Before you begin new window installation, you must consider certain things like choosing single or double glazing. Single glazing initially works out to be much cheaper. But in the long run it costs you more, says a leading glazier in London.
Nearly 25% of the house heat escapes from the windows. But when you install double glazing, much of this escaped heat is retained. In a recurring manner, you save substantially over electric bills, making your home more environment-friendly, says the expert who is also dealing with double glazing repair.
Retains heat inside your home or office: As it's already mentioned above, double glazed glass panes blocks out draught. As a result, heat doesn't escape from indoors. Each of these units is made of two layers of glass panes sealed together with air trapped between them. This air pocket acts as insulation to keep the indoors warmer.
Greater security: As compared to the single glazed windows, the double glazing variety offers greater security. It is more difficult to break through a double glazing window than a single glazing one. In other words, this range of window solutions offers greater resistance to burglars and other unwanted guests that are trying to enter your home.
More noise reduction: If you live beside an airport or on a busy street, you'll better understand this noise-reduction feature of double glazed windows. As these windows filter noise from entering indoors, you enjoy a soothing and calm environment inside.
Greater compliance to building regulations: The latest building regulations in the UK states that all newly built houses must have double glazed units instead of single glaze. This thermal performance standard came into effect since 2002 April and is aimed to increase energy efficiency of homes and households.
Double glazing insulation is calculated in U-Value. It is the rate of heat transfer through a surface. To get the best quality double glazing units for your home or office, please feel free to visit kentglaziers.co.uk today. Our double glazing solutions have a U-Value of 1.6, which is considered ideal to prevent energy loss from any building. We're located in Canterbury and have an ever-increasing list of satisfied clients scattered all over London and its neighbouring places.


Covering some 3,000 square miles an hour southeast of Pittsburgh, the Laurel Highlands boast Pennsylvania's highest peaks, Frank Lloyd Wright masterworks and standout agritourism experiences.
Combining the latter two, Fish Hawk Acres, a collaboration of local sustainable farms, partners with Wright's Kentuck Knob estate on a series of summer and fall farm-to-table dinners at the property, guided tours included.
Along with its versatile Executive Conference Center and four outdoor event spaces, the 318-room Nemacolin Woodlands Resort in Farmington, fresh off a $30 million renovation, is home to the Forbes Five-Star, AAA Five Diamond Lautrec restaurant. With its Moulin Rouge-inspired decor, this 96-seat gem, serving fine European-American cuisine with ingredients from the resort's holistic garden and local farmers, accommodates large parties and groups of eight at the Chef's Table. Groups also have chef-led cooking classes and private tastings of wines from the resort's award-winning 21,000-plus bottle collection.
Hosting the annual Mother Earth News Fair each September, Seven Springs Mountain Resort, the state's largest year-round resort, partners with nearby Slope View Farms to incorporate local produce into its extensive menus.


The Attention, Perception, & EXperience Lab, or APEX Lab for short, is directed by Dr. Howard C. Nusbaum. We aim to develop our scientific understanding of how our experiences direct and shape our attention and, ultimately, determine how we perceive and understand the world. Language is one main area of focus, but we also study the processes by which we make decisions and the role of experience and attention in such processes.
We study the interactions between visual working memory and selective attention using a combination of psychophysical and electrophysiological methods.
We study the development of morality, sensitivity to fairness, distributive justice, empathy, and prosocial behavior in infants and children, by combining social neuroscience, psychology, genetics and behavioral economics games.
How do children learn language so quickly despite cognitive constraints on memory, attention, and information processing? Our work tries to resolve this puzzle by reframing language acquisition as a coordination problem. The problem is not how children learn language, but how parents and children construct it together.
We study bidirectional interactions between biological clocks and the immune system, neural mechanisms of sickness behavior, motivational changes, and depression, chronic disease and brain function, and neuroendocrine, molecular and epigenetic mechanisms of biological timing.
At the Development of Social Cognition Laboratory, our research is broadly concerned with the development of social cognition. We place particular emphasis on the emergence of social group preferences and attitudes, often investigating children's attention to language or accent as a marker of group membership.
Research in the DIBS Lab is focused on children's developing understanding of reputation. We are interested in how children track other people's reputations and how children modify their own behavior to improve their own reputation. We have three main lines of work investigating three related topics: fairness, alliance formation, and intellectual property.
The Environmental Neuroscience Lab (ENL) is interested in how the physical environment affects the brain and behavior. We hope that our research will influence the designing of physical environments in ways that will optimize human mental health, physical health, and overall well-being.
The Goldin-Meadow Laboratory is a research lab at the University of Chicago in the Department of Psychology headed by Susan Goldin-Meadow. The lab is composed of graduate students and researchers pursuing independent topics related to cognition, development, education, linguistics, and various other fields, but interrelated by the lab's main focus - the study of non-verbal communication, specifically gestures.
Work in our lab sits at the intersection of cognitive science and education. We explore the cognitive and neural substrates driving learning as well as the mechanisms by which performance breaks down in high-stress or high-pressure situations.
Human social life requires understanding the intentions, perceptions and emotions that organize and motivate others' actions. At the Infant Learning and Development Laboratory we investigate infants' and young children's understanding of these aspects of the social world.
How does an animal perceive a sensory stimulus? To address this question, our research focuses on the neural basis of olfactory perception and how context and experience influence it. Experiments involve both psychophysics and electrophysiology and concentrate on the olfactory and limbic systems.
Why does the same experience have different effects on brain and behavior depending on how old the animal is? This is the fundamental question we attempt to answer. We study how and why young animals can learn complex behavior during a restricted period, a sensitive period, in development.
Neuroethology investigates nervous system function by relating it to innate and learned natural behaviors. It is distinguished from much of traditional neurobiology and psychology by being fundamentally centered in evolutionary biology, and by examining behavioral specialization across the breadth of the animal kingdom.
Our research is aimed at the scientific understanding of human memory and its relationship to other psychological processes. Memory is a critical ingredient for mental functions, including our understanding of the personal past, our current goals and actions, and our plans for the future. It is the foundation for our body of knowledge about the world and our selves.
The University of Chicago Social Cognitive Neuroscience Lab is headed by Dr. Jean Decety. We study the neurobiological and psychological mechanisms underlying affective and social interpersonal processes and their expressions in behavior.
Our lab examines the reciprocal interactions between social, psychological, neural, and physiological processes using methodologies ranging from molecular biology to experimental psychology.
We investigate processes of the eye and brain that serve vision. Most of the research focuses on visual pathways that mediate color and brightness perception.


text:
Team Blazeman®
Tissue Acquisition
Blazeman Run
Cycle for ALS™
Challenge Atlantic City
Ironman 70.3 EagleMan
What is ALS?
ALS Updates
slide_01
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig's Disease, is a progressive degenerative disease that attacks the motor neurons, or nerve cells, in the brain and spinal cord. Motor neurons control the movement of voluntary muscles. Death of the motor neurons makes it impossible for the brain to control muscles or signal them to move. As the muscles atrophy, it results in weakness and loss of coordination.
ALS is unpreventable, untreatable and incurable. ALS attacks otherwise healthy adults randomly and spontaneously. Once diagnosed, people with ALS have an average life expectancy of 2 – 5 years.
Until the last few years, little progress had been made in unlocking the mysteries of ALS since it was first identified nearly 150 years ago. ALS patients continue to face certain death with no significant treatment options – a situation that remained virtually unchanged since the days of Lou Gehrig's diagnosis in 1939.
Greater public awareness about the disease and increased funding and focus on scientific research, especially in light of technological advances and the genetic advances, provide hope and a brighter outlook that new understanding of this perplexing disease is within reach.
For a more detailed understanding of What is ALS, please read the following article "Living Inside a Dying Body" written by a fellow Blazeman Warrior® (Kyle Ryan). Please also visit the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) at https://wwwn.cdc.gov/ALS/Default.aspx.
A recent interview the BMF conducted with Carol Mulligan, PhD from Wake Forest University also explains why Funding ALS Research is so important.
Copyright © 2022 The Blazeman Foundation for ALS, All Rights Reserved. | Site by The Connextion

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
import express from 'express'
import Chance from 'chance'

let chance = new Chance()
let range = Array.from(Array(100).keys())
let users = range.map((i) => {
  return {id: i, name: chance.name()}
})

let app = express()

app.use(express.static(__dirname + '/example'))
app.get('/api/users', (req, res) => res.json(users))

export default app.listen(9991, () => console.log('Server listening at http://127.0.0.1:9991'));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Robert Pattinson says he'll do 'art-house porn' if his Batman doesn't tickle your fancy
Entertainment Weekly December 27, 2019
Robert Pattinson is raising the stakes — and our blood pressure — by saying he will do "art-house porn" if his version of Batman isn't a success.
The topic came up during an interview with the Guardian, in which the actor mentioned already being annoyed with all the questions being asked about The Batman, which is set to premiere in 2021.
"I'm already remembering what it's like to talk about a movie where there's an expectation. Whenever you say anything, people are like, 'Argh! You idiot!' Like, dude, I haven't even started yet!" he said.
Pattinson went on to clarify that despite any outside pressure to perform well in the role, "there is no harsher critic of myself than myself, so I don't need to worry about anyone else."
Then, he makes his career ultimatum. What will happen if we're not hot for his version of Batman? "Porn," he joked. "But art-house porn."
Someone get on the phone with A24 immediately.
Matt Reeves (Cloverfield) is pegged (pun completely intended) to direct The Batman, with Andy Serkis, Zoë Kravitz, Peter Sarsgaard, Jeffrey Wright, and Colin Farrell among the star-studded cast announced for the film alongside The Lighthouse actor. No word yet on whether any of them will be joining Pattinson on his pact.
This isn't the first time this year an actor has threatened (well, depending on how you look at it) to switch up their career if they don't get the feedback they're hoping for. Adam Sandler recently said on The Howard Stern Show that he would make a movie that is "so bad on purpose" if he doesn't get an Oscar nomination for his role in Uncut Gems.
The Batman will be released on June 25, 2021.
Robert Pattinson says Willem Dafoe's voice in The Lighthouse inspired his Batman voice
The Batman casts Peter Sarsgaard in mystery role
Robert Pattinson thinks Jennifer Lopez would make a great Batman


Amphibians are cold-blooded and live both on land (breathing with lungs) and in water (breathing through gills) at different times. Three types of amphibians are frogs and toads, salamanders, and caecilians.
Climbing towards the warmth of the sun.
Taking a midday nap as only an American Gren Tree Frog can.
Just floating in the breeze, an American Green Tree Frog rest quietly enjoying life.
Wonderful lighting to showcase a beautiful frog species.
The always nimble American Green Tree Frog pivots on a twig like a acrobat on a high wire.
Abut the size of a quarter, this very small tree frog species camouflaging himself into tall reeds that make up his wetland home.
No bigger than roughly the size of a quarter, I decided to get very low with my camera to capture all the intricate details of this fine Texas Toad.
A Red Eyed Tree Frog crosses a jungle leaf.
On an inclement day in Texas, a Green Tree Frog is enjoying a break from the heat.
An American Green Tree Frog rest comfortably in his marshy domain as the warmth of the early morning sun saturates his tiny body.
A tiny frog species no biggie than an inch sits on the bank of Caddo Lake as the afternoon sun bakes the landscape.
Concealed within very murky water , a Leopard Frog cautiously raises his head above the surface.
An American Green Tree Frog warms himself as the newborn sun saturates the landscape.
Poison dart frog is the common name of a group of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae which are native to tropical Central and South America. These species are diurnal and often have brightly colored bodies.


Chew It Over! Chew Road Hammonton. 2.49 Acres (Dual Zoning RR and R-3). Requires 1.5 Acres to build a single family home, this lot has 2.49 acres (exceeds the zoning requirement). The local Pinelands Rep has stated that their were no wetlands on the property. This Lot meets The Town of Hammonton Zoning requirements. The Seller requires that closing to occur when the Buyer has obtained the Town of Hammonton Zoning Permit and simultaneous Pinelands Approval. Thereafter closing to occur with the Buyer to complete obligation to obtain their Building Permit from the Town of Hammonton.(The Buyer understands that there are a number of requirements to be fulfilled by the buyer after closing to obtain a building permit). This lot will require a private well and private septic system. One a the most versatile lots to hit the market in recent memory. Surrounded by high end homes, rural setting. Chew It Over! Call Today!
897 N CHEW RD is a 2.49 acre lot for sale in Hammonton, NJ 08037.
Fairview Ave S, R on Chew, Pass 14th St, PIQ on R.


Kenmore Elite 31150 Pet Friendly Vacuum Review - Is It Worth It?
Why choose A Kenmore Elite Vacuum?
Who Is Kenmore Elite 31150 designed for?
What Floor Surfaces Can It Be Used On?
Who Makes Kenmore Upright Vacuums?
Where To Buy This Kenmore Vacuum Cleaners?
If you are looking for the complete upright vacuum with performance, brand and price being main considerations, then the Kenmore Elite pet-friendly 31150 could be just what you are looking for.
A vacuum designed with pet owners and allergy sufferers in mind, but with much more. This stylish Kenmore vacuum is a model that will work on multiple floor types and has a super powerful motor to handle the thickest carpets like shag pile but will work equally as well on wood and laminate floors.
It's not the lightest upright vacuum on the market, so let's go through the pros and cons of this Kenmore Elite 31150 to see if it lives up to all the hype, and see if it's the best one for you to buy.
Because it comes with a pet attachment tool for removing hair from furniture and pet beds, the Kenmore elite will benefit pet owners, but with a bagged design system and HEPA filter, it allows it to have many benefits which make it suitable for many homeowners.
If you have multi floors surfaces like hardwood or carpet, the Kenmore Elite 31150 has five adjustable height settings to adapt to your floor type.
We found the medium setting worked great on low pile and hard surfaces without needing to adjust the settings, and this picked up small to large sized debris, like sand and cheerios without any problems.
That being the case, once you find the right setting for your floors, you shouldn't have to adjust these settings too often, but it's still a nice feature to have available.
The ON/OFF switch is conveniently situated on the handle of this pet-friendly vacuum, and can only be used when the handle is released from the upright locking position. The brush roll can be turned OFF from a button on the handle, making the natural transition from carpet to hard floors a smooth process.
When it comes to suction power, this model certainly ticks all the boxes. With a 3D inducer motor attached, it gives the Kenmore Elite 31150 a fantastic amount of suction.
When tested, it was found to be 40% more powerful than a Dyson Animal 2, which is the most powerful vacuum in the Dyson range. Add to this the ability to change the height settings, then this gives you a more significant amount of power and flexibility to adjust to the floor surfaces in your home.
Most vacuum cleaners don't have adjustable or the option to remove the cleaning head. The brush roll on this model can be switched off via the handle for hardwood floors, which is an excellent option for users with thicker type areas rugs.
The brush roll motor works by vibration, and this movement dislodges any dirt from deep within the carpet. For high pile carpet, it can be switched off, or the height setting can be adjusted. This will stop any damage to long fibres of this type of carpet.
NOTE: If you are cleaning area rugs on hard floors, the vibrating agitators can remove debris from under the rug. The movement on top of the carpet moves particles by moving it along towards the edges of the rug and picks it up from the sides. Watch it in action on the video clip below, and see for yourself.
Another great thing is instead of having to roll the carpet back to clean underneath, this method does both at the same time.
This sounds a bit like a gimmick, kind of an extra feature for extra's sake, But surprisingly it does work and here's why.
A lot of the time when you are vacuuming, you keep going over the same areas several times to make sure it's clean. However with the Elites dirt sensor, when dirt passes through the suction ports, the sensor lights up to let you know it's collecting debris from the floor.
Therefore once the area is clean and free from debris, the light goes off letting you know it's completely clean.
This is a great option to have to help focus on areas that need more attention when cleaning, plus is a big time saver.
The vacuum has a handy light to let you know when the HEPA cloth bag is full and needs emptying. This is controlled by the air flow, and will also help if you have a problem with a blockage on the vacuum, as the light will come on alerting you to the problem.
The cleaning path is a sensible 14 inches, giving plenty of coverage when in use, which when using in large rooms will allow quicker vacuuming of the space. The front LEDs light will shine the way into even the darkest areas, ensuring that you pick up every last crumb.
The Elite is not a lightweight vacuum, weighing over 21lbs, so while this doesn't affect its use when pushing it when it comes to cleaning it, it could be a problem for a multi-level home. Therefore if you want to use it on a large stairway, or need to move it up to different room levels, it could become a tiresome job. So this would be something you need to take into consideration.
There can be advantages and disadvantages with having a bagged vacuum, and the Kenmore elite vacuum is fitted with a HEPA cloth bag which allows it to perform at the highest level of protection and is certified by the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America.
Couple this sealed cloth bag system with the HEPA filter and this bagged vacuum system is a reliable solution for maintaining a clean air environment in the home.
For emptying, once the indicator light lets you know its full the bag should be taken to the trash. Don't reuse the dust bags, place them into a further plastic bag is advisable to prevent dust come back into the air.
Then get out a new bag and replace them by folding the safety seal tab on the new bag and slotting it back into place on the vacuum.
Along with the cloth bag HEPA filter, there is also a cartridge type HEPA filter that plays a significant role in keeping the air dust free and clean when using and after use of the vacuum cleaner.
The HEPA filter will capture microscopic particles down to 99.8%, which is ideally suited for allergy sufferers or homes with Asthmatics. The filter has a micron screen which will filter away and remove pollens, mites and pet hair.
The filter is generally replaced after 12 months, so the cost for the piece of mind of having clean air is not so much. They average around $6 -$8 for replacement filters, which come in packs of two and readily available from Sears, and Amazon.
The onboard tool accessories are stored on the back and sides of the upright vacuum. The telescopic wand attachment extends to 10ft, and when connected to the hose will able to handle hard to reach areas like drapes and ceiling fans.
Add the crevice tool, and you can clean kickboards and all corners and edges of your rooms.
The pet handimate brush can be used with the hose for pet hair on upholstery and bedding. We found the pet brush to be a bit disappointing and saw the simple combination brush did a better job.
It looked a bit over-designed and was prone to tangling up with hair whereas the combination brush had less moving parts and required less cleaning.
Another plus was the hose has a neat slider for controlling the suction to the cleaning head. It's useful if you want to increase or decrease the suction for different fabric types.
For an upright vacuum model, we found Kenmore 31150 easy to move around with a sleek design, and it manoeuvred around chairs and furniture reasonably well.
As for laying flat for cleaning under furniture, it was only able to go under up to six inches, which is a common problem when using upright vacuums. However, the hose and wand attachment tools can be used in these hard to reach areas.
We found that the length of the hose was not particularly useful when it came to stairs as it only reaches halfway up, which is a concern with the weight of the vacuum having to move it upstairs to finish the job.
Perhaps it's not a problem for some, and maybe we're a bit unfair, but we thought it best to point this out, as it may not suit you.
The suction power on carpet and hard floors was exceptional, and picking up large and small items with minimum passes was impressive. With all its features overall we thought it was a good vacuum if you like uprights, and are happy to deal with the weight of this Kenmore 31150 cleaner.
When it comes to value for money, then this Kenmore elite pet-friendly 31150 is well priced amongst its competition. With lots of great features and one of the highest powered suction motors on the market, this model sits in the price range of a great buy if it meets all your requirements.
The 31140 is a model to consider. Still, an upright vacuum, the main differences between these two are the 31140 motors, which is not as powerful but is slightly lighter in weight by a few lbs.
Performance wise there is little between them. The 31140 does not have the dirt detector, and the cord length is shorter by 5 feet.
There is not a lot of variation in the price either between these two models.
The upright power line from Miele could be worth checking out. A higher price model with 1500 watt motor and large cleaning area of 14 meters without having to replug.
This cleaner uses a hygiene shutter system which helps with clean air. It is designed to lay flat, so it would be better at getting under beds and furniture. The height adjustment is manual with a pedal at the bottom rear of the machine.
This cheaper model from Hoover is a bagless upright cleaner, has some cool features and if you don't fancy the bagged HEPA style of the Kenmore than taking a look at this one might be the solution for you.
Kenmore has been synonymous with producing household vacuum cleaners since 1932 for the US marketplace. The products were sold through Retailer chain Sears over the following decades and joined the online revolution by selling on Amazon in 2017.
Panasonic manufactured the Elite range of Kenmore vacuums in their factories in North America up until 2016. However, Panasonic is scaling down its production due to costs. So this has now been outsourced and is now produced in China by Cleva who Kenmore partnered with in 2017 to create the latest Kenmore vacuum cleaner models.
The Kenmore 31140 elite can be purchased from many retail outlets including Kmart, Sears and Amazon.
Q - How many filter bag does this come with?
A - It come with one cloth bag and one HEPA filter.
Q - What are the wheels made off?
A - The wheels are hard plastic with rubber coverings.
Q - What it like for stairs carpets?
A - The hose is too short for stairs, however you can get an extension hose which will help.
Q - How long is the warranty on this Elite Pet-Friendly Vacuum.
A - The standard warranty is for one year.
Q - What type of replacement bags are best to use?
A - Try these ENVIROCARE- allergen vacuum bag available from Amazon.
If you are searching for an upright vacuum cleaner packed full of features from one of the leading brands, then Kenmore indeed is a safe bet. The elite pet-friendly 31150 works excellently on all types of floors but excels on hardwood and tile.
PLus you're buying from a brand with decades of experience in the appliance industry.
The choice of vacuum for your home is an important one, and you won't go far wrong a vacuum from Kenmore, and we're sure you won't be disappointed.


Expressing gratitude to others takes a certain kind of noticing.
And getting from an intellectual agreement about the merits of gratitude to daily practice is no easy feat.
Andy Mills, former chairman on Thomson Financial, and a mentor of mine, keeps a "gift notebook" in which he writes down little observations or things he hears from the people closest to him. When his wife's birthday or son's graduation is coming up and he needs a gift, he turns to the book. When you make keen observations, note them somewhere.
When first meeting someone, a common conversational entree is to ask about their background. "I'm so thankful that Joanne introduced us — but I don't actually know how you two know each other," I said to a potential business partner. "Oh we go way back," he said. "As freshman we were in an improvisation group together." Done. As a thank you, I did a little research on improv. Are there theaters where he lives? Could I send him tickets to a show? What about a book or an article? I find a book called Improv, the bible of improv it turns out, used in tech companies as mandatory reading for how to relate to other people. So my thank you is a hand written note paper-clipped to the cover of the small paperback edition of the book. Total cost is about $25 with shipping.
Once you pickup on something that person cares about, showing gratitude can be pretty easy — and fun.
Send a specific thank-you note. An old-fashioned, hand-written thank you note on nice paper still goes a long way. Be specific, say why you are thanking them, and show them how your conversation made an impact on you.
This note is nonspecific and uses over-the-top adjectives that aren't credible. It feels cold and generic.
Dear Sandra: Thank you for your time and advice about our paper company. Jason and I spoke for hours about how we might diversify our products, increase prices, and improve design — thank you for those excellent suggestions. We are eager to look up Johnson's Paper — we appreciate that referral. Thank you for sharing your stories and counsel with us.
PS: I also so appreciated the story about your first company — I can't believe you sold mangos from a bicycle!
This note provides sincere appreciation for something specific. It shows that we remembered their advice, and paid attention.
Send something fun. Busy people get a lot of inbound communication; if you want to stand out, make your communication stand out. People get fewer handwritten notes than emails, so notes always win. But people get even fewer FedEx packages. So consider a package — or at least something beyond a note. I had some of my favorite quotations printed on nice card stock that I occasionally include in my thank you notes. On future visits to their offices, I've seen a few of these quote cards taped to monitors.
My coauthor of Get Backed, Evan Loomis, wanted to send someone who had helped with our book a nice thank-you gift. Bottle of whiskey? Fancy pen? No, thanks. He listened and learned that this person had a 9-year-old son with whom he got into Nerf gun fights. What did we send? The fanciest Nerf gun we could find with a note about never losing another Nerf war. We hope that will be a gift never forgotten.
Offer to help — and deliver. At the end of a meeting, my business cofounder Will Davis will often ask: "So – -you have helped me so much here. Is there anything I could possibly help you with?" Following his example, I have received quite a few answers that I could easily help with. For example, one investment firm was looking for a new analyst. I was able to find the job post, circulate it to my networks, and pass along a few interested candidates.
Circle back at a later date. Most people walk out of a meeting and do nothing. More organized people send an email. And the even more organized a hand-written note. But for nearly everyone, meetings are forgotten within a few weeks. Consider staying engaged by setting yourself a reminder to do something at a later date. I met a fascinating founder who was impressively committed to reading a book a week. His habits did challenge me — and I wanted to reconnect around that idea.
Dear Jason: Can you believe it was six months ago we met? I still remember your audacious goal of reading a book a week. I couldn't keep up – but managed to finish a book a month. By far my favorite was The Power of Habit by Charles Duhigg. How did you do?
Send a video note. This is possibly the most outrageous of these suggestions—and certainly one that might cause Emily Post to roll over in her grave. Eric Koester, COO of Main Street Genome, records a video message on his iPhone and then sends it by SMS as a form of a thank you, follow up, or even an introduction. Sending a video – or even an audio note – lets you convey emotion, enthusiasm, and context in a quick note. At my company Able, my cofounder and I sent a thank you video to our customers — whom we literally have to thank for our jobs and a chance to build a company.
Make a good old-fashioned phone call. Jordan Strebeck, a former classmate of mine, keeps for himself a call list similar to the sort that politicians have to dial donors. But Jordan does it to check in on his friends. When he has a few minutes in the car, he dials the next person on his list. He knows many of them won't be able to answer during the workday, but even leaving a voicemail provides an opportunity to say thanks, tell them he's thinking of them, and even offer a little encouragement.
Small, regular practices of gratitude can change your life – -you'll be healthier and sharper, as will those around you.
Evan Baehr is the cofounder of Able, a tech company committed to growing the "fortune five million" small businesses around the United States with collaborative, low-interest loans. He is also the co-author of Get Backed: Craft Your Story, Build the Perfect Pitch Deck, and Launch the Venture of Your Dreams.


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Quick! Drop your plans for fitness tonight if you're in Chicago. Head over to HiFi Fitness at North Avenue and Kingsbury in the Lincoln Park neighborhood for another free fitness class. Core Fitness, which brought a free Beach Body workout to the beach on Monday, is offering another freebie tonight at 7 p.m. This time you'll get to experience Core Running without having to dole out cash from the wallet.
Perfect for any runner or wannabe runner looking to improve stride, speed, overall fitness and prevent injury, Core Running gets to the heart of the matter in an hour full of drills, stretches and strength moves. It promises to get your sweat on and add a spring to your stride next time you're out for a run. And if you have any tender spots prone to injury (i.e. me and an ailing hip), you'll learn some stretches to help strengthen those areas to keep you healthy on the trail.


text:
Q: Replace special characters from clipboard before pasting I use a little js function which permits to paste the content of the clipboard in a textarea. see below.
the datas I paste are from excel, and are delimited with special characters \r\n
My need is to replace this special characters with a comma "," directly before the paste
Is there an easy way to do it ? thanks per advance

 function Coller() {
  navigator.clipboard.readText().then(clipText =>
  document.getElementById("textarea").innerText = clipText);
 }
<button onclick="Coller()">Coller</button>

<textarea id="textarea" rows="10" cols="40"></textarea>

A: You can solve this problem with the String.prototype.replace() functions. (https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/replace)
you can use it like this:
function Coller() {
    navigator.clipboard.readText().then(clipText =>
    document.getElementById("textarea").innerText = clipText.replace(/["]/gm, '').replace(/[\r\n]+/gm, ','));
}

In this case \r(created on Mac), \n(created on Linux) and \r\n (created on Windows) will be replaced.

*

*g stands for global, so every special character in your string will be replaced

*m stand for multi line, so even though your text has several lines, all special characters will be replaced

A: Replace the special characters with regex:
document.getElementById("textarea").innerText = clipText.replace(/\r\n/g, ',');

Sample example:

let text = "Cherry\r\nOrange\r\nApple"

console.log(text.replace(/\r\n/g, ','))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Product Description Nylon bag clips around the waist with adjustable strap. Spacious zipper main compartment includes key clip and is ideal for stashing cell phone, eyewear, or small wallet. Smaller zipper front pocket fits lip balm, change, credit cards, or driver's license. Embroidered Bar & Shield logo on front. Measures approximately 10" x 6 1/2" x 3 1/2".


This continues to trickle out, but the faucet has been opened a little wider. As I've said before, keep reading Moe Lane @ RedState. But I'll keep providing summaries to his summaries.
Let's start with this report from the House Oversight Committee, which helpfully informs us that BATFE officials active in Mexico were allegedly deliberately not told by their superiors – and the rest of the government – that there was a program in place to allow guns to be illegally resold to Mexican narco-terrorists and then lose trace of the guns. Once those officials found out about this on their own, they were allegedly told that the program had been completed several months before it actually was… only by which time both Mexican and American personnel were dead. To say that these officials are displeased that their own organization violated their training and made them unwitting dupes in an international incident is, to put it mildly, a vast understatement.
Oh, and in case you were wondering: House Oversight Chair Darrell Issa (R) has indicated that the government is attempting to intimidate whistleblowers out of providing full details on this debacle.
And - this is the revelation that threatens to really upset the applecart – Newell testifiedthat he shared information on F&F with National Security Director (North America) Kevin O'Reilly (in other words, somebody in the White House). The White House's response was that… O'Reilly may have been told; but he wasn't told-told, if you know what they mean.
And it seems like every single government agency has had their hands in this cookie jar. But, as Moe Lane points out above, the fact that we now know for certain that someone in the White House knew is the biggest news.
The more we learn about this the worse it sounds. And the more we learn, the more we learn how much there is to learn.
More and more we're just waiting for someone in the press to ask the President that fateful question.


text:
He'll Be Fine
Get Big Bird Off Welfare!
The Sesame Street gang could easily survive without federal assistance—as could all of public TV and radio.
Charles Dharapak / AP Photo
No, Mitt Romney doesn't want to kill Big Bird.
But he did find the gumption to suggest that this rich and famous figure of flightless fancy should continue his (its?) dazzling success without depending on federal welfare.
Democrats have seized on the Big Bird controversy in a desperate attempt to find some aspect of Romney's impressive performance in the first debate to turn against him. Republicans now fully expect that Obama rallies will frequently feature visitors dressed as Big Bird or Elmo carrying plaintive signs pleading, "Please Don't Kill Me, Mr. Romney!"
In fact, the mommy (or at least godmother) of those beloved characters has assured the world that talk of budget cuts at the Corporation for Public Broadcasting represent no threat at all to Big Bird, Elmo, and associates. Even before the latest flurry of concern raised by the Denver debate, Sherrie Westin, executive vice president and chief marketing officer of Sesame Workshop, told Soledad O'Brien of CNN: "Sesame Workshop receives very, very little funding from PBS. So we are able to raise our funding through philanthropic, through our licensed product, which goes back into the educational programming, through corporate underwriting and sponsorship. So, quite frankly, you can debate whether or not there should be funding of public broadcasting. But when they always try to trot out Big Bird, and say we're going to kill Big Bird—that is actually misleading, because Sesame Street will be here … Big Bird lives on!"
Of course, the phrase "killing Big Bird" never appeared in the transcript of the Romney–Obama debate, any more than the GOP candidate ever mentioned the word "moochers" in his infamous (and now totally repudiated) May comments about the 47 percent of Americans who don't pay income taxes. What Romney suggested in Denver simply repeated a point he's been making for more than a year: that responsible White House leadership requires major cuts to inessential federal programs. The nominee has never equivocated on his pledge to review every significant government expenditure by posing an uncomfortable question: is this project so important that it's worth borrowing more money from China in order to pay for it?
In the case of PBS, the answer ought to be an obvious no. Only a tiny proportion of the cost of operating the nation's elaborate system of public broadcasting (with more than 350 independent stations across the country) comes from federal funding. The $445 million appropriated by Congress for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting in 2012 amounts to less than 18 percent of the estimated budget for the whole of America's system of public TV and radio. In the case of the hugely popular Sesame Workshop, for instance, less than 8 percent of the yearly budget of $170 million comes from governmental sources, with the great bulk supplied by licensing agreements that produce toys and games and stuffed animals featuring all those beloved characters.
In general, public broadcasting survives because of listener support (who hasn't suffered through those tedious pledge drives?), grants from charitable foundations and, above all, corporate underwriting. When a major company has the right to announce, "This program made possible by a grant from the Acme Widget Corporation—making wonderful widgets for the new millennium," it's worth serious bucks if the sponsored show has found an eager audience.
For instance, Ken Burns's brilliant 1990 series on the Civil War received major funding from General Motors and helped burnish the car company's international image. On a far less grandiose note, Sneak Previews, the fondly remembered PBS movie review show that I co-hosted between 1985 and 1996, received some conspicuously generous underwriting from such non-governmental behemoths as United Airlines and Ford. Having personally involved myself in the perpetual search for financial backing for our show, I can certify what any other honest veteran of public television will attest: a very minor expansion of the time for underwriting announcements (an increase of two minutes per hour, at most) would more than make up for the loss of all federal funding.
In other words, our federal bureaucrats today borrow a half billion a year in order to avoid subjecting PBS and NPR fans to the inconvenience and potential annoyance of a few extra moments of corporate acknowledgement. Of course, those viewers and listeners could avoid the expanded opportunities for underwriters by upping their own contributions during pledge drive, but that's another story.
The point remains incontestable that public television and radio stations could easily survive without the tiny proportion of their costs currently provided by taxpayers.
When the system began in the '60s, governmental support played a much greater role and, in an era without cable or the Internet, PBS performed a far more important function for the culture. With only ABC, CBS, and NBC offering national television programming, PBS became the chief source for concerts, ballet, historical documentaries, nature films, cooking shows, vintage movies, political conversation, quality kiddie shows and, above all, excellent dramatic and comedy series imported from the BBC. During my own days on public television, I used to describe our network as the place you could go to watch wild animals who mate and English characters who don't. During the '80s, PBS also became the nation's leading network for broadcasting professional tennis (this no joke!) and Ivy League football.
But as worthy as these contributions may have been for public television's relatively small core of devoted viewers, the cable revolution made the federally funded service largely unnecessary. The History Channel, Bravo, Discovery, A & E, Nickelodeon, C-SPAN, MTV, the Food Network, Turner Movie Classics, not to mention the various cable news and business networks, all provide the sort of programming at one time available only on PBS.
Since President Obama likes to paraphrase Lincoln by saying "the government should do for people only those things they can't do better on their own" it becomes doubly doubtful that the feds should fund public television at a time of budgetary breakdown. First, the public stations would find ways to continue to fund themselves—as they already cover the great bulk of their current costs without dependence on Washington. And second, it's increasingly questionable that public TV plays an essential role in our national life that couldn't be handled by other flourishing for-profit or charitable ventures.
There is, in short, no real war on Big Bird, and no threat to Elmo's survival. In fact, if the executives at Sesame Workshop ever wanted to place their wildly successful franchise with their cherished characters on some commercial channel they could do so instantly—just as their Muppet cousins have found a seemingly happy home with the Disney Company.
Mitt Romney, as he made clear in Denver, actually likes Big Bird and hopes that like any other adored celebrity, the character will be able to stand on its own without depending on the federal dole. Independence, pride, self-reliance, productivity, and maturity ought to stand as appropriate values to encourage for the tykes who view Sesame Street, as well as for the characters and creators who entertain and enlighten them.


text:
Etosha National Park is one of Southern Africa's and most important Game Reserves. Etosha Game park was declared a National Park in 1907 and covering an area of 22 270 square km, it is home to 114 mammal species, 340 bird species, 110 reptile species, 16 amphibian species and, surprisingly, one species of fish. Etosha, meaning "Great White Place", is dominated by a massive white mineral pan. The pan is part of the Kalahari Basin, the floor of which was formed around 1000 million years ago. The Etosha Pan covers around 25% of the National Park.
Egypt – Group Tour (1)
Switzerland – Cityscapes
Vietnam – Cu Chi Tunnels


text:
Q: How we dynamically load the user control at run time on the aspx page
Possible Duplicate:
Create a usercontrol instance programmatically in ASP.NET

Dear Friend
i have the user control and i what to load the user control on the click of the button?

A: First create the panel or anything server control
<asp:Panel ID="plnExam" runat="server">
 </asp:Panel>

then after on cs page
Control uc = this.LoadControl("~/UserControl/CollegesInExam.ascx");

plnExam.Controls.Add(uc);

A: Try this.  (The google phrase you're looking for is "dynamically loading user control")
The key part is
Control FeaturedProductUserControl = LoadControl("YourControl.ascx")

A: This is in case you will want to load the UserControls via Ajax. Maybe that can be useful:
    public static string GetControlHtml(string controlLocation)
    {
        Page page = new Page();
        UserControl userControl = (UserControl)page.LoadControl(controlLocation);

        //Disabled ViewState- If required
        //userControl.EnableViewState = false;

        HtmlForm form = new HtmlForm();
        form.Controls.Add(userControl);
        page.Controls.Add(form);
        StringWriter textWriter = new StringWriter();
        HttpContext.Current.Server.Execute(page, textWriter, false);
        return CleanHtml(textWriter.ToString());
    }

The controlLocation is the path from the UserControl (e.g. "~/UserControls/NewUser.ascx").
This method renders the UserControl and returns its HTML ready to be loaded into a contaner (div) via Ajax.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The theory of radiation transfer is of paramount importance for
astrophysics. Indeed, except for those objects in the Solar System
close enough to us for being explored \emph{in situ}, from the
collection of lunar samples back in the 70's to the spectacular
landing of the Philae spacecraft and its instruments on-board, on
comet Churyumov--Gerasimenko in November 2014,
our knowledge of the Universe overwhelmingly comes  from the
analysis of the light we collect from \emph{distant} objects.

For the emblematic case of stars, photons are generated in the central
parts of the body. They first scatter across its internal and still
opaque layers, finally escaping the star at the bottom of its
atmosphere or \emph{photosphere}. These photons will continue to be
scattered through the most external layers (and any possible
circumstellar structures therein, like for instance solar prominences
lying in the corona) of the star, before reaching the interstellar
medium and travel into space down to our instruments. Finally, stellar
light will scatter again through the Earth atmosphere, when one
considers ground-based astronomical observations.

The issue of how radiation transfers along these media of distinct
physical nature, in terms of density, temperature, dynamics, magnetic
field etc. thus appears as quite obvious. And even though we shall
discard hereafter any discussion about terrestrial atmospheric
effects, radiation transfer through stellar atmospheres still is a
very difficult problem of physics. It relies indeed on \emph{complex}
non-linear light--matter interactions (see e.g., Hubeny \& Mihalas
2014\cite{mihalas}).

The equation of radiative transfer is very likely to be present in all
astrophysics courses, more likely at the Master level. Analytical
solutions are very few, but they can quite easily be taught and fully
derived within a few lectures of introduction to the radiation
transfer theory. Despite the often very crude approximations
used in these cases, such solutions may still be very useful to any
astronomer willing to ``clutch at straws'' while facing a problem of
interpretation of data (or of numerical results) involving some more or
less complicated radiative modelling.

At first glance, the radiative transfer equation (hereafter RTE)
appears as a deceptively simple first order ordinary differential
equation. This is indeed the case when the so-called \emph{source
  function} is already known, and the process of deriving the
radiation field from a known source function is refered to as the
\emph{formal solution}. However, in the more general case, the RTE is
\emph{integro-differential}, because the source function depends on
integral terms involving the radiation field itself. The general
problem of defining self-consistently the radiation field i.e., the
specific intensity and its first moments, together with the detailed
excitation and ionization states of an atmosphere (and therefore the
\emph{opacity}, as well as the spatial variations of the source
function), considering the highly non-linear light--matter
interactions which usually take place in astrophysical plasmas is
definitely, and still, a (very) \emph{difficult} problem (see e.g.,
Rutily \& Chevallier 2006\cite{rutily}).

A considerable simplification of the problem is brought by the
assumption of considering that the astrophysical plasma permeatted by
radiation is in the physical conditions of the so-called Local
Thermodynamic Equilibrium (hereafter LTE). In such a case, velocity
distributions of particles follow a Maxwell--Boltzmann distribution,
excitation and ionisation stages of every atom (or molecule)
constituting the plasma follow Boltzmann (for excitation equilibrium)
and Saha (for ionisation equilibrium) statistics, and the
self--consistent source functions are, accordingly, characterized
locally by Planck functions (see e.g., Chandrasekhar
1960\cite{chandra}).  More insight about the assumptions underlying
LTE -- and therefore how departures from LTE can take place in a
stellar atmosphere -- can be found in the monographs of Hubeny \&
Mihalas (2014)\cite{mihalas} and Oxenius (1986)\cite{oxenius}.  One
should also realize that \emph{realistic} radiative modelling, even
assuming LTE, is such complex already that it actually requires
numerical modelling.  But even though LTE may be suitable for several
astrophysical ``objects'' (e.g., stellar photospheres),
\emph{departures} from LTE should always be considered as the most
general situation. These effects have indeed been identified and
studied as early as in the late 60's, with the advent of ``numerical
radiation transfer'' (see e.g., Cuny 1967\cite{cuny}, Mihalas \& Auer
1969\cite{cl1,cl2}).  However a few analytical solutions to the
non--LTE radiation transfer problem may be derived and used for the
sake of validating any numerical approach to the problem.

Excluding probabilistic methods such as Monte-Carlo (see e.g., Auer
1968\cite{mc1}, Bernes 1979\cite{bernes} and Whitney 2011\cite{mc} for
a recent review), we may consider that solutions of the non--LTE
radiation transfer equation fall into two main classes being either
difference equation methods (e.g., Mihalas \& Auer 1969), or
\emph{stationary}\cite{NonStat} iterative methods (e.g., Olson,
Auer \& Buchler 1986 and references therein). Hereafter we shall focus
on iterative methods, from the so-called $\Lambda$--iteration (or
Picard) method to the Jacobi-like approximate or \emph{Accelerated}
$\Lambda$--Iteration (also known as ALI) method and, finally, the more
recent and much less popular still Gauss-Seidel and Successive
over-relaxation (SOR) schemes (Trujillo Bueno \& Fabiani Bendicho
1995)\cite{gs}.

The treatment of the RTE thus appears to be also a good introduction
to numerical techniques, including the use of the moments of a
function, in physical sciences.

We first remind basic equations driving the non--LTE (unpolarized)
radiation transfer problem in a static and 1D plane-parallel
geometry. We shall also restrict ourselves to the special case of
monochromatic scattering. Then we shall be able to derive an
analytical solution of the NLTE radiation problem. This solution shall
therefore be used for testing several iterative methods, including the
very popular ALI. Finally, we shall describe a new on-line tool
designed for educational purposes. It is located at {\tt
  http://rttools.irap.omp.eu/}, and the associated Python software
will also be made available from us.

\section{Formal solution of the radiation transfer equation}

The derivation of the RTE in a semi-infinite, plane-parallel, static,
and 1D geometry can be found in several classic textbooks (Hubeny \&
Mihalas 2014\cite{mihalas}, or in the $e$-book of Rutten
2003\cite{rob}).

\begin{figure}[]
  \includegraphics[width=7.25 cm,angle=0]{RTGeometry.png}
  \caption{Geometry of the 1D plane-parallel radiative transfer
    problem. A ray emerges from a semi-infinite atmosphere with angle
    $\theta$ vs. the normal to the surface $\vec{z}$. The direction
    cosine is usually called $\mu$. Along the ray, we use the spatial
    coordinate $s$.}
  \label{Fig1}
\end{figure}

The source function is defined as $S_{\nu}=\eta_{\nu}/\chi_{\nu}$
i.e., the ratio bewteen monochromatic emissivity and the extinction or
absorption coefficient.  The optical depth is defined as $d \tau_{\nu}
= - \chi_{\nu} dz$ where $\mu=\cos(\theta)$ and $dz=\mu ds$, assuming
that $\vec{z}$ points in the \emph{opposite} direction of gravity and
that the direction cosine $\mu$ defines the orientation of a ray
vs. the $z$-axis -- see Fig.\,(1). Then RTE comes into its more
familiar form:

  \begin{equation}
\mu { {dI_{\nu}} \over {d \tau_{\nu}}} = I_{\nu} - S_{\nu}  \, .
  \end{equation}
where $I_{\nu}$ and $\tau_{\nu}$ also depend on $\mu$.
  This basic RTE is the one which appears in most lectures notes and
  text books introducing radiation transfer to astrophysicists.
    We shall also assume that the source function is isotropic i.e.,
    angle-independent.

  The so-called ``formal solution" is the general solution of this
  equation for a \emph{known} source function. In such as case, the
  solution can be easily derived as:

\begin{equation}
 I_{\nu}(\tau_1)= I_{\nu}(\tau_2)  e^{-(\tau_2 - \tau_1)/\mu} +
 \int_{\tau_1}^{\tau_2}   { S_{\nu}(\tau_{\nu}) e^{-(\tau_{\nu} - \tau_1)/\mu}
 \left( d\tau_{\nu}/\mu \right) }
  \label{eq:formal}
\end{equation}

We shall see hereafter how this formal solution is used together with
iterative methods we are particularly interested in. Note also that,
when $\tau_1 \rightarrow 0$ and $\tau_2 \rightarrow +\infty$ in
Eq.\,(\ref{eq:formal}), the formal solution is the \emph{Laplace}
transform of the source function.

\subsection{The Eddington approximation}

It is usual and convenient, for analytical radiation transfer, to
define the three successive (angular) moments of the specific intensity,
or Eddington moments:

\begin{eqnarray}
 J_{\nu} & = & {1 \over 2}  \int_{-1}^{+1} {I_{\nu}(\mu) d \mu }  \\
H_{\nu} & = &{1 \over 2}  \int_{-1}^{+1} {I_{\nu}(\mu) \mu d \mu } \\
K_{\nu} & = & {1 \over 2}  \int_{-1}^{+1} {I_{\nu}(\mu) \mu^2 d \mu }
\end{eqnarray}
where $J$ is the mean intensity, $H$ the Eddington flux (which relates
to the astrophysical flux usually observed for spatially unresolved
objects such as most stars other than the Sun), and $K$ which is related
to the radiation pressure (see e.g., Hubeny \& Mihalas 2014\cite{mihalas}).

In a similar fashion, successive moments of the RTE can be easily
derived. It leads, respectively for Eddington factors $H_{\nu}$ and $K_{\nu}$ to

\begin{equation}
  { {dH_{\nu}} \over {d \tau_{\nu}}}  = J_{\nu} -S_{\nu}   \, ,
\end{equation}
and

\begin{equation}
  { {dK_{\nu}} \over {d \tau_{\nu}}}  = H_{\nu}   \, .
\end{equation}

Then, considering the state of the radiation field \emph{at great depth}
in a stellar atmosphere when it can be safely considered also as
isotropic, one can establish the so-called Eddington approximation,
$J_{\nu}=3K_{\nu}$ (Rutten 2003\cite{rob}, Hubeny \& Mihalas
2014\cite{mihalas}).

Although valid only in the above-mentioned conditions, it is common in
analytical radiation transfer to consider that the Eddington approximation
remains valid throughout the whole atmosphere of a star, even though
the anisotropy of the radiation field increases while we move towards
its most external layers.

\subsection{$\Lambda$-operator}

It is usual in the field of astrophysical radiation transfer to write
the formal solution of RTE as

\begin{equation}
 I_{\nu}(\tau) = \Lambda [ S(\tau) ]
\end{equation}
where the operator $\Lambda$ represents the operation of deriving the
specific intensity from known opacity and source function spatial
distributions. It is also, in other terms, an integration operator of
the known source function weighted by the exponential kernel
$e^{(t-\tau)}$.

Should we ignore the frequency dependence of the radiation field, also
known as the ``grey case'', and include the angular integration
leading from specific intensity to the mean intensity (i.e., a
physical quantity proportional to the more generally observed
astrophysical flux), one would rather write the formal solution as:

\begin{equation}
 J(\tau) = \Lambda [ S(\tau) ] \, .
\end{equation}

For all computations presented hereafter, as well as for the tools we
distribute, this process is done using the Python module {\tt formal}
which computes the formal solution using the so-called short
characteristics method (Olson \& Kunasz 1987 \cite{sc}, Auer \&
Paletou 1994 \cite{lhafp}).

\section{An analytical solution to a NLTE radiation problem}

An analytical solution to the problem of non--LTE radiative transfer
can be derived with the following assumptions. First, we shall
consider the case of monochromatic or coherent scattering.  We shall
also consider a source function that contains a thermal emission
component $\varepsilon B$ and a coherent isotropic scattering term
$(1-\varepsilon) J$, that is

\begin{equation}
S=  (1-\varepsilon) J+  \varepsilon B \, .
  \label{eq:source}
\end{equation}
In the frame of the two-level atom model, $\varepsilon$ is also called
the collisional destruction probability factor (it may also be related
to a so-called albedo, with $a=1-\varepsilon$ though).

Assuming that the Eddington approximation $J=3K$ is valid \emph{at all
  depths} in the atmosphere, we get easily after forming the second
derivative of $K$ that

\begin{equation}
  { {d^2 J} \over {d \tau^2}}  = 3(J -S)   \, .
\end{equation}
For an isothermal atmosphere of constant $B$ with $\tau$ and
using the expression of the source function introduced at Eq. (\ref{eq:source}), the
latter expression turns into

\begin{equation}
  { {d^2 {(J-B)}} \over {d \tau^2}}  = 3 \varepsilon (J -B)   \, ,
\end{equation}
whose solution is such that $(J-B) = \alpha e^{- \tau \sqrt{3
    \varepsilon}}$.

Finally, using the boudary condition at the surface
  $J(0)=\sqrt{3}H(0)$ derived by Krook (1955)\cite{krook}, one can
establish that

\begin{equation}
  \alpha  = - { {B} \over {1 + \sqrt{\varepsilon}} }  \, ,
\end{equation}
which leads to the Eddington solution of the non--LTE radiation
transfer problem:

\begin{equation}
S_{\rm Edd.}/B= 1 - (1-\sqrt{\varepsilon}) e^{- \tau \sqrt{3 \varepsilon} }  \, .
  \label{eq:sedd}
\end{equation}

It is important to identify two critical values associated with this
solution. First is the surface value, $S_{\rm Edd.}(\tau)$ for $\tau
\rightarrow 0$, of the source function given by $\sqrt{\varepsilon}
B$. Any numerical solution have to be tested vs.  this limit value,
and with some accuracy. Second is the typical depth at which $S_{\rm
  Edd.} \simeq B$ which is often called the \emph{thermalisation
  depth}. It scales as $1/\sqrt{\varepsilon}$ for the monochromatic
scattering case we consider here. Again this typical length should be
identified with accuracy from any numerical solution to the non--LTE
problem.

We conclude this section emphasizing the fact that the Eddington
  solution we have established (for a semi-infinite atmosphere) is the
  \emph{true} solution of an \emph{approximate} radiation transfer
  problem. The main approximation used here is on the angular
  dependence of the specific intensity. While the resolution of the
  full problem would imply to use an infinite number of directions, we
  downsized it to a single point angular quadrature (see also e.g., the
  discussion provided in \S5. of Chevallier et al. 2003).

\section{Numerical solutions}

We shall consider hereafter monochromatic (or \emph{grey}) radiation
transfer, so we can drop any frequency dependance of the Eddington
factors in the remainder of this article. Boundary conditions are also
assumed to be monochromatic.

The Eddington approximation is also compatible with the so-called
``two-stream approximation''. In that case, we adopt also a simplified
angular quadrature using $\mu=\pm 1/\sqrt{3}$ (i.e., the Van Vleck
angle). Beyond astrophysics, this approximation is also common
for global circulation or weather forecasting models developed in
(terrestrial) atmospheric sciences (\emph{J.-P. Chaboureau}, private
communication).  Note again that a proper comparison between
  numerical solutions and the (analytic) Eddington solution requires
  the use of a single point angular quadrature.

Our formal solver uses short characteristics (SC) using monotonic
parabolic interpolation, as originally described in Auer \& Paletou
(1994 -- see also Olson \& Kunasz 1987\cite{sc}, Kunasz \& Auer
1988\cite{ka88}, and Paletou \& L\'eger
2007\cite{fp07}).\cite{SCtypos}. Hereafter we only remind the
  essential principles of SC, and encourage the reader to consult the
  existing scientific literature, for details. The numerical
  implementation of short-characteristics rely on the following
  principles. Short characteristics means that the formal solution
  across the whole atmosphere will be carried-out \emph{depth after
    depth}, from one boundary surface to the other one, and
  back-and-forth i.e., for $\mu$ negative first then for $\mu$
  positive (note that this order is indifferent, but the separation
  between positive and negative direction cosines is very important,
  and shall prove very useful for the case of Gauss--Seidel
  iterations). In order to perform at each spatial depth the formal
  solution expressed by Eq.\,(2), we shall first assume that the
  source function is \emph{quadratic} in the optical depth. This
  assumption allows to derive an analytical expression of the integral
  term on the source function spatial distribution. Then it can easily
  be shown that, for a current position $k$ the integral in Eq.\,(2)
  will \emph{only} involve quantities known at this very position, and
  at the ``upwind" or $(k-1)$, and ``downwind" or $(k+1)$
  positions. Finally, at each depth the current value of the specific
  intensity (for a given direction cosine) will be given by

\begin{equation}
  I_{k} = I_{k-1}e^{-\Delta \tau_u} + \Psi_u S_u + \Psi_0
  S_0 +\Psi_d S_d  \, ,
  \label{eq:sc}
\end{equation}
where the $\Psi$'s are analytical functions of the optical depths
$\Delta \tau_u$ and $\Delta \tau_d$ i.e., between the local ($0$), and
the upwind ($u$) and downwind ($d$) spatial positions.

 For all cases discussed hereafter, we use boundary conditions
  more usually used for ``semi-infinite'' atmospheres. There is
  \emph{no} radiation falling ($\mu<0$) onto the top surface of the
  atmosphere, and the bottom and upward ($\mu>0$) boundary condition
  is that the specific intensity equals the Planck function (set to
  one hereafter).

\subsection{$\Lambda$--iteration}

The so-called $\Lambda$--iteration ({\sc li}) is equivalent to a Picard iterative
scheme (itself being a fixed-point iterative scheme for ODEs).

Let $S^{\dagger}$ be the spatial distribution of the source function
across the atmosphere from (the initial value or) the previous
iteration step. $\Lambda$--iterating consists in successively computing

\begin{equation}
J = \Lambda [ S^{\dagger}]  \, ,
\end{equation}
then $S^{\rm (new)} = (1-\varepsilon) J +  \varepsilon B$ and so on,
until convergence.

Unfortunately, this poor numerical scheme is still in use although it
is well-known that it is ``pseudo-convergent'' (see e.g., Hubeny \&
Mihalas 2014\cite{mihalas}, Olson et al. 1986\cite{oab}). This is well
demonstated by Figs.\,(2) where we displayed (a) the successive
iterates of the {\sc li} scheme together with the target analytical
solution of Eddington and, (b) the respective relative correction,
from an iteration to another, $R_e$ and the so-called ``true error''
$T_e$, which is the relative error vs. the analytical Eddington
solution.

Following the definitions found in the original papers of Auer et
  al. (1994)\cite{mg} and Trujillo Bueno \& Fabiani Bendicho (1995)\cite{gs},
these two latter quantities are respectively

\begin{eqnarray}
 R_{e} & = & {\rm max}(\lvert S^{(n)}-S^{(n-1)} \rvert /S^{(n)} ) \\
T_{e} & = & {\rm max}(\lvert S^{(n)}-S_{\rm Edd.} \rvert /S_{\rm Edd.}
) \, .
\end{eqnarray}
Both are indeed useful to demonstrate the pseudo-convergent nature and
the \emph{failure} of {\sc li}. Indeed on Fig. (2b) once can notice
the constant drop of the relative correction $R_e$ giving the misleading
impression that pushing the iteration number will finally reach the
solution, while the true error $T_e$ indicates that the
pseudo-solution will remain far away from the reference solution of
Eddington.

\begin{figure}[]
  \includegraphics[width=7.25 cm,angle=0]{LIa.png}
  \includegraphics[width=7.25 cm,angle=0]{LIb.png}
  \caption{$\Lambda$--iteration for a semi-infinite slab of total
    optical thickness $10^4$ with 5 points per decade, and an
    atmosphere such as $\varepsilon=10^{-4}$. The top figure shows the
    successive runs of the source function, and the pseudo-convergent
    nature of the numerical scheme. The analytical solution is
    represented by the dotted curve. The bottom figure displays (i)
    the maximum relative correction, from an iteration to
    another (dashed line), and (ii)
    the true error i.e., the relative error vs. the analytical
    solution (note that we always have $T_e > R_e$ after a few iterations).}
  \label{Fig2}
\end{figure}

Note also that, in all figures $T_e > R_e$ after the very first
iterative steps, if not at the onset of the iterative process.

\subsection{ALI: Accelerated/Approximate $\Lambda$--iteration}

The {\sc ali} method is basically an operator splitting method. Let us
write therefore:

\begin{equation}
\Lambda = \Lambda^{*}+ \delta \Lambda  \, .
\end{equation}
At this point several choices for an approximate operator
$\Lambda^{*}$ are possible. However, in our study we shall only
consider the most efficient version of {\sc ali} which is just a
Jacobi-type method. In such a case, $\Lambda^{*}$ should be the
\emph{exact} diagonal of the full operator $\Lambda$. The study of
reference concerning this very method is the seminal article of Olson,
Auer \& Buchler (1986)\cite{oab}. In practice, the diagonal operator
is very easily determined, as described in Auer \& Paletou
(1994)\cite{lhafp}

\begin{figure}[]
  \includegraphics[width=7.25 cm,angle=0]{ALIa.png}
  \includegraphics[width=7.25 cm,angle=0]{ALIb.png}
  \caption{Same as Fig. (2) but for Accelerated
    $\Lambda$--iteration. Within the same number of iterations (150)
    the analytical reference solution is reached, unlike with {\sc
      li}. The true error reaches a constant
    level around 0.01, also indicating that there is no need to
    iterate further than $\sim 140$ iterations, while the relative correction
    continues to decrease.}
  \label{Fig3}
\end{figure}

Now let us write the succession of iterates of the source function as
$S=S^{\dagger} + \delta S$, where $S^{\dagger}$ means the source
function known at the current iterative step. Now using the
  definition of the $\Lambda$-operator $J=\Lambda[S]$ we can
  write the expression of the source function correction explicitely:

\begin{equation}
\delta S = \left[ 1 - (1-\varepsilon) \Lambda^{*}\right]^{-1}  \{
  (1-\varepsilon) \Lambda[S^{\dagger}]+ \varepsilon B - S^{\dagger} \} \, .
\label{eq:dsk}
\end{equation}
When $\Lambda^{*}$ is the diagonal of the full operator, at each depth
in the atmosphere the increment of source function is just obtained
from a \emph{scalar} divide, which make the {\sc ali} method both
accurate and fast.

Unlike the {\sc li} iteration, it can be rigorously shown  that the
{\sc ali} iterative scheme definitely converges to the solution of the
problem, as demonstrated in Fig. (3a). However, the accuracy of the
numerical solution depends on the spatial sampling of the
atmosphere. It can be measured by the true error, $T_e$, which reaches
a \emph{plateau} at $\sim 10^{-2}$, as can be seen in Fig. (3b).

\subsection{Gauss-Seidel and SOR iterations}

Experimenting both Gauss--Seidel ({\sc gs}) and Successive
over-relaxation ({\sc sor}) are logical steps after having
experienced the Jacobi-type {\sc ali} methods. Although published
  twenty years ago now, by Trujillo Bueno \& Fabiani Bendicho
  (1995)\cite{gs}, it is not yet of common practice, unlike {\sc
    ali}.

\begin{figure}[]
  \includegraphics[width=7.25 cm,angle=0]{GSketch.png}
  \caption{Illustration in support of the basic principle of the
    implementation of Gauss--Seidel iterations within the short
    characteristics method.}
  \label{Fig4}
\end{figure}

 The {\sc gs} iterative method consists essentially in updating
  the current source function value once the full angular integration
  of the specific intensity can be performed -- because all the
  necessary quantities yet are available, and \emph{before} the formal
  solver will be moving to the next depth point. This is made
  relatively easy within the short characteristics methods which
  separates sweping the atmosphere first for $\mu<0$ and second for
  the remainder $\mu > 0$ directions (or vice versa, the important
  point being an explicit distinction between positive and negative
  direction cosines). This is sketched in Fig.\,(4) which should be
  read from left to right. Assume that all depths have been covered
  along SC's of $\mu<0$, so that we know all specific intensities and
  mean intensities $J^{\downarrow}$ for these direction cosines, up to
  the bottom boundary layer $N$. The next task is to complete the
  angular integration for the upward direction cosine(s). Starting at
  the bottom boundary, the ``upwind'' specific intensity is known
  since it is provided by the external boundary condition. Therefore,
  at layer $N$ we can easily compute $J^{\uparrow}$. This knowledge
  makes it possible to update the local source function \emph{before}
  switching to the next inner layer at $(N-1)$. This is the main
  ``trick'' for doing Gauss--Seidel iterations within the SC
  method. It requires however modifications of the more traditional
  formal solver used for ALI (provided by us as the {\tt formalGS}
  module). Indeed, when moving to the next layer for $\mu>0$ at
  $(N-1)$, we shall advance the specific intensity according to
  Eq.\,(\ref{eq:sc}) but now using a mixture of the \emph{just
    updated} $S_u^{\rm (new)}$ and of $S_{0,d}^{\rm (old)}$ i.e., of the
  \emph{not yet} modified values of the source function at the local
  and at the downwind position $(N-2)$. The process is then repeated
  up to the top boundary surface of the atmosphere.

  The numerical implementation of the method was described in every
  detail in the original article of Trujillo Bueno \& Fabiani Bendicho
  (1995)\cite{gs}.  We therefore strongly encourage the reader to
  study this article with great care.

Figure (5) shows the significative gain on the convergence rate
provided by {\sc gs}. For 1D problems, it is by far superior to the
small additional computations induced by the indispensable
modifications of the classical short characteristics formal solver.

\begin{figure}[]
  \includegraphics[width=7.25 cm,angle=0]{GS.png}
  \caption{True error and relative correction (dashed
      line) for the same parameters than in previous figures, but
    using the {\sc gs} iterative scheme. The truncation error seen by
    the \emph{plateau} at $T_e \sim 10^{-2}$ is reached in less than
    30 iterations now.}
  \label{Fig5}
\end{figure}

Finally the {\sc sor} scheme is built on the same strategy adopted for
{\sc gs} although the new source function increment $\delta S^{\rm
  (SOR)}=\omega \delta S^{\rm (GS)}$, with $\omega$ chosen between 1
and 2. It can be shown that the optimal scheme is obtained for $\omega
\sim 1.5$ (see Trujillo Bueno \& Fabiani Bendicho 1995\cite{gs}) More
insight about the {\sc sor} method can be found in Young
(1971).\cite{young}

\section{NLTE radiation transfer On-line}

We have implemented a dedicated web-service which allows on-line
numerical experiments with the numerical methods we just presented. It
is located at {\tt http://rttools.irap.omp.eu/}, and maintained by
OMP-IRAP (Toulouse, France). In addition, a Git repository is about to be
  installed, in order to distribute the original Python modules we
  developed and used for the web-service.

\subsection{Description}

Several ``buttons'' may be independently activated. The first choice
is to be made among methods i.e., $\Lambda$--iteration ({\tt LI}),
Accelerated $\Lambda$--iteration ({\tt ALI}), and Gauss--Seidel or SOR
({\tt GS}). Concerning the latter choice, the distinction between both
schemes will be controled by the $\omega$ ({\tt omega})
parameter. Once the method have be selected, the user will have to
provide a value for $\varepsilon$ ({\tt eps}) with format $10^{-p}$
where $p$ is an integer, the total optical thickness of the
atmosphere $\tau_{\rm max}$ ({\tt taumax}), using a format $10^{k}$, and
the number of points per decade ({\tt npdec}) used for setting the
spatial grid for the computations. Finally, the number of iterations
({\tt niter}) to be performed is required.

The output consists in two graphics. The first one provides the
history of the source function (initialized with $S \equiv B$) for the
number of iterations required, with the corresponding Eddington
solution vs. optical depth. The second plot displays both true error and
relative correction (from an iteration to another) vs. the number of iterations.

\subsection{Experiments}

As a preamble to this part, we remind here that comparison with the
analytical solution of Eddington make only sense for the case of
``effectively thick'' slabs, that is such that $\tau_{max} \gg
1/\sqrt{\varepsilon}$, for the case of monochromatic scattering we
only consider hereafter.

A first and \emph{indispensable} experiment is to realize the
\emph{failure} of the $\Lambda$-iteration . The ``pseudo-convergence''
of this method can be noticed by the rapid and continuous fall of the
relative correction $R_e$, while the ``solution'' at which the process is
converging may remain very far from the Eddington solution, as
indicated by the ``true'' error $T_e$. Further experiments pushing the
number of iterations for the same set-up should be done and analysed.

Using the very same set of parameters, the next step is to experiment
the benefit of the diagonal operator {\sc ali} method. The latter
should quickly reach the Eddington solution with good accuracy, unlike
{\sc li}. Other experiments will allow to check the so-called
$\sqrt{\varepsilon}$-law for the surface value of $S/B$, as well as to
identify the ``thermalisation depth'' $1/\sqrt{\varepsilon}$.

However, even {\sc ali} may work at limited accuracy. A relevant
experiment is to iterate the method with a given set of parameters up
to reaching a \emph{plateau} for $T_{e}$. The latter value gives an
indication of the \emph{truncation error} of the method, due to the
spatial discretization of the numerical method. All other parameters
remaining equals, one should then experiment the effects of
\emph{only} modifying the sampling of the slab, by changing the number
of points per decade parameter. Changes in the limit value of $T_{e}$,
together with the rate of convergence should be investigated. Note
that a detailed study on the accuracy of the {\sc ali} method was
published by Chevallier et al. (2003).

Finally, we propose to go beyond the {\sc ali}--Jacobi method with the
Gauss--Seidel ({\sc gs}) and Successive Over-Relaxation ({\sc
  sor}). Its implementation requires several touchy modifications in
the original short characteristics formal solver which require special
attention. We found them pretty well documented in the original
article, and the interested user will get to it by a careful
inspection of the source code that we also deliver with our
web-service. Gauss-Seidel and SOR differ only by the choice of the
relaxation parameter $\omega$. It should be set to $\omega=1$ for
performing {\sc gs} iterations, although it should be picked between 1
and 2 for experimenting {\sc sor} iterations. It is a good exercice to
test various values of $\omega$, seeking for an optimal scheme.

A more insider study, requiring to use directly the Python code we
make available, would be to test the so-called smoothing capability of
GS/SOR methods which plays a crucial role in multi-grid methods (see
e.g., Auer et al. 1994\cite{mg})

\section{Conclusion}

We made available a tool very suitable to any astrophysics Master
programme, or for any astronomer or physicist willing to start an
initiation to state-of-the-art numerical radiation transfer.

It is quite straightforward to upgrade the simple angular quadrature
we used for that study. It would be also possible to implement, from
our Python formal solver, the computation of a more realistic
scattering integral, by integrating an explicitely $\nu$-dependent
mean intensity $J_{\nu}$ weighted by an a priori known absorption
profile (Gaussian/Doppler or Voigt).

Possible evolutions may be, to develop a specific formal solver for
the 1D spherical problem (see e.g., Auer 1984\cite{lha84}), or to
propose a \emph{simple} multi-level atom version following the
so-called Multilevel-ALI method originally developped by Rybicky \&
Hummer (1991, see also Paletou \& L\'eger 2007). Comparisons with
  (non-stationary) conjugate gradient type method could also be
set-up (see e.g., Paletou \& Anterrieu 2009\cite{cg}).

\begin{acknowledgments}

  FP is grateful to his radiative transfer {\it Sensei},
  Dr. L. H. ``Larry'' Auer. We also wish to pay tribute to the
  outstanding contribution of Prof. R. J. ``Rob'' Rutten, whose
  remarkable lectures notes have been made available to anyone for
  more than a decade now. We are also grateful to Dr. J\'er\^ome Ballot
  (IRAP) for a careful reading of a preliminary version of this article.

\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


KANSAS CITY, Mo.—The Pittsburgh Penguins last night secured back-to-back Stanley Cup Championships, taking the Nashville Predators in six games.
Today, Fellowship of Christian Athletes (FCA, www.fca.org) is congratulating the Penguins, and specifically, Pittsburgh center Matt Cullen, who recently shared his faith story in FCA Magazine.
Cullen, the son of a high school hockey coach, first picked up a hockey stick at the age of 2 and was drafted 35th overall by the Anaheim Ducks. At first, the young player remained focused on the things that mattered. But during his first few years in the pros, Cullen's faith took a backseat. Since then, however, he told FCA that his faith journey has been a continual growing process, especially as he's played with eight different organizations over two decades.
"With each stop along the way," he said, "(my wife, Bridget, and I have) grown deeper in God's Word and truth, reincorporating it into our lives and relationships, and being encouraged through the churches we've attended. I'm proud of the fact that people know I am a Christ-follower playing in the NHL. Hockey is such an up-and-down sport. One day you're on top of the world, and the next you're down in the dumps. My faith helps put things in the right frame of mind where I keep my eye on what's truly important: playing my hardest and putting everything I have into the game. I was given a gift, and it's my responsibility to make the most of it for God's glory. Having that perspective has really helped me handle the ups and downs that each season can bring.
"Sometimes you can hope that everything is going to be perfect, but God doesn't promise that life will be free of troubles," Fisher wrote for the devotional. "We won't always understand why we're struggling or why things aren't going our way. But he does promise that if we put our trust completely in him, he will take care of our needs and give us the strength to make it through the trials of life.


text:
Samsung Galaxy S4 – only EE will have the 4G version in the UK for now
As we expected EE has confirmed that it will offer the new Samsung Galaxy S4. It will be available to pre-order from the 28th March, with handset available online, through telesales, and in EE stores from 26th April.
Importantly EE will be the only UK network to launch the new Samsung Galaxy S 4 smartphone using 4G. Other networks haven't quite got their 4G services ready yet.
It will also be available through Orange and T-Mobile.
Paul Jevons, Director of Products and Devices, EE, said: "The interest we've received from consumers and businesses has almost reached fever-pitch levels, so we're delighted to be the only UK operator to offer the Samsung Galaxy S 4 enabled with 4G from launch.
"When paired with our unique superfast 4G network, customers really will be able to make the most from the powerhouse performance the Samsung Galaxy S 4 provides – utilising its capabilities to the maximum."
EE will be offering an exclusive incentive to new and existing customers who pre-order the handset on EE, Orange or T-Mobile before launch, with further details to be announced in due course.
Samsung Galaxy S4 UK launch is April 26th
Samsung Galaxy S 4 – round up of pics


Starkweather was 20 during his two-month killing spree, accompanied by his 14-year-old girlfriend. He claimed the lives of 11.
Bundy confessed to murdering 30 women from 1974 to 1978, decapitating at least 12 victims whose heads he kept in his apartment. He also sexually violated the corpses of some of his victims.


What is agency and what does it mean to you?
When providing real estate services, the nature of the relationship that is created between the buyer or seller and the real estate brokerage, including its related licensees, is important. The relationship may be either a sole agency, limited dual agency, or no agency relationship.
Where a licensee acts only for the buyer or the seller, a sole agency relationship is generally created. The buyer or seller who engages a licensee to act as a sole agent is known as the "client". There are different types of sole agency relationships. The historical model of real estate agency, referred to in this material as 'brokerage agency', is one where the brokerage is the agent of the client, and all licensees engaged by that brokerage automatically assume the same agency obligations as the brokerage in relation to that client. When the brokerage only represents one client in a particular transaction this is referred to as 'sole' agency. Another type of sole agency, 'designated agency', occurs when the brokerage and the client agree that the brokerage will designate one or more licensees engaged by that brokerage to provide real estate services as sole agent to or on behalf of the client. In designated agency, the brokerage has contractual duties to the client but it is the designated agents who act as sole agent on behalf of the client.
a duty to account for all money and property of the principal placed in the brokerage's hands while acting for the client.
In designated agency, the brokerage and the client agree that these duties – other than the duty shared with the designated agents to keep the confidences of the client, and the holding of money on behalf of the client – are the responsibility of the designated agents.
When a brokerage acts for both the buyer and the seller, with their agreement, the nature of the relationship created by contract is one of limited dual agency. In brokerage agency, limited dual agency can occur when the same licensee engaged by the brokerage represents the buyer and seller, or where different licensees engaged by the same brokerage represent the buyer and the seller. Before a brokerage may represent both the buyer and the seller, the buyer and seller must consent to such a relationship. Before providing their consent, the buyer and seller should be fully informed regarding the limits that will be placed on the agent's (brokerage's) duties and obligations to the buyer and seller.
Designated agency allows two clients who have engaged the same brokerage to have independent representation by their respective designated agents, eliminating the occurrence of 'in-house' limited dual agency where the interests of those clients are in conflict, e.g. they wish to negotiate in relation to the same property.
the brokerage or its designated agent must not disclose personal information about the parties, unless authorized to do so in writing.
identify and estimate costs involved in a transaction.


"What was not so long ago unthinkable has come to pass." Thus the Jewish Chronicle's verdict on the election of hard-left pro-Palestinian Jeremy Corbyn as leader of Britain's Labour Party. It was a typically astonished reaction to the news that, for the first time in decades, there would be a British party leader who was not in the pocket of the Israel lobby.
Two Jewish shadow cabinet members, Ed Miliband and Rachel Reeves, have already led an exodus of senior resignations from Labour's front bench, of those not prepared to work for Corbyn. Virtually all of them are members of Labour Friends of Israel. Rather than settle anything, it seems Corbyn's election will trigger a civil war in Britain's main opposition party.
There has been a palpable shock amongst Jewish commentators on both left and right that this could have happened. For months former Blairites like David Aaronovitch and dyed-in-the wool Conservatives like Lord Finkelstein have been united in their position that Corbyn would be a disaster for Labour and Britain. Although Nick Cohen did the definite anti-Corbyn hatchet job. The decision was unanimous — Corbyn was bad for the Jews.
One wag commented that Jewish journalists are so quick to trot out a heart-rending tales of their own refugee family's flight to Britain. Now they have got a refugee-friendly politician who would flood Britain with refugees in a moment, if he could, and all they do is offload on him. What is their problem, he asks disingenuously.
It is so true. The tide of vitriol shows no signs of abating. 'The problem" was highlighted by the aforementioned Stephen Pollard. He was beside himself in the Mail on Sunday but it wasn't Corbyn's policies for Britain that concerned him.
Pollard was worried that Corbyn did not approve of a British drone strike in Syria that killed two UK-born Jihadis. (Corbyn did not think it was legal.) Pollard was especially perturbed at Corbyn's insistence that Britain speak to Hamas and Hezbollah. That is rich given that Britain eventually negotiated with many terrorist groups including the IRA, Stern Gang and Irgun. But Pollard wasn't letting go easily.
The point is that in the Corbyn world-view any enemy of the West is worthy of support. Any ally is opposed. So he was happy to invite Raed Salah, a 9/11 conspiracy theorist with a conviction for spreading the blood libel (that Jews drink the blood of gentile children), to take tea with him at the Commons.
Bizarre and dangerous as these alliances may be, they are wrapped up in the language of concern — for the poor, for the rule of law and for the powerless.
Given that Pollard belongs to an ethnicity who are never slow to appropriate "the language of concern" so ruthlessly when their own interests are involved, that is a particularly breathtaking remark. The gall of the man takes one's breath away.
So why should White advocates welcome the election of a Marxist immigrant-loving left-wing extremist who would obviously abolish all borders and flood the country with every refugee who wants to come here?
Well, not for anything that he himself stands for, himself of course, but more for the destabilising hammer blow his election represents to the current system. His election is a huge defeat for the state mechanism of containment with which popular opinion is suppressed across the West.
For months his candidacy has undergone saturation shame-bombing from the controlled media. Jewish commentators and Israeli issues have been central drivers in this. For once the smear machine has been beaten back. It has now been proven possible to survive allegations of anti-Semitism even in the face of a total media onslaught.
Like the support for Donald Trump, it shows that the media control on opinion is not 100% and that people can rebel against it and can succeed if they are provoked hard enough.
The good news is that British politics is becoming increasingly ethnically driven. There is no doubt that Corbyn's support for the Palestinian cause won him the rapidly growing Muslim membership of the Labour Party. With the Labour Party having been wiped out in their Scottish heartland they are well on the way to becoming totally identified with the public sector unions. And Muslims.
It is ironic that the Blairite pro-business side of the party which has worked so hard for immigration should be effectively undone by the people they have championed.
Good question. The Conservative Party adopted Tony Blair's New Labour pro-business and social agenda so wholeheartedly that it completely removed the need for a Labour Party. In fact Cameron described himself at one point as the "heir to Blair".
Now there is no need for the fragile coalition that kept the Tories together. There is a chance of a civil war in the Conservative Party and there is no doubt what the spark would be. With a referendum on membership in the EU looming, right-wing Tories are becoming extremely agitated. Much of UKIP's senior membership left the Conservatives on the issue of European Union membership and immigration. Cameron came to power on the promise that he would reduce immigration to "tens of thousands" a year. Instead, this year it reached record levels of 330,000 per year — higher than any year under Labour.
For the Jews, however, it is all about Israel. One of the shrewdest articles about the implications of Corbyn has come from Haaretz which said that his election creates an opportunity for the anti-Israel BDS (Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions) campaign to go mainstream. This seems more than likely. In an interview last month Corbyn appeared to back the boycotting of British universities carrying out Israeli arms research.
According to the Blairite corporate lobbyist Dan Hodges, Corbyn's election means the death of Labour. It's all good.
So Jeremy Corbyn Apparently was a Communist Spy. That's Interesting.