text:
PIC Factsheet
Chemicals Subject to PIC - Factsheet
Substances subject to export controls or banned from export from the EU under the PIC Regulation
PIC ANNEX ENTRIES
SUBSTANCES IN SCOPE
The data is presented in two views: PIC Annex Entries, showing the specific entries to Annex I and V of the PIC Regulation; Substances in scope, showing for information only a set of the chemical substances identified as belonging to the PIC Annex Entries. While ECHA makes every effort to keep the substances in scope up to date, for Annex Entries where all substances in scope cannot be listed, for example "Cadmium and its compounds", note that the chemicals in scope provided do not constitute a comprehensive list.
The PIC Annex Entries view will show the identity of each Annex Entry, including EC and CAS numerical identifiers where available. The specific Annex Part(s) which apply, the use category, and the use limitation will be shown directly, along with a link to more details per entry.
These details will include the same Annex Part(s), use category, and use limitation currently in force as in the initial view. Where available any regulatory history will also be shown. There will also be an extract of the relevant legislation text (taken at the time the Entry was added to the PIC Regulation), and an overview of the related PIC data for the Entry, giving the counts of Export notifications, Explicit consent or waiver requests, and Import notifications.
The Substances in Scope view will show the identity of each substance, including EC and CAS numerical identifiers where available. The specific Annex Part(s) which are calculated to apply, and an indication of whether the substance is itself directly a PIC Annex Entry, or is an identified member of an Annex Entry representing a group substance (e.g. "Cadmium and its compounds") will also be shown. There will also be a link to more details per substance.
These details will include, where relevant, an indication of why the substance is considered in scope of the PIC Regulation (e.g. "Cadmium succinate" is considered in scope since it is identified as belonging to the group "Cadmium and its compounds"). The same Annex Part(s) will be shown as in the initial view, along with the use category and use limitation. Where available any regulatory history will also be shown. There will also be an extract of the relevant legislation text (taken at the time the related Entry was added to the PIC Regulation), and an overview of the related PIC data for the Substance, giving the count of Export notifications, Explicit consent or waiver requests, and Import notifications.
In both views the data presented come from PIC Regulation Annexes I and V.
Annex I
Annex I lists the chemicals subject to PIC controls, and is divided into three parts that define the different obligations that apply.
These are entries subject to an export notification procedure – where the authorities of the destination country are informed of the export. Entries in this Annex Part comprise chemicals that are banned or severely restricted within the EU in at least one of the four use subcategories defined in the PIC Regulation:
Industrial chemicals for professional use
Industrial chemicals for consumer use
Pesticides used as plant protection products
Other pesticides such as biocidal products
These are entries subject to the requirements of Part 2, and in addition the additional requirement that the authorities of the destination country providing a statement to show that they agree to the import, called an explicit consent.
These qualify for PIC notification under the Rotterdam Convention because they are banned or severely restricted within the EU in one of the two use categories defined by the Rotterdam Convention: pesticide or industrial chemical.
These are entries which are subject to the export notification requirement, and additionally to the explicit consent, except where an import response is published in the PIC circular of the Rotterdam Convention, and certain criteria are met.
These entries are subject to the PIC procedure as described in the Rotterdam Convention and are listed in Annex III to the Convention itself.
Annex V
Annex V lists the chemicals and articles the use of which is prohibited in the European Union and which shall not be exported. Chemicals and articles listed in Part 1 of Annex V are subject to export ban and belong to the category of persistent organic pollutants; Part 2 of Annex V lists chemicals and articles subject to export ban other than persistent organic pollutants.
Use details – search by the use category and / or use limitation (Ban / Restriction) applicable to a substance.
SUBSTANCE DETAILS VIEW
(R)-12-hydroxyoleic acid, barium cadmium salt
EC No: 275-370-1
(R)-12-hydroxyoleic acid, barium cadmium salt is listed in PIC since it has been identified as a member of the chemical group: Cadmium and its compounds
Current PIC Context
Use Limitation
Annex I Part 2
643/2022 Industrial Chemicals
Severely Restricted
PIC Regulatory History
The use of substance cadmium and of its compounds is severely restricted in the use category "industrial chemical for public use" and also severely restricted in the use category "industrial chemical for professional use" by Regulation (EC) 1907/2006*, Directive 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council** and Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (batteries and accumulators)***.
Placing on the market and use of cadmium and its compounds in mixtures, articles, paints and brazing fillers is restricted in accordance with entry 23 of Annex XVII to (*)Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) (OJ L 396 30.12.2006 p.1-849);
Cadmium and its compounds:
1. Shall not be used in mixtures and articles produced from the following synthetic organic polymers (hereafter referred to as plastic material):
- polymers or copolymers of vinyl chloride (PVC) [3904 10] [3904 21]
- polyurethane (PUR) [3909 50]
- low-density polyethylene (LDPE), with the exception of low-density polyethylene used for the production of coloured masterbatch [3901 10]
- cellulose acetate (CA) [3912 11]
- cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) [3912 11]
- epoxy resins [3907 30]
- melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resins [3909 20]
- urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins [3909 10]
- unsaturated polyesters (UP) [3907 91]
- polyethylene terephthalate (PET) [3907 60]
- polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)
- transparent/general-purpose polystyrene [3903 11]
- acrylonitrile methylmethacrylate (AMMA)
- cross-linked polyethylene (VPE)
- high-impact polystyrene
- polypropylene (PP) [3902 10]
Mixtures and articles produced from plastic material as listed above shall not be placed on the market if the concentration of cadmium (expressed as Cd metal) is equal to or greater than 0,01 % by weight of the plastic material.
By way of derogation, the second subparagraph shall not apply to articles placed on the market before 10 December 2011.
The first and second subparagraphs apply without prejudice to Council Directive 94/62/EC (OJ L 365 31.12.1994 p.10-23) and acts adopted on its basis.
2. Shall not be used or placed on the market in paints with codes [3208] [3209] in a concentration (expressed as Cd metal) equal to or greater than 0,01 % by weight.
For paints with codes [3208] [3209] with a zinc content exceeding 10 % by weight of the paint, the concentration of cadmium (expressed as Cd metal) shall not be equal to or greater than 0,1 % by weight.
Painted articles shall not be placed on the market if the concentration of cadmium (expressed as Cd metal) is equal to or greater than 0,1 % by weight of the paint on the painted article.
3. By way of derogation, paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to articles coloured with mixtures containing cadmium for safety reasons.
4. By way of derogation, paragraph 1, second subparagraph shall not apply to:
- mixtures produced from PVC waste, hereinafter referred to as "recovered PVC",
- mixtures and articles containing recovered PVC if their concentration of cadmium (expressed as Cd metal) does not exceed 0,1 % by weight of the plastic material in the following rigid PVC applications:
(a) profiles and rigid sheets for building applications;
(b) doors, windows, shutters, walls, blinds, fences, and roof gutters;
(c) decks and terraces;
(d) cable ducts;
(e) pipes for non-drinking water if the recovered PVC is used in the middle layer of a multilayer pipe and is entirely covered with a layer of newly produced PVC in compliance with paragraph 1 above.
Suppliers shall ensure, before the placing on the market of mixtures and articles containing recovered PVC for the first time, that these are visibly, legibly and indelibly marked as follows: "Contains recovered PVC" or with the […] pictogram.
5. For the purpose of this entry, "cadmium plating" means any deposit or coating of metallic cadmium on a metallic surface.
Shall not be used for cadmium plating metallic articles or components of the articles used in the following sectors/applications:
(a) equipment and machinery for:
- food production [8210] [8417 20] [8419 81] [8421 11] [8421 22] [8422] [8435] [8437] [8438] [8476 11]
- agriculture [8419 31] [8424 81] [8432] [8433] [8434] [8436]
- cooling and freezing [8418]
- printing and book-binding [8440] [8442] [8443]
(b) equipment and machinery for the production of:
- household goods [7321] [8421 12] [8450] [8509] [8516]
- furniture [8465] [8466] [9401] [9402] [9403] [9404]
- sanitary ware [7324]
- central heating and air conditioning plant [7322] [8403] [8404] [8415]
In any case, whatever their use or intended final purpose, the placing on the market of cadmium-plated articles or components of such articles used in the sectors/applications listed in points (a) and (b) above and of articles manufactured in the sectors listed in point (b) above is prohibited.
6. The provisions referred to in paragraph 5 shall also be applicable to cadmium-plated articles or components of such articles when used in the sectors/applications listed in points (a) and (b) below and to articles manufactured in the sectors listed in (b) below:
(a) equipment and machinery for the production of:
- paper and board [8419 32] [8439] [8441]
- textiles and clothing [8444] [8445] [8447] [8448] [8449] [8451] [8452]
- industrial handling equipment and machinery [8425] [8426] [8427] [8428] [8429] [8430] [8431]
- road and agricultural vehicles [chapter 87]
- rolling stock [chapter 86]
- vessels [chapter 89]
7. However, the restrictions in paragraphs 5 and 6 shall not apply to:
- articles and components of the articles used in the aeronautical, aerospace, mining, offshore and nuclear sectors whose applications require high safety standards and in safety devices in road and agricultural vehicles, rolling stock and vessels,
- electrical contacts in any sector of use, where that is necessary to ensure the reliability required of the apparatus on which they are installed.
8. Shall not be used in brazing fillers in concentration equal to or greater than 0,01 % by weight.
Brazing fillers shall not be placed on the market if the concentration of cadmium (expressed as Cd metal) is equal to or greater than 0,01 % by weight.
For the purpose of this paragraph brazing shall mean a joining technique using alloys and undertaken at temperatures above 450 °C.
9. By way of derogation, paragraph 8 shall not apply to brazing fillers used in defence and aerospace applications and to brazing fillers used for safety reasons.
10. Shall not be used or placed on the market if the concentration is equal to or greater than 0,01 % by weight of the metal in:
(i) metal beads and other metal components for jewellery making;
(ii) metal parts of jewellery and imitation jewellery articles and hair accessories, including:
- bracelets, necklaces and rings,
- piercing jewellery,
- wrist-watches and wrist-wear,
- brooches and cufflinks.
11. By way of derogation, paragraph 10 shall not apply to articles placed on the market before 10 December 2011 and jewellery more than 50 years old on 10 December 2011.
(*) OJ L 326, 29.12.1969, p. 36.
(**) Directive 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (OJ L 174, 1.7.2011, p. 88–110)
(***) Directive 2006/66/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulator and repealing Directive 91/157/EEC . (OJ L 266, 26.9.2006, p. 1-14)
Submitted Data for (R)-12-hydroxyoleic acid, barium cadmium salt
Explicit consents / waivers


Anti-bacterial mouthrinses generally contain ingredients (like triclosan, essential oils, or the prescription medication chlorhexidine) that help to control the microorganisms found in the mouth. Plaque, a sticky, bacteria-laden biofilm, occurs on the surfaces of the teeth. Rinsing with an anti-bacterial solution has been shown to provide a greater reduction in plaque than brushing and flossing alone. As tools in the fight against gum disease (gingivitis) and tooth decay, anti-bacterial mouthrinses may be a good step toward improving your oral hygiene.


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Quebec's end-of-life bill decried as Belgian-style euthanasia
Deborah Gyapong
Ottawa, Ontario — June 13, 2013
Pro-life and other groups joined forces to denounce a bill governing end-of-life care introduced by the Quebec government Wednesday as a form of Belgian-style euthanasia.
"This is about doctors lethally injecting patients," said Alex Schadenberg, executive director of Euthanasia Prevention Coalition, echoing the concerns of several organizations, including the Catholic Organization for Life.
Schadenberg said the bill redefines palliative care to include "terminal medical sedation" and "medical aid in dying," which he called a euphemism for euthanasia.
The draft legislation, Bill 52, would allow a doctor who receives the repeated consent of a patient to administer medication to cause death. The patient must be a Quebec resident with a valid provincial medicare card.
If the bill becomes law, it will be the first of its kind in Canada to legalize physician-assisted suicide.
Schadenberg urged the Canadian government to challenge the bill. "It's not the jurisdiction of the Quebec government to legalize a form of homicide," he said.
In a statement, Justice Minister Rob Nicholson promised the federal government would "review the implications of Quebec's proposed legislation on physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia."
"The laws that prohibit euthanasia and assisted suicide exist to protect all Canadians, including those who are potentially the most vulnerable, such as people who are sick or elderly, and people with disabilities," Nicholson said.
He noted that a Canada Supreme Court decision in 1993 upheld criminal code provisions against assisted suicide. Nicholson also recalled the 2010 vote by a "large majority" of members of the Canadian parliament not to legalize euthanasia or assisted suicide.
The Catholic Organization for Life and Family said in a statement that it "radically opposes" the Quebec legislation, describing it as "an unjust bill that will bring about dramatic consequences for all Quebeckers."
"There is nothing humane or compassionate in killing another person," COLF said.
COLF called the bill's "right to end-of-life care" as a "right to euthanasia."
While the legislation lists several requirements that must be met before a patient is deemed eligible for euthanasia, COLF's statement pointed out that a patient does not have to try other treatment options before requesting it. "It will be sufficient for the patient to experience 'constant and unbearable physical or psychological pain which cannot be relieved in a manner the person deems tolerable,'" the statement said.
COLF stressed evidence from Belgium showing the continuing rise in euthanasia from 235 cases in 2003, to 1,133 cases in 2011, according to a 2012 study by the European Institute of Bioethics.
"Euthanasia is gradually becoming a normal and commonplace act that patients are entitled to have," COLF said, quoting the study.
The Physicians Alliance for Total Refusal of Euthanasia and Living with Dignity, a Quebec-based network opposing euthanasia, issued a joint-statement condemning the bill, saying "the government is pushing Quebeckers onto a dangerous path by creating a so-called 'right-to-die.' "
"(The bill) is dangerous, discriminatory and opposed to social justice," said Dr. Marc Beauchamp of the alliance. "At a time when Quebeckers are rightly concerned about the scourge of elder abuse, it would be very naive to think that euthanasia, the ultimate abuse, will not become a growing threat to the most vulnerable."
"Quebeckers already have the right to refuse or discontinue treatment," said Michel Racicot, a retired lawyer and Living with Dignity board member. "They already have the right to say 'no' to overtreatment and to receive effective painkillers, and, if necessary, sedation to reduce their pain. These actions have nothing to do with euthanasia."
"We're trying to legalize euthanasia by confusing people," he added.
While the bill proposes safeguards to protect "free and informed" consent for "medical aid in dying," no safeguards are required for "terminal palliative sedation." Such a step, if undertaken with the intent to kill a patient, is classified as homicide under the criminal code, Racicot explained.
"If you legalize terminal palliative sedation with intent, it is an admission of failure of the Quebec medical system to alleviate pain, whether physical, psychological or moral, and it's a failure of our families to be around those who are at the end of life," he said.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Martyr's Memorial Museum
A testament to Jordan's history
Information..
Client: The Royal Hashemite Court
Industries: Culture and the Arts, Government, Tourism, Travel and Hospitality,
Solutions: Branding, Digital and Interactive, Innovation and Experiential Integration, Spatial Design,
Martyr's Memorial stands testament to Jordan's history and honors its soldiers who fought and gave their lives in the pursuit of peace. The centennial anniversary of the Great Arab Revolt proved a timely occasion to pay tribute to Jordan's brave, selfless soldiers with a fitting redesign.
The museum experience is centered around the idea of ascension. The visitor walks up a spiraling ramp that takes them through a journey of Jordan's military history and sacrifice, beginning in 1916 — the year Sharif Hussein bin Ali officially initiated the Great Arab Revolt.
Video loops instantly engage the visitor with imagery and sound to draw them in and set the tone for what's to come. A wall map towers over a soldier's tomb exhibits the places where Jordanian soldiers had given their lives to bring about and maintain peace around the world.
The journey continues with an integrated experience of exhibitions and installations, print materials, photographs, personal letters, and military artifacts and relics. An interactive display also gives visitors the ability to filter through a comprehensive directory of Jordan's martyrs.
On the rooftop, the rays of the sun touch the names of every Jordanian martyr — engraved on stone plaques — eternalizing their sacrifices and notable contributions to security, peace, and prosperity.
Martyr's Memorial is a story of Jordanian unity, of sacrifice, of building.
The Lab at Darat Al Funun
A new space for experiencing art experiments.
Tiraz
A living tradition of Palestinian and Arab costumes.
Madaba Visitors Center
Information design to reveal layers of history.
SYNTAX ON INSTAGRAM >
SYNTAX ON MEDIUM >


text:
Comparison of nitrous oxide/midazolam and nitrous oxide/promethazine for pediatric dental sedation: A randomized, cross-over, clinical trial
Sedigheh Mozafar1, Majid Bargrizan2, Mojtaba Vahid Golpayegani2, Shahnaz Shayeghi3, Rahil Ahmadi1
1 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 Department of Anesthesiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Dr. Rahil Ahmadi
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, Shahed University, Tehran
Background: This study compared the safety and efficacy of nitrous oxide (N2O)/midazolam and N2O/promethazine for dental treatment of uncooperative children.
Materials and Methods: In this randomized, cross-over, clinical trial investigation Eighteen healthy uncooperative children with a pair of similar teeth requiring the same treatment were included.Combination of N2O/midazolam was given in one visit, where N2O/promethazine was administrated in the other appointment for each patient in a cross-over manner. Oxygen saturation and heart rate as well as behavior parameters according to Houpt behavior scales were recorded. Postoperatively, patients' anxiety and parents' satisfaction were assessed by visual analog score and a questionnaire, respectively. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon' s signed rank test and Paired t-tests with a P value set at 0.05.
Results: Physiologic parameters were within normal limit in both groups. Children in midazolam group were significantly deeper sedated compared to other groups. In the first phase, children sedated with midazolam behaved superiorly in comparison to promethazine, while there was no difference at the final phase of the treatment between the two groups.
Conclusion: Both of the drug combinations resulted in acceptable, efficient, and safe sedation outcomes.
Keywords: Conscious sedation, midazolam, promethazine
Mozafar S, Bargrizan M, Golpayegani MV, Shayeghi S, Ahmadi R. Comparison of nitrous oxide/midazolam and nitrous oxide/promethazine for pediatric dental sedation: A randomized, cross-over, clinical trial. Dent Res J 2018;15:411-9
Mozafar S, Bargrizan M, Golpayegani MV, Shayeghi S, Ahmadi R. Comparison of nitrous oxide/midazolam and nitrous oxide/promethazine for pediatric dental sedation: A randomized, cross-over, clinical trial. Dent Res J [serial online] 2018 [cited 2021 Jan 19];15:411-9. Available from: https://www.drjjournal.net/text.asp?2018/15/6/411/245235
[TAG:2]Introduction [/TAG:2]
Behavior management for young pediatric dental patients between 15 months and 6 years may be challenging for the child and dentist.[1],[2] In these circumstances, the use of pharmacologic methods including general anesthesia or conscious sedation procedures are advised to avoid unsafe, substandard dental treatments.[2],[3] Since general anesthesia desires a minimum hospital setup and an experienced operator, conscious sedation is proposed as a proven while cheaper and more convenient method.[4],[5],[6],[7] The clinical outcome of sedative approaches varies from one individual to another, depending on patient's response to sedative medication.[8] Thus, appropriate drug regimen and route, proper patient selection and restrict monitoring will minimize the adverse events along with great efficacy of sedation and thus dental procedure.[9]
The oral route is the most frequently used method in sedating dental patients.[10] Besides the advantages of oral route, the operator is encountered by some limitations such as unpredictable absorption rate, lack of titration capacity, and delayed onset time.[6]
Nitrous oxide (N2O) inhalation sedation is used by 85% of pedodontists for dental sedation.[2] However, it has proven high technique sensitivity and as a single drug sedation and low potency.[2],[11],[12] According to the shortcomings of both drug routes, N2O inhalation technique is frequently used in combination with oral medications to overcome their limitations.[2],[12],[13]
Promethazine (P) is an old, cheap, and easily available oral antihistamine drug with hypnotic and sedative effects that can be used as a sedative. Promethazine shows anticholinergic properties, due to its ability in blocking postsynaptic dopaminergic receptors.[3],[14]
Midazolam (M) has been successfully administrated in pedodontics due to the anxiolytic, sedative, amnesic, and hypnotic effects. It is a water-soluble quick-acting benzodiazepine with no active metabolites.[12],[14],[15],[16],[17],[18] However, due to its high lipophilicity and high metabolic clearance, a brief time of activity is anticipated.[4],[12]
According to the advantages and disadvantages of each drug, a combination of sedative medicaments may improve the efficacy and safety of the sedation procedure by obtaining the added benefits of combined agents.[19],[12] Hence, it is important to seek a sedative regimen to achieve the maximum therapeutic index with the highest safety profile and patient acceptability to attain the goals of sedation procedure.[6]
Thus, this investigation aimed to compare a combination of oral midazolam and N2O inhalation sedation with a combination of promethazine and N2O inhalation in terms of efficacy, patient acceptance, and safety.
The study was designed as a randomized, double-blind, cross-over clinical trial (registered in www.clinicaltrial.gov with the code NCT01118884) on 18 children (totally 36 clinical sessions) aged 3–6 years who were rated as Category 1 or 2 on the Frankl behavior rating scale, which means showing negative or definitely negative behavior.[2],[19] Sample size calculation was performed by power analysis software (PASS II) using McNemar's test with α (Type I error) = 0.05, β (Type II error) = 0.2, and proportion discordance of 0.6, which resulted in a minimum of 18 patients. Participants were recruited out of 59 children referred to Mofid Children Hospital, Tehran, Iran, during November 2015–June 2016, by simple sampling method [Figure 1]. Patients with American Society Anesthesiologists I, with bilateral and identical restorative treatment needs, requiring 2 or more dental visits and no previous dental sessions, were selected. The exclusion criteria included a history of gastrointestinal tract disorder, renal and hepatic impairment, known drug hypersensitivity, and upper respiratory tract infection or obstruction, which made breathing through nose difficult.
Figure 1: Participant flow chart.
This investigation was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. A written informed consent was obtained from parents/legal guardians in full accordance with the ethical principles of the Helsinki Declaration after full written and verbal presedation explanation.
Sedation procedure
Patients' weights were recorded by an electronic weighting device (Beurer, Germany). Participants were assigned to one of the two groups (M: midazolam or P: promethazine) according to the medication received in their first visit by simple randomization technique on the basis of odd and even numbers using random number table which contained a series of numbers occurring equally often and arranged in a random. Each child received promethazine and midazolam in combination with N2O-oxygen sedation at two subsequent dental visits with 1-week interval as follows: in Group M, children were given 0.5 mg/kg oral midazolam syrup (Amsed, 2.5 mg/ml, Dales Pharmaceutical, England) on their first visit 30 min prior treatment. Group P received 1 mg/kg promethazine syrup (5 mg/ml, Sina Daru, Iran), on their 1st day of treatment, 45 min before the commencement of dental procedure. On the second clinical session in a combination of N2O, children in Group M received the mentioned dose of promethazine and children in Group P got the explained dose of midazolam. The drug was prepared according to the weight of the child by a seditionist, who was present during the whole session. Midazolam intravenous vials, which are widely used in oral midazolam sedation, have to be mixed with a fruit syrup to mask their bitter taste, this may interfere with blinding the assigned intervention. To match the drugs during the two appointments as a part of blinding procedure, we implemented promethazine and midazolam as syrup, with the same appearance and administration method. Blinding was also maintained by masking the patients and the outcome adjudicator to the drug assignment of the precipitants. All participants were nil per oral for 4 h preoperatively.
Twenty-five minutes after midazolam and 40 min following promethazine administration, the nasal mask was placed and fitted to the patient's face, who seated on a dental chair in the sedation room. Primarily, a concentration of 100% oxygen was introduced for 2 min followed by N2O titration by gradually increasing the concentration of the N2O in 10% increments every 30 s to a final concentration of 50% N2O and 50% oxygen.[8] Once the sedation signs such as trancelike expression, smiling, and ptosis appeared,[2],[13] dental procedure was initiated. After the completion of dental treatment, 100% oxygen was administrated to each patient for 5 min.
Vital signs including oxygen saturation (OS) and heart rate (HR) were monitored and recorded every 10 min using a pulse oximeter (Zaccurate®, USA), at the beginning, during, and after the sedation procedure.
Dental procedure
As adequate level of sedation was attained, dental treatment was initiated. Benzocaine 20% topical anesthetic (Master dent, USA) was applied on dried mucosa for 1 min and then 2% lidocaine (Darupakhsh co, Iran) with 1:80,000 epinephrine was administrated in a standard technique as a local anesthetic. Subsequently, the dental treatment was performed by one pediatric dentist. The behavior of each patient during the two appointments was video recorded and afterward assessed by two blinded experienced pediatric dentists according to the four categories of Houpt behavior rating scale [Table 1].[20] Each session was divided into two phases: first and second 15–20 min of the treatment and evaluated separately for behavior parameters. For reliability evaluation, both raters were trained before data collection for the four-part assessment of Houpt scale to lessen the amount of variability in how they view and interpret patients' behavior. Intrareliability was evaluated by second videotape assessment by the same rater after 3 weeks for five children and interrater reliability was interpreted as the agreement between the two pediatric dentists in assessing participants' behavior at one-time point, by kappa coefficient statistics (Cohen's Kappa).
Table 1: Houpt behavior rating scale
Parent and patient appraisal
Postoperatively, the acceptability of each method for patients and their parents was evaluated by visual analog scale (VAS) and a questionnaire, respectively, as self-report assessment tools. The five cartoon typefaces in VAS, ranged from calm (number 1) to very anxious (number 5), displaying the anxiety level of the child. To assess the parents' point of view regarding the efficacy of each drug, a three-point questionnaire (ineffective, effective, and very effective) was implemented.
Recovery and discharge
After the dental treatment was completed, patients were transferred to a recovery room and supervised by a sedation nurse and parents. Once the discharge criteria were achieved,[6] patients were discharged with full verbal and written postsedation instructions. Parents were encouraged to report all possible postdischarge complications, if any.
The efficacy of each drug combination according to Houpt behavior scale and their safety scores based on changes in physiologic parameters (OS and HR) due to sedation procedures were the primary outcome. The secondary outcome was comprised of the child's self-reported anxiety and the guardian's/parent's overall satisfaction. All data were processed by SPSS software (12.0 SPSSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Collected data were statistically analyzed using paired t-test and Wilcoxon's signed rank test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
As demonstrated in [Figure 1], of 59 children assessed for inclusion in this study, 35 children did not meet the inclusion criteria or met any of the mentioned exclusion criteria, six parents were unwilling to take part leaving 18 children. The mean age of the participants (9 [50%] boys and 9 [50%] girls) was 49.16 ± 14.9 (range: 35–73) months, and the mean weight was 15.57 kg (range; 11.85–29).
Intra- and inter-rater reliabilities were established as κ = 0.84 and κ = 0.91, indicating high and excellent agreement, respectively.
Physiologic parameters
As demonstrated in [Table 2], there was no statically significant difference in OS and HR among the two groups at the times (t) = 0, 10, 20, 30, and discharge (P > 0.05). The lowest and highest OS was 91% and 100%, respectively, which were seen in both groups. The least HR (79 beats/min) was observed in one patient at t = 0 in midazolam group, whereas the highest HR was reported in one of the children in promethazine group at t = 20 (171 beats/min).
Table 2: Heart rate and peripheral oxygen saturation recorded during oral midazolam and promethazine sedation
Behavior evaluation
The behavior of each patient was evaluated according to the four categories of Houpt behavioral scale; alertness, movement, crying, and the overall behavior of participants at the first and last phases of each treatment.
Sleep (alertness)
During the first 15–20 min, the majority of participants (94.4%) sedated with midazolam were drowsy (Code 2); in contrast, only 44.4% of children sedated with promethazine were classified as drowsy during the same period [Table 3].
Table 3: Rating for sleep during the sedation procedures
In the last 20 min of the experiment, 77.7% of children sedated with midazolam fell in code 2 of sleep rating, which was significantly different compared to children treated with promethazine (44.4%) (P < 0.05). None of the children were categorized as asleep (Code 3) following treatment with either midazolam or promethazine [Table 3].
As shown in [Table 4], Houpt movement scale in the first and last 15–20 min showed no significant difference between the two drug regimens (P > 0.05).
Table 4: Rating for movement during the sedation procedure
Within the first phase, most of the children in midazolam group showed no crying or mild crying (88.9%). On the contrary children sedated with promethazine showed more intensive crying throughout the first 20 min, resulting in a significant difference between the two groups during this time period (P < 0.05). On the contrary, during the last 20 min, we found no significant difference between the two treatment regimens regarding crying scores (P > 0.05) [Table 5].
Table 5: Rating for crying during the sedation procedure
Overall behavior
As demonstrated in [Table 6], children in midazolam group showed significantly superior overall behavior compared to those sedated with promethazine, in the first phase (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was seen during the last phase between the two groups (P > 0.05).
Table 6: Rating for overall behavior during the sedation procedure
Acceptability of the methods
Parents' and patients' satisfaction is illustrated in [Figure 2] and [Figure 3]. Children sedated by midazolam expressed lower anxiety during the treatment in comparison to children in promethazine group (P < 0.05). However, the majority of parents were satisfied with both regimens (P > 0.05).
Figure 2: Feelings experienced by patients during the treatment. Significant difference was found between the two groups (P = 0.042).
Figure 3: Parents' opinions of sedation. No significant difference was found between the two groups (P = 0.317).
Our investigation compared safety and efficacy of two combination sedative regimens. In the present study, we added N2O either to promethazine or midazolam in two following sessions. Utilizing the combo sedation in this study was aimed to benefit from the synergetic effects of the drugs in obtaining optimum sedation and cooperation.
In the current study, an onset time of 30 min for midazolam and 45 min for promethazine was designated as optimal before initiating dental treatment. This was in accordance with other researches with the same drugs.[1],[2],[14],[21] This time interval was based on the required latent period necessary to reach the maximum peak plasma level of the drug.[1],[22]
In the present study, 0.5 mg/kg midazolam, 1 mg/kg promethazine, and 50% N2O/50% oxygen were administrated, which was in line with previous investigations.[1],[2],[8],[14] Adding N2O is permitted to all sedation methods, leading to an increased sedation and improved oxygen delivery to the patient.[2] A concentration of 50% N2O–50% oxygen provides safe anxiolytic/analgesic effect by the activation of opioid and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor.[2],[8],[11] Preceding researches advocated 0.5 mg/kg midazolam, as no difference was seen in sedating efficacy of 0.5, 0.75, and 1 mg/kg midazolam and some side effects were reported with 1 mg/kg midazolam.[1],[2],[23]
Our results confirmed the overall safety of both regimens based on OS and HR of participants. The OS levels were comparable in two groups and did not surpass the safe range.[1] The lowest OS in our research was 91%, which is defined as mild hypoxemia. Mild hypoxemia (POS: 91%–95%) does not alter other physiologic parameters such as respiratory, HR, and blood pressure, thus, needs no intervention or treatment.[24] The episodes of OS below 95% were transient and corrected immediately by head repositioning. Lindh Stromberg similarly showed a higher than 92% OS in 60 children sedated by 0.3 mg/kg rectal midazolam.[25] Chowdhury and Vargas attributed the transient oxygen desaturation (lower than 95%) to the violent movements and crying of the uncooperative children rather than the pharmacologic action of sedative agents.[22] In an investigation conducted by Needleman et al., children who were moderately to heavily sedated, demonstrated OS <95%. They concluded the level of sedation is an essential factor in oxygen desaturation.[26] In our study, all the participants were fully awake or drowsy.
Statistically, we found no significant differences in the HR of the two groups during the sedation procedures and the average HR in both groups were within the normal limits. The highest pulse rate observed in the present investigation was 171, which exceeded the physiologic rate of 130 beats/min (bpm). However, this HR is not considered as life threatening; as in physiologic conditions, the HR may pass 170 bpm during struggling or crying.[1],[27] Similarly, Vahid et al. reported normal HR and OS in sedation with a combination of promethazine and midazolam.[3]
In the present study, both of the medications proved efficient sedative results. As 89.2% of children in midazolam group and 72.3% of children in promethazine group in initial phase and 77.8% of children sedated with midazolam and 66.7% of children medicated with promethazine in final phase were good-to-excellent behaving according to Houpt scale.[20]
The overall behavior in the first and second phase of the treatment was different between the two groups in the current investigation. During the initial phase of the treatment, children in midazolam group demonstrated significantly superior behavior compared to promethazine. In a comparison, among three sedation drugs; midazolam, promethazine, and triclofos, conducted by Singh et al., they also reported significantly a better sedation effect by midazolam compared to two other sedative medications during the treatment procedure.[18]
In contrast to the first phase, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of overall behavior in the present study. This was predictable, as more children in midazolam group demonstrated behaviors classified as mild crying and continuous crying during the last time period compared to the first part of the study, while children in promethazine group showed similar overall and crying behavior during the first and second treatment phase. This may be attributed to the short half-life of midazolam compared to promethazine, which results in a shorter duration of action for midazolam (30 min) versus promethazine (4–6 h).[2],[4],[13] Wilson et al. stated that midazolam has a short half-life, which causes minimum crying and struggling during the first 10–15 min following local anesthesia; thus, they suggested midazolam as an ideal choice in short procedures.[28]
Regarding the sedation level, we observed a deeper sedation during the dental treatment with midazolam compared to promethazine. Almost 94.4% of children in midazolam group were drowsy (Code 2) during the first 20 min. As a result of short time of action for midazolam, the proportion of children with drowsiness decreased (77.7%) during the last phase. In contrast to midazolam, most of the children in promethazine group remained fully awake in both time periods. This may also explain the superior overall behavior in sedation with midazolam compared to promethazine in the first time period and their insignificant difference in the last phase of treatment. We used VAS to investigate the level of anxiety of children following each treatment session. VAS is a simple and reliable means in evaluating dental anxiety with a 5-point Lickert scale and scores ranging from "relaxed/not anxious" to "very anxious" including five cartoon faces.[29] Our results showed a lower anxiety level among children sedated with midazolam compared to promethazine. This may be associated with deeper sedation levels of children in midazolam group, which may affect the overall assessment of the participants positively.[12] However, the parents did not prefer one drug combination over the other and were totally satisfied with both drug regimens. Although self-report assessments are widely approved in evaluating the acceptability of sedation procedures, the opinion of parents about their children's treatment is very subjective, and thus a more comprehensive questionnaire may be helpful in achieving more accurate and detailed information to overcome this shortcoming.[23]
To decrease the impact of confounding variables and preventing bias, this study was designed in a crossover manner and the operator, patients, parents, and the observer were blinded throughout the study.
The serum concentration of the drug may vary during the treatment session, leading to probable various behavioral reactions throughout the treatment. On the other hand, comprehensive assessment of each phase of treatment may be compromised or even impossible because of clinical demands of the sedation. Thus, video recording the whole appointment may have resulted in a more detailed behavior evaluation in this study. In our research, though parents were asked to report any postsedation complications after discharge, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the two drug combinations. As postoperative complications may affect the patients' and parents' overall satisfaction regarding the sedative regimens, thus, we suggest a similar investigation on the potential postoperative complications and recovery characteristics of the two medication regimens.
Both of the drug combinations resulted in acceptable, efficient sedation outcomes in uncooperative children and were safe regarding pulse rate and OS. We observed a significantly deeper sedation and improved overall behavior by midazolam in the initial phase of treatment compared to promethazine; however, the overall behavior did not differ significantly between the two medications during the final phase of the procedures.
The authors of this manuscript declare that they have no conflicts of interest, real or perceived, financial or nonfinancial in this article.
Tavassoli-Hojjati S, Mehran M, Haghgoo R, Tohid-Rahbari M, Ahmadi R. Comparison of oral and buccal midazolam for pediatric dental sedation: A randomized, cross-over, clinical trial for efficacy, acceptance and safety. Iran J Pediatr 2014;24:198-206.
Dean JA, Avery DA, Mc Donald RE. Dentistry for Child and Adolescent. 10th ed. Indiana: Mosby Publication; 2016. p. 303-320.
Golpayegani MV, Dehghan F, Ansari G, Shayeghi S. Comparison of oral midazolam-ketamine and midazolam-promethazine as sedative agents in pediatric dentistry. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2012;9:36-40.
Gazal G, Fareed WM, Zafar MS, Al-Samadani KH. Pain and anxiety management for pediatric dental procedures using various combinations of sedative drugs: A review. Saudi Pharm J 2016;24:379-85.
Ramazani N. Different aspects of general anesthesia in pediatric dentistry: A Review. Iran J Pediatr 2016;26:e2613.
Coté CJ, Wilson S; Work Group on Sedation. Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: An update. Pediatrics 2006;118:2587-602.
Barzegari H, Zohrevandi B, Masoumi K, Forouzan A, Darian AA, Khosravi S, et al. Comparison of oral midazolam and promethazine with oral midazolam alone for sedating children during computed tomography. Emerg (Tehran) 2015;3:109-13.
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Guideline on use of nitrous oxide for pediatric dental patients. Pediatr Dent 2013;35:E174-8.
Huang A, Tanbonliong T. Oral sedation postdischarge adverse events in pediatric dental patients. Anesth Prog 2015;62:91-9.
Saxen MA, Wilson S, Paravecchio R. Anesthesia for pediatric dentistry. Dent Clin North Am 1999;43:231-45, vi.
Musani IE, Chandan NV. A comparison of the sedative effect of oral versus nasal midazolam combined with nitrous oxide in uncooperative children. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2015;16:417-24.
Venchard GR, Thomson PJ, Boys R. Improved sedation for oral surgery by combining nitrous oxide and intravenous midazolam: A randomized, controlled trial. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006;35:522-7.
Houpt MI, Limb R, Livingston RL. Clinical effects of nitrous oxide conscious sedation in children. Pediatr Dent 2004;26:29-36.
El Hay OA, Abo El Enin MA, Hamada MH, Ahmed AM. A comparative study between midazolam, promethazine, and chloral hydrate as oral premedication in pediatric patients. Ain Shams J Anaesthesiol 2015;8:56-63.
Graham SR, Day RO, Lee R, Fulde GW. Overdose with chloral hydrate: A pharmacological and therapeutic review. Med J Aust 1988;149:686-8.
Rokicki W. Cardiac arrhythmia in a child after the usual dose of chloral hydrate. Pediatr Cardiol 1996;17:419-20.
Lin YC, Ma JY. Severe esophageal burn following chloral hydrate overdose in an infant. J Formos Med Assoc 2006;105:235-237.
Singh N, Pandey RK, Saksena AK, Jaiswal JN. A comparative evaluation of oral midazolam with other sedatives as premedication in pediatric dentistry. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2002;26:161-4.
Salem K, Khoshrang H, Kousha M, Hoseini M, Ranjbar M, Baniasadi S, et al. Efficacy and safety of orally administered intravenous midazolam versus a commercially prepared syrup. Iran J Pediatr 2015;25:e494.
Wilson KE, Welbury RR, Girdler NM. A study of the effectiveness of oral midazolam sedation for orthodontic extraction of permanent teeth in children: A prospective, randomised, controlled, crossover trial. Br Dent J 2002;192:457-62.
Ghajari MF, Ansari G, Hasanbeygi L, Shayeghi S. Conscious sedation efficacy of 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg oral midazolam for three to six year-old uncooperative children undergoing dental treatment: A Clinical trial. J Dent (Tehran) 2016;13:101-7.
Chowdhury J, Vargas KG. Comparison of chloral hydrate, meperidine, and hydroxyzine to midazolam regimens for oral sedation of pediatric dental patients. Pediatr Dent 2005;27:191-7.
Somri M, Parisinos CA, Kharouba J, Cherni N, Smidt A, Abu Ras Z, et al. Optimising the dose of oral midazolam sedation for dental procedures in children: A prospective, randomised, and controlled study. Int J Paediatr Dent 2012;22:271-9.
Ahmed SS, Hicks SR, Slaven JE, Nitu ME. Deep sedation for pediatric dental procedures: Is this a safe and effective option? J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;40:156-60.
Lindh-Strömberg U. Rectal administration of midazolam for conscious sedation of uncooperative children in need of dental treatment. Swed Dent J 2001;25:105-11.
Needleman HL, Joshi A, Griffith DG. Conscious sedation of pediatric dental patients using chloral hydrate, hydroxyzine, and nitrous oxide – a retrospective study of 382 sedations. Pediatr Dent 1995;17:424-31.
da Costa LR, da Costa PS, Lima AR. A randomized double-blinded trial of chloral hydrate with or without hydroxyzine versus placebo for pediatric dental sedation. Braz Dent J 2007;18:334-40.
Wilson S, Easton J, Lamb K, Orchardson R, Casamassimo P. A retrospective study of chloral hydrate, meperidine, hydroxyzine, and midazolam regimens used to sedate children for dental care. Pediatr Dent 2000;22:107-12.
Howard KE, Freeman R. An evaluation of the PALS after treatment modelling intervention to reduce dental anxiety in child dental patients. Int J Paediatr Dent 2009;19:233-42.
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4], [Table 5], [Table 6]
Mozafar S
Bargrizan M
Golpayegani MV
Shayeghi S
Ahmadi R
© Dental Research Journal | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
Online since 26th February, 2015


text:
Alley Mills (* 9. Mai 1951 in Chicago, Illinois) ist eine US-amerikanische Schauspielerin, hauptsächlich bekannt aus zahlreichen Fernsehserien. Ihr erster Auftritt im Fernsehen war 1979 in The Associates, einer Sitcom-Serie, die nach neun Folgen eingestellt wurde.

Leben
Alley Mills ist die Tochter des Fernseh-Managers Ted Mills und der Autorin und Redakteurin des American Heritage Magazine, Joan (Paterson) Mills Kerr. Sie hat eine Schwester, Hilary Mills Loomis, und einen Bruder, Tony Mills. Nach frühen Rollen in der Kinderzeit in der Fernsehserie Mr. Novak, spiele Mills in Tagebuch eines Ehebruchs, Barfuß im Park und auch Die Waltons. Eine erste längere Rolle erhielt sie in der Komödie The Associates, in der sie eine Anwältin spielte und dort dem damals noch unbekannten Martin Short gegenüberstand. Es folgten Serien wie Making the Grade, Polizeirevier Hill Street und Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, wo Mills fünf Jahre die Rolle der Marjorie Quinn, der Schwester von Dr. Michaela Quinns spielte. In Wunderbare Jahre hatte sie die langjährige Rolle der Norma Arnold, die sie 105 Folgen lang verkörperte. Mills spielte von 2006 bis 2018 in Reich und Schön die Rolle der Pamela Douglas, der entfremdeten Schwester von Stephanie Douglas Forrester.

Privates
Mills lebt in Los Angeles. Ihr Ehemann Orson Bean, mit dem sie seit 1993 verheiratet war, starb im Februar 2020 bei einem Verkehrsunfall.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1965: Mr. Novak (1 Folge)
 1970: Tagebuch eines Ehebruchs
 1970: Barfuß im Park (1 Folge)
 1978 Die Waltons (1 Folge)
 1979: Kaz (1 Folge)
 1979–1980 The Associates (13 Folgen)
 1980: Verhängnisvolle Leidenschaft
 1980: Rape and Marriage: The Rideout Case (Fernsehfilm)
 1981:	A Matter of Life and Death (Fernsehfilm)
 1981: Lou Grant (1 Folge)
 1982: Polizeirevier Hill Street (Hill Street Blues, 4 Folgen)
 1982: Making the Grade (6 Folgen)
 1983: Auf die Bäume, ihr Affen (Going Berserk)
 1985: The Atlanta Child Murders (Zweiteiler)
 1986: Maggie
 1986: Das Model und der Schnüffler (1 Folge)
 1987: Mr. President (1 Folge)
 1987: I Married Dora (2 Folgen)
 1987: Punky Brewster (2 Folgen)
 1988: To Heal a Nation
 1988–1993: Wunderbare Jahre
 1989: I Love You Perfect
 1990: Junge Schicksale (1 Folge)
 1992: Jonathan – Leben gegen jede Chance
 1993: Böses Blut
 1993–1998: Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft (Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman)
 1994: CBS Schoolbreak Special (1 Folge)
 1994: Robins Club (1 Folge)
 1994: Ich bin unschuldig
 1995: Hilfe, meine Familie spinnt
 1995: Das tödliche Dreieck
 1998: Ein Hauch von Himmel
 1999: Profiler (1 Folge)
 1999–2000: Popular
 2000: New York Cops – NYPD Blue (NYPD Blue)
 2000: The Beach Boys: An American Family (2 Folgen)
 2001–2004: Yes, Dear
 2002: Jane White Is Sick & Twisted
 2002: Never Get Outta the Boat
 2002: Girlfriends
 2002–2003: Sabrina – Total Verhext! (Sabrina, the Teenage Witch)
 2003: Strong Medicine: Zwei Ärztinnen wie Feuer und Eis (Strong Medicine)
 2004: Tricks
 2006–2018: Reich und Schön (The Bold and the Beautiful)
 2009: Eine tierische Bescherung (A Golden Christmas)
 2011: Satin
 2011: Und wieder eine tierische Bescherung
 2015: Dr. Quinn, Morphine Woman with Jane Seymour
 2015: Reluctant Nanny
 2016: Appetite for Love
 2016: Wake Up America!
 2017: Maybe Someday

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Frau
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1951
Filmschauspieler

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


So heartbroken with y'all. Praying God will insulate her from the pain.
It's always hard to bear such pain. Right now meds are suppressing your pain but you can't use meds for longer duration. You need to find an alternative. I know a famous chiropractor Mississauga center and I am sure you will get best treatment there.


text:
Avant 1992, les étrangers qui se voyaient refuser l'entrée sur le territoire français étaient maintenus dans les gares, ports et aéroports internationaux en dehors de tout cadre légal. Il n'y avait donc aucun contrôle sur les conditions ou la légalité de ces privations de liberté, qui n'étaient enfermées dans aucune limite de temps. Cet état de fait a été condamné par diverses juridictions nationales et par la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme (CEDH). La loi Quilès de 1992 donne un statut légal à ces zones d'attentes. L'espace des zones d'attente est fixé par décret préfectoral. Y sont maintenues trois catégories d'étrangers : les « non admis », les personnes en transit interrompu et les demandeurs d'asile. Des mineurs isolés peuvent également être placés en zone d'attente. En 2017, la PAF a émis  refus d'entrée sur le territoire et organisés  placements en zone d'attente. Parmi ces personnes,  ont introduit une demande d'entrée sur le territoire au titre de l'asile.

Le placement en zone d'attente
Trois catégories d'étrangers peuvent être maintenus dans ces zones d'attentes (encore appelées Zone d'attente pour personnes en instance, ou ZAPI pour le cas de Roissy-CDG) :
 les étrangers qui arrivent en France par la voie ferroviaire, maritime ou aérienne et qui :
 soit ne sont pas autorisés à entrer sur le territoire français, pendant le temps strictement nécessaire à leur départ ;
 soit demandent leur admission au titre de l'asile, pendant le temps strictement nécessaire à un examen tendant à déterminer si leur demande n'est pas "manifestement infondée" ;
 les étrangers qui se trouvent en transit dans une gare, un port ou un aéroport si l'entreprise de transport qui devait les acheminer dans le pays de destination ultérieure refuse de les embarquer ou si les autorités du pays de destination leur ont refusé l'entrée et les ont renvoyés en France.

La procédure de maintien
Le placement en zone d'attente est une mesure privative de liberté prise par le chef de service de la police nationale ou des douanes chargé du contrôle aux frontières. La décision doit être écrite et motivée, et, depuis 2007, ce premier maintien en zone d'attente ne peut excéder 96 heures. Avant 2007, ce maintien ne pouvait durer que . Le procureur de la République devait être avisé sans délai de ce placement. La mesure pouvait être renouvelée pour un nouveau délai de 48 heures.

Le maintien en zone d'attente constitue une atteinte à la liberté individuelle. En droit français, il s'agit là du seul cas (avec le maintien en rétention administrative des étrangers en situation irrégulière) où des personnes peuvent être privées de liberté pendant une certaine durée sur décision administrative et sans intervention d'une quelconque autorité judiciaire.

Néanmoins, le maintien au-delà de 4 jours n'est possible que s'il est autorisé par le juge des libertés et de la détention, qui est soit le président du tribunal de grande instance soit un délégué désigné par lui. Le renouvellement du placement en zone d'attente peut être autorisé pour une durée qui ne peut être supérieure à 8 jours. Le passage devant ce juge, garant de la liberté individuelle, est une obligation légale et constitutionnelle. Pièce maîtresse de cette procédure, ce juge contrôle les conditions de maintien des personnes qui lui sont présentées. Il est également le garant de l'effectivité des droits liés au placement en zone d'attente. Dans le cadre de ce contrôle, il peut décider soit de renouveler le maintien en zone d'attente, soit y mettre fin.

À titre exceptionnel, le maintien en zone d'attente au-delà de 12 jours peut être autorisé par ce même juge, pour une durée qu'il détermine et qui ne peut être supérieure à 8 jours. L'atteinte à la liberté individuelle devient alors plus importante et le juge n'autorise cette nouvelle prolongation que si l'administration justifie de circonstances exceptionnelles ayant empêché l'exécution du refoulement. Enfin, dans le cas où l'étranger maintenu en zone d'attente dépose une demande d'asile dans les six jours précédant la fin de la seconde période de maintien en zone d'attente, celle-ci est prorogée de six jours à compter du jour de la demande. Dans le cas où l'étranger dépose un recours en annulation contre le refus d'entrée en France au titre de l'asile dans les quatre jours précédant la fin de la seconde période de maintien en zone d'attente, celle-ci est prorogée d'office de quatre jours à partir du dépôt du recours.

Les droits liés au maintien en zone d'attente
La loi reconnaît certains droits aux étrangers maintenus en zone d'attente :
 L'assistance d'un médecin ;
 L'assistance d'un interprète ;
 La communication avec un conseil, son consulat ou toute personne de son choix ;
 Quitter la France à tout moment ;
 Le droit au jour franc, c'est-à-dire de ne pas être renvoyé avant l'expiration d'un délai de vingt-quatre heures à compter du jour d'arrivée à minuit.

La notification des droits en zone d'attente doit être faite à la personne non admise dans une langue qu'elle comprend. Plusieurs rapports de l'Anafé principalement ont dénoncé l'absence de notification des droits aux maintenus notamment le droit au jour franc.

La sortie de zone d'attente

L'admission sur le territoire français
L'admission sur le territoire français peut être prise par la DLPAJ, être ordonnée par le juge administratif ou le juge judiciaire (JLD). Dans le cas où une personne serait admise sur le territoire français au titre de l'asile, elle se voit remettre immédiatement un sauf-conduit qui lui accorde l'entrée sur le territoire français ainsi qu'un séjour de huit jours afin de déposer une demande d'asile en bonne et due forme à la Préfecture. Dans le cas où la personne serait admise sur le territoire français à la suite d'une décision du juge judiciaire, elle se voit remettre le même sauf-conduit mais doit se rendre de nouveau à la zone d'attente afin de se le voir délivrer.

Le refoulement
Hors le cas des demandeurs d'asile, le placement en zone d'attente n'a pour finalité que de permettre à la police aux frontières (PAF) de procéder au refoulement. La loi précise que ce dernier a lieu vers le pays dont l'étranger non admis a la nationalité ou vers tout autre où il est légalement admissible, c'est-à-dire le pays de provenance. Dans la majorité des cas, les personnes maintenues en zone d'attente sont refoulées vers leur aéroport de départ. Aucune différence de traitement n'est opérée à l'égard des mineurs isolés. Qu'ils aient plus ou moins de treize ans, la PAF peut les refouler vers le dernier État qu'ils ont traversé, même s'ils n'y ont en général aucune attache, étant un simple pays de transit où ils n'ont passé que quelques heures.

Dans le cas où la provenance du vol serait inconnue de la police aux frontières (PAF) opérant en zone d'attente, celle-ci fait alors appel au STIC (Système de traitement des infractions constatées, fichier du ministère de l'intérieur regroupant les informations concernant les auteurs d'infractions interpellés par les services de la police nationale), fichier international commun aux polices de presque tous les pays du monde et/ou aux fichiers des compagnies aériennes. Dans le cas où l'aéroport de provenance resterait inconnu après ces recherches, la personne maintenue peut être renvoyée vers le pays dont elle a la nationalité. Si celui-ci est inconnu et/ou que la personne est dépourvue de documents, elle sera présentée par la PAF en ambassade ou en consulat afin d'obtenir un laissez-passer permettant de procéder au refoulement.

Si la personne n'a pas pu être réacheminée durant les 20 jours de son maintien du fait de soustraction à des tentatives de réacheminement par la PAF, elle pourra être placée en garde à vue. À l'issue de la garde à vue, la personne pourra soit purger une peine d'emprisonnement à la suite d'une condamnation en comparution immédiate, soit être placée en centre de rétention administrative (CRA) depuis lequel l'administration continuera d'essayer de la renvoyer. Le parquet peut aussi décider de ne pas engager de poursuites, dans ce cas, la personne est libérée sur le territoire.

Le contrôle des zones d'attente
Le juge des libertés et de la détention contrôle le fonctionnement de la zone d'attente. Cependant, ses visites sont rares. Les conditions de salubrité, d'hygiène et de sécurité ainsi que le respect des droits des personnes détenues sont contrôlées par la commission nationale de contrôle des centres et locaux de rétention administrative et des zones d'attente. Les parlementaires, la commission nationale de déontologie de la sécurité et le comité de prévention de la torture du Conseil de l'Europe disposent aussi d'un droit de visite. Le droit de visite des députés européens a été refusé par les autorités françaises et fait l'objet d'une controverse. Enfin, le CESEDA encadre la possibilité des visites du Haut Commissariat des Nations unies pour les réfugiés (HCR) et treize associations issues de la société civile (Anafé, CIMADE, Croix-Rouge, Amnesty International, France terre d'asile, Forum Réfugiés, GISTI, LDH, MRAP, GAS). Cependant, hormis la présence permanente de la Croix-Rouge et les permanences juridiques de l'Anafé dans la zone d'attente de l'aéroport Roissy Charles de Gaulle, les visites du HCR et des associations sont très rares dans la majorité des zones d'attente et notamment à l'aéroport d'Orly, en région parisienne, où est maintenu un grand nombre de personnes.

Le traitement des demandes d'asile à la frontière

La demande d'entrée en France au titre de l'asile

Si un étranger sur le point d'entrer en France se voit refuser l'admission sur le territoire, il peut être maintenu en zone d'attente. Il peut alors demander l'admission au titre de l'asile, bien que la police aux frontières (PAF) refuse parfois d'enregistrer ces demandes (au moins trente-neuf refus en 2008).

Si la demande est enregistrée, la division de l'asile à la frontière de l'OFPRA procède à un entretien avec le demandeur et peut proposer que la demande d'asile soit considérée manifestement infondée. La notion de "manifestement infondé" a donné lieu à de nombreux débats sur le plan juridique.

Si la demande est considérée comme "manifestement infondée", l'étranger se voit refuser l'accès au territoire et sera maintenu en zone d'attente pendant le temps strictement nécessaire à son départ et renvoyé vers son lieu de départ ou vers "tout pays dans lequel il sera légalement admissible". Cependant, le transport vers toute destination autre que la ville de provenance sera aux frais du demandeur d'asile. Aussi, dans le cas où le demandeur d'asile serait de provenance inconnue, il est alors renvoyé dans le pays de sa nationalité. Si dans ce dernier cas il ne dispose d'aucun document prouvant sa nationalité, il est alors présenté aux consulats du pays dont il dit être originaire.

Si la demande d'asile du demandeur est considérée comme n'étant pas manifestement infondée, cela ne signifie pas qu'il obtiendra nécessairement l'asile après son entrée en France. Il reçoit un sauf conduit qui lui accorde l'entrée sur le territoire français ainsi qu'un séjour de huit jours afin de déposer une demande en bonne et due forme auprès de la Préfecture qui transmettra sa demande à l'OFPRA de la même façon que dans toute procédure entamée sur le territoire. Les mineurs peuvent théoriquement déposer leur demande directement auprès de l'OFPRA.

Le recours en cas de refus
À la suite de l'Affaire Gebremedhin contre France et à l'arrêt de la CEDH du , le gouvernement a pris des dispositions afin de modifier la procédure de l'asile à la frontière. En cas de refus de la demande d'entrée en France au titre de l'asile, un seul recours est possible devant le tribunal administratif compétent. Ce recours doit être déposé dans les quarante huit heures (de minute à minute) à partir de la notification de refus à l'étranger présent en zone d'attente dans une langue qu'il comprend, le procès-verbal de notification de la décision faisant foi. Ce recours est suspensif de toute mesure de ré-acheminement.

Cependant, étant donné que les personnes maintenues en zone d'attente privées de liberté, sont souvent non francophones et ne disposent pas forcément des fonds permettant de recruter un avocat, il est possible de s'interroger sur l'effectivité de ce recours. En effet, il est difficile d'imaginer la rédaction d'un tel recours en français, incluant (comme requis par la loi) des éléments de droit et de fond, en un délai de quarante huit heures à moins que son auteur ne soit francophone et juriste en droit français ce qui dans le cas de la majorité des demandeurs d'asile a peu de chances de se produire. En effet, un recours hâtif prévoyant d'être régularisé à l'audience aurait de grandes chances d'être rejeté au tri par les magistrats du tribunal administratif comme le permet le CESEDA. Aussi, même dans le cas de dépôt d'un recours (ce qui suppose le recrutement d'un avocat) de nombreuses erreurs ont été commises, et de nombreuses personnes en cours de procédure ont été renvoyées dans leur pays de provenance ou ont subi des tentatives d'embarquement.

Le traitement des mineurs non accompagnés en zone d'attente

La nomination d'un administrateur ad hoc
Depuis la loi du , selon l'article L.221-5 du CESEDA le procureur de la République est chargé d'attribuer un administrateur ad-hoc (désigné sur une liste de personnes physiques et morales fixées par décret) aux mineurs non accompagnés qui se trouvent en zone d'attente. Celui-ci représente le mineur dans toutes les procédures administratives et juridictionnelles afférentes à l'entrée en France. Ses capacités prennent fin à la sortie de zone d'attente du mineur. Cette législation a en partie été mise en place afin que la procédure de maintien d'un mineur en zone d'attente ne soit pas invalidée en raison de son incapacité juridique. L'administrateur, selon la loi, "assiste le mineur durant son maintien en zone d'attente". Il rentre donc dans ses compétences, outre de représenter le mineur devant le juge des libertés et de la détention d'effectuer des signalements de danger au juge des enfants, même si cette pratique est peu répandue. Il est aussi très difficile (pour des raisons matérielles tenant au temps que le procureur de la République met à être saisi et à désigner un administrateur ad-hoc) pour l'administrateur ad-hoc d'être présent physiquement lors de la notification au mineur de son refus d'entrée et son placement en zone d'attente. Cela a entraîné de nombreux débats sur la réelle possibilité pour les administrateurs ad-hoc ainsi désignés d'assurer l'assistance des mineurs isolés.

La Croix-Rouge et Famille Assistance pour l'aéroport de Roissy ont mis en place un système afin de répondre à la demande d'administrateurs ad-hoc. La nomination d'administrateurs ad-hoc indépendants de toute organisation associative ne se produit que très rarement.

La controverse autour du placement des mineurs isolés en zone d'attente
De nombreuses entités comme le Haut Commissariat des Nations unies aux Réfugiés (HCR), le comité des droits de l'enfant de l'ONU et la défenseure des enfants se sont prononcées contre le placement des mineurs en zone d'attente ou en faveur de leur admission sur le territoire français.

Le rapport de Human Right Watch du  est particulièrement accablant et critique envers les autorités françaises : violences policières, violations des droits.

Le maintien des mineurs en zone d'attente entre en contradiction avec la Convention internationale des droits de l'enfant (CIDE) qui dispose :
 dans son article 3, que , ce qui a été confirmé par le Conseil d'État dans le cas où un mineur serait renvoyé vers son pays d'origine.
 dans son article 37 b), que .
 dans son article 37 c), que , ce qui n'est pas le cas dans la ZAPI 3 de l'aéroport Roissy Charles de Gaulle où les mineurs de plus de treize ans sont détenus dans les mêmes locaux que les adultes.

En 2018, l'UNICEF, avec plusieurs associations dont la Cimade et l'Anafé, a lancé à ce sujet une campagne en faveur d'une loi qui interdirait l'enfermement des enfants en centre de rétention administratif comme en zone d'attente.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Didier Bigo (dir. de pub.), Circuler, enfermer, éloigner. Zones d'attente et centres de rétention dans les démocraties occidentales, L'Harmattan, Cultures et conflits n°23, automne 1996
 Mathieu Boidé, « Une journée en zone d'attente. Visite de la zone d'attente de Roissy Charles de Gaulle », Hommes & Libertés, n°123, juillet-août-
 Olivier Clochard, Antoine Decourcelle, Chloé Intrand, « Zones d'attente et demande d'asile à la frontière : le renforcement des contrôles migratoires ? », Revue européenne des migrations internationales, 2003, vol. 19, n°2, pp. 157-189
 Hélène Gacon, « La zone d'attente, un territoire bien français... » (sur la compétence du juge des enfants), Justice, n°182, , pp. 2-7
 Stéphane Julinet, « Dans les zones d'attente: Atteinte aux libertés et inefficacité », Plein Droit n° 44,
 Stéphane Julinet, « Zones d'attente: une gestion policière », Plein Droit n° 50,
 Anne de Loisy, Bienvenue en France ! : Six mois d'enquête clandestine dans la zone d'attente de Roissy, Le Cherche midi
 Chowra Makaremi, « Prisonniers du passage ». Conditions de vie des étrangers qui attendent aux frontières des démocraties européennes. Le cas de la "Zone d'Attente pour Personnes en Instance" de Roissy Charles de Gaulle, mémoire pour le master recherche de relations internationales de l'IEP de Paris,
 Louis Mermaz, Les geôles de la République, Stock, 2001
 Gisti, Le guide de l'entrée et du séjour des étrangers en France, La Découverte, Paris, 2008
 "La crise tchétchène (-) Éclairages circonstanciés sur le dispositif de confinement des étrangers dans la zone d'attente de Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle" de Morgane Iserte et "Violence et refoulement dans la zone d'attente de Roissy" de Chowra Makaremi, in. Enfermés dehors. Enquêtes sur le confinement des étrangers, Carolina Kobelinsky et Chowra Makaremi, Terra, éditions du croquant, Paris, 2009.

Liens externes
 Décret no 92-1333 du 15 décembre 1992 fixant certaines modalités d'application de l'article 35 quater de l'ordonnance no 45-2658 du 2 novembre 1945 relative aux conditions d'entrée et de séjour des étrangers en France, NOR: JUSC9220555D
 Décret n° 2004-1215 du 17 novembre 2004 fixant certaines modalités d'application des articles 35 bis et 35 quater de l'ordonnance n° 45-2658 du 2 novembre 1945 relative aux conditions d'entrée et de séjour des étrangers en France, NOR: JUSC0420733D
 « Le contentieux judiciaire des étrangers. Enquête statistique sur les décisions prononcées du  au 31 mai 2007 par les juges des libertés et de la détention et les cours d'appel statuant sur des demandes de prolongation du maintien en rétention ou en zone d'attente », ministère de la Justice, janvier 2008
 "Le maintien d'un étranger en zone d'attente", sur le site Service-public.fr

Articles connexes
 Affaire Gebremedhin contre France
 Mesure d'éloignement des étrangers
 Aéroport Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle
 Aéroport Paris-Orly
 Direction centrale de la Police aux frontières
 Anafé
 Asile, réfugiés et Droit d'asile en France
 Centre de rétention administrative

Droit des étrangers en France
Transport aérien en France


The SIKE unit and its social innovation space will be able to draw on the unique local, national and international expertise and experience of GCU (as Scotland's academic partner), The Melting Pot (as Scotland's practitioner partner) and Social Innovation Exchange (as the UK practitioner partner and dissemination lead in the SIKE project).
The Social Innovation Space, which will support knowledge exchange for social innovation, will attract a range of internal (academics and students) and external stakeholders (private entities, public bodies, SI experts and mentors). Above all, the space will enable collaboration and mutual learning processes.
The Social Innovation Space will have a presence throughout the university campus and particularly at GCU's incubation space, U-Hatch.
The Community Orientated and Opportunity Learning (COOL) Music Project engages with disadvantaged young people (aged 10-21) to create opportunities for equal development and innovative inclusion. Funded by the European Social Fund and the Scottish Government, COOL Music is designed to support wellbeing through personal development, alternative approaches to education/literacy, learning new skills for life and employment. By doing so it aims to help young people realise their potential and positively transform their life. The project is a joint initiative of Community Interest Company, Heavy Sound, and GCU.
Wee Seeds is a start-up social venture that creates tools for parents and children to share the benefits of mindfulness. Wee Seeds is working towards a society where pre-schoolers' emotional literacy, mental well-being and inner strength are considered as important as learning to read and write. The social enterprise (Community Interest Company governance structure) is a graduate of the 2017 cohort of the Good Ideas incubator, by The Melting Pot, Edinburgh. Good Ideas is delivered in partnership with GCU who provide concept oversight and monitoring & evaluation support.


The flu vaccination is "highly recommended" by individuals in the medical field.
Howard said the Centers for Disease Controls and Prevention (CDC) recommends that individuals six months and older get vaccinated each year.
So far this season, Howard said she does not believe there have been any deaths due to complications of influenza. However, she said last year, there were 183 children who died, in the nation.
"That's just devastating," she said.
So far, Howard said there has been no shortage of flu shot. She said that only happens if the demand is greater than production as it was in 2009 with H1N1.
Many individuals fear the flu shot because they believe it can potentially cause the flu.
The Reporter reached out to Delaware County Public Health on multiple occasions, via phone and email regarding flu recommendations and has received no response.


text:
Nokia Lumia 830 Review - The Best Windows Phone Smartphone Yet
By David Gilbert
October 8, 2014 15:08 BST
Nokia Lumia 830 Key Features
5in Display (720 x 1280 pixels)
8.5mm/150g
10 megapixel PureView camera
Windows Phone 8.1 with Cortana
Qualcomm Snapdragon 400 with 1GB RAM
16GB storage with microSD card
Price as Reviewed: £300
Microsoft is pitching the Lumia 830 as the "world's first affordable flagship smartphone" which is a pretty big claim considering the presence of devices such as the Nexus 5 and Moto X already on the market.
What would be a more accurate description of the Lumia 830 is that this is the first affordable smartphone to use Windows Phone that feels like a high-end device.
But with an ageing chipset can the Lumia 830 really claim flagship status?
Lumia 830: Design
I'm a fan of Nokia's Lumia design language, particularly the matte finishes of more recent phones such as the Lumia 930.
Nokia Lumia 830 touts a lively range of rear shell colours IBTimes UK
The Lumia 830 gets the mix between colourful and premium just about right in my opinion. It is thin and light enough to feel comfortable, but the angular metallic frame sets it apart from the plethora of plasticky Android devices on the market.
My review unit came with a green rear shell (which is replaceable) and while it won't be to everyone's tastes, I really like it. I even like the bright orange version which is available.
The Lumia 830 is a balanced phone which has been well thought out, and while it doesn't reach the premium heights of an iPhone or HTC One M8, it can certainly hold its own against the likes of the Nexus 5, Moto X, or even the Galaxy S5.
Lumia 830: Screen
Nokia Lumia 830 held aloft IBTimes UK
Just like a lot of the hardware on the Lumia 830, the screen is a step below what is on offer from the smartphone flagships in 2014.
At 5in and with a resolution of 720 x 1280 pixels the Lumia 830 has a pixel density of 294 pixels per inch (ppi). Now when you consider the LG G3 has a pixel density of 534ppi, your first thought will be that this screen is pants.
But, a combination of the Windows Phone interface and Nokia's ClearBlack screen technology means it looks a lot better than the numbers suggest.
I found it to be bright and crisp and unlike some Lumia models, there is very little backlight bleeding. Contrast is good and text is rendered sharply on websites and ebooks.
While I wouldn't watch a TV show or film on a screen of this size, if that is what you want to do, then the Lumia 830 offers decent performance.
Lumia 830: Performance and Battery life
This is probably the one area where the Lumia 830 falls well short of the flagship devices from Apple, Samsung, Sony and LG.
The Qualcomm Snapdragon 400 chipset used is over a year old and with 1GB of RAM, the phone is nowhere near as powerful as the flagship devices from other smartphone manufacturers.
Nokia Lumia 830 buttons IBTimes UK
The performance is sluggish, and while you can do most tasks, trying to stream HD video or play graphically intensive 3D games will see the Lumia 830 struggle. This is not helped by the Windows Phone interface which is not as snappy and responsive as Android or iOS.
Elsewhere, the Lumia 830 features Bluetooth, NFC, and Wi-Fi N, and supports all UK 4G networks. The phone comes with 16GB of storage but this can easily be augmented with a microSD card up to a further 128GB.
The phone features a 2220mAh battery and while this won't last you as long as the two-day battery life offered by the Sony Xperia Z3, it will easily get you through a full day's use. The Lumia 830 also includes wireless charging support, which is a feature Microsoft is continuing to push.
Lumia 830: PureView Camera
The camera on the Lumia 830 features a 10 megapixel sensor, Carl Zeiss lens, and Nokia's proprietary PureView technology, together with an LED flash and optical image stabilisation (OIS) to make for excellent all round performance.
Low light performance is excellent and Full HD video capture is really helped by the addition of OIS.
The images produced by the Lumia 830 are consistently good and the Nokia Camera app offers a huge amount of manual control.
Nokia Lumia 830 camera app IBTimes UK
The physical shutter button to allow you to quickly launch the camera even when the phone is asleep is also something I wish more manufacturers would include.
Lumia 830: Windows Phone and Cortana
The Lumia 830 is the first phone to launch in the UK with Microsoft's voice activated personal assistant Cortana pre-installed.
The feature, which was launched with Windows Phone 8.1, is still in beta, but it does offer a glimpse of what is in store in the future.
Cortana is still in the early stages of development but already it is showing more promise than Siri, and similar promise to Google Now.
Cortana learns your behaviour and the more you share with it, the more it helps. Voice recognition in my testing was better than either Siri or Google Now, and while results returned slowly on the Lumia 830, that is down to the phone's processor rather than Cortana.
Nokia Lumia 830 rear camera IBTimes UK
Elsewhere, Windows Phone continues to be a frustrating experience if you are coming from Android or iOS where polished apps from major companies such as Twitter and Facebook contrast heavily with the experience on Microsoft's platform.
The software is getting better, but just not quickly enough to really challenge the two other platforms.
Lumia 830: Value and Verdict
The Lumia 830 is the thinnest and lightest Lumia to date and is essentially a slimmed-down version of the flagship Lumia 930. This is a good thing in terms of design, but when you realise the processor has been slimmed down too, then that could be a problem.
However, the Lumia 830 also has a great camera, decent battery life, Cortana pre-installed, really attractive design and great build quality.
And considering it costs around £100 less than the Lumia 930, I contend that this is a better option for those trying to decide between the two.
Of course if you have £300 to spend on a smartphone, then you really should be looking to buy the Nexus 5, even if it is almost a year old.
Nokia Lumia 830 Review Scores
Screen 7/10 – Not the sharpest, but better than you would expect.
Camera 8/10 – Great performance in all conditions.
Software 8/10 – Cortana being pre-installed is a major selling point.
Design 9/10 – Slimmer and lighter than the clunky Lumia 930 - and colourful.
Build quality 9/10 – Excellent.
Overall 8/10 – Possibly the all round best phone in the Lumia range, considering the price, though with some drawbacks.
Good camera
Attractive, colourful design
UK version of Cortana pre-installed
Windows Phone app selection
Sub-par performance


text:
"""
python-social-auth application, allows OpenId or OAuth user
registration/authentication just adding a few configurations.
"""
version = (0, 1, 13)
extra = ''
__version__ = '.'.join(map(str, version)) + extra

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A half sized apron ideal for waiters, waitresses and bar staff. This apron brings you hardwearing designs that will last and last. This apron will liven up your cooking whilst protecting clothes from spillages. Spice up the conversations in the kitchen further by customising your apron with print or embroidery.
Product Size: 750mm x 900mm.
Customisation Area: 100mm x 70mm.


In 1996, the government blew things up on the National Mall to protect your kids. And you, really. Anyone who might be using fireworks or be near someone using fireworks or who might go outside at all ever when someone in the universe is using any type of fireworks. You really can never be too careful.
It was two days before the Fourth, and the Consumer Product Safety Commission trekked out to the base of the Washington Monument to blow things up. Craig Winneker tweeted the full video earlier this morning, and it's at the bottom of this article. But we figured it was more fun to break out the various pieces of advice and accompany them with GIFs. So we did that.
Tip 1: Do not hold sparklers against tiny children.
There are two or three dudes, presumably employees of the CPSC, who have the enviable task of setting off the fireworks in each of the demonstrations. These days, they'd probably wear goggles and full flame-retardant suits, but these guys just look like extras from the "Sabotage" video. One of them, wearing a headset and probably smoking a Winston, ambles up to two dolls positioned on a table, lights a sparkler in the hand of one, and then twists it so that the sparkler is resting against the dress of the other. The dress catches fire.
Who knew. Who knew that would happen. Thank you, CPSC.
The best shot of this sequence, though, is when the camera pulls back. The little doll on the right is in flames. But there in the background is a fire truck. Just in case, you know, the little dolls set all of the grass on the National Mall on fire. Always be prepared.
Tip 2: Do not set off bottle rockets in your pants.
Now let's talk about '90s fashion. I lived through it, I know about jorts and long-sleeved tees. But this kid looks ... off. What's up with his hands? Why is he wearing a Dodgers hat, of all teams? And why does he have a bunch of bottle rockets in his jorts pocket?
And now my favorite part.
This is a metaphor for something, probably. I love the last little spray right in the face as he's walking away.
Tip 3: Do not give salutes while holding cherry bombs.
And now let's talk about the mannequins. This is clearly surplus from a Falls Church Montgomery Ward that went out of business. The mannequin stood in windows, wearing top fashion at some point in the past. Now look at her: bad wig, dumb shades, a ball cap from an unidentifiable team. Where'd they get the clothes, anyway? Did they ask for volunteers? "Do you have any jorts you aren't using?"
Anyway, a Sabotage guy blows off her hand. It's fun to think that maybe this was actually a scene from a Mannequin-style uprising, where animated mannequins began a march on the White House until evil government agents blow off their hands. How are you going to hold that M-16 now, lady?
Tip 4: Tables can explode, too.
Not even going to explain this one. But if you wear a hat while seated at the dinner table, you deserve what you get.
Tips 5 and 6: And fruit. The world is a deadly, horrifying place.
I actually don't know what the point of this is. Yeah, cherry bombs can blow things up. But you can shatter a watermelon by dropping it. It's not like this is a steel box you're putting your explosive into. It's fruit. The stand doesn't even get damaged.
Anyway, I've watched this 40 times and I can't figure out where the watermelon pieces went.
Tip 7: Any safe firework use requires a portable jail cell.
Someone made this cage so that two Sabotage guys could set off Roman candles or something. And it's a good thing they did! After the second explosion, the rig falls over and is pointed right at the camera. That cage saved some poor C-SPAN intern's life. Thank you, cage.
But they really didn't need the wheels. Four Sabotage guys could have carried that thing around. They all look pretty fit. Or ask the firemen to help. They aren't doing anything.
And with that: Watch the whole thing. Warning: The GIFs are better.
This post initially posted over the Independence Day weekend in 2014.


text:
from __future__ import (absolute_import, division, print_function)
# Copyright 2019 Fortinet, Inc.
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

__metaclass__ = type

ANSIBLE_METADATA = {'status': ['preview'],
                    'supported_by': 'community',
                    'metadata_version': '1.1'}

DOCUMENTATION = '''
---
module: fortios_webfilter_override
short_description: Configure FortiGuard Web Filter administrative overrides in Fortinet's FortiOS and FortiGate.
description:
    - This module is able to configure a FortiGate or FortiOS (FOS) device by allowing the
      user to set and modify webfilter feature and override category.
      Examples include all parameters and values need to be adjusted to datasources before usage.
      Tested with FOS v6.0.5
version_added: "2.8"
author:
    - Miguel Angel Munoz (@mamunozgonzalez)
    - Nicolas Thomas (@thomnico)
notes:
    - Requires fortiosapi library developed by Fortinet
    - Run as a local_action in your playbook
requirements:
    - fortiosapi>=0.9.8
options:
    host:
        description:
            - FortiOS or FortiGate IP address.
        type: str
        required: false
    username:
        description:
            - FortiOS or FortiGate username.
        type: str
        required: false
    password:
        description:
            - FortiOS or FortiGate password.
        type: str
        default: ""
    vdom:
        description:
            - Virtual domain, among those defined previously. A vdom is a
              virtual instance of the FortiGate that can be configured and
              used as a different unit.
        type: str
        default: root
    https:
        description:
            - Indicates if the requests towards FortiGate must use HTTPS protocol.
        type: bool
        default: true
    ssl_verify:
        description:
            - Ensures FortiGate certificate must be verified by a proper CA.
        type: bool
        default: true
        version_added: 2.9
    state:
        description:
            - Indicates whether to create or remove the object.
              This attribute was present already in previous version in a deeper level.
              It has been moved out to this outer level.
        type: str
        required: false
        choices:
            - present
            - absent
        version_added: 2.9
    webfilter_override:
        description:
            - Configure FortiGuard Web Filter administrative overrides.
        default: null
        type: dict
        suboptions:
            state:
                description:
                    - B(Deprecated)
                    - Starting with Ansible 2.9 we recommend using the top-level 'state' parameter.
                    - HORIZONTALLINE
                    - Indicates whether to create or remove the object.
                type: str
                required: false
                choices:
                    - present
                    - absent
            expires:
                description:
                    - "Override expiration date and time, from 5 minutes to 365 from now (format: yyyy/mm/dd hh:mm:ss)."
                type: str
            id:
                description:
                    - Override rule ID.
                required: true
                type: int
            initiator:
                description:
                    - Initiating user of override (read-only setting).
                type: str
            ip:
                description:
                    - IPv4 address which the override applies.
                type: str
            ip6:
                description:
                    - IPv6 address which the override applies.
                type: str
            new_profile:
                description:
                    - Name of the new web filter profile used by the override. Source webfilter.profile.name.
                type: str
            old_profile:
                description:
                    - Name of the web filter profile which the override applies. Source webfilter.profile.name.
                type: str
            scope:
                description:
                    - Override either the specific user, user group, IPv4 address, or IPv6 address.
                type: str
                choices:
                    - user
                    - user-group
                    - ip
                    - ip6
            status:
                description:
                    - Enable/disable override rule.
                type: str
                choices:
                    - enable
                    - disable
            user:
                description:
                    - Name of the user which the override applies.
                type: str
            user_group:
                description:
                    - Specify the user group for which the override applies. Source user.group.name.
                type: str
'''

EXAMPLES = '''
- hosts: localhost
  vars:
   host: "192.168.122.40"
   username: "admin"
   password: ""
   vdom: "root"
   ssl_verify: "False"
  tasks:
  - name: Configure FortiGuard Web Filter administrative overrides.
    fortios_webfilter_override:
      host:  "{{ host }}"
      username: "{{ username }}"
      password: "{{ password }}"
      vdom:  "{{ vdom }}"
      https: "False"
      state: "present"
      webfilter_override:
        expires: "<your_own_value>"
        id:  "4"
        initiator: "<your_own_value>"
        ip: "<your_own_value>"
        ip6: "<your_own_value>"
        new_profile: "<your_own_value> (source webfilter.profile.name)"
        old_profile: "<your_own_value> (source webfilter.profile.name)"
        scope: "user"
        status: "enable"
        user: "<your_own_value>"
        user_group: "<your_own_value> (source user.group.name)"
'''

RETURN = '''
build:
  description: Build number of the fortigate image
  returned: always
  type: str
  sample: '1547'
http_method:
  description: Last method used to provision the content into FortiGate
  returned: always
  type: str
  sample: 'PUT'
http_status:
  description: Last result given by FortiGate on last operation applied
  returned: always
  type: str
  sample: "200"
mkey:
  description: Master key (id) used in the last call to FortiGate
  returned: success
  type: str
  sample: "id"
name:
  description: Name of the table used to fulfill the request
  returned: always
  type: str
  sample: "urlfilter"
path:
  description: Path of the table used to fulfill the request
  returned: always
  type: str
  sample: "webfilter"
revision:
  description: Internal revision number
  returned: always
  type: str
  sample: "17.0.2.10658"
serial:
  description: Serial number of the unit
  returned: always
  type: str
  sample: "FGVMEVYYQT3AB5352"
status:
  description: Indication of the operation's result
  returned: always
  type: str
  sample: "success"
vdom:
  description: Virtual domain used
  returned: always
  type: str
  sample: "root"
version:
  description: Version of the FortiGate
  returned: always
  type: str
  sample: "v5.6.3"

'''

from ansible.module_utils.basic import AnsibleModule
from ansible.module_utils.connection import Connection
from ansible.module_utils.network.fortios.fortios import FortiOSHandler
from ansible.module_utils.network.fortimanager.common import FAIL_SOCKET_MSG

def login(data, fos):
    host = data['host']
    username = data['username']
    password = data['password']
    ssl_verify = data['ssl_verify']

    fos.debug('on')
    if 'https' in data and not data['https']:
        fos.https('off')
    else:
        fos.https('on')

    fos.login(host, username, password, verify=ssl_verify)

def filter_webfilter_override_data(json):
    option_list = ['expires', 'id', 'initiator',
                   'ip', 'ip6', 'new_profile',
                   'old_profile', 'scope', 'status',
                   'user', 'user_group']
    dictionary = {}

    for attribute in option_list:
        if attribute in json and json[attribute] is not None:
            dictionary[attribute] = json[attribute]

    return dictionary

def underscore_to_hyphen(data):
    if isinstance(data, list):
        for elem in data:
            elem = underscore_to_hyphen(elem)
    elif isinstance(data, dict):
        new_data = {}
        for k, v in data.items():
            new_data[k.replace('_', '-')] = underscore_to_hyphen(v)
        data = new_data

    return data

def webfilter_override(data, fos):
    vdom = data['vdom']
    if 'state' in data and data['state']:
        state = data['state']
    elif 'state' in data['webfilter_override'] and data['webfilter_override']:
        state = data['webfilter_override']['state']
    else:
        state = True
    webfilter_override_data = data['webfilter_override']
    filtered_data = underscore_to_hyphen(filter_webfilter_override_data(webfilter_override_data))

    if state == "present":
        return fos.set('webfilter',
                       'override',
                       data=filtered_data,
                       vdom=vdom)

    elif state == "absent":
        return fos.delete('webfilter',
                          'override',
                          mkey=filtered_data['id'],
                          vdom=vdom)

def is_successful_status(status):
    return status['status'] == "success" or \
        status['http_method'] == "DELETE" and status['http_status'] == 404

def fortios_webfilter(data, fos):

    if data['webfilter_override']:
        resp = webfilter_override(data, fos)

    return not is_successful_status(resp), \
        resp['status'] == "success", \
        resp

def main():
    fields = {
        "host": {"required": False, "type": "str"},
        "username": {"required": False, "type": "str"},
        "password": {"required": False, "type": "str", "default": "", "no_log": True},
        "vdom": {"required": False, "type": "str", "default": "root"},
        "https": {"required": False, "type": "bool", "default": True},
        "ssl_verify": {"required": False, "type": "bool", "default": True},
        "state": {"required": False, "type": "str",
                  "choices": ["present", "absent"]},
        "webfilter_override": {
            "required": False, "type": "dict", "default": None,
            "options": {
                "state": {"required": False, "type": "str",
                          "choices": ["present", "absent"]},
                "expires": {"required": False, "type": "str"},
                "id": {"required": True, "type": "int"},
                "initiator": {"required": False, "type": "str"},
                "ip": {"required": False, "type": "str"},
                "ip6": {"required": False, "type": "str"},
                "new_profile": {"required": False, "type": "str"},
                "old_profile": {"required": False, "type": "str"},
                "scope": {"required": False, "type": "str",
                          "choices": ["user", "user-group", "ip",
                                      "ip6"]},
                "status": {"required": False, "type": "str",
                           "choices": ["enable", "disable"]},
                "user": {"required": False, "type": "str"},
                "user_group": {"required": False, "type": "str"}

            }
        }
    }

    module = AnsibleModule(argument_spec=fields,
                           supports_check_mode=False)

    # legacy_mode refers to using fortiosapi instead of HTTPAPI
    legacy_mode = 'host' in module.params and module.params['host'] is not None and \
                  'username' in module.params and module.params['username'] is not None and \
                  'password' in module.params and module.params['password'] is not None

    if not legacy_mode:
        if module._socket_path:
            connection = Connection(module._socket_path)
            fos = FortiOSHandler(connection)

            is_error, has_changed, result = fortios_webfilter(module.params, fos)
        else:
            module.fail_json(**FAIL_SOCKET_MSG)
    else:
        try:
            from fortiosapi import FortiOSAPI
        except ImportError:
            module.fail_json(msg="fortiosapi module is required")

        fos = FortiOSAPI()

        login(module.params, fos)
        is_error, has_changed, result = fortios_webfilter(module.params, fos)
        fos.logout()

    if not is_error:
        module.exit_json(changed=has_changed, meta=result)
    else:
        module.fail_json(msg="Error in repo", meta=result)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()