-being and positive health outcomes such as positive adolescent development [33–35], decreased suicide rates  and increased health and longevity . Research in the field of positive psychology recognizes three distinct categories that compose SWB: emotional responses (positive affect: joy, optimism, negative affect: sadness, anger), domain satisfactions (such as work satisfaction or relationship satisfaction) and life satisfaction , all three of which are commonly used to measure SWB interchangeably. Though little empirical research has been conducted to differentiate these heterogeneous aspects of SWB thus far, scientific consensus is that life satisfaction, i.e. a subjective evaluation of the overall quality of life, is the most stable indicator and therefore the key indicator when studying links between SWB and health outcomes . The concept of life satisfaction is of specific interest when studying inequalities in adolescent health, considering the formative nature of this life stage and thus its significant impact on health outcomes later in life . Research has shown clear links between life satisfaction and physical activity [39, 40], substance use [41–43] and unhealthy diet . Moreover, previous research has shown that life satisfaction is unevenly distributed between adolescents with low and high SES [45, 46]. As such, researching social capital in relation to adolescent life satisfaction is meaningful in order to identify opportunities for policy makers to reduce socioeconomic inequalities and improve the health of low SES adolescents. Recently, several studies have investigated the cross-sectional relationship between social capital and life satisfaction using the Cantrill ladder , a reliable and valid instrument, using relatively simple self-rating questions about life satisfaction and more generally, happiness [48–50]. Most research studies so far have found a positive relationship between social capital and life satisfaction [12, 51, 52].
In the context of community social capital, which is analyzed in this paper, the preponderance of the evidence suggests that adolescents with a wider range of (or higher quality of) social support networks, benefit through better general health, quality of life and life satisfaction. The most complete literature review to date included 39 research papers that studied the effect of community social capital on life satisfaction; 26 studies showed a positive relation and 13 showed no relation, whereas not a single study found a negative relation . Specifically school [16, 53–55] and neighborhood environments [15, 56, 57] were found to be beneficial in promoting better outcomes.
Limited research is available on the nature of the social capital mechanism, that is to say whether social capital moderates or mediates the relationship between socioeconomic position and life satisfaction. Nevertheless, the mechanism through which community social capital influences life satisfaction is highly important for policy makers. A mediating, or indirect relation, implies that a third variable underlies an observed relationship between two variables . This would mean that high SES leads to higher community social capital, which would in turn lead to higher life satisfaction. A moderating, or direct relationship, on the other hand, implies that a third variable directly influences the relationship between two other variables [58, 59]. This would mean that community social capital directly impacts the relation between SES and life satisfaction. It is obvious that the latter scenario is to be preferred by policy makers as it would allow them to employ community social capital as a health resource.
Moreover, most of the available research focuses on health, rather than well-being. In an individual-level study on the psychosocial pathway of health inequalities, Veenstra  found only little evidence for the individual effects of social capital on self-rated health status and no evidence for a mediating mechanism. However, these findings should be treated with caution given some serious limitations such as a small sample size (n = 534) and low response rate (40%). After a decade of social capital research, a similar study was set up by Dahl  hypothesizing that individual social capital may mediate the impact of socioeconomic position on health. However, the results of the study did not confirm this expectation for health outcomes as perceived health and longstanding illness. In contrast to this finding, the results of Lindström et al.  support the idea that social capital is an important mediating link behind the socioeconomic differences in leisure-time physical activity and, ultimately, cardiovascular diseases. Few studies on social capital and health inequalities studied outcomes in children. In a recent review on neighborhood social capital and the gradient in adolescent health, Vyncke et al.  found a total of eight studies, of which just two found evidence for a mediating social capital mechanism for respectively mental health problems  and verbal ability and behavioral problems . Since the evidence for a mediating mechanism of social capital in the individual relationship between socioeconomic position and (child) health, is inconclusive, the present study hypothesizes that the psychosocial mechanism of social capital may be a moderating one. In line with others who demonstrated a moderating social capital mechanism for internalizing and externalizing behavioral  and antisocial behavioral problems . In a sample of young children and adolescents, the authors already found evidence for a moderating effect of community social capital at the contextual level on adolescent perceived health and wellbeing . Others  also found evidence for a moderating effect of community social capital at the individual level for a variety of outcomes. They demonstrated that social capital nullified SES effects on psychological symptoms and life satisfaction and narrowed SES differences in somatic symptoms, injuries and fighting. Similar findings were reported for community social capital at the contextual level .
The protective effect of social capital on health inequalities may not be invariant for national contexts since different welfare regimes may modify the impact of both social inequality [69, 70] and social capital  (see Eikemo and Bambra  for an introduction to welfare regime theory). More specifically for adolescents, Richter et al.  found that regime type contributed to the explanation of cross-national variations in adolescent self-rated health and health complaints, but for social inequalities in health they could not find a clear pattern between welfare regime types. Regarding to social capital, Islam et al.  argue that the influence of social capital might be less salient in egalitarian countries (defined by comparatively low levels of income inequality and strong welfare states). Yet, recent studies in typical egalitarian countries like Norway  and Japan  reveal substantial differences in social capital and associations with health outcomes. In general, the protective effect of social capital on health inequalities was examined mainly in Anglo-Saxon (liberal) countries (e.g. [60, 66–68]), and more recently also in countries representing the Bismarckian (conservative) (e.g. ) and Scandinavian (social democratic) welfare regime types (e.g. ), but much less is known about the situation in Eastern and Central European welfare countries such as Slovakia, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic. After the breakdown of their communist regimes they are still undergoing extensive social reforms and should be treated as a distinctive regime type .
The objectives of this research are to investigate whether an individual perception of community social capital moderates or mediates the association between SES and adolescent well-being. Life satisfaction was used as outcome measure . In accordance with Dahl , we conceptualize community social capital as it empirically appears at the individual level only. In addition, the present study investigates data from the Czech Republic being a unique case for the interrelationships between social inequality and social capital because (1) evidence suggests that social capital plays a comparatively smaller role in egalitarian countries  and (2) despite similar Gini coefficients1  the historical and socio-political context is significantly different from other egalitarian countries characterized by the well-known Nordic welfare model [77–81].
Cross-sectional data from the 2009–2010 survey of Czech Health Behaviour among School-aged Children, was used. This survey is part of the international Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children survey: a WHO Collaborative Cross-National Study (HBSC) . The aim of the HBSC study is to describe young people's health and health behavior, and to analyze how these outcomes are associated with social contexts. Self-completion questionnaires were administered in school classrooms, with requirements in terms of sampling, questionnaire items and survey administration being set out in a standardized research protocol . All of the questions used in the HBSC survey must have evidence of reliability and validity when used in multiple countries before they are considered for inclusion. From a list of schools, based on information from the Institute for Information on Education, a contributory organization of Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport, 91 schools from all 14 regions of the Czech Republic were randomly selected to create a representative sample. 86 schools took part in the survey, representing a 94.5% school response rate. According to the protocol of the HBSC study classes from the 5th to 9th grades were selected randomly, one from each grade per school. According to the international research protocol, set forward by HBSC , data were obtained from 5284 adolescents from the 5th, 7th and 9th grade of elementary schools in the Czech Republic (response: 87%). Non-response due to absence was 13%.
Participation in the study was fully voluntary and anonymous with no explicit incentives provided for participation. The questionnaires were administrated by trained research assistants in the absence of a teacher during regular class time. Parents were informed about the study from the school administration and could opt out if they disagreed. Data collection was done under the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and legal and regulatory requirements applicable in the Czech Republic.
For the purpose of this paper adolescents of 11 years (n = 1426), 13 years (n = 1456), 15 years (n = 1522) are included. The final sample consists of 4425 Czech pupils (49% boys).
Life satisfaction is measured by the following question: 'How happy would you say you are with your life?' . This variable consists of a discretionary 10-item numerical response ladder (range 1 = worst possible life – 10 = best possible life).
This study applies two different indicators for SES, both reflecting different aspects: Family affluence is an indicator of absolute wealth . The family affluence scale (FAS) is a composite indicator of self-reported socioeconomic status comprising four items that address family assets or conditions that indicate material wealth: 'Does your family own a car, van or truck? (0 = no; 1 = yes one; 2 = yes two or more); Do you have your own bedroom? (0 = no; 1 = yes); During the past 12 months, how many times did you go on holiday with your family? (0 = not at all, 1 = once, 2 = twice, 3 = more than twice); How many computers does your family own?' (0 = none, 1 = one, 2 = two, 3 = more than two). Responses are summed on a 1 to 10 scale with higher scores indicating greater affluence. From its early development, there have been efforts to validate the family affluence scale at both national and international levels . There is a strong agreement between children's reports on family affluence scale items and their parents' report .
The perceived wealth indicator reflects the concept of relative wealth and is measured using the following question: 'How well off do you think your family is?' (0 = not at all well off; 1 = not very well off; 2 = average; 3 = quite well off; 4 = very well off).
Measures of social capital, measured at the individual level, are employed, using the decomposition between a structural and a cognitive component (Baum & Ziersch ; Harpham et al., ). Structural social capital is measured by the participation in clubs: 'Are you involved in any of these kinds of clubs or organizations?' Response categories: sports club, voluntary service, political organization, cultural organization, church or religious group, youth club, other club (0 = no, 1 = yes). An unweighted sum score was calculated (range 0 – 7). Cognitive social capital is measured using a 5-item scale : 'People say 'hello' and often stop to talk to each other in the street; it is safe for younger children to play outside during the day; you can trust people around here; there are good places to spend your free time; I could ask for help or a favor from neighbors (1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = neither agree nor disagree, 4 = agree, 5 = strongly agree). An exploratory factor analysis was performed, using Mplus 7.11  to determine whether all included items load onto a unique factor or not. The EFA entails that an oblique rotation of factors was performed allowing factors to co-vary. Values below 0.05 on the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) and a value of 0.90 or greater on the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) were considered as indicative of a good fit. The results showed that all items load onto a unique factor (results available from the authors).
Multilevel modeling is employed using MLwiN software (version 2.32) to account for the hierarchical structure of the data, i.e. non-random clustering of pupils in classes and schools [89, 90]. All models are three-level random intercept models including variables on level 1 only and with no random slopes. Level 1 units in our sample are pupils (n = 4425), level 2 units are classes (n = 246), and level 3 units are schools (n = 86). Models are calibrated using the Maximum Likelihood procedure which utilizes the (Restricted) Iterative Generalized Least Squares algorithm .
First, an empty model (intercept-only) with no explanatory variables was estimated in order to decompose the variance of the intercept into variance components for each of the three levels. The variation by class and school was expressed as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). This model is useful as a null model that serves as a benchmark with which other models are compared (Model 1). Model 2 includes the socio-demographic variables as covariates. In a third step, a model with individual socioeconomic predictors, namely, family affluence (absolute indicator) and perceived wealth (relative indicator) is conducted (Model 3). Structural social capital and cognitive social capital are added as explanatory variables in Model 4. This model estimates the contribution of both the structural and the cognitive component of social capital to life satisfaction.
In order to assess the moderating association between social capital and social inequalities in health, a similar approach as De Clercq et al.  is used. Interaction terms are estimated between both SES indicators and both components of social capital (Model 5a-d). To test the improvement of fit for each model, −2log-likelihood deviance values are calculated . The conventional 5% level is used to determine statistical significance. In order to measure if social capital provides a mediating mechanism between SES and life satisfaction, the product a x b was tested for significance using bootstrapped standard errors. This product covers the effect of SES (i.e. family affluence or perceived wealth) on a mediator (i.e., structural or cognitive component of social capital) multiplied by the effect of a mediator on life satisfaction, controlled for SES . Significance was tested using the Sobel test .
Table 1 includes descriptive statistics of the variables used in the analysis. Respondents (n = 4425) are divided into three age groups (11, 13 and 15 years old) and hierarchically clustered within classes (n = 246) and schools (n = 86). Both boys and girls are proportionally distributed in the overall sample.
Table 2 presents the results of four successive multilevel models. The first model shows that 3,7% of the observed variance in life satisfaction is at the class level while no variance is observed at the school level. The grand mean is 7.499 (range 1 – 10). This is the average life satisfaction for all respondents (n = 4425) within all classes (n = 246) and schools (n = 86). The second model shows that the socio-demographic variables are significantly associated with pupils' life satisfaction: girls and older adolescents report lower levels of life satisfaction (p < 0.01). After taking into account these individual socio-demographic factors, the amount of class variance was significantly reduced: about half of the class level variance in life satisfaction is attributable to the gender and age composition of the classes. Model 3 accounts for the SES indicators. We observe a significant social gradient in the relationship between socioeconomic position and life satisfaction. More precisely, pupils' life satisfaction is positively related to both family affluence and perceived wealth (p < 0.01), but the relative indicator (perceived wealth) is a much stronger determinant for life satisfaction than the absolute indicator (family affluence). Adding the SES indicators turned the effect of gender non-significant. In model 4 we added the social capital variables. Only the cognitive component of social capital is positively associated with life satisfaction (p < 0.01). There is no statistically significant effect of structural social capital. Overall, the associations in the fourth model did not substantially change from the third model. Moreover, the effect of cognitive social capital did not explain away the relationship between SES indicators and life satisfaction.
Interaction terms: Does social capital modify social inequalities in life satisfaction ?
Table 3 presents the results of four multilevel models that investigate all possible interactions between both the relative and absolute SES measures and both components of social capital. Model 5a-c were not interpretable since their deviance statistic was not significant, indicating that these models did not fit the data better than the more simple model 4. The final model 5d examines the interaction between perceived wealth and cognitive social capital (p < 0.01). Figure 1 plots the predicted relationship between perceived wealth and life satisfaction for low and high levels of cognitive social capital, indicating that the social gradient in life satisfaction was leveled-up when pupils reported a high level of cognitive social capital.
Looking for a potential mediating effect, we observed a significant direct relation between family affluence and perceived wealth, and life satisfaction (Table 2, Model 3). Both, family affluence and perceived wealth significantly affected structural and cognitive social capital (a-path) (Table 4), which in turn significantly affected life satisfaction (b-path) (Table 2, Model 4). Looking at the indirect effects, only cognitive social capital was found to be a significant mediator of both relations between SES and life satisfaction (Table 4).
In the last fifteen years researchers and policy makers have paid increasing attention to the concept of social capital as a major topic for public health [94–96]. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether an individual perception of community social capital moderates or mediates the association between SES and adolescent life satisfaction. Previous studies have demonstrated a moderating mechanism both at the contextual [15, 66, 67] and individual level .
The results from the multivariate interaction models partly confirmed this expectation. Only one of the four interaction models (Model 5d) showed significant fit to the data, indicating that the association between perceived wealth and life satisfaction was moderated by cognitive social capital. Research looking at a mediating mechanism has been mixed with most studies showing little evidence [60–62]. However, in this study results from the Sobel test showed that cognitive social capital is a significant mediator in the relationship between life satisfaction and both FAS and perceived wealth.
Our findings add to the existing knowledge in five ways. Firstly, the study differentiated between the two main components of social capital [21, 22]: the structural component and the cognitive component. Previous studies emphasized the importance of this differentiation since each component may be associated differently with health and well-being [97, 98]. Results from our mutually adjusted model (Model 4) showed that cognitive social capital was positively and independently associated with adolescent life satisfaction while the association with structural social capital was not significant. Although not entirely in line with previous research, the absence of a significant association between the structural component of social capital and adolescent life satisfaction does not come as a complete surprise for two reasons. Firstly, our results confirm a more recent study that investigated the relationship between social capital and self-rated wellbeing in Europe. While measures of structural social capital were significant for the full sample, decomposition into geographical subgroups showed that this association was mainly driven by Western-Europe, whereas the relationship was much weaker in Eastern-Europe (including the Czech Republic), where several of the indicators were insignificant . The authors concluded that it seems as if local culture, social institutions, customs and traditions drive the strength of social capital linkages to life satisfaction in different parts of Europe. More research is needed however to confirm this claim. More broadly, the lack of association between structural social capital and adolescent life satisfaction can be viewed in the ongoing debate on the importance of absolute affluence versus relative inequality. Previous research has indicated that as countries reach a certain GNP per capita (typically 10,000-13,000), the effect of relative inequality becomes increasingly important [100, 101]. Recent research, using HBSC data, has also been shown to be in line with this hypothesis . Secondly, the present study offered some evidence to support the validity of the social cohesion and collective social pathway theory , linking individual socioeconomic status (SES) to well-being. More specifically, we found evidence for both the moderating and the mediating variant. This finding is in line with Elgar et al. , but contradicts the results found in Dahl et al. . Thirdly, a moderating effect of social capital opens new perspectives for health promotion since such a mechanism implies that social capital may be a way to decrease socioeconomic inequalities between adolescents with low and high SES, thus effectively flattening the social gradient in health. A mediating mechanism would imply that one's socioeconomic position affects the availability and allocation of social capital as a health asset. In contrast, a moderating mechanism allows people to address health assets regardless of their personal characteristics. Note that neo-materialist explanations will still consider this as a 'workaround solution', arguing that interpretations should start with the structural and material causes of inequalities rather than with perceptions of inequality . Either way, our findings emphasize the need for more research on mediating and moderating mechanisms in order to understand the relation between SES and young people's life satisfaction. Fourthly, the present results are discussed in the light of the welfare regime theory [69, 70]. Of course, only comparative studies can make statements about variability in social inequality and social capital between countries, but our results do indicate that both matter in the Czech context: (1) relative and absolute SES indicators were both positively and independently related to adolescent life satisfaction, and (2) cognitive social capital was positively related to adolescent life satisfaction. The findings on social inequality in adolescent life satisfaction were not surprising. Mackenbach  reviews nine theories that may potentially explain such persisting and even widening social inequalities. The author concludes that the psychosocial theory cannot explain the widening of social inequalities, but may explain why social inequalities persist. Despite the welfare state, considerable differences in power and prestige have continued to exist. Some of the inequalities in psychosocial stress may have blurred, but the middle classes have also benefited from the welfare state, for example because it has reduced the psychosocial stress of job insecurity even among the employed . Moreover, advanced welfare states may raise unrealistic expectations of a better life among people with a lower socioeconomic position, and therefore induce higher levels of frustration and stress [107, 108].
Finally, social capital in Eastern Europe has received a fair amount of scholarly attention, also in the Czech Republic . Fidrmuc and Gerxhani  conclude that the low average stock of social capital in Central and Eastern European countries can be attributed to the lower level of economic development and the lower quality of institutions in the new member countries. The study compared levels of social capital in the Czech Republic with average levels of both old and new EU member states and with neighboring states. Slovakia (which together with the Czech Republic formed Czechoslovakia until its dissolution in 1993), Poland and East Germany represented the "post-communist countries", whereas West-Germany and Austria were labeled as "old EU member states". They found that social capital in the Czech Republic (measured by a large set of participation indicators) seems to be closer to the average values of the old EU member states than to the new member states. On the other hand, the generalized social trust value from the 1990 and 1999 World Values Survey were closer to the values of other Eastern European countries than to Western ones. The discrepancy between structural and social capital appears to be an indicator of two important aspects of the Czech society: (1) the fact that structural social capital is closer to the levels observed in longstanding EU member states could possibly reflect the Czech Republic's status as one of the most developed former Eastern bloc countries in economic terms. (2) The low stock of cognitive social capital however is hypothesized to be indicative of the corruption (a form of negative social capital), which was found to be higher than the economic performance would suggest . Fidrmuc and Gerxhani  found the same pattern for different measures of altruism. Previous results concerning the interrelationships between cognitive social capital and health inequalities in the Czech Republic did not support any major differences with other Anglo-Saxon (e.g. [60, 66–68]) and Bismarckian countries (e.g. ).
Despite the use of hierarchical multilevel modeling techniques, we did not control for the contextual dimension of social capital. This is problematic for several reasons. First, several key authors [112, 113] stress the cross-level nature of area or place effects in multilevel investigations on social capital and population health and by extension contextual effects in social epidemiology . Confounding from compositional factors, i.e. to separate the influence from individual characteristics of the people who live in certain communities and characteristics of the communities, is of major importance in studies of contextual associations . This problem is especially pertinent to measures of cognitive social capital , whereby the contextual variable is the aggregated version of the individual responses . Second, the present analytical approach does not add to the theoretical discussion regarding the level of aggregation of social capital – both for structural and cognitive components – in relation to health and well-being outcomes (e.g. [112, 117–120]). Third, the current analytical treatment of social capital limits the comparability with other work on social capital and health inequalities that considered multiple levels of aggregation (e.g. [15, 67]). Another weakness is the limited generalizability of the results given the specific (cultural) context of the Czech Republic. Moreover, this study applied two measures to capture socioeconomic status, i.e. FAS and relative family wealth. Current scientific evidence acknowledges the complexity of the SES construct and recognizes that a multiple measure approach is required to capture its full complexity [121–123]. Nevertheless, what this approach should look like has so far not been identified and as such, the current approach is quite likely suboptimal.
The most important strength of the study was the introduction of a unique dataset. In general, the understanding of social capital in Eastern Post-communist countries is largely focused on participation levels and institutional measures in relation to corruption . Very little is known about social capital among young people. As the previous Czech HBSC surveys implemented in 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006 did not include measures of social capital, the 2010 survey was the first opportunity to perform analyses.
Young peoples' experiences can impact their well-being and have long-term consequences . Positive exposures in early life can bolster a child and young person's long-term well-being, and help them build a 'capital reserve' that can be of benefit throughout life, whereas negative exposures can undermine this. The present findings suggest that cognitive social capital acts as an unequal health resource for adolescents, but could potentially represent opportunities for public health policy to close the gap in socioeconomic disparities.
Gini coefficients for the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden were respectively 0.26, 0.25, 0.26, 0.25 and 0.26.
Special thanks to Dr. Petr Sadílek and the INRES agency who helped to collected the data for this study.
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) under contracts No. LG14042 and No. LG 14043.
All authors were involved in the design of the study, contributed to the interpretation of the findings, critically revised the different versions of the manuscript and approved the final version. Additionally to these tasks, TB and JVD performed the statistical analysis and composed the first draft. BDC supervised and coordinated the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Participation in the study was fully voluntary and anonymous with no explicit incentives provided for participation. Parents were informed about the study from the school administration and could opt out if they disagreed. Data collection was done under the principles of legal and regulatory requirements applicable in the Czech Republic.
The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is available in the Research Gate repository, http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.18678.19529.


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Real estate deals exceed QR1.6bn in August
Doha: Rise in the activities related to FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 is boosting demand in Qatar's real estate market as the realty sector trading in Qatar exceeded QR1bn during August, according to data from the Ministry of Justice.
The real estate transactions during the five weeks of the month of August reached over QR1.6bn. From August 28 to September 1, real estate transactions worth QR445m were signed. Doha Municipality came at top in terms of value and number of real estate transactions worth QR224m, while Al Rayyan and Doha Municipality topped in number of transactions with 21 deals seen during the week, according to the Ministry of Justice data.
A week before, during August 21 to 25, real estate transactions worth more than QR477m were signed in the country. Doha Municipality came at the top in terms of real estate activities. Real estate deals worth QR277m were signed in 28 transactions in Al Rayyan, Al Shamal, Al Khor, and Al Dhakira Municipalities.
The real estate trading volume also exceeded QR251m during the week of August 14 to 18, wherein real estate deals worth QR130m were signed in Municipality of Al Rayyan which claimed the top spot in terms of real estate deals after closing 16 transactions.
During the week August 7-11, total real estate transactions valued at more than QR265m were recorded in Qatar. Doha Municipality came at top in terms of value and number of transactions worth QR164m, and Al Rayyan Municipality topped in number of transactions with 16 deals seen during the week, according to the official data. Also, from July 31 to August 4 the real estate trading volume reached more than QR186m with Al Rayyan municipality being at top with 13 deals during the week.
Qatar's real estate sector witnessed deals worth QR6.37bn in the second quarter (Q2) of the year. A total of 1,203 transactions were registered in the country.
The real estate transactions achieved its highest levels during June 2022 with a total value of QR2.83bn and compared to the second quarter of 2021, the number of real estate index increased. While May 2022 recorded a decrease compared to May 2021 with a total value of QR1.35bn. Whereas, April of this year recorded an increase compared to April 2021, with a total value of QR2.18bn.
The latest Qatar Real Estate Market Trends Report from Property Finder has identified a major uplift in rental demand in the first half of the year, which sees demand outstripping supply for the first time, while investments in apartments reached an all-time high.
The report showcases how the limited supply has dictated price increases across all areas and all unit types, with Doha recording an H1 year-on-year (Y-o-Y) uplift of 23 percent in average rental unit pricing and Al Khor witnessing a 38 percent price rise over the same period. This demand shift is a result of Qatar's imminent hosting of the 2022 FIFA World Cup.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Large Tent provide for Harp Storage.
All pre-registered participants received World's largest Harp Ensemble attempt T-Shirt.
Participants are responsible for bringing their own music stands, stools and/ or chairs. Irishfest-La Crosse will provide a large tent for storage of Harps, music stands, stools and chairs.


text:
La pasta mollicata, pasta ammuddicata ou pasta con la mollica est un plat du sud de l'Italie (Basilicate, Calabre, Sicile), à base de pâtes (en général des ferretti ou des bucatini) et de mie de pain émiettée (mollica en italien). C'est un plat dit « pauvre » dont la réalisation ne nécessite pas d'aliments coûteux.

Le plat se prépare en faisant revenir de la mie de pain émiettée de l'huile d'olive à laquelle on ajoute suivant les variantes de l'ail, de l'oignon, du piment, éventuellement de la tomate et un peu de vin rouge.

Notes et références

Cuisine italienne
Cuisine lucanienne
Cuisine calabraise
Cuisine sicilienne

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Welcome to the web site of Troop 61.
We belong to the Seneca District of the Seneca Waterways Council.Our meetings are on Mondays from 7 pm to 8:30 pm on the weeks the boys have school.
Join the facebook page and keep up on all of what's happening in your district.
fun with a purpose !
Be Prepared! Do a Good Turn Daily!
8 will enter a vocation he has learned through Scouting.
17 will be future Scout Leaders.
18 will develop hobbies that will last a lifetime.
1 will use his Scouting skills to save a life.
5 will earn their Religious award.
5 will become Eagle Scouts.
1 will use his Scout skills to save HIS OWN LIFE.
12 will have their first contact with a religious institution.


Please note: These are general guidelines for caring for a wig. Please refer to the manufacturer's instructions to find the best way to care for your individual piece. If you have questions please do not hesitate to Contact us.
How do I wash my hairpiece or wig?
Add a cap full of synthetic wig shampoo and blend in. Never use regular shampoo on synthetic wigs! If the wig has picked up the odor of smoke or other strong odors, you may add a teaspoon of baking soda to your basin, and blend in.
Gently swish the wig or piece in the water for about 30 seconds to a minute until saturated. Gently scrub the front of the wig cap, where it meets the forehead until clean.
Empty the basin of water and rinse the wig or piece in cool water. It is very important to use cool water on curly wigs, as warm water will over-relax the curls.
Gently squeeze out excess water. Do not rub or twist.
Spread the wig out on an absorbent towel and leave in a ventilated area to dry overnight. You should spray on a little leave-on wig conditioner, when you start the drying process.
When the wig is entirely dry, and not before, re-style the wig gently. We recommend a pick and not a brush. Shaking and fluffing by hand is your best starting point for styling. We offer good quality wig shampoo and conditioner for our customers. Do not use regular shampoo. It is too strong even for human hair wigs.
Follow the same first seven steps as above using lukewarm water instead of cool, and the manufacturer's prescribed shampoo and conditioner for your human hair wig.
Wigs may be set in rollers if desired and placed under a dryer or left overnight to dry at your discretion. A hot curling iron may be used on human hair wigs. We offer human hair wig conditioner and shampoo for our customers.
How often should my piece be washed and styled?
Wash your piece as little as possible. Think of it like a fine cashmere sweater. Picking up odors and "hat" stains on the cap at the forehead, are reasons to consider giving it a bath. Depending on the piece's environment, this will vary from every 12 wearings to every 25. Use your eyes and nose to determine this. You should wash your piece very rarely. If you wear a wig every day, it's a good idea to have a back-up piece, so you won't be "down" for washings.
Can I use a blow drier or curling iron on my piece?
No blow drier or curling iron! Excessive heat will melt or frizz the plastic in your fibers.
Pin the wig or piece to a styrofoam head or "block" so you can work on it.
Select rollers of the proper size to re-set your curls. Wire mesh rollers are best.
Wet the entire hairpiece with lukewarm water and set the curls. Use perm papers, which you can get at a beauty supply house to protect the ends of the hair. Use plenty of rollers with a little hair in each for best curly results.
Take the pinned up piece to the sink basin. If you have a spray nozzle at your basin it is best to "spray" the hottest tap water on each set curl for about 3-4 seconds. This process, relaxes the hair without damaging it like a curling iron.
When you are done relaxing all the curls, immediately spray each curl, in approximately the same order as you "relaxed" them with icy cold tap water. You can also use a mist bottle, filled with some ice and water. This "freezes" the curl into a new semi-permanent curl pattern.
Allow your hair to air dry overnight, and when dry, take down the rollers. Now you've re-set your curls the most professional way possible.
Yes a hot curling iron may be used on any human hair wig. The better method is to set them on rollers and use a hairdryer to set the curls.


On a winter's day in Melbourne in 2012 I was offered some tickets to an exhibition of Napoleon's uniforms, furniture, china, paintings, snuff boxes, military decorations and memorabilia. We are often told he is a tyrant but we do not quite listen. We hear him compared to Hitler, but the comparison does not take root. For all the blood and human waste and murderous narcissism of his career, the late phases of the French Revolution and the Consulate, and then the Empire, possess ineffable style in ideas and new politics, in art and human venturing.
There were reasons in the exquisite furniture the emperor and Josephine had commissioned from Jacob Frères, who might have come as close to heaven in their creations as any furniture makers of history, interspersed with Sèvres porcelain and silver plates, and paintings by Ingres and David. Everything, I assumed, came from Europe. In fact, it was not so. Some of the material, including a Légion d'honneur, a swatch of the emperor's hair, and a death mask of the man showing some mutilation of his head, came in fact from an 1840s homestead named The Briars, only 20 miles away from the city. And there, in the catalogue, was a name that teased the brain: Betsy Balcombe. The Australian items seemed to have a connection with this adolescent girl who had lived on the mid-Atlantic island of St Helena when the emperor was stuck there. And the Balcombes, ultimately exiled to Australia, had brought these memorabilia with them. The idea of a friendship between the emperor and a girl who would end up in Australia, her family destroyed by their association with him, gripped me utterly.
In the absence of flights to St Helena – plans to open a recently built airport have been indefinitely postponed – the island has been served for decades by a cargo-passenger ship, RMS St Helena. That's how my wife, Judy, and I visited it last year to celebrate our 50th wedding, and to compare the geography and atmospherics of its landscape with the novel I had written about Napoleon's time there.
The British East India Company was granted a royal charter over the island in 1658, which was still held when the emperor and his entourage arrived as detainees in October 1815. Back then, ships were more frequently sighted from St Helena, driven there by the ceaseless trade winds that would depress the exiled emperor. William Balcombe, Betsy's father, was the company's superintendent of sales there, which combined the roles of provedore and ship's chandler.
The island, with its tortured cliffs, is the summit of an undersea volcano bigger than Etna. There were only a couple of points from which a fugitive could realistically embark a ship: Jamestown, the island's port jammed into its crevice between two huge rock headlands; and a little inlet on the wild south side of the island. St Helena is totally isolated: Cape Town is 3,130km away to the southeast, Brazil 5,000km to the west.
In 1815, the island had only two days' warning that the emperor was on his way. His proposed accommodation, at that stage the wreck of an old farm named Longwood House, was not ready. On his second day ashore, making his way up the terraces into the interior to visit Longwood, he saw a very elegant bungalow-style house, with an orchard and a summerhouse, in a small valley below. So the Balcombes went through the extraordinary experience of having Napoleon and members of his entourage pulling in through their carriageway and seeking to stay with them.
William and Jane Balcombe offered Napoleon their entire home, but he took only the summer house on a hillock beside the garden – a structure named the Pavilion. As a result, the Balcombe children became accustomed to having the emperor on the premises. If tales of 13-year-old Betsy's bluntness can be believed, she and the emperor teased each other relentlessly, Betsy not being above asking him if he was sorry now that he had ever invaded Russia? While at the Pavilion, Napoleon encouraged horseplay, and threw himself into games of blind man's buff and hide and seek, while also forming a more serious alliance with the amiable William.
If we read Betsy's 1844 memoirs, or those of Louis Marchand, Napoleon's handsome valet, it is easy to recreate the daily regime of the emperor in his first weeks on the island, at the time the Balcombes were developing an emotional allegiance to him. The British gave Napoleon an ultimatum to move out of the Pavilion and into Longwood. Many years later, the Australian granddaughter of little Alex Balcombe, Dame Mabel Brookes, bought the area of now-vanished Briars and the still-standing Pavilion and presented it as a gift to France – it is now one of a number of small French enclaves on the island.
Longwood House, where Napoleon lived, gardened, plotted and died, is also part of France, and Betsy and others vividly describe its humidity, ceaseless wind (the island's turbine farm is just a few hundred metres down the road these days from Longwood), and the massive block of rock, called the Barn, which cramped the view of the sea to the east. Longwood was only 2.5 miles from the Briars, but might as well have been in another, less genial country. Marchand the valet hung cloth from the emperor's bedroom walls to hide the condensation. In the then windowless and humid dining room (one window has been put in since) the emperor's party tried to keep the formality of dinners while long-established colonies of rats banged their heads against the tin plates hammered on to the floor to prevent their entry. The emperor's distaste for his lot had been augmented by the arrival as governor of a British soldier, Sir Hudson Lowe, a narrow man who felt the task of detaining that great spirit of the age very heavily upon him. Pettifogging and mean, he sent the two battalions of soldiers on constrictive patrols of the Longwood perimeter, disposing artillery and semaphore stations on heights above Longwood. He held up the delivery of books and newspapers and even a bust of the emperor's son.
At some stage William began smuggling unauthorised letters and money bills for the emperor. The island had become a place of spies, and of spies spying on spies. These activities contributed to his returning to England in disfavour. The Balcombes' reasons for leaving the island that year were complex – ill-health was part of it, but also the ruthless pressure of the governor. William and his family, once in England, lived in genteel poverty while the Tory cabinet considered whether he should be charged with treason.
Napoleon died of stomach cancer in the salon at Longwood in May 1821. (I do not subscribe to the theories about murder by poison administered by Count de Montholon.) But the Balcombes were still under his shadow. The prize, in 1823, for William's agreeing to swear an affidavit as to the merciful behaviour of Sir Hudson and the British cabinet towards Napoleon, was that William would be given a government job. It turned out to be a post in Australia, as colonial treasurer of New South Wales. Never fully at ease with himself and the world again, Napoleon's friend, whom he nicknamed Cinq Bouteilles, died in office in Sydney in 1829, leaving disorder and debt.
Betsy had married a man named Abell, an habitual gambler who abandoned her after their daughter was born. A gentlewoman, her beauty commented on by many, she was regarded as damaged goods and never able to marry again. In the end she returned to England permanently and made a living teaching music in England. In the Victorian artist Alfred Tidey's work,The Piano Lesson, which hangs in the Worthing Art Museum, she is depicted her in her mid-years as a trim, extremely handsome figure. She died in London in 1871.
In Betsy's journal there are subtexts, things hinted at rather than mentioned, and in the spirit of fiction (which after all is a synonym for a lie). I have tried to guess, I hope not too implausibly, at what the gaps and silences might mean. But I am also aware that the relationship between the Balcombes and Napoleon makes an extraordinary tale even taken straight. Without any invention thrown in at all.


Amber [Hypericum perforatum] might help!
I am ready for dreams and to see what everyone creates!
I'm curious as to how they'll pick people for the beta. They have a relatively new newsletter which is an option. They also have the forums for LBP, which seems possible as well, but I'm not sure. Then they also have a few dreams forums.
With new community managers, I doubt they remember who any of us really are. Some of the folks that still work at Mm talk to me on FB, but Spaff is long gone. Regardless... no one has said anything to us officially.
uh huh, i caught that OFFICIALLY! But in seriousness, I'm more curious as to how big the beta will be. I don't really care if I get the beta or not (don't get me wrong, I'd play the heck out of it, but i don't NEED it. I'd just be happy that it means a close release date).
I am the same as you. Really don't care about the beta as much as when it finally arrives. I am hoping to be less busy someday so I can actually play the thing. So for me, it isn't an issue that it is not out yet. Thought, I am currently enjoying the first day of a nice 3 day weekend for once.
I personally missed all the LBP betas, but I'd really like to create a small level in Dreams in the Beta.
Well.. if I get any word about a Beta from Mm, which is totally doubtful... I will let you know.
3 days till December .
Is beta gonna make it this year!?
The beta will probably be a few weeks from whatever the release date is.
Last edited by Rabid-Coot; 12-01-2018 at 02:28 PM.
It's been a long time since I've seen that signature here.
I think the Beta could go for like 4-6 weeks.
I think we could see the beta release next week or the week before Christmas .Theyll probably go on Christmas break the week of Christmas .
Click here for information on my Jak and Daxter remake.
Check out my LBP.me page!


Newcastle United vs Arsenal Live streaming India Time: The upcoming Premier League match will be played at the St James' Park on Saturday at 07:30 pm India time. The live stream of the match can be accessed at Hotstar.com and Hotstar app while the live TV coverage will be available on Star Sports 2.
Newcastle United vs Arsenal Live streaming India Time: When Arsenal last visited St James' Park, they faced a bitter 2-1 defeat, however, the Emirates outfit will be looking to pull one over Newcastle United when they lock horns with them on Saturday. The Gunners have finally started to find feet under the tutelage of new coach Unai Emery after early hiccups.
For Newcastle United, life has been difficult for them ever since they climbed to the Premier League from the second division. Rafael Benitez's men are yet to taste victory in the ongoing campaign and have secured just one point from four matches played.
On the other hand, Arsenal too endured a torrid start to their Premier League 2018-19 season, but they turned around their form by securing back-to-back victories over West Ham and Cardiff City. They will certainly be looking to keep their winning streak going.
Where and how to catch the live stream of Newcastle United vs Arsenal match?
When and what time is the Premier League match between Newcastle United vs Arsenal?
The live TV coverage of the crucial Premier League encounter will be available on Star Sports 2.
What will be the likely lineups in Newcastle United vs Arsenal?


Ty Gwilym Holiday Cottages are set in the heart of St Davids, overlooking the Cathedral Bell Tower at 8 and 11, Goat Street, SA62 6RF.
Please look at our 'Cottage Summary' to find out more... or check our 'Availability' for bookings.
We started coming to St Davids in 1982, when we discovered the wonderful camp site at Caerfai Bay.
We fell in love with the views across St Brides Bay and St Davids itself and returned with our children for the next 20 years or more... camping, renting cottages and eventually finding Ty Gwilym Holiday Cottages.


Search and compare 19 available cabin properties in Colorado Springs to find your perfect vacation rental.
We believe finding a cabin vacation rental in Colorado Springs should be easy and not take hours of searching and scrolling. We've designed VacationRenter from the ground up to help travelers find the perfect rental faster and easier.
If you're feeling "cabin fever" in your hometown, why not escape to a beautiful cabin in Colorado Springs. WIth 916 available cabins for rent in and near Colorado Springs, you can arrive and enjoy your rustic weekend no matter your mood or manner of travel, availability of time off, or size of budget. So, if you are hoping for an affordable Colorado Springs cabin to get cozy, you can find 10% of the rentals under $80/night. Or if you are willing to splurge on a luxury cabin in Colorado Springs, there are 92 between $462 and $1,900/night Whether you are traveling by yourself, with a significant other, or a family of five, there are available cabins for rent to make your Colorado vacation in the woods a great experience.
Colorado Springs has been a frequently searched travel destination this year and with all of the beautiful cabins for rent, there is sure to be a wilderness escape to give you the best memories of Colorado. VacationRenter offers a wide selection of cabin rentals from leading travel sites like VRBO (Vacation Rentals By Owner), Homeaway, Booking.com, and many more. Search your travel dates to find available Colorado Springs cabins for your upcoming trip.


text:
Ian McKeown
0.00 / 2.00 Marissa Petralia
Student Sustainability Tracking Assistant
How many of the institution's research-producing divisions are covered by a published open access policy that ensures that versions of future scholarly articles by faculty and staff are deposited in a designated open access repository? (All, Some or None):
Which of the following best describes the open access policy? (Mandatory or Voluntary):
Voluntary (strictly opt-in)
Does the institution provide financial incentives to support faculty members with article processing and other open access publication charges?:
A brief description of the open access policy, including the date adopted, any incentives or supports provided, and the repository(ies) used:
The Digital Commons of Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School provides software to manage and publish journals electronically, including the online submission of manuscripts, distribution of manuscripts for anonymous peer review, publication of accepted manuscripts, and archiving of content.
The Library promotes open access publication, which removes price barriers (subscription or other fees) and permission barriers (copyright and licensing restrictions)
from the accessibility of information and scholarship.
Priority support will be given for journals that are open access immediately upon publication and follow peer review procedures. This particular update to the policy was July 2014. first priority for publish for open access and then cheaper price.
A copy of the institution's open access policy:
journalpolicy.pdf
The institution's open access policy:
Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School is an initiative of the William H. Hannon Library and the William M. Rains Library. The repository serves faculty and institutional interests by collecting, organizing, preserving, and disseminating faculty scholarship and creative works in a digital, open-access environment. This initiative is consistent with the library's archival role and responsibility in preserving publications and other artifacts documenting the university's history and the activities of its faculty, students, staff, and administrators.
from the accessibility of information and scholarship. Priority support will be given for journals that are open access immediately upon publication and follow peer review procedures.
The website URL where the open access repository is available:
http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/
Estimated percentage of scholarly articles published annually by the institution's faculty and staff that are deposited in a designated open access repository (0-100):
A brief description of how the institution's library(ies) support open access to research:
Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School is an initiative of the William H. Hannon Library and the William M. Rains Library. The repository serves faculty and institutional interests by collecting, organizing, preserving, and disseminating faculty scholarship and creative works in a digital, open-access environment. This initiative is consistent with the library's archival role and responsibility in preserving publications and other artifacts documenting the university's history and the activities of its faculty, students, staff, and administrators. In addition to archiving LMU's scholarly output, the LMU community can use the repository to support publication of open access journals, host events, image galleries and other content. The Library promotes
open access publication, which removes price barriers (subscription or
other fees) and permission barriers (copyright and licensing restrictions)
accessibility of
information and scholarship. Priority support will be given for journals that are open access
immediately upon publication and follow peer
The website URL where information about the programs or initiatives is available:
http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/about.html
Additional documentation to support the submission:


text:
Botnet Infects 100,000 Routers to Send Outlook, Hotmail, and Yahoo Spam
Posted on November 8, 2018 at 9:48 PM
Hackers might have compromised over 100,000 routers. These attack gain access through UDP port 1900 and TCP Port 5431.
Over a hundred thousand home routers may have been press-ganged into a spam-spewing botnet through Universal Plug and Play (UPnP). Reports from 360 Netlab, the vulnerabilities in a Broadcom UPnP implementation to attack vulnerable gateways. This means that some router manufacturers were affected considering the fact that the kit uses such technology. Equipment developed by Billion, Linksys, D-Link, Zyxel, ZTE, TP-Link, and Australian supplier NetComm in addition with some devices supplied under ISP Brands such as Australian ISP iiNet and CenturyLink are among 116 device models recognized as infected by the malware.
In a Wednesday advisory, Hui Wang and someone referring themselves as RootKiter indicated that the hijacked routers were spotted emitting spikes of network traffic to UDP port 1900 and TCP port 5431, used by UPnP and Broadcom. These gateways, infected with botnet malware, were efficiently scanning the internet for other weak devices to attack and infect.
The researchers further indicated that the sweeps are sporadic but large-scale. According to the researcher, "the scan activity picks up every 1-3 days. The number of active scanning IPs in every single event is about 100,000."
This means that each time about 100,000 commandeered boxes were up and running. When these scans discovered a router with UPnP turned on or powered by Broadcom chipset, an attacker controller server will then be instructed by the malware to exploit the Broadcom bugs immediately and infect the newly discovered gateway with the software nasty. Immediately the malware finds the perfect place it can communicate perfectly with well-known mail servers like Yahoo! Mail, Hotmail, Outlook, and others.
The researchers say a Shodan search for the banner Server: Custom/1.0 UPnP/1.0 Proc/Ver shown over 400,000 potentially dangerous gizmos.
For many years, UPnP has been the target. In 2013, a SANS diary entry briefly explains the port-scans; however, in March this year, SANS reported a similar pattern of the scans, which attracted the attention of 360 Netlab. In its reported, it indicated that
"Have been observing this for about 45 days now (since 02/08/2018). Traffic is very bursty – scanning occurs for just an hour or two and stops, then repeats every 3-4 days or so. I have also noticed an (oddly) fixed source port of port 6/tcp on the scan packets. Not sure of the intent – perhaps looking for Broadcom UPnP? But curious that the scanning starts and stops so abruptly from 10's of thousands of source IPs. Feels botnet-like, but no evidence to support that."
Broadcom UPnP flaws were first discovered in 2013 and after many years, most devices remain unpatched in spite of the fixes being developed. This was possible because users didn't apply the updates or updates weren't distributed. However, if you are in doubt, installing the latest firmware for your router by be the perfect solution rather than disabling the UPnP completely.


text:
Artist Brian Yap on How iPad Apps Transformed The Way He Works
The following post is part of a series in partnership with Adobe.
03.30.16 | By Jaime Derringer
We write a lot about furniture and home decor designers' processes but we don't often cover graphic design, even though we know a lot of you are graphic designers, artists and illustrators. We hope that you've noticed that we've started adding more art and graphic design content to the site and are excited to share with you a fun 3-part series where we follow artist Brian Yap along as he revisits a classic design with his own signature style, using some high-tech tools along the way.
A self-proclaimed "navy brat and chronic doodler", San Francisco-bay area illustrator Brian Yap has worked as everything from a toy designer to airbrush t-shirt artist to agency creative director, always with the secret plan of integrating illustration in as many projects as possible. He's worked with brands like NVIDIA, Woodford Reserve Bourbon, Adobe, Fader magazine and has created music posters for tons of bands from the Black Keys to Chuck Berry. For the past few years, he has worked on the iPad to create his highly detailed illustrations, often speaking to design groups about what's possible with digital and mobile tools. Outside of drawing he pretends to play the ukulele, ear reads books and is enjoying the bay area weather as a recent midwest transplant.
Brian primarily uses the Adobe Photoshop Sketch and Adobe Illustrator Draw on an iPad in his process, and he's agreed to demonstrate how he worked previously, how he starts a project now, and the tools and tips that help him create classic style illustrations in a whole new way. In the final article, you'll be able to see the finished piece and download assets from his Creative Cloud Library to follow along. Here's Brian:
After years of playing with different styles and techniques, and especially after working with some incredible comic book style artists, I narrowed my style to pen and ink on tracing paper. I'd then scan the drawing, and use image tracing in Adobe Illustrator CC so that I could play with color.
These days, I do a ton of sketching in the Photoshop Sketch app on my iPad. It's amazing how many more ideas I can try out simply on my commute to work, or sitting on the couch. It's kind of like having a mobile light table with you, so I obsessively redraw over early sketches and develop detailed aspects of the final piece. I'm currently working on a book cover design for the Hunchback of Notre Dame by Victor Hugo for a crowdsourcing project called Rock, Paper, Books. It's inspiring as hell to be working in a group of such talented people. It will be similar to the first book cover I did for Mysterious Island:
My illustration style is a mixture of a bunch of influences: comic books— especially early horror stuff like Bernie Wrightson—sci-fi paperbacks, equal parts punk flyers and classic pen and ink Illustrators like Harry Clarke and Aubrey Beardsley, graffiti and old vintage advertising engravings. It's a strange mixture, but I feel like there's a whole school of illustrators finding their own voice from the same set of influences. The way I approached working digitally came directly from those techniques, too. I always look at what I am doing as creating the same line-work I would if I was using a fat tip marker or a thin technical ink pen.
For this piece, and for Mysterious Island, I wanted to lean more towards the old book covers and vintage advertising. I have been doing type treatments like this for music posters recently but here, I wanted it to be very classic looking. In the Mysterious Island cover, the main character to me was the island, but here it seemed the driving focus was the relationship between the hunchback and Claude Frolo. So, I focused on a composition with those two characters.
Photoshop Sketch is pretty intuitive drawing app. I use the pencil tool to sketch with, shifting the darkness of the color and opacity to mimic natural drawing.
The new Apple Pencil is also integrated in a way that feels very natural and you can access the onscreen touch slide ruler through the shape button on top menu. Recent updates added features including a watercolor brushes, and mean that I can start to explore color and lights and darks in my sketch.
Once I get the sketch where almost everything is figured out, I save the image to my Creative Cloud account and then try different compositions using Adobe Photoshop Mix, a process I learned in school with project critiques. Sometimes you can get so focused on the original idea that you need to step back and see how things are working as a whole.
Once I have a plan for the final composition, I switch over to Illustrator Draw, which is a vector drawing app that's like using the blob brush in Adobe Illustrator CC, but built for mobile. It's really easy to use. I've barely touched on the different techniques you can create with it—I love the limitlessness when working with vector art.
You can place the sketch image on the bottom layer and add up to 9 more drawing layers above it. Note that I tend to work backwards, drawing the darkest outline part of the drawing first, then add colors in subsequent layers below.
There's a similarity here to how I worked previously. I used to rely on a light table to sketch over earlier sketches, and then again to fine tune the final pencil sketch that I would eventually ink. Even if I was going to paint on top of that, I liked to have a strong and very finished drawing to work over. But, when I started working the final illustration in Illustrator CC, I found it easier to me to add color using layers, especially going from dark to light.
For these book covers, I wanted to give the illustration a bit of an engraving/etching feel. So I used the round end brush set in a low size and as I draw, I use the highly-tuned pressure sensitivity of the stylus to create thicker areas. It was a little tricky to figure out at first, but once I practiced the technique a little bit, it became second nature.
In the next post, I'll integrate some off-beat techniques using Adobe Capture CC to add patterns and some geometric elements to the illustration, and then show how the whole thing comes together in the final article on the desktop in Illustrator. Stay tuned!
Thanks, Brian! See the Adobe Apps for iOs and Android that Adobe offers.
Jaime Derringer, Founder + Executive Editor of Design Milk, is a Jersey girl living in SoCal. She dreams about funky, artistic jewelry + having enough free time to enjoy some of her favorite things—running, reading, making music, and drawing.
You can follow Jaime Derringer on Twitter, and Instagram. Read all of Jaime Derringer's posts.


text:
Edward G. Ulmer | 1hr 5min
Atop the ruins of Fort Marmorus in Hungary, where thousands of World War I soldiers died, an imposing manor has been built by Austrian architect, Hjalmar Poelzig. Within its basement, an evil Satanic cult gathers, preserving the bodies of dead women for its own nefarious purposes. It is also upon these dark grounds where Edgar G. Ulmer stages a showdown between two of Universal Pictures' greatest stars, Boris Karloff and Bela Lugosi, both chewing scenery with exaggerated accents and mannerisms that are wild by even their own standards. An "atmosphere of death" hangs over their decades-old rivalry, cast in stark shadows across lavish halls and secret dungeons, and Ulmer savours every demented moment of it, painting over The Black Cat's uneven pacing with a pulpy, macabre expressionism.
Honeymooners and audience conduits Peter and Joan are the least interesting thing about this film of treachery, conspiracies, and mind games. Their encounter with Lugosi's psychiatrist Dr. Vitus Werdegast is simply our introduction into a far more fascinating underworld run by Poelzig, Karloff's enigmatic occultist. Rain pours down in the film's exteriors, dousing the night in a pervasive gloom, while Ulmer's interior architecture becomes a Gothic extension of Poelzig's madness. Against bright backlights, silhouettes cut striking shapes out of his characters, while a pair of spiral staircases become central set pieces – one stretching wide across a gridded backdrop, and the other sharply dropping into the basement like a steep, rickety tower.
Like Dracula's castle or Frankenstein's laboratory, Poelzig's manor stands in a lineage within Universal monster movies of creepy buildings standing atop lonely mountains.
Excellent use of chiaroscuro lighting for the introduction of Karloff's creepy occultist, rising from his bed.
Ulmer returns to this set piece multiple times, each time finding new angles and shadows around it.
Most powerful of all Ulmer's visual motifs though are the elongated shadows cast by Poelzig's black cat, striking a fear deep into Dr. Vitus' heart with its legs stretched out like fingers, and representing a "living embodiment of evil." Karloff himself takes on characteristics of his feline companion too, prowling around the manor in long robes and scowling at his guests from beneath a heavy brow. When he invites Dr. Vitus to play a game of death, Ulmer even cuts away to an eerie montage of tracking shots down the building's opulent hallways, hauntingly disembodying his voice like a lingering spectre. He is a force of malevolence on every level, certainly in the underworld of occultism, but also in his betrayal of his own nation to the Russians in World War I.
A commitment to the visual motif of the black cat, tying its shadows into the occult symbolism.
Ulmer using these angular beams to obstruct the shots of Poelzig's Satanic cult.
The Satan worshippers who gather in Poelzig's tabernacle are an unassuming lot, dressing in formalwear and looking more like wealthy aristocrats than social outcasts. Still, there is something unsettling about their glowering faces as we cut between them in close-ups, while Ulmer's wide shots are obstructed by the obelisks and cross-like altar at the centre of the room. So too do the shadows and torture instruments of Poelzig's dungeon construct some particularly oppressive frames around his final confrontation with Dr. Vitus, which gruesomely comes to an end with the Satanist's execution on his own embalming rack. The Black Cat does not possess the same narrative strength as either Dracula or Frankenstein, and yet the morbid delight of seeing the stars of both clash across Ulmer's expressionistic interiors makes for a darkly mesmerising occult horror.
A well-cut montage jumping around the faces of the cult members.
A huge influence from German expressionism in these shadows, angles, and designs – the foundation of this film's profuse visual style.
The Black Cat is not currently streaming in Australia.
Posted on January 24, 2023 January 21, 2023 Author SceneByGreenCategories 1930s, 1934
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When God talks...do I listen? Do you?
I was blessed today to have a rare week off the worship team, and was able to go to a new church. At the last minute, my daughter made carpool plans with another kid going to camp, so hubby & I have the "pick up duty" rather than the "drop off" duty which left me free to attend another church.
Let's see...I chose you! errr...or do you choose me? which one is it?
Therefore God has mercy on whom he wants to have mercy, and he hardens whom he wants to harden.
I asked you guys to lift them up in prayer a few weeks ago, and they need it again...Tricia's lymphoma (one of the possible complications from a double lung transplant) has not responded to chemo, so they're bringing out the big guns - This is not exactly easy, given all the anti-rejection meds Tricia has to take..
Have a little faith, willya?
I think one of the things I meditate on the most (and talk to God about the most) is the F-word...you know...FAITH...something we all strive for, but few attain? Oh, we have faith, but not that deep, unwavering faith that we all yearn for. And if you think you have it, let me ask you something - did you ever worry about anything? Because if you did, you don't have that unwavering faith.
Did you ever have one of those moments, where God does something totally unexpected? I love those moments!
Yes more clouds LOL! God just has me looking up lately :-) Perhaps it's a way of staying in touch with Him (every time I see some nice patterns, I am sure to give him props) or perhaps it's to remind me to "always look up", but whatever, I am lovin' it...the serenity, the beauty, the quietness and peace you get when you look up at the clouds...NOW I know why I used to spend hours on my back lying in the grass looking up at the sky!
Let go and Let God...umm...I said let GO!!!!!!!
What happens when you hear God, but other people don't?
The path ahead was calm and quiet, slowly twisting through the meadow toward the Aspen trees that lay ahead. The tall grass moved back and forth in the cool summer breeze.
Psa 37:30 The godly offer good counsel; they know what is right from wrong.
Psa 37:31 They fill their hearts with God's law, so they will never slip from his path.
Sometimes we like to hear good advice and sometimes we don't like to hear advice even when it is good. However, the Bible encourages us to surround ourselves with "Godly Counsel".
You know what is wonderful about being a Christian? never really being troubled. Oh, we can fret, worry all we want, even fuss a bit...but deep down inside, God gives us His peace.
New Music being released in time for Easter get your FREE copy NOW!
Easter Praise & Worship Songs . . .


It would be mint* to be able to have SQL Server Maintenance jobs included in SQL Source Control. Could it be added as a new feature?
Would be nice to have the option to include the drop statement inside of each object script. The option would be global over all scripts.
Commit dependencies dialogue blue dot.
Commit dependencies dialogue shows blue dot on objects even when those objects have no changes to commit. This seems incorrect.
If there is a new Filter available at the moment this gets listed in the Get Latest tab with all other objects. Really you should apply this first before committing changes or getting latest. If you don't there's a danger you commit or get objects that should be excluded by the filter.
For example if a new filter excludes Users and Roles, but you fail to synch this before committing latest you can easily commit recently created users and roles that should simply have been excluded.
Be able to apply the SVN Relocate command. I often switch between our SVN server while on the LAN, but then when on the road I connect "relocate" to the SVN server using external IP address of the server using the SVN relocate command.
We use the shared database development model and can have several projects going at once. Some developers may jump back and forth between projects. It would be nice to have the ability to setup a single database connection to multiple branches. Possibly using the SSMS registered server name instead of the physical server name.
One of the problems with a shared db model, where all developers work against the same database, is that everyone's changes are listed on the Commit List and any user can commit any other user's changes. It would be nice if an administrator setting could be set that would only allow users to commit their own changes There should be someway to prevent other users from committing your changes.
3) One person relinks SSC in dedicated mode and uses "get latest" to pull down latest schema to the newly restored dev db.
4) everyone can resume working in shared model.
Similar to how fortress works with visual studio. All objects in the database would require an exclusive or shared lock to be worked. If an object is changed without a lock it becomes renegade for that user.


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Trees galore. And some sights.
It's hard to find a place without any trees in Berlin, they're everywhere, even important buildings like Humboldt University in what used to be East-Berlin – the Berlin featured in Alfred Hitchcock's Torn Curtain, a place much less horrid than the film, he must have been drugged throughout the entire production, or even at the time when he was reading the script, why would anyone shoot such a boring mess, anyone, I ask you, but I wildly digress – anyway, even this architectural gem is partially covered in leaves and blossoms of a majestic chestnut tree, actually, all of Berlin is covered in trees, up and down every place and street, they're flourishing so opulently you can't make out the trunk at times. I wonder who planned this urban jungle, some green spirit way ahead of its time – whoever he was, I proposed a toast to him today, with my little bird friend and my soy caffè latte venti at a very treed Starbucks.
< Previous Berlin's grey, Berlin's green.
Next > A different kind of shopping experience.


Pianist Jason Moran is joined by an all-star band of: Lonnie Plaxico, Eric Harland, Stefon Harris, and Greg Osby for this piece. These are the lions of jazz today all joined on a fabulous session. Feel that strength?
Visit Jason's official website to hear more music.


text:
Jacobs defeats Koe to advance to men's final at Canada's Olympic curling trials
Vice-skip Marc Kennedy says the members of Team Jacobs are simply trying to follow their skip's lead at Canada's Olympic curling trials.
The plan is working as another near-perfect performance from Brad Jacobs has the rink one win away from a berth in the Winter Games.
Jacobs used a pair of in-off double-takeouts for big scores in an 8-3 rout of Kevin Koe in Saturday's men's semifinal. Jacobs scored four in the third end and added another four-ender in the fifth.
"Brad has been fantastic and I think when you feel like your skip is going to make everything, it allows everybody to be a little more relaxed," said Kennedy. "That has kind of been the story of the week."
WATCH | Jacobs moves on to Olympic trials finals with win over Koe:
Jacobs defeats Koe, advances to finals of Olympic curling trials
With an 8-3 victory over Kevin Koe, Sault Ste. Marie, Ont.'s Brad Jacobs will battle Brad Gushue in the finals of the Olympic curling trials on Sunday. An opportunity to represent Canada at the 2022 Beijing Olympics is on the line. 1:03
Later in the evening, Jennifer Jones defeated Krista McCarville 8-3 to advance to the women's final against Tracy Fleury.
"These are the moments that you play for," said Jones, who like Jacobs, won Olympic gold in 2014 in Sochi, Russia.
WATCH | Jones earns berth into women's final with win over McCarville:
Jennifer Jones books spot in Olympic curling trials women's final
Jennifer Jones beats Krista McCarville 8-3, will face Tracy Fleury in the women's final of Canada's Olympic curling trials. 0:46
Koe, who represented Canada at the 2018 Pyeongchang Games but missed the podium, conceded after only six ends.
"It came to a quick thud out there," Koe said. "It sucks."
Jacobs has rolled through the competition at SaskTel Centre with the lone hiccup a 7-6 extra-end loss to Brad Gushue. He was in full control against Koe after the teams opened with a pair of blanks.
"This is just the best team performance I can remember that we've put together to this point," Jacobs said. "I think we all feel very confident heading into tomorrow's final."
The women's final was set for Sunday morning and the men were scheduled to play in the evening. The winning teams will wear the Maple Leaf at the Feb. 4-20 Beijing Games.
Gushue had the same 7-1 round-robin record as Jacobs but earned the top seed thanks to the head-to-head victory.
WATCH | Marc Kennedy joins That Curling Show to discuss the Olympic trials:
Marc Kennedy, a Battle of the Brads and tight tiebreakers at the Olympic trials
2010 Olympic gold medallist Marc Kennedy stops by That Curling Show on the eve of the Olympic trials final matchup against Brad Gushue. 48:50
Both teams have plenty of Olympic experience. Kennedy won Olympic gold in 2010 with Kevin Martin and returned to the Games in 2018 with Koe.
Jacobs and his front end of E.J. Harnden and Ryan Harnden won an Olympic title in 2014. Gushue and third Mark Nichols were victorious at the 2006 Winter Games.
Koe managed just a single in the fourth and tacked on a deuce in the sixth with the game essentially over.
"That's the best I've seen the Brad Jacobs team in a couple years," said Koe second John Morris. "They've got that look in their eye that they're really hard to beat."
McCarville defeats Einarson in tiebreaker
In the afternoon tiebreaker, McCarville scored a single in an extra end for a 4-3 victory over Kerri Einarson.
Einarson, who beat Casey Scheidegger 8-6 in a morning tiebreaker, had a chance to beat McCarville in the 10th end but was heavy with her draw for two.
"I thought it was very close when I let go of it," Einarson said. "The way it was curling, I thought it was good but it wasn't."
WATCH | McCarville downs Einarson to advance at Canada's Olympic curling trials:
McCarville knocks off Einarson in extras, will play in Olympic curling trial semifinals
Thunder Bay, Ont.'s Krista McCarville defeated Kerri Einarson of Selkirk, Man. 4-3 to advance to the semifinals of the Canadian Olympic curling trials against Jennifer Jones. 1:02
Jones earned the first semifinal berth as the No. 2 seed. Fleury went unbeaten in round-robin play to earn the direct berth to the final.
In the semifinal, Jones scored a deuce in the eighth end and forced McCarville to try an angle-raise double in the ninth to score her deuce. McCarville couldn't clear the stones and gave up a steal of two.
"Fortunately for us we got a couple of misses that kind of turned the momentum of the game our way," Jones said.
Einarson, McCarville and Scheidegger were tied for third place in the round-robin standings at 4-4.
The men's semifinal was moved to the afternoon from the evening due to the women's tiebreaker schedule.
The change allowed both semifinals to be televised and kept the feature games on the same sheet.
WATCH | That Curling Show attempts to recreate Schmirler's in-out shot:
Trying to recreate THAT Sandra Schmirler shot from the '97 Olympic trials
That Curling Show hosts Devin Heroux and Colleen Jones show just how hard it is to accurately throw the in-off shot that made Sandra Schmirler famous at the 1997 Canadian Olympic trials. Joan McCusker joins the conversation with a behind-the-scenes story on how it happened. 7:16
Published at Sat, 27 Nov 2021 18:34:28 +0000
Watch World Cup ski cross from Nakiska
Italy is about to bring in the strictest COVID-19 measures in Europe
Interest rate hike to give pensioners £5,000 extra income – 'much-needed boost'
Man Utd warned against signing Jack Grealish because of three players
Martin Lewis confirms '10 main mobile networks' will not charge holidaymakers in the EU
Canadian men pull out important win over Brazil to open water polo Olympic qualifier


A hospital consultant who has never had a waiting list has been told to stop treating patients so quickly, to save money.
Alastair Paterson was ordered to ration minor operations which cost between £1,000 and £2,000.
Health officials insisted the surgery for conditions such as hernias and gallbladders was non-urgent and would not help meet waiting list targets.
But Mr Paterson, a surgeon for 17 years, has refused to buckle, saying he wants to continue to put his patients' interests first. "I'm not going to slow-up," he added.
The row has blown up as the NHS faces a £620million budget crisis.
Mr Paterson works at the Royal Cornwall Hospital in Truro, part of a trust facing £25million cutbacks.
His 'slow down' order came from regional health officials who 'buy' his services for the NHS.
The 59-year-old said he was able to operate on so many patients because he kept an accurate diary to prevent building up waiting lists.
He added: "Patients having to wait months and months is entirely wrong. They need to be seen and sorted."
Slowing down was a false economy, he insisted, because it would lead to the NHS having to pay private surgeons to do the operations later.
North and East Cornwall Primary Care Trust said it wanted patients to wait six months for non-urgent surgery.
"We are responsible for the needs of the whole population of the area. We have to allocate resources as fairly and equally as possible," it added.


text:
Q: Expression was too complex to be solved in reasonable time (xcode) I am a new learner to Swift and I am trying to make BMR calculator. When I implemented to BMR equation I got this error "Expression was too complex to be solved in reasonable time; consider breaking up the expression into distinct sub-expressions". I tried to break the equation down put it did not work.
Here is my equation
let BMR = (((10 * weightField) + (6.25 * heightField) - (5 * ageField) + 5))

A: This is compiler issue because weightField , heightField ageField is Text fields
class ViewController: UIViewController {

    @IBOutlet weak var weightField:UITextField!
    @IBOutlet weak var heightField:UITextField!
    @IBOutlet weak var ageField:UITextField!

    override func viewDidLoad() {
        super.viewDidLoad()

        // Do any additional setup after loading the view.

        let weight  = Double(weightField.text ?? "0") ?? 0
        let height  = Double(heightField.text ?? "0")  ?? 0
        let age  = Double(ageField.text ?? "0") ?? 0

        let BMR = ((10 * weight) + (6.25 * height) - (5 * age) + 5)
        print(BMR)

    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Look for an update to iTunes sometime today or very soon. The Apple web site even talks about it (check the bottom of the page).
Version 8.1 is said to have significant speed improvements for dealing with large libraries, and also a faster iTunes Store and zippier syncing of devices. Yay!
The Genius sidebar now includes suggestions for movies and TV shows, and the new version will also allow you to import your CD's as 256 kbps iTunes Plus format.
That all adds up to a nice update. So keep your eye on 'software update' under your Apple menu, or ask iTunes to 'check for updates'.
TUAWApple to update iTunes any time now originally appeared on The Unofficial Apple Weblog (TUAW) on Wed, 11 Mar 2009 15:30:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.