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En matemàtiques i més precisament en aritmètica, el mètode chakravala és un algorisme per resoldre les equacions diofàntiques equivalents a les de Pell-Fermat. Una equació diofàntica és una equació amb coeficients en els nombres enters i les solucions que es busquessin són enteres. L'equació tractada és equivalent a:

Aquest mètode es va desenvolupar a l'Índia i les seves arrels es poden resseguir fins al . Iniciat per Aryabhata, es desenvolupa més endavant per Brahmagupta i Bhaskara II.

Selenius, en la seva avaluació del mètode chakravala, diu:

En efecte cal esperar fins al Segle XVII perquè Europa descobreixi de manera independent els resultats dels treballs dels matemàtics indis.

Objectiu
Una forma de l'equació de Pell-Fermat s'expressa de la manera següent:

Aquí n designa un enter estrictament més gran que 1 i sense factor quadrat, el que significa que l'únic quadrat perfecte que divideix n és igual a u. L'equació és diofàntica la qual cosa significa que les parelles (x0, y0) cercats són parelles de nombres enters.

Totes les solucions s'expressen a partir de la parella solució formada per dos enters mínims en valor absolut en el conjunt de les solucions. El mètode chakravala permet obtenir una parella d'aquesta naturalesa.

La igualtat següent és un exemple de solució, era coneguda pels indis des d'abans de la nostra era:

Història

Matemàtiques índies
Els matemàtics indis s'interessen molt aviat per l'aritmètica. Aryabhata, un matemàtic del Segle VI estableix les bases de l'aritmètica índia. Desenvolupa un sistema de numeració demostrant que coneixia probablement la notació posicional així com l'existència del zero Treballa sobre les equacions diofàntiques i per resoldre la identitat de Bézout, posa a punt un algorisme equivalent al d'Euclides que anomena kuaka (कूटटक) i que significa polvoritzador, ja que trenca els nombres en enters més petits. Treballa també sobre les fraccions contínues.

El matemàtic indi Brahmagupta  sembla el primer a analitzar en profunditat aquesta qüestió. Comprèn com, a partir de dues solucions, és possible construir-ne una de nova. Reiterant, obté així un nombre de solucions diferents tan elevat com es vulgui. Aquest mètode s'anomena samasa pels matemàtics indis Brahmagupta en dedueix tres algorismes. El primer li permet de trobar una solució si disposa d'una parella d'enters (x0,y0) la imatge del qual per l'equació és -1. En troba un segon tractant el cas on la imatge és 2 en valor absolut. En troba una tercera que dona el mateix resultat si la imatge és igual a +/- 4. Una primera versió del mètode chakravala veu la llum. Comença per un tempteig fins a trobar una parella que té per imatge 1, 2 o 4 en valor absolut, continua per un dels tres algorismes. Brahmagupta el fa servir el 628 per resoldre l'equació següent:

Aquest enfocament és insuficient per tractar els casos complexos, pot ser difícil trobar per tempteig una parella que doni un dels sis valors que permeten concloure. Al {Segle XII Bhskara II innova i proposa la forma definitiva del mètode chakravala. Correspon a la unió d'un algorisme cíclic, és a dir donanda una successió periòdica de parelles que contingui necessàriament una solució. L'algorisme cíclic és equivalent al de les fraccions contínues. El mètode chakravala acaba amb els càlculs de Brahmagupta si apareix un dels valors +/- 2 i +/- 4. Bhskara II el fa servir per trobar una solució mínima a l'equació següent ja trobada per Brahmagupta:

La parella solució que troba és:

És poc probable que Bhskara II hagi demostrat el fet que l'algorisme ofereix sempre una solució, és a dir per a qualsevol valor de n. Hi ha dues raons que ho fan pensar, primer de tot la demostració, llarga i tècnica, demana una sofisticació de lluny superior a les matemàtiques del Segle XII, a més si hagués trobat la demostració hauria tingut clar que el pas pel mètode de Brahmagupta no és necessari, encara que accelera la convergència de l'algorisme.

Més tard els matemàtics indis tracten nous exemples. Al Segle XIV un matemàtic de nom de Narayana estudia el cas on n és igual a 103 en els seus comentaris sobre el llibre Bijaganita' de Bhskara II.

 Europa
Pierre de Fermat  llança el 3 de gener 1658 un desafiament als matemàtics europeus.<ref>L. Hua J Rousseau Fermat ha demostrat el seu gran teorema? la hipòtesi "Pascal" L'Harmattan 2002 pàg. </ref> Conté la cerca d'una solució al problema indi amb per a valor de n 61, ja tractat per Brahmagupta i Bhskara II. En aquesta època Europa no té coneixement dels resultats dels seus predecessors. A parti del repte, la reacció anglesa és ràpida, William Brouncker troba un algorisme equivalent al de Bhskara II, Bernard Frenicle de Bessy proposa una taula que conté totes les solucions per als valors de n inferiors a 150, que finalment es va perdre John Wallis descobreix els resultats de Brahmagupta i els demostra rigorosament. Frenicle de Bessy desafia Brouncker amb el valor n igual a 313, rep en resposta no només la solució sinó l'afirmació que el seu autor no ha necessitat més d'una hora o dues per a trobar-la.

Les dues qüestions teòriques subjacents, és a dir si per a tot valor de n estrictament positiu i sense factor quadrat existeix una solució i si la solució trobada genera totes les altres es resolen finalment per Joseph Louis Lagrange el 1767.

 Aportacions de Brahmagupta
 Conceptes previs
Els mètodes proposats aquí fan servir la potència del formalisme actual. Si bé el contingut matemàtic és anàleg al de Brahmagupta, les tècniques d'exposició així com les demostracions no reflecteixen el pensament del matemàtic indi.

Les notacions següents es fan servir en tota la resta de l'article. Es considera l'equació diofàntica següent, on n és un enter més gran que 1 i sense factor quadrat:

Sigui A l'anell dels nombres irracionals de la forma a + √n.b, on a i b designen dos nombres enters. Siguin N l'aplicació que al nombre a + √n. b li associa a2 - n.b2 i φ l'aplicació que a a + √n. b li associa φ( a + √n. b) = a - √n.b.

La funció N correspon a la norma de A en el sentit de la teoria de nombres algebraics. Posseeix una propietat força útil. Un nombre α de A igual a a + √n. b correspon a una solució (a , b) de l'equació (1) si i només si N(α) és igual a 1. Així, l'equació (1) també es pot escriure N(ξ) = 1. Per aquesta raó α si és un element de A que verifica N(α) = 1, es diu que és arrel de l'equació (1).

La funció φ també té altres propietats útils. És un automorfisme de A:

L'aplicació φ és involutiva és a dir que si es compon dues vegades successives amb ella mateixa, és igual a la identitat o, cosa que és equivalent, és igual a la seva aplicació inversa:

Finalment, l'aplicació φ ofereix una expressió de la norma:

Si es nota α = a + √n. b , prové del càlcul següent:

 Samasa

La primera propietat que es fa servir és la següent:
 Siguin α i β dos elements de A, llavors:

Si α = a1 + √n.a₂ i β = b1 + √n.b₂ aquesta igualtat s'escriu:

Aquesta igualtat és coneguda amb el nom dIdentitat de Brahmagupta que els indis en deien Samasa. Per convèncer-se de la seva exactitud, n'hi ha prou amb expressar N en funció de l'automorfisme φ:

Un cas particular correspon a aquell on β és un enter k , la igualtat pren la forma següent:
 Sigui α un element de A i k un enter, llavors:

 Conseqüències
 Sigui α un element de A tal que N(α) = 1, llavors α -1 és un element de A i verifica N(α -1) = 1 i α -1 = φ(α).

En efecte, dir que N(φ) = 1, és dir que α.φ(α) = 1, el que demostra que φ(α) és l'invers de α i aplicant φ a la igualtat α.φ(α) = 1, s'obté substituint φ(α) per α -1: α -1.φ(α -1) = 1

 Si l'equació (1) admet una solució diferent de +/- 1, llavors admet una infinitat de solucions diferents.

En efecte, si α és una solució, α -1 també n'és una, segons la proposició precedent i com que la norma d'un producte és igual al producte de les normes, es disposa de les igualtats següent:

N'hi ha prou amb demostrar que les potències de α són totes diferents. Això prové del fet que si un nombre real x verifica x k = 1, on k és un enter diferent de 0, llavors x és igual a +/- 1. Sigui k i l dos enters tals que αk = αl llavors αk-l és igual a 1 i com que α és diferent d'1 i -1, k - l és igual a 0.
Comprendre com ho va fer Brahmagupta per resoldre l'equació (1) depèn de tres proposicions, simples de demostar:

 Sigui α un element de A tal que N(α) = -1, α 2 és solució de (1).

N'hi ha prou amb fixar-se que la norma de α ² és el quadrat de la norma de α i és igual a 1.

 Sigui α un element de A tal que N(α) sigui igual a +/- 2 , llavors 1/2.α² és un element de A solució de (1).

En efecte, si α és igual a a + b .√n llavors un càlcul mostra que α² = a² + n.b² + 2ab.√n. Com que a2 + n.b2 = N(α) + 2.n.b2 i com que N(α) i 2ab són múltiples de 2, α² també n'és. El càlcul següent permet concloure:

 Sigui α un element de A tal que N(α) sigui igual a +/- 4 i tal que 2 no divideix α, llavors 1/8.α3 és un element de A de norma igual a +/- 1 .

En efecte, calculant α3:

Fixant-se que N(α) = a 2 - n.b 2 = +/- 4, s'obté:

Com que  és senar, n'hi ha prou amb demostrar que b és senar per provar que α3 és un múltiple de 8. Si b és parell, n.b 2 és un múltiple de quatre i com que N(α) = a 2 - n.b 2 també és un múltiple de quatre, a és parell. Ara bé per hipòtesi no és un múltiple de dos i a i b no poden ser parells de manera simultània. En conseqüència, b és senar i ε + nb2 així com 3ε + nb2 són parells si n és senar. Això demostra que α3 és un múltiple de 8 si n és senar.

Ara bé n és sempre senar. En efecte, si n és parell, com que N(α) és parell, a també ho és i a 2 és un múltiple de quatre, per tant com que n no té cap factor quadrat, n no és un múltiple de quatre, per tant b és parell i α és un múltiple de 2, ço que és contrari a la hipòtesi i finalitza la demostració.

Així el coneixement d'un element α de norma igual a +/- 4 permet trobar una solució. Si α és divisible per 2 en A, 1/2.α és un element de norma igual a +/- 1 i el seu quadrat és una solució. Si no, 1/8.α3 és un element de norma igual a +/- 1, un pas al quadrat permet també determinar una solució.

 Exemples
 Exemple de Brahmagupta
Es tracta amb aquest mètode l'exemple de Brahmagupta següent:

S'escull com a primer assaig α = 9 + √83. Observant que N(α) = -2- És assenyat calcular α²:

Una proposició precedent mostra que 82 + √83.9 té per a norma 1 i (82, 9) és solució de l'equació, en efecte:

 Desafiament de Fermat
El desafiament de Fermat es resol de la mateixa manera:

Brahmagupta opera de la manera següent, es fixa que si α = 39 + 5.√61 llavors N(α) és igual a -4. Ben evidentment el formalisme de Brahmagupta no té res a veure amb el que es fa servir aquí, fins i tot si els càlculs són els mateixos. Calcula 1/2.α²:

Després calcula 1/8.α3 i la seva norma:

La solució és per tant 1/64.α⁶, sigui:

El mètode és remarcablement econòmic per a un algorisme tan antic.

 Aportació de Bhaskara II
 Inici de l'algorisme
Una dificultat del mètode de Brahmagupta resideix en el fet que no sempre és fàcil trobar un nombre α de A de norma en el conjunt dels nombres amb valor absolut igual a 1, 2 o 4. L'aportació de Bhaskara II descrita en el Siddhanta Siroman consisteix a enriquir el mètode d'un algorisme que acaba infal·liblement proveint una quasisolució d'aquesta naturalesa.

Bhaskara II construeix una successió recurrent (αn) d'elements de A de la següent manera:

El primer element α1 de la successió és de la forma a1 + √n. S'escull de tal manera que la norma de α1, igual a a1² - n, sigui la més petita possible en valor absolut.

Emprant j per subíndex dels elements de la successió. Es nota αj = aj + bj.√n. Es construeix un element βj = mj + √n. El nombre enter mj és tal que aj + mj.bj sigui un múltiple de la norma de αj i mj minimitza el valor absolut de la norma de βj. L'element αj + 1 es defineix de la manera següent:

 Exemples
 Desafiament de Fermat
S'escull altra vegada d igual a 61. El valor de a 1 és igual a 8 per minimitzar la norma de α1, en efecte:

Per determinar el valor de α₂ cal calcular m 1. Es disposa de la igualtat següent:

Com que α₂ és un element de A, 8 + m 1 és un múltiple de 3, per tant m 1 és de la forma 3. k + 1. Per minimitzar la norma de β1, cal escollir k igual a 2. Se'n dedueix que m 1 és igual a 7, el que dona:

La successió del mètode és la de Brahmagupta. El mètode chakravala permet ara resoldre sense tempteig i amb un mínim de càlcul el desafiament de Fermat.

 Exemple de Narayana
Aquest segon exemple també s'ha extret del Siddhanta Siroman de Bhaskara II, anotat per Narayana. Si d és igual a 103, el valor de a 1 és igual a 10 i:

El càlcul de α₂ dona:

Aquesta vegada aquí, m 1 és de la forma 3.k - 1. Per minimitzar la norma de β1, cal escollir m 1 igual a 11. S'obté:

El càlcul de α₃ dona:

Ara, m ₂ és de la forma 6.k - 5. Per minimitzar la norma de β₂, cal escollir m ₂ igual a 7. S'obté:

El càlcul de α₄ dona:

Aquesta vegada, m ₃ és de la forma 9.k + 2. Per minimitzar la norma de β₃, cal escollir m ₃ igual a 11. S'obté:

El càlcul de Brahmagupta permet concloure, el valor buscat és igual a 1/2.α₄²:

 Demostracions associades a l'aportació de Bhaskara II
 Lemes
Hi ha dos lemes que demostren l'existència de la successió utilitzada per Bhaskara II. Amb les notacions dels paràgrafs precedents i si kj designa el valor absolut de la norma de αj, es fan servir els següents elements:

S'ha escollit mj de tal manera que:

Els dos exemples precedents il·lustren el fet que αj.βj és un múltiple de kj. Aquesta propietat és l'objecte dels dos lemes següents:

 Amb les notacions precedents, si aj + bj.mj s'escull múltiple de kj i si aj, bj són primers entre ells llavors, αj.βj és un múltiple de kj .

 Depenent de les hipòtesis del lema precedent i si la norma de β j s'escull mínima en valor absolut, aj+1, bj+1 són primers entre ells.

Una vegada demostrats aquests lemes, s'observa que sempre és possible trobar un valor convenient per a m j. En efecte, com que a j i b j són primers entre ells, la identitat de Bézout mostra que existeix un enter c j tal que c j.b j - 1 sigui un múltiple de k j. Se'n dedueix que si x és un enter, x.k  j + c j.b j.a  j és un múltiple de k j, llavors sempre és possible escollir x de tal manera que el valor absolut de la norma de βj sigui mínim. Trobar c j significa resoldre la identitat de Bézout, el que els indis ja sabien fer amb l'algorisme d'Euclides.

Els lemes mostren que si m j s'escull segons el mètode del paràgraf precedent, αj.j és un múltiple de k j, αj+1 és un element de A i a j+1 i b j+1 són primers entre ells, el que permet reiterar el pas.

 Caràcter cíclic
Una vegada demostrat que la successió (αj) està ben definida, s'estudia el seu comportament. La successió és cíclica en un cert sentit. Més precisament, observant que la relació R definida per α R β si i només si existeix un element inversible ε de A tal que α = ε.β és una relació d'equivalència. Es nota cl(α) la classe d'equivalència per la relació R:

 La successió (cl(αj)) és cíclica.

Aquesta propietat és la conseqüència de tres proposicions:

 La successió α(j) està definida de manera unívoca i la successió (Nα(j)) és fitada.

La igualtat N (ε.β) = N (ε).N(β) = N(β) mostra que tots els elements d'una mateixa classe tenen igual norma. Llavors és possible parlar de la norma d'una classe d'equivalència, el que permet expressar la proposició següent:

 No existeix més que un nombre finit de classes d'equivalència de norma inferior a un enter estrictament positiu.

Finalment:

 Siguin i i j dos enters positius i ε un element de A inversible. Si αi = ε.αj llavors αi+1 = ε.αj+1.

Amb aquestes tres propietats, és senzill comprendre que la successió (cl (αj) és periòdica al final d'un cert rang. En efecte, la successió (N(αj)) és fitada, no pren aquests valors més que en un nombre finit de classes d'equivalència segons la proposició dos. Al final d'un cert rang, la successió té per a imatge una classe d'equivalència repetida. La tercera proposició mostra que llavors la successió és necessàriament periòdica.

Aquestes propietats només demostren que la periodicitat a partir d'un cert rang. El paràgraf següent demostra que aquest rang és igual a zero i la successió és periòdica des del subíndex zero.

 Fracció continua

La part recursiva del mètode chakravala és molt proper del de la fracció continua. Aquí, l'objectiu és d'aproximar l'arrel de n per una expressió òptima de la naturalesa següent:

 Introducció amb un exemple
S'estudia el cas on n és igual a 19.

A l'ordre 0, l'objectiu és de trobar el valor f0 més proper possible de √19. S'obté la igualtat:

Aquí, ωk designa el residu de la fracció continua, sovint anomenat quocient complet d'índex k .

A l'ordre 1, es busca una aproximació √19 de la forma f0 + 1/f1 millor possible, s'obté:

A l'ordre 2:

A l'ordre 3:

A l'ordre 4:

El fet que ω₄ sigui igual a ω0 mostra que la successió (fk) és periòdica, aquests termes són: f0, f1, f₂, f₃, f₄, f1, f₂, f₃, f₄, f1 .... Una igualtat d'aquest tipus generalment es nota de la manera següent:

Es determinen les fraccions parcials d'ordre k θk, habitualment anomenades residu d'índex k. '''

El càlcul de la successió (αk) del mètode chakravala dona:

En els dos casos es troben e les mateixes parelles (4,1), (13, 3), (61, 14) i (170, 39), el que no és obra de l'atzar. En els dos casos s'obté la solució següent: Observació: La convenció escollida aquí per definir la fracció és que cada reduïda d'índex k ha de ser tan a prop com sigui possible de l'arrel. La convenció d'una fracció continua és una mica diferent. No només cada residu d'índex k ha de ser tan a prop com sigui possible de l'arrel sinó que a més la successió (fk) no ha de prendre més que valors positius. La convenció de les fraccions contínues també es pot aplicar al mètode de chakravala, significa imposar a la successió de les normes dels (βk) que sigui estrictament negativa. Totes les demostracions s'apliquen igualment amb aquesta convenció. En canvi, la longitud del cicle pot ser més llarga, per exemple:

 Enfocament teòric
Siguin (fk) i (θk) on k és un enter positiu, dues successions de les quals la primera és amb valors en Z i la segona en A. Les successions es defineixen per recurrència. El valor f0 és igual a la part entera de √n, on n és un enter estrictament superior a 1 i sense factor quadrat, i θ0 l'element de A definit per la igualtat:

El valor 1 / fk+1 és la millor aproximació de θk i θk+1 és l'element de A que verifica la igualtat:

Aquesta definició difereix lleugerament de la tradicional fracció continua, ja que fk no s'escull necessàriament positiu. S'observa de fk+1 i el major enter més petit que 1/θk. El fet que √n sigui irracional mostra que θk és sempre irracional, les successions (fk) i (θk) no prenen mai el valor 0 i per estan així ben definides.

Siguin (ck) i (d k) les dues successions de Z tals que per a tot k ', c k i c d siguin primers entre ells i la fracció c k / d k sigui igual a la fracció reduïda d'índex k .

 Per a tot nombre enter k , si (αk) i (βk) designen les successions del mètode chakravala definides anteriorment, es verifiquen les igualtats següents:

Així, el mètode chakravala permet demostrar el caràcter periòdic i la propietat de palíndrom d'una fracció continua. Si l'algorisme recursiu imposa en la successió (βk) ser també norma sistemàticament negativa, llavors les demostracions de l'article continuen sent vàlides i les fraccions contínues associades corresponen a la definició usual, és a dir que les successions (fk) i (θk) són amb valors estrictament positius.

Mètode de càlcul
L'enfocament per les fraccions contínues ofereix un enriquiment del mètode algorítmic precedent per a l'equació de Pell-Fermat o la determinació de la fracció continua. S'il·lustren aquests mètodes amb l'ajuda de l'exemple n = 313 i es mostra com Brouncker podia efectivament resoldre aquest desafiament en una hora o dues. Per definició α0 és igual a 1 i α1 = β0 = 18 + √313 ja que 18² és la millor aproximació de 313 en els quadrats perfectes, la norma de α1 és igual a 11. Se'n dedueix el valor de f 0 = 18.

Per al càlcul de m1, n'hi ha prou amb fixar-se que m1 + m0 és un múltiple d'11 i que m1² és la millor aproximació possible de 313, es troba m '1 = 15. Es calcula llavors la β1 igual a 15² - 313 = -88. Per al càlcul de la norma de α₂ n'hi ha prou amb fixar-se que és el quocient de la de β1 entre la de α1, es troba -8. Per al càlcul de f 1 s'utilitza la fórmula del paràgraf precedent, es troba f 1 = - 1/11 (18 + 15) = -3.

Per al càlcul dels valors ak i bk, s'utilitza la fórmula de recurrència. Es construeix així el quadre següent:

Aquest enfocament permet evitar els grans nombres, excepte per a les columnes a k i b k. S'observa que

la norma de α₇ és la oposada de la de α₈, el que mostra que aquests dos nombres són tret d'un factor inversible la imatge per la funció φ l'un de l'altre. La successió de les normes és per tant 1, 11, -8, 3, 16, -9, 13, -13, 9, -16, -3, 8, -11, -1.

Se'n dedueix que 1/13.α₇.₈ és un element de norma -1:

Cal encara elevar aquest nombre α13 al quadrat per obtenir la solució cercada:

El mètode chakravala permet així resoldre a mà aquest tipus de càlcul, fins i tot si la solució s'expressa de manera una mica pesada. El mateix funcionament, sense el càlcul de les columnes a k i b k, inútil per a aquest objectiu, permet determinar la fracció continua √313. Cercar la solució tal que la successió ( f k) no implica més que valors positius suposa de restringir la tria als m k inferiors o iguals a 17. Es troba: 17, 1, 2, 4, 11, 1, 1, 3, 2 que acaba aquesta branca del palíndrom. Se'n dedueix que els termes següents són: 2, 3, 1, 1, 11, 4, 2, 1. És relativament simple demostrar que el terme de després és necessàriament 34, el doble del primer terme. El que dona:

 Referències
 Notes

 Referències
  L E Dickson History of the theory of numbers vol. II, Diophantine analysis 1920 réimpression Dover Publications 2005
  J. Stillwell Mathematics and its History Springer Science segona edició 2004 pàg. 72-74
  J. Trignan Fractions continues & Différences finies Éditions du Choix 1994
  A. A. Krishnaswami Ayyangar New light on Bhaskaras Chakravala or cyclic method of solving indeterminate equations of the second Degree in two Variables Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society'' Vol. 18 1929-1930 pàgines 225-248

Enllaços externs
  Analitza el contingut matemàtic del Âryabhatîya
  Pell's equation del lloc web de La Universitat de St. Andrew
  Introducció to chakravala  sel lloc web de La Universitat de St. Andrew
  Joseph Louis Lagrange Solució d'un Problema d'Arithmetica: La solució original per les fraccions continues.

Teoria de nombres
Àlgebra
Algorismes


CAMBRIDGE, Mass. and DUARTE, Calif., March 26, 2019 – Akrevia Therapeutics, a privately held biopharmaceutical company focused on developing highly-potent, tumor-targeted immuno-oncology therapeutics, and City of Hope, an independent research and treatment center for cancer, diabetes and other life-threatening diseases, today announced that they have entered into an exclusive licensing agreement that will allow Akrevia to utilize innovative technology to engineer potent immune-activating cytokines that can be selectively activated in the tumor microenvironment.
The tumor microenvironment has distinct physiological characteristics that can be exploited to help develop tools to deliver therapies that are more precise and potent than existing treatments. The new technology, licensed from the lab of John Williams, Ph.D., at City of Hope, is suited to a broad spectrum of cytokines – molecules for which current tumor activation approaches are not applicable. This novel Switchblade™ allows inactivated proteins to "flick open" at the point of attack, releasing potent anti-tumor agents precisely where they are needed, thus maximizing efficacy and minimizing the peripheral side effects that limit current cytokine therapies. This new platform can be applied to other highly potent biologic architectures, including diverse cytokine family members, chemokines and agonistic immune modulators which to date have proved intractable in clinical development. This new technology will augment Akrevia's existing Aklusion platform technologies, and augments the existing technology previously licensed from City of Hope.
Under the agreement, Akrevia gains exclusive commercial rights for application of the technology to the development of proprietary products. City of Hope, internationally recognized for pioneering technology that enabled the creation of numerous breakthrough cancer drugs, developed this technology to help investigators and researchers shield their selected antibodies for targeted therapies and to improve drug delivery. The nonprofit institution is working to improve precision medicine for all patients.
Akrevia Therapeutics, LLC is a privately-held biopharmaceutical company focused on developing highly-potent, targeted immuno-oncology therapeutics. The company's proprietary Aklusion platform technology allows biologics to be specifically activated in the tumor microenvironment, and with precisely tailored properties, expanding the universe of immune-activating proteins that can be safely delivered. Akrevia is applying its technology to build a broad pipeline of engineered cytokines, antibodies and other immune modulators as potential new options for patients living with cancer. To learn more, please visit www.akrevia.com.


Get behind 'No Woman Left Behind' with a $5 donation to buy a solar lantern to help women in times of crises, disaster, and conflict.
This International Women's Day, UN Women launched the Leave No Woman Behind campaign. Not only does the campaign shed light on the disparity between men and women in conflict and crisis, it also provides much-needed light to women in crises, too. And at Autopia, we're asking everyone to get behind the campaign.
Conflicts and crises fill all of us with horror and sadness, but what many people don't know is that it's often women who bear the brunt of these atrocities. In fact, women and children are 14 times more likely to be killed during a disaster than men.
Additionally, more than 70 per cent of women have experienced gender-based violence in crisis settings. Due to cramped conditions, minimal facilities and chaotic nature of refugee camps and similar scenarios, women and girls are often vulnerable to sexual violence after the sun goes down, when unspeakable horrors occur under the cover of darkness.
And when natural disasters strike, women and children live without electricity – and therefore without light for safety – for months.
International Women's Day may have passed, but we're committed to supporting UN Women all year round. Want to help? Simply text LIGHT to 0497 222 444 and donate $5 to purchase a solar lantern. For just $5, you'll help one woman find her way safely through the darkness.


WeatherTech 460111 - WeatherTech DigitalFit Floor Liners - FREE SHIPPING!
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I recently installed these on my 2003 4runner and wow what a difference over the stock pads. These are definitely worth the money.
I purchase a full package including front, second row and cargo liner. I am very lease with the front and second row liners. However, I am extremely disappointed with the cargo liner and surprised with the poor coverage and lack of fit. I have requested an rma to return. I will be purchasing a Husky cargo liner when it becomes available.
These Weathertech mats are a perfect fit to my 4runner. They provide awesome floor coverage clear out to the door sill. They cover the floor so much better than the OEM or autoparts store floor mats. They are worth every penny of what I paid for them. I will absolutely buy a set for my next vehicle too.
Good fit and color. The price does seem high for the product.
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Reference # 762-514-724 © 2000-2019 AutoAnything, Inc.


52nd iteration of the University of Pennsylvania Model United Nations Conference will be held on November 8-11, 2018 in Philadelphia, United States of America. UPMUNC looks to provide all delegates with utmost satisfaction throughout the entire weekend, beginning with the in-room committee experience. This year, UPMUNC 52 is proud to offer 20 distinct committees: 4 large General Assembly (GA) committees, 4 medium-sized Economic and Social Councils (ECOSOC) and Specialized Committees, and 12 fast-paced Crisis committees.
There is certainly far more to UPMUNC than the debate that takes place within committee rooms. UPMUNC is honored to be able to host their yearly Speaker Series once again, which will feature experts on various topics debated in-room. But that's not all that awaits you—at UPMUNC, you will find yourself within walking distance of some of America's most historic landmarks and Philadelphia's marvelous nightlife.
*Individual registrants do not need to pay the School Deposit.
For more information visit upmunc.org or like UPMUNC on Facebook.


text:
TV News, Interviews, and Reviews
'NCIS' season 11, episode 22 preview: See Mark Harmon, Pauley Perrette in 'Shooter' promo
Mark Harmon, NCIS, Pauley Perrette	 April 22, 2014
We were hoping to have some more details on next week's "NCIS" episode soon, and thanks to CBS being so kind as to air the promo after a repeat tonight, there is no reason to wait any further. Just like with "Alleged," this looks to be a very important episode of the show when it comes to […]
'NCIS' season 11, episode 19 video: A grisly Mark Harmon – Scott Bakula scene
Mark Harmon, NCIS, Scott Bakula	 April 1, 2014
The backdoor pilot for "NCIS: New Orleans" has so far been a pleasant journey down to New Orleans, and the new episode Tuesday night will serve the purpose of trying to figure out if it stays that way. Hopefully, they can at least stick the landing better than another CBS show in "How I Met […]
'NCIS' season 11, episode 19 preview: Mark Harmon, cast close out 'Crescent City'
Mark Harmon, NCIS	 March 25, 2014
Tonight, "NCIS" did a fine job setting up what could someday be a series in New Orleans; we were even pleasantly surprised. There was so much more chemistry right out of the gate than with "NCIS: Red," and that gives us hope there could be a great series here someday. For now, though, we have […]
'NCIS' season 11 spoilers: See Mark Harmon, Emily Wickersham in 'Crescent City'
Emily Wickersham, Mark Harmon, NCIS	 March 23, 2014
When it comes to major events quickly approaching on "NCIS" season 11, there are a pair of things in particular to keep a watch for: The two-part "Crescent City" spectacular (the backdoor pilot for the "NCIS: New Orleans" spin-off), and also the season finale. This is when the show plans to address the passing of […]
'NCIS' season 11, episode 18 preview: Mark Harmon, Scott Bakula in New Orleans
Mark Harmon, NCIS, Scott Bakula	 March 18, 2014
You've heard about it for weeks and weeks, but the moment is finally here for the "NCIS" spin-off! The first half of "Crescent City," the backdoor pilot for the potential version of the show set in New Orleans, will air next week, and based on the first promo below, it does seem like a pretty […]
'NCIS' season 11 spoilers: Prepare to meet 2nd ex for Mark Harmon's Gibbs
CBS, Mark Harmon, NCIS	 January 18, 2014
For those of you who have been long awaiting the arrival of Gibbs' second ex-wife on "NCIS," otherwise known as the one that so many know very little about, we come to you today bearing some good news: She will be arriving as a part of the show at some point in the future. Unfortunately, […]
'NCIS' season 11, episode 7 preview: Mark Harmon's Gibbs and a paternal problem
CBS, Mark Harmon, NCIS	 November 5, 2013
When we first saw a preview for Tuesday's "NCIS" episode that featured the authorities calling up Gibbs with some troubling news about his father, we were quick to just assume the worst from it, thinking that there was some sort of dire medical problem. However, and as we have found out now, there is really […]
'NCIS' season 11 spoilers: Another blast from the past for Mark Harmon's Gibbs
So who is going to be coming back into the life of Agent Gibbs on "NCIS" next? Already this season, we have seen appearances from both his father and Mike Franks in some shape or form, and next up, we will be having a former love coming back onto the show for at least an […]
'NCIS' season 11 spoilers: Is Mark Harmon's Gibbs ditching a case?
CBS, Mark Harmon, NCIS	 October 27, 2013
You knew that it was coming eventually on "NCIS," and how it is official: Ralph Waite is going to be coming back to the CBS hit pretty soon in his role of Jackson Gibbs. Not only that, but his presence could actually lead to a surprising change in the middle of another case. What we […]
'NCIS' season 11 spoilers: See Michael Weatherly, Mark Harmon on a boat … and why
CBS, Mark Harmon, Michael Weatherly, NCIS	 October 19, 2013
Doesn't it make sense that a show all about a Naval investigative team would spend some time on the open waters? We think so, though the irony here is that in the latest "NCIS" season 11 photo that we have for you here, we have the likes of Mark Harmon and Michael Weatherly actually working […]
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Gut microbiota profoundly impact vertebrate host health through functional roles in immunity, metabolism, and nutrition. I will discuss recent advances in avian gut microbiome research and how these findings provide insight into raptor health and conservation. In addition, I will discuss my collaborative effort with Hawk Mountain to characterize the gut microbiomes of Snowy Owl (Bubo scandiacus) nestlings on the breeding grounds and irruptive migrants on the wintering grounds.
An introduction of Wildlife Rehabilitation Support of PA as an organization to the rehab community. We will describe who we are, what we do, and how we plan to help wildlife rehabilitators across the state in 2019 and beyond.
Reptile and amphibian health are critical contributors to all vertebrate ecosystem health. As the world changes, these animals are becoming endangered faster than other animal groups and unfortunately infectious diseases are a big cause of rapid population declines. This lecture will overview some of the infectious diseases that are affecting native PA species, describe their devastating impact, how to report them, how to protect other wildlife, and hopefully empower you to become strong advocate for their health.
Education ambassadors (animal used for education purposes) create a strong human-animal bond that leads to more willingness to participate in supportive actions for that species. Research on public perceptions of local animals in need is the basis for this presentation. This research also aimed at finding a role for education ambassadors in driving compassion, knowledge, and conservation actions as well as the social sciences behind public programs.
The Standards for Excellence is a national Ethics and Accountability Program. This session will focus on key components of the program along with some practical tools that any nonprofit can implement to ensure legal compliance and practices that can improve efficiency in board and program operations.
This study examined stress markers in birds of prey admitted to a wildlife rehabilitation center including corticosterone levels, H:L ratios, and behavioral surveys. The goal of this study was to examine which variables specifically affected stress markers including age, housing size, species, length of stay, injury vs. illness, and whether a bird was a permanent education ambassador or a wild patient. Results from this study help make recommendations for care while in a rehab setting and release timing.
Humane harassment is a process of using harmless techniques to make animals in precarious situations move on their own. This avoids senseless trapping or poisonings. This talk goes over the benefits and challenges of instituting such a program at your Center. When you help the public help themselves, you can better use your limited resources on animals that are truly in need.
A close-up look at the tiny invader that can attack your wild patient's health.
West Nile Virus has been widely studied since detection of the virus in the USA was reported in 1999. Since then, molecular analysis of mosquito blood meals has been used to identify avian hosts for mosquito vectors of the WNV and other diseases in the USA, but no host-preference studies have been focused on Pennsylvania. As a zoonotic disease, WNV can transfer to people when mosquitos consume human blood meals. Up until 2010, 2.5 million people reported WNV infection in the United States, and while pathology in humans rarely ensues, the high rate of infection means WNV still poses a considerable risk to human health. We have undertaken a study of blood meal analysis to identify avian hosts for two common WNV vectors in PA, Culex pipiens and Cx. restuans. In pilot studies in 2018, we screened primer sets and PCR conditions that would yield reliable identification of avian hosts in blood meals. We are building a database of avian hosts from samples collected (~2008-2013) by the DEP from habitats near areas of human habitation in all counties of PA. This presentation will provide an update on the progress and future directions of this work.
Potential Environmental Predictors of an important West Nile Virus vector (Culex restuans) in Ruffed Grouse Habitat ~:Samantha Maywald*, Clay Corbin, and Lisa Williams.
Since 2001, Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) population in Pennsylvania have been declining and were correlated with the prevalence of West Nile Virus (WNV). While there are many studies of environmental predictors of mosquito abundance in urban habitats, little is known about WNV vectors in forests. We think the same environmental factors in urban habitats (water availability, topography, and bird hosts) will predict the abundance of Culex restuans, an important WNV vector, in Ruffed Grouse habitat. Mosquitos were surveyed mid-late summer at eight sites in Luzerne county using paired gravid mosquito traps. Samples (1/week x 13weeks) were sent to PADEP for identification and assay of WNV. We used analysis of variance and regression to test if elevation, distance from human activity, temperature, and humidity were predictors of mosquito abundance. Mosquito densities ranged from 72 to 624 per site and WNV was positive in five sites. Across sites, none of our independent variables predicted mosquito abundance. Other local effects such as aspects of hydrography, vegetation, and bird hosts may be more important in determining the dynamics of WNV vectors. These latter predictors, a second season of data (summer 2019), and blood meal analysis, will help provide a habitat management plan for Ruffed Grouse in Pennsylvania.
As wildlife rehabilitators, we know that domestic cats and dogs have an impact on the wild patients that we see. How do we communicate this in an effective way? Wildlife rehabilitators have a large amount of scientific data whether we know it or not. We know when animals are admitted, where they come from, what species/ages are being affected, and more! By gathering this data and presenting it in a meaningful way, we can share our knowledge with other disciplines within the scientific community as well as the general public. Learn more about how to best utilize your data and how to harness the intern power within your organization to get it done.
Understanding the hazards and other properties of the chemicals that we routinely handle is critical in ensuring that human and animal health and safety are protected. Essential information about these materials is provided in the form of a Safety Data Sheet (SDS). It is important that you be able to understand and utilize the information provided on the SDS.
As rehabbers, you are on the front-lines for seeing a diverse array of species that have suffered impact trauma. In this talk we will overview the skull and neuroanatomy of these species, the pathology that occurs sustained with head trauma, review the guidelines for characterizing if the animal will make it, and review the best principles and steps to optimize recovery.
We will do a quick presentation with a slideshow on why feather imping is a useful tool for wildlife rehabilitators to have in their box, how it can accelerate release time, what tools and techniques are needed, and when it is and is not appropriate. Then, we will demonstrate a start-to-finish dry run of the actual imping process, using deceased birds.
In this one hour talk we are going to discuss common substances animals get stuck in when they come in to a rehab center: most specifically sticky traps, oil and tar. With each item we will discuss what makes up these traps and what methods we could use to help animals that have these materials stuck onto their fur/feathers. You will learn how to take animals off the substance and clean them properly. Program includes a hands-on experience with trying to remove feathers and fur off these traps.
Release protocols for different animals, making sure they are ready for release, and release criteria.
Developing programs for students that bridge the gap between middle school students to teens can be a challenge for many educators. A large majority of wildlife programs target younger age groups and finding a way to connect to older students can be difficult. This presentation will focus on our Junior Rehabber Corps program, which is a six-month educational program designed to introduce teenage students to research and project design. Students get the opportunity to observe wildlife staff and resident animals to design projects that that they feel will advance our understanding of animals or benefit the local community. By providing a monthly program, we can address the need for a non-intensive, long term program that gives teenagers the opportunity to practice skills in STEM fields. During this presentation, we will talk about how we developed this program and how we market it to teens in our community.
Enrichment is a vital component to the rehabilitation process. In this presentation you will learn basic enrichment techniques, how to implement this into a daily routine and the importance of educating interns and volunteers on this topic.
Making visual programs that are professional, powerful , and entertaining. Used well, media presentations can earn you respect and funding, but there are common mistakes that should be avoided.
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a horrific viral infection that is transmitted by mosquitoes. Birds are very susceptible to this infection. The mortality in some species is very high. This past summer was a challenge because of the higher than normal amount of rain. More standing water equals more mosquitoes. More mosquitoes equals more West Nile Virus. Robyn Graboski will talk about West Nile Virus, how it effects birds (especially birds of prey) and how to manage birds with WNV signs. Disclaimer: The medical treatments in this talk were worked out with the attending veterinarians. Please work with your veterinarian when treating West Nile Virus in wild animals.
The main objective of this presentation is to discuss ticks, their ecology, pathogens associated, and personal and home prevention. Why is this important? Tick-borne diseases affect hundreds of thousands of people throughout the world. The infectious organisms spread by ticks have affected humanity and animals for years, and continue to be a global health threat. There are 42,000 cases of Lyme disease reported yearly in the US, but recent studies indicate that the actual number of people infected may be 420,000. Since 2011, PA has reported the highest number of Lyme disease cases in the US, with over 11,000 in 2017. Understanding the life cycle of ticks, where they are found and the pathogens they transmit will assist in preventing a tick bite and seeking early medical treatment if exposed.
Not every wildlife admission is destined for release. Despite our best efforts, sometimes patients don't survive. When that happens, some animals are ideal for use as interpretive specimens.
Allowing an audience the opportunity for hands-on learning can significantly enhance outreach programming. This talk will offer simple, inexpensive techniques for safely preparing bones, feathers, and other items for educational use.
There are several zoonotic diseases common to wildlife and they can be spread in many ways. In this presentation we will be focusing on diseases that can be spread through urine, including tularemia, leptospirosis, hantavirus and toxoplasmosis. We will also discuss ways of testing for these diseases, most specifically leptospirosis.
As wildlife rehabilitators, we wear many hats. One of those hats is that of the trainer/teacher. With volunteer turnover inherently high and interns only able to commit to one semester at a time, there are plenty of new faces needing trained every season. But how do we train this many people in such a short amount of time on intricate topics when we have so many other things to do?Learn some of the theory behind adult education that will allow you to satisfy your needs as well as making the experience positive and meaningful for your new and current volunteers. We will discuss how to best utilize your "off-season" and experience volunteers/staff to help prepare you for the busiest times when you need new volunteers the most. Learn how to best effectively use your time to set training in motion before your volunteer even shows up to your door. With the right tools and strategies, you can see more effective training while taking up less of your highly valuable time.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Many years later, my neighbor knocked at the door and asked me about 2 kittens in front of my house. One had Siamese markings the other was a little Calico. I explained they were not mine and he said, "we were concerned because we don't want our dog to get them," which explains 2 additions to my pride. That was more than 16 years ago.
The Calico had 2 adorable features — a little triangle marking on her nose, and she's the first cat I've seen that had not just green, but green/hazel eyes. They reminded me of mom's eyes. At her arrival, most of my kitties had taken on the names of characters in Gone With The Wind. This little girl became Belle or sometimes because she was so pretty, (and I am Italian after all) Bella. Hmmm and mom was a belle as well. She was Bonnibell and my little girl was of course a "bonnie" little Belle. I can imagine mom rolling her eyes at that one.
Belle is going on 17 years of age. According to a calculator I googled, the completion of 2 years in a cat's life is equivalent to 25 years for us, then the difference drops significantly. But no matter how you figure it my little girl is older than I!
It's become apparent in the last few weeks that my Belle was not feeling well. She's been a great little girl, a wonderful companion, and I love her more than words can describe. After discussions with my veterinarian I had to acknowledge, it was time to let her go in peace.
Today I was with her at the doctors office. Saying goodbye is difficult, so as she drifted off, I whispered quietly ….
May her sweet memory remain to comfort you. 😢 Beautiful eulogy.
So very sorry to hear about dear Belle. How kind and loving for you to be there with her at the end. A gentle closing to a very long and happy cat life!
Touching and heartbreaking. I've been there and know the pain.
Glad to see another post from you!
So glad to hear from you. Hadn't seen your posts for awhile and was getting a bit worried. Yes it is sad, but she's not suffering anymore. The rest of the cats actually seem to miss her.


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Kit Whitfield's Blog: Happy post-Easter!
And for the secularists out there (or indeed the religious people who like pretty things), here are some springtime pictures, of a nest, and some rabbits in fields, and some cherry blossom and new leaves, because it is spring and the world is beautiful.
Prettiness is always a nice way to start a Monday, especially one that has been so far filled with Kleenex and lots of immune-system boosting pills. Hope you had a great Easter.


text:
Q: can I see the owner/creator of a vcenter vm with pyvmomi The closest info I can find in the vSphere UI is the user of the "Clone completed" event in the events list in monitoring. Can i access this list with pyvmomi? Or any better alternative would be appreciated.

A: That kind of information isn't part of the virtual machine object, so your best bet is to poll the events via EventManager Only caveat, if you have a particularly active environment, the events may rollover so using and polling a syslog would be the most consistent manner of obtaining that information.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
About us - More
What can I bring?
Carry-on or checked?
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Beware – Scammers asking for fees on behalf of CATSA
Protect yourself against fraud! People claiming to work for or on behalf of CATSA are sending invoices to victims asking for payments. CATSA never requests payments from individuals seeking to come to Canada. This is a scam.
If you are travelling by plane from and within Canada, you are required to bring your own face covering. In light of the evolving situation with COVID-19, all passengers and non-passengers must wear a face covering and place it over their mouth and nose before entering the screening checkpoint. Take note: As of September 23, in addition to  temperature screening occurring at Vancouver, Calgary, Toronto and Montreal airports, 11 more have been added to the list. If you are also travelling from St. John's, Halifax, Québec City, Ottawa, Toronto-Billy Bishop, Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon, Edmonton, Kelowna or Victoria, you will undergo temperature screening. Here's some other changes we've made at the checkpoint.
The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (CATSA) is committed to protecting your personal information and your right to privacy.
This privacy policy describes how we collect, use and disclose personal information, as well as your rights over your information.
Our Chief Privacy Officer is responsible for overseeing what we do with your information and for monitoring compliance with this policy and the Privacy Act.
If you have questions or concerns regarding our privacy policy or practices, you can contact CATSA's Privacy Office by email at priv@catsa.gc.ca.
The purpose of this privacy policy is to explain how personal information is collected, used or disclosed by CATSA, as well as outline CATSA's commitment to protecting personal information with the utmost responsibility and care.
In the course of its daily activities, CATSA, a federal Crown corporation, may gather personal information from individuals in order to fulfil its mandate of aviation security.
CATSA is committed to protecting personal information in accordance with Canada's Privacy Act, its regulations, and applicable Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat policies, directives and guidelines. This policy was developed according to these requirements and the privacy principles underlying Canadian and international privacy protection laws.
CATSA recognizes the importance of the protection of personal information as an essential element in maintaining public trust. CATSA achieves this through the implementation of this policy, through sound personal information handling and management practices, and the delegation of clear accountabilities in the administration of CATSA's privacy program.
What CATSA doesn't collect:
CATSA does not collect personal information from passengers and non-passengers who walk though metal detectors or undergo a full body scanner.
Metal detectors are designed only to alert screening officers if non-permitted items are detected. Similarly, full body scanners only alert screening officers of areas of interest where objects may be revealed under clothing, but do not collect images containing identifiable personal information. These images are generic, immediately and permanently deleted, and cannot be used to identify individuals.
What personal information does CATSA collect and why?
CATSA may collect the following types of personal information from passengers and non-passengers in order to perform its mandate as Canada's civil aviation security screening authority responsible for delivering screening services.
Detailed information on CATSA's personal information holdings including legal authorities, purposes of collection, uses, who / what entities CATSA shares personal information with and for how long personal information is retained, is published in CATSA's InfoSource.
Temperature Screening - As of July 30, 2020 and September 23, 2020 CATSA is mandated by the Interim Order Respecting Certain Requirements for Civil Aviation Due to COVID-19 No. 4 and any amendments thereto ("Interim Order") pursuant to section 6.41(1) of the Aeronautics Act, to conduct temperature screening at the airports listed in the Interim Order.
This activity applies to anyone who presents themselves at a passenger or non-passenger screening checkpoint, other than: an infant; a person who provides a medical certificate certifying that their elevated temperature is not related to COVID-19; a member of emergency response provider personnel who is responding to an emergency; or a peace officer who is responding to an emergency.
The purpose of temperature screening is to limit the spread of COVID-19. This activity is a key element in the Government of Canada's multi-layered approach to protecting public health and ensuring passengers and non-passengers entering the restricted area do not exhibit symptoms of COVID-19 in order to limit the spread of COVID-19.
Any person who presents themselves at a screening checkpoint for the purpose of entering into a restricted area at the designated airports and has an elevated temperature as set out in the Transport Canada Temperature Screening Standards will be denied access to the restricted area. They will be notified that they are not permitted to board an aircraft for a flight originating in Canada or enter a restricted area at any airport in Canada for a period of 14 days after the denial, unless they provide a medical certificate certifying that their elevated temperature is not related to COVID-19. For more information about the screening process, please see: Measures taken in response to COVID-19,
Personal Information will only be collected, used, disclosed and/or retained if the individual has an elevated temperature following the second of two temperature screenings.
Type of personal information
Why it is collected
Passenger Temperature Screening Name, flight information, checkpoint location and that the passenger has an elevated temperature.
Your name, flight information and checkpoint location are collected so that they may be disclosed to your air carrier to retrieve your checked baggage and to notify them that you have been denied access to the restricted area.
Non-Passenger Temperature Screening Name, Restricted Area Identity Card (RAIC) number of other document of entitlement identifier, checkpoint location and that the non-passenger has an elevated temperature.
Your name, RAIC number or other document of entitlement identifier and checkpoint location are collected so that they may be disclosed to the airport authority (or to the air carrier, in the case of crew members) to notify them that you have been denied access to the restricted area due to an elevated temperature reading.
Boarding Pass Information Passenger name, flight information and scan information such as time of scan, screening checkpoint location, etc.
To verify the validity of boarding passes used by the travelling public at Canadian airports.
To investigate and respond to aviation security incidents, passenger complaints and claims.
To improve operational and security related decisions.
Video recordings of individuals captured in CATSA security screening checkpoints, and at our corporate offices
To investigate and respond to:
• Aviation security incidents
• Complaints and claims
• Screening-related performance events
To manage testing program and audits.
Oversight and operational compliance.
To monitor passenger volumes and/or assess the number of screening lines in operation.
To ensure the security, health and safety of screening personnel, passengers, non-passengers, CATSA employees and members of the public, as well as the security of their property.
To develop and support training and certification of screening personnel.
To monitor access to and security of corporate offices.
X-ray images X-ray images of items, including carry-on and checked baggage, belonging to passengers and non-passengers
To ensure the security and safety of screening personnel, passengers, non-passengers, CATSA employees and members of the public, as well as the security of their property.
Aviation Security Incident Information
Passenger personal information, such as name, flight information, boarding pass information, incident details (e.g., x-ray images of baggage, CCTV footage, incident details).
Non-passenger personal information including employer information.
To investigate and review aviation security incidents that occur at one of CATSA's security screening checkpoints.
Claims, complaints and inquiries
Name, contact information, complaint / claim, incident details.
To support the resolution of passengers' and non-passengers' claims (loss of property, injury), complaints and inquiries.
Access to information / privacy requests Requestor name and contact information
To process requests made by individuals for CATSA records or for access to their own personal information.
Mandatory Privacy Policy Requirements
CATSA is a federal Crown corporation committed to protecting personal information in accordance with Canada's Privacy Act.
CATSA recognizes and accepts its responsibility to protect the privacy of individuals who interact with CATSA and to safeguard their personal information with adherence to, and respect for the following privacy principles:
CATSA does not collect more personal information than necessary to fulfil the purpose for which it is collected.
Personal information is collected directly from individuals, or otherwise with the individual's consent or as permitted by law.
CATSA takes all reasonable steps to ensure that personal information used in a decision-making process is accurate, up-to-date, and complete as possible.
Use and Disclosure
Personal information may only be used for identified purposes or consistent purposes as outlined in InfoSource.
CATSA will only disclose personal information with the consent of the individual or as permitted by the Privacy Act or any other applicable law (e.g., disclosures to law enforcement agencies as per Section 8(2) of the Privacy Act).
Personal information collected for temperature screening will be used for the purposes outlined in the Interim Order, pursuant to section 6.41(1) of the Aeronautics Act. It will be disclosed for the purpose of notification to air carriers and airport authorities, or reporting or notifications as otherwise required by law as permitted by the Privacy Act and other applicable legislation.
Safeguarding Personal Information
We treat your personal information strictly confidential and we have implemented appropriate physical, organizational and technical security measures designed to help protect your personal information against loss or theft, unauthorized access, disclosure, copying, use or modification.
CATSA restricts access to personal information on a need-to-know basis and provides training to ensure safeguarding measures are followed.
Retention and Disposal of Personal Information
CATSA retains personal information for only a period of time that is necessary, to meet legal, business and legislative requirements for CATSA, the Government of Canada, and Canadians, after such time, it is permanently destroyed in a secure manner.
Standard retention periods for CATSA's personal information holdings are as follows, unless information is related to an aviation security incident, subject to a legal action, audit, investigation, or an access to information and / or privacy request:
CCTV images and video footage: 30 days
Boarding pass information: 30 days
Personal information related to aviation security incidents: 6 years after resolution
X-ray images: images are overwritten, therefore retention periods vary depending on the volume of images processed at each particular checkpoint, (e.g., the busier the checkpoint, the faster the images are overwritten)
Passenger complaints, claims or enquiries: 6 years after resolution
Access to Information / Privacy Requests: 2 years
Temperature Screening: 2 years
You may submit a privacy request to access personal information that CATSA collects and retains about you or to request a correction to your personal information. Click here to learn more about how to submit a privacy request.
Monitoring, Reporting and Reviews
CATSA conducts monitoring activities to ensure compliance with this policy.
CATSA fulfils annual reporting obligations. Annual Reports on the Administration of the Privacy Act can be found on the CATSA website, as well as the Government of Canada's website.
This Policy is reviewed regularly for effectiveness against legislative compliance.
Last updated on March 30, 2020.
Questions about this policy or other CATSA privacy questions may be sent to priv@catsa.gc.ca.
If you are not satisfied that we have adequately respected your privacy, you may wish to contact the Office of the Privacy Commissioner at www.priv.gc.ca.
CATSA's Website
CATSA is committed to respecting the personal privacy of individuals who visit our website. This section summarizes CATSA's privacy policy and practices when individual's visit our website.
CATSA does not automatically gather any personal information from you, such as your name, phone number, e-mail or street address during your visit to its website. This information is only obtained if you supply it voluntarily by contacting us via e-mail and completing an on-line form.
All personal information you do provide is protected under the Privacy Act. This means that, at the point of collection, you will be informed that your personal information is being collected, the purpose for which it is being collected and that you have a right of access to the information.
CATSA employs software programs to monitor network traffic to identify unauthorized attempts to upload or change information, or otherwise cause damage. This software receives and records the Internet Protocol (IP) address of the computer that has contacted our website, the date and time of the visit and the pages visited. We make no attempt to link these addresses with the identity of individuals visiting our site unless an attempt to damage the site has been detected.
Information on individual visitors (when supplied through an on-line form) is used by CATSA employees to respond to claims, complaints and inquiries. We only share the information you give us with other government departments if it relates to that department. We do not use the information to create individual profiles, nor do we disclose this information to anyone outside of the federal government unless permitted by law.
CATSA uses Google Analytics, a Web analytics service provided by Google Inc. to help measure traffic patterns to, from, and within its public websites. This analytics measurement tool uses "session" and "persistent" cookies to collect standard Internet log information and to track visitor behaviour information anonymously. This information is collected under the authority of the Financial Administration Act, and in accordance with the Communications Policy of the Government of Canada. To protect the privacy of our website visitors, we require Google to subject Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to an anonymization process during the data collection stage. For additional information, refer to IP Anonymization in Google Analytics. Google receives non-personal visitor use information, which is generated by the cookies. We use this anonymous aggregate data and statistical information to evaluate visitors' use of the website. This information, which helps us make our website more useful to visitors, is only available to Web managers and designated staff who require this information to perform their duties. If you wish, you may opt out of being tracked by Google Analytics by disabling or refusing the cookies. Visiting our website with cookies disabled will have no significant impact on your browsing experience. You can set your browser to detect and reject cookies. Please consult your browser's Help Menu for instructions. As Google Inc. is an American company it is subject to the USA Patriot Act and it is possible that information collected via Google Analytics could be made available to law enforcement. For further information, consult Google Analytics and its privacy policy.


text:
PEN International welcomes the release of activist Maryam Al-Khawaja
by PEN International / October 3, 2014 / No comments
PEN International joins English PEN in welcoming the release of activist Maryam Al-Khawaja
Yesterday, 18 September 2014, PEN International and English PEN joined more than 150 organisations from across the globe in co-signing an open letter to King Hamad of Bahrain calling for the release of activist Maryam Al-Khawaja and for an end to the clampdown on civil society in Bahrain. Within a matter of hours of the letter being published, it was announced that Maryam was to be released.
Maryam Al-Khawaja had been detained since 30 August 2014, following her arrival in Manama, where she had travelled to see her ailing father Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja. Abdulhadi, a PEN main case who is currently serving a life sentence for his legitimate human rights activity, has been on hunger strike since 26 August. Now into the fifth week of his hunger strike, concerns for his health and that of the many other detainees on strike in solidarity with him, are so grave that the Gulf Centre for Human Rights (GCHR) and the Bahrain Centre for Human Rights (BCHR) issued an open letter urging him to stop the strike immediately. His wife Khadija Almousawi has since published Abdulhadi's response via Twitter, in which he states 'as the world can see we're in a situation where our only choice to demand rights and freedoms is by risking our lives.'
Following her release, Maryam also took to Twitter to thank her supporters and to urge them to continue to speak out in support of her father and the many other activists in prison in Bahrain:
Thank you to all my colleagues, friends, family, and everyone who worked and campaigned for my release #Bahrain
If the international community cud secure my release tht gives me hope that we can do the same 4 d thousands of political prisoners #Bahrain
Whilst we are relieved and delighted that Maryam has been released from prison, we are seriously concerned that the charges against her remain and that the authorities have imposed a ban on her travelling. We are therefore calling for all charges against her to be dropped ahead of her first hearing, scheduled for 1 October 2014, and for the travel ban to be overturned. We are also continuing to call for the immediate release of her father Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja, his co-defendant Abduljalil Al-Singace and the many others who remain detained in Bahrain in violation of their right to freedom of expression.
For further information, please contact Cathy McCann at PEN International, Brownlow House, 50/51 High Holborn, London, WC1V 6ER, Tel.: +44 (0) 20 7405 0338, Fax: +44 (0) 20 7405 0339, Email: Cathy.McCann@pen-international.org
Open Letter: Release Maryam Al-Khawaja
Maryam al-Khawaja was detained entering Bahrain.
PEN International joins English PEN and 155 other civil society organisations around the world, in co-signing an open letter to King Hamad of Bahrain. The letter, co-ordinated by the CIVICUS alliance, calls for the release of detained activist Maryam Al-Khawaja and for an end to the clampdown on civil society in Bahrain
The letter was also co-signed by PEN centres from Denmark, Ghana, Mexico, Nicaragua, the United States, Egypt, South Africa and Switzerland. You can view the full text below.
HM Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa
Office of His Majesty the King
Rifa'a Palace, al-Manama, Bahrain
Dear King Hamad,
We, the undersigned 155 civil society organisations based in over 60 countries write to you united in our condemnation of the politically motivated arrest of human rights defender and co-director of the Gulf Centre for Human Rights, Maryam Al-Khawaja at Manama airport on 30 August 2014. We urge that Maryam is immediately and unconditionally released.
We believe that Maryam Al-Khawaja is being persecuted for exercising her legitimate rights to freedom of expression and association in the defence of fundamental freedoms including her co-operation with international institutions and her important role in documenting human rights violations in Bahrain. We stand in solidarity with Maryam and all other human rights defenders wrongly imprisoned by your government for their work and beliefs.
We remind you that the harassment, intimidation or stigmatization of a human rights defender, including arrest, detention, trial or imprisonment for reasons of the opinions they may hold, constitute a serious violation of Bahrain's obligations under international law.
We remain concerned that since the pro-democracy protests intensified in February 2011 your government has deliberately subverted democratic freedoms using a combination of legal and extra-legal measures involving politically motivated prosecutions, brutal crackdowns on protests and silencing expressions of dissent in the print and online media. Many have raised the concern about the arbitrary detention of hundreds of pro-democracy activists and their being subjected to torture and ill-treatment in detention centres across Bahrain.
At the UN Human Rights Council, during Bahrain's Universal Periodic Review (UPR) in 2012 your government agreed to protect human rights defenders and allow them to conduct their work without hindrance, intimidation or harassment. On 5 September 2014, a group of United Nations independent human rights experts also demanded Maryam Al-Khawaja's release, and urged you to follow through on your commitments made during the UPR to end the persecution of all human rights defenders in Bahrain. We support Maryam's courage and strength for advocating for democratic change.
We urge your government to recognise the legitimate demands of the Bahraini people for their rights and end the cycle of protest and repression. We thus call upon you to begin a process of democratic reform, healing and reconciliation in Bahrain.
Key steps towards achieving the above would be to release all detained human rights defenders and prisoners of conscience and cease the oppression of human rights defenders, journalists and civil society organizations.
Read more on the CIVICUS website.
This article was originally published by PEN International on September 18, 2014
Tags: Bahrain, blogslider, homeslider, Maryam Al Khawaja, PEN International


I used an empty soup can as the pattern for my circles, and on the back of each piece of scrapbook paper, traced around the bottom of the can so I had quite a few circles to overlap and cover my lampshade. Next, I used an empty salsa jar and applied hi-temp hot glue generously to the bottom and set it inside of the lampshade on top of the metal base. I also applied more glue and a firm circle of coordinating cardstock to keep the jar stable, as you can see in picture 3.
Next I strung jute twine thru the metal brackets on the inside of the lampshade, as in picture 4, tying it at the top to create a hanger for the lantern. After that I began gluing the paper circles in place, starting at the bottom of the shade, and allowing them to over-lap creating a scalloped bottom and scalloped effect all the way up the shade. My last step was to cut some of my remaining circles in half and glue them around the top of the lampshade leaving about 1/4″ excess. I then folded and glued this down to create a clean, smooth edge across the top of the lantern.
I filled the jar with flameless tea lights and am so excited with the results! Not only was it really easy and fun to make, I was able to use supplies I already had on hand so it was a zero cost craft project. And, that little corner is warm and colorful now, just what was needed!
zero cost, fun and colorful, used what you had already…looks like a perfect project to me!!
What a great project. This would look great in one of my girls' rooms!
Awesome, I love the mix of all the colors and patterns! Thanks for sharing at The Fun In Functional!
I love the lampshade! What a great idea. I'm guilty of collecting more paper than I use too!
Super cute idea! And zero cost is the icing on the cake!
That's really cute. Love being able to use those great papers for something that could sit out and show off a little rather than just be inside of a photo album.
So cute! Love the paper you chose, too! Thanks a bunch for sharing this with us this week!
Cute idea! Thank you for linking up to our Pretty Things Party. Hope to see you back next week!
That turned out sooo cute! I love that paper you used! I'd be thrilled if you'd link this up to Gettin' Krafty With It!
Super cute! Thank you so much for linking this great project up to the Pinworthy Projects Party over at Just Us Four!
I Love your Paper Lantern! So Pretty & Colorful. I love Flowers & Lots of color.
A great look and a fun project. So glad you shared this on BeColorful this week.
I love the scrapbook paper you used to make this. It's so bright and cheery. This is really an interesting idea, especially since it's starting to get darker out. Thanks for posting.
zb5buc Whispering Misty So sorry you all skip the workshop!


text:
Mass Tort Litigation Blog
Chevron, Ecuador, and Allegations of Misconduct
By Joe Tort
In yesterday's Wall Street Journal, Mary Anastasia O'Grady has an article, Chevron's Ecuador Morass: The U.S. oil company charges that the $18 billion judgment against it was secured by fraud, which discusses Chevron's attempts in federal district court in Miami to obtain records to show bribery of a court expert.
Another article in today's Wall Street Journal discusses recent decisions from the Southern District of New York. In one opinion, the court allowed certain claims by Chevron, including RICO claims, to proceed against attorney Steven Donziger in connection with Donziger's alleged role as advisor in the Ecuadoran lawsuit, but in the other opinion, the court denied Chevron's motion to attach various assets.
May 15, 2012 in Environmental Torts, Ethics, Foreign, Lawyers | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Ronald Brand on Access-to-Justice Analysis on a Due Process Platform
Ronald Brand (Pittsburgh) has posted to SSRN his article, Access-to-Justice Analysis on a Due Process Platform. Here is the abstract:
In their article, Forum Non Conveniens and The Enforcement of Foreign Judgments, Christopher Whytock and Cassandra Burke Robertson provide a wonderful ride through the landscape of the law of both forum non convenience and judgments recognition and enforcement. They explain doctrinal development and current case law clearly and efficiently, in a manner that educates, but does not overburden, the reader. Based upon that explanation, they then provide an analysis of both areas of the law and offer suggestions for change. Those suggestions, they tell us, are necessary to close the "transnational access-to-justice gap" that results from apparent differences between rules applied in a forum non conveniens analysis and rules applied to the question of recognition of foreign judgments. While the analysis is good, it ignores core differences among legal systems, particularly the due process core of U.S. jurisdictional jurisprudence and the "access to justice" approach to jurisdiction, particularly of European civil law systems (from which most other civil law systems draw their origins). This distinction involves a fundamental difference, with U.S. doctrine focusing on the rights of the defendant and the civil law doctrine focusing on the rights of the plaintiff. So long as this difference exists, it will not be possible to wrap the process of declining jurisdiction and the process of recognition of foreign judgments in the same cloak of doctrine in order to provide common or connected analysis.
February 2, 2012 in Foreign, Mass Tort Scholarship, Procedure | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
PIP Breast Implants and Mass Torts in Europe
According to this article from CNN, French authorities have arrested Jean-Claude Mas, the founder of Poly Implant Protheses (PIP), in connection with alleged manslaughter and involuntary harm to a woman who died from cancer and had PIP breast implants. The article notes that 300,000 women in 65 countries received PIP breast implants, and that questions have been raised about the use of non-medical-grade silicon and PIP went bankrupt in late 2010.
The PIP breast-implants controversy may present an opportunity to observe non-U.S.-style mechanisms for what here would likely have been a mass tort litigation. Since the PIP breast implants were not permitted to be sold in the U.S., litigation may be concentrated abroad. In general, my sense is that the European approach is more reliant on criminal law than tort for deterrence, compensatory damages are limited because of the comparatively extensive governmental social insurance, punitive damages are unavailable, and class actions are traditionally not embraced (though class actions appear to be on the rise globally -- see, e.g., the Stanford Global Class Actions Exchange).
Interestingly, according to the article, one French woman who received PIP breast implants said, "Too bad we do not have a justice system like they do in the United States which allows the accumulation of penalties...because the small punishment he will receive for what he did to 300,000 to 400,000 women, is not much compared to what we have suffered because of him."
(H/t to my Mass Tort Litigation student Abigail Anderson for sending me the CNN story.)
January 29, 2012 in Aggregate Litigation Procedures, FDA, Foreign, Procedure, Products Liability | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Chevron Appeals $8.6 billion Judgment to Ecuador's National Court
CNN reports that Chevron has appealed the $8.6 billion environmental judgment to Ecuador's National Court. The case has been closely watched not only for its high dollar amounts, but for the questions raised by Chevron about the integrity of Ecuador's courts. Questions of foreign-court bias may be more frequent as mass tort litigation increasingly becomes global tort litigation, and disputes against large, deep-pocketed corporations are brought by foreign claimants in foreign courts.
January 21, 2012 in Environmental Torts, Ethics, Foreign, Mass Disasters, Punitive Damages | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Chevron's Use of U.S. Discovery to Aid Defense of Ecuadoran Environmental Litigation
AmLaw Daily has an interesting article on Chevron's use of 28 U.S.C. s. 1782, which allows U.S. discovery in aid of foreign litigation, in the ongoing litigation concerning alleged pollution in Ecuador. The article is The Global Lawyer: The Mystery of the Ghostwritten Report, by Michael D. Goldhaber.
February 1, 2011 in Environmental Torts, Foreign, Procedure | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Amicus Brief - Cert Petition: Legislative Jurisdiction/Extraterritoriality
My colleague at Southwestern Law School, Austen Parrish, is asking that law professors contact him if they might be interested in signing on to an amicus brief in support of a petition for writ of certiorari in British American Tobacco v. United States. See the notice, below, for details.
UPDATE -- The links are fixed in the notice below and should now work.
Amicus Brief – Extraterritoriality and Legislative Jurisdiction
Max Huffman (Indiana) and Austen Parrish (Southwestern) have written an amicus brief in the case British American Tobacco v. United States in support of a petition for cert. The cert. petition is part of a massive case brought by the U.S. against the tobacco companies. Various cert. petitions have been filed, including a government petition seeking recovery of a $280 billion disgorgement award. Details about the underlying case can be found on SCOTUSblog.
The amicus brief focuses only on the narrow issue of how a court should approach issues of extraterritorial jurisdiction. They are looking for full-time law professors at U.S. law schools to sign on to the brief. If you would consider signing on to the amicus brief, please email Austen Parrish at aparrish@swlaw.edu, and he can send you a draft for review. There's a tight deadline and the brief will be finalized this week: the deadline for providing notice to file the amicus is this Friday and the brief will likely go to the printer early next week. Because the effects test applies in a number of contexts (antitrust, securities, trademark, labor law, environmental law, criminal law etc.), the D.C. Circuit's decision could have far-reaching implications. This would be a good opportunity for the Court to clarify what is now a confused area of law.
Quick Overview of Case and Issues
The petitioner's cert petition implicates the question of whether RICO applies to the overseas conduct of foreign corporations. The D.C. Circuit did not directly address whether Congress intended RICO to apply extraterritorially -- an issue on which the lower courts are divided. Instead, it found: (1) that when domestic effects are felt in the United States, regulation of foreign conduct of a foreign corporation does not implicate extraterritorial jurisdiction; and (2) that it need not decide whether RICO applies extraterritorially so long as the foreign conduct has substantial effects in the United States. Because the D.C. Circuit found a domestic effect, it presumed that Congress intended RICO to regulate abroad. The case raises interesting questions about the role of the presumption against extraterritoriality, the effects test, and international law. It implicates at least a three-way circuit split on how the courts determine legislative (prescriptive jurisdiction).
The amicus brief focuses on how a court should interpret the geographic reach of federal law (the extraterritoriality question). The brief is being submitted to encourage the Court to grant certiorari. After explaining the confusion that exists in the lower courts on the issue of legislative jurisdiction, the brief clarifies the history and application of the effects test and shows how that history bears upon the proper interpretation of whether Congress intended a statute to reach extraterritorial conduct. The brief does not take a position on the underlying merits: the federal government's use of RICO to prevent and restrain an alleged scheme to deceive American consumers about the health risks of smoking. The amicus brief argues that courts should not use the effects to create a presumption in favor of extraterritorial regulation, but rather that the effects test sets the outer limit of Congressional power under international law (assuming one of the other bases for jurisdiction under international law does not exist). The brief highlights how assuming that legislation applies extraterritoriality can cause harm and undermine the meaningful development of international law.
Professors Huffman and Parrish have previously written about these issues, which forms the basis for the amicus brief. Professor Huffman's article on the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act can be found here. Professor Parrish has written two pieces. The first, Reclaiming International Law from Extraterritoriality can be found here. The second, The Effects Test: Extraterritoriality's Fifth Business can be found here.
March 8, 2010 in Aggregate Litigation Procedures, Foreign, Procedure, Products Liability, Tobacco | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Update on Collective Redress in England and Wales
Back in November of 2008, England and Wales asked Lord Justice Jackson to review civil litigation costs and how those costs affected access to justice. He recently issued his final report (a hefty 584 pages). BBC News calls the report a "radical plan[ ] to shake up costs of civil cases." Here's an excerpt of the story:
Lord Justice Jackson's Review of Civil Litigation Costs is a result of a recognition that it is simply too expensive for many people and small companies to bring or defend civil cases.
"What I want to do is to focus the system so less money is paid to intermediaries and others in the process, and more money is paid to victims," he told the BBC.
"I am concerned about individuals, small businesses and others who need to use the courts."
His proposals are radical. He has looked at the factors forcing costs up in civil actions, and in particular he has focussed on Conditional Fee Agreements (CFAs), more commonly known as "no win, no fee" agreements.
Despite BBC's headline, the final report was ultimately less radical than the preliminary one, which leaned toward abolishing England's cost-shifting "loser pays" rule. The final report concludes that cost shifting should remain the norm (even in collective actions), but excepts personal injury claims from the norm. Whether personal injury claims are brought individually or collectively, the final report recommends "qualified one-way costs shifting" where winning claimants could recover their costs from the defendant, but generally do not have to pay the defendant's costs if they lose.
Of additional import, the final report recommends that solicitors and barristers should be allowed to enter into contingency fee arrangements, which are currently prohibited. Before entering into such an arrangement, the report recommends that claimants receive independent advice. It also suggests capping the fees at 25%.
Finally, the report recommends making third-party funding available to personal injury claimants (including those involved in collective actions). It defines third party funding as "The funding of litigation by a party who has no pre-existing interest in the litigation, usually on the basis that (i) the funder will be paid out of the proceeds of any amounts recovered as a consequence of the litigation, often as a percentage of the recovery sum; and (ii) the funder is not entitled to payment should the claim fail." (Final Report at p. 17). Very interesting.
For additional commentary on the report, here are links to Lovells, the UK's Financial Times, and BBC News. Whether the suggested reforms will be implemented remains to be seen.
January 19, 2010 in Aggregate Litigation Procedures, Class Actions, Current Affairs, Foreign, Lawyers, Procedure, Regulation | Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBack (0)
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It's been quite some time since I last posted anything in here as I've been, well, too busy working and doin' stuff… What we have coming is something pretty amazing. We have pictures coming from punk shows, alternative shows and some pretty nice gems from the archives as well. Gonna be some pretty cool!
Sometime ago I video material for Rikoslaki on their show here in Suisto Klubi and now that video has been released. Go check it out here All the live material seen there on the telly, shot by yours truly!
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