It is an April day in the year 2000 and an era is about to end -- those booming times of market optimism when the culture boiled with money and corporations seemed more vital and influential than governments.
Eric Packer, a billionaire asset manager at age 28, emerges from his penthouse triplex and settles into his lavishly customized white stretch limousine. On this day he is a man with two missions: to pursue a cataclysmic bet against the yen and to get a haircut across town.
His journey to the barbershop is a contemporary odyssey, funny and fast-moving. Stalled in traffic by a presidential motorcade, a music idol's funeral and a violent political demonstration, Eric receives a string of visitors -- his experts on security, technology, currency, finance and theory. Sometimes he leaves the car for sexual encounters and sometimes he doesn't have to.
"Cosmopolis," Don DeLillo's thirteenth novel, is both intimate and global, a vivid and moving account of a spectacular downfall.


Few understand exactly how stress can sabotage weight control. Anyone trying to manage weight, whether it's weight loss or simply avoiding weight-gain, knows that stress is not your friend.
Stress is a biological reaction to events, circumstances, pressures or relationships that stimulate an internal reaction. All of those stimuli are called "stressors" because they cause a chain of physical internal events beyond the normal resting state. Even though stressors are not the same for each person, the stress state is universal. For instance, a hot sunny Saturday brings joy to a hardworking executive because she can spend her day off relaxing at the beach. That same day is bad news for a farmer who hasn't seen rain for five weeks. The executive calms down. The farmer goes into stress. All living creatures go into the stress mode in response to a perceived threat in their internal or external environment. It's the body's way of preparing for fight, flight, or paralysis. It's called "hyperadapting," meaning a superfast surge of internal resources to brace for what comes next. These include higher heart rate, breath rate, and blood pressure; temporary digestive shutdown (stomach "butterflies"); muscle tension; perspiration, including damp palms and soles; and other biochemical changes.
All these changes are the result of nerve and chemical impulses in a complex chain reaction: limbic system > hypothalamus > pituitary and adrenal glands. Special hormones that are components of adrenalin (a stimulant) and cortisol (an anti-inflammatory) flood our system. Those resources fuel intense action and strength while protecting tissue until the stressor goes away. Then the stress mode dissipates and the body returns to normal. However, in today's world most of our stressors are psychological. So we rarely discharge the stimulants and anti-inflammatory substance through extreme physical action. Instead, they build up in our bodies which can lead to more harm than good.
As long as stressors occur seldom and we burn off the residue through exercise and get rest in between, there is no long-term effect. However, technology makes it possible to work around clock. Internet communications saturate us with more information than we can absorb. Multi-tasking drains the brain. Economic downturns bring financial challenges. The divorce rate weakens the traditional supports of family and society. If you feel anxious just reading this, that's an example of an internal stressor - your mind pushing your body into a stress reaction. In short, today's lifestyles and work styles constantly expose us to stressors. For millions, stress is no longer occasional but rather a chronic state.
Of all the hormones secreted by the body during the stress response, one in particular affects weight control and other aspects of health if accumulates. A normal level of cortisol is necessary for brain, immune, muscle, blood sugar function and healthy circulation. On the other hand, chronic stress leads to a higher level of cortisol that is not discharged or burned up by physical exertion. This leads to numerous problems, including abdominal obesity, high blood sugar (adrenal diabetes), muscle wasting, bone loss, damage to the immune system and other conditions. Excessive cortisol may cause diminished energy/fatigue, poor memory function, insomnia, anxiety, restlessness, depression, inability to concentrate, and more. It can give the brain mistaken messages that lead to a sense of hunger. High levels of cortisol that are not managed through good habits such as regular exercise, relaxation, adequate sleep, play, good time management, and so on, can contribute to weight gain and obesity by altering metabolism, but also by inducing stress overeating, especially (but not only) in women.
It's a fact of life that stressors confront us daily. It's hard to cultivate serenity under the circumstances. However, modern scientific research, drawing on centuries-old use of powerful natural substances, has provided us with supplements that can increase a sense of calmness and anxiety. They can "turn the volume down" on the internal stress mode so it doesn't go into high gear. Their calming mechanisms help keep the cortisol load from getting out of control, and perfectly compliment exercise, which helps rid the body of the hormonal residue of stress.


text:
<?php

namespace OAuth\Tests;

require_once(__DIR__ . '/../../common.php');

/**
 * Tests of OAuthUtil
 */
class ServerTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
    private $consumer;
    private $request_token;
    private $access_token;
    private $hmac_sha1;
    private $plaintext;
    private $server;

    public function setUp()
    {
        $this->consumer = new \OAuth\Consumer('key', 'secret');
        $this->request_token = new \OAuth\Token('requestkey', 'requestsecret');
        $this->access_token = new \OAuth\Token('accesskey', 'accesssecret');

        $this->hmac_sha1 = new \OAuth\SignatureMethod\HmacSha1();
        $this->plaintext = new \OAuth\SignatureMethod\Plaintext();

        $this->server = new \OAuth\Server(new \OAuth\Tests\Mock\DataStore());
        $this->server->addSignatureMethod($this->hmac_sha1);
        $this->server->addSignatureMethod($this->plaintext);
    }

    public function testAcceptValidRequest()
    {
        $request = \OAuth\Request::fromConsumerAndToken($this->consumer, $this->access_token, 'POST', 'http://example.com');
        $request->signRequest($this->plaintext, $this->consumer, $this->access_token);
        list($consumer, $token) = $this->server->verifyRequest($request);
        $this->assertEquals($this->consumer, $consumer);
        $this->assertEquals($this->access_token, $token);

        $request->signRequest($this->hmac_sha1, $this->consumer, $this->access_token);
        list($consumer, $token) = $this->server->verifyRequest($request);
        $this->assertEquals($this->consumer, $consumer);
        $this->assertEquals($this->access_token, $token);
    }

    public function testAcceptRequestWithoutVersion()
    {
        $request = \OAuth\Request::fromConsumerAndToken($this->consumer, $this->access_token, 'POST', 'http://example.com');
        $request->unsetParameter('oauth_version');
        $request->signRequest($this->hmac_sha1, $this->consumer, $this->access_token);

        $this->server->verifyRequest($request);
    }

    public function testRejectRequestSignedWithRequestToken()
    {
        $request = \OAuth\Request::fromConsumerAndToken($this->consumer, $this->request_token, 'POST', 'http://example.com');
        $request->signRequest($this->plaintext, $this->consumer, $this->request_token);

        $this->setExpectedException('\OAuth\Exception');
        $this->server->verifyRequest($request);
    }

    public function testRejectRequestWithMissingParameters()
    {
        // The list of required parameters is taken from
        // Chapter 7 ("Accessing Protected Resources")

        $required_parameters = array(
            'oauth_consumer_key',
            'oauth_token',
            'oauth_signature_method',
            'oauth_signature',
            'oauth_timestamp',
            'oauth_nonce'
        );

        foreach ($required_parameters AS $required) {
            $request = \OAuth\Request::fromConsumerAndToken($this->consumer, $this->access_token, 'POST', 'http://example.com');
            $request->signRequest($this->plaintext, $this->consumer, $this->access_token);
            try {
                $request->unsetParameter($required);
                $this->server->verifyRequest($request);
                $this->fail('Allowed a request without `' . $required . '`');
            } catch (\OAuth\Exception $e) { /* expected */
            }
        }
    }

    public function testRejectPastTimestamp()
    {
        // We change the timestamp to be 10 hours ago, it should throw an exception

        $request = \OAuth\Request::fromConsumerAndToken($this->consumer, $this->access_token, 'POST', 'http://example.com');
        $request->setParameter('oauth_timestamp', $request->getParameter('oauth_timestamp') - 10 * 60 * 60, false);
        $request->signRequest($this->plaintext, $this->consumer, $this->access_token);

        $this->setExpectedException('\OAuth\Exception');
        $this->server->verifyRequest($request);
    }

    public function testRejectFutureTimestamp()
    {
        // We change the timestamp to be 10 hours in the future, it should throw an exception

        $request = \OAuth\Request::fromConsumerAndToken($this->consumer, $this->access_token, 'POST', 'http://example.com');
        $request->setParameter('oauth_timestamp', $request->getParameter('oauth_timestamp') + 10 * 60 * 60, false);
        $request->signRequest($this->plaintext, $this->consumer, $this->access_token);

        $this->setExpectedException('\OAuth\Exception');
        $this->server->verifyRequest($request);
    }

    public function testRejectUsedNonce()
    {
        // We give a known nonce and should see an exception

        $request = \OAuth\Request::fromConsumerAndToken($this->consumer, $this->access_token, 'POST', 'http://example.com');
        // The Mock datastore is set to say that the `nonce` nonce is known
        $request->setParameter('oauth_nonce', 'nonce', false);
        $request->signRequest($this->plaintext, $this->consumer, $this->access_token);

        $this->setExpectedException('\OAuth\Exception');
        $this->server->verifyRequest($request);
    }

    public function testRejectInvalidSignature()
    {
        // We change the signature post-signing to be something invalid

        $request = \OAuth\Request::fromConsumerAndToken($this->consumer, $this->access_token, 'POST', 'http://example.com');
        $request->signRequest($this->plaintext, $this->consumer, $this->access_token);
        $request->setParameter('oauth_signature', '__whatever__', false);

        $this->setExpectedException('\OAuth\Exception');
        $this->server->verifyRequest($request);
    }

    public function testRejectInvalidConsumer()
    {
        // We use the consumer-key "unknown", which isn't known by the datastore.

        $unknown_consumer = new \OAuth\Consumer('unknown', '__unused__');

        $request = \OAuth\Request::fromConsumerAndToken($unknown_consumer, $this->access_token, 'POST', 'http://example.com');
        $request->signRequest($this->plaintext, $unknown_consumer, $this->access_token);

        $this->setExpectedException('\OAuth\Exception');
        $this->server->verifyRequest($request);
    }

    public function testRejectInvalidToken()
    {
        // We use the access-token "unknown" which isn't known by the datastore

        $unknown_token = new \OAuth\Token('unknown', '__unused__');

        $request = \OAuth\Request::fromConsumerAndToken($this->consumer, $unknown_token, 'POST', 'http://example.com');
        $request->signRequest($this->plaintext, $this->consumer, $unknown_token);

        $this->setExpectedException('\OAuth\Exception');
        $this->server->verifyRequest($request);
    }

    public function testRejectUnknownSignatureMethod()
    {
        // We use a server that only supports HMAC-SHA1, but requests with PLAINTEXT signature

        $request = \OAuth\Request::fromConsumerAndToken($this->consumer, $this->access_token, 'POST', 'http://example.com');
        $request->signRequest($this->plaintext, $this->consumer, $this->access_token);

        $server = new \OAuth\Server(new \OAuth\Tests\Mock\DataStore());
        $server->addSignatureMethod($this->hmac_sha1);

        $this->setExpectedException('\OAuth\Exception');
        $server->verifyRequest($request);
    }

    public function testRejectUnknownVersion()
    {
        // We use the version "1.0a" which isn't "1.0", so reject the request

        $request = \OAuth\Request::fromConsumerAndToken($this->consumer, $this->access_token, 'POST', 'http://example.com');
        $request->signRequest($this->plaintext, $this->consumer, $this->access_token);
        $request->setParameter('oauth_version', '1.0a', false);

        $this->setExpectedException('\OAuth\Exception');
        $this->server->verifyRequest($request);
    }

    public function testCreateRequestToken()
    {
        // We request a new Request Token

        $request = \OAuth\Request::fromConsumerAndToken($this->consumer, NULL, 'POST', 'http://example.com');
        $request->signRequest($this->plaintext, $this->consumer, NULL);

        $token = $this->server->fetchRequestToken($request);
        $this->assertEquals($this->request_token, $token);
    }

    public function testRejectSignedRequestTokenRequest()
    {
        // We request a new Request Token, but the request is signed with a token which should fail

        $request = \OAuth\Request::fromConsumerAndToken($this->consumer, $this->request_token, 'POST', 'http://example.com');
        $request->signRequest($this->plaintext, $this->consumer, $this->request_token);

        $this->setExpectedException('\OAuth\Exception');
        $token = $this->server->fetchRequestToken($request);
    }

    public function testCreateAccessToken()
    {
        // We request a new Access Token

        $request = \OAuth\Request::fromConsumerAndToken($this->consumer, $this->request_token, 'POST', 'http://example.com');
        $request->signRequest($this->plaintext, $this->consumer, $this->request_token);

        $token = $this->server->fetchAccessToken($request);
        $this->assertEquals($this->access_token, $token);
    }

    public function testRejectUnsignedAccessTokenRequest()
    {
        // We request a new Access Token, but we didn't sign the request with a Access Token

        $request = \OAuth\Request::fromConsumerAndToken($this->consumer, NULL, 'POST', 'http://example.com');
        $request->signRequest($this->plaintext, $this->consumer, NULL);

        $this->setExpectedException('\OAuth\Exception');
        $token = $this->server->fetchAccessToken($request);
    }

    public function testRejectAccessTokenSignedAccessTokenRequest()
    {
        // We request a new Access Token, but the request is signed with an access token, so fail!

        $request = \OAuth\Request::fromConsumerAndToken($this->consumer, $this->access_token, 'POST', 'http://example.com');
        $request->signRequest($this->plaintext, $this->consumer, $this->access_token);

        $this->setExpectedException('\OAuth\Exception');
        $token = $this->server->fetchAccessToken($request);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Reserve Bank of India recently released a recruitment notification to fill up 610 Assistant vacancies in various branches across the India. And conducted Prelims and now mains examination to recruit eligible applicants. RBI Assistant Mains Admit Card Consist information details like candidate's Registration No / Roll No & Password / DOB. RBI Assistant Mains Exam Date for all these 610 Assistant posts are printed on every RBI Assistant Admit Card. Applicants need to download admit card and carry at examination center on exam date. Now the recruitment board will go to conduct the online examination to select qualified aspirants for the exam.
Applicants who completed their online registration for this recruitment can download now Reserve Bank Of India Assistant Mains Admit Card 2017 before 10 to 15 days of RBI Assistant Mains Exam Date 2017. If the job seekers are failed to bring RBI Assistant Mains Hall Ticket they are not permitted to the examination hall. Here we have to arrange some steps for the applicants that will help them in downloading the call letter easily. Check the below article for more information like selection process, age limit, Application fee etc.
RBI Assistant Mains: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India's central banking institution, which controls the monetary policy of the Indian rupee. It commenced its operations on 1 April 1935 during the British Rule in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The original share capital was divided into shares of 100 each fully paid, which were initially owned entirely by private shareholders. Following India's independence on 15 August 1947, the RBI was nationalized on 1 January 1949. The RBI plays an important part in the Development Strategy of the Government of India. It is a member bank of the Asian Clearing Union. The general superintendence and direction of the RBI are entrusted with the 21-member Central Board of Directors: the Governor, 4 Deputy Governors, 2 Finance Ministry representatives, 10 government-nominated directors to represent important elements of India's economy, and 4 directors to represent local boards headquartered at Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and New Delhi. Each of these local boards consists of 5 members who represent regional interests, and the interests of co-operative and indigenous banks.
The selection of candidates for RBI Assistant Recruitment 2017 will be selected on the basis of the following selection process scored marks & performance.
The total number of marks of the Mains exam would consist of 200 marks and the time duration will be 2 hours. The Question paper will be made available in two languages for the candidates and that is English as well as for Hindi medium. The question paper pattern is provided here under the table.
Candidates age should be in between 18 and 28 years as on June 2017.
Note: Aspirants has to keep the hard copy of RBI Assistant Mains Admit Card 2017 card while appearing for exam & also they need to have one original identity proof for verification purpose on exam venue.


The House of Representatives passed an amendment recently to the FY 2015 Commerce, Justice, Science Appropriations bill that prohibits the Department of Justice from using any funds in states that have passed medical marijuana initiatives.
FMCSA announced the availability of the Privacy Impact Assessment for the Medical Examiner's Certification Integration notice of proposed rule-making published on May 10, 2013.
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has provided new suggested formats and forms for drug and alcohol testing programs for aviation employers.
The Office of Management and Budget has approved the 2014 Federal Custody and Control Form. The 2014 Federal CCF may be used as a paper form or electronic form for HHS testing, but only as a paper form for DOT testing.
The Department of Transportation's Federal Aviation Administration is proposing a civil penalty of $51,651 against All American Aviation Services, LLC of Tomball, Texas for allegedly violating FAA drug and alcohol testing regulations.
ANPRM Issued for Drug & Alcohol Testing of Maintenance Provider Employees Outside U.S.
The FAA is considering amending its drug and alcohol testing regulations to require drug and alcohol testing of certain maintenance personnel outside the United States.
A flesh-eating drug that turns people into zombie-like creatures seems to have made its way to the United States.
As DATIA reported last week, the FMCSA announced a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to establish the Commercial Driver's License Drug and Alcohol Clearinghouse, a database under the Agency's administration that will contain controlled substances and alcohol test result information for the holders of commercial driver's licenses.
Smart Approaches to Marijuana, or Project SAM, a campaign to keep marijuana illegal and address the failings of the drug war through other means, formed last January and is launching its new posture for 2014.
Quest Diagnostics announced that they will now offer a synthetic cannabinoids testing panel. This new panel uses urine samples to test for commonly detected synthetic cannabinoid compounds.


text:
The New Nutrition Labels Are Being Delayed (Again). But Another Label May Soon Be Mandatory
The FDA is pushing back the new nutrition label release until at least 2020, but the USDA may require some GMO foods to be labeled.
By Zee Krstic May 04, 2018
If you were hoping to see the new, easier-to-read nutrition labels on products in your supermarket this summer, you'll just have to wait. The Food and Drug Administration announced that it's pushing back the deadline until 2020.
The FDA published its new guidelines on nutritional labels (which will include several changes, including listing added sugars) back in 2016. But the national agency has delayed the release of the new labels several times.
Stay up to date on what healthy means now.
Sign up for our daily newsletter for more great articles and delicious, healthy recipes.
According to an announcement posted by the FDA, manufacturers earning $10 million or more a year have until Jan. 1, 2020 to implement the new labels. But those who net less have until 2021 to do so.
FDA Commissioner Dr. Scott Gottlieb explains that the delay ensures that all food brands will have time to successfully adopt the new updated nutrition facts labels, which includes things like added sugar, a new serving size rule, and a more visible list of vitamins and minerals.
"It's crucial that we provide clear expectations so that industry can meet them. It's just as important for consumers to be able to effectively use the updated food labels, and we're launching a major educational campaign for consumers to help them better understand the new nutrition information that they'll be seeing in the marketplace," Gottlieb said in the internal news release.
RELATED: Why Have Companies Already Updated Their Nutrition Labels?
Just after news of the delay broke, the United States Department of Agriculture announced a new proposed rule that would force certain manufacturers to advertise when products contain genetically modified ingredients.
It's a move that comes after a years-long debate on whether or not foods should be clearly labeled as containing genetically modified ingredients—and after Congress passed a mandatory labeling law in 2016.
But as the Washington Post points out, some are disappointed that the USDA's proposed rule isn't as strict as they'd hope for it to be.
The rule exempts products made with genetically-modified sugars and oils, and also those foods that contain GMOs in a smaller amount than a prescribed threshold. And it's possible the label will term the ingredients "bioengineered" to avoid bad connotations with the phrase "genetically modified."
Food manufacturers will have three different options to label their GMO-infused foods as so. It could be a one-liner on a label, such as "contains a bioengineered food ingredient", or a standardized graphic—or even a QR code that directs consumers to a webpage for more information.
RELATED: Are Your Favorite Foods Genetically Modified?
Which kinds of foods will be exempt from the USDA's plan, you might ask? Things like soybeans, sugar beets, and highly refined sugars and oils would be excluded—but various consumer advocacy groups say that these exemptions cover as much as 70 percent of all GMO foods from being labeled, the Post writes.
The USDA proposal is now open to public comment and, unlike the new Nutrition Facts label, could be finalized as early as this summer.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Episode 140: Writing Multiple POV Suspense — Interview with Jessica Strawser
Mar 29, 2017 by Gabriela Pereira
Hey there word nerds!
Today I'm absolutely thrilled to introduce you to Jessica Strawser, the editorial director of Writer's Digest magazine, and author of the stunning debut novel Almost Missed You.
As editor of Writer's Digest magazine, she has interviewed luminaries like David Sedaris and Alice Walker. She is now a debut author herself—her novel was released yesterday from St. Martin's Press—and her book has already garnered early accolades from an amazing list of bestselling authors.
Her second novel is slated for release in Spring 2018 and let me just say… I can't wait. Today, Jessica and I dive into some of the decisions she made in crafting Almost Missed You. Listen in to the episode below.
In this episode Jessica and I discuss:
Strategies for setting up your first chapter. Jessica and I unpack ways to craft your first chapter for maximum effect.
Shifting POV between multiple main characters. Picking which elements of the characters' stories you want to show, and which you want to keep hidden.
Tapping your personal perspective, emotions, and experiences to help illustrate character experiences in your novel.
Balancing work, writing, and family in such a way that sets you up to be successful, and helps you channel the strongest emotions possible to your characters. Knowing and being clear about your priorities to meet your goals.
Plus, her #1 tip for writers.
Jessica Strawser is the editorial director of Writer's Digest magazine, North America's leading publication for aspiring and working writers since 1920, where she counts her cover interviews with such luminaries as David Sedaris and Alice Walker among her career highlights. Her debut novel, Almost Missed You, is forthcoming in March 2017 from St. Martin's Press and has garnered early accolades from a humbling list of bestsellers, including Chris Bohjalian, Garth Stein, Adriana Trigiani, Lisa Scottoline and Jacquelyn Mitchard, and a second novel is slated for a Spring 2018 release.
Her diverse career in the publishing industry spans more than 15 years and includes stints in book editing, marketing and public relations, and freelance writing and editing (with work published in The New York Times and other fine publications). She blogs at WritersDigest.com and elsewhere, tweets @jessicastrawser and enjoys connecting at Facebook.com/jessicastrawserauthor. Learn more at jessicastrawser.com.
Almost Missed You
Violet and Finn were "meant to be," said everyone, always. They ended up together by the hands of fate aligning things just so. Three years into their marriage, they have a wonderful little boy, and as the three of them embark on their first vacation as a family, Violet can't help thinking that she can't believe her luck. Life is good.
So no one is more surprised than she when Finn leaves her at the beach—just packs up the hotel room and disappears. And takes their son with him. Violet is suddenly in her own worst nightmare, and faced with the knowledge that the man she's shared her life with, she never really knew at all.
Caitlin and Finn have been best friends since way back when, but when Finn shows up on Caitlin's doorstep with the son he's wanted for kidnapping, demands that she hide them from the authorities, and threatens to reveal a secret that could destroy her own family if she doesn't, Caitlin faces an impossible choice.
Told through alternating viewpoints of Violet, Finn and Caitlin, ALMOST MISSED YOU is a powerful story of a mother's love, a husband's betrayal, connections that maybe should have been missed, secrets that perhaps shouldn't have been kept, and spaces between what's meant to be and what might have been.
If you decide to check out the book, we hope you'll do so via this Amazon affiliate link, where if you choose to purchase DIY MFA makes a small commission at no cost to you. As always, thank you for supporting DIY MFA!
Until next week, keep writing and keep being awesome!


text:
Forecast: Tropical Storm Hermine Wrecking New Yorkers' Labor Day Weekend
Joe Schumacher
Modified Sep 1, 2016
It is looking more and more like Tropical Storm Hermine will pay us a visit over the Labor Day weekend. It is still too soon to tell how friendly that visit will be but high winds, coastal flooding and at least some rain are possible anywhere from the Jersey Shore out to the eastern end of Long Island.
Hermine is in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico today and should briefly reach hurricane strength before making landfall somewhere near Tallahassee tonight. After making landfall it looks like the storm will stay just inland and move parallel to the coast until it returns to the open ocean north of the Outer Banks on Saturday.
Forecasting the storm's location beyond the Outer Banks is currently much less predictable. We should escape with a fairly decent Saturday, with the morning sun giving way to cloudy skies as the storm draws near. Later in the day on Saturday it looks like Hermine will get squeezed between upper level ridges to the east and west of us. That's not great as it means the storm will just wobble about somewhere between Montauk and Cape May, producing a long period of northeasterly winds from Saturday night into Monday. If that happens it could lead to rough surf, extensive coastal flooding, and beach erosion over the weekend.
On a more positive note, early indications are that the worst of the rain will stay offshore. Sunday is looking wet and cool with a high barely in the 70s, but we probably won't be getting the inches upon inches that are expected to fall further to the south.
Modified Feb 2, 2023 at 10:29 a.m.
Eunice Dwumfour was a 30-year-old Republican from Sayreville, NJ.


text:
South AmericaTravelPhotography
G Adventures South America: Day 3 - Nazca
by Rob Masefield on March 13, 2011 Read in 8 min
With a good sleep under my belt, it was up and at 'em early to be down at the Paracas fishing wharf where we boarded one of a number of motor boats which ferried us out to one of the most popular of all tourist attractions in this area – the Ballestas Islands.
With life-jackets donned and everyone all buckled in and ready to go, the high-powered engines fired up and we headed away from the coastline. Passing the Paracas Peninsula on our way west, the first unmistakable site you come across is a distinctive shape etched into one of the coastal hills known as the Candelabra, or "El Candelabro".
Little is known about the curious marking, but archeologists have suggested that it may have been created by an indigenous group known as the Paracas People, that occupied the area from 400 to 650 A.D. It is also assumed that, despite the name it has today, the carving is actually of a San Pedro Cactus, an important plant in this indigenous culture. Impressive.
Florian Lees
Anna Wiewiora
Ballestas Islands
Considered one of the most important Peruvian wildlife sanctuaries for coastal species of bird and marine life, the Ballestas Islands, or "Las Islas Ballestas" are located about 15km south of Pisco and are a 2 hour round trip journey out of Paracas.
The main island which is approximately 600-700m long is an impressive site with numerous caves and arches to explore visually from the boat. It's the 250,000 birds representing 150-200 different species that call the island home, however, that create the "WOW" factor that tourists flock (pun intended) to see.
In our time floating the edges of the island, we managed to spy gulls, cormorants, pelicans, blue footed boobies, the Humboldt penguin and more. Meanwhile, perched on the beaches, several rocky outcrops and in the water around us were hundreds of inquisitive, noisy sea lions.
If you haven't noticed it already by the photos above, then look closely at the colour of the rock at water level, then check out the colour anywhere above that. That's right, the island is basically white washed with bird poo. While you and I may screw our noses up at the thought, workers in the "Guano" trade rub their hands together.
The Guano is collected and sold as quite an effective fertilizer. Because there is little to no rain in these parts, the guano falls and is baked onto the rock in the dry atmosphere, preserving the all-important nitrates in the droppings from evaporating. This maintained nitrate content makes the Ballestas Island Guano more effective and valuable than that collected from elsewhere.
Returning to shore after 45 minutes or so of some pretty intense bird watching, we all piled into a mini bus and started making our way inland towards our next destination – Nazca.
Along the way, we took a sealed road deep into rolling sand dunes until we hit the stunning palm-tree-lined lake of the Huacachina Oasis. Now functioning as a Summer Resort, Huacachina is a popular spot for tourists (known as "Gringos" around these parts) to warm up and relax after having spent time hiking up in the Andes.
No time for us to swim and relax today, however. Almost as soon as we arrived, we were allocated a dune buggy to climb aboard as we were whisked off into the dunes on a roller coaster ride into the sandy unknown. It was a hell of a lot of fun, and although I had sand blowing into my eyes nearly the whole way, it was an experience I think everyone enjoyed.
Once a good few miles from Huacachina and perched on the edge of some giant dunes, we pulled up and were presented with some pretty basic sand boards which we could use to throw ourselves down the dunes. There was a number of us who would dearly have loved to try the boarding standing up, but the primitive, over worn, velcro straps or binds on the boards certainly weren't up to scratch for those kinds of shenanigans, so it was all "on-the-belly" for those of us wishing to give it a go.
For the first run at least, it was just the blokes that gave it a go, but over the course of the following few runs, some of the girls like Anna, Lou and Leonie gave it a shot too! Wipeout of the day certainly went to Sam on the last run as he did his best job of covering every square of bare skin on his body (and probably every non-exposed crevice too) with sticky hot sand.
We got one last good elevated look at the beautiful Huacachina on the return trip, then upon our return, spent a good amount of time locating sand on our persons in places it should never have been! Seriously though, I swear I'm going to be chasing sand around my pockets and moccasins for the next few weeks. Really looking forward to that – NOT!
Brushed down as best as possible, we settled in for a hearty lunch, cold beer and the opportunity to chat and laugh about our efforts in the sand dunes.
Nazca Lines Tower
With quite a few kilometers ahead of us before we arrived at our hotel for the evening, it was back onto the bus for a few hours traveling along the Pan-American Highway, stopping only for our first look at the region's famed Nazca Lines.
Discovered by aerial passes in the 1930's, the Nazca Lines are a series of geoglyphs spread across an 80km stretch of land between the towns of Nazca and Palpa on the Pampas de Jumana about 400 km south of Lima. It is believed the Nazca people of around 400-650 A.D. created, using simple tools and surveying techniques, the shapes of stylised hummingbirds, spiders, monkeys, fish, sharks, orcas, llamas, and lizards by removing the reddish rocks and dirt from the surface of the dry baron land and building trenches about 15cm deep, exposing the whiter earth beneath.
Perhaps the most extensive research conducted on the mysterious lines was by German Maria Reiche. Reiche hypothesised during her 50-year period of studying them, that the Nazca Lines formed a large-scale astronomical calendar used in ancient times to record celestial events and to indicate times for harvesting, fishing and festivals.
In 1976, Reiche, at her own expense, had a 12m high viewing tower, or "Mirador" constructed on the edge of the highway about 17km north of Nazca. From the tower, the "Hands", "Lizard" and "Tree" may be viewed, and it was here that we found ourselves this evening at sunset.
As we are quickly becoming accustomed to here in Peru, everything you do on the tourist trail costs you something and the Mirador was no exception. What the heck people were doing all the way out there setting up tacky tourist trinket stores and sticking around till after sunset to charge passers-by S2 (USD$0.75) to scale the rickety old tower is beyond me, but we did so in the end anyway and people like me, who aren't shelling out the cash to head over them by air tomorrow, had the chance to see what all the fuss was about.
In the photos above and below (thanks to Florian and Anna), you can see the distinct lines of the "Tree" carved into the desert floor.
With high winds belting the tower and the sun rapidly disappearing behind the horizon, we didn't stick around for all that long, opting instead to push forward to our final destination at the end of a long, suspect dirt road – the basic Hotel San Marcelo. Check out the slick promo video I found for the accommodation below. Haha!
A few relaxing beers and a bit of food into us, we called it a night ready for a big day out in the desert tomorrow.
📌 NOTE:
Again, a huge cheers to my pals Florian Liese and Anna Wiewiora for providing the visual candy for this entry! Thanks guys!
Cover image // Anna Wiewiora
Paracas // wikipedia.org
Islas Ballestas // wikipedia.org
Huacachina Oasis // huacachina.com
Nazca Lines // wikipedia.org
Hotel San Marcelo // hoteles-en-ica.com
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Al-Shabab militants storm key hotel in Somalia capital
A deserted street in front of the presidential palace in Mogadishu.
MOGADISHU — A hotel in Somalia's capital Mogadishu, where government officials are known to stay, has come under attack.
Soon after the attack at Villa Rose began, Environment Minister Adam Aw Hirsi said he had survived the attack.
There were also unconfirmed reports that Mohamed Ahmed, Somalia's internal security minister, was injured.
Al-Shabab militants said they had stormed the hotel. The extremist group has been active in Somalia for more than 15 years.
The Villa Rose hotel, where the ambush took place, is a short walk from the presidential palace in central Mogadishu.
An unknown number of assailants, armed with explosives and guns, were involved, police officers told Reuters news agency.
One eyewitness described hearing a "huge blast, followed by a heavy exchange of gunfire".
"We were shaken," Ahmed Abdullahi, who lives close to the scene, told the news agency. "We are just indoors, listening to gunfire."
Some government officials were rescued from Villa Rose after using windows to escape, Mohammed Abdi, one of the police officers, said.
In August, three months after taking office, President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud pledged "total war" against the Islamist militants following an attack on another popular Mogadishu hotel. More than 20 people died.
Two months later, twin car bomb explosions near a busy junction in Mogadishu killed at least 100 people. Al-Shabab claimed responsivity for that, too.
President Mohamud subsequently mobilized the Somali army and government-backed clan militias in a bid to take villages and towns from al-Shabab, which controls large swathes of the country.
Our Africa correspondent Andrew Harding recently spent time with the so-called "lightning" brigade, which is funded by the US and plays a central role in the uprising against al-Shabab.
The militant group's central aim is to topple Somalia's government and establish its own rule.– BBC
Hands off Africa, says Pope Francis in Kinshasa speech
Egypt unveils new incredible discoveries including two tombs and gold-covered sarcophagus
8 killed in South Africa birthday party shooting
Voters go to the polls in the second round of Tunisia's parliamentary elections


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Google & Soros-backed 'Fact-Checkers' Join Forces to Control News Search Results
The Crazz Files January 30, 2019 January 30, 2019
READ MORE AT HUMANS ARE FREE
Google has partnered with an organization largely funded by billionaire George Soros to "fact-check" news stories, a move that could affect search results for certain news agencies.
Erica Anderson, Partnerships Manager at Google News Lab, announced that the company will partner with the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN) at the Poynter Institute to "fact-check" news stories that appear on the search engine.
"With so much information available around the clock and across devices, being able to understand at a glance what's true and what's false online is increasingly important," Anderson said in a statement.
She said Google will work with the IFCN in three ways: increase the number of fact-checkers by holding "global fact-check workshops" and offering stipends for new fact-checking organizations; expanding the IFCN Code of Principles into new regions; and providing fact-checking tools to the IFCN community at no charge.
The code of principles requires news agencies to obey five commitments to ensure news agencies remain honest, transparent and nonpartisan. There are 36 signatories to the Code of Principles, including the left-leaning Washington Post Fact Checker and other fact-checking organizations from around the world.
Alexios Mantzarlis, the director of the IFCN at Poynter released a statement, saying the 12-month partnership will "enable the IFCN to encourage more fact-checking around the world, while also helping raise the standards and impact of existing initiatives."
The Poynter Institute for Media Studies is openly funded by Soros' Open Society Foundations. Soros, a veteran billionaire vulture capitalist, supported former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton during the 2016 presidential election.
Soros was recently criticised for transferring nearly $18 billion to his Open Society Foundations, making it the second largest charity in the US after the Bill and Melinda Gates' Foundation. The charity has been accused of inciting so-called "color revolutions" to install governments friendly to the US.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said through a statement that certain Soros funded organizations "defame the Jewish state and seek to deny it the right to defend itself."
Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban also accused Soros of using his money to fund liberal NGOsinfluencing the European Union to accept asylum seekers in order to create a "new, mixed, Muslimized Europe."
The Poynter Institute also receives funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the National Endowment for Democracy and the Omidyar Network, which is the nonprofit for liberal billionaire and eBay founder, Pierre Omidyar.
The Google-Poynter partnership was announced days before executives from Google, Facebook and Twitter are scheduled to testify before the Senate and House Intelligence Committees on alleged Russian meddling in the 2016 presidential election.
Facebook, which has come under scrutiny for their part in spreading false news stories during the election, has also partnered with the Poynter Institute to launch its "disputed" news tag on stories deemed false by fact-checking organisations working with the social media giant.
Stories flagged by Facebook users as 'fake news' are passed on to these fact-checkers for verification. If the fact-checkers agree that the story is misleading, it will appear in news feeds with a "disputed" tag, along with a link to a corresponding article explaining why it might be false.
Google News Lab previously partnered with The Poynter Institute to introduce a "Fact Check tag" that labels news articles the company determines might contain fact-checks in order to "help readers find fact-checking in large news stories."
Reference: RT.com
Source: http://humansarefree.com/2019/01/google-soros-backed-fact-checkers-join.html
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2 thoughts on "Google & Soros-backed 'Fact-Checkers' Join Forces to Control News Search Results"
Largely funded by the late George Soros.
The real players must be scared to death to identify themselves & so poor DEAD George Soros is still the bunny.
I would imagine that if the real players were discovered they would be in the firing line – literally.
Jagg says:
"A certain percentage of human beings throughout history, aware of being caught in cyclic periods of wholesale degeneration, have always instinctively felt the truth that life itself will never suffer the proliferation of human insanity beyond a certain point. The sole remaining question some of us ask ourselves these days is exactly what that point might be. In all human cultures, there have always been those who have warned people again and again that we cannot live on lies or thrive on degeneration. We have always been free to ignore such warnings, but we certainly have never been free of the fatal consequences of such ignorant decisions. Whenever human beings abandon the principles of reality for the foundationless hallucinations of egotism, willful ignorance, selfishness and greed, disaster must and will come to raze such illusions to the ground. This is as implacably true for civilizations as it is for individuals." – extract from; The Disintegration Of Dystopia By Diane Harvey
I spoke with narrator, Paul English about his work on the audio book, Hellstorm which was written by, Thomas Goodrich. Paul & i covered lots of ground on this show so please enjoy & you can also connect with Paul English over on GAB. eurofolkradio.com https://castbox.fm/ch/1473368 Related Posts:Soros Agenda Clear in EuropeState Department Records Show[…]


One of the primary focuses of the Saw franchise are the traps set up by John Kramer, also known as "the Jigsaw Killer" or simply "Jigsaw", and his accomplices. Jigsaw places individuals into traps for having wasted or misused their lives; each trap serving the purpose of testing the victim's will to live. As such, these devices force subjects into near-death situations where they are typically given the opportunity to either save themselves or die. In accordance with Jigsaw's ideology, the traps are meant to act as a form of immediate rehabilitation for the subject upon completion, rewarding the survivors with a new lease on life and ridding them of their vices.
Standard Traps - Devices or scenarios applied to a victim, usually with the effect of killing the test subject if not removed by completing a given task within a specified time period. There are some traps, however, that are rigged to be impossible to escape.
Competition Traps - Traps involving two or more victims who can pass their tests individually, but only at the expense of other victims in the trap. Only one or two people are able to survive these tests, depending on how many people are involved in a trap of this type.
Tests - Games that involve a victim being given "rules", or more accurately, instructions for a specific task. The outcome of the test is affected by whether or not the victim follows the "rules" and wins or breaks the "rules" and loses. Losing usually results in the death of the character or some other sort of loss, such as suffering serious injuries or causing the deaths of loved ones and friends.
Trials - A series of tests or traps that the victims must face with the intent of gauging the characters' psychological progress from their first game to their final test.
Security Traps - Traps designed to halt the progress of their victims or prevent them from escaping. These types of traps are also used to protect Jigsaw and his followers from the intervention of the police or other intruders.
Execution Traps - Traps that weren't designed as games on their own, but were instead used to kill certain victims that failed to accomplish their tasks.
Inescapable Traps - Similar to Execution Traps, but aren't preceded by games and were just used to kill people. These traps were not designed by John Kramer, as it goes against his ideology of giving every person a chance to win his or her game.
Many of the games, especially the Trials, involve a rigged area from which the victim must escape, which are often based on their interactions with other people. In most cases, the traps are created for people Jigsaw deems unappreciative of their lives and are designed to ironically reflect the characters' flaws, with a few exceptions, such as the Security Traps. In all these situations, the victim must perform dangerous tasks, mutilate themselves, or harm others to escape.
The victims are usually informed about their traps by use of a recorded video or cassette tape, which either plays automatically once a victim awakens, or is played by the victim manually. The video recordings tend to feature Billy the Puppet giving the instructions to the victims. On other occasions, however, Jigsaw gives the directions to the trap in person, while in Security Traps, little or no warning is given. Clocks and time are common themes in the games, as almost all of Jigsaw's traps require the victim to complete a task within a certain time period. While the majority of traps have solutions to them, with the exception of the inescapable traps, few characters have survived them.


text:
The Use of DuPont Modified Financial Model in Evaluating the Financial Performance of Kuwaiti Banks
Abstract View PDF Download PDF
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.525.2019.31.1.9
Modified dupont financial model, Return on equity, Net profit margin, Equity multiplier, Return on assets, Asset utilization, Kuwait stock exchange (KSE), Financial performance.
Musaed S. AlAli
Assistant Professor, Department of Insurance and Banking, College of Business Studies, PAAET, Kuwait.
The aim of this study is to measure the financial performance of Kuwaiti banks over the period 2012 to 2017 using the modified DuPont system of financial analysis which is based on the analysis of return on equity model. The return on equity model disaggregates performance into three components: net profit margin, total asset turnover, and the equity multiplier. The banking sector is the largest sector in the Kuwait stock market, the market capitalization for the banking sector accounts for almost 50% of the total market capitalization. Results from this study showed that in terms of the original DuPont model that considers return on assets (ROA) as the ultimate goal of the model, National bank of Kuwait came at the top of Kuwaiti banks followed by Ahli United bank. But when it comes to the modified DuPont model, Ahli united bank was the best performer among Kuwaiti banks in terms of return on equity (ROE) followed by National bank of Kuwait. On the flipside, Warba bank was the worst performer among all Kuwaiti banks followed by AlAhli bank.
AlAli, M. S. (2019). The Use of DuPont Modified Financial Model in Evaluating the Financial Performance of Kuwaiti Banks. Journal of Banking and Financial Dynamics, 3, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.525.2019.31.1.9
Olowolaju, Philip Segun, Effect of Non-interest Income on Profitability of Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria , Journal of Banking and Financial Dynamics: Vol. 2 (2018)
Journal of Banking and Financial Dynamics
URL: http://ecsenet.com | E-mail: editor@ecsenet.com


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A program for Building Brown and Red Native Unity, Decolonizing Our Minds and Liberating Our Lands
II. This is Occupied Turtle Island – We Are Indigenous Nations.
III. Ours is a National Liberation Movement Rooted in Class Struggle – This is Native Internationalism.
IV. Dialectical and Historical Materialism Should Form the Basis of Our Strategies and Tactics
II. Participatory Democracy and Socialism.
III. The Absolute and Unequivocal Liberation of Women Two-Spirit People
IV. Environmental Emancipation.
V. A Revolutionary Party for Indigenous Liberation.
Forward the Revolution!
A Program for Building Brown and Red Native Unity, Decolonizing Our Minds and Liberating Our Lands*
Brothers and Sisters, Comrades
Over the course of our movement's history one of our principle failures has been our all too common inability to recognize each other as brothers and sisters. Imperialist white power has been largely successful in its quest to indoctrinate Indians, Inuit and Métis into not seeing fellow indigenous people in Chicanos-Mexicanos, Puerto Ricans and others from so-called "Latin America." Likewise, Chicanos, Puerto Ricans and others have been systematically denied their true histories, cultures, and languages. As such they are often unaware of their own largely indigenous ancestry.
Primarily through its control of the schools, media and popular culture imperialist white power has divided and conquered us. It has called our Spanish and Portuguese speaking brothers and sisters things like Hispanic and Latino, linking their identity, culture, history and language to Europe, specifically the Iberian Peninsula, and it has taught Indians, Inuit and Métis to view them as so-called "illegal immigrants."
However, there has always been a subterranean trend of resistance to the imposition of colonial identities on our people though and cooperation in our common liberation struggles though. During the reclamation of Alcatraz in occupied California by Indians of All Tribes (IAT) it was declared by the Native warriors that only two groups of people who, as indigenous people, had the right to be there – Indians and Chicanos. Likewise, during the height of the Red and Chicano Power Movements (part of the great anti-colonial revolutionary wave that swept the world after the second inter-imperialist war) the American Indian Movement and Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzáles Crusade for Justice had close working relations.
If we are to rise up and shake off imperialist white power, settler colonialism and parasitic capitalism then we must renew and deepen this recognition of each other as a common people, with a common history and a common destiny. If our people unifiy our will to liberate ourselves would be unbeatable.
Now it is time to build for the future!
I. From Alaska to Chile – We Are One People Without Borders.
We are the descendents of the indigenous people of this continent. We are also the heirs of a long history of indigenous struggle against colonial domination. It is our hope and goal that we will be able to unite all oppressed people in our occupied homeland, regardless of national origin and citizenship, to join in the process of building a unified revolutionary movement, ultimately being able to advance the dream of a unified, liberated continent.
Historically, within the borders of the settler dominated states of North America, we have suffered under colonial oppression, isolation, and dehumanizing conditions. One consequence of the invasion has been the emergence of different terms used to identify ourselves, some imposed by the colonizer, others put forward by us in resistance to colonial imputations. English and French speaking brothers and sisters have been called many things throughout history: Indians, Aboriginal, etc. Those of us who were colonized by Europeans from the Iberian Peninsula have been called by many names as well. In the zone of U.S. occupation the terms placed upon our brothers and sisters initially colonized by Spain have often been designed to strip them of their Native heritage, and include such ones as Hispanic.
This project, related to the idea of the Métis in Canada, and which is spread through out the Americas, is the extension of the 500 years of settler colonial attempts to break us down racially, and classify us based on our real or perceived influence from European and African populations. The more Native (and/or more African) an indigenous American is, the lessor they are on these imposed scales. The whiter they are, the better they are. As a result of the internalization of these colonial practices, many of our Spanish speaking cousins actively take up the terminology of colonization, in a desperate attempt to assimilate into whitestream settler society.
Other terms though, such as La Raza and Chicana/Chicano have progressive connotations and were widely used during the Chicano Power movement, which often sought to reconnect those people to their true heritage. Even today, these terms are used by many in a positive and political fashion, with La Raza often used as described above. Today many indigenous people have also opted for the use of identifying terms from our ancient tongues, such asOnkwehonwe, Nican Tlaca, and Anishinaabe, which are respectively Kanien'kehá:ka, Nahuatl and Ojibwa words meaning indigenous people.
Likewise, the name of this continent also varies. Widely used words from various indigenous tongues include Turtle Island, Anówarakowa Kawennote, Anahuak, and Abya Yala. From Spanish we also get the term Nuestra América, which in a geographical sense does what La Raza does linguistically and unites the people of Spanish-speaking Latin America with their Indian brothers and sisters in North America.
While a point should be made to recapture our cultures and our languages, we must also recognize the fact that not only have our Spanish-speaking brothers and sisters within the borders of the United States and elsewhere been stripped of their original tongues by Spanish colonization (though there is a growing awareness of Nahuatl, Maya and others), but they have then subsequently had the use of that language suppressed in the United States and other English-speaking areas of the continent. As such, we should recognize the historical and political significance of all of these names, and respect any and all of the terms that our people choose to use.
For simplicities sake, and out of respect for all our struggles, we have opted to use the the phrase "Native" as the identifier for our people. We will also use the indigenous derived "Turtle Island" for the name of our continent. This may seem inadequate right now, but my goal in doing this is to avoid the privileging of one indigenous tongue over another (Nican Tlaca vs Onkwehonwe vs Anishinaabe for example), until such a time that we can self-determine our identity, and what we want to be called.
We must recognize and uphold the right to self-determination of all indigenous nations of this beautiful and vast continent. Turtle Island has been made subject to the genocidal violence, theft, and slavery imposed on us by European colonialism, United States and Canadian imperialism, and global neoliberalism for 500 years. As indigenous people of these lands we are bound by our common history, struggles, and destiny.
The principled unification of our forces throughout this continent is not simply something to be desired to produce joint statements or better coordinate protests – it is absolutely necessary to succeed in our struggles to overturn all manifestations of settler colonialism, imperialist white power, and neoliberal oppression upon our people. In an international sense we must understand that the liberation of all indigenous people within the current borders of the United States and Canada will, and must, be tied to the liberation of all indigenous people and Latin American nations throughout Occupied Turtle Island.
The indigenous inhabitants of this continent constitute the colonies of a number of illegal settler states that are essentially an extension of old European settler-colonialism. The United States, Canada and other states have funded and directed those settlers who exploit our labour, keep a disproportionate number of our people in prisons, stereotype us through the media, falsify our history, deny us a relevant/productive education, and militarise the borders in order to keep out the very same people from which this land was stolen.
This, along with ever present state terrorism in our communities (migra, police, border patrol, RCMP/FBI etc.), and the ever-increasing overt and violent expression of whitenationalism by reactionaries of the North American population, are all characteristics and manifestations of the ongoing settler colonial nature of North American society. We must be cognizant of this and other current neocolonialist tactics employed by the oppressor, which include the use of our own people against us. These people, from Democratic Party politicians to the Band Councils of recognized Native nations, are puppets and lackeys of the colonial state, appointed or self-appointed, and financially backed by colonialism. Their primary role within the colonial system is to confuse indigenous people into thinking that we are making progress, and that we can actually achieve self-determination within the existing system. This ploy is central to the classic colonizer tactic of divide and conquer. Instead of focusing our energy on overturning imperialism, this method pits us against opportunists of our own kind, and other oppressed nationalities, each struggling against the other for beggar's crumbs, petty concessions, and neocolonial positions.
This struggle is first and foremost one waged against 500 years of national oppression by the settler and neocolonial states that have been imposed on top of us. Our goal is the total liberation of our people and freedom from settler colonialism, imperialist white power and parasitic capitalism. Over the course of this historic struggle, nationalism has consistently emerged as one of the leading forces in unifying oppressed people to combat the source and symptoms of colonial oppression. Indigenous nationalism has been the ideology of warriors and strugglers as diverse and geographically removed as Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzáles and Howard Adams. (for a discussion on the types of Native nationalism that have emerged over the years please refer to Appendix I)
Throughout the history of our resistance to imperialist white power and settler colonialism, it has been the politics of nationalism that have united indigenous people as one in our struggle against terror, poverty, and other forms of oppression. The basic elements and historical commonalities of a nation are what bind us together as a people – culture, economic realities, geography, oppression, and struggle.
Of course we would be foolish should we not fully understand that nationalism can lead to reactionary positions and race politics. This is particularly nationalism within the oppressor nation, and has lead to such historical horrors as German Nazism and Italian Fascism. However the nationalism that can rise within the oppressed nation is, generally speaking, a progressive development, and an effective weapon in the struggle for liberation. This is despite what many anarchists, left communists and other revolutionaries may argue. It is these progressive elements within nationalism that we should uphold.
This progressive nationalism that arises within the oppressed nations is calledRevolutionary Nationalism. It is an ideology that calls for the establishment of a socialist society, built on the collective social, economic, and political development of the people, based on our historical, cultural, and present conditions and realities. A socialist society is in fundamental contradiction to capitalism, a system where a small, rich ruling class controls the wealth and power of a nation. Revolutionary Nationalism demands a complete transformation of the social, economic, and political institutions that presently form the basis of our oppression. It is Revolutionary Nationalism that must define the struggle for the total transformation of our lives – from a colonized and dependent people, to a life and future of a truly liberated and sovereign nation in the world community.
Further, as was noted before, we must recognize that our struggle is intrinsically linked, through history and practice, to the movements of all of the oppressed and colonized people throughout this continent. The term Native Internationalism best describes what should be our political relationship to the rest of this continent, and by extension the world. This especially regards the domestic African colony and the struggling people of the so-called "Third World". Our obligation as we strive to build towards revolution is to recognize the right of all oppressed people to self-determination – to uphold the principle of continental emancipation of our people. In our work we will struggle to carry forth the fight on all fronts to bring about a democratic and socialist unified Turtle Island.
Finally, our continent's history parallels and intersects with the experiences of the peoples of Africa (both at home and abroad), the Arab and Islamic Worlds, the Indian Subcontinent, China, Korea, the Philippines, South East Asia, and Oceania. Our histories are burdened by our common experience of suffering under imperialism, white power, direct, settler, domestic or neocolonialism, slavery, imposed patriarchy and our shared challenge to win freedom. It is our duty to recognize these ties and our common enemies, and support all peoples struggling for self-determination and against imperialism.
IV. Dialectical and Historical Materialism Should Form the Basis of Our Strategies and Tactics.
As indigenous people we are overwhelmingly a working class people, and from our labour, along with that of all other workers from oppressed nations – Africans, the people of the Middle East, South Asia etc. – all wealth is generated. While some regressive and reactionary forces within our movement, such as Cultural Nationalists (who are essentially Native capitalists), may try to convince us otherwise, the truth is we share far more in common with other members of the working classes of other oppressed nations than we do with rich Natives. As such, the essence of our movement is one of class war. Our enemy, and the enemy of all working class people is the ruling class.
Because of this we must base our ideology, and the process of its evolution, on the material historical basis of all things and situations, as well as the material conditions within which our people find ourselves. Dialectical and Historical Materialism are essential to understanding our current reality, as well as forming strategies and tactics for our liberation.
A people's capacity to create and reproduce our means of existence through the development of knowledge, technology, culture, economic activity, and governments to serve our collective interests is the driving force of human dignity. All social progress and meaningful development are a direct result of working class struggle. As such, in a world where opposites and contradictions are constantly affecting and influencing each other, it is the leading role of working class people to transform the very conditions of life, and not just for us, but all people. We should be dialectical in our approach to political work, and strive to constantly evolve and balance our theory and practice, and meet the challenges posed to us by colonialism, capitalism, and imperialism.
I. Self-Determination, Liberation, and a Unified Continent.
Our primary goal is the decolonization of our people. The means to this end is the advancement of self-determination, which can best be defined as collectively determining our history; economically controlling our destiny; controlling our social development by self-determining our culture, education and language; independently developing the content and direction of our political orientation; and controlling the political institutions that make the laws that govern us.
We must recognize the indigenous peoples of this continent as social actors and subjects of history. We must demand the self-determination of indigenous identities, cultures, spiritualities, customs, and languages on par with all national entities and interests. More precisely, these rights include the following: Self-affirmation as the right to proclaim existence, and be recognized as such; Self-definition as the right to determine who is a part of the group and define territorial limits; Self-organization as the right to develop and enforce laws parallel to the broader laws of other nations; and Self-government as the right to define and administer political affairs parallel to the broader procedures of other nations.
Any talk of decolonization that does not include these demands, which mean the fundamental deconstruction of the colonial system, can only lead in one direction, and that is greater assimilation of our people. While some, like our band councils and "chiefs" push so-called "self-government" as a realization of decolonization, the truth is that the demand for greater political and economic power by these groups and individuals only serves to enrich them and assimilate the rest of us even further.
Finally, if we are truly to defeat colonialism throughout all of Turtle Island, we must seek to advance the liberation and, ultimately, the unification of this continent under a revolutionary movement, immediately accountable to the people. This Confederacy of Turtle Island, to put it one way, would replace capitalism, patriarchy, earth destruction, empire and conquest with a society based on freedom, justice, equality and the fundamental worth of all living things. Furthermore, this movement must be committed to the liberation and unification of all oppressed peoples throughout the world. This end it must be in permanent solidarity with all oppressed people all across the planet, until the struggle is won through the end and the last vestiges of imperialism are defeated.
We must strive to overturn the current Euro-American bourgeois definition of democracy as being exclusively limited to electoral procedure. Derived from our ancient traditions, our democracy is a participatory democracy, one that transcends narrow concepts of citizenship and imposed political borders. We must actively reject any and all governments, laws, national borders, and definitions of citizenship that deny us full enjoyment of our human and democratic rights.
We must demand freedom of communication and information. Control of knowledge and information is one of the keys to maintaining effective control over a colonized people. Through the domination of all means of transferring knowledge and ideas such as schools, newspapers, television, radio, etc., colonial institutions dictate and manipulate the ways of thinking and acting amongst ourselves. Without understanding our true history, culture, and identity, self-determination is impossible. This is why one of the most pressing tasks confronting our movement is making people aware of the basis of our oppression, to develop national, continental and international consciousness, and through this consciousness concretize a revolutionary process to the masses.
We must also seek social and economic justice, and defend the collective interests of the poor and working people of this continent. Fundamental to our independence is the development of an economic and social order that will see the masses of indigenous people as owners of the products of our own labour, and exercising collective control of the economy. We are victims of the common enemies of all working people in the world – capitalism and imperialism. It is for this reason that we must have a revolutionary party, fighting for the liberation of our lands, our class interests, and on the side of all oppressed peoples. Under a unified, democratic continent we will share the human, intellectual, scientific, military, medical, and natural resources of the nations of our continent, and raise the quality of life for all people. We seek to advance political unity among the international working class, and will never unite with the bourgeois capitalists, or their neo-colonialists agents.
The eventual goal of this movement should be the radical de-centralization of power in society, namely through the deconstruction of the state. Autonomous power will be wielded at the local level – community and region, as well as the tribal nation. Such a society will also be classless. It would be the true fulfilment of communism and return to how our societies existed from time immemorial until the arrival of white power on our shores.
III. The Absolute and Unequivocal Liberation of Women & Two-Spirit People.
Fundamental to any revolutionary party and conscious social movement is the absolute economic, political and cultural equality between men and women, and between people of various gender expressions and sexual identities.
Prior to colonization our societies were much more liberating for women and two-spirit people. Our mothers, sisters, daughters, aunties and grandmothers wielded great political power in many of our nations. Two-spirit people – those people who Western social thought now identify as queer and trans – were also powerful, holding some of our most important spiritual and political positions.
As such the subjugation of women and two-spirit people was a major part of the overall oppression of our people under settler colonialism, imperialist white power and parasitic capitalism. There exists a more intense oppression of indigenous women and two-spirit people – exploited and repressed not only by class and nation, but also by gender and sexual identity. True liberation cannot take place until all sectors of our people are free.
Sexism, male chauvinism, homophobia and heternormativity, which were more or less foreign to our people before contact, were forced upon us by the brutal Christianizing mission of the European conquerors, and were later ingrained even more so into our societies through the experience of forced assimilation, especially the church and state residential and boarding schools. Today they have firmly been incorporated until our societies, to much ill effect. Macho approaches to warriorism in the original Red and Chicano Power movements drove women and two-spirited people away from the movement. Within the intimate setting of our own families and communities, queers and trans people, who were once widely accepted, even held to be of sacred importance, have been forced into the closet, and have suffered, unable to express their true selves, and love whoever they wish to love.
However, we must recognize that these are bourgeois traits. They must be completely rejected and overturned for any of us to win freedom. Subjugation of women and two-spirited people is an integral part of the current socio-economic order imposed on our people, and we must actively combat sexism and homophobia in all its forms and manifestations, both within our movement and throughout our communities. Revolutionary examples from people's struggles in China, Chile, Cuba, El Salvador, México, Nicaragua, and Vietnam educate us that women's liberation is an essential part of national and class liberation. We must insist that without the full participation and leadership of revolutionary women and two-spirited people there will be no victory in revolutionary struggle.
Parasitic capitalism and imperialism have brought with them more than just class society, patriarchy, national oppression, and empire, it has also brought about the greatest ecological crisis that we have ever faced. Not just indigenous people, but the whole of mankind, and indeed most life as we now stands on the threshold of a profound crisis. If capitalism is left unchecked the earth, the common mother of all, will be damaged, perhaps even beyond recognition, and the poor masses of the world will be left to pick up the pieces.
With this very real, very possible, scenario in mind, as a revolutionary movement for the liberation of indigenous people, we must defend the air, soil, and water of our lands. The correct approach to the struggle against environmental degradation has always been best summed up by the slogan of the Chicano Power Movement – "The Solution to Pollution is Revolution". Our ancestors understood the importance of a balance between humans and our environment. As such, environmental justice is a part of our struggle against colonialism, capitalism and imperialism.
One of the consequences of European conquest, colonization, and imperialism is the transformation the environment into a commodity to be exploited for increased returns. This has propelled the massive exploitation of our natural resources, and forms the historical basis of the current disequilibrium between humans and nature. Furthermore, neoliberalism is only capable of promoting the interests of transnational corporations, and these have proven capable of destroying the planet in their insatiable quest for profit. As with every crisis born from capitalism and imperialism, capitalists reap wealth in direct proportion to environmental degradation, and poor people suffer from increasingly frequent catastrophic loss.
Only a continental revolutionary struggle can, and must, bring an end to the poisoning of the atmosphere, deforestation, contamination of the oceans, and the other causes of ecological destruction. Only a socialist world economy can provide a socio-economic system where the accumulation of wealth is not the driving force of society, but instead prioritizes life with dignity and justice. Through the construction of a society that values all life, we must turn back the damage to the environment, and prevent the further destruction of our planet.
In political struggle, individualism is a bourgeois egotistical trait. We must raise the shortcomings and contradictions to those who profess being active in political work without accountability to any party. Central to this point is the combating of liberalism, which in our movement represents itself as unprincipled and opportunistic struggle. Liberalism stems from selfishness, and places personal interests above the interests of the collective movement. We must uphold the importance of engaging in constructive criticism and self-criticism, as a way of identifying our weaknesses and shortcomings. We must adhere to the principle of collective decision-making within our organizations, and in our daily work. Only through this process can we achieve organizational, practical, and ideological unity.
It is of paramount importance that all indigenous liberation forces establish lines of communication and principled working relations. Without networking and coalitions we are wasting resources, duplicating work, and missing opportunities to effectively address pressing issues in a collective fashion, or from a position of strength. While our organizations may have different strategies and tactics, it is essential that we display the political maturity to put aside minor contradictions and work together. This is especially important when the attacks against our communities are of such intensity that our failure to respond collectively translates into more victories for our enemies and heightening the oppression of our people. Adherence to previously agreed upon principles of unity is especially important within coalition work. When it is necessary to work with organizations representing other movements, the resulting coalition work must be based on concrete objectives, mutual respect, principled association, and recognition of each other's autonomy and right to determine the character and content of our own struggle.
Since unity building does require compromises, it is necessary for us and other revolutionary forces to approach any relationship with a clear, scientific understanding based on the facts that our fundamental goal is not for civil rights or mere reforms, but for an end to imperialism, and the advancement of indigenous self-determination.
In many parts of North America indigenous people are now once again beginning to form the majority of the population. Including brothers and sisters from Central and South America, we now total more than 50 million people within the current political borders of the North American settler states. Yet, even with these numbers, our present political condition forces us to exist in a state of virtual powerlessness. As Revolutionary Nationalists and Indigenous-Raza Internationalists, it is our intention to free all of our people from terror and oppression, and therefore we must involve every progressive element of our community in the struggle for self-determination. Only with a well organized, mobilized, and politicized people, will we develop the power necessary to achieve liberation. A critical aspect of this point is the need to channel our people's energy and resources into a disciplined revolutionary party.
Tiahui!
We want freedom of communication and information.
Control of knowledge and information is one of the keys
to maintaining effective control over a colonized people.
Through the domination of all means of transferring
knowledge and ideas such as schools, newspapers,
television, radio, etc., colonial institutions dictate and
manipulate the ways of thinking and acting among raza.
Without understanding our true history, culture, and
identity as La Raza, self-determination is impossible.
This is why Unión del Barrio considers one of the most
pressing tasks confronting our movement is making
people aware of the basis of our oppression, to develop
national, continental and international consciousness,
and through this consciousness concretize a revolutionary
process to the masses.
*This document largely inspired and derived from the spirit and program of Union del Barrio, a revolutionary indigenous organization based in occupied Califas, and which has for 20 years maintained close fraternal relations with the Uhuru Movement. While I support UdB and draw obvious inspiration from them, and in general uphold the line of their program (hence why it forms to basis of my "manifesto") I feel they remain very Chicano and Latino centric, despite their call for the organization and liberation of all of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. This manifesto is my way of comradely building on UdB's program in order to formulate a document that I hope speaks not only to Chicanos and Latinos, but all Raza, including Indians, Metis and Inuit!
Directory: 2012
2012 -> Cuba I. Introduction
2012 -> Assignments for World History for The Byzantine Empire and Medieval Europe
2012 -> Islamic Civilization Review Sheet
2012 -> Innovation in a hybrid system: the example of nepal
2012 -> Considering the Abolition of Ilobolo: Quo Vadis South Africa?
2012 -> Tc 852: spirituality and leadership theory and Practice of Leadership for Church Leaders
2012 -> Videos on Africa Camosun College Library Video Holdings (Jan 2012)
2012 -> Teaching the Standard as Additive Bilingualism: a search for Progressive Methodology
2012 -> Full Tr, Full Rf : The body posthuman, vo
fact that
very conditions
indigenous inhabitants
challenges posed
power necessary
collective interests
total liberation
current borders
nationalism that
correct approach
eventual goal
common mother


text:
Die elektromotorische Kraft (EMK) (engl. Electromotive Force (EMF)) und – in gleicher Bedeutung – die Urspannung sind historisch gewachsene Bezeichnungen für die Quellenspannung einer elektrischen Spannungsquelle. Auch die in den Wicklungen eines Elektromotors oder Generators durch Drehung induzierte Spannung wird EMK genannt.

Man versteht darunter die Spannung eines Systems, die dieses theoretisch ohne eingespeisten oder gelieferten Strom und ohne Leckströme erzeugt bzw. erzeugen würde.

Der Begriff wird vor allem bei galvanischen Zellen oder für die Induktionsspannung bei elektrischen Maschinen verwendet. Der Begriff beschreibt trotz seiner Bezeichnung keine Kraft im physikalischen Sinn, sondern eine elektrische Spannung.

Der Begriff elektromotorische Kraft kommt in der Liste physikalischer Größen sowie in Übersichts-Normen wie nicht vor; in
 wird die EMK als "abgelehnte" und "veraltete" Bezeichnung aufgeführt und auf die Quellenspannung weitergeleitet.

Geschichte
Der grundsätzliche Zusammenhang von chemisch geleisteter Arbeit in galvanischen Elementen zu Stromenergie, EMK und Kraft wurde durch Arbeiten von Hermann von Helmholtz und Josiah Willard Gibbs geleistet. Max Le Blanc nutzte zur Standardisierung der elektromotorischen Kraft von galvanischen Elementen die Normallösungen. Le Blanc fand weiter, dass platinierte Platinelektroden reversible Elektroden sind und zur präzisen Messung von Normalpotentialen genutzt werden können, er schlug die mit Wasserstoffgas umspülte Platinelektrode als Standardelektrode vor. Walther Nernst stellte eine Theorie zur EMK-Bestimmung bei verschiedenen Elektrolytkonzentrationen und Temperaturen auf.

Beispiele

Galvanische Zelle

Das Daniell-Element ist ein historisches Beispiel für eine elektrochemische Zelle. Es wird aus einem Zinkstab gebildet, der in die wässrige Lösung eines Zinksalzes taucht, und einem Kupferstab, der in die wässrige Lösung eines Kupfersalzes taucht. Beide Halbzellen werden mit Hilfe eines Stromschlüssels, der die Lösung eines Elektrolyten – KCl (Kaliumchlorid) oder NH4NO3 (Ammoniumnitrat) – enthält, oder durch ein Diaphragma zu einer galvanischen Zelle kombiniert.

Werden die beiden Metalle durch einen metallischen Leiter verbunden, fließt ein elektrischer Strom durch das System. Dabei erwärmt sich der Draht. Zink löst sich an der Zink-Elektrode auf, Kupferionen aus der Lösung scheiden sich an der Kupfer-Elektrode ab. Zur Bestimmung der EMK zerteilt man den Draht und schaltet ein Spannungsmessgerät zwischen die Drahtenden.

Im Daniell-Element findet an der Anode die Oxidation des Zinks statt.

An der Kathode wird Kupfer reduziert.

Für jede Halbzelle berechnen sich die Halbzellenpotentiale nach der Nernst-Gleichung.

Zur Berechnung der EMK für die Gesamtreaktion bildet man die Differenz der beiden Halbzellenpotentiale nach

Für das Daniell-Element erhält man für Metallionenkonzentrationen von jeweils 1 mol/l

,

da unter Standardbedingungen (Temperatur 25 °C, Konzentration 1 mol/l, Druck 1013 mbar) das Halbzellenpotential dem Standard-Potential entspricht.

Jede Halbzelle ist dabei getrennt zu betrachten. Man kann auch eine Halbzelle aus Zinkblech in Zinklösung nutzen, um auf elektrochemische Weise Wasserstoff herzustellen. Das Zinkblech wird mit einem Draht verbunden und in Kontakt mit einer Platinelektrode gebracht. Nun taucht man die Platinelektrode in Salzsäure. Es bildet sich Wasserstoffgas.

Zur Kalibrierung bzw. zur richtigen Einstellung von genau 1,000 V wurde in früherer Zeit das Clarkelement (Zink/Zinkpaste/Quecksilbersulfat/Quecksilber) oder das Westonelement benutzt.

Anwendungen
Aus der EMK lässt sich die molare freie Enthalpie einer Redox-Reaktion berechnen.

Hat man die EMK unter Standard-Bedingungen bestimmt, lässt sich so die freie Standard-Reaktionsenthalpie berechnen.

Weiterhin kann mit einer Referenz-Wasserstoffelektrode der pH-Wert bestimmt werden, indem die EMK dazu entwickelter Sonden gemessen wird, wenn sie in die zu messende Flüssigkeit eintauchen. Siehe hierzu zum Beispiel pH-Elektrode. Die EMK ändert sich dabei um 59,16 mV je pH-Änderung um 1, d. h. je Zehnerpotenz der Wasserstoff-Ionenkonzentration, wenn die Messtemperatur von 25 °C eingehalten wird (Nernst-Neigung). Andere Elektrodensysteme umgehen die schwierige Handhabung der Wasserstoffelektrode zur pH-Wert-Messung.

Elektromotoren und Generatoren
Bewegt sich ein elektrischer Leiter quer durch ein Magnetfeld, wird in ihm eine elektrische Spannung induziert; sie ist umso höher, je schneller die Bewegung ist. Dementsprechend induziert der sich im Stator-Magnetfeld drehende Läufer eines Elektromotors oder der magnetische Läufer eines Generators in seinen Wicklungen eine Spannung. Diese induzierte Spannung wird bei Motoren Gegen-EMK genannt. Dabei ist es unerheblich, welche Spannung tatsächlich am Motor bzw. Generator anliegt – die Differenz der beiden Spannungen fällt am ohmschen Widerstand der Wicklungen ab oder wird durch Leckströme verursacht.

Steigt die Drehzahl eines Gleichstrommotors so weit an, dass die EMK sich der anliegenden Spannung nähert, sinkt die Stromaufnahme und die Drehzahl erhöht sich nicht weiter. Mit Kenntnis der Gegen-EMK eines Gleichstrommotors kann man somit dessen Grenzdrehzahl für eine bestimmte Spannung errechnen.

Die Gegen-EMK eines Gleichstrommotors und auch anderer Motoren kann zu deren Steuerung und Geschwindigkeitsregelung herangezogen werden. Davon wird zum Beispiel bei kleinen permanenterregten Motoren zum Antrieb von Kassetten-Tonbandgeräten Gebrauch gemacht, aber auch bei elektronisch kommutierten Motoren sowie bei modernen Frequenzumrichtern für Asynchronmotoren.

Fremderregte Gleichstrommotoren können durch Feldschwächung in ihrer Drehzahl erhöht werden – die Gegen-EMK erfordert nun eine höhere Drehzahl, um den Wert der Betriebsspannung zu erreichen.

Auch Asynchronmotoren induzieren eine Gegen-EMK – hier induziert das mit dem Kurzschlussläufer umlaufende Magnetfeld in den Statorwicklungen eine Wechselspannung, die der Stromaufnahme entgegenwirkt, wenn der Läufer die Nenndrehzahl erreicht hat.

Die EMK von Schrittmotoren begrenzt deren Dynamik bzw. das Drehmoment bei großen Drehzahlen.

Die elektromotorische Kraft ist bei Generatoren nahezu gleich der Leerlaufspannung. Die erzeugte Spannung beziehungsweise die EMK von Generatoren kann durch Verändern der Drehzahl oder des Erregerfeldes verändert werden.

Galvanometer-Antriebe und Lautsprecher
Bei Galvanometer-Antrieben und elektrodynamischen Lautsprechern spielt die Gegen-EMK ebenfalls eine Rolle: sie wirken durch die Massenträgheit ihrer Spulen auf die speisende Spannungsquelle zurück. Ihre EMK wird in der Regel durch den geringen Innenwiderstand der sie treibenden Spannungsquellen kurzgeschlossen, dadurch werden sie bedämpft – ein Nachschwingen oder Überschwinger werden verringert.

Feldtheoretische Einordnung
Die stromtreibende elektromotorische Kraft (EMK, eingepräge Spannung, Urspannung)  ist nach ihrer Entstehung nichtelektrischer Natur (z. B. in elektrochemischen Zellen, in Photozellen, in Thermoelementen, bei Diffusionsvorgängen, in magnetfeldbasierten elektrischen Generatoren oder Motoren). Sie kann formal auf eine eingeprägte (innere, nichtelektrische) Feldstärke  zurückgeführt werden, die nur innerhalb der Quelle existiert.  ist unabhängig von der Belastung der Quelle, so dass auch die EMK

wie die Quellenspannung  unabhängig von der Belastung ist. Der Integrationsweg  verläuft ganz innerhalb der Quelle von einem Pol zum anderen.  ergibt sich positiv, wenn der Weg  vom Minus- zum Pluspol führt ().

Im Gebiet elektromotorischer Kräfte gilt das erweiterte Ohmsche Gesetz . Die eine Ladung  verschiebende Kraft ist dort gleich . In der Akkumulatorzelle rechts, dargestellt ist der Entladefall, kompensieren sich im Leerlauf () die eingeprägte elektrische Feldstärke   und die von den Polladungen erregte elektrische Feldstärke  gemäß , so dass keine Ladung in der Zelle transportiert wird. Die EMK

ist dann an den Anschlüssen  als Quellenspannung messbar.

In der zusammenfassenden Gleichungskette für die rechts skizzierte elektrochemische Zelle

bedeutet  den Umlaufwiderstand des Stromkreises, also die Summe aus Innen- und Außenwiderstand,  den ortsabhängigen Querschnittsflächeninhalt und  den ortsabhängigen spezifischen elektrischen Widerstand. Der Umlaufsinn der Integrale ist wie der Weg vom Minus- zum Pluspol in der Quelle orientiert.

Wenn sich der Leiterkreis in einem Magnetfeld bewegt (, z. B. in elektrischen Maschinen), ist die Feldstärke  der Lorentzkraft als eingeprägte elektrische Feldstärke  zu rechnen. Der Leiterkreis wird dadurch insgesamt zur Quelle. Wenn das Magnetfeld zeitveränderlich ist (), ist die Zirkulation der elektrischen Feldstärke nicht mehr gleich null, wie in der Gleichungskette oben vorausgesetzt. Es gilt vielmehr

nach dem Induktionsgesetz. Die induzierte Spannung

bildet einen Teil der elektromotorischen Kraft.

Wenn man die stromtreibende Wirkung der Quellen nicht durch ihre Quellenspannung, sondern durch ihre EMK berücksichtigt, nimmt der Kirchhoffsche Maschensatz statt  die Form  an. Die anschaulichere Form mit , die "Motor" und "Fahrwerk" unterscheidet, ist weniger üblich.

Die Aussage, EMK sei eine veraltete Bezeichnung für Quellenspannung, suggeriert, es handele sich um Synonyme für dieselbe physikalische Größe. Das ist nur soweit richtig, als EMK und Quellenspannung betragsgleich sind. Ihre Richtungen sind entgegengesetzt und ihre Definitionen fußen, wie oben dargestellt, auf verschiedenen Feldgrößen. In einer hydraulischen Analogie entspricht die EMK der Druckerzeugung einer Pumpe und die Quellenspannung dem (vermeintlichen) Druckabfall, den man an der Pumpe von der Druck- zur Saugseite misst.

Die EMK treibt einen elektrischen Strom in ihrer Richtung an, die Quellenspannung entgegen ihrer Richtung.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur

 Max Le Blanc: Lehrbuch der Elektrochemie. 9. und 10. Auflage. Oskar Leiner, Leipzig 1922.

Elektrische Spannung

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Todays "gold nugget" instructs us to get away from the foolish man that does not speak with knowledge. Often times we are in situations where we cannot get away from people that we really would like to. I am keeping with the object of this verse when I say "we want to get away from someone". It is foolish of us to want to stay in the presence of those who instruct in foolishness, but what if we just can't physically remove ourselves? If we can't remove ourselves physically, then we should do it spiritually. The person that is described in this verse may be someone from work, school or another place that you do not have control over. This is when we see the need for us to separate ourselves spiritually. The bible tells us without fail that we are to separate ourselves from wickedness, foolishness, etc. I have done this without ever leaving the room. It requires boldness, but you can do it. An example of when I did this brings me back to a day when our crew had gathered together - just finishing off the day with small talk. One of the guys told an offensive joke and without fail the entire crew erupted with laughter... well almost the entire crew. It was a small area and very close quarters. My refusal to acknowledge, encourage or even smile was like nails on a chalkboard. It was like the elephant in the room.. everyone could see it, but nobody said a word. We may not always be able to leave the room, but we can sure separate from others when it is appropriate to do so. There may be someone in your life that you know you need to be bold and separate yourself from. It isn't always easy, but if you commit to it - God will see it through and give you strength.