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Students For Fair Admissions v. Harvard: Affirmative Action, Race-Based Policies, and Preference Falsification
Posted: April 7, 2021 | Author: bbabarjournal | Filed under: Spring 2021 Vol. 65 #2, Viewpoint | Tags: admissions, affirmative action, Civil Rights, Hard, Proposition 16, race-based admissions, Students For Fair Admissions | Leave a comment
by Natasha Varyani
In November 2020, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit upheld the district court's finding that Harvard University's admissions policy comports with the law relating to affirmative action in higher education. Students For Fair Admissions v. Harvard is a piece of a larger effort directed by activist Edward Blum to dismantle the existing law on affirmative action. The case is one of three currently active lawsuits and the only one involving a private university, each an attempt by Students For Fair Admissions ("SFFA") to reach the newly recomposed U.S. Supreme Court. At a time in our nation's legal and cultural history when systemic racism is being examined in our legal discourse in myriad ways, the context surrounding the First Circuit's decision in the Harvard case is essential to understanding what the ruling will mean for race-conscious admissions policies.
The Harvard case was manufactured by SFFA in the wake of the Supreme Court upholding higher education affirmative action policies in several high profile cases. Most recently, the Supreme Court twice reviewed and ultimately upheld the race-conscious admissions policies of the University of Texas in Fisher v. University of Texas. There, Abigail Fisher, a white student, did not prevail. After Fisher, SFFA identified a new strategy: to find a minority group disadvantaged by affirmative action policies. With a focus on Asian families with strong academic achievement and ambitious goals for their education, the plaintiffs in SFFA's current cases bring a new perspective to challenging the use of race in admissions. This new perspective relies upon many of the stereotypes and biases already culturally prevalent about the "model minorities" and may very well be SFFA's best chance yet to challenge the constitutionality of using race as a factor in admissions.
SFFA's lawsuits are but one part of cultural grappling with the question of affirmative action in higher education admissions policies. In 2019, the medical school at Texas Tech University came to an agreement with the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights under which it would stop using race as a factor in admissions. The agreement, reached 14 years after the Center for Equal Opportunity filed a complaint with the U.S. Department of Education, effectively declared the Trump administration's position on affirmative action: namely, that race should not be a factor used in admissions. Betsy DeVos, as Trump's secretary of education, made this position clear, signaling a policy position that echoed some of the tenets of the president's promise to "Make America Great Again" and return the United States to some image of its supposed former version of itself.
Affirmative action suffered another blow in November of 2020, just days before the First Circuit announced its decision in the Harvard case, as California voters considered Proposition 16, an initiative that would have repealed the law prohibiting state-funded institutions of higher education from considering race as a factor in admissions. Proposition 16 would essentially have allowed for a return of affirmative action programs, and it came to the ballot in an election with historic voter turnout (and during a pandemic). Yet, despite the reputation of being a progressive state, Proposition 16 was rejected by more than 57%, or more than 9 million votes. It is worth noting that California is one of the most racially diverse jurisdictions in the nation, yet even in localities where liberal voting blocs prevailed in the presidential election, those same voters did not favor the progressive position on the issue of affirmative action.
One lens through which to view the outcome on Proposition 16 involves the concept of "preference falsification," which has been used to understand and explain the way that groups collectively move and respond in social and political situations. The concept, developed in the mid-1990s by the economist and political scientist, Timur Kuran, has found renewed currency in political discourse relating to affirmative action and race in the modern, polarized political climate. Preference falsification is the act of misrepresenting one's preferences because of perceived social pressures. "It aims," Kuran wrote, "specifically at manipulating the perception of others about one's motivation."
This concept may explain why some liberal and progressive counties in California rejected affirmative action. Where individuals may perceive that the socially acceptable position is to favor affirmative action and its support of minority students in admissions, they may still cast their secret ballot in favor of their personal preference to benefit their own family and students. Nevertheless, according to Kuran's historical research, a critical mass of preference falsification can lead to a cascade effect, where what is collectively considered to be socially acceptable changes much more rapidly than expected.
This brings us back to the First Circuit's decision in the Harvard case. Though the decision may be lauded as a victory for proponents of affirmative action policies and the use of race in admissions, a closer consideration of the issue in a broader context reveals that the Harvard decision is unlikely to be the last word on the subject, even if the case reaches the Supreme Court. And even though the issue of affirmative action is being considered in the midst of both a profound social justice movement and a dramatic change in presidential administrations, a majority of the current justices of the Supreme Court would appear to be less inclined to uphold race-based admissions policies than any court since the first wave of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s. This, combined with a global pandemic that has fundamentally changed the ways in which social groups interact with one another, make the concept of preference falsification both more resonant and unpredictable than ever. The First Circuit has ruled, but little remains settled.
Natasha N. Varyani is an Associate Professor at New England Law | Boston. She teaches in the areas of Property, Tax and Critical Race Theory. Before coming to academia, Professor Varyani advised mulit-jurisdictional entities on their tax positions. (Professor Varyani is of South Asian descent and was not accepted into her first choice undergraduate institution).
Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia, 590 U.S. ___, 140 S. Ct. 1731 (2020)
Posted: August 17, 2020 | Author: bbabarjournal | Filed under: Case Focus, Summer 2020 Vol. 64 #3 | Tags: Bostock v. Clayton County, Civil Rights, Georgia, LGBTQ, sex descrimination, Title VII | Leave a comment
by Amanda Hainsworth
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 has protected employees from discrimination "because of … sex" for more than half a century. 42 U.S.C.§ 2000e-2. Over time, Title VII has been construed to prohibit a range of different forms of sex discrimination, including sex stereotyping and sexual harassment. Yet some lower courts have stopped short of including LGBTQ workers within Title VII's ambit, leaving LGBTQ employees in more than half of the states across the country without employment discrimination protections.
This changed in June when the Supreme Court of the United States held, in a landmark 6-3 decision, Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia, 590 U.S. __, 140 S. Ct. 1731, 1737 (2020), that Title VII's ban on sex discrimination includes discrimination based on sexual orientation and transgender status. This decision is a major victory for LGBTQ people and advocates, and has significant implications that extend well beyond the employment context.
The issue came to the Supreme Court in a trio of cases that raised essentially the same question: does Title VII bar employers from discriminating against a person because they are gay or transgender?
In Altitude Express, Inc., et al. v. Zarda, No. 17-1623, Donald Zarda was fired from his job as a skydiving instructor within days of mentioning to his employer that he was gay.
In R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes, Inc. v. EEOC, No. 18-107, Aimee Stephens was fired from her job after penning a letter to her employer disclosing her transgender status and intent to live and work full-time as a woman.
And in Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia, No. 17-1618, Gerald Bostock was fired from his job after he began participating in a gay recreational softball league.
Each of these employees brought suit under Title VII, alleging unlawful discrimination because of sex. The Second and Sixth Circuits concluded that Title VII bars employers from firing people because of their sexual orientation (as to Mr. Zarda) or their transgender status (as to Ms. Stephens). In Mr. Bostock's case, the Eleventh Circuit reached the opposite conclusion and held that Title VII does not prohibit employers from firing employees for being gay. The Supreme Court granted certiorari to resolve the circuit split over the scope of Title VII's protections. Sadly, Mr. Zarda and Ms. Stephens both passed away before the Supreme Court issued its decision.
The Supreme Court's Decision in Bostock
In Bostock, the Court unequivocally held that an employer who fires an individual for being gay or transgender violates Title VII. This is because, in firing a person for being gay or transgender, the employer has fired that person "for traits or actions it would not have questioned in members of a different sex," which is exactly what Title VII prohibits. Bostock, 140 S. Ct. at 1737.
The Court relied heavily on the plain meaning of "because of . . . sex" at the time that Title VII was enacted. It proceeded on the assumption that, in 1964, "sex" signified male or female, and concluded that "because of" incorporated a traditional "but-for" causation standard, which the Court explained, "directs us to change one thing at a time and see if the outcome changes." Bostock, 140 S. Ct. at 1739. Thus, an employer violates Title VII "if changing the employee's sex would have yielded a different choice by the employer." Id. at 1741. And, because "it is impossible to discriminate against a person for being homosexual or transgender without discriminating against that individual based on sex," employers who do so are in violation of Title VII. Id.
To illustrate the point as to sexual orientation, the Court offered an example of an employer with two employees—one male and one female—both of whom are attracted to men and otherwise identical in all material respects. If the employer fired the male employee because he is attracted to men, but retained the female employee who is also attracted to men, then the employer has violated Title VII because the male employee's sex was a necessary part of the termination decision.
To illustrate the point as to transgender status, the Court provided another example of an employer who fired a transgender woman because she was assigned male at birth. In this scenario, "[i]f the employer retains an otherwise identical employee who was identified as female at birth, the employer intentionally penalizes a person identified as male at birth for traits or actions that it tolerates in an employee identified as female at birth." Bostock, 140 S. Ct. at 1741. Here again, the employee's sex was a necessary and impermissible part of the termination decision.
The Court rejected the employers' argument that Congress did not intend Title VII to reach discrimination against LGBTQ people in 1964 when it enacted the statute. In doing so, the Court pointed out that there is no such thing as a "canon of donut holes" where Congress' failure to directly address a specific circumstance that falls within a more general statutory rule creates an implicit exception to that general rule. Bostock, 140 S. Ct. at 1746-47. Instead, Title VII prohibits all forms of sex discrimination, however such discrimination might manifest and regardless of how else the discrimination might be characterized.
The Court also rejected the argument that Congress' failure to pass amendments to expressly include sexual orientation and transgender status should be relevant to the Court's interpretation of the statute. The Court noted that "speculation about why a later Congress declined to adopt new legislation offers a 'particularly dangerous' basis on which to rest an interpretation of an existing law a different and earlier Congress did adopt." Bostock, 140 S. Ct. at 1747.
Finally, the Court rejected the employers' argument that "sex" should be construed narrowly because of the "no-elephants-and-mouseholes canon" which "recognizes that Congress does not alter fundamental details of a regulatory scheme by speaking in vague or ancillary terms." Bostock, 140 S. Ct. at 1753 (quoting Whitman v. Am. Trucking Assns., Inc., 531 U.S. 457, 468 (2001)). While the Court agreed that the Bostock holding is certainly an elephant, it rejected the idea that Title VII—a major federal civil rights law that is "written in starkly broad terms" and has "repeatedly produced unexpected applications"—is a mousehole. Id. Instead, the Court concluded, "[t]his elephant has never hidden in a mousehole; it has been standing before us all along." Id.
The potential implications of the Bostock decision are sweeping.
The largest and most obvious implication is that LGBTQ people now have nationwide protection against discrimination by any employer covered by Title VII (i.e., any employer with fifteen or more employees). Although Massachusetts's nondiscrimination law has protected LGBTQ people from employment discrimination for years, see G.L. ch. 151B, § 4, Bostock represents a sea change for those states without any employment discrimination protections for LGBTQ people. Employers in those states now need to, among other steps, review and update policies and procedures and employee benefits packages to ensure compliance.
More broadly, while the Court's holding was limited to Title VII, Bostock may mean that other federal civil rights statutes that prohibit sex discrimination also prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and transgender status. This is because courts routinely rely on rulings in Title VII cases to inform rulings in cases involving other civil rights laws with comparable prohibitions on sex discrimination. There are more than 100 different federal laws that prohibit sex discrimination in a wide variety of different contexts, including in education, credit, housing, healthcare, and military service. Bostock means that all of those laws may also protect LGBTQ people. Bostock also calls into question the legality of the Trump Administration's efforts to roll back federal civil rights protections for LGBTQ people in areas such as education and school athletics (Title IX), the military, and the Affordable Care Act.
Beyond these implications, there will almost certainly be a great deal of litigation related to the interplay between federal civil rights laws and employers' religious beliefs. Title VII contains a narrow exception for discrimination on account of religion, but the Court did not address the extent to which employers will be permitted to discriminate against LGBTQ people based on religious beliefs.
Bostock also has potential implications for the standard of review that should be applied to federal equal protection claims involving discrimination against LGBTQ people. Rational basis review has been applied to such claims since the Court's decision in Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996). But sex-based classifications have long been subject to intermediate scrutiny, and Bostock's holding that discrimination against LGBTQ people is, at core, sex discrimination suggests that intermediate scrutiny should be applied to such claims moving forward.
And, finally, but perhaps most importantly, Bostock may help shine a light toward a world where LGBTQ people—and in particular Black and brown transgender people—can begin to live freely and openly, with a little less fear and a little less pain, and a little more opportunity to succeed and thrive.
*This article represents the opinions and legal conclusions of its author(s) and not necessarily those of the Office of the Attorney General. Opinions of the Attorney General are formal documents rendered pursuant to specific statutory authority.
Amanda Hainsworth is an Assistant Attorney General in the Civil Rights Division of the Massachusetts Attorney General's Office.
Avoiding Immigration-Related Employment Discrimination: Tips for Employers
Posted: December 19, 2012 | Author: bbabarjournal | Filed under: Practice Tips, Winter 2013, Vol. 57, #1 | Tags: Anjali Waikar, Citizenship, Civil Rights, Employment Discrimination, I-9 Form, Illegal immigration, IMAGE, Immigration law, Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, Inc., IRCA, Michael Bianco, Unauthorized Workers | Leave a comment
By Anjali Waikar
As the national debate concerning immigration reform continues, the federal government has turned its attention to cracking down on employers who hire unauthorized workers. Such efforts were highlighted in the federal immigration raid of the Michael Bianco, Inc. factory in New Bedford in 2007, where nearly 350 individuals were rounded up and placed in deportation proceedings. The company ultimately pled guilty to 22 counts relating to the hiring of unauthorized workers and paid a $1.5 million fine. To respond to such increased scrutiny, the government has offered employers various tools to check employees' work authorization. For example, the Town of Milford recently became the first municipality in New England to sign up for IMAGE, a federal program providing employers with education and training on hiring procedures, fraudulent document protection, and use of employment screening tools like E-Verify that allows employers to check an applicant's work eligibility.
Illegal immigration is fueled by job opportunities. Accordingly, many well-intentioned employers, in the face of increasing scrutiny, are concerned about what they can and should be doing to ensure they are not violating federal immigration laws by hiring unauthorized workers. There are myriad considerations employers face, including how to correctly fill out the I-9 Form, how to respond to Social Security "no match" letters, and whether to enroll in E-Verify, to name a few. What, then, are some of an employer's obligations with respect to ensuring that it is not employing unauthorized workers? What risks does an employer face by terminating an employee whom the employer believes has submitted false documents? What are best practices an employer may follow to avoid immigration-related employment discrimination? This article provides an introduction to these issues and practical tips for lawyers who advise employers that are seeking to comply with the law without running afoul of immigration-related antidiscrimination laws.
Immigration Laws in the Workplace
The federal Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) prohibits knowingly hiring undocumented workers and imposes affirmative obligations on employers to verify a new employee's identity and work authorization. IRCA also prohibits employers from discriminating against employees who look or sound "foreign." IRCA prohibits national origin discrimination against all work-authorized individuals in hiring, recruitment, referrals and discharge practices, as well as discrimination based on citizenship status for certain categories of workers, unless such discrimination is otherwise required by law or government contract. The antidiscrimination provisions of IRCA apply to all employers with at least four employees. In addition, employers are subject to the antidiscrimination provisions of Title VII of the Civil Rights act of 1964 as well as Massachusetts' antidiscrimination laws, particularly General Laws Chapter 151B.
To enforce its antidiscrimination provisions, IRCA created the Office of Special Counsel for Immigration-Related Unfair Employment Practices (OSC), located within the Civil Rights Division of the Department of Justice. It is the only governmental office specifically designed and empowered to protect the civil rights of immigrant workers.
In 2000, OSC and the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination entered into a memorandum of agreement whereby each entity would support the other's missions and notify complainants of their right, if applicable, to file a complaint with the other agency. See http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/osc/pdf/Massachusetts.pdf. Accordingly, for the purpose of satisfying the statute of limitations, complaints under IRCA may also be filed with the MCAD. Since 2006, OCS has issued at least ten letters of resolution to Massachusetts employers, either concluding independent investigations or memorializing voluntary settlement agreements with the charging parties. For example, on January 31, 2012, OSC issued a letter of resolution resolving an investigation into allegations that a Massachusetts company discriminated on the basis of national origin by demanding that a lawful permanent resident present a green card. The resolution included full back pay of $900 and company training on the antidiscrimination provisions of IRCA.
Tips for Avoiding Immigration-Related Discrimination
With this background, lawyers should be aware of the following tips for avoiding immigration-related employment discrimination:
Citizenship Requirements. Employers may violate IRCA, as well as Title VII based on national origin discrimination, by imposing citizenship requirements or giving preference to U.S. citizens, in the absence of a legal requirement to do so (e.g., pursuant to law or government contract).
I-9 Form. The I-9 Form is required of all employees upon hire, regardless of the employee's national origin or citizenship. Employees are required to present documentation to their employers to establish both identity and employment eligibility. Failing to verify new employees' identity and employment eligibility by completing the I-9 Form violates federal immigration law. The I-9 Form provides for several combinations of legally acceptable documents. Employers should maintain consistent procedures relating to I-9 Forms or face potential discrimination claims under IRCA. For example, employers should not:
Request more or different documents than the I-9 Form requires to validate a candidate's legal status, as doing so may violate IRCA. Likewise, employers must not selectively request proof of permanent residency or other work authorization from an applicant based on his or her national origin. Instead, employers should ask all applicants for acceptable documents indicated on List A or B and C on the I-9 Form;
Reject government-issued documents that reasonably appear to be genuine and to relate to the employee presenting them. However, if the document does not reasonably appear to be genuine or to relate to the individual, the employer may ask the employee for additional documentation and should not employ the person if he or she is unable to comply.
Timing. Employers who ask to see a job candidate's documents before making a hiring decision may face discrimination claims if the candidate is not offered the job. Instead, employers should request proof of work authorization after making a contingent offer of employment.
Expiring Documents. Employers must not refuse to hire a qualified worker whose employment authorization expires in the future. Instead, employers must complete the hire with the understanding that the employee must provide evidence of continuing employment authorization before the document's expiration date.
Re-verification of Current Employees. Employers must not require an employee to "re-verify" his/her employment eligibility after s/he has already done so. Employers are also prohibited from re-verifying employment eligibility in many other situations, such as when a worker returns from approved leave or is reinstated after an unlawful suspension or termination. See 8 C.F.R. 274a.2(b)(1)(viii)(A). Only in limited circumstances may an employer require "re-verification," such as when an employment authorization document presented has expired or is about to expire or when the employer has "constructive knowledge" that the worker is not authorized. An employer has "constructive knowledge" – and thus a duty to investigate – where it has knowledge that would lead a reasonable person to believe that an individual is not authorized to work in the United States, such as when ICE notifies the employer that the employee may have presented false documents.
Contacting Federal Authorities. Some employers may be tempted to contact federal authorities to "verify" a worker's work eligibility or social security number. Because such a "verification" effort is likely to be ineffective due to extensive inaccuracies in the information maintained by the federal government, employers should accept documents that reasonably appear to be genuine and to relate to the employee presenting them. Further, employers should not routinely investigate documents without reason to believe such documents are false.
The antidiscrimination provisions of IRCA prohibit unfair, immigration-related employment practices. It is possible to comply with the federal laws governing employment verification without triggering exposure to claims of discrimination. Employers should be advised to treat all employees consistently regardless of citizenship status or national origin and to create and implement uniform policies and procedures relating to employment verification in order to avoid claims of immigration-related discrimination.
Anjali Waikar is an associate at Krokidas & Bluestein advising nonprofit, health care, and social service organizations and individuals on employment, privacy, and health care law.


text:
package com.ebay.rtran.util;

import org.junit.Test;

import java.util.Optional;

public class GenericsUtilTest {

  MyInterface<?, ?> instance = new MyImplementation();

  AnotherInterface instance2 = new AnotherImplementation();

  @Test
  public void testGettingActualTypeClass() {
    Optional<Class<Integer>> firstClass = GenericsUtil.getClassForGenericType(instance.getClass(), MyInterface.class, 0);
    assert firstClass.isPresent();
    Optional<Class<String>> secondClass = GenericsUtil.getClassForGenericType(instance.getClass(), MyInterface.class, 1);
    assert secondClass.isPresent();
  }

  @Test
  public void testIndexOutOfBound() {
    Optional<Class<Integer>> clazz = GenericsUtil.getClassForGenericType(instance.getClass(), MyInterface.class, 2);
    assert !clazz.isPresent();
  }

  @Test
  public void testInstanceWihtoutTypeParameters() {
    Optional<Class<String>> clazz = GenericsUtil.getClassForGenericType(instance2.getClass(), AnotherInterface.class, 0);
    assert !clazz.isPresent();
  }
}

interface MyInterface<T, U> {}

class MyImplementation implements MyInterface<Integer, String> {}

interface AnotherInterface {}

class AnotherImplementation implements AnotherInterface{}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Adobe is a heavy type of soil comprised mainly of clay and silt. Adobe is a very hard clay and is used to make bricks and plaster and is frequently used in Latin America, notable Mexico, to make houses, which are then popularly known as adobes, hence in popular parlance an adobe is a Mexican clay-brick house.
Regular body made of dried clay, usually incorporating straw to give it cohesion.
A·do'be (ȧ*dō'ba) noun [ Spanish ] An unburnt brick dried in the sun; also used as an adjective, as, an adobe house, in Texas or New Mexico.
A·do'be noun 1. Earth from which unburnt bricks are made. [ Western U. S.] 2. (Geol.) Alluvial and playa clays of desert and arid regions, differing from ordinary clays of humid regions in containing carbonates and other soluble minerals.
A building material made from clay, straw, and water, formed into blocks, and dried; used traditionally in the southwestern U.S.
adobe (udō'bē) : see rammed earth.
In geology, adobe are alluvial and playa clays of desert and arid regions, differing from ordinary clays of humid regions in containing carbonates and other soluble minerals.


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Have you been waiting for the minutes taken during clinical psychology's talk?
What comes under clinical psychology?
Therapies, conducting assessments, conducting research.
Many psychology fields can be applied under clinical psychology.
A typical day of clinical psychologists?
When patient is referred to you, you will have to do a detailed diagnostic review based on the patient's history and its results from the respective diagnostic test.
Attitudes needed as clinical psychologists?
What's up! Is minutes during Ministry of Education's talk.
How to attain Master degree?
How was the intake for associate psychologists?
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Submit CV to Ms Lin Nian Ying (lin_nian_ying@moe.gov.sg), including information on educational background, research competencies & experience, relevant working experience and copies of educational transcripts and certificates.
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As Semester 1 of AY2012/2013 approaches, you may start to worry about CORS bidding and wonder how to secure your modules for your first semester in NUS. You may also have several unanswered questions pertaining to Psychology as a major.
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Do Protocols and Pathways Improve Care?
As I've written before, I have to confess I've never been a huge fan of pathways and protocols. They often struck me as rigid and insensitive to the nuances of differences between patients. There are also times when pathways and protocols are just absurd when physicians, especially mid-level providers, implement them when analysis of the clinical situation clearly shows them to be inappropriate.
I suppose part of me feels that rigid protocols and pathways diminish medicine's art, especially for physicians like me who have been practicing for decades. But more and more evidence is emerging that these things help patient care by ensuring that nothing falls through the cracks. I find myself noticing as I enter protocol-driven orders that they can remind me of how to proceed.
I can always uncheck a pre-filled order box in the electronic medical record if it is inappropriate for a particular patient.
Now we have more data about the topic. The clinical situation that has been extensively studied with protocols is sepsis, a series of life-threatening systemic events that can be provoked by various factors, but most commonly a serious infection.
A key reason for sepsis being highly appropriate for protocols and pathways is that outcome, odds of survival, is highly influenced by early recognition and treatment. Moreover, the immediate treatment is simple, relatively safe, and available in any hospital. This is why virtually all hospitals now have what are called "sepsis bundles" — measures taken for suspected sepsis early in the course of the condition before the diagnosis is confirmed.
Because it's common, researchers have looked at how implementing sepsis bundles has affected outcomes. Bear in mind that these comparisons are generally not randomized trials because the ethics of that would be questionable. Historical controls, what happened before implementing the bundle, are often used. This approach carries the possibility of a Hawthorne effect: the phenomenon that can happen when people know they are being observed and change their behavior.
Of the many investigations reporting an improvement in sepsis outcomes, this one and this one are representative. The latter is part of the Surviving Sepsis campaign, an initiative of the Society of Critical Care Medicine. The bottom line is that such bundles of strongly recommended actions improve outcomes.
Sepsis is a bit of an unusual case, though, because, in sepsis, early and immediate action is important, something not the case in many other conditions in which we have time to ponder a patient's specific situation.
New York state offers an interesting test case of bundle effectiveness since it has a state law that mandates them. The above studies were in adults. There have also been several recent studies of sepsis bundles in children, such as this in 2020 and this in 2018, and they also show benefit. New York provided the comparison before and after implementing the mandate ("Rory's Regulations").
I still believe that slavish, unthinking adherence to pathways and protocols is bad because they can get in the way of clear thinking. And we don't need protocols for everything.
Yet with more and more acute care being delivered by mid-level, non-physician providers, people who do not have extensive training in the pathophysiology of disease, these things provide a safety net of care. I've become cautiously reconciled to them, especially things like sepsis and stroke, in which early and prompt action matters a great deal.
Christopher Johnson, MD, is a pediatric intensive care physician and author of Keeping Your Kids Out of the Emergency Room: A Guide to Childhood Injuries and Illnesses, Your Critically Ill Child: Life and Death Choices Parents Must Face, How to Talk to Your Child's Doctor: A Handbook for Parents, and How Your Child Heals: An Inside Look At Common Childhood Ailments. He blogs at his self-titled site, Christopher Johnson, MD.
This post appeared on KevinMD.
This article was originally published by Medpagetoday.com. Read the original article here.
Nostrum Laboratories, Inc. Expands Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Metformin HCl Extended Release Tablets, USP 750 mg, Due to N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Content Above the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) Limit
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Disclaimer: This Entangled Teen Crush title proves that wonderful things can happen when you're brave enough to go after your dream. Dream hockey player, that is! Warning--a few locker room scenes are included.
This book was so fun! I got through it quickly. I'm a sucker for twin stories. I'm not a big hockey fan, but this book sucked me in and I felt as though I was Alice, getting my head into the game right with her.
It was fun to see how long it took for him to figure out she was actually a girl. I felt like that was a good move on the authors' part. Having her show up periodically as a smoking hot figure skater was a nice touch. I loved watching her teammates fawn over her. Hilarious!
I enjoyed watching Hayden's growth as he and Alice grew into best friends. I think my favorite part was the Christmas scene where she goes outside to sit and talk with him about his parents' death. I enjoyed watching the growth of the characters and they changed throughout this book. They had both been through so much pain and had both been burying it. For me, that was the heart of this book. I love it that I can read a book that's silly and fun and leaves me giggling but also deals with characters who have real issues they need to overcome. Every Entangled book I get my hands on seems to have this element of growth with their characters and that along with the fast pacing and fun storylines is what keeps me coming back to Entangled Crush.


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Tiny 18th-Century Wooden Romanian Church Wins European Prize for Heritage
Source: Basilica.ro
Aurelian Iftimiu | 28 May 2021
The European Commission and Europa Nostra have announced the 2021 winners of the European cultural heritage awards.
A Romanian 18th-century wooden church in the Carpathian foothills that was destroyed by fire and carefully restored in recent years was announced as one of the winners on Tuesday.
The church which is to be found in the cemetery of the small village of Urși, has been painstakingly restored by a number of partners including the local community.
"This is the outcome of an exemplary interdisciplinary conservation of a painted wooden church in a rural setting. Made from materials from its surrounding landscape, it is of outstanding value and beauty", the Jury said Tuesday.
The main partners involved were the Pro Patrimonio Foundation, the Art Conservation and Restoration Department of the National Arts University of Bucharest, the ASTRA Museum of Traditional Folk Civilization, the National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering "IRASM", the National Chamber of Romanian Architects, Asociația 37 and the Romanian Orthodox Church.
From 2009 to 2020, the restoration works took place each summer following months of fundraising efforts in the preceding year. The Jury found the restoration quality to be commendable:
"This is an example of vulnerable architecture and an endangered monument that has been restored fully in accordance with conservation principles, with the original elements closely examined and reintegrated wherever possible. Sustainability was also central to the project, with trees planted to provide materials for future restoration work".
The Wooden Church of Urși Village, dedicated to the Annunciation and the Archangel Michael, was built between 1757 and 1784.
It survived a fire in 1838 and was repaired and decorated with frescoes. However, it was later abandoned after a new church was built in the village.
It was rediscovered in 2007, with no foundation and at risk of collapse. Its shingle roof was in urgent need of repair.
Photo: europeanheritageawards.eu
The frescoes, painted in the Post-Byzantine tradition with Western influences were of high artistic value but in a state of disrepair.
The church was included in the "60 Wooden Churches program" in Romania by the Pro Patrimonio Foundation in 2009.
Photography courtesy of europeanheritageawards.eu
Aurelian Iftimiu
The European Commission and Europa Nostra have announced the 2021 winners of the European cultural heritage awards. A Romanian 18th-century wooden church in the Carpathian foothills that was destroyed by fire and carefully restored in recent years was announced as one of the winners on ...
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"We have, in our Slum Cities, manufactured a Poverty which, instead of bracing and disciplining our manhood into higher service, tends only to maim and stunt and discredit and degrade it."
— Henry Scott Holland
Henry Scott Holland1
englischer Theologe, Regius Professor of Divinity an der ... 1847 - 1918
"It is the honest lies we tell—statements factually correct and essentially deceiving—which debauch our manhood and stunt our growth."
— Henry S. Haskins 1875 - 1957
"The tragedy of civil wars in countries like Angola and Mozambique is that they left many civilians maimed. Poverty is the reason HIV/AIDS spread so rapidly in the African townships and slums. Poverty is the real killer."
— Miriam Makeba South African singer and civil rights activist 1932 - 2008
As quoted in Nkrumah, Gamal (1–7 November 2001)
"We shall have our manhood. We shall have it or the earth will be leveled by our attempts to gain it."
— Eldridge Cleaver American activist 1935 - 1998
"Disciplines teach us to overcome the temptation to gratify our immediate desires so that we may attain a higher one."
— Skye Jethani
"These are countries that started with higher levels of poverty incidence than our country but have successfully managed to lessen, if not virtually eliminate, extreme poverty."
— Francis Escudero Filipino politician 1969
"I think it's one of the scars in our culture that we have too high an opinion of ourselves. We align ourselves with the angels instead of the higher primates."
— Angela Carter English novelist 1940 - 1992
Context: I'm interested in the division that Judeo-Christianity has made between human nature and animal nature. None of the other great faiths in the world have got quite that division between us and them. None of the others has made this enormous division between birds and beasts who, as Darwin said, would have developed consciences if they'd had the chance, and us. I think it's one of the scars in Western Europe. I think it's one of the scars in our culture that we have too high an opinion of ourselves. We align ourselves with the angels instead of the higher primates. Interview http://www.amielandmelburn.org.uk/collections/mt/pdf/85_01_20.pdf in Marxism Today, January 1985.
"So let us save and tend and brace our best of forces, to bear a noble cordial to the sleeper when he wakes, as of himself he must at last."
— Richard Wagner German composer, conductor 1813 - 1883
Context: What "Conservatives," "Liberals" and "Conservative-liberals," and finally "Democrats," "Socialists," or even "Social-democrats" etc., have lately uttered on the Jewish Question, must seem to us a trifle foolish; for none of these parties would think of testing that "Know thyself" upon themselves, not even the most indefinite and therefore the only one that styles itself in German, the "Progress"-party. There we see nothing but a clash of interests, whose object is common to all the disputants, common and ignoble: plainly the side most strongly organised, i. e. the most unscrupulous, will bear away the prize. With all our comprehensive State- and National-Economy, it would seem that we are victims to a dream now flattering, now terrifying, and finally asphyxiating: all are panting to awake therefrom; but it is the dream's peculiarity that, so long as it enmeshes us, we take it for real life, and fight against our wakening as though we fought with death. At last one crowning horror gives the tortured wretch the needful strength: he wakes, and what he held most real was but a figment of the dæmon of distraught mankind. We who belong to none of all those parties, but seek our welfare solely in man's wakening to his simple hallowed dignity; we who are excluded from these parties as useless persons, and yet are sympathetically troubled for them, — we can only stand and watch the spasms of the dreamer, since no cry of ours can pierce to him. So let us save and tend and brace our best of forces, to bear a noble cordial to the sleeper when he wakes, as of himself he must at last.
"Perhaps our only sickness is to desire a truth which we cannot bear rather than to rest content with the fictions we manufacture out of each other."
— Lawrence Durrell British novelist, poet, dramatist, and travel writer 1912 - 1990
"Understanding the spirit of our institutions to aim at the elevation of men, I am opposed to whatever tends to degrade them."
— Abraham Lincoln 16th President of the United States 1809 - 1865
Letter to Dr. Theodore Canisius (17 May 1859)
"We have much to be judged on when he comes, slums and battlefields and insane asylums, but these are the symptoms of our illness and the result of our failures in love."
— Madeleine L'Engle American writer 1918 - 2007
"Poverty is what I am writing about, and I had my first contact with poverty in this slum."
— George Orwell English author and journalist 1903 - 1950
Context: I am trying to describe the people in our quarter, not for the mere curiosity, but because they are all part of the story. Poverty is what I am writing about, and I had my first contact with poverty in this slum. The slum, with its dirt and its queer lives, was first an object-lesson in poverty, and then the background of my own experiences. It is for that reason that I try to give some idea of what life was like there. Ch. 1
"We have to demonstrate to the public that our commitment is protecting public services in the face of a spending contraction which is inevitable."
— Philip Hammond British Conservative politician 1955
"We cannot know what John of Leyden felt
Under the Bishop's tongs – we can only
Walk in temperate London, our educated city,
Wishing to cry as freely as they did who died
In the Age of Faith. We have our loneliness
And our regret with which to build an eschatology."
— Peter Porter British poet 1929 - 2010
"The Historians Call Up Pain", first collected in Once Bitten, Twice Bitten (1961); cited from Edward Lucie-Smith and Philip Hobsbaum (eds.) A Group Anthology (London: Oxford University Press, 1963) p. 83.
"Our discreditable secret is that we don't know anything at all, and our horrid inner secret is that we don't care that we don't."
— Dylan Thomas Welsh poet and writer 1914 - 1953
"In America we have not suffered the destruction of our homes, our towns, and our cities. We have not been enslaved for long periods, at the complete mercy of a conqueror."
— George Marshall US military leader, Army Chief of Staff 1880 - 1959
Context: In America we have not suffered the destruction of our homes, our towns, and our cities. We have not been enslaved for long periods, at the complete mercy of a conqueror. We have enjoyed freedom in its fullest sense. In fact, we have come to think in terms of freedom and the dignity of the individual more or less as a matter of course, and our apparent unconcern until times of acute crisis presents a difficult problem to the citizens of the countries of Western Europe, who have seldom been free from foreign threat to their freedom, their dignity, and their security. I think nevertheless that the people of the United States have fully demonstrated their willingness to fight and die in the terrible struggle for the freedom we all prize... I recognize that there are bound to be misunderstandings under the conditions of wide separation between your countries and mine. But I believe the attitude of cooperation has been thoroughly proven.
"Tend to your flock or they will stray.
We'll be called for our service come judgment day.
Before we cross that river wide,
The blood on our hands will come back on us twice."
— Bruce Springsteen American singer and songwriter 1949
"Rocky Ground"


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IOC/OIS
Olympic News, Buenos Aires 2018, YOG, Modern Pentathlon
Modern Pentathlon: Five nations, one podium
China's Yewen Gu and Egypt's Ahmed Elgendy came away with the gold in the modern pentathlon mixed international relay at the Youth Olympic Games Buenos Aires 2018 on Tuesday 16 October. It was Elgendy's second title of the Games, following his win in the men's individual competition.
The pair, competing as Team 1, totalled 1,168 points across the four rounds, giving them victory by 12 points from Team 3, formed by Salma Abdelmaksoud of Egypt and Argentina's Franco Serrano. Taking third place behind them, a further eight points back, were Laura Heredia of Spain and Poland's Kamil Kasperczak, the two members of Team 4.
Yu and Elgendy led after the first round of the competition on Monday 15 October, scoring 260 points in the fencing event. Fifth in the swimming at the start of day two and then first again in the open-air bonus fencing round, the Egyptian and the Chinese sealed the gold with a solid sixth place in the laser run that brought the competition to an end.
"Although we're from different countries, we're fighting for the same objective, which is really nice," said Gu, who was delighted to collect gold after finishing fourth in the women's individual competition.
"It's hard for me to contain my excitement," she added. "This is a very important event for me and I'm delighted to have won the gold with Ahmed. I've learned so much at Buenos Aires 2018 and I feel it's helped me grow as an athlete."
The Egyptian was no less thrilled at his second gold of the YOG: "I'm delighted, very happy and very proud. It's amazing to get another gold. Buenos Aires 2018 is a lot of fun and very interesting too. The atmosphere is incredible and the competition great. It was amazing to compete with a colleague from a different country, and she was a great team-mate too. Together we made a very strong team.
"I'm going to remember the Opening Ceremony and being Egypt's flagbearer forever," continued Elgendy. "I've really enjoyed Argentinian meat and the barbecue they did for us too. I'm so happy to be in Buenos Aires."
After completing the laser run in the fastest time to clinch the silver for himself and Abdelmaksoud, Argentina's Serrano had this to day: "It's mission accomplished. Even though it's a relay event and we're working as a team, you're all doing your own competition. You have to give your all for your team-mate and yourself."
Tags Olympic News , Buenos Aires 2018 , YOG , Modern Pentathlon
Youth Olympic Games Buenos Aires 2018
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Mauritius' Saramandif makes history, Slovakia's Luknarova in a class of her own
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Assassination Classroom Season 1 Anime Review
By Guest Writer on March 4, 2016 in Anime
MEH..
This post is by guest writer Adeline Zhang.
It's sink or swim with the kids of Class 3-E as they try to kill their Earth-threatening, alien teacher. A unique scenario always walks the fine line between becoming a new sensation or becoming an apocalyptic failure; Assassination Classroom is no exception. The duration of Assassination Classroom was defined by sudden swings from high to low. While the lovable Koro-sensei can bring momentary periods of humor, excitement, and sentimentality, the overall plot lacks substance and clarity. If I had to pick one word to describe this anime, it would be inconsistent.
Episodes 1-4 Review
Assassination Classroom starts off on a high note with good character development and sentimental value. Each episode focuses on only one or two of the kids and how they grow both as people and as students. Koro-sensei has a way with seeing into the darkness in his students' hearts — such as baseball player Sugino's inferiority complex towards the school's baseball team — and goes to great, sometimes even absurd, lengths to heal these wounds. He even flies to a baseball game in New York at Mach 20 so he could get reference material to help Sugino create his own playstyle that focuses on his distinctive strengths. Koro-sensei thus becomes endeared to our hearts, making us wish we had a teacher like him, as we witness his heartwarming encouragement and support for his students.
Despite the superb character development, the same can not be said of the plotline. Lack of proper explanation and an overall shallow set-up left the main story hanging. Koro-sensei's true motives remain unclear — the only indication as to why such a powerful alien is teaching a class of 26 ninth graders is a 30 second flashback of Koro-sensei and an inconspicuous woman. Furthermore, actual assassination attempts or training use up no more than five minutes of each 20 minute episode. This leaves the storyline full of holes and lacking in substance.
At this point, the show feels more like a slice-of-life anime.
At this point, Assassination Classroom feels more like a slice of life anime where each individual episode is not directly related to the rest, rather than the shounen action-comedy I thought it would be. The primary storyline of Assassination Classroom was lost in all its asides. However, this fact was oft forgotten and well-masked by the heartwarming and well-executed character buildup.
Unfortunately, the highlights of the first four episodes quickly disappear as Assassination Classroom falls into a dull period. Episode five marks a transition in the plot where the students are now studying for their midterms. Again, if this were a slice-of-life anime, such a transition would not seem out of place. In fact, it would have been perfect. Why is Koro-sensei working so hard to teach his students how to kill him? Why is he teaching in the first place if he can destroy Earth whenever he wants? How did Koro-sensei get tentacles if he was born on Earth? These essential questions remain completely untouched during this minor testing arc. Grades become the focus and there is not a single assassination attempt beyond a student half-heartedly trying to stab Koro-sensei while he was tutoring.
These two episodes completely stripped away all character development.
The greatest insult however, lies in the fact that these two episodes completely stripped away all character development — the very aspect that kept Assassination Classroom alive and thriving. In fact, some of the kids almost seemed to regress. The same Sugino who was told to be confident and form his own style based on his strengths goes through a period of intense depression, all because he is a part of the misfit "End" Class. Instead the only characterization in these episodes was limited to obnoxious smart kids continually mocking Class 3-E for their lack of academic smarts.
Episodes 7-11 Review
This next section proved that lack of explanation or elaboration has become a chronic problem. An attempt at patching the holes in Assassination Classroom's scenario falls flat on its face as a child with tentacles like Koro-sensei randomly shows up and then disappears just as suddenly. Koro-sensei is evidently shaken and confused, but not to the extent that the audience is. This sudden reversion back to main plotline simply added more questions like: Why does this kid have tentacles as well? All this did was remind us that there was an overarching story — it didn't even answer any of the already existing questions.
However, these four episodes still deserve a better review than the last two as there was some characterization, albeit shallow. Some of the children do go through change, but this change is very sudden and there was little basis for such growth. For example, the shy but popular Kanzaki got through her depression and found self-worth just from hearing Koro-sensei scold a bunch of delinquents. To begin with, the anime hardly even says why she was depressed in the first place. Similarly, little effort was put into building the character of transfer student and robot Ritsu. She learns the value of cooperation and becomes "human-like" through simple program modifications and not by overcoming hardships. Still, the effort is appreciated, especially considering episodes five and six lacked any depth.
Episodes 12-14 Review
The disappointment continues to pile up in these episodes as attempts at fixing old problems just create more flaws. Secondary characters are introduced left and right, taking up whole episodes with pointless mini-arcs; there's a random baseball game that's intended to have the children learn teamwork, an abusive new PE teacher who was allegedly teaching his students assassination skills, and the strange kid with tentacles returns to remind us that none of the questions from before have been answered yet. Contrary to what these events were trying to do, there was no significant change in either the characters or the audience's understanding of the scenario — you could skip these three episodes and not miss anything.
This section was not only pointless, but boring to watch. Everything was predictable. Even though obstacles were put in front of Class 3-E during the baseball game, Koro-sensei's constant encouragement and confidence left little doubt in my mind that the students would shame their opponents. Similarly, the new PE teacher was so abusive and over-the-top in his teaching that it wouldn't make any sense if he wasn't fired. While the occasional joke brought laughter and fun, the overall episodes lacked any kind of engagement. Rather than being an anime with three-dimensional personas and vivid storytelling, these episodes painted Assassination Classroom as a bland account of events that contained only in-the-moment excitement.
Assassination Classroom seemed to be set up for failure, but this section of the anime completely overturned all that was flawed in the previous episodes. These four episodes contained more progression than the rest of the series put together.
This time, the school theme is mixed well with the anime's general direction.
The grade obsession returned for the end of term tests but this time, the students' test scores were directly tied into assassination. Koro-sensei promised to let each person in his class who got the top score in any subject shoot off one of his tentacles, thus crippling him significantly. The students took advantage of this opportunity and launched their most effective assassination attempt yet. This time, Assassination Classroom successfully emphasized its school background without compromising the general direction of the anime.
Furthermore, these episodes brought a new level of excitement and engagement. Unlike with the baseball game, the anime added suspense by keeping us doubtful of how many Class 3-E students would get top scores. While Koro-sensei taught each student individually with his Mach 20 clones, Class 3-A (the smart kids) show off their incredible studying skills, proving that they won't be easy opponents, despite Koro-sensei's confidence. This uncertainty, combined with the knowledge that each test score could present a huge advantage for the young assassins, created a tense atmosphere filled with anticipation that can actually get your heart pumping.
In the end, Assassination Classroom is, like I said before, inconsistent. Right after the students' grand assassination scheme, another major divergence occurred with the children suddenly being infected by a virus. The remainder of the anime is spent resolving this awkward and unfitting situation. Frankly, it was difficult for me to understand why this mini-arc was included to begin with. However the real issue I had was that this divergence became the closing act of the anime. Forget cliffhangers, there isn't even a cliff to hang from. It was difficult to maintain sight of what this anime was actually about when the ending had nothing to do with the main storyline. Similarly, there was no character growth to make these episodes a little more meaningful.
On the other hand, this mini-arc, although completely random and unnecessary, was executed well. It maintained the elements of suspense that kept me engaged in the last section. Even when it seemed like the students got close to getting the cure, the antagonist blows it up in their faces. The tension from not knowing how these children would be able to resolve this situation when even Koro-sensei is unable to help them made this last arc enjoyable despite its pointlessness.
Assassination Classroom follows its motto of "Kill or Be Killed" to heart, even in production. Sometimes, Koro-sensei and his Class 3-E students killed it with incredible character building and sentimentality. Other times, Assassination Classroom was killed by its negligent attitude towards critical storytelling elements. Still, each individual episode was enjoyable on its own — the show just collapsed once an overarching story was added.
actioncomedyhigh schoolshounensupernatural


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06.11 - PRESSURING SCHOOLS WILL NOT SOLVE KNIFE CRIME 'EPIDEMIC', MR KHAN
Remembrance Day services in Kingston
@kingstonmail
Monday 6 November 2017
Pressuring schools will not solve knife crime 'epidemic', Mr Khan
Schools are under ever-increasing amounts of pressure from every angle, so Sadiq Khan's recent calls for Ofsted to judge schools on their ability to 'root-out' knife crime is ill-advised, unwelcome, and ignorant.
No teacher anywhere in the country would deny that they would do all they can to keep their pupils safe and aware of the danger of knives.
But to insinuate that they should be considered inadequate if they are not meeting subjective targets – to combat a rising problem across the spectrum of society – is insulting.
The factors involved in the scourge of knife crime are wide-ranging and are rooted in socio-economic problems that schools can not in any way be held accountable for.
Yes, Ofsted is reviewing violence involving school-age pupils, and in the words of London regional director Mike Sheridan, the school's inspectorate is 'determined to support' work to protect our children.
But it is most unclear as to how Mr Khan thinks he is helping the situation by turning the spotlight on our underfunded and overworked education system.
Teachers and support staff in all of our schools work tirelessly to ensure the safety and security of their pupils during and outside of school hours.
There is a limit to their influence, however, and they should not be being judged on a single issue such as this.
Roughly half of the 65 victims of knife crime in the capital this year have been under the age of 25. The numbers are disproportionate, but not limited to those still in full-time education.
And if Mr Khan is dedicated to tackling the problem, he should be looking at changes to policing, sentencing, and social mobility for answers.
Singling out our schools and threatening them with the spectre of the inspector's red pen is not the way to go.


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1 Mechanical Engineer Job Description
1.1 Mechanical Engineer Duties
1.2 Alternative Job Titles
2 How To Become A Mechanical Engineer
2.1 How Long Does It Take To Become A Mechanical Engineer?
2.1.1 Education Requirements
2.1.2 Certification
2.1.3 Licensing
3 Job Outlook
3.0.1 States With Highest Employment Levels
Mechanical Engineer Job Description
Arising from the application of physics and materials science to real-world problems, mechanical engineering is one of the oldest and most diverse engineering disciplines. Mechanical engineers design a wide variety of equipment, machinery, and devices for many different kinds of businesses.
MEs may travel to help coordinate oil and gas exploration, for instance, or work at a medical research facility developing biomedical solutions for use in health care. They may help build powerful car engines or focus just on HVAC systems.
Mechanical engineering is a lot of math, science, and hard work. Being able to bring concepts to mechanical fruition based on complex specifications is a critical skill for these professionals. A mechanical engineer must see projects through to their successful conclusion, no matter the scale.
Common employers include the construction, manufacturing, medical, and utility power industries. Increasingly, it also includes the 'green' economy, where mechanical engineers' special knowledge of materials and technology can promote wise use and reduce environmental impacts.
Mechanical Engineer Duties
Create and analyze blueprints, technical drawings, and schematics
Use drafting software to help design products, tools, and systems
Design, analyze, and monitor mechanical products and processes per specifications
Collaborate with other engineers on team-oriented goals
Troubleshoot system irregularities working with maintenance personnel
Conduct research to uncover the feasibility or performance of systems
Help plan manufacturing methods and implementation of designs
Alternative Job Titles
By convention and law, most mechanical engineers need only a Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering to acquire an entry-level job in the field. There are, however, jobs with competitive graduate education requirements, and these often offer better pay and opportunities. The extent of a mechanical engineering education thus depends on one's career goals.
The Master of Applied Science (MAS) and Master of Engineering (M.Eng.) are common graduate-level choices for those looking to the expand their expertise and employability. Engineers who wish to conduct independent research in academia should pursue a full Ph.D.
How Long Does It Take To Become A Mechanical Engineer?
It takes at least 4 years of undergraduate education to become an entry-level mechanical engineer. A master's degree in mechanical engineering will take an extra 2 to 4 years. A Ph.D. may take another 4 to 7 years to complete.
Students have a choice of undergraduate majors. A bachelor's degree may be pursued in Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, or a related discipline. Whatever the major, all academic programs should be accredited by the Engineering Accreditation Commission of the ABET.
Because mechanical engineering is inherently broad, specialization is common in this field. Areas of emphasis include, for example, fluid mechanics, nanotechnology, robotics, biomechanics, and aerospace engineering. At the undergraduate level, many programs steer students towards technical electives that reflect one of these specializations.
Students who complete a graduate education will have more opportunities to dive into a specialization of their choice. Graduate students can also participate in fellowships at the master and doctoral levels to further their practical training and experience.
While no single certification in mechanical engineering prevails, MEs have professional certification options through organizations like the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the National Institute for Certification in Engineering Technologies.
Like many related trades, mechanical engineers are regulated where their activities directly affect the public. Common licensing benchmarks are an accredited bachelor's degree in engineering and completion of two national tests—plus several years work experience under a practicing Professional Engineer (PE).
The first of the national tests is the general FE (Fundamentals of Engineering) exam, which can be taken before graduation. The second is the specialty-specific Mechanical PE exam, taken after about 4 years of post-college work experience. Every state has their own licensure rules for engineers, so it's important to check with each individual agency for updated information.
Job growth for mechanical engineers will be "slower than the average" through the year 2020, rising just 9 percent this decade, according to the U.S. BLS. Mechanical engineers will see less growth even compared to similar disciplines. The agency says those who keep up with the latest engineering technology will have the best employment prospects. Detailed Mechanical Engineering salary data is available here.
States With Highest Employment Levels
State Hourly mean Wage Annual mean salary # Employed Employment/1000 jobs
Michigan $41.48 $86,280 30,450 7.77
California $45.39 $94,420 23,900 1.67
Texas $44.46 $92,470 17,250 1.63
Illinois $43.78 $91,050 15,640 2.77
Ohio $36.22 $75,350 11,650 2.30
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Armed militias recruit vulnerable children in the Central Sahel
Not Jeff Bezos, or Bill Gates: Mali's Mansa Musa was the richest man ever
Malian government resigns as anger mounts over massacre
Attack in Burkina Faso's volatile north leaves 19 dead
Mali car bomb attack kills four civilians, wounds 31
'Attacks' plot foiled on eve of crucial Mali vote
All you need to know about the Adani Group scandal
'Genocide' in Amazon: Indigenous Brazilians resist mining intrusion
Beirut blast investigation takes tumultuous turn as systemic cracks surface
A new Save the Children report reveals children living in conflict zones in Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger are facing an illegal recruitment risk by non-state armed groups.
Children living in conflict zones in the Central Sahel region across Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger, are facing the risk of illegal recruitment by non-state armed groups after thousands of schools closed in the past two years due to increasing violence and Covid-19.
During an official visit organized by the French military, children gather around a French Sagay tank positioned overlooking the bridge crossing the river Niger at the entrance of Gao, Northern Mali, January 31, 2013. (AA)
In its latest report, Save the Children said that an increasing number of factors are driving children into conflict in the three countries, including a new deliberate and calculated recruitment strategy deployed by non-state and extremist armed groups.
"Violence, poverty, and insecurity are threatening the safety of millions of children across Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger. Children in the region are facing a dire protection crisis and they need access to education. Within the $200 million needed to respond to the education crisis in the Sahel, only 11 percent have been mobilised so far, while more than 4,000 schools are currently closed in the region, due to insecurity, putting over 800,000 girls and boys at an increased risk of recruitment," said Eric Hazard, Pan Africa Policy Director for Save the Children.
Children of around 6,000 ethnic Fulanis who have been displaced by attacks, gather in a makeshift camp for the displaced in Youba in Yatenga province in Burkina Faso, April 20, 2020. (AP)
Some children were forcefully recruited, others joined because of poverty, while many felt the need to fulfil a religious duty.
A 22-year-old Nigerian joined an armed group for three years after learning about it through friends.
"Two things encouraged me to join the armed group. The first was for jihad for religion and the second, they said they would pay me. I was promised one day I would become a civil servant"
"Penalties were imposed on children for errors." He added. "They are punished for treason or if they make the slightest mistake. The penalties are different depending on the nature of the slip. If you haven't slipped a lot, we deny you food, we lock you in a place where you don't know where you are. They can even be killed."
"I realized this is not the life I wanted to lead. It's true that you make money in the group, but we don't know what to do with it."
Kids are seen in Bamako, Mali on April 20, 2021. (AA)
Some were attracted only by promises of pay, phones, or motorbikes by non-state armed groups.
Some children as young as seven were illegally recruited to gather intelligence on local communities for the non-states armed groups.
21-year-old boy from Burkina Faso joined an armed group while he was still a child:
"I spent more than four years in an armed group. I got to know this group by going to listen to their sermons. The fact that I was not in school or working pushed me and other young people to find an occupation and the only available option was to join an armed group. At the time of recruitment, what was important was to have motivated people, people ready to follow them."
Balkissa Barro, 10, left, walks to school with friends in the Burkina Faso village of Dori, October 20, 2020. (AP)
The research has found the children recruited had dropped out of school or did not have access to a school system.
About 4,000 schools are still closed due to the insecurity affecting 700,000 children in the 3 countries. It was also estimated that 2.3 million children need protection in the Sahel Central and that 8 out of 10 children were exposed to various forms of violence, according to the research.
Save the Children warned that closing thousands of schools due to COVID-19 pandemic has put children in jeopardy of being recruited into conflict which is a grave violation of child rights and international humanitarian law.
Balkissa Barro, 10, center, walks to school with friends in the Burkina Faso village of Dori, October 20, 2020. (AP)
Save the Children calls on governments in the Central Sahel region and the international community to commit to funding education in emergencies, and protect children from recruitment.
Eric Hazard, Pan Africa Policy Director for Save the Children, said:
"Before the COVID-19 pandemic, eight million children were out of school due to violence and insecurity. The longer they are out of school, the risk of forced recruitment will only increase. For a child in conflict, school provides access to a safe space to learn, protection from risks such as recruitment into armed groups, and provides a crucial sense of routine and calm."
Children returning to school in Burkina Faso's volatile Sahel region, have to practice safety drills to prepare for potential terrorist attacks that have ravaged the West African nation, killing more than 2,000 people last year. October 20, 2020. (AP)
The number of children associated with the armed groups are still unknown, but more and more children are being abducted, killed, maimed and recruited by non-state armed groups.
In 2020, according to the latest report of the UN Secretary-General on children and armed conflict, 1 in 3 child victims of grave violations has been in West and Central Africa.
In Mali alone, according to official data, in 2019 more than 277 children were maimed or killed as a result of the conflict, this doubled the total in 2018.
In the three-border region of Niger, "Armed Groups have already killed more than 60 children since the beginning of 2021, according to the latest report.


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PRIVACY POLICY EFFECTIVE May 25th, 2018
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The simplest method to sell a car in Melbourne is our cash for cars Greenvale service. Without registration and roadworthy, we buy cars, vans and trucks in Greenvale area. Doesn't matter if it is old, scrap, junk or wrecked, our team purchases every vehicle in Greenvale with free removal service. It means there is no towing cost around Greenvale suburb, thanks to our free car removal service.
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The Hawaii state legislature passed a landmark measure on May 1 that would make the state the first in the nation to require solar water heaters as a standard feature on all new homes.
The Hawaii state legislature passed a landmark measure on May 1 that would make the state the first in the nation to require solar water heaters as a standard feature on all new homes. The solar roofs bill, which received unanimous support in the House and only two dissenting votes in the Senate, was the top priority of the Hawaii Sierra Club this legislative session.
Solar water heaters shave 30 to 40 percent off a home's electricity bill and greatly reduce residential greenhouse gas emissions. Advocates say the policy comes none too soon, as Hawaii faces the priciest electricity in the nation and clear threats from climate change.


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Q: how can i store data in RDD which cannot reside in spark memory. This question might be too basic , but am kinda stuck on it .
I want to process two Hive table data in Spark using Data frame , but the data in hive table is too big for Spark RDD to hold it , I know if i load whole data at once in RDD it will degrade Spark performance , so what can be done in this case ?
Thank you in advance.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


All Jorg Gray writing instrument mechanisms are guaranteed against mechanical failure for a period of two years from the date of purchase.
Any Jorg Gray writing instrument requiring service under this warranty will be repaired or replaced at no charge when received at our Customer Service Center.
Any writing instrument that is no longer in production and cannot be repaired will be replaced by a comparable Jorg Gray product.
Ink refills exhausted in the course of normal use, and emblems, crystals and other customized decorations, are excluded from this warranty; also excluded are parts damaged from impact, unreasonable use or obvious abuse.
Damage not resulting from a defect in material or workmanship, damage caused by tampering or damage resulting from repairs not performed by Jorg Gray is not covered by this warranty.
This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may have other rights which vary from state to state or jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
Jorg Gray disclaims liability for consequential damages for breach of any express or implied warranty, including warranty of merchantability, with respect to this writing instrument. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of consequential damages, so the above limitation may not apply to you.
It is the customer's responsibility to send the writing instrument with the proper insurance and packaging. Without proof of shipment and delivery, Jorg Gray cannot replace product it does not receive.
Warning: Pen caps can obstruct breathing. Keep out of mouth. This product is not intended for children.
For products purchased or used outside of the United States, upon discovery of a defect in the product within the warranty period (one year from date of purchase), please notify your local dealer or distributor.
Should you have any questions about this agreement, or if you desire to contact us for any reasons, please use the address above.
Need assistance? Customer Care is here to help.


Anchorage's own Zoe Hickel represented Team USA at the 2016 International Ice Hockey Federation Women's World Cup. The IIHF Women's World Cup showcases the best women's hockey players in the world.
The U.S. were joined by the Czech Republic, Finland, Japan, Russian, Canada, Switzerland, and Sweden at the event, played this year in Kamloops, British Columbia. As of press time, Team USA was a perfect 3-0 and scheduled to play either Canada or Finland in the Gold Medal game on Monday, April 4.
Hickel is no stranger to USA Hockey – the governing body for organized amateur ice hockey – having been selected from 2006-2009 for the prestigious player development camp. Hickel went on to play four years of college hockey at the University of Minnesota Duluth. Last season, Hickel joined the Boston Pride of the newly-formed National Women's Hockey League, the first paid professional women's hockey league.
The Northern Light spoke to Hickel on one of Team USA's days off about being selected as an alternate, her love of Boston, and what she will remember about Duluth.
TNL: How disappointed were you about not being originally selected for the final U.S. Women's National Team when it was finalized in late February?
Hickel: "I think the biggest thing is you just use it as motivation but at the same time I had to… train and play as if I was coming… [To] still be in the program and be on the squad for the next Olympics is the ultimate goal. It's just one step at a time, just take what they can give you and try to learn… and keep applying that to the skills to work on over the slower periods between camps and between tournaments.
You were on the national team last year. What would you say is the biggest difference from a skill-standpoint between international women's hockey and any other level you've played at?
Did you ever think that you would be paid to play hockey and become a professional hockey player?
I bet your fellow Boston Pride teammates were excited about — well maybe a little disappointed about Stephanie's appendicitis — but were excited to welcome you as a teammate again.
Because Boston has so many hockey programs — from Boston College to the Bruins — what has it been like for this new women's professional team to enter into that fray of hockey in Beantown?
What is the diet like of a professional hockey player?
If you have a Saturday night out on the town, who are you with and what are you doing?
"Well, we actually play on Sundays, so there wasn't much time — all of our games were on Sundays, so we didn't get out much but whenever we had a chance to go to a Bruins' game or get together with the team. After we won [the Isobel Cup] we were in Newark for that, and we went to New York City and that was a blast. We didn't really go out much, but the team was a lot of fun when we got to get together and go out for that. Mostly just go out for some dinners and have a couple drinks, but nothing too crazy. Our girls like Hong Kong [Restaurant], that was a popular place to go on Sundays in Faneuil Hall.
Have you been to a Red Sox game?
You and Canada are really competitive, what is that rivalry like and how fun is it to face your friendly neighbors from the north?
What were your goals for the tournament, because you won last year?
How fun was it to be at the University of Minnesota Duluth and be a Bulldog?


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Home » Don Quixote (Paperback)
Don Quixote (Paperback)
By Miguel De Cervantes Saavedra, Roberto Gonzalez Echevarria (Introduction by), John Rutherford (Translated by), John Rutherford (Notes by)
Available in our warehouse. Ships in 2 - 3 Days
Kobo eBook (April 4th, 2011): $5.99
-- 1001 Books Club selection, July 2015, Redbery Books, Cable, Wisconsin
— From 1001 Books to Read
Nominated as one of America's best-loved novels by PBS's The Great American Read
Don Quixote has become so entranced reading tales of chivalry that he decides to turn knight errant himself. In the company of his faithful squire, Sancho Panza, these exploits blossom in all sorts of wonderful ways. While Quixote's fancy often leads him astray—he tilts at windmills, imagining them to be giants—Sancho acquires cunning and a certain sagacity. Sane madman and wise fool, they roam the world together-and together they have haunted readers' imaginations for nearly four hundred years.
With its experimental form and literary playfulness, Don Quixote has been generally recognized as the first modern novel. This Penguin Classics edition, with its beautiful new cover design, includes John Rutherford's masterly translation, which does full justice to the energy and wit of Cervantes's prose, as well as a brilliant critical introduction by Roberto Gonzalez Echevarriá.
Miguel De Cervantes Saavedra was born in Spain in 1547 to a family once proud and influential but now fallen on hard times. His father, a poor barber-surgeon, wandered up and down Spain in search of work. Educated as a child by the Jesuits in Seville, the creator of Don Quixote grew up to follow the career of a professional soldier. He was wounded at Lepanto in 1571, captured by the Turks in 1575, imprisoned for five years, and was finally rescued by the Trinitarian friars in 1580. On his return to Spain he found his family more impoverished than ever before. Supporting his mother, two sisters, and an illegitimate daughter, he settled down to a literary career and had hopes of becoming a successful playwright, but just then the youthful Lope de Vega entered triumphantly to transform the Spanish theatre by his genius. Galatea, a pastoral romance, was published in 1585, the year of Cervantes' marriage to Catalina de Palacios y Salazar Vozmediano. But it did not bring him an escape from poverty, and he was forced to become a roving commissary for the Spanish armada. This venture, which led to bankruptcy and jail, lasted for fifteen years. Although he never knew prosperity, Cervantes did gain a measure of fame during his lifetime, and Don Quixote and Sancho Panza were known all over the world. Part I of Don Quixote was published in 1605; in 1613, his Exemplary Novels appeared, and these picaresque tales of romantic adventure gained immediate popularity. Journey to Parnassas, a satirical review of his fellow Spanish poets, appeared in 1614, and Part II of Don Quixote in 1615 as well as Eight Plays and Eight Interludes. Miguel de Cervantes died on April 23, 1616, the same day as the death of Shakespeare--his English contemporary, his only peer.
"The highest creation of genius has been achieved by Shakespeare and Cervantes, almost alone." —Samuel Taylor Coleridge
"A more profound and powerful work than this is not to be met with...The final and greatest utterance of the human mind." —Fyodor Dostoyevsky
"What a monument is this book! How its creative genius, critical, free, and human, soars above its age!" —Thomas Mann
"Don Quixote looms so wonderfully above the skyline of literature, a gaunt giant on a lean nag, that the book lives and will live through his sheer vitality....The parody has become a paragon." —Vladimir Nabokov
Publisher: Penguin Classics
Series: Penguin Classics
Kobo eBook (December 31st, 2011): $0.99
Paperback (January 1st, 2009): $17.99
Hardcover (March 28th, 2011): $30.99
Hardcover (April 3rd, 2018): $29.99
Hardcover (November 4th, 2011): $31.99
Mass Market (April 5th, 2011): $9.95
Mass Market, Abridged (February 5th, 2013): $7.95
Prebound (April 5th, 2011): $20.75