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Home > Research > Understanding Biodiversity: Evolutionary and Behavioural Ecology > Smart beaks: non-visual senses in birds
Current Research Programmes
Most birds have excellent vision, which is part of what makes birds such an appealing group to study. However, birds also use other senses to navigate their world. This project investigates the tactile senses in their beaks to understand the links between bill-tip anatomy and foraging ecology. The main focus is on three species of southern African ibises that forage in different habitats. All three have a honeycomb pattern of pitting in the bones of the bill tips, which suggests they should be able to forage using the sixth sense "remote touch", detecting small vibrations made by prey as they burrow or swim through the foraging substrate (soil, mud or water).
Carla du Toit started this project as an MSc student in 2017, upgrading to a PhD in 2018. Her research focuses on the anatomy of the bill-tip organ in probe-foraging birds, including modern ibises and extinct species in the paleontological record. The bill-tip organ of probe-foraging birds is made up of mechano-sensory receptors embedded in densely clustered pits in the bone of the bill tip. Although the general structure of the bill-tip organ is similar across all probe foraging species that possess it, there is variation in the shape and orientation of receptors among species. Carla uses three ibises as a model to investigate the link between the morphology of the bill-tip organ and the birds' foraging ecology: Hadeda Ibis Bostrychia hagedash, Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus and Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus.
She also is exploring whether these patterns can be extrapolated to infer information about the foraging ecology of fossil birds. If there is a strong link between the morphology of the bony parts of the bill-tip organ and foraging behaviour, we can use the structure of fossil beaks to infer information about the palaeoecology of extinct birds. In 2020, we published an extensive review of the bone structures of the beaks of over 500 species from all orders of extant birds. This established that we can determine the presence of a remote-touch-capable bill-tip organ in modern birds solely from the structures of their beak bones. Using this knowledge, we have been able to infer the foraging ecology of some of the most basal members of the avian family tree, shedding light on some contentious questions regarding the evolution of modern birds.
Our UCT team (Carla, Susie Cunningham and Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan) published one of Carla's thesis chapters on the beaks of fossil birds. Based on the extensive review of all orders of modern birds' beaks, we developed a classification system for beak tactile specialities and used this to study the beaks of the lithornithids, a group of fossil paleognathous birds related to modern ratites (ostriches, rheas, kiwis and allies). The lithornithids were medium-sized, flying birds that are the earliest known members of the Paleognathae. They evolved over 65 million years ago in the Cretaceous period, when non-avian dinosaurs still walked the earth. Our results suggested that these ancient birds were able to use remote-touch to locate buried prey in a similar way to modern day ibises. This finding helps to explain the mysterious presence of a structurally similar bill-tip organ in all modern paleognathous birds (which, aside from the kiwi, do not probe forage for food) as a vestigial trait inherited from a long extinct common ancestor. Indeed, based on evidence from the fossil record, we believe that this trait may have evolved even earlier in non-avian theropods.
Despite disruptions caused by the COVID-19 lockdown in March, Carla managed to finish her experiments with captive Hadeda Ibises at the World of Birds in Hout Bay, observing the birds as they probe in soil-filled trays containing desirable (to ibises at least) superworms. These experiments will allow her to gain detailed information on the use of remote-touch by Hadedas, and to determine to what extent their foraging success is affected by the levels of soil water, which will potentially lead to a better understanding of the recent range expansion of Hadedas across southern Africa.
Our paper on the remote-touch capability of lithornithids was published in December 2020 in the prestigious journal, Proceedings of the Royal Society B. The paper has been downloaded over 900 times in two months, which is very high for restricted access articles.
The paper has been featured in over 30 newspaper and magazine articles internationally, including some of the biggest in science and news media, such as New Scientist and The New York Times. More features are still being written, with upcoming features in New Zealand Geographic and African Birdlife magazines. Its Altmetric Attention score, a measure of how much people are talking about the paper on social media and news outlets, places it in the top 99th percentile of the more than 16 million research outputs tracked by Altmetric.
Impact of the project
This project helps us to better understand the links between anatomy, morphology and behaviour in birds. From a conservation and global change perspective, it allows a better understanding of the substrate conditions under which ibises are best equipped to forage, improving our understanding of potential mechanisms underlying the range expansion of Hadedas into the south and west of South Africa, and the likely impact of drought and ongoing climate drying on the foraging success of this and other ibis species.
The comparative work on palaeontological specimens has improved our understanding of the ecology of extinct birds, and shed light on the evolution of this unique sensory system. By changing our understanding of the morphology and behaviour of some of the earliest ancestors of large clades of modern birds, our findings have shed light on a major sensory ecological trend in the evolution of modern birds and dinosaurs.
Key co-supporters
DSI-NRF CoE grant; DSI-NRF CoE in Paleosciences.
Research team 2020
Dr Susan Cunningham (FIAO, UCT)
Prof. Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan (Biological Sciences, UCT)
Dr Steve Portugal (Royal Holloway, U. London)
Dr Anton du Plessis (U. Stellenbosch)
Student: Carla du Toit (PhD, UCT)
Carla du Toit with study Hadeda at the World of Birds. Carla has been studying the use of remote-touch by this species, and whether their foraging efficiency is affected by soil water content.
Carla with a lithornithid fossil. These ancient paleognaths show beak morphology consistent with the avian sense of remote touch, suggesting this sensory system evolved as early as the Cretaceous period.
Carla setting up her experimental trays at the World of Birds. The fences allow the hadedas to access the trays but discourage them from interfering with each other during foraging trials. Two birds are eagerly awaiting the start of the experiment (Photo: Susie Cunningham).
A Hadeda Ibis foraging in an experimental tray at the World of Birds (Photo: Carla du Toit).
Top: Longitudinal histological section through a Hadeda upper beak tip, stained with a trichrome stain. Images show bone (dark blue), soft tissue (lilac) and keratin (red) layers of the beak.. Bottom: (left) Long section through a single sensory pit, with a nerve bundle running the length of the pit and circular mechano-sensory receptors above and below this; (middle) a long section through a mechanosensory receptor (Herbst corpuscle) showing a central nerve fibre surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue; (right) a cross-section through a Herbst corpuscle.
A ventral view of a Hadeda beak tip with keratin and soft tissue layers removed, so that the sensory pits of the bill-tip organ are visible (photograph of a museum specimen). (Photo: Carla du Toit).
Wanting to study further?
The Study Opportunities page provides details for prospective students including information on the Conservation Biology Masters Course and Scholarships.


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Q: knockout textInput binding on number input field not updating on Microsoft Edge I seem to have hit an Edge browser specific issue with number input fields and knockout textInput binding.
I have the latest edge version, namely:
Microsoft Edge 38.14393.0.0; Microsoft EdgeHTML 14.14393
Until the anniversary update, the number input fields did not do anything with up/down arrows on Edge like they do on Chrome/Firefox. However, the latest version seems to have made some changes such that the value visible differs from what knockout has in the bound variable.
Here is the jsfiddle; try to change the value using up/down arrows:
https://jsfiddle.net/nkkfmLmc/13/
Html:
Amount:
<input type="number" min="0" max="100" step="1" data-bind="textInput: amount" />

Current Amount $

JS:
function PersonViewModel(amount) {
   this.amount = ko.observable(amount);
}

ko.applyBindings(new PersonViewModel(51.22));

The value updates correctly if the number is typed-in instead.
Any confirmation of the Edge issue or workaround(short of not using the number input type altogether) would be appreciated .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Resting on a lush green western edge of the Spring Hill College campus, Stewartfield is a Greek Revival raised cottage offering a captivating view down one of Mobile's landmarks, the century-old Avenue of the Oaks.
A long, spacious entrance hall welcomes guests inside the home and provides an appealing path of flow between the primary entertainment rooms at the front and rear of Stewartfield. Stately semi-circular ballroom at the rear comprise the largest formal dining and reception areas inside the home.
Tastefully decorated with complementary window treatments, the ballroom features an assortment of period antiques including a massive square piano and portraits of religious leaders associated with the College.
Outside is a beautifully landscaped patio, complete with iron tables and chairs, a decorative fountain and electrical access for music or a caterer's equipment.
The facility will hold 350 people theater style.
We also can accommodate seated dinners for 220 people.
The room would be perfect for a lecture or corporate event, the audio visual equipment is the state of the art.
The multi-functional LeBlanc Conference Room operates as one large room or can be divided into 3 separate smaller rooms. The room in its large configuration accommodates 300 people and 225 seated diners and features a multimedia, audiovisual system. The LeBlanc conference room is approximately 4,600 square feet.
The Gautrelet Room is a large, classic room with interior columns, beautiful lavender and soft gray carpeting, and ceiling-to-floor windows and draperies. It also features state-of-the-art audio-visual equipment located in the facility.
Arthur R. Outlaw Recreation Center is a fully equipped recreation center, complete with conference room, aerobics room, weight room, two racquetball courts and a full wooden gym floor with above ground track.
Yenni Hall is a renovated teaching hall with some computer access and rooms ideal for conferences or seminars.
Overnight facilities are also available for conference programs during summer months.
Spring Hill College facilities are used for educational purposes. Their availability is limited during the academic year.
During the summer, Spring Hill College welcomes the use of all facilities including dormitories for Conferences and short-term retreats.
For more information or to arrange a tour of the facilities, please call the office of Facilities and Special Events at 251-380-3884.


To a master procrastinator like me, it sounded mighty appealing. Wouldn't we all be a little more focused and productive with the help of a stimulant? Maybe not every day, but just when the deadline was looming? It reminded me of a piece a former TA of mine, then a college senior, wrote last year about Columbia students using Adderall to study for finals. It made me wonder if the younger generations are so accomplished–especially compared to us slacker Boomers at their age–in part because their drugs of choice tend toward Red Bull and Ritalin rather than those standard old depressants, booze and pot.
Charlotte, now in bed with the jitters and the sheets over her head, was in a bind. So she did what any loving mother jacked up on Adderall would do: called a driver to go get the kids.
In the end, everyone got home safely. But Charlotte never did come down. Last I heard, she was still awake and energized, contemplating the closets and the junk drawer. "It's 7:45, and I'm back at my computer," she wrote. "I feel GREAT!" Then: "Will I ever sleep again? The vodka ain't cutting it." There's always the Adderall booster.
This entry was posted in Family life, Parenting, Reality check, Working motherhood and tagged Adderall, hyperactivity. Bookmark the permalink.
That Charlotte sure is something! You are always a pleasure to read.


A $22.00 value - Ticket included as a choice with your Chicago Explorer Pass!
Your 360 CHICAGO ticket grants general admission access to the Chicago Neighborhood Exhibit, as well as the entire Observation Deck! Explore the history of the city and the John Hancock Center as you look out across Lake Michigan and bustling city below.
Visit at night: just as breathtaking as a daytime visit is a trip to the Observation Deck at twilight, when the lights of all of Chicagoland (and beyond) twinkle on and off, making for a magical show and a very romantic experience!
The Chicago Explorer Pass is the best choice for maximum savings and flexibility. Choose to use your pass for 360 CHICAGO tickets, then look to the list of other top attractions for your other Explorer Pass admission choices!
To skip the ticketing line, look for the Go Chicago Card signage in the admissions area and present your pass for validation. Please note that you may still experience a line at the elevator.
Daily, 9:00 am-11:00 pm. Last admission at 10:30 pm.
Open 365 days a year. Please check website for special events.
Timed tickets to TILT are available on the 94th floor for an additional fee.
Experience Chicago in a whole new dimension as you're tilted forward away from the building and over the Magnificent Mile.
CTA: Bus #146 Inner Drive/Michigan Express to Michigan Ave. and between Delaware & Chestnut Streets.


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Muslim Aid's Message on the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty
On the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty on 17 October, Muslim Aid calls for a collaborative effort from governments and aid agencies to end the violence of extreme poverty, promote empowerment and provide opportunities for a better future for all.
Muslim Aid addresses poverty from many angles – from arranging emergency education for children in disaster and conflict-affected countries to providing skills-training to people living in impoverished conditions. During the Horn of Africa crisis, Muslim Aid established many emergency schools so that the displaced children living in camps did not lose out on education in their prime years. Muslim Aid's Microfinance programme also aims to reduce poverty by giving interest-free loans to individuals and small enterprises to get them out of poverty.
A spokesperson from Muslim Aid said: "Poverty alleviation is one of the key objects of Muslim Aid. With a recovery rate of 97%, Muslim Aid's microfinance programme has proven to be an effective tool for empowering the poor, eradicating poverty and building a sustainable future. In keeping with our vision and mission, Muslim Aid will continue to support programmes aimed at eradicating poverty and helping communities to achieve their full potential".
- Muslim Aid is a relief and development agency set up in the United Kingdom in 1985 to provide humanitarian assistance to disaster affected countries and to help poor and vulnerable communities overcome poverty. Over the last 27 years, Muslim Aid has delivered services in over 70 countries worldwide. Muslim Aid works with all communities irrespective of faith, ethnic origin or political system. Muslim Aid programmes include emergency relief, capacity building through water, sanitation and health programmes, education and skills training, microfinance and income generation and orphan care. As well as giving practical assistance, Muslim Aid tackles poverty by developing sustainable solutions, advocating for a more just and sustainable future.
- For further information about the work of Muslim Aid and its overseas field offices, please visit the Muslim Aid website at www.muslimaid.org to tune in to Muslim Aid TV or go to our Twitter Account Muslim_Aid or contact Inlia Aziz on (+44) 020 7377 4200; inlia@muslimaid.org This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it or via post on PO Box 3| London | E1 1WP.
Charity Reg No. 295224

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Proteas squad that will be heading to England and Wales for the 2019 Cricket World Cup.
Faf du Plessis will captain the team that includes several players who will experience their first ever World Cup tournament.
Hashim Amla has been in dismal form in recent months, averaging just under 20 in the ongoing CSA T20 Challenge, while Aiden Markram's average in the Momentum One Day Cup exceeded 100.
Proteas convenor of selectors Linda Zondi is confident that the 15-man squad the selectors have chosen for the Cricket World Cup is 'truly representative' of the country's demographics.
With batting in the spotlight, EWN Sport reporter Carl Lewis believes Kagiso Rabada and Imran Tahir hold the key to South Africa's success at the Cricket World Cup in England.
Titans and Proteas batsman Aiden Markram says he is not focusing on being selected for South Africa's Cricket World Cup 15-man squad.
PHILASANDE SIXABA: What to do with Aiden Markram?
Philasande Sixaba says the Proteas selectors are faced with a real conundrum when picking their Cricket World Cup team.
This is my first any only time that I will ever play selector. It's a daunting job that Linda Zondi and his selection panel have to try and pick 15 players to represent South Africa at this year's Cricket World Cup in the United Kingdom.
Sri Lanka named the same team that were beaten on a Super Over in the first of three matches in Cape Town on Tuesday, with a bowling attack based mainly on spin.
Most of the lights on one pylon had failed.


Croatia's Ambassador to Bosnia and Herzegovina is being recalled after attending an official celebration in Banja Luka.
Politics Katja MiličićJan. 11, 2019, 6:19 p.m.
Ambassador Ivan Del Vechio has been summoned back to Zagreb after he participated in events marking Republika Srpska Day, a move Croatian officials have characterized as "the wrong call". The Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirmed on Friday that he is being recalled.
Ambassador Del Vechio is still in Zagreb where he was summoned for consultations, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Affairs.
On Wednesday, Del Vechio was in Banja Luka for events marking the controversial Republika Srpska Day. The celebration, which was also attended by HDZ BiH leader Dragan Čović, honored Slavko Lisic, who has been sentenced by Croatian courts to 15 years for war crimes committed in Dalmatia.
Minister of Foreign Affairs and European Affairs Marija Pejčinović Burić said on Thursday that Croatia had never participated in this celebration and that should have been the case this year as well. Del Vechio, she said, had made the wrong decision. The Ministry said that it had not been aware that Del Vechio would be attending the event and that he was summoned to Zagreb to explain.
January 9 is celebrated in Republika Srpska as the day when Bosnian Serbs declared their own entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992.


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[ sin-tl-ey-ting ]
witty; brilliantly clever.
Dec 17 gravitas
Dec 15 plotz
learn about the english language
What is the origin of scintillating?
Scintillating "witty, brilliantly clever" ultimately derives from the Latin noun scintilla "glittering speck, spark." Scintilla and its few derivatives refer generally only to physical phenomena; the only metaphorical sense that scintilla has is of eyes flashing in anger or passion, not the sense of sparkling or flashing wit. Scintilla comes from the Proto-Indo-European root skai– (and its variants) "to glow dully, reflect," as in Greek skiā́ "shadow," Gothic skeinan "to light, shine," and Old English scīnan (English shine). Finally, Tocharian B skiyo "shadow, shade," is exactly equivalent to Greek skiā́. Scintillating entered English in the second half of the 17th century in its literal sense; the sense "witty, clever" dates from the end of the 18th century.
how is scintillating used?
Across the crowded living room, where all the clever, scintillating talk and noise of a cocktail party seem nervous and inane, a boy and a girl suddenly see each other.
Thomas Williams, The Hair of Harold Roux, 1974
What had once seemed perhaps a bit flat next to the scintillating wit and effervescent sparkle of our mother came to seem the most valuable quality in the world one person could give another, infinite patience and attention ….
Corby Kummer, "About My Father," The Atlantic, December 17, 2009
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plotz
[ plots ]
to collapse or faint, as from surprise, excitement, or exhaustion.
Dec 16 scintillating
Dec 14 paraselene
What is the origin of plotz?
Plotz "to collapse or faint, as from surprise, excitement, or exhaustion," is one of those Yiddish words that make you smile just from its sound. Many Americans learned plotz in the early 1950s from Mad magazine (originally a comic book). Plotz is an American slang term that comes from Yiddish platsn "to crack, split, burst," from Middle High German platzen "to burst." Plotz entered English about 1920.
how is plotz used?
Simmel was worried about street lamps, murals, the occasional honk of a horn. Had he lived to see a smartphone, or modern Tokyo, he would have plotzed.
Andrew Marantz, "Can Smart Wood Help You Log Off?" The New Yorker, October 7, 2019
Make an effort to include your parents in this milestone, let them decide whether to take part somehow, and if they decline, then invite your mother-in-law to take a bigger role. If/when your mom plotzes … you can simply and kindly remind your mother that she was invited to take part and chose not to.
Carolyn Hax, "Q. Uninterested parents vs. engaged in-laws," Washington Post, April 29, 2016
paraselene
[ par-uh-si-lee-nee ]
Meteorology.
a bright moonlike spot on a lunar halo; a mock moon.
Dec 13 misbegotten
What is the origin of paraselene?
Paraselene "a bright moonlike spot on a lunar halo; a mock moon, a moon dog," is a compound noun formed from the Greek preposition and prefix pará, para– "alongside, contrary to" and the noun selḗnē "moon, the moon." Selḗnē is the Attic Greek form (when people say they are studying classical Greek, they mean the Greek of Attica, whose chief city was Athens); other dialects have selā́nā (Doric Greek and most other dialects); as usual, Aeolic Greek goes its own way with selánnā (Aeolic is the dialect of the lyric poets Sappho and Alcaeus). All the Greek forms derive from an unrecorded selasnā, a derivative of the neuter noun sélas "light, glow, beam." Sixty percent of Greek words have no clear etymology; selḗnē, selā́nā, selánnā is among them. Paraselene entered English in the mid-17th century.
how is paraselene used?
In this image, the first quarter moon is flanked on both sides of a halo by "mock moons," also known as paraselenae or "moondogs." The apparitions are formed when moonlight is refracted through thin, plate-shaped ice crystals in cirrus clouds.
Nina Sen, "Dazzling 'Moondogs' Shine Over Alaska's Call of the Wild (Photo)," Space.com, April 1, 2013
The darkest part of the winter is from the middle of December to the middle of January, when the aurora transforms the sky into a vault of fire, and paraselene appear, surrounding the moon with blazing cresses, circles, and mock-moons, scarcely surpassed by the wonderful deceptions of the solar rays.
"Arctic and Antarctic Oceans," Scientific American, March 20, 1869
misbegotten
[ mis-bi-got-n ]
badly conceived, made, or carried out.
Dec 12 lyceum
What is the origin of misbegotten?
Misbegotten "badly conceived, made, or carried out," is hard to figure out from its component parts. Misbegotten is made up of the prefix mis– "wrongly, incorrectly," from the Germanic prefix missa– "astray, wrong" (from the same root as the verb miss "to fail to hit or strike"), as in Gothic missadeths "transgression, offense," which occurs in Old English as misdǽd and in English as misdeed. Begotten is the past participle of beget, which comes from the Old English verb begietan "to get, acquire," which since the second half of the 14th century has meant "to generate offspring; produce as an effect." Beget is a compound of the prefix be-, a Germanic prefix originally meaning "about, around, on all sides," with many other meanings, but here having a figurative sense (as also with befall, begin, behave). The verb get is from Old Norse geta "to get, be able to, beget, engender." Misbegotten entered English in the first half of the 16th century in the sense "illegitimate child."
how is misbegotten used?
It is long past time to end U.S. support for this misbegotten and unwinnable war.
Editorial Board, "End U.S. support for this misbegotten and unwinnable war," Washington Post, August 18, 2018
Does our respect for companion creatures herald a new way of relating to non-humans, rejecting centuries of misbegotten thinking about animals as unfeeling biological machines?
Brandon Keim, "Dogs and Cats Are Blurring the Lines Between Pets and People," Wired, April 8, 2014
[ lahy-see-uhm ]
an institution for popular education providing discussions, lectures, concerts, etc.
Dec 11 avuncular
What is the origin of lyceum?
The English noun lyceum comes from Latin Lycīum, Lycēum, from Greek Lýkeion, the name of a gymnasium in southeast Athens with a neighboring sanctuary of Apóllōn Lýkios / Lýkeios. The area was one of the places where Socrates used to ask his good-humored but troublesome questions, and where Aristotle used to lecture. The sanctuary also gave its name to Aristotle's school, the Lýkeion. It is unclear what exactly lýkeios means: It may mean "belonging to a wolf" (lýkos) because of the Athenian military and athletic cult of Apóllōn Lýkios "Wolf-Apollo." Lýkeios is also an epithet of Apollo meaning "Lycian (Apollo)," i.e., Apollo was born in Lycia (his mother Leto was Lycian). Finally, because of Apollo's association with the sun, lýkeios may be from the same root as Greek lýchnos "lantern, lamp" and Latin lux (stem luc-) "light." Modern authorities consider the connection with Lycia and Leto to be the most probable one. Lyceum entered English in the second half of the 16th century.
how is lyceum used?
At a lyceum, not long since, I felt that the lecturer had chosen a theme too foreign to himself, and so failed to interest me as much as he might have done.
Henry David Thoreau, "Life Without Principle," The Atlantic, October 1863
On the lyceum circuit, they travelled from town to town, an adult-education campaign offering lectures on everything from physical exercise to the moral crisis of slavery.
Evan Osnos, "Bringing Our Politics Back from the Brink," The New Yorker, November 9, 2020
avuncular
[ uh-vuhng-kyuh-ler ]
acting like an uncle, as in being kind, patient, generous, etc., especially to younger people.
Dec 10 mitzvah
What is the origin of avuncular?
Avuncular typically means "acting in a kindly, benevolent manner towards one's nieces and nephews." Avuncular comes from the Latin noun avunculus "mother's brother, uncle," a derivative of the noun avus "grandfather, forefather, ancestor." (English uncle comes via Old French and Anglo-French oncle, uncle from avunculus.) Latin avus comes from Proto-Indo-European awos "grandfather, maternal grandfather." Awo– is also the source for Armenian hav "grandfather," Old Irish áue, Middle Irish ó(a), úa, both meaning "grandson, descendant," and the source of O' in Gaelic surnames, such as O'Connor "descendant of Connor." Variants of the stem appear in Lithuanian avýnas "maternal uncle," Old Prussian awis, and Old Church Slavonic ujĭ, both meaning "uncle." The Latin term for father's brother, paternal uncle is patruus (a derivative of patr– father), for maternal aunt matertera (a derivative of mātr-), and for paternal aunt amita. Latin is interesting to anthropologists because of its unusually full and exact kinship terms, every possible kinship relation having its own term and not a descriptive compound noun, for example, "father's brother, mother's mother, sister's son." (The Latin system of kinship terms is an excellent example of the so-called Sudanese pattern.) Indeed, anthropologists use Latin kinship terms as the basis of a general terminology for cross-cultural use. Avuncular entered English in the first half of the 19th century.
how is avuncular used?
Immersed in bubbles, fully suited, he [Stephen Colbert] provided his signature mix of acid critique and avuncular reassurance.
Doreen St. Félix, "What We're Watching Under Quarantine," The New Yorker, March 23, 2020
He also, later on, has a consoling, avuncular chat with his frightened boy-self.
James Parker, "The New David Copperfield Movie Might Be Better Than the Book," The Atlantic, September 2020
[ meets-vah, mits-; mits-vuh ]
any good or praiseworthy deed.
What is the origin of mitzvah?
Mitzvah "law, divine law, commandment" is probably most familiar to Americans in the phrases bar mitzvah and bat mitzvah "son / daughter of the Law / commandment," the ceremony making the young person responsible for observing the Law. Mitzvah represents a modern pronunciation of Hebrew mișwāh "command, commandment." There also exists the developed meaning of mișwāh "good deed performed in fulfillment of a commandment," such as the obligation to love one's neighbor as oneself. Mitzvah entered English in the mid-17th century.
how is mitzvah used?
Wearing something new for a festive occasion is a mitzvah, a commandment and good deed in Jewish law.
Elizabeth Hayt, "Sprucing Up For Holidays: It's a Mitzvah," New York Times, September 20, 1998
Here's what I learned: it's a mitzvah for humanity that I didn't take my parents' advice about becoming a doctor.
Patricia Marx, "Taking Virtual Reality for a Test Drive," The New Yorker, December 9, 2019
More word of the day
Dec 09, 2020 abscond
Dec 08, 2020 infodemic
Dec 07, 2020 ambit
Dec 06, 2020 verbum sap
Dec 05, 2020 tirrivee
Dec 04, 2020 antediluvian
Dec 03, 2020 doomscrolling
Dec 02, 2020 hebetude
Dec 01, 2020 beneficence


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Natural Cycles is the world's first certified contraceptive app. I have been a loyal user for 4 years. I absolutely love the function of the app and the change it brings to my life. But as a product designer, I see so many ways that the app could improve, e.g. by applying my 5 key learnings from revamping Instabridge (27M+ installations). So here is what I would do if I were redesigning the Natural Cycles app.
This is how the app is used every day: you measure the temperature in the mouth right after waking up. Then you input the data in the app, manually, to see if it is a green day (infertile) or red day (fertile).
The end goal is to give women reliable information about their fertility so they can make behavioural decisions that will eventually have a big impact on their lives. The reliability is dependent on the algorithm, but also on having correct user data. According to research, the algorithm is sound and solid, but there are conditions under which people are not supposed to input their data that day. For example, when you have a hangover, or when you have fever etc. Right now, the rules are explained in many paragraphs of fine print hidden inside a little information button. If the user is unaware of these rules, they might make mistakes that render the final result less reliable.
But this can be improved by design. Instead of a long text, just asking the user "are you hungover?" and "are you sick?" will help the app determine the data quality more accurately. For the users, they just need to report their condition honestly without remembering the rules. Win-win.
Different ways to help users determining which data can be trusted.
Before: the rules of how to determine if the data is valid if the user pressed the little "info" button on the upper right hand corner.
After: the user just report their condition honesty and the rest will be taken care of by the app. So they don't have to remember all the rules on a hungover morning.
Recently, the app received a storm of criticism in the media about the app's accuracy, because some users got unwanted pregnancies while using the app. As I mentioned earlier, the result relies on both the algorithm and the quality of user data. Even with a perfect algorithm, human errors can still render the result inaccurate, and we all know how hard it is to completely avoid human errors. We can get pregnant because we accidentally scratched a condom with long nails, or we forget to use protection after stomach sickness while being on contraceptive pills.
But this is where design can help the users to reduce human errors, hence making the app more reliable.
First things first, let's look at the background colour. This is an app used by women first thing in the morning. The strong glow of the white background really hurts the morning eye. So I made the background dark grey, which also helps the red and green colours to stand out.
The glow of a bright white background hurts the eyes in a dark morning bedroom.
When it comes to app product design, it is so much more than bundling together a few webpages. As I can see in the current version, two of the most used screens can be easily and organically packaged into one. It will both have more relevant information at one glance, and will also give users the intended feelings, such as the joy of having a green day, or the frustration of missing a day of data input — this is crucial because it is based on these feelings that the users will fall in love with the app and choose to be more active in measuring and inputting their temperatures.
Unfortunately (or fortunately), humans are really not as rational as we want to believe. Our feelings are normally the real bosses for decision making, which is something extremely important for UX designers to acknowledge and to leverage.
With this new design, it is so much easier to have an overview of one's menstruation cycle and fertility.
A closer look of the main design. The 3 points are explained in detail below.
A circular view gives users a lovely UX while underpinning the branding. I always loved the name "Natural Cycles" but found it a shame that it was not reflected more in the design. By making the main view this way, it matches the cyclic nature of the female body and it also reinforces the brand. Besides, it helps the user to have a feeling of how far they have come in a cycle and how far away they are from their next period. Three elements all aligned perfectly: meaning, function and form.
Semi-transparence makes it clear that predictions are only predictions. The current design used a grey circle and a colour dot to indicate "these are only predictions". In the new design I used semi-transparence so the users will instinctively know it is not something one can trust 100%. It looks elegant this way too.
A little gamification that increases data input: for every day the user inputs temperature, this grey line becomes longer. But when they don't input data, then it will be a gap. Somehow people just love to have a streak (Snapchat has succeeded with using the same psychological strategy), hence they will remember inputting data to win.
A side note: I do care about the brand colour purple. When users open the app, the first thing they see will be the data input screen, which is completely purple. Besides, all the other views will have purple too, just on this screen too many colours become an overkill and it dilutes the goal of showing red or green days.
I suppose only the women who are actual users can feel this in their hearts — when it is a red day, the screaming red colour makes us feel like there is something wrong with our bodies (a red day means we are fertile, and that is not a "bad" day).
Of course, if the app is used for contraception, the red days do mean that one has to be careful not to get pregnant. So to make it look like a warning sign is the right UX choice. But can we somehow achieve this goal without making the user feel bad?
First, I used a tone that is more friendly. Then I also added a heart and kind words "today, use protection, and still enjoy". For every one I showed this design to, getting an "awww" reaction back was almost guaranteed.
Reliable: This is a given for a contraceptive app.
Scientific: Respect data and reward users for their efforts recording data.
Smart: Predict, facilitate. Try to burden the users as little as possible.
Lovable: To get those "awww" reactions. After all, when a user looks at this app, she is looking at her body. There is a relationship, and we want that relationship to be good.
I think one feature that Natural Cycles could communicate better is that the app doesn't work in a binary way like the pills do, where if you miss one day then you can't trust it anymore. Actually, if you miss some days with the app, you will only have fewer green days, but the app is still useful.
On a higher level, I think one of the most powerful branding stories Natural Cycles can tell is to make women feel completely shame-free about their bodies. Menstruation is a natural function of the female body. But somehow through history and across cultures, it comes with so much misunderstanding and so much shame. Natural Cycles is in a position to properly educate women about their bodies and also rewrite the shame story — the monthly flow is not something we need to hide, it is a celebration of life. We love our bodies and we want to treat it in the best way possible. Admittedly, there is no better way to treat the body than the natural way, completely free of artificial hormones.
I hope you enjoy reading this article. You are very welcome to leave your comments and feedbacks here below the published version on Medium.


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Wilsons' Macmillan Coffee Morning
Wilsons Macmillan Coffee Morning In support of Macmillan Cancer Support
Here at Wilsons we are proud to support Macmillan Cancer Support by hosting our very own Macmillan Coffee Morning. All of our staff were encouraged to bake or be a willing buyer so that we could raise as much money as possible for a fantastic charity, but also take the opportunity to have a catch up with other members of staff.
We received a fantastic spread of cakes, cupcakes and cookies to choose from. Undoubtedly though, the star of the show was the fantastic Wilsons tyre cake donated to us by The Cake Sisters complete with our company logo and two edible miniature cars. However, we did have our own star baker in the mix with HR Administrator Gareth Williams taking the title of 'best baker' thanks to his delicious lemon sponge cake.
In total, we managed to raise £600 which included a generous company contribution.
Macmillan's first ever Coffee Morning event happened in 1990 and simply involved guests donating the cost of their drink to Macmillan. Originally it was only a small event, but it was so effective that it was planned again for the following year, only this time on a national scale instead. Since then, Coffee Mornings have raised over £138 million for Macmillan, with £25 million raised from last year alone. This year they are aiming to raise even more!
Unfortunately, there are currently 2.5 million people living with cancer in the UK. Statistically one in three of us will get cancer and that is where Macmillan come in. They are experts in providing medical, emotional, practical and financial support for anyone suffering with cancer and their family and friends.
Here are some of our favourite pictures from this morning's event:
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What is an Alcoholic Beverage Permit?
An Alcoholic beverage permit is a written certificate issued by the State of Indiana through the Alcohol & Tobacco Commission (ATC) that must be displayed by any business that sells, serves, dispenses, manufactures or distributes any beverages or drinks containing alcohol. The City of South Bend does not issue these permits, although permission from the City of South Bend is required for two types of permits: a temporary permit and a riverfront development permit. A local Alcoholic Beverage Board meets the fourth Wednesday each month in the County City Building, in South Bend, to make recommendations about local permits to the State Commission.
Where are forms obtained for an Alcoholic Beverage Permit?
Application forms for temporary permits as well as all other type permits, including restaurants, package stores, grocery stores, bars, etc. are obtained through the ATC. The forms can be found through the ATC website (www.in.gov/atc), or one can request a form by phone to the ATC at 317-232-2430.
What is a Riverfront Development Type Alcoholic Beverage Permit?
In South Bend, riverfront development permits are for specific, designated areas near downtown South Bend that are within 1,000 feet of the St. Joseph River. These type permits do not involve an extra cost above the administrative fee charged by the ATC and Downtown South Bend, but they cannot be transferred and are subject to stricter eligibility rules. For information about local procedures, eligibility, and restrictions on riverfront development permits, contact Downtown South Bend (DTSB) at www.downtownsouthbend.com (574-282-1110).
A temporary (special event) permit is required whenever beer and or wine will be served, dispensed or sold at a gathering of many persons in a location that does not have an alcoholic beverage permit attached to it. Generally, this excludes small home parties.
For a catered event where the caterer has an ATC-issued caterer's permit, the caterer obtains the permit for the event host. This should be confirmed in advance with the caterer. If an event is one where the host intends to serve alcoholic beverages through a licensed bartender or licensed server who does not have a caterer's permit, then the event host must obtain a temporary permit. A Temporary Permit is restricted to on-site consumption—no carry out; no carry in, and it is for beer and wine only. It cannot be used for hard liquor beverages. A person or place having a beverage caterer's permit must be used if a special event is one where hard liquor is intended to be served, sold, or dispensed. No alcoholic beverages may be served, sold, or dispensed at an event requiring a temporary permit by any person who does not have a valid bartender's or server's permit.
Fifteen days (15) before the scheduled event, the temporary event permit form must be fully completed and submitted to the excise police office for the district where the event will take place. The excise police office for the district serving St. Joseph County is located at 52422 County Road 17, Bristol, Indiana; phone number 574-264-9480. The form also requires approval by the South Bend Police Dept. Chief, 701 West South Sample Street, before submission to the district excise police office. The excise officer assigned to the South Bend area must sign and approve the application form after it is submitted.
What is the cost for an Alcoholic Beverage Permit?
The cost of a permit charged by the State of Indiana varies depending upon the type of permit requested. The costs for each type permit are posted on the website of the ATC at http://www.in.gov/atc. A temporary permit for a one day event is currently $50.00.
Certain alcoholic beverage permits, including those in South Bend and Mishawaka, Indiana, are limited in number based on population totals. Where there is more demand for a permit than the number of permits available through the ATC, persons desiring a permit must acquire a permit privately from another permit holder. They must then apply to the ATC for transfer of that permit. This usually involves a negotiated cost payable to the transferor that is not part of the ATC's administrative fee for transfer.
NOTE: Because the State of Indiana is the official agency that regulates alcoholic beverages, you should consult their website or contact their office for all such matters. The information provided here is not a substitute for official State information.


No reviews for Persepolis yet.
there is a new movie directed by Vincent Paronnaud.
Voice: Catherine Deneuve plays in a new movie.
the price for Persepolis drops.
there are new images or links available for Persepolis.


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Speakers: Tech Forum Southwest
Speakers at Tech & Learning's Tech Forum are innovators in the field of educational technology. With years of experience as conference presenters, educators, school leaders and Tech & Learning authors, they offer a unique perspective on technology challenges and solutions.
Sheryl Nussbaum-Beach
21st Century Collaborative, LLC
Sheryl Nussbaum-Beach is a 20-year educator who has been a classroom teacher, technology coach, charter school principal, district administrator, and digital learning consultant. Currently, she is in the dissertation phase of completing her doctorate in Educational Planning, Policy and Leadership at the College of William and Mary. She is the owner and founder of 21st Century Collaborative, LLC, a digital learning consulting business through which she supports school districts and other nonprofits in their work toward 21st Century reform. Through the Powerful Learning Practice Network, which she co-founded with Will Richardson, Nussbaum-Beach works with schools and teachers around the world to re-envision their learning cultures and in helping them develop as professional learning teams. http://plpnetwork.com. Additionally, she is the co-founder of the K12Online Conference, a free, annual global gathering of educators, hosted on the Web and packed with cutting-edge ideas. In 2007, K12Online attracted more than 83,000 participants world-wide. Find out more at http://k12onlineconference.org.
Nussbaum-Beach has published journal articles, book chapters and magazine pieces, been featured on public broadcasting television and radio shows, and is a regular presenter at local, state, national and international conferences speaking on topics of homelessness, teacher leadership, virtual community building, and 21st Century learning initiatives. Her first book on 21st Century Learning will be published with Eye on Education in 2009.
Other TECH FORUM Speakers
Jennifer Bergland
Jennifer Bergland has been in public education for 30 years. She taught social studies for 17 years in middle and high schools in Oklahoma and Texas. She has been with Bryan ISD for 22 years, five of them as CTO and, before that, eight as director of instructional technology. In 1995, Bergland took a department of two trainers and a part-time secretary to a staff of 45 technology professionals whose responsibility it is to support and maintain a high-tech infrastructure for over 15,000 users. Central to her heart is how best to serve the district's learning community. Bryan ISD recognized her efforts by naming her the district's Administrator of the Year in 2002. Under Bergland's leadership the district has received over 8.6 million dollars in grants, enabling it to pursue the skills and technology necessary to prepare its students for the 21st Century. Byrant ISD was recently honored by the Consortium for Schools Networking (CoSN), which presented it with the TEAM award, given each year to a district that has significantly employed technology to transform learning.
Amy Bramhall
Instructional Technology Specialist
Carrollton-Farmers Branch ISD
Amy Bramhall taught fifth grade math for two years, sixth grade math for six years and has been an instructional technology specialist at the district level for the past six years. In her current role she works with students and teachers to integrate technology skills across the curriculum. Podcasting, iPods, GPS, student email, message boards, blogging, web pages, and multimedia are just a few of the technology components she helps students and teachers embrace in the educational setting. Three years ago La Donna Conner and Amy Bramhall were instrumental in implementing the Beyond4Walls project in Carrollton-Farmers Branch ISD. The project brought iPods and podcasting to the ESL/ELL classrooms across the district as a tool to improve language acquisition skills and give students access to the teacher outside the classroom setting. Bramhall has presented at TCEA, TASB, Region X, and TABE.
LaDonna Conner
La Donna Conner has been with the Carrollton-Farmers School District since 1982, first as a classroom teacher and now as an instructional technology specialist. In her current position she assists in the implementation and ongoing support of technology integration across curriculum areas. As a part of her job, she conducts training sessions for teachers and students on Web 2.0 components such as blogging, podcasting, and wikis. Along with Amy Bramhall, she was instrumental in developing the Beyond4Walls project, focusing on iPods and podcasting in the ESL/ELL classroom. Conner has presented workshops and sessions at TCEA, TAET, TABE, T+ L, TASB and NECC.
Scott Floyd
Instructional Technologist
White Oak ISD
Scott S. Floyd currently serves as the district technology curriculum specialist for White Oak Independent School District in White Oak, Texas. Before that he spent ten years in the classroom, mostly teaching middle school reading, English, and classes for gifted and talented students. His current focus is on helping teachers integrate technology tools into their curriculum, both in instruction and learning, with his recent priority placed on electronic portfolios using an open source blogging platform.
Karen Fuller
Klein ISD
Karen Fuller has been involved in K-12 education for 17 years. She began as a classroom teacher in Diboll ISD, teaching microcomputer applications on Apple IIe's, and then became the technology coordinator for the district. From there she moved to become the technology manager for ESC VII, in Kilgore, Texas. In 2004 she became the district technology trainer and, later, the director of technology in Marshall ISD. Fuller has been with Klein ISD since 2006, first as the director of information technology and now as CTO. She has designed, implemented, and supported campus LAN's, district WAN's, and regional networks, and has conducted workshops on technology integration, grant writing, supporting district hardware and software, and technology planning. In addition, she has worked with districts on implementing wireless, VOiP, and distance learning networks, and developing curriculum for technology integration; has provided technical training for technology staff; and has served on state committees for developing hardware standards and teacher standards in technology.
Michael Gras
Chief of Technology
Formerly a teacher of life science, physical science, earth science, and Texas history at Sharpstown Jr. High (Houston I.S.D.), Michael Gras also worked for many years as a tutor, educational consultant and network designer. After forming his own company, he assembled teams that designed and built educational networks in dozens of East Texas school districts. In his current role as chief of technology at White Oak ISD he works with three co-workers caring for seven servers in an enterprise environment with connectivity to over 600 workstations. Gras is the current member-at-large for the Texas Computer Education Association (TCEA) Strategic Open Source Special Interest Group.
Arturo Guajardo
Instructional Technology Facilitator
Austin ISD
In addition to serving as an instructional technology facilitator for the Austin Independent School District, Arturo Guajardo is an independent trainer and consultant specializing in emerging educational technologies and the use of digital media with ELL/Bilingual students. He has developed and led numerous instructional technology staff development sessions and has presented at various conferences including NECC, TCEA, FETC and National Association for Bilingual Education. An experienced educator, he taught third, fourth and fifth grade bilingual students for ten years in Austin ISD. In 1999, he was honored as the Mollie Dawson Teacher of the Year and was a semi-finalist for AISD Teacher of the Year.
Miguel Guhlin
Director of Instruction Technology Services
San Antonio ISD
Miguel Guhlin, a 15 year educator with a Master's degree in Bicultural/Bilingual Studies with ESL Concentration, has been a bilingual/ESL teacher at elementary and secondary grade levels as well as serving as a campus instructional specialist, campus technology coordinator, and district instructional technologist. He currently is the director of instructional technology services for San Antonio ISD. He has served as TCEA Area 20 board member/director and is currently president of the TCEA Technology Education Coordinators Special Interest Group (TEC-SIG). Guhlin has over 100 publications to his credit. He has spoken at international, national, state, and regional conferences for the last 15 years and has completed Digital Storytelling training under the leadership of Joe Lambert, founder of The Center for Digital Storytelling. Visit Miguel on the Web at http://mguhlin.net.
Kevin Hogan began his stint as Tech & Learning's editorial director in 2008. He comes to T&L directly from Scholastic Administrator, where he was executive editor for four years. Prior to Scholastic, Hogan was senior editor of MIT Technology Review and editor of the magazine's website. He was also formerly a features editor for Business 2.0 magazine. Hogan has been reporting and writing about the intersection of business and technology since 1993. His work has appeared in numerous publications, including Wired, Forbes ASAP, and Small Business Computing magazines.
Karen Kahan
Director, Educational Technology
Karen Kahan was named director of educational technology at the Texas Education Agency (TEA) in March 2008. Departments within the Educational Technology Unit include Technology Applications, Distance Learning, Special Projects, Technology Grant Programs, Educational Technology Pilot Projects, Technology Planning, and E-Rate. Previously, she was the director for the technology applications curriculum at TEA for 12 years and, prior to that, she served in other capacities in educational technology at TEA where she has worked for nearly 18 years. Kahan taught mathematics and science at the middle school level before joining TEA. During her years at TEA, she has provided leadership in the implementation of the recommendations in the State Board of Education's Long-Range Plan for Technology. Currently, she serves on the State Educational Technology Directors Association (SETDA) Board of Directors.
Ann McMullan
Executive Director, Educational Technology
Ann McMullan is completing her 30th year with the Klein Independent School District. During the first 18 years of her career, she was a social studies teacher at Strack Intermediate School. During her last years in the classroom she began to use technology with her students to teach US history and government. Klein ISD asked McMullan to move to the central office to lead the district's efforts in using technology to transform teaching and learning in all content areas. In her role as current role she leads the district team that provides technology professional development to Klein's 5500 employees. She also works closely with curriculum directors to assure that Klein ISD's curriculum maximizes the use of the technology tools the district has placed in every classroom, and in the district's 1-to-1 schools. From 2004 to 2006 McMullan served as the co-chair of the state's Educational Technology Advisory Committee which produced the Texas Long Range Plan for Technology, 2006-2020.
Jon Orech
Instructional Technology Coordinator
Downers Grove South High School, IL
Jon Orech taught English for 24 years before becoming the instructional technology coordinator at Downers Grove South High School in Illinois. He is also an instructor for Aurora University where he teaches Digital Storytelling workshops. In the classroom, Orech has always promoted best technology approaches to ensure student learning. He is a frequent speaker at conferences; his presentations address a wide variety of topics including: Digital Storytelling, Hi -Tech Lit Circles, Learning with Wikis, and Student-Generated Assessment. Currently, his focus of research is in the area of Collaborative Technology, specifically, imbedding structured Cooperative Learning pedagogy into teaching with Web 2.0 tools to improve student learning. Away from school, he savors the "Four F's": Family, Football, Fishing, and Food!
Meg Ormiston
Instructional Technology and Curriculum Consultant
Tech Teachers, Inc., Hinsdale, IL
Meg Ormiston is passionate about transforming teaching and learning through the power of digital tools. She loved being a classroom teacher, but now she is always on the move, empowering educators across the globe through her powerful presentations focused on change. She is a former school board member, adjunct professor, consultant, keynote speaker, successful grant development specialist, and most importantly, a mom. Ormiston is high energy, truly motivational, but also very practical. Her current research is focused on how curriculum can be delivered through the use of visual images, simulations and multimedia coupled with real time assessment to check for comprehension. She is the author of Conquering InfoClutter and co-author (with Mark Standley) of Digital Storytelling with PowerPoint. She is currently writing her third and fourth books while juggling baseball, golf and football schedules.
Judy Salpeter
Tech & Learning Events
Judy Salpeter, an experienced educator and education technology specialist, is program director for Tech & Learning Events. On the editorial staff of T&L magazine since 1985, Salpeter served as editor-in-chief from 1994 to 2000. In addition to overseeing content for Tech & Learning Events, she is consulting editor to the magazine, director of the K-12 Computing Blueprint web site, and editor of the CoSN Compendium and other publications for the Consortium for School Networking. Over the years, Salpeter has written for publications including Business Week and Newsweek and authored a software program (Mystery Sentences, Scholastic, 1984) and a book (Kids & Computers: A Parents' Handbook, SAMS, 1991).
David Warlick
Author, Programmer, and Educator
Landmark Project, NC
David Warlick, a 30 year educator and Tech Forum favorite, has been a classroom teacher, district administrator, and staff consultant with the North Carolina State Department of Public Instruction. For the past ten years, he has operated The Landmark Project, a consulting, and innovations firm in Raleigh, North Carolina. His web site, Landmarks for Schools, serves more than a half-million visitors a day with some of the most popular teacher tools available on the Net. Warlick is also the author of three books on instructional technology and 21st century literacy, and has spoken to audiences throughout the U.S., Canada, Europe, Asia, and South America.
Christine Weiser
Christine Weiser is a professional writer and editor specializing in education technology. She was the editor for Media & Methods magazine and most recently was a contributing editor and blogger for Scholastic Instructor and Administrator. She is the co-author of Ask Mr. Technology: Get Answers (Linworth Publishing, 2007) and the editor of many other nonfiction education book titles, including Copyright for Administrators (Linworth Publishing, 2008). When she's not reporting on ed tech, she can be found playing bass with her band, The Tights, or writing fiction. Her first novel, Broad Street, will be released in Fall 2008.


There's a saying that "you can't copyright ideas." Look at Shakespeare to see the truth of the saying. Whether our tellings have Shakespeare's genius or not, I leave up to the audience. (Fortunately the folk form doesn't require such literary genius.) Folklorists have both a standard Tale Type, developed by Antti Aarne, and a motif index, such as Stith Thompson developed. This lets variants be searched and compared.
Storytellers may find the appeal of setting a familiar tale in a different locale with characters and other specifics tempting. This may not be the most authentic version of the story that would appeal to a folklorist or other purist, but it can have impact with a specific audience by tying it to their own situation. While it takes the story away from its origins, it is also part of the process that created all those variants over the ages and so it, too, is part of the folk process.
In addition, those Tale Types and motifs can serve as a launching point, inspiring a story that takes off in a different direction or tells the viewpoint of someone other than the usual main character. John Scieszka's successful picture book, The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs by A. Wolf is a literary example of this. By thinking about the problems and point of view of a character, or even object in a story, you may decide the original tale is unnecessary and need not show its roots.
In the Scieszka tale, showing the contrast with the original tale is part of the fun. To do this properly you need to know as much as you can about the character upon which you focus. Remember that the feelings of this character motivate it and will lead it to whatever action or inaction it takes to resolve the problem forming your story's motif. Those feelings will be what your audience will either echo or contrast.
This leads to an example where a prize is offered to the prettiest child. My mind loves to take things to their most illogical extreme, so if a contest was offered for the ugliest child, it pictures a variety of silly, far-fetched children with their parents each hoping to win fame and fortune from their offspring who probably resemble their equally odd parents.
The tall tale format is a specific style of folktale that especially benefits from brainstorming the wildest possible options. Legends, wonder tales, pourquois (origin) tales each are specific styles of folktales that have their own conventional ways of dealing with a topic like parents liking their own child best. The legendary Finn MacCool is saved by taking him to live in a hollow tree for his first five years and then he is trained to claim the place of his murdered father. The wonder tale's Sleeping Beauty copes with the gifts of the fairies her parents invited or ignored. And, the pourquoi tale gives the origin of Sleeping Bear Dunes, saying they were formed by a mother bear trying to save her cubs from a forest fire. Look at the biblical tale of Jacob and Esau and how it continues to play out in the Middle East for yet another example.
Stories are all around us. Sometimes the tales just need us prodding our imagination to let them out.


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Osheaga in the #MeToo Era
ArtsFestivalsMusic
By Stephanie Laughlin Aug 2, 2018
Summertime is peak festival season. This is supposed to be a fun, exciting time of year when you get to see some of your favourite artists or discover new ones. But for others, festival season can also mean an increased period of unwanted sexual advances.
Despite the heightened awareness surrounding these issues due to the #metoo movement, sexual harassment and assault is still prevalent at festivals all around the world. A quick google search reveals articles with disturbing titles like Sexual Harassment was Rampant at Coachella 2018. And in response to the high number of sexual assaults at festivals in Sweden, the first cis, non-binary, and trans women-only music festival, Statement Festival is scheduled to launch in late August.
In Montreal, a real conversation about sexual harassment and assault at festivals started in 2016. When Osheaga officials initially brushed off Melanie Doucet's claims that her drink was spiked, she went to the media to share her story. Doucet's story inspired The Montreal Women's Council to survey women about their festival going experiences.
The results of the survey, which included women of colour, women with disabilities, and members of the lgbtq community, were both scary and unsurprising. 56% of women who attended festivals in Montreal reported being harrassed. 37% of women surveyed admitted to being sexually assaulted. And that's only the women who were willing to come forward. Many victims, either out of shame or embarrassment, never speak up.
So how has Osheaga, which starts this year on August 3rd, responded to these issues? For the second year in a row, the festival has hired the Les Hirondelles intervention team to roam the grounds. In a press release for this year's festival, executive vice president and chief operating officer of evenko Jacques Aubé stated that "The presence of the Hirondelles is perfectly in line with our primary objective, which is to allow all festival-goers to fully enjoy their entertainment experience in a safe environment."
Recognizable by their armbands with a pair of swallows, The Hirondelles are specialized security squads designed to increase the safety of vulnerable people at the festival. They will also have booths on the grounds that act as safe spaces for people who feel threatened.
It's commendable that Osheaga has started taking steps to ensure that everyone (we can't forget that men are victims of sexual harassment and assault as well) can feel safe from these kinds of vulgar and inappropriate situations. If only we could live in a world where everyone could just keep their hands or comments to themselves, and enjoy the music.
Les Hirondellesmusic festivalsSafetysexual assaultSexual Assault Prevention
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Stephanie Laughlin http://www.forgetthebox.net/author/steph
As a founding member of Forget the Box, Steph has been blogging about arts and culture in Montreal since 2009.
POP Montreal 2015 Preview
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Movement Festival: An Interview with Justin Martin


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Childress: 'Stay tuned' on Favre situation
EDEN PRAIRIE, Minn. (AP) – Eventually, the Minnesota Vikings will need to know: Is Brett Favre going to play or not?
The Vikings aren't showing any public impatience with the NFL's all-time leading passer, even though Favre's annual waffling over his retirement continues to cloud preparations for the season. Training camp starts in seven weeks.
"You have it lingering over your head, all day every day," tight end Visanthe Shiancoe said. "Every time you turn on the TV, you see Favre, or you see something about Favre, or you see something about his shoulder, or you see him working out at the high school.
"You want to know what's going on, but at the same time that's something that we can't control so we leave it alone," Shiancoe said.
Even the uncertainty at quarterback – will it be Tarvaris Jackson, Sage Rosenfels or Favre? – isn't enough to get coach Brad Childress to declare an end to the will-he-or-won't-he dance that's gone on for weeks.
"Do I need clarity on it? Again, it's hard to speculate," Childress said, reiterating Thursday he had set no deadline for Favre to decide.
In his fourth year in charge of the Vikings, Childress has a well-established reputation as a no-nonsense, detail-driven coach. As Philadelphia's offensive coordinator, his do-it-our-way message to a pouting Terrell Owens played a part in the star receiver's departure from the Eagles in 2005. With Minnesota, he has expressed disappointment when certain veterans skipped all or parts of the team's offseason workout program.
But Childress hasn't come close to suggesting Favre make up his mind soon. Asked if Favre can still be a great quarterback, the coach said this: "Don't know. Don't know. Stay tuned."
The Vikings have another organized practice Friday, their last scheduled activity until players are asked to report to training camp on July 29. The first full workout on the field is two days after that.
Childress said he called Favre last week, declining to elaborate on the conversation. With Favre's right arm reportedly recovering from surgery, Childress will surely want to see the 39-year-old throw before the team gives him a contract.
"That's down-the-road stuff," Childress said. "The guy's retired right now. You'd have to talk to him about that."
Favre hasn't spoken publicly since he retired from the New York Jets in February.
Jackson and Rosenfels can't be happy with the situation, but they've got the company line down pat.
"Uncertainty is never a good thing, but again I can't control what the head coach does or the GM does," Rosenfels said. "They're going to make decisions. One day when I'm a head coach or I'm a GM, I'll be making decisions. But right now I'm just a quarterback."
Jackson acknowledged seeking stress relief in the weight room, but he's endured so much scrutiny and skepticism during his three up-and-down seasons that he's developed plenty of perspective.
"Like any situation you're in, you want to know," Jackson said. "But I guess it's not their job to tell me. So I'll just go out here and try to get better."
Jackson said he gets text messages "all day, every day" asking about the Favre situation.
"I won't lie and say it don't bother me, but I kind of got used to it," he said.
The Vikings have faced constant media coverage of otherwise irrelevant workouts in May and June, so if Favre comes to training camp next month, the Minnesota State campus in Mankato will surely be a zoo.
"The Favre-a-palooza," Shiancoe said. "It's crazy. But every year is a circus. And you've got to expect it, man. But you know, he deserves the right to do that. He's put in a lot of work."
Shiancoe has even started envisioning a jump in production, citing Favre's history of throwing to tight ends. In fact, few players have complained about all the fuss and defensive end Jared Allen promised there would be no chemistry problems.
"We've got a good locker room," Allen said. "The coaches and staff and organization do a great job of making this a family atmosphere around here, and so that's the way we keep it."
Really, no worries?
"I honest to God do not worry about it," Allen said. "I don't say I don't care, because obviously you care who your quarterback is, but either way it's going to be a good quarterback."


this obscure country band of textile mill workers recorded six sides of ballroom music for Okeh in 1927.
Two guitars, a fiddle and a (T18?) tiple played by Leonard Jennings.
Leonard Jennings passed away in 1977.
Audio of the 8-tracks 70's recordings and details about the "new" group here.
Leonard Jennings was my grandfather, he died in 1977 not 1982.
error corrected, thanks for the info !


Being a professional doesn't mean you have to play by the rules – especially when the rules are less effective in their results. Cody Lundin's books are distinctive in their format, style and presentation. Being a teacher by trade, he willingly broke the mold of the dry, standardized survival manual, knowing that effective learning is enhanced by repetition, imagery, humor, and in your face honesty.


PC RAIDERS CAMPUS, LLC is a company located in United States of America, 84604 Provo at C/O JAMES D DUNN. PC RAIDERS CAMPUS, LLC has an ACTIVE entity status and an ISSUED LEI code. The Legal Entity Identifier code of PC RAIDERS CAMPUS, LLC is 549300NB5HWQ0WLIT355. The legal form of this company is 9999.


text:
MCC-M7339-A5
McCall's Pattern M7339 Misses' Overbust or Underbust Corsets by Yaya Han
Size 6-8-10-12-14 14-16-18-20-22
6-8-10-12-14
Very close-fitting, underlined, interfaced, lined, boned corsets have underwire, seam detail, shaped front hemline, and back extension/lacing. Purchased bias tape finish. C, D: Front seamed bra. Note: Separate pattern pieces are included for cup sizes A/B, C, D. Includes separate pattern pieces for A/B, C and D cup sizes.
Brocade, Silk, Satin, Taffeta. Underlining: Muslin, Ticking. Lining: Cotton/Cotton Blends. Interfacing 1: Fusible. Interfacing 2: Poly Laminate Foam Stabilizer.
MISSES' COSTUMES: Very close-fitting, underlined, interfaced, lined, boned corsets have underwire, seam detail, shaped front hemline, and back extension/lacing. Purchased bias tape finish. C,D: Front seamed bra. Note: Separate pattern pieces are included for cup sizes A/B, C, D.
FABRICS: Brocade, Silk, Satin, Taffeta. Underlining: Muslin, Ticking. Lining: Cotton/Cotton Blends. Interfacing 1: Fusible. Interfacing 2: Poly Laminate Foam Stabilizer.
*With Nap **Without Nap ***With or Without Nap
NOTIONS: Boning: See Instruction Sheet. Twenty Six 1/4" Two-Part Eyelets, 21/2 yds. of 1/4" - 3/8" Cord or Ribbon, One Pair of Bra Underwire. 31/8 yds. of 1/2" Extra Wide Double-Fold Bias Tape.
Size Combinations: A5(6-8-10-12-14), E5(14-16-18-20-22)
SIZES 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
A, B - 45", 60"*** - 11/8 yds.
CONTRAST B - 45", 60"*** - 5/8 yd.
C - 45"*** - 11/4 yds., 60"*** - 1 yd.
D - 45", 60"*** - 1 yd.
CONTRAST D - 45", 60"*** - 1/2 yd.
INTERFACING 2 C, D - 18", 20" - 1/2 yd.
LINING A, B, C, D - 45"** - 1 yd.
UNDERLINING A, B, C, D - 45"** - 1 yd.
INTERFACING 1 A, B, C, D
18", 20" 13/4 13/4 13/4 13/4 21/4 21/4 21/4 21/4 21/4 yds.
Measurement at bustline
Cup A B 34 35 36 371/2 391/2 411/2 431/2 451/2 471/2 ins.
Cup C 35 36 37 381/2 401/2 421/2 441/2 461/2 481/2 ins.
Cup D 36 37 38 391/2 411/2 431/2 451/2 471/2 491/2 ins.
A B C D 213/4 22 221/4 221/2 223/4 23 231/4 231/2 233/4 ins.
A, B - 115 cm, 150 cm*** - 1.1 m
CONTRAST B - 115 cm, 150 cm*** - 0.6 m
C - 115 cm*** - 1.2 m, 150 cm*** - 1.0 m
D - 115 cm, 150 cm*** - 1.0 m
CONTRAST D - 115 cm, 150 cm*** - 0.5 m
INTERFACING 2 C, D - 46 cm, 51 cm - 0.5 m
LINING A, B, C, D - 115 cm** - 1.0 m
UNDERLINING A, B, C, D - 115 cm** - 1.0 m
46 cm, 51 cm 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 m
Cup A B 86 89 91 95 100 105 110 116 121 cm
Cup C 89 91 94 98 103 108 113 118 123 cm
Cup D 91 94 97 100 105 110 116 121 126 cm
A B C D 55 56 57 57 58 58 59 60 60 cm


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Hinanger Waterfall
Sonthofen / Hinang / Oberallgau District, Bavaria (Bayern), Germany
Europe >> Germany >> Bavaria (Bayern) >> Hinang, Oberallgau District, Sonthofen, Swabia (Schwaben) Region
About Hinanger Waterfall
Suggested Time: 1 hour
Waterfall Longitude: 10.30116
The Hinanger Waterfall was an eccentric karstic limestone type waterfall featuing some interesting weeping rocks as well as a small natural arch.
Those additional features were what made this one of the most scenic waterfalls of the Allgäu Region.
The Hinanger Waterfall
While its main drop was said to be on the order of 12m or so, there was a long series of cascades (maybe 25m in height or so) throughout the stair-filled hike to get up to the main drop.
Beyond the waterfall, the trail skirted along some impressive overhanging cliffs, which was quite atmospheric.
Personally, I felt the extra scenery and exertion to be well worth the time and effort in addition to just the waterfall itself.
For nomenclature's sake, I've referred to this waterfall as the Hinanger Waterfall (as opposed to the Hinang Waterfall).
A surprise natural arch fronting the Hinanger Waterfall
That's because it seemed to be most commonly referred to by its German genitive form of Hinanger Wasserfall.
Hinanger Waterfall Trail Description – ascending to the waterfall
From the parallel parking spots by the trailhead (see directions below), we followed a fairly obvious path towards some mill before crossing a bridge over the Hinangerbach.
Beyond the bridge, the trail would then climb and zig-zag its way across the creek a few times.
Along the way, the trail allowed us a chance to check out several intermediate cascades and waterfalls along the way.
The Hinanger Waterfall Trail ascending steps alongside the waterfall's cascading sections downstream of its main drop
There was no obvious way to take pictures that would convey the extensiveness of these percolating cascades over the limestone slope.
It really was one of those things where you were better off experiencing it in person than trying to take awkward pictures (though I did so anyways).
Eventually towards the top of the climb, the trail then fronted the main drop of the Hinanger Waterfall.
It was difficult even to capture its modest drop in its entirety because of how close the steel bridge was to the waterfall itself.
Context of the Hinanger Waterfall Trail and its cascades further downstream of its main drop
While examining the immediate area around the base of the falls, we saw that there were percolating springs and weeping rocks around it.
We also noticed some hidden tiny alcoves and even a small natural arch!
Hinanger Waterfall Trail Description – beyond the waterfall
Beyond the Hinanger Waterfall, I continued hiking alongside the base of some impressive overhanging cliffs.
The trail continued its gradual ascent towards the end of the cliffs, where the scenery opened up.
Context of the trail beyond the Hinanger Waterfall, which followed along these interesting limestone cliffs with alcoves and natural arches in them
At this point, the trail joined up with other trails that appeared to pass through pastures and lightly forested terrain.
So that was my turnaround point of this out-and-back hike.
Overall, we spent about an hour away from the car.
According to my GPS logs, we hiked around 1.2km round trip.
Looking back towards the village of Hinang on the way back to the trailhead parking after having visited the Hinanger Waterfall
This did not include the added hike along the base of the cliffs beyond the waterfall, which added another 400m round trip.
The Hinanger Waterfall resides near the town of Sonthofen in the state of Bavaria (Bayern), Germany. It may be administered by the Sonthofen government. For information or inquiries about the area as well as current conditions, you may try visiting their website.
Since the Hinganger Waterfall was roughly half-way between Lindau and Füssen, I'll describe the driving directions from both of those towns.
Getting to the trailhead gets pretty tricky once you get close because the maps will deceivingly make it seem like you can get there directly from one of the main roads.
However, it's actually not possible because the trailhead parking access passes beneath a bridge that can only be accessed from the village of Hinang.
Driving from Lindau to the Hinang
Starting from Lindau Island turnoff, we headed east on the Bregenzerstraße towards the roundabout with the B12.
Then, we continued east at that roundabout (first exit) as we drove another 2.5km or so towards the A96 autobahn ramp (following the signs along the way).
We then took the A96 autobahn due north for about 4.5km to the exit 4 (Weißensberg) turning right to go east onto the B12.
Next, we followed the B12 for about 55km towards its junction with B19 near Waltenhofen.
We then headed south (exit 3 on the right) for the B19 due south for another 21km.
At the town of Sonthofen, we took the Oberstdorfer Straße exit, where we then kept right at the fork to head west on Oberstdorferstraße.
Then, we immediately turned left onto Sinwagstraße which then took us about 600m to Stadionweg.
Turning left onto Stadionweg, we then went another 50m to the Freibadstrasße at a roundabout.
Taking the first exit at this roundabout, we then went about another 200m before turning right to go south on Altstädterstraße.
This became Sonthofer Straße as we continued going south on this road.
After 3km (or 600m past Altstädten), we then kept right at a small fork where a narrow road led into the village of Hinang.
Navigating Hinang to the Hinanger Waterfall
Do not make the mistake we made by staying on the left to remain on the main road.
This is the tricky part I was talking about earlier.
Looking up along the parallel-parked cars on the road fronting the trailhead for the Hinanger Waterfall
After following the narrow road into Hinang for about 500m, we then had to turn left on a very narrow street before the Kirche St Martin.
If you happen to cross the Hinanger Bach, then you missed the correct turnoff.
Use that as these as the landmarks because it's not that obvious that you have to turn there.
Once on the correct turnoff, we then drove the remaining 400m to the parallel parking spots by the Hinanger Waterfall Trailhead.
This access road crosses under a bridge (that you would have been above if you didn't go into Hinang).
Looking back at the parallel parking situation for the Hinanger Waterfall. Note the road bridge traversing this access road, which was why you must access the village of Hinang in order to get here
Parking was limited when we showed up, but if you do score a spot, there was no fee to park here as of June 2018 when we did this hike.
Overall, this drive took us 90 minutes.
Driving from Fussen to Sonthofen
Conversely, if we were coming from Füssen, we'd go west on the A7 autobahn for about 31km before heading west on the A980.
Then after another 5km on the A980, we'd take the offramp to get onto the B19.
Then, we'd follow the directions as above to get from the B19 to Sonthofen and beyond.
For geographical context, Sonthofen was about 64km (an hour drive) east of Lindau, and 61km (under 45 minutes drive) west of Füssen.
Examining the main waterfall along with the small natural arch and the surrounding alcoves and springs
Long video starting from near the base of the main section of the falls then working my way all the way to the bottom while periodically checking to see how the main falls looks along the way
"Bavarian Fantasy Works" (Black Forest and Bavarian Germany – June 21, 2018 to July 1, 2018)
Big Tour of Germanic Europe Itinerary – June 13, 2018 to July 27, 2018
Auto Europe Car Rental Review: Why We Book With Them
The German Language
Europe Highlights
The Hinanger Waterfall was about half-way between Lindau and Fussen. Lindau was a picturesque island town on Bodensee (Lake Constance), which was shared between Germany, Austria, and Switzerland
Further to the east of the Hinanger Waterfall were the famous castles of Ludwig II featuring both Hohenschwangau (shown here) and Neuschwanstein
The other of Ludwig II's famous Bavarian castles was the Neuschwanstein Castle, which was the very inspiration of the ubiquitous Disney castles you see in the popular fairytales
Tagged with: hinang, sonthofen, oberallgau, bavaria, germany, waterfall, hinangerbach, limestone


William & Geoffrey Platt, Architect, Gottscho, Samuel H, photographer. Miss Porter's School, Farmington, Connecticut. New library exterior I . Connecticut Farmington, 1964. Oct. 6. Photograph. https://www.loc.gov/item/gsc1994011229/PP/.
William & Geoffrey Platt, A., Gottscho, S. H., photographer. (1964) Miss Porter's School, Farmington, Connecticut. New library exterior I . Connecticut Farmington, 1964. Oct. 6. [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/gsc1994011229/PP/.
William & Geoffrey Platt, Architect, photographer by Gottscho, Samuel H. Miss Porter's School, Farmington, Connecticut. New library exterior I . Oct. 6. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/gsc1994011229/PP/>.
Miss Porter's School, Farmington, Connecticut. Exterior II 1 negative : safety ; 4x5 in.
Miss Porter's School, Farmington, Connecticut. Library, to fireplace 1 negative : safety ; 4x5 in.
Miss Porter's School, Farmington, Connecticut. Library, long view 1 negative : safety ; 4x5 in.
Miss Porter's School, Farmington, Connecticut. Entrance bay from inside 1 negative : safety ; 4x5 in.
Cisqua School, Mount Kisco, New York. Exterior, east facade 1 negative : safety ; 4x5 in.
Church music in Farmington in the olden time. An historical address delivered at the annual meeting ... Also available in digital form on the Library of Congress Web site.
An historical discourse delivered at the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the erection of ... Also available in digital form.
Farmington in the war of the revolution; an historical address delivered at the annual meeting of ... Also available in digital form.


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Doubts Raised Over Physical Capacity as Norwegian Military Sees Record Number of Female Recruits
in World News, Europe
by Igor Kuznetsov
While celebrated for "greater diversity" and providing a different experience, the higher share of women has been achieved through lowering the physical demands, which according to some military experts, may pose a long-term problem.
Never before have the Norwegian Armed Forces received so many female recruits. Of the 1,081 new recruits for the navy and air force, 46 percent, nearly half, are women. In the air force alone, 60 percent are female.
Norway introduced gender-neutral conscription in 2015, the first European nation to do so. Ever since, the percentage of women in the armed forces has risen steadily.
"It's really good! Women in the military provide greater diversity. They have a lot of knowledge and experience, and a distribution of women and men provides a better learning environment for the Armed Forces," Ronny Kristoffersen, a Commander-in-Chief at the KNM Harald Haarfagre, told national broadcaster NRK, celebrating the new record.
The Armed Forces aims to achieve an even distribution of female and male recruits, but in order to achieve this, physical demands on women have been lowered.
According to Anders Aandstad, an associate professor at the Norwegian Defence College, that there are numerous advantages to an even distribution of women and men in the military, but it can also affect physical capacity.
"The way we conduct warfare has changed. There are many more tasks that don't have the same physical requirements," Aandstad mused.
Nevertheless, he is very surprised that the proportion of new female recruits in the air force has jumped up to 60 percent, warning of negative consequences.
"If there are many positions with high physical demands, such a high proportion of women can be a physical disadvantage, even though there are many other advantages," Aandstad cautioned.
The head of the recruiting school is aware of the differences in the physical conditions, but argued that they are not a problem.
"There are differences between women and men, but we work in groups, and there women and men complement each other," Kristoffersen said in his rebuttal.
As of now, 19 percent of Norway's military personnel are women, with the proportion being higher in some branches.
The problem associated with lowering the bar to let in more women is not uncommon for other nations' armed forces across the globe.
This year, internal US Army figures showed that 44 percent of women failed the ACFT (Army Combat Fitness Test), compared to only 7 percent of men, with female soldiers "continuing to lag male soldier scores in all events", according to Military.com.
Earlier, the US Army's first female infantry officer, Captain Kristen Griest, urged the service not to revert to separate fitness standards for men and women. According to her, evaluating women based on lower fitness standards would not only hurt the effectiveness of combat arms units, but also women in the Army.
Norwegian Muslims, Vegans Team Up in Protesting All Burgers Being Fried on the Same Grill
Wayne Rooney Reportedly Claims He Was Blackmailed Over Hotel Photos With Half-Naked Girls


Day trader by definition is in and out the same session, but nobody can do it successfully every day. Market conditions should be properly analyzed before putting any trade. When all your trade setup supports your view for a particular trade than enter the trade for the day, else you can simply relax for the day. It is good not to trade for a day than to get trapped in a wrong trade.
Invest what you can afford to lose: Allocate a percentage of your total investment for day trading. Any unexpected movement can wipe out your investment, so invest what you can afford to lose.
It is a general human tendency that once we see a particular trade to be profitable, we try to add more positions to that trade without thinking about price at that instant. Confine your trade to 2-3 scrips at a time. Day trading needs a close watch of stock movements and at a time you can monitor only 2- 3 scrips as my experience says.
Some of us are comfortable with cash segment, some with futures and others with options. All depends on an individual risk taking capacity. If you are risk taker you go for options and futures.
Once you have allocated amount you are willing to put for a trade, select a particular stock and sector, read all the related news, any corporate actions (stock splits, mergers, dividends etc). Read technical charts, write support and resistance levels and draw trend lines.
If you find it too difficult to calculate support and resistance levels, then there are websites like topstockresearch.com where you can get all pivot points for all scrips.
I always follow RSI indicator to decide when to buy and exit my trade. My experience says that never buy when you see overbought position and never sell when you see oversold position. Wait for the market to make some correction and then enter your trades. Once you have entered any trade with entry and target price, follow it strictly.
Once you see your trades have met the set target, book your profits. If you still feel that there is further opportunity for the same trade to meet next target level, you can partially book profits and wait for another target level to reach, and with this partial profit booking one should use the concept of trailing stop loss.
Keep your profitable trades running and move your stop loss in accordance with the move which will limit your risk.
All the trades should carry stop loss. Stop loss limits your loss and protect your equity.
Technical analysis predicts only the likely movement of markets. I have seen several times that technical charts supports a bullish view, but all of a sudden market turns bearish. At that point, when the trend is not as per your expectation, you have two choices either don't trade or trade as per trend.
Like I mentioned strictly follow entry, target, and stop loss. Book your profits once target is achieved. You should be clear how much return you want to book from a particular trade and once that price is reached, book the profits and close the trade. Even if trade takes a hit of stop loss, let it trigger. Don't pull your stop loss to other levels as you are not sure to which level the price will move and you can take a big hit on your investment.
Follow strictly these three triggers: entry, exit, and stop loss.