text:
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Anti-Grain Geometry - Version 2.4
// Copyright (C) 2002-2005 Maxim Shemanarev (http://www.antigrain.com)
//
// C# port by: Lars Brubaker
//                  larsbrubaker@gmail.com
// Copyright (C) 2007
//
// Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this software
// is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies.
// This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
// warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
//
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Contact: mcseem@antigrain.com
//          mcseemagg@yahoo.com
//          http://www.antigrain.com
//----------------------------------------------------------------------------
using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Timers;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using MatterHackers.VectorMath;

namespace MatterHackers.Agg.UI
{
	public abstract class WinformsSystemWindow : Form, IPlatformWindow
	{
		public static bool SingleWindowMode { get; set; } = false;

		public static bool EnableInputHook { get; set; } = true;

		public static bool ShowingSystemDialog { get; set; } = false;

		public static WinformsSystemWindow MainWindowsFormsWindow { get; private set; }

		public static Func<SystemWindow, FormInspector> InspectorCreator { get; set; }

		private static System.Timers.Timer idleCallBackTimer = null;

		private static bool processingOnIdle = false;

		private static readonly object SingleInvokeLock = new object();

		protected WinformsEventSink EventSink;

		private SystemWindow systemWindow;
		private int drawCount = 0;
		private int onPaintCount;

		public SystemWindow AggSystemWindow
		{
			get => systemWindow;
			set
			{
				systemWindow = value;

				if (systemWindow != null)
				{
					this.Caption = systemWindow.Title;

					if (SingleWindowMode)
					{
						if (firstWindow)
						{
							this.MinimumSize = systemWindow.MinimumSize;
						}

						// Set this system window as the event target
						this.EventSink?.SetActiveSystemWindow(systemWindow);
					}
					else
					{
						this.MinimumSize = systemWindow.MinimumSize;
					}
				}
			}
		}

		public bool IsMainWindow { get; } = false;

		public bool IsInitialized { get; set; } = false;

		public WinformsSystemWindow()
		{
			if (idleCallBackTimer == null)
			{
				idleCallBackTimer = new System.Timers.Timer();
				// call up to 100 times a second
				idleCallBackTimer.Interval = 10;
				idleCallBackTimer.Elapsed += InvokePendingOnIdleActions;
				idleCallBackTimer.Start();
			}

			// Track first window
			if (MainWindowsFormsWindow == null)
			{
				MainWindowsFormsWindow = this;
				IsMainWindow = true;
			}

			this.TitleBarHeight = RectangleToScreen(ClientRectangle).Top - this.Top;
			this.AllowDrop = true;

			string iconPath = File.Exists("application.ico") ?
				"application.ico" :
				"../MonoBundle/StaticData/application.ico";

			try
			{
				if (File.Exists(iconPath))
				{
					this.Icon = new Icon(iconPath);
				}
			}
			catch { }
		}

		protected override void OnClosed(EventArgs e)
		{
			if (IsMainWindow)
			{
				// Ensure that when the MainWindow is closed, we null the field so we can recreate the MainWindow
				MainWindowsFormsWindow = null;
			}

			AggSystemWindow = null;

			base.OnClosed(e);
		}

		public void ReleaseOnIdleGuard()
		{
			lock (SingleInvokeLock)
			{
				processingOnIdle = false;
			}
		}

		private void InvokePendingOnIdleActions(object sender, ElapsedEventArgs e)
		{
			if (!this.IsDisposed)
			{
				lock (SingleInvokeLock)
				{
					if (processingOnIdle)
					{
						// If the pending invoke has not completed, skip the timer event
						return;
					}

					processingOnIdle = true;
				}

				try
				{
					if (InvokeRequired)
					{
						Invoke(new Action(UiThread.InvokePendingActions));
					}
					else
					{
						UiThread.InvokePendingActions();
					}
				}
				catch (Exception ex)
				{
					Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
				}
				finally
				{
					lock (SingleInvokeLock)
					{
						processingOnIdle = false;
					}
				}
			}
		}

		public abstract Graphics2D NewGraphics2D();

		protected override void OnPaint(PaintEventArgs paintEventArgs)
		{
			if (AggSystemWindow == null
				|| AggSystemWindow.HasBeenClosed)
			{
				return;
			}

			base.OnPaint(paintEventArgs);

			if (ShowingSystemDialog)
			{
				// We do this because calling Invalidate within an OnPaint message will cause our
				// SaveDialog to not show its 'overwrite' dialog if needed.
				// We use the Invalidate to cause a continuous pump of the OnPaint message to call our OnIdle.
				// We could figure another solution but it must be very careful to ensure we don't break SaveDialog
				return;
			}

			Rectangle rect = paintEventArgs.ClipRectangle;
			if (ClientSize.Width > 0 && ClientSize.Height > 0)
			{
				drawCount++;

				var graphics2D = this.NewGraphics2D();

				if (!SingleWindowMode)
				{
					// We must call on draw background as this is effectively our child and that is the way it is done in GuiWidget.
					// Parents call child OnDrawBackground before they call OnDraw
					AggSystemWindow.OnDrawBackground(graphics2D);
					AggSystemWindow.OnDraw(graphics2D);
				}
				else
				{
					for (var i = 0; i < this.WindowProvider.OpenWindows.Count; i++)
					{
						graphics2D.FillRectangle(this.WindowProvider.OpenWindows[0].LocalBounds, new Color(Color.Black, 160));
						this.WindowProvider.OpenWindows[i].OnDraw(graphics2D);
					}
				}

				/*
				var bitmap = new Bitmap((int)SystemWindow.Width, (int)SystemWindow.Height);
				paintEventArgs.Graphics.DrawImage(bitmap, 0, 0);
				bitmap.Save($"c:\\temp\\gah-{DateTime.Now.Ticks}.png");
				*/
				CopyBackBufferToScreen(paintEventArgs.Graphics);
			}

			// use this to debug that windows are drawing and updating.
			// onPaintCount++;
			// Text = string.Format("Draw {0}, OnPaint {1}", drawCount, onPaintCount);
		}

		public abstract void CopyBackBufferToScreen(Graphics displayGraphics);

		protected override void OnPaintBackground(PaintEventArgs e)
		{
			// don't call this so that windows will not erase the background.
			//base.OnPaintBackground(e);
		}

		protected override void OnActivated(EventArgs e)
		{
			// focus the first child of the forms window (should be the system window)
			if (AggSystemWindow != null
				&& AggSystemWindow.Children.Count > 0
				&& AggSystemWindow.Children.FirstOrDefault() != null)
			{
				AggSystemWindow.Children.FirstOrDefault().Focus();
			}

			base.OnActivated(e);
		}

		protected override void OnResize(EventArgs e)
		{
			var systemWindow = AggSystemWindow;
			if (systemWindow != null)
			{
				systemWindow.LocalBounds = new RectangleDouble(0, 0, ClientSize.Width, ClientSize.Height);

				// Wait until the control is initialized (and thus WindowState has been set) to ensure we don't wipe out
				// the persisted data before its loaded
				if (this.IsInitialized)
				{
					// Push the current maximized state into the SystemWindow where it can be used or persisted by Agg applications
					systemWindow.Maximized = this.WindowState == FormWindowState.Maximized;
				}

				systemWindow.Invalidate();
			}

			base.OnResize(e);
		}

		protected override void SetVisibleCore(bool value)
		{
			// Force Activation/BringToFront behavior when Visibility enabled. This ensures Agg forms
			// always come to front after ShowSystemWindow()
			if (value)
			{
				this.Activate();
			}

			base.SetVisibleCore(value);
		}

		private bool winformAlreadyClosing = false;

		protected override void OnClosing(System.ComponentModel.CancelEventArgs e)
		{
			if (AggSystemWindow != null && !AggSystemWindow.HasBeenClosed)
			{
				// Call on closing and check if we can close (a "do you want to save" might cancel the close. :).
				var eventArgs = new ClosingEventArgs();
				AggSystemWindow.OnClosing(eventArgs);

				if (eventArgs.Cancel)
				{
					e.Cancel = true;
				}
				else
				{
					// Stop the RunOnIdle timer/pump
					if (this.IsMainWindow)
					{
						idleCallBackTimer.Elapsed -= InvokePendingOnIdleActions;
						idleCallBackTimer.Stop();

						// Workaround for "Cannot access disposed object." exception
						// https://stackoverflow.com/a/9669702/84369 - ".Stop() without .DoEvents() is not enough, as it'll dispose objects without waiting for your thread to finish its work"
						Application.DoEvents();
					}

					// Close the SystemWindow
					if (AggSystemWindow != null
						&& !AggSystemWindow.HasBeenClosed)
					{
						// Store that the Close operation started here
						winformAlreadyClosing = true;
						AggSystemWindow.Close();
					}
				}
			}

			base.OnClosing(e);
		}

		public ISystemWindowProvider WindowProvider { get; set; }

		#region WidgetForWindowsFormsAbstract/WinformsWindowWidget
		#endregion

		#region IPlatformWindow

		public new Keys ModifierKeys => (Keys)Control.ModifierKeys;

		/* // Can't simply override BringToFront. Change Interface method name/signature if required. Leaving as is
		 * // to call base/this.BringToFront via Interface call
		public override void BringToFront()
		{
			// Numerous articles on the web claim that Activate does not always bring to front (something MatterControl
			// suffers when running automation tests). If we were to continue to use Activate, we might consider calling
			// BringToFront after
			this.Activate();
			this.BringToFront();
		}*/

		// TODO: Why is this member named Caption instead of Title?
		public string Caption
		{
			get => this.Text;
			set => this.Text = value;
		}

		public Point2D DesktopPosition
		{
			get => new Point2D(this.DesktopLocation.X, this.DesktopLocation.Y);
			set
			{
				if (!this.Visible)
				{
					this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.Manual;
				}

				this.DesktopLocation = new Point(value.x, value.y);
			}
		}

		public new void Show()
		{
			this.ClientSize = new Size((int)systemWindow.Width, (int)systemWindow.Height);

			// Center the window if specified on the SystemWindow
			if (MainWindowsFormsWindow != this && systemWindow.CenterInParent)
			{
				Rectangle desktopBounds = MainWindowsFormsWindow.DesktopBounds;
				RectangleDouble newItemBounds = systemWindow.LocalBounds;

				this.Left = desktopBounds.X + desktopBounds.Width / 2 - (int)newItemBounds.Width / 2;
				this.Top = desktopBounds.Y + desktopBounds.Height / 2 - (int)newItemBounds.Height / 2 - TitleBarHeight / 2;
			}
			else if (systemWindow.InitialDesktopPosition == new Point2D(-1, -1))
			{
				this.CenterToScreen();
			}
			else
			{
				this.StartPosition = FormStartPosition.Manual;
				this.DesktopPosition = systemWindow.InitialDesktopPosition;
			}

			if (MainWindowsFormsWindow != this
				&& systemWindow.AlwaysOnTopOfMain)
			{
				base.Show(MainWindowsFormsWindow);
			}
			else
			{
				base.Show();
			}
		}

		public void ShowModal()
		{
			// Release the onidle guard so that the onidle pump continues processing while we block at ShowDialog below
			Task.Run(() => this.ReleaseOnIdleGuard());

			if (MainWindowsFormsWindow != this && systemWindow.CenterInParent)
			{
				Rectangle mainBounds = MainWindowsFormsWindow.DesktopBounds;
				RectangleDouble newItemBounds = systemWindow.LocalBounds;

				this.Left = mainBounds.X + mainBounds.Width / 2 - (int)newItemBounds.Width / 2;
				this.Top = mainBounds.Y + mainBounds.Height / 2 - (int)newItemBounds.Height / 2;
			}

			this.ShowDialog();
		}

		public void Invalidate(RectangleDouble rectToInvalidate)
		{
			// Ignore problems with buggy WinForms on Linux
			try
			{
				this.Invalidate();
			}
			catch (Exception e)
			{
				Console.WriteLine("WinForms Exception: " + e.Message);
			}
		}

		public void SetCursor(Cursors cursorToSet)
		{
			switch (cursorToSet)
			{
				case Cursors.Arrow:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Arrow;
					break;

				case Cursors.Hand:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Hand;
					break;

				case Cursors.IBeam:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.IBeam;
					break;
				case Cursors.Cross:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Cross;
					break;
				case Cursors.Default:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Default;
					break;
				case Cursors.Help:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.Help;
					break;
				case Cursors.HSplit:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.HSplit;
					break;
				case Cursors.No:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.No;
					break;
				case Cursors.NoMove2D:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.NoMove2D;
					break;
				case Cursors.NoMoveHoriz:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.NoMoveHoriz;
					break;
				case Cursors.NoMoveVert:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.NoMoveVert;
					break;
				case Cursors.PanEast:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.PanEast;
					break;
				case Cursors.PanNE:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.PanNE;
					break;
				case Cursors.PanNorth:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.PanNorth;
					break;
				case Cursors.PanNW:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.PanNW;
					break;
				case Cursors.PanSE:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.PanSE;
					break;
				case Cursors.PanSouth:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.PanSouth;
					break;
				case Cursors.PanSW:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.PanSW;
					break;
				case Cursors.PanWest:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.PanWest;
					break;
				case Cursors.SizeAll:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.SizeAll;
					break;
				case Cursors.SizeNESW:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.SizeNESW;
					break;
				case Cursors.SizeNS:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.SizeNS;
					break;
				case Cursors.SizeNWSE:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.SizeNWSE;
					break;
				case Cursors.SizeWE:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.SizeWE;
					break;
				case Cursors.UpArrow:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.UpArrow;
					break;
				case Cursors.VSplit:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.VSplit;
					break;
				case Cursors.WaitCursor:
					this.Cursor = System.Windows.Forms.Cursors.WaitCursor;
					break;
			}
		}

		public int TitleBarHeight { get; private set; } = 0;

		#endregion

		#region Agg Event Proxies
		/*
		protected override void OnMouseLeave(EventArgs e)
		{
			SystemWindow.OnMouseMove(new MatterHackers.Agg.UI.MouseEventArgs(MatterHackers.Agg.UI.MouseButtons.None, 0, -10, -10, 0));
			base.OnMouseLeave(e);
		}

		protected override void OnGotFocus(EventArgs e)
		{
			SystemWindow.OnFocusChanged(e);
			base.OnGotFocus(e);
		}

		protected override void OnLostFocus(EventArgs e)
		{
			SystemWindow.Unfocus();
			SystemWindow.OnFocusChanged(e);

			base.OnLostFocus(e);
		}

		protected override void OnKeyDown(System.Windows.Forms.KeyEventArgs e)
		{
			MatterHackers.Agg.UI.KeyEventArgs aggKeyEvent;
			if (OsInformation.OperatingSystem == OSType.Mac
				&& (e.KeyData & System.Windows.Forms.Keys.Alt) == System.Windows.Forms.Keys.Alt)
			{
				aggKeyEvent = new MatterHackers.Agg.UI.KeyEventArgs((MatterHackers.Agg.UI.Keys)(System.Windows.Forms.Keys.Control | (e.KeyData & ~System.Windows.Forms.Keys.Alt)));
			}
			else
			{
				aggKeyEvent = new MatterHackers.Agg.UI.KeyEventArgs((MatterHackers.Agg.UI.Keys)e.KeyData);
			}
			SystemWindow.OnKeyDown(aggKeyEvent);

			Keyboard.SetKeyDownState(aggKeyEvent.KeyCode, true);

			e.Handled = aggKeyEvent.Handled;
			e.SuppressKeyPress = aggKeyEvent.SuppressKeyPress;

			base.OnKeyDown(e);
		}

		protected override void OnKeyUp(System.Windows.Forms.KeyEventArgs e)
		{
			MatterHackers.Agg.UI.KeyEventArgs aggKeyEvent = new MatterHackers.Agg.UI.KeyEventArgs((MatterHackers.Agg.UI.Keys)e.KeyData);
			SystemWindow.OnKeyUp(aggKeyEvent);

			Keyboard.SetKeyDownState(aggKeyEvent.KeyCode, false);

			e.Handled = aggKeyEvent.Handled;
			e.SuppressKeyPress = aggKeyEvent.SuppressKeyPress;

			base.OnKeyUp(e);
		}

		protected override void OnKeyPress(System.Windows.Forms.KeyPressEventArgs e)
		{
			MatterHackers.Agg.UI.KeyPressEventArgs aggKeyPressEvent = new MatterHackers.Agg.UI.KeyPressEventArgs(e.KeyChar);
			SystemWindow.OnKeyPress(aggKeyPressEvent);
			e.Handled = aggKeyPressEvent.Handled;

			base.OnKeyPress(e);
		}

		private MatterHackers.Agg.UI.MouseEventArgs ConvertWindowsMouseEventToAggMouseEvent(System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventArgs windowsMouseEvent)
		{
			// we invert the y as we are bottom left coordinate system and windows is top left.
			int Y = windowsMouseEvent.Y;
			Y = (int)SystemWindow.BoundsRelativeToParent.Height - Y;

			return new MatterHackers.Agg.UI.MouseEventArgs((MatterHackers.Agg.UI.MouseButtons)windowsMouseEvent.Button, windowsMouseEvent.Clicks, windowsMouseEvent.X, Y, windowsMouseEvent.Delta);
		}

		protected override void OnMouseDown(System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventArgs e)
		{
			SystemWindow.OnMouseDown(ConvertWindowsMouseEventToAggMouseEvent(e));
			base.OnMouseDown(e);
		}

		protected override void OnMouseMove(System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventArgs e)
		{
			// TODO: Remove short term workaround for automation issues where mouse events fire differently if mouse is within window region
			if (!EnableInputHook)
			{
				return;
			}

			SystemWindow.OnMouseMove(ConvertWindowsMouseEventToAggMouseEvent(e));
			base.OnMouseMove(e);
		}

		protected override void OnMouseUp(System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventArgs e)
		{
			SystemWindow.OnMouseUp(ConvertWindowsMouseEventToAggMouseEvent(e));
			base.OnMouseUp(e);
		}

		protected override void OnMouseCaptureChanged(EventArgs e)
		{
			if (SystemWindow.ChildHasMouseCaptured || SystemWindow.MouseCaptured)
			{
				SystemWindow.OnMouseUp(new MatterHackers.Agg.UI.MouseEventArgs(Agg.UI.MouseButtons.Left, 0, -10, -10, 0));
			}
			base.OnMouseCaptureChanged(e);
		}

		protected override void OnMouseWheel(System.Windows.Forms.MouseEventArgs e)
		{
			SystemWindow.OnMouseWheel(ConvertWindowsMouseEventToAggMouseEvent(e));
			base.OnMouseWheel(e);
		}
		*/
		#endregion

		public new Vector2 MinimumSize
		{
			get => new Vector2(base.MinimumSize.Width, base.MinimumSize.Height);
			set
			{
				var clientSize = new Size((int)Math.Ceiling(value.X), (int)Math.Ceiling(value.Y));

				var windowSize = new Size(
					clientSize.Width + this.Width - this.ClientSize.Width,
					clientSize.Height + this.Height - this.ClientSize.Height);

				base.MinimumSize = windowSize;
			}
		}

		private static bool firstWindow = true;

		public void ShowSystemWindow(SystemWindow systemWindow)
		{
			// If ShowSystemWindow is called on loaded/visible SystemWindow, call BringToFront and exit
			if (systemWindow.PlatformWindow == this
				&& !SingleWindowMode)
			{
				this.BringToFront();
				return;
			}

			// Set the active SystemWindow & PlatformWindow references
			this.AggSystemWindow = systemWindow;
			systemWindow.PlatformWindow = this;

			systemWindow.AnchorAll();

			if (firstWindow)
			{
				firstWindow = false;

				this.Show();
				Application.Run(this);
			}
			else if (!SingleWindowMode)
			{
				UiThread.RunOnIdle(() =>
				{
					if (systemWindow.IsModal)
					{
						this.ShowModal();
					}
					else
					{
						this.Show();
						this.BringToFront();
					}
				});
			}
			else if (SingleWindowMode)
			{
				// Notify the embedded window of its new single windows parent size

				// If client code has called ShowSystemWindow and we're minimized, we must restore in order
				// to establish correct window bounds from ClientSize below. Otherwise we're zeroed out and
				// will create invalid surfaces of (0,0)
				if (this.WindowState == FormWindowState.Minimized)
				{
					this.WindowState = FormWindowState.Normal;
				}

				systemWindow.Size = new Vector2(
						this.ClientSize.Width,
						this.ClientSize.Height);
			}
		}

		public void CloseSystemWindow(SystemWindow systemWindow)
		{
			// Prevent our call to SystemWindow.Close from recursing
			if (winformAlreadyClosing)
			{
				return;
			}

			// Check for RootSystemWindow, close if found
			string windowTypeName = systemWindow.GetType().Name;

			if ((SingleWindowMode && windowTypeName == "RootSystemWindow")
				|| (MainWindowsFormsWindow != null && systemWindow == MainWindowsFormsWindow.systemWindow && !SingleWindowMode))
			{
				// Close the main (first) PlatformWindow if it's being requested and not this instance
				if (MainWindowsFormsWindow.InvokeRequired)
				{
					MainWindowsFormsWindow.Invoke((Action)MainWindowsFormsWindow.Close);
				}
				else
				{
					MainWindowsFormsWindow.Close();
				}

				return;
			}

			if (SingleWindowMode)
			{
				AggSystemWindow = this.WindowProvider.TopWindow;
				AggSystemWindow?.Invalidate();
			}
			else
			{
				if (!this.IsDisposed && !this.Disposing)
				{
					if (this.InvokeRequired)
					{
						this.Invoke((Action)this.Close);
					}
					else
					{
						this.Close();
					}
				}
			}
		}

		public class FormInspector : Form
		{
			public virtual bool Inspecting { get; set; } = true;
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Crowd-Sourced Peer Review: Substitute or supplement for the current outdated system?
The problem with peer review today is that there is so much research being produced that there are not enough experts with enough time to peer-review it all. As we look to address this problem, issues of standards and hierarchy remain unsolved. Stevan Harnad wonders whether crowd-sourced peer review could match, exceed, or come close to the benchmark of the current system. He predicts crowdsourcing will indeed be able to provide a supplement to the classical system, hopefully improving efficiency and accuracy, but not a substitute for it.
If, as rumoured, Google builds a platform for depositing un-refereed research papers for "peer-reviewing" via crowd-sourcing, can this create a substitute for classical peer-review or will it merely supplement classical peer review with crowd-sourcing? In classical peer review, an expert (presumably qualified, and definitely answerable), an "action editor," chooses experts (presumably qualified and definitely answerable), "referees," to evaluate a submitted research paper in terms of correctness, quality, reliability, validity, originality, importance and relevance in order to determine whether it meets the standards of a journal with an established track-record for correctness, reliability, originality, quality, novelty, importance and relevance in a certain field.
In each field there is usually a well-known hierarchy of journals, hence a hierarchy of peer-review standards, from the most rigorous and selective journals at the top all the way down to what is sometimes close to a vanity press at the bottom. Researchers use the journals' public track-records for quality standards as a hierarchical filter for deciding in what papers to invest their limited reading time to read, and in what findings to risk investing their even more limited and precious research time to try to use and build upon.
Sifting for quality. Image credit: Precious stones by Enric (Pixabay, Public Domain)
Authors' papers are (privately) answerable to the peer-reviewers, the peer-reviewers are (privately) answerable to the editor, and the editor is publicly answerable to users and authors via the journal's name and track-record.
Both private and public answerability are fundamental to classical peer review. So is their timing. For the sake of their reputations, many (though not all) authors don't want to make their papers public before they have been vetted and certified for quality by qualified experts. And many (though not all) users do not have the time to read unvetted, uncertified papers, let alone to risk trying to build on unvalidated findings. Nor are researchers eager to self-appoint themselves to peer-review arbitrary papers in their fields, especially when the author is not answerable to anyone for following the freely given crowd-sourced advice. And there is no more assurance that the advice is expert advice rather than idle or ignorant advice than there is any assurance that a paper is worth taking the time to read and review.
The problem with classical peer review today is that there is so much research being produced that there are not enough experts with enough time to peer-review it all. So there are huge publication lags because of delays in finding qualified, willing referees, and getting them to submit their reviews in time. And the quality of peer-review is uneven at the top of the journal hierarchy and minimal lower down, because referees do not take the time to review rigorously.
The solution would be obvious if each un-refereed, submitted paper had a reliable tag marking its quality level: Then the scarce expertise and time for rigorous peer review could be reserved for, say, the top 10% or 30% and the rest of the vetting could be left to crowd-sourcing. But the trouble is that papers do not come with a-priori quality tags: Peer review determines the tag.
The benchmark today is hence the quality hierarchy of the current, classically peer-reviewed research literature. And the question is whether crowd-sourced peer review could match, exceed, or even come close enough to this benchmark to continue to guide researchers on what is worth reading and safe to trust and use at least as well as they are being guided by classical peer review today.
Image credit: Hierarchy of Journals SUNY Geneseo
And of course no one knows whether crowd-sourced peer-review, even if it could work, would be scale-able or sustainable.
The key questions are hence:
Would all (most? many?) authors be willing to post their un-refereed papers publicly (and in place of submitting them to journals!)?
Would all (most? many?) of the posted papers attract referees? Competent experts?
Who/what decides whether the refereeing is competent, and whether the author has adequately complied? (Relying on a Wikipedia-style cadre of 2nd-order crowd-sourcers [pdf] who gain authority recursively in proportion to how much 1st-order crowd-sourcing they have done — rather than on the basis of expertise — sounds like a way to generate Wikipedia quality, but not peer-reviewed quality…)
If any of this actually happens on any scale, will it be sustainable?
Would this make the landscape (un-refereed preprints, referee comments, revised postprints) as navigable and useful as classical peer review, or not?
My own prediction (based on nearly a quarter century of umpiring both classical peer review and open peer commentary) is that crowdsourcing will provide an excellent supplement to classical peer review but not a substitute for it. Radical implementations will simply end up re-inventing classical peer review, but on a much faster and more efficient PostGutenberg platform. We will not realize this, however, until all of the peer-reviewed literature has first been made open access. And for that it is not sufficient for Google merely to provide a platform for authors to put their un-refereed papers, because most authors don't even put their refereed papers in their institutional repositories until it is mandated by their institutions and funders.
Note: This article gives the views of the author, and not the position of the Impact of Social Science blog, nor of the London School of Economics. Please review our Comments Policy if you have any concerns on posting a comment below.
Stevan Harnad currently holds a Canada Research Chair in cognitive science at Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) and is professor of cognitive science at the University of Southampton. In 1978, Stevan was the founder of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, of which he remained editor-in-chief until 2002. In addition, he founded CogPrints (an electronic eprint archive in the cognitive sciences hosted by the University of Southampton), and the American Scientist Open Access Forum (since 1998). Stevan is an active promoter of open access.
Harnad, S. (1998/2000/2004) The invisible hand of peer review. Nature [online] (1998), Exploit Interactive 5 (2000): and in Shatz, B. (2004) (ed.) Peer Review: A Critical Inquiry. Rowland & Littlefield. Pp. 235-242.
Harnad, S., Carr, L., Brody, T. & Oppenheim, C. (2003) Mandated online RAE CVs Linked to University Eprint Archives: Improving the UK Research Assessment Exercise whilst making it cheaper and easier. Ariadne 35.
Harnad, S. (2010) No-Fault Peer Review Charges: The Price of Selectivity Need Not Be Access Denied or Delayed. D-Lib Magazine 16 (7/8).
Harnad, S. (2011) Open Access to Research: Changing Researcher Behavior Through University and Funder Mandates. JEDEM Journal of Democracy and Open Government 3 (1): 33-41.
Harnad, Stevan (2013) The Postgutenberg Open Access Journal. In, Cope, B and Phillips, A (eds.) The Future of the Academic Journal (2nd edition). Chandos.
Posted In: Academic publishing | Peer review
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Francois van Schalkwyk says:
Interesting to think of the current peer review model as facing a problem of scale. I hadn't considered this before. I wonder about the extent to which the current cadre of academic workhorses — i.e. post-docs — are being relied on to bolster peer review capacity (either directly or indirectly).
Also, one other question for your list of five: What evidence is there that the current hierarchies in the current peer review mechanism wouldn't simply be replicated in a crowd sourced model? The crowd is, after all, a social construct.
Joanne Gaudet says:
Indeed interesting, thanks! I believe, however, that this does not go to the root of what peer review is as an object of study. To propose complementary of 'crowd-sourcing' with the 'current system' is not understanding underlying relational dynamics in peer review that involve many structural properties (i.e., anonymity, access to judgements and decisions, temporality of review, access to the original manuscript). Forms of peer review that are post-publication and open to wider audiences are currently being used at several journals including at some 10 journals in the Copernicus suite of journals (see papers by U. Poeschl) and at the journal the Winnower. I have published a series of preprints on how we can investigate journal peer review as a scientific object of study and do away with assumptions that plague deeper understanding… see http://peerreview.academy.
David Colquhoun says:
The present peer review system is entirely broken, apart from a few specialist journals. In future all publications should be open access and they should all have an open comments section following the paper. The comments might need a bit of moderation to weed out obvious trolls. Sites like PubPeer have already shown that high quality post-publication review is possible. During the transition it might be necessary to have pre-publication review too. But my guess is that eventually that will become redundant.
Perverse incentives imposed on academics have resulted in a torrent of papers, many of which are mot very good, but all of which end up being published in a "peer-reviewed" journal of some sort. That will be disastrous for the reliability, and for the reputation of science if it's allowed to continue as it is.
Pingback: Democratizing Science: From Peer-Review to Public-Review | CReST Blog
Pingback: 10 Things every academic must know about the peer review process - Verlag Barbara Budrich
Rewarding peer reviewers: a problem of adverse selection?
Academic review promotion and tenure documents promote a view of open access that is at odds with the wider academic community
How the pandemic changed editorial peer review – and why we should wonder whether that's desirable
Open Abstracts: a new peer review feature that helps scholars develop connections and encourages transdisciplinarity

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Coronavirus: How a 'skeleton school' keeps going during lockdown
Hayley Clarke
Published: 12:06 PM April 16, 2020 Updated: 2:04 PM October 14, 2020
Pupils at St Peter's and St Gildas', pictured before lockdown. Picture: St Peter's and St Gildas' - Credit: St Peter's and St Gildas'
Primary teacher Hayley Clarke discusses how her school, St Peter's and St Gildas', in Crouch End, is getting on when most pupils are staying at home.
Primary teacher Hayley Clarke. - Credit: Hayley Clarke
It's a strange time to be a teacher.
On March 20 our school locked its gate for the majority of children, for an indefinite period of time. The day was emotional. Goodbyes are never easy, particularly when you can't tell the children if and when you are going to see them again this academic year.
Despite the prime minister's announcement of closures, most schools remain open. Our 'Skeleton School' offers a haven for our most vulnerable children, and vital childcare for the children of key workers.
Working with the children of NHS staff makes us vulnerable ourselves, without the protection of fitted masks and gloves. This highlights the willingness of our teachers, and teachers around the country, to continue to dedicate themselves to the children in this time of crisis.
I am lucky to have a supportive and compassionate headteacher. Throughout this crisis, she has encouraged all staff to consider the needs of themselves and their family, and to keep themselves safe. She has said no one would be forced to do anything that they were uncomfortable with, and nor would they be judged on any personal decision that they made.
Parents and governors have been equally supportive and thankful. As a result, every teacher (medically able to) immediately volunteered for the rota.
Unfortunately, I contracted the virus, meaning I'm currently unable to volunteer myself to help, but I hope to be back as soon as my symptoms subside. Friends of mine at other schools have not had the same experience, with threats of disciplinary action if they were unwilling to go into school, further adding to their stresses during the pandemic.
Days at the Skeleton School are spent trying to keep the children 2m apart, and teach a variety of children from years 1 to 6 simultaneously. This is a challenge. The little ones naturally want to be close to you as you read with them, and obviously the children are at different levels developmentally. At lunch they sit three chairs apart, and play times are staggered between the attendees.
But there are many positives. The days offer opportunities for one-to-one reading and teaching – a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the most vulnerable children to close gaps in their learning and receive this level of personalised support from their teachers.
Another direction we are being pulled in is creating home learning opportunities for the majority of children who are staying at home. Devising a home learning plan is a challenge for a teacher, as interacting with children is so vital to our job. Luckily, many educational companies are offering free access to their resources, allowing us to point children and parents towards valuable and comprehensive learning opportunities.
The worry I have is the level to which each child and each family can access these. I feel terrible that I am unable to better help children whose parents are unable to properly support them, as I cannot be with them myself.
I hope to launch the YouTube channel I set up before the schools closed, once my symptoms have abated. I will read a chapter of a story to them each day. I feel that this is important – to ensure that our sense of school community remains, and that no child feels completely alone.
It's an uncertain time as we teachers navigate our way through this new uncharted territory. But my main worry is the possibility that there are some children around the country who go home each night to situations we do not know of, and are now unable to escape to school. I worry that there may be children sitting at home unsupported, without any social interaction, staring at a screen. I worry about the vulnerable children who are isolating at home, but I am grateful that our school, social workers and families are working together to ensure that they remain supported. I worry upon hearing news that calls to Childline have rocketed during the crisis, and that domestic violence cases have spiked. I worry about all of our children's mental health during and after the crisis. I hope that our children are safe. I hope that we can go back to school soon.
Ice cream shop supporting freelancers opens in Primose Hill
Sally Patterson
One in ten people without symptoms Covid positive at Haringey centres


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Bits & Brews
Bits and Brews 011: Oskar Blues Death By Coconut and Street Fighter x Mega Man
January 4, 2016 March 6, 2019 Dean DeFalco	0 Comments	Beer, beer pairings, craft beer, Mega Man, Mega Man Month, retro games
Death By Coconut is a winter seasonal from Oskar Blues Brewery out of Colorado and North Carolina. It was released nationally for the first time in 2015 and became a smash hit. Originally released only in their tap room and at beer festivals, demand for this beer was so intense that the brewery had no choice but to release the beer into the wild. (and we are damn lucky that they did) DBC is an Irish Porter. Porters gained fame in the 1700's in England with the workers of the day. These men, transportation workers, were the inspiration for the name Porter, or so the story goes. Like much of beer history, there is a general fuzziness around its origins. It was said to have been a blend of three styles of beer, an old ale that had soured or staled, a new ale that was either brown or pale, and a mild or weak ale. Blending the three together balanced the beers and created a new, popular drink. Many English breweries were built on the backs of Porters, both the drink and the workers, and are considered classics of the style. The Irish Porter, on the other hand, was brewed with Pale Malt or Patent Malt instead of the traditional brown malt. The difference in style is minimal but there nonetheless. The Irish Porter, also known as plain in Ireland due to its massive rate of consumption, is also the father of the stout style, though that is a discussion for another article.
As for this beer in particular, Oskar Blues has produced an insanely drinkable, delicious beer. Their Irish Porter is brewed with tons of chocolate and dark caramel malt. It is then aged on roasted coconut and dark chocolate. What results is a beer that upon pouring it, reminds me of a Mounds bar. The coconut and chocolate aromas just jump out of the glass. There is a hint of milk chocolate in there as well, which gives off a vague cream pie filling aroma. It's one of those beers that makes me understand the deep, nose-in-glass inhale thing I see professionals do in their reviews. The taste is very similar to the aroma with a bit of a roasty quality coming through. There isn't a ton of bitterness to balance this beer out, but it doesn't exactly need it. The more I drink this beer, the more I love it. It's so well done and an excellent addition to the winter seasonal releases schedule. If you see this, grab a four pack. If it's already gone in your area, as it probably is in most areas this time of year, make sure you check with your local bottle shop to find its 2016 release. It is as advertised, coconut, coconut, and more coconut.
So we find ourselves having a bit of a Mega Man month here at Geekade. Didn't plan it; just sorta happened. Not that I'm complaining mind you, I love the little guy. I also love Street Fighter so when I caught wind of a fan developed game that would be crossing the two together, well, they had both my curiosity and attention. The realm of fan made games is an interesting journey. There are some fan made games or mods that not only do an admiral job in paying homage but even go so far as to surpass their inspirations. These are few and far between though. There are some fan made games or mods that take everything you loved about a game and shit all over it, destroying a little piece of you in the process. These are also few and far between. Most fan made games are decent, fun excursions that take a few hours of your time and put a smile on your face. Street Fighter x Mega Man is in this middle tier of fan developed projects. I love it because of how fun it is. I love it because of the worlds it crosses over. I love it because it is as advertised, Mega Man and Street Fighter characters together in a cohesive story/game. It isn't perfect. But it is damn cool.
This project was originally being developed by one guy, Seow Zong Hui, a massive fan of both franchises based in Singapore. Capcom, owner of both Mega Man and Street Fighter, found out about the project and in a rare moment of awesome from a big time, corporate company not only did not shut down his project but offered to help fund, market, and release the game. Which, quite frankly, is unheard of. The fact that they kept the game free is also astonishing. Right now, you can head here to grab a copy free of charge for your PC. There is no console version as of this writing but the possibility is always there. The game plays just like you would want a Mega Man game to play. The control is tight but the platforming is challenging. The bosses, all from Street Fighter, have all of the pattern based attacks you would expect. The weapon acquisition is the stuff fanboy dreams are made of. The soundtrack is great and fits in with other, more official Mega Man titles. It has its flaws and is a bit short but for the bargain basement price of zero dollars it's hard to complain. If you have a relatively recent PC and a gamepad there is no excuse to skip this game. Hell, go buy a gamepad for this game alone. It's worth it.
So why these two together? They are two examples of additions to a base that just make sense. Porters by their very nature lend themselves to the addition of things like chocolate and coconut. The flavor profile created by the roasted malts used in the brewing process are a perfect foundation for the addition of things like chocolate and coconut. (not to mention things like pecans or raspberries or any of the other flavors brewers are putting in their porters) So too is Mega Man the perfect base for the addition of Street Fighter. The Mega Man foundation is simple but strong. One guy fighting robots and gaining their powers. The base game is brimming with opportunity to add. I'd personally love to see a Mega Man x Capcom title with other Capcom mainstays given the Mega Man treatment. (who wouldn't want to see Ghost n' Goblins or Bionic Commando or Resident Evil in a Mega Man style game?) Sometimes creative people hit on an idea that just makes sense. They then execute that idea and bring it to us to enjoy. Death By Coconut and Street Fighter x Mega Man are just two examples of creativity making sense. Enjoy them together and see what sparks in your imagination. Thanks for reading and make sure to follow me on twitter, @geekadedan, instagram, @geekadedan, and over at Sommbeer. See you next month with another pairing of beer and games.
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Dean DeFalco
Creator of Websites, editor of content, wearer of vests. This man is said to be "The Jack of All Trades". Dean has his hands in most parts of the website one way or another. The original incarnation of Geekade, "G33k Life", was Dean's brainchild. While Dean can be found on a number of shows like when he was the former co-host of the Stone Age Gamer Podcast or the current host Vest and Friends or talking about video games on YouTube and Twitch, he is the guy behind the scenes making sure that the site does everything it's supposed to every one else can do their job. There's not a problem he can't solve.....or at least punch and scream at until it doesn't exist anymore.


The best apps that people cannot live without are getting ubiquitous for everyone there. Anyone looking for some good stuff has definitely used these apps that shall be discussed. Giving an overall idea of location, restaurant, bars or even most liked place seem to be easy access to the most used apps by the users. Of all time, the best apps that feature Android application are mentioned with all its features and versions. It is daunting to search for these apps as they are available in numbers. Hours have been spent to create the list that examines and analyzes the best Android apps of the year 2019. For every single purpose, these apps are largely combined and used by the viewers and users. These apps are launching apps and even weather apps are available.
This android app has facilities that will help to locate and find the best pubs and bars nearby. It indulges in making a perfect night out for friends who make every moment memorable. This app is most liked by the users as it provides a completely efficient service within no time. As easy way is to install the app which is pocket-friendly. So now if are planning for some dinner and drink make sure u get help with this app. It provides service, according to the taste needed, mood and best comfortable atmosphere in the search. The prices are better suited and help to locate the best place for a perfect party with someone special.
This app will locate the distance as quickly as it is easy to access and helps to pinpoint the exact address of the place that is selected. Only a matter of a click is required which will help out the exact time to reach the location. Now, this is user-friendly where the details are provided in accordance with the service promised by the app. A large population uses android apps as compared to any other application. Quick access to this android app makes the app most liked by users. The reviews and the information suggest and recommend to use the app while connecting with friends and inviting them becomes easy while using.
The frequency of this app is to measure the weather forecast. This is one of the best Android apps 2018. There is the number of weather apps that are available in the market with some features. The apps which are pre-installed are less accurate while the apps that are installed with features of accuracy are best when used. So the weather forecast app such as Morecast is an easy and most accurate app for android. It has a sensible layout which is clear and has best interfaces. The app of 2018 while considering weather app, it is the most popular and advanced Android apps.
The weather comparisons are here easy looking side by side options. Comparing the weather of two cities or even of two countries are now easy and manageable. Its features are discussed thus this best free app is the most liked app of 2019.
This android app improves the style and theme of the phone with the latest technology. This is one of the top Android apps 2019.These launchers offer many such ways that will help to customize the android phone. New app drawer, new icons, new wallpaper and a new home screen will help to create an amazing style or theme of the phone. This Action Launcher 3 is a fun to use and is the most appreciated app for Android phones with special features and style.
Intuitive interface can be helpful as it changes and no more apps to change the font and style are required. Some apps take so much of space as the mobile becomes off-putting at some point. This app helps to improve the interface and is genuine which performs simple and tweaks are available that can be used easily to change the home screen and the icons as per the style. Just a click and you can improve the settings of the main features that can be altered within no time. These features are importantly introduced by the app so that they are mostly used for innovative and attractive people there.
An instant messaging app is easy to access at no point in time. People now have many options for chatting where short messages can be sent within no time. Whatsapp is an essential app that is considered to be the best when it comes to communicating. It just needs to be installed and that takes a little time to communicate. The special features of this app are that it has a wide range of settings and characteristics that are liked by millions of users. The video calling facility will be the latest among all. A wifi connection can be helpful in calling purpose which takes no longer time to be in touch with special people. This means that there are no such messengers that were used previously to that restrict the certain size of message and delivery issues. A pocket-friendly app which is more than necessary for any class of people, whether working or non-working. Images are sent with the latest features of this app. This is among the top five android apps of the year 2018.
The Facebook messenger app for android is one of the best Android apps 2019. People using Facebook are aware of the Facebook Messenger app which is friendly and video calling is possible from any corner of the world. The app has some special features that enhance the mood swings and expressions in a somewhat real sense. Talking about emojis and stickers, this app is best when installed. An internet connection is needed for a video conference, which is handy. Smartphones can be the best options for these apps that have high service and has the latest technology. This software application is easy to use and is built in MQTT protocol. The active users of Facebook are around 800 million users who are active monthly.
These apps are the top best android apps of 2019 with special features and characteristics.


From photoshoots and meetings at the BASQ to off-site events with retail partners, things have been moving quickly here at Brand Assembly.
11/15 - We met with style maven Arushi Khosla to interview and photograph her in four looks she styled from our Lord & Taylor shop. Check out the story here!
11/16 - We started the week off at the Brand Assembly Square working on a fun holiday shoot with Martha Fogarty and Hunter Bell - two favorites here at Brand Assembly. We loved connecting these two incredible designers and look forward to getting the rest of our community into the festive spirit! Stay tuned for the story coming soon to The Assemblist.
11/17 - We hosted a panel and shopping event to celebrate the launch of Rachel Antonoff at Lord & Taylor for FIT Alumni. The discussion took place between Rachel and L&T's Fashion Director Stephanie Solomon. It was so great seeing the audience engaged and excited about contemporary fashion. An ideal evening if you ask us!


How many homers has Cristopher hit?
Polly is one of the nicest people I've ever met.
Sonja doesn't like Floyd either.
Alan ran into the house.
Niels used to work at the same place that I do now.
Annie is looking a bit overwhelmed.
Alex thought the world of you.
Lucifer was badly beaten before being killed.
Stewart wanted me to tell Wendy that he wasn't coming.
Sri is the outstanding singer of this club.
Sugih is always chasing girls.
Matt told me to leave the window open.
Isidore never thought he'd be able to do what he just did.
Lui and Carter went to get something to eat.
Novorolsky might want to consider buying what he needs from us.
I know you're a friend of Tigger's.
Masanao is related to me.
Tigger didn't feel much like laughing.
Spock really doesn't like Teriann.
When did Vistlik leave for Boston?
Daniele told me he was home last night.
I don't need to talk to Darren.
Clem became Kate's best friend.
Lar declined comment on the issue.
Albert thought he should try defusing the situation quickly.
Anatoly went to Boston by bus.
Louie doesn't deserve to be punished.
Franklin is chatting with Spy.
Ro isn't too young, is he?
There's no explanation for what happened to Jock.
Gregor spent three weeks in Boston.
Irwin is apparently guilty of falsifying records.
Hubert was molesting his ten-year daughter, Randell.
Rich will always remember Reiner.
Liber has a history of arrests for drunken driving.
Dimitry found it difficult to make himself understood in French.
Grant is the only man I've ever really loved.
Tricia doesn't believe a word of what Evan just said.
Ned can't say for sure when Lynne will arrive.
Rayan is quite a bit taller than Miek.


The Concerta2 M16 bookshelf loudspeaker is designed to deliver outstanding accuracy over a remarkably wide frequency range. The 2-way 6.5" bookshelf has the ability to provide performance worthy of the most demanding entertainment systems.
The M16 is a true full range 2-way 6.5-in bookshelf speaker that features a small footprint and elegant design. It will deliver an impressive combination of wide frequency range, uncompressed dynamic range and low distortion across the entire audible spectrum.
High frequency response is supported by 1 inch aluminum dome tweeters that were derived from Revel's Performa3 series. Low/Mid range frequency response is supported by 6.5-in Aluminum cone woofers featuring low-distortion motor-structures for greater clarity and accuracy with improved sensitivity and output capability.
The patented wave guide design improves tweeter to woofer blend and significantly improves off-axis response for consistent performance over a wide listening area. In doing this we sacrificed no details by making sure no fasteners were visible allowing the speaker to show enhancing smooth lines of the cabinet and magnetically attached grilles. The high gloss finishes of the enclosure were selected to highlight the features of this beautiful speaker.
Dimensions: 14.75" x 8.6"x 10.76"


You know that you are going to be getting well off the beaten track when your driving directions read, "Climb through the village of Tolkein and then go on for several kilometres of wilderness. A few kilometres after the sharp, right hairpin bend, you'll see a flat area to your left and a piste to your right, that's the parking lot." Sound simple? Maybe, except as we were going up a mountain there were quite a lot of hairpins… ah well, what is a 10km overshoot amongst friends.
I was driving up into the Atlas mountains to meet Karina, Cian and Feargal who had come over for a week of adventure in Morocco. They had gone on ahead and already done a day of walking, when I caught up with them at Ali's guest house. I got there just as the sun was setting over the peaks, transforming the roof terrace, where we were drinking mint tea, to pure gold.
The first day from the auberge was everything it promised to be. Big, open landscapes with snow-covered mountains in the distance, it was like nothing else I have seen in Morocco. It reminded me a bit of the moorlands of Scotland although instead of moorland, there was red and silver earth. Big canyons too with layer-cake rock formations and flints and fossils on the river beds.
It was the next day though that will always remain with me. Ali invited the four of us to do something really special, to help him plant the first almond trees in a wood that he is hoping to grow on the hill outside the auberge.
The field had already been prepared and had had a crop of wheat growing last year to make sure the earth was good. Ahmed and Ali marked out the spots where they wanted the trees to go. It was a grid pattern, not a line, he explained so that whichever direction the wind blew from, the trees could cross-pollinate.
The trees themselves came from a garden centre down on the Marrakech plain and were "pure" almond trees. Often almonds are grafted onto another tree such as apple, which means the nuts are bigger, but these wouldn't survive at the altitude and also they taste less sweet.
We dug the holes and then cut the wrappings from the roots. Holding the sapling upright, we filled in the holes and then stamped down the earth around the slim trunks. The last part of the process was to bring big stones from the fields to surround them. They looked really pretty, the little white circles, but in fact the point was to capture any moisture in the air which would then cool on the stones and run down them to water the roots.


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Extraliga (SVK)
Season: - select season - 2020-20212019-20202018-20192017-20182016-20172015-20162014-20152013-20142012-20132011-20122010-20112009-20102008-20092007-20082006-20072005-20062004-20052003-20042002-20032001-20022000-20011999-20001998-19991997-19981996-19971995-19961994-19951993-19941992-19931983-19841982-1983
WWW: tipsportliga.hockey, www.hockeyslovakia.sk/sk/
Recent transfersShow all transfers»
20 Jan 2021 | Antti Karjalainen (G) Hokki Kajaani Dukla Trencin
20 Jan 2021 | Connor LaCouvee (G) Dukla Trencin unknown
20 Jan 2021 | Adam Lapsansky (F) Bratislava Capitals HC Kosice
19 Jan 2021 | Marian Bazany (C) HC Slovan Bratislava
League leaders | season 2020-2021 all time stats
1. Marcel Haščák F HK SKP Poprad 30 27 16 43 12 0
2. Michal Chovan F HC Kosice 29 9 27 36 8 0
3. Patrik Svitana F HK SKP Poprad 31 13 21 34 16 0
4. David Skokan RW HK SKP Poprad 32 10 24 34 77 0
5. Radovan Bondra RW HKm Zvolen 31 15 18 33 55 0
6. Marek Tvrdon LW HK Nitra 31 14 18 32 26 0
7. Oliver Okuliar LW Dukla Trencin 28 12 20 32 60 0
8. Marek Slovak D/F HK Nitra 31 11 21 32 24 0
9. Mikko Nuutinen RW HKm Zvolen 31 11 20 31 20 0
10. Brendan O'Donnell F HC Slovan Bratislava 31 18 12 30 6 0
Show all stats for season 2020-2021
League standings stage: - select stage -Tipos extraliga 2020-2021
W-OT
L-OT
1 HKm Zvolen 31 17 5 4 5 107:80 65
2 HK SKP Poprad 32 17 5 3 7 116:80 64
3 HC Slovan Bratislava 31 17 5 1 8 100:70 62
4 HK Nitra 31 15 3 7 6 107:98 58
5 HK 07 Detva 31 16 3 3 9 98:85 57
6 HK Dukla Michalovce 32 14 4 4 10 96:85 54
7 HC Kosice 31 11 6 3 11 92:78 48
8 Dukla Trencin 31 12 4 3 12 103:83 47
9 HC Nové Zámky 31 8 4 4 15 79:83 36
10 DVTK Jegesmedvék 32 7 1 6 18 73:111 29
11 HC´05 Banská Bystrica 30 5 4 3 18 73:117 26
12 MHK 32 Liptovsky Mikulas 31 4 0 3 24 72:146 15
Bratislava Capitals
Dukla Trencin
DVTK Jegesmedvék
HC Kosice
HK Nitra
HC Nové Zámky
HC Slovan Bratislava
HC´05 Banská Bystrica
HK 07 Detva
HK Dukla Michalovce
MHK 32 Liptovsky Mikulas
HK SKP Poprad
2018-2019: HC´05 Banská Bystrica
2015-2016: HK Nitra
2014-2015: HC Kosice
2012-2013: HKm Zvolen
2011-2012: HC Slovan Bratislava
2005-2006: MsHK Garmin Zilina
2003-2004: Dukla Trencin
tipsportliga.hockey
www.hockeyslovakia.sk/sk/
Recent articlesShow all articles»
Extraliga try to begin (01 Oct 2020)
Hockey season in Slovakia won't start (28 Sep 2020)
Satan: "With the current situation, the season may not start" (12 Jun 2020)
Federation withdrew the title of Banská Bystrica (04 Apr 2020)
Switzerland cancelled the rest of the season (12 Mar 2020)
Recent newsShow all news»
Slovak Extraliga should start on October 2
The beginning of the Tipsport Extraliga was tentatively set for October 2. The date should be finally confirmed for next Tuesday at the club meeting in Zvolen. The competition should have 12 participants but the position of Hungarian teams is still unknown
The regular season will have 50 rounds. The best six teams will advance to the playoffs automatically, the teams in 7th-10th place will play the preliminary round for participation in the elimination round. No team will be relegated and the winner of the 1 Liga will earn a direct promotion.
(02 Jul 2020)
Slovakia will add a new competition
To financially help the clubs and compensate the premature end of the season, the Slovak Federation announced the creatiion of a new trophy, called Super Cup, for the next season. The clubs finished in the first six places in the last season plus two more teams resulting from a qualification round involving eight clubs will enter in the competition
Slovak games postponed indefinitely
With three rounds remaining of the regular season of the Slovak league all games are postponed until at least March 23 due to the risk of coronavirus transmission.
(10 Mar 2020)
Miroslav Satan is the new President of Slovakian Federation
Former NHLer Miroslav Šatan became the new president of the Slovak Ice Hockey Association (SZĽH).
With 229 votes in the first round of vote. The rival Jaromír Šmátrala received 99 votes. The third candidate Dárius Rusnák retires just before the vote.
Šatan replaced Martin Kohút, who led the Federation since 2016. The 40-year-old Satan is in the eighth President of SZLH in the era of independence.
(27 Jun 2019)
Róbert Petrovický will lead Slovakia U20
Former Slovakian international Róbert Petrovický, 46, will be the new head coach of Slovakia U20. He replaced long time coach Ernest Bokroš, on Junior team bench since 2011, who will work at Zilina as GM. Other two former players, Martin Štrbák and Viliam Čacho, will be the assistant coaches
Banska Bystrica won't play in CHL
Slovakian tri-champion Banská Bystrica won't join 19-20 edition of Champions Hockey League.
"Costs are too high - said club President Juraj Koval - so we not joining the Champions League because our participation is financially a loss. Deficit means that we are threatening our own financial security."
Slovakia has a spot avaiable for the competition and according to the rules HKM Zvolen, finished second in the regular season, should replace the champion
(30 Apr 2019)
Dukla Michalovce promoted in Extraliga
For the first time since the creation of the club in 1974, Dukla Michalovce will play in 2019-2020 season in Slovak Extraliga, after winning 2-1 a dramatic game #7 in promotion/relagation series against MsHK Garmin Zilina. Czech forward Jakub Linet, scoring the two goals, and goalie Adam Trencan, stopping 55 shoots, are the hero of a night to remember for Dukla fans
Banska Bystrica will host Winter Classic
On days 02 and 03 of February, the city of Banska Bystrica, home of current Extraliga champion team, will host the first ever edition of Winter Classic, the open competition inspired by similar events in Europe and the NHL. The game will take place at the
Štiavnická stadium, with a capacity of 9.881 spectators.
"The program and organizing team is 100% ready to provide an original and unforgettable sporting experience to hockey fans in Slovakia Personally, I want to present the definitive form of the event to the public directly from Banska Bystrica as a host city " said Pro-Hockey Director Richard Lintner
(15 Oct 2018)
Kosice fired coaches
Due the unsatisfactory results of the team, 4th after 32 rounds of Extraliga, HC Kosice fired coach Milan Jančuška and assistant Jerguš Bača. Marcel Šimurda and Peter Bartoš, both already in the coaching staff, will act as interim coaches
Zilina replaces coach
31 points after 25 rounds weren't enough for Stanislav Skorvánek to keep his job at Zilina: headcoach was fired by the club and replaced by Czech Petr Rosol.
Rosol, 53, has a long career in Czech Extraliga for Litvinov and Jihlava, with experiences in Italy, Switzerland and Germany. Internationally, he played for Czechoslovakia winning the World Championship in 1985 in Prague and the bronze medal at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville
As coach, Rosol worked at homeland for Usti nad Labem, Ceske Budejovice, and as assistant at Litvínov and in Switzerland at Martigny and EHC Uzwil, his last duty in 2016-17
(30 Nov 2017)
Game fixturesShow all games from season 2020-2021
19 Jan 2021 HK Dukla Michalovce - HK SKP Poprad 3-4 OT details»
19 Jan 2021 HK Nitra - HC Slovan Bratislava 3-4 SO details»
19 Jan 2021 DVTK Jegesmedvék - HKm Zvolen 2-3 details»
- select season -2020-20212019-20202018-20192017-20182016-20172015-20162014-20152013-20142012-20132011-20122010-2011
- select season -2020-20212019-20202018-20192017-20182016-20172015-20162014-20152013-20142012-20132011-20122010-20112009-20102008-20092007-20082006-20072005-20062004-20052003-20042002-20032001-20022000-20011999-20001998-19991997-19981996-19971995-19961994-19951993-1994
- select season -2020-20212019-20202018-20192017-20182016-20172015-20162014-20152013-20142012-20132011-20122010-20112009-20102008-20092007-20082006-20072005-20062004-20052003-20042002-20032001-20022000-20011999-20001998-19991997-19981996-19971995-19961994-19951993-19941992-19931983-19841982-1983
Fast factsseason 2020-2021
Youngest player: Dalibor Dvorsky (15 years)
Oldest player: Rudolf Huna (40 years)
Shortest player: Filip Vrabel (162 cm)
Tallest player: László Bence Lehoczki (202 cm)
Nationalities: Austria (2), Canada (51), Czech Republic (16), Finland (22), Hungary (29), Italy (1), Latvia (1), Lithuania (1), The Netherlands (1), Poland (1), Romania (2), Russia (4), Slovenia (2), Slovakia (322), Sweden (3), USA (17)
Highest win: Dukla Trencin - HK 07 Detva 8-1
Season average attendance: 658


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Theeb nominated for Best Foreign Language Film award at the 2016 Oscars
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SANAD funded film, Theeb, has been nominated for an Academy Award in the Best Foreign Language Film category.
A recipient of SANAD's development and post-production grants, Theeb, was one out of seven Arab films considered for the 88th Academy Awards; three of which, including Theeb, were funded by SANAD, Abu Dhabi's film fund powered by twofour54.
Theeb, by Jordanian director Naji Abu Nowar, was selected along with four international projects from Denmark, Hungary, France, and Columbia, out of 82 films originally submitted to the Oscars's foreign film category.
The nomination comes as testament to the impact Arab filmmakers are making in the international film industry and to SANAD's success in supporting Arab talent to advance to high calibre events such as the Oscars.
Having travelled to over 13 countries, Theeb has won more than 25 awards worldwide since its world premiere at Venice Film festival and its Arab premiere at Abu Dhabi Film Festival in 2014. The film has also received nominations for two BAFTA awards under the Best Film Not in the English Language category and the Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer category.
MZA announces plans to streamline its initiatives that support the film and television industry
SANAD Films Win Big at the Berlin International Film Festival
SANAD funded films among contenders for Oscars 2016
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Tim Hortons takes aim, again, at one of its prominent franchisees
Subway continued closing locations last year
Dunkin' had one huge advantage over Starbucks during the pandemic
Group including Red Mango's parent closes on Friendly's acquisition
Six things we learned at the ICR Conference
Tilman Fertitta may merge his company with a SPAC
The company wouldn't give the U.S. franchisee association's president an extension on a remodel requirement unless the group dropped its lawsuit against the franchisor. The location is now closed. By Jonathan Maze on Oct. 09, 2020
Tim Hortons would not extend the franchise agreement for one of Dave Mayer's three restaurants in Rochester, N.Y., last month, apparently because the restaurant wasn't remodeled in time, according to the operator's contract.
Yet, in negotiations between the company and its franchisee over the location's future, the coffee-and-doughnut chain had an unusual request.
Mayer heads the U.S. chapter of the Great White North Franchisee Association, the independent group of the chain's operators. The U.S. association has sued Tim Hortons over the brand's charges for things like food and paper, which the company controls.
Tim Hortons wanted the association to drop its lawsuit before it would grant Mayer more time to remodel the stores. "THUSA is willing to further extend the deadline for the remodel of TH# 9388 to October 31, 2020 for the exterior and December 31, 2020 for the interior," Robin Schafer, a franchising and real estate attorney for Tim Hortons USA, said in a letter dated Sept. 15 to one of Mayer's attorneys, a copy of which was provided to Restaurant Business. "In exchange for such extension, your client must dismiss the case entitled Great White North Franchisee Association – USA, Inc., v. Tim Hortons USA Inc., et al. (the lawsuit) within fifteen (15) days of the date hereof.
"Currently, the lawsuit is an impediment to THUSA and your client moving forward in an amicable manner and as such is a requirement for continued extensions and other concessions by THUSA."
The store has since been closed. Rather than have the association drop the lawsuit, Mayer agreed to step down from the association and sell the restaurants back to the company after 17 years as a franchisee. It's not what he wants. "I don't want to sell," he said. "I want to stay in. I just wanted to correct the situation."
This is not the first time that Tim Hortons has tried to oust an operator prominent within its franchisee association. In 2018, the company ousted the president of the Canadian chapter of the association amid a dispute there, arguing that he was disparaging the brand, violating the franchise agreement in the process.
In this instance, however, it appears that Tim Hortons was using its franchise agreement with a prominent member of an independent association to get the group to cease legal action—a move that shocked attorneys for the group, particularly given the blatant request in a written letter. "It's really hambone to put it in writing," said Jerry Marks, an attorney in Florida with the Marks Klein law firm. "It's one thing to allude to it. It's another to commit yourself in writing."
In an emailed statement, Tim Hortons did not address the specific issue of the request for the association to drop the lawsuit. "We value our relationships with all franchisees and have specific requirements for renewing agreements upon expiration. These requirements are the same for all franchisees and franchisees must comply with the conditions stipulated to receive a renewal of their franchise agreement. If the conditions for renewal are not met, a franchise agreement simply expires."
When pressed on the issue of the request to drop the lawsuit, a company spokesperson replied simply that "the franchisee in question is still a franchisee in the Tim Hortons system. He did not meet the requirements for an extension for the location in question even after we provided him an extension in order to do so. This is simply a contractural matter."
The dispute between Tim Hortons and Mayer illustrates one of the biggest challenges in U.S. franchising. There are few regulations governing the relationship between a franchisor and a franchisee, outside of simple disclosure laws. There is almost no enforcement of franchise rules in the U.S., outside of civil actions brought by lawyers.
Franchisors are left with a lot of leeway in dictating their relationship through the franchise agreement. "The franchisor can draft the most horrible, one-sided document and make people sign it if they want to be franchisees, and then be able to dictate the law in various states, based on bad agreements," said Adam Wasch, another Florida-based attorney with the law firm Wasch Raines, who represents the association. "There's no overarching body" enforcing franchise rules.
The franchisee association has been locked in a legal battle with Tims over its food costs. The franchisees argue that the company takes excessive rebates from suppliers, which leads to higher charges for the franchisees, and they say that's extended to some of their pandemic supplies. Operators say they currently have to pay $24 for a box of masks that they say they can get for $8 outside of Tims' supply chain.
Franchisees argue this has been a reason for the brand's U.S. struggles. The company operated 883 locations in the U.S. when Burger King merged with Tim Hortons in 2014 to create Restaurant Brands International (RBI). As of the end of 2019, that number had declined to 715, according to data from Restaurant Business sister company Technomic.
The issue of Tim Hortons' charges is a big one, both for the brand and for RBI as a whole. Some 60% of RBI's revenues comes from Tims (the company also operates Popeyes Louisiana Kitchen). Much of those revenues come from Tim Hortons' supply chain sales to franchisees.
Mayer himself has been involved with Tim Hortons for 23 years. He first worked with the company to help operators improve their profitability before he opted to become a franchisee himself. Mayer opened his first unit in 2003 in Rochester. He opened another in 2005 and a third in 2010.
Tim Hortons told Mayer that he needed to remodel two of his locations, based on the franchise agreement's remodel requirements.
According to the initial letter to Mayer, the operator's agreement for one of his locations expired on May 31. He was given until Sept. 22 to remodel the location to earn an extension of the agreement. Mayer said he felt that his restaurants generated enough cash flow to fund the full remodels, but lenders would only fund one repair. He said in an interview that he asked Tim Hortons to let him do a smaller, "mini" remodel now, before doing a full remodel on the second location in five years. The company balked, he said.
But Tims' demand also came in the midst of the pandemic, at a time when many other brands were giving remodel breaks to their franchisees—including Tim Hortons in Canada, which in March suspended capital expense requirements of its franchisees there. That suspension apparently didn't extend to Mayer. "They put me on notice in the middle of the pandemic," he said, noting that none of the other Tims locations in the Rochester market are being remodeled. They're all company-operated units, he said.
Mayer couldn't have the association drop its lawsuit, but he also said the remodel deadlines the company was offering—full remodel by the end of the year—were not doable. Tim Hortons terminated his franchise agreement last month, and his store closed on Sept. 27.
Mayer is willing to sell the three stores to the company, but he said Tim Hortons is giving him a lowball offer that doesn't value the locations at a multiple of EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization)—a common practice in sales of existing restaurants. "They offered me basically peanuts," he said.
Mayer believes Tims is "selectively enforcing the franchise agreement" because of his role as president of the association. "They're definitely targeting me," he said.
Marks, for his part, blasted the brand's decision, and said attorneys would examine laws in New York, Florida (where Tim Hortons U.S. is based) and in Canada, where Tim Hortons and parent RBI are based and which has a stronger franchise law.
"My client gets up at 4:30 in the morning to open his store so people can have coffee," Marks said. "Do they have equal dedication? I doubt it. They'd better be ready for the next salvo. It's coming. We will do to them what they are attempting to do to our clients."
UPDATE: This story has been updated to include further comment from Tim Hortons.
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Medical marijuana has officially been legalized in the UK.
The decision follows the highly-publicized case of Billy Caldwell, a 12-year-old boy who was granted an emergency license that allowed him to use medical marijuana to control the seizures he has as a result of a rare form of epilepsy. Medical marijuana will be able to be prescribed by doctors beginning this fall, coincidentally on Caldwell's 13th birthday.
Caldwell's mother, Charlotte, was excited about the announcement, saying, "For the first time in months I'm almost lost for words, other than 'thank you [Home secretary] Sajid Javid.' Never has Billy received a better birthday present, and never from somebody so unexpected... But, crucially, my little boy Billy can now live a normal life with his mummy because of the simple ability to now administer a couple of drops a day of a long-maligned but entirely effective natural medication."
Marijuana has been classified as a Schedule 1 drug, which means it doesn't have any medical value, but it will now be classified as a Schedule 2 drug, which means that it has a potential medical use.
Home secretary Sajid Javid has said that he has decided to make "cannabis-derived medicinal products" available via prescription, but is quick to clarify that the decision is "in no way a first step to the legalization of cannabis for recreational use."


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Violet H. Drummond Papers
Identifier: CLRC-489
Children's Literature Research Collections
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The collection contains 1 colored illustration for 1 title.
Drummond, V. H. (Person)
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Collection is open for researchers with no restrictions. Registration with the collection is required.
This collection is protected by the Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U.S. Code). It is the user's responsibility to verify copyright ownership and to obtain all necessary permissions prior to the reproduction, publication, or other use of any portion of these materials.
Violet Hilda Drummond was born in July, 1911, in London. She became head of V. H. Drummond Productions Ltd., which produced a series of cartoons for the BBC. She was also an author and illustrator of children's books, and was awarded the Kate Greenway Medal of Library Association for her work in Mrs. Easter and the Stork.
Biographical source: Something About the Author, vol. 6
Contains 1 colored illustration
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Description is in English
Contact The Children's Literature Research Collections Collecting Area
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Violet H. Drummond Papers, CLRC-489. Children's Literature Research Collections.
Violet H. Drummond Papers, CLRC-489. Children's Literature Research Collections. https://archives.lib.umn.edu/repositories/4/resources/3556 Accessed January 29, 2023.


Mediasite is 24/7 on-demand streaming video used extensively for visual instructional content; instructional lectures, course welcome and instructor introductions, course navigation through Blackboard, and other rich media content. Since Mediasite is an on-demand video, nothing is downloaded to the viewers computer or mobile device. Mediasite videos incorporate Microsoft's Silverlight player as the viewing interface. The Silverlight player is freely available for PC, Mac OS systems and a free Mediasite app is available for viewing on smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices. Check the app source for your specific device. Special thanks to Senior Instructor Lora Hobbs, Religious Studies Department, on the use of her REL 100 online course for the on-screen examples and the REL 100 Course Introduction video.
Depending on your course layout, learning objectives, and student assignments, Mediasite rich media content provides flexibility with a variety of delivery options for your instructional content. This step-by-step guide will focus on the preferred best practice method of adding published Mediasite streaming media video links within your course structure. Before adding your Mediasite links, provide a clear and obvious location for your instructional media with appropriate labeling where students can easily access the videos. Mediasite rich media links may be added individually within weekly assignment folders or grouped together as the example below. Whatever the course design, the key is providing clear navigation for the student to the instructional resource.
Within your Blackboard course, navigate to your designated location for adding your published Mediasite lecture/media.
Since you'll be editing contents of the course, ensure the course "Edit Mode" is turned "On". The Edit Mode toggle on button is located in the upper right hand of the Black Board course environment.
With "Edit Mode" on, locate the area or page you wish to add the video link. In this example, all the Mediasite lecture videos are located in the folder labeled "Lectures". Select the appropriate sub-folder or location to add the Mediasite link.
Open the folder within your designated location. In this example, the folder "Online Lectures for Unit 1" lists all the Mediasite links in appropriate order.
Within the "Online Lectures for Unit 1" folder, under "Build Content" tab, select the "Web Link" option under the "Create" header.
Within the "Create Web Link" page, enter the appropriate title for the video content or lecture. Copy and paste the complete Mediasite URL string into the "URL" field.
NOTE: Care should be given that the lengthy Mediasite URL is copied complete without any breaks or blanks within the URL string. Spaces will null the link and prompt an "Page not found" error.
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Option: You can add text within the "Description" field, for clarity or additional information or instruction.
By default, "WEB LINK OPTIONS" should pre-select the "Open in New Window". If not, select that option to ensure your Mediasite video opens in a new window within the Blackboard course. This option provides greater navigation flexibility for the viewer within Blackboard.
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The new Mediasite link and "Web Link" icon is initially placed at the bottom of the selected page.
Edit the new Mediasite link location by dragging to desired order on the designated page.
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NOTE: Mediasite video links are protected through the Missouri State University 's Active Directory system security where only university students, faculty, and staff may access. Consequently, students may be prompted to login on their first experience with Mediasite streaming video. Once prompted, their Missouri State University credentials (BearPass ID & password) will provide access to view the Mediasite video. Subsequent requests to view Mediasite media is usually satisfied through selecting the "Remember me on this computer" check box at the prompt.


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[OPINION] #ABiasCBN, #RapplerFakeNews: A case of pro-admin 'media literacy?'
Jun 19, 2020 12:50 PM PHT
Marlon Julian S. Nombrado
'A democracy needs media-literate citizens who can hold their media institutions accountable, as much as we need these media institutions to do their jobs of holding the government accountable'
It was 2014 when my friends and I started the nonprofit Out of The Box Media Literacy Initiative. We were then fresh graduates of the journalism program of UP Diliman. Our mission then was to simply share to students what we learned from the university that we deemed were not given enough attention in other Mass Communication programs.
Topics such as the business of media, its structure, and its implications on the profession, and the "myth of objectivity" in journalism and how bias is embedded in news were key discussion points in the seminars we organized. We deconstructed (biased) articles from the Inquirer, and we criticized the dominance and near monopolization of ABS-CBN of our local media.
At that point "fake news" was still unheard of. The media freedom issues we bannered then were the call for justice for the victims of the Ampatuan Massacre and the passage of the Cybercrime Law. It was definitely quieter, and promoting media literacy as we did when we started out was simpler and more straightforward.
But it was not long until things picked up the pace and our problems became bigger, deeper, and more complex.
We didn't think then that press freedom could be a politically divisive issue the way it seems to be today.
Now that Out of The Box is working more closely with teachers, mostly those who handle the senior high school subject Media and Information Literacy (MIL), it has become usual for us to encounter teachers who are "on the other side of the fence."
We meet teachers online who, citing their freedom of speech and expression, preach about Rappler's biased news coverage and ABS-CBN's unlawful labor practices.
Funny how we find ourselves on the other end of the table, receiving lessons on media bias and the corporate character of the media from them. They explain that press freedom is as much a responsibility as it is a right, reserved only for those who do not violate the laws of the land.
It made us think: is this what scholar Danah Boyd touted as the possibility of media literacy backfiring?
According to Boyd, media literacy asks people to question the information they're receiving and find out the truth for themselves. By raising doubts about the motivations of information sources, people can avoid being duped.
Following this line of thought, one might wonder, can "media literacy" be blamed for the significant public support we are seeing for the closure of the broadcast giant last May and, more recently, the conviction of Maria Ressa and Rey Santos Jr over their cyber libel case?
Probably not, unless one's concept of media literacy is completely sourced from the Presidential Communications Operations Office (PCOO), who once labeled Ressa as "fake news" after obviously making an honest mistake in a TV interview. Surely that is propaganda dressed up as "media literacy."
This, however, does not mean that all the calls against Rappler, ABS-CBN, and all other media outfits accused of bias, fakery, and corruption should be denied their merits.
A democracy needs media-literate citizens who can hold their media institutions accountable, as much as we need these media institutions to do their jobs of holding the government accountable.
But this idealized setup is looking more and more hazy as we move towards deeper polarization.
Media literacy as a solution to this problem should then be re-configured not as some standardized skill set for deciphering whether information is or isn't reliable; questioning media authority; and accessing information that proves one's claims, among others.
At this point, the public's trust in the media is at its lowest in the Philippines and across the world. We cannot let "media literacy" be used as an excuse to sow distrust and divide people even further .
The pressure on media literacy advocates and teachers today is to find creative ways to build the social infrastructure needed for people to meaningfully engage across political divides.
Journalists and news organizations can only do so much in trying to salvage what's left of our social fabric. Schools and teachers, through media literacy for democracy, must do their part, too, in addressing our post-truth problems down to its roots. – Rappler.com
Marlon Nombrado is a teacher and one of the co-founders of Out of The Box Media Literacy Initiative, a local nonprofit organization that works to mainstream media literacy practices in the Philippines through campaigns, workshops, and educational resources.
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Camp Preview: Five questions about the Miami Dolphins' offense
Izzy Gould, Sun Sentinel
In 2011 the Miami Dolphins offense was hardly the efficient machine most NFL teams need to make a run at the postseason.
Ranked 22nd in the league in total offense and 20th in scoring, the Dolphins have overhauled what failed them.
They are implementing a West Coast Offense with new offensive coordinator Mike Sherman. He used a similar system when he was coach of the Green Bay Packers, and the past four years as the coach at Texas A&M.;
But will it work in Miami?
Here are the top five questions about the Dolphins' offense heading into training camp:
* Who wins the starting quarterback job?
It's a recurring argument Miami fans have grown tired of jawing about making them long for the days of mainstays such as Dan Marino and Bob Griese.
This year's candidates are incumbent Matt Moore, former Pro Bowler David Garrard and first-round draft pick Ryan Tannehill. Entering training camp, it appears to be a two-horse race between Moore and Garrard to start.
Moore led Miami to a 6-3 finish in '11. Garrard was impressive in the new West Coast scheme in offseason workouts. Whether or not Tannehill has made big strides since the end of June's mandatory minicamp is unclear.
Picking the correct starter will go a long way to determining if Miami can avoid a horrific start to the season such as the 0-7 start in '11 that led to a coaching change.
* Will the right side of the offensive line make or break the offense?
Plenty of stability on the left side with arguably the NFL's top left tackle in Jake Long, and guard Richie Incognito lined up along with second-year center Mike Pouncey.
The uncertainty on the right side is down right scary entering training camp. Jonathan Martin is literally cramming to learn the right tackle spot after playing his entire collegiate career at Stanford blocking Andrew Luck's blind side.
Martin missed a ton of the Dolphins' offseason program due to an NFL rule that required him to finish school. He's competing with Lydon Murtha, who missed last season after foot surgery. And right guard is still unsettled with concerns about John Jerry's weight.
The Dolphins moved Artis Hicks into the rotation, and looked at former Indianapolis Colts guard Jake Scott — twice.
* Has Chad Ochocinco exposed the Dolphins' wide receiving corps, or simply raised the competition level?
During a three-day minicamp, Ochocinco quickly showed what had been missing — elite speed, elite hands and elite playmaking ability. Many around the NFL have questioned if Ochocinco will even make the 53-man roster after making just 15 catches in 15 games with the New England Patriots last season.
Not only is this a chance for Ochocinco to revive his elite status, but it also gives those competing for job a target to chase. Players such as Davone Bess, Brian Hartline Legedu Naanee and Clyde Gates could ultimately benefit learning from the six-time Pro Bowler.
* Is the running back corps the strength of the Dolphins offense?
Reggie Bush reached the 1,000-yard plateau for the first time in his NFL career last season. And in May, Bush declared his intent to win the NFL's rushing title this season.
Whether that goal is attainable in a pass-oriented offense remains to be seen, but he'll certainly have his chances to run the football. Bush said his goal is to rush for at least 4 yards on every run.
He's also a capable receiver and showed time and again he is a weapon defenses need to lock in on coming from the backfield. This year, Bush will have plenty of help with the powerful Daniel Thomas, Steve Slaton and former Miami Hurricanes speedster Lamar Miller.
* What type of role will tight ends play in this new offense?
Reliable veteran Anthony Fasano leads a group of promising tight ends, which is expected to see increased production in the new offensive system.
The Packers under new Dolphins coach Joe Philbin kept five tight ends on their 53-man roster indicating the significance of the position. The competition between Fasano, Charles Clay and Michael Egnew will be worth watching as will the development of players such as Will Yeatman, Jeron Masturd and Les Brown.
If you go: Dolphins Camp
When: Friday through Aug. 15
Where: Nova Southeastern University, 7500 S.W. 30th St., Davie; Aug. 4 at Sun Life Stadium
Parking: Free parking is available at the Nova Southeastern University garage on the west side of the practice facility near the of University Boulevard and Southwest 30th Street
Admission: Free with seating available for the first 2,000 fans.
Schedule: Friday, 8 a.m.; Saturday, 8 a.m.; Sunday, 8 a.m.; July 30, 8 a.m.; July 31, off; Aug. 1, 8 a.m.; Aug. 2, 8 a.m.; Aug. 3, 8 a.m.; Aug. 4, 9:15 a.m. at Sun Life Stadium; Aug. 5, off; Aug. 6, 8 a.m.; Aug. 7, 8 a.m.; Aug. 8, 5:45 p.m.; Aug. 9, no open; Aug. 10, Preseason opener vs. Tampa Bay, 7:30 p.m. at Sun Life Stadium; Aug. 11, off; Aug. 12, 1 p.m.; Aug. 13, 8 a.m.; Aug. 14, 8 a.m.; Aug. 15, 8 a.m
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The Parent Education Program is conducted at the Horizon Hills campus, 33 Greta Street, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360; click here for map. Phone us at 805-492-8837. Download color brochure Parenting Program & Preschool at Horizon Hills.
The Parenting Program has been an integral part of the Conejo Valley Adult Education Program for over 30 years. We are not an accredited preschool, but instead an accredited Adult School (Western Association for Schools and Colleges) for adults who wish to learn about child development and actively participate with their children .
The Parenting Program is an alternative to a traditional preschool. Infant, toddler and two-year old classes require full parent participation at all class sessions. In classes for 3- to 5-year-olds, parents participate approximately once a week, and have the opportunity to leave the child in class during non-participation days. We welcome all students; mothers, fathers, and grandparents; students of all races, nationalities and religions.
The Parenting Program offers 40 different parenting classes and serves over 600 local families. Many of these families have participated in classes spanning a period of ten years or more! A tremendous feeling of camaraderie is fostered within our program. Relationships between parents and children are formed that last through the elementary school level into middle school, high school, and beyond. Alumni families are always welcome at annual functions. Please read "Our Philosophy" on The Parenting Program Home page, for a more detailed explanation of what we do.
We are able to offer classes at a reasonable cost because we are partially funded by the Adult Education Department of the State of California . We are part of the Conejo Valley Unified School District . The students in our school are adults, and we are able to collect a.d.a. (average daily attendance) hours for the time parents are participating in class. This arrangement allows us to make our program affordable for all members of the community. For a current tuition fee list, please see The Parenting Program Registration page.
Our teacher retention is unparalleled in comparison with local preschools. The average career span of our current teaching staff with The Parenting Program is 15 years. Fourteen of our teachers have been students in the Parent Education classes with their children. Additionally, 83% of our teachers were graduates of our program prior to beginning a career with us.
Our Coordinator, Eilene Green, has been with The Parenting Program for close to 30 years, and with the Conejo Valley Unified School District for some 40 years. Eilene's educational specialty is brain growth and development, and she is an inspiration to children and parents alike. As a nationally recognized speaker, Eilene is truly the heart of The Parenting Program philosophy, and a valuable resource to the community.
Adult schools in San Diego , San Luis Obispo , and Santa Barbara Counties .
Office Hours: 9:00 to 1:00 M-F during the public school year.
of Conejo Valley Adult School.