text:
Banksia marginata
Taxonomy and naming
Silver banksia
Inflorescence with unopened buds (left), opened flowers (right)
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Subfamily: Grevilleoideae
Tribe: Banksieae
Genus: Banksia
B. marginata
Cav.
Banksia microstachya Cav.
Banksia depressa R.Br.
Banksia insularis R.Br.
Banksia patula R.Br.
Banksia gunnii Meisn.
Banksia marginata,[1] commonly known as the silver banksia, is a species of tree or woody shrub in the plant genus Banksia found throughout much of southeastern Australia. It ranges from the Eyre Peninsula in South Australia to north of Armidale, New South Wales, and across Tasmania and the islands of Bass Strait. It grows in various habitats, including Eucalyptus forest, scrub, heathland and moorland. Banksia marginata varies widely in habit, ranging from a 20-centimetre (7.9 in) shrub to a 12-metre (40 ft) tree. The narrow leaves are linear and the yellow inflorescences (flower spikes) occur from late summer to early winter. The flower spikes fade to brown and then grey and develop woody follicles bearing the winged seeds. Originally described by Antonio José Cavanilles in 1800, further collections of B. marginata were designated as several separate species by Robert Brown in 1810. However, all were reclassified as a single species by George Bentham in 1870. No distinct subspecies have been recognised by Banksia expert Alex George, who nonetheless concedes that further work is needed.
Many species of bird, in particular honeyeaters, forage at the flower spikes, as do native and European honeybees. The response to bushfire varies. Some populations are serotinous: they are killed by fire and regenerate from large stores of seed which have been held in cones in the plant canopy and are released after a fire. Others regenerate from underground lignotubers or suckers from lateral roots. Although it has been used for timber, Banksia marginata is most commonly seen as a garden plant, with dwarf forms being commercially propagated and sold.
Tree habit, Illabarook Rail Line Nature Conservation Reserve
Banksia marginata is a highly variable species, usually ranging from a small shrub around a metre (3 ft) tall to a 12-metre-high (39 ft) tree.[2] Unusually large trees of 15 to possibly 30 m (50–100 ft) have been reported near Beeac in Victoria's Western District as well as several locations in Tasmania,[3] while compact shrubs limited to 20 cm (7.9 in) high have been recorded on coastal heathland in Tasmania (such as at Rocky Cape National Park).[4] Shrubs reach only 2 m (6.6 ft) high in Gibraltar Range National Park.[5] The bark is pale grey and initially smooth before becoming finely tessellated with age. The new branchlets are hairy at first but lose their hairs as they mature,[2] with new growth a pale or pinkish brown.[6] The leaves are alternately arranged on the stems on 2–5 mm long petioles, and characteristically toothed in juvenile or younger leaves (3–7 cm [1.2–2.8 in] long). The narrow adult leaves are dull green in colour and generally linear, oblong or wedge-shaped (cuneate) and measure 1.5–6 cm (0.6–2.4 in) long and 0.3–1.3 cm (0.1–0.5 in) wide. The margins become entire with age, and the tip is most commonly truncate or emarginate, but can be acute or mucronate.[7] The cellular makeup of the leaves shows evidence of lignification, and the leaves themselves are somewhat stiff.[8] Leaves also have sunken stomates. The leaf undersurface is white with a prominent midrib covered in brownish hairs.[7]
The complex flower spikes, known as inflorescences, appear generally from late summer to early winter (February to June) in New South Wales and Victoria, although flowering occurs in late autumn and winter in the Gibraltar Range.[5] Cylindrical in shape, they are composed of a central woody spike or axis, perpendicularly from which a large number of compact floral units arise, which measure 5–10 cm (2–4 in) tall and 4–6 cm (1.6–2.4 in) wide.[7] Pale yellow in colour, they are composed of up to 1,000 individual flowers (784 recorded in the Gibraltar Range[5]) and arise from nodes on branchlets that are at least three years old. Sometimes two may grow from successive nodes in the same flowering season. They can have a grey or golden tinge in late bud. As with most banksias, anthesis is acropetal; the opening of the individual buds proceeds up the flower spike from the base to the top.[7] Over time the flower spikes fade to brown and then grey, and the old flowers generally persist on the cone.[9] The woody follicles grow in the six months after flowering, with up to 150 developing on a single flower spike. In many populations, only a few follicles develop. Small and elliptic, they measure 0.7–1.7 cm (0.3–0.7 in) long, 0.2–0.5 cm (0.1–0.2 in) high, and 0.2–0.4 cm (0.1–0.2 in) wide.[7] In coastal and floodplain populations, these usually open spontaneously and release seed, while they generally remain sealed until burnt by fire in plants from heathland and montane habitats.[10] Each follicle contains one or two fertile seeds, between which lies a woody dark brown separator of similar shape to the seeds. Measuring 0.9–1.5 cm (0.4–0.6 in) in length, the seed is egg- to wedge-shaped (obovate to cuneate) and composed of a dark brown 0.8–1.1 cm (0.3–0.4 in) wide membranous "wing" and wedge- or sickle-shaped (cuneate–falcate) seed proper which measures 0.5–0.8 cm (0.2–0.3 in) long by 0.3–0.4 cm (0.1–0.2 in) wide. The seed surface can be smooth or covered in tiny ridges, and often glistens. The resulting seedling first grows two obovate cotyledon leaves, which may remain for several months as several more leaves appear.[7] The cotyledons of Banksia marginata, B. paludosa and B. integrifolia are very similar in appearance.[11]
The leaf undersides are white with a prominent midrib. The downcurved margin gives the leaves a bordered appearance which is the inspiration for the species name.
Banksia marginata is commonly called the silver banksia, because the white undersides of its leaves contrast with the otherwise green foliage and give the plant a "silvery" look.[9] Alternate common names include honeysuckle and dwarf honeysuckle.[12] The aboriginal name in the Jardwadjali language of western Victoria was warock,[13] while the Kaurna name from the Adelaide Plains was pitpauwe[14] and the local name in the Macquarie Harbour region in Tasmania was tangan.[15]
A widely distributed and diverse plant, B. marginata was described independently and given many different names by early explorers. On his third voyage, Captain James Cook reported a "most common tree [...] about ten feet high, branching pretty much, with narrow leaves, and a large, yellow, cylindrical flower, consisting only of a vast number of filaments; which, being shed, leave a fruit like a pine top." in January 1777.[16] The genus Banksia was named in honor of Sir Joseph Banks, a botanist who was with Captain Cook during his first voyage (1768-1771) in which he circumnavigated the world, including stops in New Zealand and Australia (Botany Bay).[17] The species marginata was first collected by Luis Née in 1793, from somewhere between Sydney and Parramatta. In 1800, the Spanish botanist Antonio José Cavanilles gave the species the binomial name it still bears today.[1][18] The species name is the Latin adjective marginatus ("bordered") and refers to appearance of the lower surface of the recurved margins of the leaves when viewed from underneath.[6][19] Cavanilles also described another specimen collected by Née in the same locality as a different species, Banksia microstachya Cav. A smaller shrub with dentate leaves, this turned out to be an immature plant of the same species with juvenile leaves.[20] Robert Brown described 31 species of Banksia in his 1810 work Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen, including six taxa (B. marginata α and β plus four further species) now attributable to B. marginata. He split the genus into two subgenera, placing these species in subgenus Banksia verae, the "True Banksias".[21] He described Banksia australis R.Br., giving the location of the collection as Port Phillip Bay in Victoria in 1802 (having crossed out Van Diemen's Land 1804).[22] Brown's other collections which were reduced to synonymy with B. marginata were Banksia depressa R.Br., a prostrate shrub from Margate Rivulet in southeastern Tasmania, Banksia insularis R.Br., from Flinders and King Island, and Banksia patula R.Br., a shrub from the vicinity of Port Lincoln, South Australia.[23] The French naturalist Aimé Bonpland in 1816 called it Banksia marcescens Bonpl., deemed an illegitimate name, as by that time the name Banksia marginata already had been published.[24] Still more synonyms are Banksia ferrea Vent. ex Spreng. and Banksia gunnii Meisn.[1]
Plate titled Banksia marcescens in Description des plantes rares cultivées à Malmaison et à Navarre by Aimé Bonpland
By the time Carl Meissner published his 1856 arrangement of the genus, there were 58 described Banksia species. Meissner divided Brown's Banksia verae, which had been renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher in 1847,[7] into four series based on leaf properties. He listed six species and a further four varieties all now sunk into B. marginata in series Salicinae.[25]
In 1870, George Bentham published a thorough revision of Banksia in his landmark publication Flora Australiensis. In Bentham's arrangement, the number of recognised Banksia species was reduced from 60 to 46. Bentham observed that the characteristics Brown used to define B. australis, B. depressa, B. patula, and B. insularis were unable to distinguish separate forms as more specimens came to light, and hence declared them synonyms of B. marginata. Meissner's four series were replaced by four sections based on leaf, style and pollen-presenter characters. B. marginata was placed in section Eubanksia along with B. integrifolia and B. dentata.[26]
Placement within Banksia
The current taxonomic arrangement of the genus Banksia is based on botanist Alex George's 1999 monograph for the Flora of Australia book series.[2] In this arrangement, B. marginata is placed in Banksia subgenus Banksia, because its inflorescences take the form of Banksia's characteristic flower spikes, section Banksia because of its straight styles, and series Salicinae because its inflorescences are cylindrical. In a morphological cladistic analysis published in 1994, Kevin Thiele placed it as the most basal member of a newly described subseries Integrifoliae, within the series Salicinae.[27] However, this subgrouping of the Salicinae was not supported by George.[2] George did concede that major work is needed on Banksia marginata, which shows such a high degree of variability over its range.[28]
Seed separator of Banksia marginata with winged seeds still nestled against it
B. marginata's placement within Banksia may be summarised as follows:
Genus Banksia
Subgenus Isostylis
Subgenus Banksia
Section Oncostylis
Section Coccinea
Section Banksia
Series Grandes
Series Banksia
Series Crocinae
Series Prostratae
Series Cyrtostylis
Series Tetragonae
Series Bauerinae
Series Quercinae
Series Salicinae
B. dentata – B. aquilonia – B. integrifolia – B. plagiocarpa – B. oblongifolia – B. robur – B. conferta – B. paludosa – B. marginata – B. canei – B. saxicola
Since 1998, American botanist Austin Mast and co-authors have been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae, which then comprised genera Banksia and Dryandra. Their analyses suggest a phylogeny that differs greatly from George's taxonomic arrangement. Banksia marginata resolves as the closest relative, or "sister", to B. saxicola, the two taxa part of a larger group containing B. paludosa and the three subspecies of B. integrifolia.[29][30][31] Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus Banksia by merging Dryandra into it, and published B. subg. Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons; thus B. subg. Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, then B. marginata is placed in B. subg. Spathulatae.[32]
Hybrids with other species
Hybridisation with Banksia conferta subsp. penicillata at the site of an old abandoned railway between Newnes and Clarence in the Blue Mountains has been recorded; a single B. marginata plant was surrounded by plants with intermediate features but more strongly resembling B. conferta subsp. penicillata.[7] B. marginata can also interbreed with B. paludosa where they are found together.[33] A hybrid with B. saxicola was recorded from Mount William during the Banksia Atlas project.[34]
A purported hybrid with B. integrifolia, thought to be from Cape Paterson on Victoria's south coast, was first described by Alf Salkin and is commercially available in small quantities. It forms an attractive hardy low-growing plant to 1 m (3.3 ft).[35] Salkin observed an intermediate form which occurred in coastal areas where Banksia marginata and B. integrifolia are found together. Calling it the Wilsons Promontory topodeme, he noted that it colonised sand dunes, had leaves similar to but narrower than integrifolia, and had persisting flowers on old spikes but not as persistent as marginata. He had collected this form from Revesby in New South Wales as well as Cape Paterson, and had received reports of similar plants at Marlo and Bemm Rivers.[36] Stands of plants intermediate between B. integrifolia and B. marginata have been recorded near Mallacoota in East Gippsland.[37]
Distribution of B. marginata across southeastern Australia
Banksia marginata is found from Baradine and Gibraltar Range National Park in northern New South Wales,[33] southwards into Victoria and South Australia, as well as across Tasmania. It is found on the major islands of Bass Strait, including King, Flinders and Cape Barren Islands.[34] There is one report of a collection from the Springbrook Mountains southwest of Southport in southeastern Queensland.[34] It is extremely rare in southwestern New South Wales.[12] In Victoria, it is predominantly coastal or near-coastal east of Traralgon, but in New South Wales it is absent from coastal areas in the Sydney region.[34] Banksia marginata often grew as a large tree on the basalt plains west of Melbourne, but has almost disappeared.[38][39] In the vicinity of Adelaide, it was common in the western suburbs on old sand dunes behind the beach foredunes. It remains common in the Adelaide foothills.[14] The annual rainfall over its distribution ranges from 400 to 1,000 mm (16 to 39 in).[6]
In the Gibraltar Range National Park, it is a dominant shrub of open heathland and a non-dominant shrub of closed heath,[40] mostly found in swampy heath associated with sedges.[41] Plants here have some degree of self-compatibility.[5] In the Sydney region, it grows in association with heath banksia (Banksia ericifolia), old man banksia (B. serrata), mountain devil (Lambertia formosa), lance-leaved geebung (Persoonia lanceolata) and dwarf apple (Angophora hispida) in heathland, and with silvertop ash (Eucalyptus sieberi), Blue Mountains ash (E. oreades), Sydney peppermint (E. piperita), scribbly gum (E. haemastoma), Blue Mountains mallee ash (E. stricta), brittle gum (E. mannifera), snow gum (E. pauciflora) and red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera) in forested areas.[42]
It is widespread as an understory species in medium rainfall eucalypt forests across Victoria, occurring in association with manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), narrow-leaf peppermint (E. radiata), messmate (E. obliqua), swamp gum (E. ovata) and brown stringybark (E. baxteri).[43] It is a common shrub, sometimes small tree, in heathy and shrubby forests as well as coastal scrub and heath in part of its range.[44] In South Gippsland, it is generally a shrub which regenerates from a lignotuber or suckers after bushfire and sets few seed.[45] It has been recorded as a low spreading shrub in Croajingolong National Park in East Gippsland.[37] In the Wombat State Forest west of Melbourne, it grows as a 1 to 2 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) high shrub on less fertile soils, and as a large tree to 8 m (26 ft) on more fertile soils. Few trees remain, having been cleared for agriculture or for fuel.[46] Similarly, further west in the Corangamite region, it is either a tree or suckering shrub.[47]
In Tasmania, Banksia marginata occupies a wide range of habitats, in mixed forest (where it grows as a small tree), button grass moorlands, flood plains of the Loddon, Franklin and Huon Rivers, as well as coastal regions.[48] In parts of the west and southwest of Tasmania, the species is dominant within the threatened native vegetation community known as Banksia marginata wet scrub.[49] There is no macrofossil record for the species, so it is unclear whether it is a recent introduction from the mainland or has only recently evolved, although its presence on both the mainland and Tasmania suggests it has been present since the Pleistocene.[50] It grows in coastal habitats that would be occupied by Banksia integrifolia on the mainland.[48]
Banksia marginata grows on a variety of soil types, from clay loams, shale and peaty loams to sandy or rocky soils composed of quartzite, sandstone, limestone or granite, although sandier soils predominate.[2] It is restricted to sandy soils in the Adelaide region.[14] The soil types are of a wide range of pH, from highly acidic soils in the Grampians to alkaline soils in South Australia.[9] Plants have been recorded at altitudes ranging from sea level to as high as 1,200 m (3,900 ft) AHD at Mount Field National Park.[51]
Inflorescence part-way through anthesis, with the individual flowers at the base opened and those further up the spike still closed
See also: Ecology of Banksia
Numerous species of birds have been observed foraging and feeding at the flowers; these include rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus haematodus), musk lorikeet (Glossopsitta concinna), purple-crowned lorikeet (G. porphyrocephala), double-eyed fig-parrot (Cyclopsitta diophthalma), red wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata), little wattlebird (A. chrysoptera), yellow wattlebird (A. paradoxa), spiny-cheeked honeyeater (Acanthagenys rufogularis), yellow-faced honeyeater (Lichenostomus chrysops), singing honeyeater (Lichenostomus virescens), white-plumed honeyeater (L. penicillatus), black-chinned honeyeater (Melithreptus gularis), brown-headed honeyeater (M. brevirostris), white-naped honeyeater (M. lunatus), crescent honeyeater (Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera), New Holland honeyeater (P. novaehollandiae), tawny-crowned honeyeater (Gliciphila melanops), eastern spinebill (Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris), noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala), silvereye (Zosterops lateralis) and thornbills (Acanthiza species). In addition, the yellow-tailed black cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus funereus) feeds on the seed.[34][52]
The agile antechinus (Antechinus agilis), bush rat (Rattus fuscipes), feathertail glider (Acrobates pygmaeus),[47] and sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) have been recorded visiting flower spikes.[34] Both pollen and nectar are consumed by the southwestern pygmy possum (Cercarteus concinnus).[53] Ants, bees (both native and European honeybees), blowflies and brown butterflies have been recorded as visitors to flower spikes.[34] The wasp Mesostoa kerri of the subfamily Mesostoinae within the family Braconidae causes stem galls on B. marginata in southeastern South Australia. The galls are either round to a diameter of 3.3 cm (1.3 in), or cigar-shaped to 15 cm (5.9 in). Their effect on the plant is unclear.[54] B. marginata is a host plant for the larval and adult stages of the buprestid beetle Cyrioides imperialis.[55] Much more pathological is the banksia longicorn beetle (Paroplites australis) which bores holes in the base of banksia plants which then weaken and fall or blow over with wind and die.[56][57] Several species of fungus have been recorded growing on the foliage, including Acrospermum gaubae, Argopericonia elegans, Asterina systema-solare, Botryosphaeria banksiae, a species of Cladosporium, Cooksonomyces banksiae, Dimerium banksiae, Episphaerella banksiae, a Periconiella species, Satchmopsis australiensis, Tryssglobulus aspergilloides, and a species of Veronaea.[42]
All banksias have developed proteoid or cluster roots in response to the nutrient-poor conditions of Australian soils (particularly lacking in phosphorus).[58] The root system of the suckering forms of Banksia marginata in Victoria and South Australia have a characteristic pattern with a deep tap root, and an extensive system of thick lateral roots 7.5–15 cm (3.0–5.9 in) below the surface. During the winter months, segments around 30 cm (0.98 ft) in length develop vegetative buds capable of forming suckers.[59] Clusters of fine proteoid roots up to 15 cm (5.9 in) long arise from these lateral roots.[60]
A seedling growing in Wombat State Forest displays the serrated juvenile leaves which are larger and broader than adult ones.
The response of Banksia marginata to fire is variable. In the Gibraltar Range and Sydney regions, plants are killed by fire and regenerate from seed.[40][42] They are serotinous, storing their seed in old cones, forming a seedbank in their canopy which is released after bushfire. A field study found that seeds were dispersed short distances (generally 8 m [26 ft] or less), with those closest to the parent plant faring the best.[61] In Little Desert National Park in northwestern Victoria and also eastern South Australia, it grows as a low shrub which suckers (grows shoots from lateral roots) after fire. Plants do not appear to live longer than 25 years;[62][63] after this time the ageing plants begin to die and are succeeded by younger plants arising from suckers around the parent.[62] A field study in Gippsland found counting the nodes of Banksia marginata plants to be accurate in indicating age within a year up to 21 years since the last fire. There is anecodotal evidence of plants reaching 150 years old in this region.[64] Plant species from communities dependent on fire are thought to self-select to be more flammable; Banksia marginata tested from a dry sclerophyll community in southeastern Tasmania was shown to burn readily, and fire would spread easily through it.[65]
Tasmanian forms are frost tolerant at any time of year, which might explain some of their success in spreading and growing in different habitats around the island. This attribute might have allowed them to survive cold periods in Tasmania during the Pleistocene.[50]
A trial in Western Australia showed Banksia marginata to be mildly sensitive to Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback.[66] At Brisbane Ranges National Park west of Melbourne, which was invaded by Phytophthora cinnamomi in the 1970s, Banksia marginata (along with such species as Grevillea steiglitziana) was part of a secondary regrowth of understory species after more resistant shrubs such as grasses and sedges had grown back.[67]
Aboriginal Australian uses
The plant was often used by many indigenous clans and tribes throughout the east coast of Australia.
The sweet nectar from the flowers was sucked or drained by soaking in water and in some cases mixed with some wattle gum to make a sweet lolly.
The wood was also used to make needles and the dried flowers were used to strain the water for drinking.[68]
The red-hued heartwood is coarse-grained and soft.[69] It is sometimes used for turning, but requires careful drying before use to avoid warping.[70] A sample was prepared in Victoria in 1885 as part of a collection of local timber species under the direction of Government botanist Ferdinand von Mueller. The collection was displayed in various exhibitions, including the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1889, and is housed at the Melbourne Museum.[71]
Cultivars 'Mini Marg' (left) and 'Mallacoota Dwarf' (right)
Banksia marginata was first cultivated in England in 1802 (and was also listed as B. australis, B. insularis and B. marcescens). It was grown at Kew, Cambridge Botanic Gardens, Woburn Abbey and private gardens in Chelsea, Hackney and Haringay House. One specimen grown in a glasshouse at Kew was described as a tree 24 feet (7.3 m) high with a trunk girth of two feet (60 cm) at 40 years of age.[72]
B. marginata is generally fairly easy to grow in a well-drained sunny or partly-shaded position in the garden. It can be leggy in shadier positions, or a more compact bushy shrub in full sun . Some varieties from drier areas seem to do poorly in areas of summer humidity. The flowers are not prominent unless they are numerous.[6] Established plants can withstand drought, coastal exposure and temperatures as low as −10 °C (14 °F).[73] Propagation of plants can be by seed or cuttings; the latter is essential if trying to replicate plants of particular habit (such as dwarf specimens).[74] Some Banksia marginata seed of subalpine provenance require stratification, namely keeping at 5 °C (41 °F) for 60 days before germination takes place over 6 to 25 days. Salkin proposed this was necessary so that seed released in a summer or autumn bushfire would lie dormant over the winter months before germinating in the spring. Banksia saxicola and Banksia canei seed also share this trait.[23]
Some dwarf forms have been commercially available in Australian nurseries, although some selections do not maintain their dwarf status in cultivation.[75] Banksia 'Mini Marg' is a small form selected from the northeastern coast of Tasmania which reaches 30 cm (12 in) high and 1 m (3.3 ft) wide.[76] 'Mallacoota Dwarf' was selected from a natural population at Mallacoota, Victoria.[74] Alf Salkin reported a form from Kanangra Walls with a peach-tinged limb as having horticultural potential, as well as a prostrate form from Cape Liptrap in Victoria.[35] Banksia marginata, and the dwarf cultivar 'Mini Marg', have also been used in bonsai.[77][78]
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^ Thiele, Kevin; Ladiges, Pauline Y. (1996). "A cladistic analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 9 (5): 661–733. doi:10.1071/SB9960661.
^ George, Alex S. (1998). "Proteus in Australia. An overview of the current state of taxonomy of the Australian Proteaceae". Australian Systematic Botany. 11 (3–4): 257–66. doi:10.1071/SB98024.
^ Mast, Austin R. (1998). "Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae (Banksia and Dryandra; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography". Australian Systematic Botany. 11 (3–4): 321–42. doi:10.1071/SB97026.
^ Mast, Austin R.; Givnish, Thomas J. (2002). "Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in Banksia and Dryandra (Proteaceae) based on their cpDNA phylogeny". American Journal of Botany. 89 (8): 1311–23. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21665734. Archived from the original on 12 June 2006. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
^ Mast, Austin R.; Jones, Eric H.; Havery, Shawn P. (2005). "An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 18 (1): 75–88. doi:10.1071/SB04015.
^ Mast, Austin R.; Thiele, Kevin (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 20 (1): 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.
^ a b Harden, Gwen (2002). "Banksia". In Harden, Gwen (ed.). Flora of New South Wales. Volume 2. Kensington, New South Wales: New South Wales University Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-86840-156-0.
^ a b c d e f g Taylor, Anne; Hopper, Stephen (1988). The Banksia Atlas (Australian Flora and Fauna Series Number 8). Canberra, ACT: Australian Government Publishing Service. pp. 152–55. ISBN 978-0-644-07124-6.
^ a b Salkin, Alf (1986). "Banksia cultivars". Banksia Study Report (7): 17–19. ISSN 0728-2893.
^ a b Molyneux, Bill; Forrester, Sue (2007). "Banksia croajingolensis (Proteaceae) a new species from East Gippsland, Victoria". Telopea. 11 (4): 419–26. doi:10.7751/telopea20075741. ISSN 0312-9764.
^ Cubbons, Peter (1992). "Banksia marginata in the Western Plains". Banksia Study Report (9): 49. ISSN 0728-2893.
^ Wallace, G. (1988). "Disappearing Banksia marginata stands". Banksia Study Report (8): 52. ISSN 0728-2893.
^ a b Williams, Paul R.; Clarke, Peter J. (1996). "Habitat segregation by serotinous shrubs in heaths: Post-fire emergence and seedling survival". Australian Journal of Botany. 45 (1): 31–39. doi:10.1071/BT96076.
^ Virgona, Shanti; Vaughton, Glenda; Ramsey, Mike. (2006). "Habitat segregation of Banksia shrubs at Gibraltar Range National Park". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 127: 39–47. ISSN 0370-047X.
^ a b c Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (2000). "Ecology of Sydney plant species. Part 7b: Dicotyledon families Proteaceae to Rubiaceae" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 6 (4): 1017–1202. ISSN 0727-9620. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
^ Wild Plants of Victoria (database). Viridans Biological Databases & Department of Sustainability and Environment. 2009.
^ Jones, David; Jones, Barbara (1999). Native Plants of Melbourne and adjoining areas. Bloomings Books. p. 26. ISBN 978-1-876473-13-6.
^ "Banksias: Bush Candelabra" (PDF). Newsletter. November 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2011.
^ Ralph, Murray (December 2007). "Banksia marginata (Silver banksia)" (PDF). Newsletter. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
^ a b Nuttal, Lucy (2006). "Corangamite Region Guidelines: Banksia marginata" (PDF). Florabank website. Corangamite Seed Supply & Revegetation Network. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
^ a b Salkin, pp. 144–45.
^ "Banksia marginata wet scrub" (PDF). Threatened Native Vegetation Community Information Sheet. Forest Practices Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 April 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
^ a b Blake, Julieanne, J; Hill, Robert S. (1996). "An examination of the drought and frost tolerance of Banksia marginata (Proteaceae) as an explanation of its current widespread occurrence in Tasmania". Australian Journal of Botany. 44 (3): 265–81. doi:10.1071/BT9960265.
^ "Banksia marginata Notesheet". Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. 26 March 2007. Archived from the original on 31 March 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
^ Barker, R. D.; Vestjens, W. J. M. (1984). The Food of Australian Birds. Carlton Victoria: Melbourne University Press. pp. 1:330, 348, 353, 2:183, 186, 187, 205, 207, 219, 221, 223, 229, 230, 234, 237, 271, 458. ISBN 978-0-643-05006-8.
^ "Western Pygmy-possum (Cercartetus concinnus) Recovery Plan" (PDF). NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service. July 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
^ Austin, A.D.; Dangerfield, P. C. (1998). "Biology of Mesostoa kerri (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Mesostoinae), an endemic Australian wasp that causes stem galls on Banksia marginata". Australian Journal of Botany. 46 (4): 559–69. doi:10.1071/BT97042.
^ Hawkeswood, Trevor J. (2007). "A review of the biology and a new larval host plant for Cyrioides imperialis (Fabricius, 1801)(Coleoptera: Buprestidae)" (PDF). Calodema. Supplementary Paper No. 25: 1–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2012.
^ Fearn, Simon (2011). "Tasmania's largest beetle" (PDF). Bulletin (341): 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
^ Fearn, Simon (1989). "Some observations on the habits of Paroplites australis (Erichson) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae Prioninae) and its damaging effects on the food plant Banksia marginata Cav. in Tasmania". Australian Entomological Magazine. 16 (4): 81–84. ISSN 0311-1881.
^ Beadle, Noel C. (1968). "Some aspects of the ecology and physiology of Australian xeromorphic plants". Australian Journal of Science. 30: 348–55.
^ Specht, RL; Rayson, P (1957). "Dark Island heath (Ninety-mile Plain, South Australia). III. The root systems". Australian Journal of Botany. 5 (1): 103–14. doi:10.1071/BT9570103.
^ Purnell , Helen M., HM (1957). "Studies of the family Proteaceae. I. Anatomy and morphology of the roots of some Victorian species". Australian Journal of Botany. 8 (1): 38–50. doi:10.1071/BT9600038.
^ Hammill, K. A.; Bradstock, R. A.; Allaway, W. G. (1998). "Post-fire seed dispersal and species re-establishment in proteaceous heath". Australian Journal of Botany. 46 (4): 407–19. doi:10.1071/BT96116.
^ a b Specht, Ray L.; Rayson, Patricia; Jackman, M.E. (1958). "Dark Island heath (Ninety-mile Plain, South Australia). VI. Pyric succession: changes in composition, coverage, dry weight, and mineral nutrient status". Australian Journal of Botany. 6 (1): 59–88. doi:10.1071/BT9580059.
^ Groves, RH; Hocking, PJ; McMahon, A (1986). "Distribution of Biomass, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Other Nutrients in Banksia marginata and B. ornata Shoots of Different Ages after Fire". Australian Journal of Botany. 34 (6): 709–25. doi:10.1071/BT9860709.
^ Wills, Timothy J. (2003). "Using Banksia (Proteaceae) node counts to estimate time since fire". Australian Journal of Botany. 51 (3): 239–42. doi:10.1071/BT01074.
^ Dickinson, K.J.M.; Kirkpatrick, J.B. (1985). "The flammability and energy content of some important plant species and fuel components in the forests of southeastern Tasmania". Journal of Biogeography. 12 (2): 121–34. doi:10.2307/2844836. JSTOR 2844836.
^ McCredie, Thomas A.; Dixon, Kingsley W.; Sivasithamparam, K. (1985). "Variability in the resistance of Banksia L.f. species to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands". Australian Journal of Botany. 33 (6): 629–37. doi:10.1071/BT9850629.
^ Weste, Gretna; Ashton, David H. (1994). "Regeneration and survival of indigenous dry sclerophyll species in the Brisbane Ranges, Victoria, after a Phytophthora cinnamomi epidemic". Australian Journal of Botany. 42 (6): 239–53. doi:10.1071/BT9940239.
^ Ngario Plant Use in The Snowy River Catchment Page 14
^ Boomsma, C.D. (1972). Native Trees of South Australia. Woods and Forest Department, South Australia. p. 55.
^ "Banksia marginata". South West Slopes Revegetation Guide. Charles Sturt University. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
^ "Timber Sample – Silver Banksia, Banksia marginata, Victoria, 1885". Museum Victoria. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2011.
^ Cavanagh, Tony (1982). "Notes on the cultivation of banksias in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries". Banksia Study Report (6): 29–33. ISSN 0728-2893.
^ McMillan Browse, Philip (2004). Gardening on the Edge: Drawing on the Cornwall Experience. Penzance, UK: Alison Hodge Publishers. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-906720-33-2.
^ a b Collins, Kevin; Collins, Kathy; George, Alex S. (2008). Banksias. Melbourne, Victoria: Bloomings Books. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-876473-68-6.
^ Elliot, Rodger W.; Jones, David L.; Blake, Trevor (1994). Supplement to Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation. 1. Port Melbourne: Lothian Press. p. B-52. ISBN 978-0-85091-659-1.
^ "Banksias Factsheet". Gardening Australia website. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 15 June 2001. Archived from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
^ "Australian Native Plants as Bonsai – 2005". Australian National Botanic Gardens/Australian National Herbarium website. Commonwealth of Australia. 24 December 2007. Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
Salkin, Abraham Isaac (Alf) (1979). "Variation in Banksia in Eastern Australia". (MSc thesis). Clayton, Victoria: Monash University.
Trees portal
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Banksia marginata
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Banksia marginata.
"Banksia marginata Cav". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
"Banksia marginata Cav". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_marginata


For some, earthquakes are a real issue that must be dealt with. For the most part, your typical home insurance is not going to cover something out of the ordinary like an earthquake. For those instances, there is earthquake insurance. For those that live in the LA or Glendale, CA area, the agents with Voi Insurance Solutions, LLC can help.
Earthquakes are not all that common which means that they are often not covered on typical insurance policies. What may be a common occurrence for some people, may never happen for others. As such, earthquake coverage is a specialty policy that you can add to your typical home policy to help cover your home from things like an earthquake. Earthquake insurance covers the damages that come as the result of an earthquake like the destruction of a home, damage to foundations, damage to homes and more.
If you live in an area where earthquakes are possible or common, you need to make sure you have some sort of policy in place to protect you from an earthquake and the damage that they cause. Not all homeowners are going to need this type of policy so you should take the time to determine if it is right for you or not. For those that have questions about this type of specialty policy, it is always best to talk with an agent to find out more about what it covers, what types of policies it can be added to, and if you will benefit from purchasing an earthquake policy.
For those in the LA or Glendale, CA area, the agents with Voi Insurance Solutions, LLC can help you find the right earthquake policy for you and can help you determine if you need this type of policy or not and how to go about getting the right policy for you.
Get auto & home quotes online in less than 5 minutes. Request other quotes and hear back from us within 24 hours.
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That's easy! Just give us a call and we will guide you.
Each person's needs and situation varies. Our free consultation will clear up any confusion you may have and we will help find the perfect solution.
We offer a variety of services to meet your needs visit our "Services" page for more info.
What are the advantages to an online sale with an auction format?
There are so many! We are able to offer competitive commission rates to our clients. The number of customers participating in each sale is also much greater, since people can shop at 1am or during work hours if they'd like, which results in profitable sales. Parking or HOA concerns are eliminated. You are able to avoid a large crowd at once in your home. The bidding process can be watched by our clients; the sale is very transparent and the worry of price fixing is eliminated. Typically, almost item is sold and you just need to collect your check at the end.
How long do I need to have a sale? What if I need a home liquidated quickly?
Warehouse 31 provides quick, easy, and profitable solutions. With our online sales, we are able to expedite the selling process. We are also able to remove contents from a home, and host sales at our warehouse in Arlington.
We issue a check within 10 days of the pickup date.
We do not ask for any payment upfront. Our standard fees and expenses are deducted from the agreed commission rate at the end of the sale, which varies for different situations. Our rates are competitive and you'll never see unexpected charges on your settlement.
First, click the "Register to Bid" button at the top of the home page. Read the terms and conditions and continue to the next page. Complete the registration form. You will then be emailed a unique bidder number (which will be your permanent bidder number for Warehouse 31 sales). Return to our website. Click on the sale you wish to participate in. Click on "VIEW ITEMS AND BID" underneath the row of photos. Enter your bids, your bidder number, and your password at the bottom of the page. Click "Submit Bids" and then confirm those bids. That's it! We are available to answer any questions.
How do I keep track of my bids or if I've been outbid?
Click on the sale's link. Login with your bidder number at the bottom of the page. Click the "Review Bids" button. You will be shown every item you've bid on. If there is a red triangle next to the bid, that means you've been OUTBID. At the bottom of that page, you will see your amount of current winning bids.
How will I know my final total?
Your final invoice will be sent via email shortly after the end of the sale. You will also receive email notifications throughout the sale if you've been outbid.
What does the "Your Maximum" bid box mean?
It is an automatic bidding system. This feature helps you win the items that you really want! If an item is at $2.00, but you are willing to pay up to $20 for it, you can put $20 in the "Your Maximum" box. Your max is kept confidential. The computer will automatically place bids on your behalf (up to the maximum amount you've entered). Your bids are only increased when needed to maintain your position as the highest bidder. If the item stays at $2 throughout the sale, without any other bidding activity, you will win that item for $2. If another customer enters a bid higher than your max bid, you will be sent an email notification that you've been outbid.


"Laisses Tomber Les Filles" is a Cambodian Space Project update of the Serge Gainsbourg 60s classic originally penned for France Gall. CSP's cracking version is where Channthy keeps a bit of the French language chorus 'forget about those girls' but adds the sentiment 'they only love you for your money' in her native Khmer. "Laisses Tomber Les Filles" was tracked in France, overdubbed in Bali then mixed in Detroit by Jim Diamond at Ghetto Studios. It's a track included on CSP's fourth album "Electric Blue Boogaloo" available July 23, 2015.


text:
Q: Mouse Wheel event always returns less than 0 (down) in firefox? [JQuery] I'm using JQuery to detect if the mousewheel has scrolled up or down, and it works in all browsers except firefox, which always seems to think it's scrolling down.  Any help is appreciated!
$('html,body').bind('DOMMouseScroll mousewheel', function(e){
    if (e.originalEvent.wheelDelta /120 > 0) {
        alert('scrolling up !');
    }
    else {
        alert('scrolling down !');
    }
});

JSFiddle:  http://jsfiddle.net/Qvs2r/1/

A: Add this before you condition :
var theEvent = e.originalEvent.wheelDelta || e.originalEvent.detail*-1

And you condition
if ( theEvent /120 > 0)

*-1 is there because somehow, firefox reverse the scrolling value.

A: Try this:
var mousewheelevt=(/Firefox/i.test(navigator.userAgent))? "DOMMouseScroll" : "mousewheel" //FF doesn't recognize mousewheel as of FF3.x

if (document.attachEvent) //if IE (and Opera depending on user setting)
    document.attachEvent("on"+mousewheelevt, function(e){alert('Mouse wheel movement detected!')})
else if (document.addEventListener) //WC3 browsers
    document.addEventListener(mousewheelevt, function(e){alert('Mouse wheel movement detected!')}, false)

EDIT: Nevermind, I just noticced you had that. I think the problem is in the first IF statement. You should debug that in Firebug and see what values e holds.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
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<shape xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:shape="oval" >
    <solid android:color="#2196f3" />
    <stroke android:width="1.6dp" android:color="#fff"/>

</shape>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Ann Handley is the Chief Content Officer of MarketingProfs whose main work as an editor helps companies build content for their customers using social media, podcasts, blogs, and more. She is also a columnist for Entrepreneur magazine, a keynote speaker, and writer of her own website Annhandley.com.
As the youngest of 4 children, she was the mascot of her family. She was a child who was fearful of everything. Imagine going from a young girl terrified of everything to a Chief Content Officer of Marketing Profs. That began when she went to school for Journalism and worked at newspapers and magazines. Freelancer at the Boston Globe. Newspapers started to decline…she couldn't cover the stories anymore in the late 90's and internet marketing started to grow, so she transitioned from publishing newspapers and magazines to publishing online and she launched a website, clickz.com.
When Ann thought of content, she just thought it was was editorial and articles. Suddenly, she started hearing about content and realized that the meaning behind the word 'content' was what she had been doing her whole life, building relationships and your connections. It never occurred to Ann, she had a niche in the content marketing business.
MarketingProfs is a learning and training company that helps marketers learn how to use tools to market their business better using content and social media. She wants to see how people relate to this book. The biggest struggle that she has in writing a book is how huge it is. It requires a lot of determination. And watching Scandal on Netflix makes her a terrible procrastinator, but her work ethic is strong.
Her new upcoming book is in the foreground of her mind as she wanted to write a writing book for marketers and business. As a reporter and a writer, she thought there were some good things to use from journalism and put it into content marketing.
Taking her dog for a walk allows Ann to think about what she will write, and as soon as she gets home, she starts writing.
Ann's first boss was a really great mentor. She reinforced the decision for Ann to do things that scare her. Her parents were wonderful, but getting someone outside of that who believes in you is important.
Listening on Twitter and just seeing what people are talking about.
Ann thinks her purpose is to make the world a tiny bit better and helping her children be the people they wanted to be.
Ann's words of wisdom is thankful to have made a connection with Derrick Duplessy and his support.


text:
Q: JPA optional relationship I'm using EclipseLink.
I have an entity DIDRequest that has a one to Many relationship with DIDAllocation.
The DIDRequest does not always have an associated DIDAllocation (i.e. the DIDAlloction should be optional).
I have the following entity
@Entity
@Table(name = "tblDIDRequest")
public class DIDRequest
{
    int id;
    @ManyToOne(optional = true)
    private DIDAllocation didAllocation;
}

The optional argument doesn't seem to be working as EclipseLink is generating a foriegn key constraint as follows:
CREATE TABLE `tblDIDRequest` (
  `ID` bigint(20) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `DIDALLOCATION_ID` bigint(20) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`ID`),
  KEY `FK_tblDIDRequest_DIDALLOCATION_ID` (`DIDALLOCATION_ID`),
  CONSTRAINT `FK_tblDIDRequest_DIDALLOCATION_ID` FOREIGN KEY (`DIDALLOCATION_ID`) REFERENCES `tblDIDAllocation` (`ID`),

);

How do I modify the annotation so it doesn't generate the foreign key constraint?
Is there a way to have the constraint so if didAllocation exist then there must be a related entity but if it is null we don't care?

A: This works just like it should!
A required association can be mapped by having a NOT NULL constraint on a column (to make sure it has a value) and also a FOREIGN KEY constraint, to make sure that value corresponds to the ID in another table.
If you have an optional association, you still want a FOREIGN KEY constraint, so you can't just put gibberish into the column. But you don't have the NOT NULL constraint, so NULL indicates "the association is not present".
`DIDALLOCATION_ID` bigint(20) DEFAULT NULL,

This is nullable and has a default value of NULL.
You may also want to set fetch = FetchType.LAZY on the association and explicitly join/eager-fetch it only when you need it - for efficiency. And in general I highly recommend all articles by Vlad Mihalcea to learn more about efficient JPA use: https://vladmihalcea.com/manytoone-jpa-hibernate/


Jesus's resurrection and ascension teach us something about the difference between the heavenly places and heaven. While there is a lot more to be discussed about the afterlife, hopefully this series gave you the tools you need to continue a deep study of this subject.
Being "seated with him in heavenly places" and other similar terminology about seating has the connotation of a wedding banquet seat, which must be at the heart of Covenant eschatology, no? So, the kind of presence of the believer to God-in-Christ, in this world, and after each lifetime, is not just generically "spiritual", but of a Passover Covenant Meal and Sacrifice type, leading to the faithfuls' (notice the PLURAL place of the possessive case apostrophe; the faithful collectively ) union with the Bridegroom. The Communion Supper of the Christian faithful seems to be the place where heaven touches earth, replacing Temple and Ark, Holies and Tabernacle, altar and blood, fire and smoke. Did the believers who were left behind, after the failed Jerusalem was "raptured" into flames, emerge from the crisis with a new Temple as Ezekiel prophesied, one whereby men everywhere worshiped God in Spirit and Truth?


text:
VR Advertising Platform Immersv Completes $10.5m Financing Round
The round featured investors The VR Fund, HTC Vive, GREE and others.
Just over a year ago Immersv announced its advertising platform for virtual reality (VR) and mobile devices with the aim of helping consumers discover VR apps and content. Today, the company has revealed the completion of a $10.5 million USD Series A round of financing.
Led by Rogers Venture Partners, the round also featured institutional and strategic investors such as Foundation Capital, The Venture Reality Fund, Initial Capital, East Ventures, HTC Vive, MCJ Co. Ltd., GREE, i-mobile, Metaps, and Gigi Levy. Rogers Venture Partners General Partner, Paul Sestili, and Gumi's Founder and CEO, Hironao Kunimitsu, have joined Immersv's Board of Directors.
"Immersv is the leader in the next wave of interactive digital advertising," said Sestili in a statement. "Mobile 360 and VR advertising provides some of the highest view completion rates, click through rates, and overall engagement rates for both brands and performance advertisers. As the central marketplace for buying and selling these new ad formats, Immersv is well positioned to drive significant value for both advertisers and publishers."
The new finance will enable Immersv to accelerate product development and deployment, expanding its inventory through direct Publisher as well as SSP integrations, and bring global brands and performance marketers into Mobile 360 and Virtual Reality.
Recently the company signed programmatic deals with more than 15 of the world's largest Demand Side Platforms (DSP's) and Supply Side Platforms (SSP's). Partners now include Tremor Video, YuMe, Bidswitch, ironSource, Supership and United in Japan.
"We're excited to partner with some of the finest institutional and strategic investors in the world," said Mihir Shah, President and CEO of Immersv, Inc. "While the mobile video market continues to grow, we believe interactive advertising experiences will displace the current video advertising market in the next few years providing better results for advertisers, higher yield for publishers, and a significantly better experience for consumers."
VRFocus will continue its coverage of Immersv, reporting back with the latest developments.
Immersv
The VR Fund
VRDC Session Highlight: Headspace + Two Big Ears Talk Audio for Cinematic VR
Virtual reality (VR) audio is set to be a big topic at the 2016 Virtual Reality Developers Conference…
Oculus Reveals Rift Design Improvements For Consumer Version
Today is the day a lot of Oculus Rift fans were beginning think would never come, as Facebook-owned…
Facebook's Future VR Headsets Could Feature Holographic Optics
The company has showcased a new research project.
Snail Games' ARK Park to see a Physical Release this Fall for PlayStation VR
For when digital copies just aren't enough.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Indian National Racing Championship: Double for Karthik Tharani as VW Ventos dominate
For the factory-supported VW Motorsport team, making its debut in the Indian Touring Cars category, it was a highly-successful weekend as it won all the three races.
Coimbatore 23 June, 2019 19:05 IST
Piloting the turbo-charged VW Vento, Karthik Tharani authored a dream script for Volkswagen Motorsport with a grand double in the ITC category as the second round of the MRF MMSC FMSCI Indian National Car Racing Championship concluded at Kari Motor Speedway here Sunday.
Also scoring a double was Hyderabad's Jeet Jhabak in the VW Ameo Class and Bengaluru schoolboy Sohil Shah (M Sport) in the Formula LGB 1300 category as he took top honours in Race 1 and 3 while Nellores Viswas Vijayaraj (DTS Racing) won Race 2.
R P Rajarajan (Performance Racing) won a close Super Stock race that went down to the wire.
READ | Gaurav Gill returns to lead JK Tyre's rallying programme
The races in all categories, except VW Ameo Class, were run on wet tyres in view of forecast of rains which, however, stayed away.
The two ITC races highlighted Sundays proceedings with extremely close contests and incidents in Race 3 bringing out the Safety Car.
Having finished second behind team-mate, Kolhapurs Dhruv Shivaji Mohite in the first of the ITC triple-header yesterday, Chennai-based Tharani led a 1-2-3 finish for VW Motorsport in Race 2 and followed it up with a thrilling win in Race 3 in the afternoon, ahead of Mohite and Arjun Balu (Race Concepts).
In both races, Mohite finished second while team-mate Ishaan Dodhiwala took the third spot in Race 2, but spun off in the next outing that led to a safety car period. Balu finished a creditable third, his second of the weekend.
While the podium finishers hogged the limelight, it was 77-year old D Vidyaprakash who stole the hearts with stirring drives that saw him finish fourth in both the races today.
His defending the third spot in Race-2 until late in the last lap against Dodhiwala, 29, before letting the youngster pass, earned him high praise for clean racing.
ALSO READ | Jehan Daruvala wins feature F3 race in France
"I just cant believe that someone at his age can drive like that. I couldnt pass him until the last lap when he didn't stop me from overtaking after I put the nose on the inside line," said Dodhiwala after his third place finish.
The Championship will now move to the MMRT track at Sriperumbudur near Chennai, where Round 3 will be held from July 19 to 21.
The results (Provisional, all 10 laps unless mentioned):
Indian Touring Cars (Race 2): 1. Karthik Tharani (VW Motorsports) (11mins, 55.229secs); 2. Dhruv Shivaji Mohite (VW Motorsports) (11:55.572); 3. Ishaan Dodhiwala (VW Motorsports) (12:06. 826).
Race 3: 1. Karthik Tharani (VW Motorsports) (15:31.576); 2. Dhruv Shivaji Mohite (VW Motorsports) (15:31.717); 3. Arjun Balu (Race Concepts) (15:32.087).
Volkswagen Ameo Class (Race 2): Overall 1. Avik Anwar (Bangladesh) (11:58.554); 2. Aiman Sadat (Bangladesh) (11:58.841); 3. Anmol Singh Sahil (Delhi) (11:59.304).
Race 3 (Overall and Pro): 1. Jeet Jhabakh (Hyderabad) (11:58.422); 2. Anmol Singh Sahil (Delhi) (12:00.219); 3.Pratik Sonawane (Pune) (12:02.872).
Junior: 1. Aiman Sadat (Bangladesh) (12:09.235); 2. Kaushik Mohan Raja (12:10.360); Viraj Jairaj Jhala (Nashik) (12:18.809).
Super Stock (Race 2): 1. R P Rajarajan (Performance Racing) (13:05.322); 2. R Rajashekar (Race Concepts) (13:05.926); 3. Prateek Benya (Race Concepts) (13:06.209).
Formula LGB 1300 (Race 1): 1. Sohil Shah (M Sport) (10:43.682); 2. Ashwin Datta (Momentum Motor Sports) (10:50.180); 3. Kunal Maini (M Sport) (10:56.683).
Race 2: 1. Viswas Vijayaraj (DTS Racing) (14:16.398); 2. Ashwin Datta (Momentum Motor Sports) (14:16.661); 3. Sohil Shah (M Sport) (14:16.770).
Race 3: 1. Sohil Shah (M Sport) (11:56.907); 2. Ashwin Datta (Momentum Motor Sports) (11:59.205); 3. Chirag Ghorpade (Momentum Motor Sports) (12:07.927).
Indian F2 driver banned for a race after penalty point spree
Hamilton tells Ferrari: 'Focus on racing, not appealing'
F1 Raceweek: Hamilton & Bottas in a league of their own
Formula One: Hamilton does not feel 'untouchable' despite cruising to pole
Vettel: I did not get the best out of the car


text:
In the heart of Marseille, the gateway to the luxurious French Côte d'Azur or also called the port of North Africa, we find the Stade Vélodrome, home of a European champion, Olympique de Marseille.
Port of Marseille. Image: feelthefutbol.com
Perhaps because I also belong to a neighbourhood with a well-defined idiosyncrasy, I always felt sympathy for OM and I always wanted to attend a match at the Vélodrome, and finally this year I was able to get tickets to see nothing less than the French classic, Le Classico, the biggest match you can see in France and one of the biggest in Europe.
I arrived in Marseille the same day of the match and the first thing that struck me was the atmosphere in the street, almost 100% of the people were wearing all kinds of Olympique merchandise. T-shirts, hoodies, scarves… anything was enough to identify you as an OM supporter, there was a special atmosphere, you could feel that it was a big day in the city.
As I arrived early in the morning, I booked a tour of the stadium to learn more about the details of this mythical place.
Inaugurated in 1937, its architecture was pioneering in France as it was the first stadium built in cement and it was not only used for football, it also had a cycling track (hence its name, " Vélodrome") as well as other sports such as rugby, gymnastics and boxing.
Originally, the Vélodrome was not Olympique's home stadium, it was in 1960 that the team moved there and, after several renovations to host matches for the EURO in 1984 and the FIFA World Cup in 1998, it became the second largest stadium in France after the Stade de France with a capacity of 67,400 people.
The first thing I have to say is that the Vélodrome is impressive, when you arrive at its main entrance and look up you realise that you are in front of a majestic stadium, it is also an icon of the city, as its characteristic roof can be seen from many points of Marseille.
Main façade. Image: feelthefutbol.com
Once inside and after passing through a room where you can see many shirts from different years of OM, you arrive at a gallery where there are pictures of legendary players of the club… Ravanelli, Papin, Deschamps, Drogba, Boli… almost nothing.
OM Legends. Images: feelthefutbol.com
Looking at those photos, reading the fragments of history that made those players true legends of the club, I couldn't stop imagining them playing in that stadium, so I went to the end of this gallery that finally connected to the stands.
I will always remember the first time I saw a football stadium from the inside when I was just a little boy, the green colour of the immense grass (that's how it seemed to me at that age), the immensity of everything around me at that moment… and here, when I looked out onto the stands of the Vélodrome, I felt something similar.
Not only is the shape of this stadium striking from the outside, but the inside is also impressive… two large stands, the Jean Bouin and the Ganay stands, with the north and south ends sloping backwards, make the acoustics of this stadium terrible for opponents.
Panoramic view of the stadium. Image: feelthefutbol.com
After many photos and after passing through other areas of the stadium, such as the changing rooms or the press room, the tour came to an end and I could not wait until the afternoon to attend the match, but first I had to go back to the centre to eat something and recharge my batteries.
Visiting the OM Stadium Tour. Images: feelthefutbol.com
The crowds cheering OM had tripled in number… tides of fans singing in the streets or sitting on the terraces of the bars and, taking advantage of the fact that El Clasico was also being played in Spain, I decided to go into a pub to watch it surrounded by Marseilles fans.
End of the match, Real Madrid won and now yes, scarf and OM shirt on and with nightfall in the city, it was time to leave for the stadium… Le Classico awaited.
I thought that an hour and a half in advance would be more than enough to arrive and enjoy the atmosphere around the stadium, but when I got out of the underground what I saw left me perplexed.
Thousands of fans at the entrance to the stadium, flares in hand, forming choreographies, rockets in the sky, suddenly it looked like I had arrived in a war zone.
Arrival at the stadium. Image: feelthefutbol.com
I have been watching big matches with a lot of rivalry, Real Madrid-Barcelona, Brugge-Anderlecht, River-Boca (I saw this match in Madrid, in the final of the Copa Libertadores, in Argentina it must be much more passionate) or Celtic-Rangers, but I had never experienced this atmosphere.
Marseille-Paris, north and south, new rich against the team of the people and pride of France (remember, the only French team until now European champion), all that and much more was palpable in the feeling of the people and, in addition, we added the extra motivation of coming from a year without people in the stands and with the arrival of Leo Messi to the Parisian megaproject.
I spent almost all the extra time I had to get into the stadium, so I went to my seat in the Ganay stand.
If the atmosphere outside the stadium was crazy, what was inside didn't disappoint… the whole stadium was singing and shouting as the players were leaving, the tifos in the stands were unfurling, the flares were being lit… I couldn't believe what I was seeing, it was a real spectacle, the stadium was a cauldron.
Tifos at the exit of the players. Images: feelthefutbol.com
Colourful show in the stands. Images: feelthefutbol.com
The match was very entertaining, with emotion and passion… everything was cheered, everything was protested, the fans had two public enemies, Neymar and Messi. The Brazilian was not allowed to take corners because of the throwing of objects and the Argentinian even had to put up with a spontaneous person who jumped onto the pitch and went to meet him. In the end I think they were both overcome by the atmosphere.
At the end of the match, 0-0 on the scoreboard (with a goal disallowed to each team) and the feeling that I had watched something unique.
Paris stars Mbappé, Messi, Neymar and Messi. Images: feelthefutbol.com
On the plane back home, reviewing the whole experience, I thought that the Vélodrome's reputation as one of the hottest stadiums in Europe is certainly well deserved.
The atmosphere, the passion, the mystique… Marseille and OM won me over and from that moment on, they have had one more Marseillaise in their ranks.
Now and always,
ALLEZ L'OM!
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Alaba
Goal. Does age matter?


text:
The Tariff Act of August 5, 1909, on Imports Into the United States
United States,United States Division of Customs
actually addition thereto amount appraisers bonded bottles boxes cents per dozen cents per pound cents per square centum ad valorem chief value cloth collector colored composed wholly containing cotton court crude customs dollars dyed eight entry exceeding exportation fiber fifteen per centum fifty cents finished five five cents foregoing foreign forty per centum four glass hundred imitation imported imposed invoice iron or steel known Lace less manner manufactured material merchandise metal nine officer one-fourth one-half cents otherwise ounces packages paid painted person plates prepared prescribe printed production rate of duty regulations Secretary seed seven silk sixty specially provided square yard thereof thirty per centum thirty-five per centum thousand threads tobacco Treasury twelve twenty per centum twenty-five cents twenty-five per centum United vegetable vessels wares wire wood wool yarns
Page 117 - ... all losses actually sustained within the year and not compensated by insurance or otherwise, including a reasonable allowance for depreciation of property, if any, and in the case of insurance companies the sums other than dividends, paid within the year on policy and annuity contracts and the net addition, if any, required by law to be made within the year to reserve funds...
Page 115 - Columbia, shall be subject to pay annually a special excise tax with respect to the carrying on or doing business by such corporation, joint stock company or association, or insurance company, equivalent to one per centum upon the entire net income over and above five thousand dollars received by it from all sources during such year...
Page 70 - States; but proof of the identity of such articles shall be made, under general regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, but the exemption of bags from duty shall apply only to such domestic bags as may be imported by the exporter thereof, and if any such articles are subject to internal tax at the time of exportation, such tax shall be proved to have been paid before exportation and not refunded...
Page 4 - An Act to prohibit the importation and use of opium for other than medicinal purposes," approved February ninth, nineteen hundred and nine.
Page 70 - That this paragraph shall not apply to any article upon which an allowance of drawback has been made, the reimportation of which is hereby prohibited except upon payment of duties equal to the drawbacks allowed; or to any article manufactured in bonded warehouse and exported under any provision of law: And provided further, That when manufactured tobacco which has been exported without payment of internalrevenue tax shall be reimported it shall be retained in the custody of the collector of customs...
Page 69 - Articles the growth, produce, and manufacture of the United States, when returned after having been exported, without having been advanced in value or improved in condition by any process of manufacture or other means...
Page 79 - Works of art, drawings, engravings, photographic pictures, and philosophical and scientific apparatus brought by professional artists, lecturers, or scientists arriving from abroad for use by them temporarily for exhibition and in illustration, promotion, and encouragement of art, science, or Industry In the United States...
Page 83 - Islands, upon articles, goods, wares, or merchandise going into the Philippine Islands from the United States, a tax equal to the internal-revenue tax imposed in the Philippine Islands upon...
Page 78 - That in case of residents of the United States returning from abroad all wearing apparel, personal and household effects taken by them out of the United States to foreign countries shall be admitted free of duty, without regard to their value, upon their identity being established under appropriate rules and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury...
Title The Tariff Act of August 5, 1909, on Imports Into the United States


Savage Arms is one of America's oldest gunmakers that has been pumping out noteworthy firearms since the late 1800's. Since then, the New England-based manufacturer has become the 3rd largest producer of long arms, trailing just behind Ruger and Remington. While they've traditionally focused on a niche market, Savage has now reinserted themselves back into the spotlight with their impressive modern sporting rifles. It should come to no surprise to see Savage develop with the times, considering founder Arthur Savage was famous for his ingenuity and innovation. Now, let's take a closer look at one of the oldest firearms manufacturer's introduction into the AR platform.
This isn't yet another company making an effort to establish themselves in the AR market, it's a true product of fine engineering and premium quality. In fact, Savage now offers a diverse lineup of tactical rifles in a variety of calibers and designs. This new line of next-gen semi-auto rifles promises to deliver high-powered performance that won't break the bank.
The Savage MSR 10 collection was built on the classic AR-10 platform, offering slightly tactical differences compared to the more popular AR-15. Although these platforms are nearly identical, AR-10s are usually heavier, longer, and fire more powerful cartridges. As with most other Savages, you can expect unmatched precision rifled barrels, excellent caliber diversity, premium components, and impressive durability.
The Savage MSR 10 Hunter offers all of the features shooters love about AR-10s, but in a compact and modern build. In addition to its high-end materials, such as Melonite QPQ finish, nickel-boron treatment, and 7075 aluminum receiver, the Hunter offers tremendously versatile performance with each use. I will say that I was surprised that they outsourced a few components, like the BLACKHAWK! KNOXX AR Pistol Grip and trigger.
I recently got the chance to take out the Hunter in 6.5 Creedmoor to take down some big boar and it operated flawlessly. Although they are completely different rifles, shooting the MSR 10 reminded me of the .308 Ruger American. The Savage rifle had intuitive controls, excellent handling, and was extremely well-balanced.
The Savage MSR 15 Recon is the ultimate out-of-the-box AR that is both affordable and unrelenting. The New England Manufacturer loaded these rifles with BLACKHAWK! Components, precision rifling, and durable finishes. While these are primarily tactical rifles, they are more than capable of surpassing your expectations in competition shooting and hunting.
The MSR 15 Patrol is no ordinary rifle on the AR-platform. The .223 semi-auto Savage features an innovative design and several premium components to provide shooters with consistent and reliable performance. I was a big fan of the AXIOM Carbine stock and unique BLACKHAWK! Handguard. Combine that with a surprisingly ergonomic AR pistol grip and unusually effective flip-up sight system, and you've got a rifle you're not going to want to miss.
I've been a huge fan of Savage for years and I was thrilled when they initially announced they were going to produce rifles on the AR-platform. These modern sporting rifles offer excellent accuracy, ergonomics, and dependability all without breaking the bank. Thanks for joining in and stay tuned for more exciting news and reviews here at Gunivore!


The 1 oz Australian Kangaroo Gold is an excellent value. At 9999 purity, it is one of the finest gold products available from the Perth Mint. The 2014 1 oz Gold Kangaroo features a kangaroo in a classic pose set against a field of wildflowers. The obverse features the traditional Ian Rank-Broadley effigy of Queen Elizabeth II.


text:
Live Listings
Ben Aucott
Associated bands:
Outburst 1996 – 2009
Ateball 1998 – 2015
Grym Reefer 1999 – 2001
Mage 2010 – 2015
Ben was a founding member of all his associated acts, bringing Mage together with Andy in 2010 after Outburst ended the previous year. On guitar he created the foundations of Outburst and Mage's sounds with his signature deep toned guitar riffs. For Grym Reefer (featuring memebers of both Outburst and stoner band Fett) and Ateball he was the front man. Ateball was a grindcore influenced side project, over which Ben would scream his subversive and often comical lyrics.
Ben was also an exceptional graphic artist and produced the majority of his bands' artwork for albums, merch and promotional material (including Mage's iconic M). He also produced artwork and logos for other bands and labels. He only relinquished some of this responsibility for Mage's second album and third release, Last Orders, sourcing the band's first pieces of commissioned artwork. He also commissioned a piece of artwork from artist Domonic Sohor, which would later be used on the album Green. However, Ben continued to create artwork for the band until he passed.
Ben was also known in the Rock and Metal online scene, eventually serving as an admin for Metal Hammer's online forums and writing some reviews. He was also involved in the early stages of webzine, Ninehertz.
In 2015, Mage had begun writing for their third album, when Ben passed away suddenly on August 9th, just a few days after his 40th birthday. After the initial shock and emotional impact on family and friends, the band were able to make some decisions about their future. Most importantly, if and how they should carry on. It was eventually unanimously agreed that Mage should continue in Ben's honour and as a four piece.
With some truly amazing support from fans and friends and some musical help from Scott Taylor (Garganjua), Mage were able to complete writing and recorded the new album, Green, which was released in March of 2017. The album contains three songs written with Ben; Primitive Drive, Eclipse King and The Wheel. The album also features guest vocals from John Loughlin (Raging Speedhorn), which had been under discussion for a few years and made the album a genuinely fitting tribute to their fallen brother.
"Ben lives on through our music and all the music he helped create. He continues to influence the way we sound, write and record and decisions we make about Mage. He is and always will be the Mage Master."
Ben's demon skateboard design for Witch Hunter Records
Woody's signature SG. On the Sophie Lancaster stage, Bloodstock 2016
With Outburst
With Mage
With Ateball
Unused artwork
Signing copies of Last Orders
At Stuckonaname Studio, 2011
At Skyhammer Studio with Chris Fielding
A classic Ben poster design
5 year anniversary T-shirt design
Ben's own SG on the Sophie Lancaster stage at Bloodstock 2016
Tom and Andy's memorial tattoos
The first Ben Aucott memorial show, 2015
© Mage, 2010–present.
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Artwork and content provided by Mage.
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text:
Marco Rubio Was a Disaster
The Florida senator was unprepared for an attack he should have seen coming.
By Jamelle Bouie
Feb 07, 201612:49 AM
Sen. Marco Rubio speaks during the Republican presidential debate on Feb. 6, 2016, in Manchester, New Hampshire.
Jewel Samad/AFP/Getty Images
Some politicians, unlucky ones, make mistakes that define their entire careers. For Dan Quayle in the 1988 presidential election, it was a brief comparison with John F. Kennedy. For Howard Dean in the 2004 Democratic primary, it was "the scream." For Rick Perry in the 2012 Republican primary, it was "oops." These weren't the worst mistakes ever made, but they were emblematic of each candidate's weakness—flubs that reinforced critiques from rivals and the media. Dean screamed just as pundits questioned his temperament for the White House, while Perry stuttered in the face of uncertainty about his intelligence.
Sen. Marco Rubio is a gifted politician and talented communicator. But he's faced a repeated attack in his six years on the national stage—that his smooth charisma conceals a man of little substance. That, on a fundamental level, he's not ready for the Oval Office. And on Saturday night, Rubio gave substance to the charge in a remarkable exchange with New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie at the eighth Republican presidential debate.
It began with a question. The moderators asked Rubio to list accomplishments in his record that have prepared him for the presidency. Rubio cited work on foreign policy and issues such as veterans affairs before moving to well-worn rhetoric meant to counter these experience questions by tweaking a popular conservative notion about Barack Obama. "Let's dispel once and for all with this fiction that Barack Obama doesn't know what he's doing," he said. "He knows exactly what he's doing. Barack Obama is undertaking a systematic effort to change this country, to make America more like the rest of the world." And in this implicit analogy, Rubio is the Republican Barack Obama who will make a "systematic effort" to make America unique again. "When I'm president of the United States," he continued, "we are going to re-embrace all the things that made America the greatest nation in the world, and we are going to leave our children with what they deserve: the single greatest nation in the history of the world."
It's a good line, designed for applause. But this time, Rubio had pushback, in the form of Christie.
Behind in national polls and struggling for air in a crowded field, Christie has focused on his experience—as an executive—to make the case to New Hampshire voters and Republicans nationwide. And against Rubio's disdain for experience, he scoffed. "You have not been involved in a consequential decision where you had to be held accountable," Christie said. "You just simply haven't. And the fact is—when you talk about the Hezbollah sanctions act that you list as one of your accomplishments, you weren't even there to vote for it. That's not leadership. That's truancy." He finished with a swipe. "I like Marco Rubio, and he's a smart person and a good guy, but he simply does not have the experience to be president of the United States."
In this debate, the candidates could respond to one another, and Rubio countered with a swipe at Christie's record on fiscal management, accusing the governor of worsening New Jersey's debt problem. And then he did something strange. He slipped back into his line about Obama.
"But I would add this," Rubio said. "Let's dispel with this fiction that Barack Obama doesn't know what he's doing. He knows exactly what he's doing. He is trying to change this country. He wants America to become more like the rest of the world," ending in the same place he had finished just a few minutes earlier.
Immediately, Christie pounced, locking eyes with the camera as he slammed Rubio for the strange repetition.
"You see, everybody, I want the people at home to think about this—this is what Washington, D.C., does," said Christie. "The drive-by shot at the beginning with incorrect and incomplete information, and then the memorized 25-second speech that is exactly what his advisers gave him." He continued, moving from a body slam to a pile drive. "See, Marco, the thing is this: When you're president of the United States, when you are a governor of a state, the memorized 30-second speech where you talk about how great America is doesn't solve one problem for one person. They expect you to plow the snow. They expect you to get the schools open. And when the worst natural disaster in your state's history hits you, they expect you to rebuild their state, which is what I've done. None of that stuff happens on the floor of the United State Senate."
Rubio tried to respond. He tried to jab Christie for his absence from New Jersey from the storm. But his hits wouldn't land. He was too flustered.
At this point, Rubio could have ended the exchange with silence. Instead, he went back to his talking points. He repeated himself about Obama. "Here's the bottom line," he said, like a program trapped in an infinite loop. "This notion that Barack Obama doesn't know what he's doing is just not … "
Christie cut him off. "There it is! There it is. The memorized 25-second speech. There it is, everybody." The fight was over. Rubio was shook. Later in the night, Rubio would fall into that rhetoric again, unable to break from his stump speech.
Eventually, aided with questions on foreign policy, Rubio recovered. But even with a strong finish, it's hard to say he ended in a good place. Rubio didn't just embarrass himself; he undermined the core argument for his campaign—that we overrate experience and underrate vision and resolve. And worse, it was on video: a short clip to show on news networks or cut into a negative advertisement. "Rubio's repeat" will have a long life on daytime cable and late night comedy, an awkward, brutal, cringeworthy display of political failure.
Rubio needed a win on Saturday. He needed to show Republicans that Iowa wasn't a fluke, that he could consolidate support and charge ahead of Donald Trump and Sen. Ted Cruz. Instead, at best, he gave a mixed performance, with good answers overshadowed by one of the most uncomfortable moments of the entire Republican debate season.
It's far too much to say that it will cost him the nomination. But it could push him down the ladder in New Hampshire and create renewed chaos in the nomination fight, as candidates such as Jeb Bush, Christie, and Gov. John Kasich rise, and Trump—largely unscathed—holds his spot on top.
See more of Slate's GOP primary coverage.
2016 Campaign Politics Republicans GOP Primary 2016


PRICING BASED PER NIGHT FOR UP TO 13 PEOPLE. OVER 13 PEOPLE IT IS $35 PER PERSON, PER NIGHT. 18 PEOPLE MAXIMUM.
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I loved our stay at the Bliss House. We had 11 people in our group and more than enough room for everyone. We would definitely stay here again to go trail riding. Wanda was great and easy to get a hold of. Thanks again!
Best weekend away from it all!
We stayed at the Bliss House for my boyfriend's birthday with family and friends. The house is absolutely stunning and accommodated our every need. The house sits back in the woods in between two lakes so our views were amazing from either side. The staff were especially great and very helpful. We will for surely be planning our next stay there. Thanks to camp bliss everyone had a wonderful and relaxing weekend.
Wonderful place!!! Clean, beautiful and very cozy!!
The Bliss House is beautiful and spacious. The grounds are stunning and views are wonderful. The on-site staff are great to work with and more than willing to help. If you're looking for a relaxing getaway, this is the place for you!


In Year 6, our teachers are Mrs Holt, Mr Tweddle, Mrs Bonnett and Miss Clutterbuck. We will be supported in our learning by Mrs Sheehan, Mrs Hickling, Mrs Sallnow and Miss Blackman.
Scroll to the bottom of the page for lots of useful information and links.
We have been starting to learn about WW2 and have begun to focus our English writing on what we have learnt and also on Michael Morpurgo's 'Friend or Foe'.
We have written letters as an evacuee back home to parents describing our experiences. It has really made us think about how it would have felt.
Have a look at the Oak Class letters on display in their classrooms.
Welcome back! The weeks are flying by for our last year at St. Katherine's Primary School but don't worry, we still have so much to look forward to.
In English this term, we will be doing lots of SPAG revision and using it in our writing. We will be looking at creating mini-sagas this term and challenging ourselves to add twists to our writing.
We will be continuing with Maths No Problem. We are really enjoying the collaborative way of working and have seen lots of improvements in our reasoning and thinking skills.
In Geography, we will be travelling (metaphorically!) around the world exploring different weather and climates.
Our Science topic is all about Living Things - classifying them, recognising them and explaining how they survive.
Remember to keep practising your times tables by logging on to Times Tables Rockstars.
Have you got what it takes to be a rock hero? Click the logo to start playing now!
According to Government guidelines, every child should spend at least 60 minutes a day being active. Half of that should be done in school with the other 30 minutes being done outside of school hours. How active are you? Click the logo to find out about how you can be more active, learn some cool facts and try out some tasty recipes!
Watch out! There are zombies about! In English over the next few weeks, we will be basing our writing on the book 'Melvin McGee: Zombie Hunter'. We have been writing instructions on how to survive a zombie apocalypse this week - let's hope we never actually have to make use of them. If you are not sure what a zombie actually is, don't worry - we will soon be writing non-chronological reports to explain what they are!
We have also been continuing with our house team spelling bee in our classes before the rounds move onto competing against the rest of the year group - make sure you are practising your Year 5 and 6 Spelling words often.
We are getting into the swing of daily homework and are finding the 'little and often' approach really helpful. Remember, you can always request additional reading homework from your class teacher if you would still like that.
Welcome back! We hope you've had a great Christmas and New Year and are ready to get back to school. We are excited to get stuck into the next Chapter in Maths No Problem: Measurement (we just won't measure our waistlines after all the Christmas chocolate!).
In English, we will be looking at Fairy Tales told from an alternative perspective.
We will be looking at the Americas in Geography with a focus on comparing landscapes using maps and atlases.
The KM Charity Team ran a 'Walk on Wednesday Christmas Challenge Day' for the most children in a class that used 'Green Travel' to get to school and we were SO pleased to announce that out of the many Classes in Kent schools that took part Oak Class won.
Oak Class had an amazing trip to Wagamama's in Maidstone for a Healthy Living Workshop and then they hopped next door to the Hazlitt Theatre to watch their panto – Aladdin.
Last week saw the Year 6 boys champion over the girls in our Times Table Roackstars tournament - well done to everyone who practised their tables though. Keep it up!
We have been enjoying continuing to look at Comic inspired writing in English and have looked at many different techniques to improve in our writing.
This week, we are very excited to be going to Maplesden Noakes to see their pantomime and Oak Class are doubly excited as they get to see the pantomime at the Hazlitt theatre the following week!
It's been another great week jam-packed full of learning! I'm sure you've heard about our Times Table challenge. It's the last week of the tournament this week so make sure you're all logging on and getting your class the points!
All classes have been learning about WW1 this week and have created some artwork and poems based around what they have learnt. Look out for these on display around Year 6.
We have been working hard on improving our personal bests in PE this week. We have also been incorporating PE into our arithmetic lessons - active, healthy minds make for better maths brains too!
Welcome back! It's been a great start to the term. We loved our Superhero day to kick off our English writing topic - so many fantastic costumes which we loved writing about. We also wrote engaging story openings using humour and questioning. We even had a Hero Fashion Show - we've never seen so many moonwalking Supermen!
This term, we are looking forward to our new topics (see below!) and will be carrying on with the Year 6 Times Tables Rockstars tournament. We will be visiting Maplesden Noakes to see Aladdin (look out for the letter!). So many things to look forward to!
Our teachers have challenges us to find something that doesn't involve maths... so far we haven't been very successful as maths seems to be in everything! If you have any ideas, let your teacher know.
Congratulations to those children who have made it to the first milestone in the Race to Read Challenge by reading everyday for the past 30 days! Fantastic! Remember to keep up the good work and keep bringing in your reading records. Do you have any good book recommendations? Let your teacher know about them!
In English this term , we are basing our writing around 'Atomic1. We will be developing our fiction and non-fiction skills in range of different text types. We will use our topic as a stimulus for writing too.
We will also be focusing on punctuation and grammar objectives and encouraging children to use them on their writing, such as types of conjunctions and parenthesis.
In our Maths lessons, we will following our new Maths No Problem scheme.
To help your child, we advise to regularly practise times tables and corresponding division facts. Remember to keep using Times Tables Rockstars!
In our Science lessons this term, we will be looking at Electricty. We will focus on circuits and how to design and build electrical toys. We will end the term with a Dragon's Den special where we try to sell our electrical inventions!
In our History topic - Ingenious Inventions - we will be learning about life in Victorian Times. We are hoping the Victorian punishments are not used in our lessons though!
Oak Class will have Games on Wednesdays and Gymnastics on Mondays and will also be running the mile and completing our personal challenge each week so PE kits in everyday please!
Ash Class will have Games on Tuesdays and Gymnastics on Wednesdays.
Beech have Games Mondays and will have gymnastics on Fridays.
Elm have Games on Wednesdays and Gymnastics on Mondays.
Oak Class will visit the library on Wednesdays.
Ash Class will visit the library on Wednesdays.
Beech Class will visit the library on Tuesdays.
Elm Class will visit the library on Wednesdays.
Home Reading - Race to Read!
This year, St. Katherine's have introduced a 'Race to Read' challenge. We still expect children to complete 10 minutes of daily reading that should be recorded in their Home-School Reader book. These record will be checked in class daily. New to this year is that for every day that a pupil reads, they will move up one place on the Race to Read chart. At different stages along the chart, there are awards to be won.
We are very lucky to also have access to Active Learn Bug Club where books are allocated to children online. Children can access these books on computers or tablets and complete their reading. This can be done along side the book sent home from school and can be monitored online by class teachers. Use the link below to access your account.
Bug Club Login page You will have been given a login and password for this brilliant site. Remember you can comlpete your 10 minutes daily reading online using this site.
If you have any ideas for his page? Why not let your teacher know!
Hit the Button Practise your times tables and division facts with this fantastic game!
Grid Club Lots of brilliant resources and games for the whole curriculum. Check out Comma Castle to improve English skills and Radius of the Lost Arc for some great maths challenges.
BBC Bitesize Maths A collection of games and activties to practise all areas of maths.
BBC Bitesize English Lots of fun games to practise reading, writing and SPaG.
Topic Box Improve your Maths, English and Science with a range of fun games and interesting activities.


"Distorted Mirror is a comic anthology that collects works of 50 authors from around the world who describe their dreams in which famous persons appear. Distorted Mirror is an attempt to deal with questions about the emancipation of the collective and individual subconsciousness from the contents imposed by media, historical-socio-political contexts and popular culture.
The project publishes comics, drawings and video and audio reports about encounters that happen in dreams between you and famous persons.
The project is based on the belief that the life experience of individuals doesn't stop or happen somewhere else while they sleep. With or against their will, the life of famous identities blends through the distorted mirror of dreams, parallel to their lives in media and physical reality. The book was made in order to open this question, to trigger thoughts about the nature of this life that goes on in dreams. As during the day some famous entities occupy our imagination and attention, many of them continue to wander in our subconsciousness throughout the nighttime. This yet unexplored and unknown part of their biography is something that the project tried to shed light on.
During the exhibition the visitors were invited to contribute to the archive by sharing their experiences through video interviews."
Artists: Super Timor (RS) • Charivari Collective (BR) • Aleksandar Zograf (RS) • Artu Ditu (HR) • Wostok (RS) Feat Boća, Yura Mironoff Miron (UA) • Marie Kohoutova (CZ) • Raquel Apparicio (ES) • Teodora Budimir (RS) • Boris Stanić (RS) • Vuk Palibrk (RS) • Boris Pramatarov (BG) • Dase Eyes (UA) • Alkbazz (FR) • Antoine Duthoit (FR) • Viktoria Mak Feat Mirko Stoilkov (RS) • Katie Woznicki (RS/USA) Feat. Muhamed Kafedžić (BH) • Bob Kathman (USA) • Helena Klakočar (NL) • Harry Lagousis (GR) • Caroline Sury (FR) • Daniel Bueno (BR) • Kentaro Okawara (JP) • Stanislav Silantyev (UA) • Irena Jukić Pranjić (HR) • Maja Majolinica (RS) • Damir Rijovič Originalov And Barbara Marković (RS) • Tifani Rubi, Aleksandar Opačić / Studiostrip (RS) • Sorina Vasilescu (RO) • Agnieszka Piksa, Boleslaw Chromry (PL) • Dzaizku (RS) • Volt Agapeyev (UA) • Shaltmira (LT) • Dragana MladeNović (RS) • Pan Polonium (FR) • Mario Kolarić (HR) • Damir Steinfl (HR) • Lee Kennedy (UK) • Mike Diana (USA) • Jeroen Funke (NL) • Matej Lavrenčič (SL) • Cristina Portolano (IT) • Giorge Roman (RO) • Vladan Nikolić (RS).