Maybelline Baby Lips Color Spicy Cinnamon photo, review, price.
I love spices. I love spicy food, not that I eat too much of it. But, I love spices. Sometimes, I would just throw in a stick of cinnamon in my tea or may be a couple of pepper balls or a clove. I enjoy the scent and the taste and not to mention the goodness they add. I am equally obsessed with spicy scents in skincare. In fact, I remember how obsessed I used to be with my Candied Ginger Shower Gel from The Body Shop until I found a substitute.
pigmented and should impart deeper hues to suit all skin shades.
Spicy Cinnamon does smell of Cinnamon! That's the part I love THE BEST. The sweet and rich scent is pretty addictive. The texture of the balm is harder than the other variants. So, in winter, I am not sure if it would harden up further. But, for the time being, I am pretty happy.
Once applied, since this has a harder and thicker texture, it stays on the lips for a pretty long time. It also adds light brownish color. So, in case you are not comfortable with full on colors or cannot wear full on colors, it can be a good alternative.
It makes my lips soft and supple and needless to say, I keep sniffing on it!
Then what's the not-so-liking part? The other variants of Baby Lips has SPF. but, I did not find any mention of sun-protection anywhere. I like the idea of some amount of SPF on my lips to prevent darkening. As such, if the lips are moisturized, they darken lesser.
Price. I am not at all impressed over here. Come on! This is a lip balm! At this price point, I can buy lipglosses or even lipsticks! Since, these have color, I presume the brand has it in mind that we would wear it outdoors. So, if I am looking for a tinted lip product to wear outdoors, wouldn't I rather spend of a full on moisturizing gloss or lipstick?
So, here go my thoughts on this Lipbalm.
Shall I repurchase? It's because of the scent I would. I am tired of regular strawberries, and cocoa butters or even oranges and mints. This particular variant to me is a welcome change!
Do I recommend? Read the post and make up your mind.
Verdict: This is a good lip balm with subtle color and good moisturization. AND, I love the scent which won me over.


I'm not 100% certain I would make the assumption that it's totally natural. Last year at this time I recall there was a female Black Scoter present there for about a week until she turned up dead and I think there was also a Common Merganser hen that met the same fate. About a week ago when I was there the place smelled awful, though that could have just been from all the exposed mud. The point is, it seems to me that this place may be playing host to some unhealthy conditions for the birds. That wouldn't be surprising in some ways, given the numbers of geese that spend a lot of time there during the colder months doing what geese are famous for doing.
This afternoon at Mill Pond 3 Pectoral Sandpipers. Also, the third dead Canada Goose I have seen there recently. Natural mortality I presume.


text:
Supporting museums Art we've helped buy María Isabel de Borbón, Queen of the Two Sicilies
© The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
Vicente L�pez y Portana
110 × 78cm
Galeria Caylus
In 1829, María Isabel de Borbón (1789-1848) visited Madrid for the wedding of her daughter, María Cristina, to her brother, King Ferdinand VII of Spain.
During the visit María Isabel sat for this magnificent portrait by Vicente López y Portaña, principal court painter to the Spanish king. López studied painting in his native Valencia and at the Royal Academy of Arts in Madrid. He gained a reputation as a superb portrait artist and teacher and in 1814 was appointed successor to Goya as principal court painter. He flourished at court, and painted insightful portraits of the Royal family, as well as of many notable people of the day, including Goya himself. López's portrait of María Isabel – daughter of Charles IV of Spain and wife of Francis I of the Two Sicilies – is a dazzling example of his art. In the painstaking renderings of the queen's impressive diamonds and sapphires, velvet and lace, it illustrates López's renowned skills for depicting jewellery and costume. Meanwhile, in the sitter's ruddy face and podgy forearms can be seen his unflinching approach to capturing a likeness. Three versions of this portrait are known to exist, of which this is the finest and possibly the original. It now becomes the first work by López to enter a British public collection, and the first Spanish portrait to be acquired by the Fitzwilliam Museum.
Painted in Madrid in 1829, probably given to or commissioned by the 13th Duque of Infantad; by descent to Teresa de Arteaga; their son Alvaro Moreno y de Arteaga; his son, Ivan Francisco de Asis de Cozar y Landahl; sold by auction, Madrid 2012; with Gale

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Hey guys, I just want to say first off thank you to all the developers for the openMW project. You guys are my absolute heroes, this is such an amazing game on Android especially if not one of the best thanks to your hard work!
So I have been playing around with this for about a week testing different settings and mods, and hopefully I can shed some light on this for other users--but I am also posting as a request to hopefully get some issues resolved.
It seems that for users of older versions of Android (5+) on less new tablets/phones one of the old apk files is working best of all while the newer versions cause MW to crash upon loading exterior cells. I have tested this with my unrooted tablet which is some generic tablet at Android version 5.1, and the 3-25 version works best overall while all the newer versions cause it to crash as soon as the character steps outside whatsoever.
The newer versions allow us to use the ingame keyboard, which allows usage of the console, and also the joystick/mouse controls are far better--and I was hoping maybe we could get some sort of patch for the 3-25 apk which would include these specific functionalities. As far as I can tell everything else ingame is working great for the most part apart from the infrequent crash from using too many spells or using resource heavy mods.
The old 3-25 version has been working so good that I have basically been testing all sorts of mods to see what works well after modifying settings as per some other users recommendations here.
I guess the only other request I can think of is any further optimization ideas, like codes/mods for remove fog/weather and spell effects would be really helpful for us playing on older tablets.
I edited my settings.cfg a bit to make future modifications more intuitive, and basically have left anisotropy at 0 and have turned preloading cells off, nothing else seems to make a big difference besides the actual data files for MW.
# Near clipping plane (>0.0, e.g. 0.01 to 18.0).
# Camera field of view in degrees (e.g. 30.0 to 110.0).
# Does not affect the player's hands in the first person camera.
# Best to leave this at the default since vanilla assets are not complete enough to adapt to high FoV's. Too low FoV would clip the hands off screen.
# dramatically affect performance, see documentation for details.
# The number of threads to be used for preloading operations.
# Preload possible fast travel destinations.
# Controls whether or not the nodes/collision shapes are pre-"instanced" (i.e. cloned) when a cell is preloaded.
# The minimum amount of cells in the preload cache before unused cells start to get thrown out (see "preload cell expiry delay").
# The maximum amount of cells in the preload cache. A too high value could cause you to run out of memory.
# The count of pointers, that will be saved for a faster search by object ID.
# Transparency of GUI windows (0.0 to 1.0, transparent to opaque).
# instantly, 1.0 is the maximum delay of about 1.5 seconds).
# Stretch menus, load screens, etc. to the window aspect ratio.
# Subtitles for NPC spoken dialog and some sound effects.
# Red flash visually showing player damage.
# Werewolf overlay border around screen or window.
# Color for tool tips and crosshair when owned by an NPC (R G B A).
# Controls whether Arrow keys, Movement keys, Tab/Shift-Tab and Spacebar/Enter/Activate may be used to navigate GUI buttons.
# Displays the crosshair or reticle when not in GUI mode.
# no color, 1 is tool tip only, 2 is crosshair only, and 3 is both).
# Show damage bonus of arrow and bolts.
# Always use the best mode of attack: e.g. chop, slash or thrust.
# Difficulty.  Expressed as damage dealt and received. (e.g. -100 to 100).
# Replicate how reflected "absorb attribute" spells do not have any effect in Morrowind engine. The caster absorbs the attribute from themselves.
# Show duration of magic effect and lights in the spells window.
# Prevents merchants from equipping items that are sold to them.
# or the player. Otherwise they wait for the enemies or the player to do an attack first.
# Let the game use more complex and slower bounding capsule for actors. Disabling forces a simple bounding box.
# File format for screenshots.  (jpg, png, tga, and possibly more).
# Texture magnification filter type.  (nearest or linear).
# Texture minification filter type.  (nearest or linear).
# Texture mipmap type.  (none, nearest, or linear).
A lot of addons or mods to the game can overwhelm the resources, so I thought I would post some of the better ones I have found after lots of testing.
So there are a variety of mods that aren't resource intensive which can make the game really enjoyable. I tried many others which proved to be too unstable for enjoyable play, so I am still on the hunt for any other optimization ideas from you guys if you find any.
A list of good command line modifiers for the apk would be really helpful, and anything for reducing magic effects or weather would make the game a lot easier to play enjoyably. And of course a patch for the 3-25 apk to add the similar functionality(joystick/mouse/keyboard) of the newer versions would make it playable overall whereas now it's cumbersome after so long.
Thanks so much! This worked for me on my kindle fire hd 8. I tried to get Morrowind running on it about 6 months ago and couldn't get off the ship no matter what I did. Turns out I just needed to use an older version.... I agree it would be great to get an update on this version with improved controls and keyboard.


Video Delivery : HD Video Quality 1080P 3/5 minutes trailer. Full edited video of the program song choice.
2 cinematographers & 1 assistants.
Coverage: 1 hour special photo session of Bride and Groom, Friends and Family moments only venue based.
Video Delivery	: 2 Camera HD Video Quality 1080P 3/5 minutes trailer. Full edited video of the program song choice.
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City hosted the first London Student Sustainability Conference on Thursday 28 February. We saw 19 students from City and other University of London institutions share their work which inspires positive impact in the world. Students presented their work through oral presentations, conference posters and we also had one animation!
We welcomed over 70 students, academics, professionals and members of the public from London and beyond to find out more about what our students are doing to support the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
You can read more about the student projects here, or alternatively you can download the full Conference programme.
We also have some fantastic photos from the day! Check them out online here.
We hope to be organising another conference in Spring 2020 so check back here soon! Applications will be open in Autumn 2019, and more information about presenting, volunteering and attending the conference will be available in due course.


Persuasive speeches are useful writing models for a few reasons.
They demonstrate how instill passion and enthusiasm into your writing.
This is why many instructors recommend that student's study from persuasive speech examples when they want to learn how to be better writers, because these 3 elements combine can enhance any academic writing assignment such as an essay or a thesis. This is because essentially a speech is the same as an argumentative essay except you say it out loud.
Speech writing falls under the same categories of academic writing as debate papers and argumentative essays because the purpose for writing is similar. You want to get your ideas across in a way that will be convincing to the audience (or reader) although speeches are not usually as "detail oriented" and are driven by passionate insights, they hold a lot of merit as an example of how to convince someone to believe in what you are saying or be cohered into agreeing.
Students who want to be better writers in all areas can learn a lot about writing from listening to famous speeches like "I had a dream..." or "The only thing to fear..." these infamous lines and coinciding speeches are historic examples of the power of language and the difference that word choice, and sentence structure can have on a written pieces impact. Depending on how you choose to deliver your information will make a difference whether or not your written content is effective. Although there are many ways to say the same thing, how can it be said so that people will be interested? How can you can someone to stop and listen?
Capturing your reader is what writing is all about. Tapping into an emotion that is relatable and encouraging the reader to "read on.." is the main purpose of any written composition whether is be academic like an essay or for leisurely reading like a short story. Speeches, demonstrate how to do this dramatically because they are about grabbing the attention of an actual audience and "engaging a room".
If you do one thing to help improve your understanding of great writing, stop and read a few speech examples. No matter what kind of writing you are struggling with you can learn a thing or two buy examining the structure of a speech and how it is impactful to a reader.


IBPS Clerk Eligibility Criteria | Know the complete Details here!
IBPS Clerk Eligibility Criteria- Get details of IBPS Clerk eligibility criteria with age limit & relaxation, nationality and educational qualification required for IBPS Clerk.
The IBPS Clerk Notification 2018 is officially out now! Aspirants can now start preparing for the IBPS Clerk exam by going through the notification. Candidates who are interested in working into Banking sector are welcome to apply for the post. IBPS recruits candidates in clerical post for 19 national banks. The official notification also has the date to apply for IBPS Clerk exam but before applying for the exam, students need to check the eligibility criteria associated with IBPS Clerk 2018 exam.
IBPS Clerk recruitment notification is out. Get the brief details about the IBPS Clerk recruitment notification below.
For the candidates belonging to b, c, d and e categories, a certificate of eligibility has been issued by the Government of India.
Get complete detailed syllabus for IBPS Clerk Prelims and Mains as per the latest exam pattern.
The candidate's age should be between 20 to 28 years. He/ She must be born on or between September 2, 1989, and September 1, 1997.
Ex-Servicemen / Disabled Ex-Servicemen The actual period of service rendered in the defense forces + 3 years. Additional 8 years for Disabled Ex-Servicemen belonging to SC/ST category. Subject to a maximum age limit of 50 years.
For all the candidates who apply for age relaxation, they will have to present relevant certificates at the time of joining or any subsequent stage required by IBPS or Participating Organizations.
The Ex- Servicemen will not be eligible for the benefit of reservation on the second occasion for Ex-Servicemen in Central Government jobs.
Candidates who are still in the Armed Forces and want to apply under Ex-Servicemen category and whose date of completion of a specific period of engagement or SPE has completed one year from the last date for receipt of online application, are eligible to apply.
The graduation degree may be in any stream/ discipline from a Govt. of India recognized University. An equivalent degree recognized by the Central Government will also be accepted. While applying online, a valid mark sheet or degree certificate is required.
The knowledge of computer working and operations in computer systems is necessary. Candidates should have attained a Degree (Certificate or Diploma will also be accepted) in computer operations or Language. He/ She must have studied Computer Science/ Information Technology as one of the subjects in High School/College/Institute instead.
Whichever is the official language of the state/UT for whose vacancy a candidate wishes to apply, he/ she should be able to speak, read/ write the official language.
We have mentioned all the eminent information of IBPS Clerk Eligibility Criteria. We are sure that you are working hard to clear the IBPS Clerk Examination, and hence, we are confident that your efforts will be rewarded. Just keep going!
Banking Awareness Study Notes – Download GK PDF for SBI Mains, IBPS RRB, RBI Grade B etc.


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it's time to turn your attention to a Christmas cake. Bake a beautiful, moist, checkerboard Christmas cake and decorate it with handcrafted fondant decorations.
it's time to turn your attention to a Christmas cake. Bake a beautiful, moist, checkerboard Christmas cake and decorate it with handcrafted fondant decorations.
• How to Bake perfect moist cake.
• Learn to make Swiss meringue butter cream frosting.
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• Expert techniques for baking and assembling the checkerboard cakes.
• Printed recipe for rich & moist cake.
• Printed recipe for Swiss meringue butter cream .


text:
Dierks Bentley Has Not One, But Two Television Projects Coming
Sterling Whitaker Published: January 16, 2019
Dierks Bentley is coming to television with two very different series that he is developing for the small screen.ee
In a new interview with CMT's Cody Alan, Bentley reveals that one of the two shows he's got in development will center around his '90s cover band, Hot Country Knights.
"It's more of a Spinal Tap meets Curb Your Enthusiasm type of situation," Bentley says, while another show that he's developing for Fox is "more of a Cheers of Nashville kind of thing. Of course, you remember the show Cheers based out of Boston. This show revolves around a bar in Nashville, and you have this great bar owner, who's seen it all, been everywhere, and is kind of like a Sally Fields type character."
Variety reported in October of 2018 that Bentley is executive producing a single-camera comedy series from writer and executive producer Jack Burditt. Burditt is the creator of Last Man Standing, and his other credits include Modern Family, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt and The Mindy Project. Fox has committed to a pilot on the as-yet-untitled series, which follows the personal and professional lives of a group of singer-songwriters who congregate at a Nashville bar.
Bentley knows all about the subject; he owns a bar in downtown Nashville called Whiskey Row. He tells Alan the new show is set in "hypothetical Nashville that we all think about it. Not the crazy busy city we live in now."
Bentley also offered Alan a recurring role on the show.
"There is going to be a guy at the bar, every day, just sitting in a trash can full of ice," he reveals. "And, he has to have good pecs and be physically fit."
The 43-year-old singer admits there's a learning curve in his new venture, but in some ways it's reminiscent of the music business.
"I'm learning a lot about the TV business, buts it's like having a song on hold," he reflects. "You write a song, and somebody puts it on hold, but that doesn't mean that it will make the record. It's a long ways to go. We will see!"
Dierks Bentley's Nashville Bar Is a BIG Surprise!
See Highlights From Dierks Bentley's 7 Peaks Festival
Source: Dierks Bentley Has Not One, But Two Television Projects Coming
Filed Under: dierks bentley
Categories: Music News, Taste of Country Nights
19 Years Ago: Dierks Bentley Earns First No. 1 Hit With 'What Was I Thinkin"
Elle King Says Dierks Bentley 'Totally Changed My Career, and Even My Life'
Dierks Bentley, Elle King Set to Host 2022 'CMA Fest' Television Special
Dierks Bentley and Elle King Go to the Wild West in 'Worth a Shot' Video [Watch]
Dierks Bentley Explains Why He Picked Morgan Wallen to Be His Co-Headliner at Seven Peaks 2022
Dierks Bentley, Bobby Bare, Connie Smith + Keb' Mo' Inducted Into Music City Walk of Fame
Dierks Bentley's 7 Peaks Festival Is Returning, But in a New Location
Dierks Bentley Extends Beers on Me Tour With Summer Leg, New Guests


4. Tried using SIM card in a different phone - SIM card is recognized and works.
The SIM card remains unrecognized.
I purchased my phone in the USA. SIM card is from T Mobile.
Hello, I had the same issue and probably fixed.
2. Try to remove and reinsert sim card in aircon area, sim1 disappear so it's not because of heat.
Then I use it for 2 days, it's working ok now.
**Before its disappear 2-3 times a day when I'm outside.
I have the same problem. It sense to have been caused by the latest firmware update.
Please, stop telling us to do silly things like tot other SIM cards or tell you where we bought the phone.
Hi All. Same problem with me. I have a dual SIM G5. Has worked well for over a year with a Tesco Sim in slot 1 and a French Sim (Free) in slot 2. After the last Motorola update Sim 1 stopped working. I contacted Tesco who verified the Sim was okay. I then changed slots. The Tesco Sim now worked fine in slot 2. The Free Sim in slot 1 would allow data and SMS but no phone access. I have done a complete reset, cleaned cache but the problem persists.
- Are you located in France or in the UK ?
- Did you try your Free SIM in another device ? If not, please try and tell us if calls work.
- Did you try to contact Free directly ?
Apparently it's not a SIM slot issue as both SIM are working (almost completely) this indicates it's not a part issue but a SIM issue.
Hi Julie. Yes I am in France and both the Tesco and the Free cards work in other phones. Both operators say the cards are fine. The problem IS with the phone which was working fine before the last update.
Same here, bought a Moto g5s plus from Media Markt in Spain, it worked during one year just fine, but this last week it simply doesn't recognize the sim card, I had the same issue in a Moto g4, I thought it was resolved but seems like it wasn't.
Looks like many of us have the same problem. Unfortunately nothing seems to be happening to resolve the problem. I really like my G5 but now I have lost my second Sim it doesn't suit my needs anymore. Looks like I will have to get a new phone. Back to Samsung I think.
You have previously mentioned, that the factory reset of the device didn't help and the SIM-cards are working well in other devices. It might be, that there is a hardware issue with your device. We would like to recommend you sending the device to the repair centre for a diagnose.
Hi Katalin. Last night I received an update to Android 8.1.0 .After installation Sim card one slot now works. My phone is back to normal and working fine. It was a software problem as I have always said. I hope all the others who have had the same problem get the same result after the update. Just happy the update came when it did. Was just about to buy another phone. Now I will stay with my G5 which I love.


Shazza and I spent the weekend in London catching up with the kids. First night was spent at the Mitre Hotel right on the Thames, opposite Hampton Court. It's a big river here and I looked round in vain for any anglers to watch. I'm reading Three Men in a Boat (again) by JKJ and I feel a desire to fish the Thames once more.
My question for TFFers is, does anyone please know of a pleasant pub / small hotel, perhaps off the beaten track, on the banks of the Thames where I might purchase a day ticket or two. Shazza is happy painting and reading; I enjoy fishing for roach and or perch.
I have looked on the TFF's Angling Inns, pubs and hotels section; I have also read the Tadpole Bridge thread started y Lucky Luca in 2013.
The Rose Revived at Newbridge has rooms and used to have fishing.
The fishing is free downstream from the Staines' Stone - at Staines upon Thames!
Above there the banks' owners may charge or let the fishing rights. Loads of day ticket places and many decent pubs along the way.
There are booklets about pubs/restaurants/cafes for sailors/mariners/etc. There also used to be a Guide to all Thames fishing clubs.
Well thank you very much gentlemen. The Rose Revived looks good DaceAce and I am sure that I will be able to find out about fishing nearby. I had no idea how much free fishing there is on the Thames, Paul D. Although I had a good walk at Hampton, not a soul was fishing. Mind you, if its free fishing all the way down from Staines Stone, that's an awful lot of river and I suppose most people belong to clubs Olly.
Plenty for me to go here, thank you all.
There is a really good free spot opposite the French Horn pub in Sonning right next to a free car park. And there's a few other pubs in the area that offer accommodation, like the Bull Inn which is mentioned in Three Men in a Boat. The venue in question is a known barbel hot spot and they have been caught there to over 15lb. It also offers great chub fishing along with pike and the occasional river carp. And there's plenty of roach and dace etc etc. and big perch.
Isn't the tidal all designated as free fishing because of the Magna Carta or am I imagining that?
The river above Teddington was managed by the Thames Conservancy and below the weir by the Port of London Authority.
With so much free fishing from Staines to Chiswick and only my bike - then motor bike - I never went far. Except coach trips with a club.
That was until I had a car!!


Research released today reveals more than half of UK consumers prioritise buying British, with heritage retailers predicted most likely to be in business in 10 years' time – in contrast to newly-established brands.
In fact, according to the Brand Confidence Report, the top five retailers that consumers believe will most likely still be in business in 10 years can all trace their history back to more than 100 years.
These include John Lewis in first place, followed by Marks & Spencer, Boots, Harrods then Next.
The report also reveals that 69 per cent of under 30s say they are loyal to a fashion brand but this drops to just 27 per cent for those over the age of 60.
Meanwhile, alongside the products and price point, key factors in generating consumer loyalty include the brand's trustworthiness (38 per cent) and the reputation as an employer (11 per cent).
The findings also show that following the vote for Brexit, "Brand Britain" is set to become a powerful tool in driving consumer interest – but retailers need to make it clear that they are made in the UK in order to gain loyalty.
Nick Fletcher, head of multichannel at Rakuten Marketing, which conducted the report, said: "The brands that people expect to be in business in 2026 are the heritage players on our high street at the moment.
"Although there is a new era of companies driving their businesses through apps, for example, it's still legacy brands that win out in the minds of consumers as having staying power.


text:
Deranged Physiology
CICM Primary Exam
Non-respiratory functions of the lungs
Created on Mon, 06/08/2015 - 01:17
Last updated Fri, 11/08/2019 - 21:31
Previous chapter: Roles of the chest wall and diaphragm in respiratory mechanics
Next chapter: Control of ventilation and oxygenation
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This chapter is most relevant to Section F10(vi) from the 2017 CICM Primary Syllabus, which expects the exam candidates to be able to "outline the non-ventilatory functions of the lungs". This appeared in the exam just once, in Question 7 from the first paper of 2013. Literally, "outline the non-respiratory functions of the lungs" was the entire text of the question, and the college comments were a three-line sigh about how poorly the question was answered.
Fortunately, as the examiners also pointed out, Nunn's has an entire chapter on this. In the 8th edition, that is Ch. 11 (p.203-214). For those who are either without a Nunn's or for whatever reason unwilling to read it, an excellent alternative is Joseph et al (2013), certainly enough to pass a written question. An older paper by Heinemann & Fishman (1969) has a few additional fragments of information which are slightly different to either of the others, and these are explored in much more detail (over 33 pages). With luck, the content of these resources has been effectively remixed and summarised below.
Trap for airborne particles: generally, nothing larger than 2.5μm gets to the alveoli
Reservoir of blood: the lungs contain about 10% of the circulating blood volume
Route of drug administration (eg. nebulised steroids and bronchodilators)
Route of drug elimination (eg. volatile anaesthetics)
Metabolism (eg. conversion of of angiotensin-I, and degradation of neutrophil elastase by α1-antitrypsin)
Modulator of acid-base balance by virtue of CO2 elimination
Modulator of the clotting cascade: the lungs contain thromboplastin, heparin and tissue plasminogen activator
Filter for the bloodstream: particles larger than an RBC are trapped (~8 μm size barrier), which includes clots, tumour cells and other emboli
Antimicrobial and immune functions: Alveolar macrophages and sequestered neutrophils, mast cells in the lung and bronchi, immunoglobulin in the respiratory mucus (IgA)
Modulation of body temperature: heat loss can occur by respiration
In addition, one might list some "para-respiratory" functions which are unrelated to respiration per se, such as the pulmonary arterial reflexes or secretion of surfactant. These are largely omitted from the discussion which follows because they have too much to do with gas exchange or lung mechanics, and therefore enjoy a more detailed discussion elsewhere.
The lungs as a barrier against airborne particles
One often sees the lungs described as some sort of defence against airborne particles. This seems somewhat counterintuitive, as those particles just seem to lodge in the lung anyway and cause trouble there. However, that does tend to prevent them from getting into the systemic circulation, so in a way this can be viewed as a barrier function.
One might be able to calculate that, assuming a constant minute volume of 5L/min, a normal person will inhale 7200L of air every day. Of this air, assuming it is indoor air, each 1 m3 will contain up to 259 μg of particles around 10 μm in diameter and up to 202 μg of 2.5 μm particles (Morawska et al, 2017). That's 3.3 mg of 2.5-10 μm particles inhaled every day, or 1.2g every year- just in normal household air; obviously the situation will be very different if one spends most of one's day at a poultry or swine confinement building. Even when it is not full of aerosolised pig faeces, inhaled air is not exactly clean. It is usually full of inorganic material, as well as swarming with bacteria and fungal spores (Barberán et al, 2015). Even at high altitude, Valsan et al (2016) found pollen, spores, cocci, mineral dust and salt crystals (seen in the stolen SEM images below).
To give an idea of the distribution of size, the table below is borrowed from the excellent article by Harada & Repine (1985), where the various possible inhaled materials are listed along with their effective diameter in micrometres:
The fate of inhaled particles depends largely on their size. An excellent article by Theodore F. Hatch (1960) contains a graph which perfectly describes the distribution of deposited particles in the respiratory tract:
Particles of 5-10 μm in diameter end up largely deposited in the upper airway by what Nunn's calls "impaction", i.e. their velocity in the wair stream causes them to hit walls when the direction of the airflow changes (for example, in the turbulent upper airway).
Particles of 2-6 μm have a high likelihood of ending up in the lower respiratory tract and alveoli
Particles around 0.5-2 μm are deposited almost exclusively in the alveoli, where they drop onto the alveolar floor as respiratory gases decelerate. Nunn's calls this "deposition"
Particles smaller than 0.2-0.5 μm tend to wash in and out of alveoli without interacting very much with the walls, and are not very well deposited, as the influence of gravity is outweighed by the viscosity of the gas at that scale.
Particles smaller than 0.2μm are sufficiently enslaved by the forces of Brownian diffusion that their deposition onto the walls actually increases because of chance interactions. Hatch (1960) reports that deposition for particles smaller than 0.05 μm is close to 100%.
Whatever these inhaled particles are, clearly it would be counterproductive to allow them to simply land on a surface which is exposed to the entire blood volume. The respiratory system deploys a series of defence mechanisms which assist in protecting the delicate alveolar membrane from inhaled material. These mechanisms are listed by Harada & Repine (1985) in a particularly clear structure which is reproduced here with minimal modification:
Physical mechanisms
Upper airway filtering systems (nasal turbinates)
Mucociliary escalator
Cellular mechanisms
Alveolar macrophages
Lung neutrophils
Immunologic mechanisms
Lymphatic system of the lung
Immunoglobulin in mucus and cell surfaces
Direct antibacterial action of surfactant (Wu et al, 2003)
The lungs as a route of drug administration
Following logically from the above, the lung can be used as a means of administering therapeutic substances, whether to the alveoli locally or to achieve a systemic effect. Patton & Byron (2007) give an excellent overview. In brief, in order for a drug to be well absorbed by the lung, the drug delivery vehicle has to have certain characteristics:
Small size: the droplets should be smaller 5 μm in diameter if you intend for them to get out into the systemic circulation (conversely, if your target is the mucosa, feel free to inundate the upper airway with comically huge droplets)
High lipid solubility and small molecule size: large molecules, eg. proteins, will tend to be mopped up by alveolar macrophages.
It helps to be recognised as something useful: for instance, the relatively huge IgG molecules (150 kDa) are absorbed relatively rapidly by active transcytosis. This allows the noninvasive delivery of large molecules
Technique matters: for example, inhaling rapidly may increase or decrease the alveolar delivery of drug particles, depending on particle size
The excipients of the pharmaceutic preparation must be relatively benign, i.e. one would not want to go to market with an inhaler which causes some sort of pneumoconiosis with prolonged use.
Unless you specifically want this, it would be important to make sure the drug does not have some sort of weird preference for binding to lung tissue. Particularly, lipophilic drugs with a positive charge tend to do this. Examples of intentional retention in lung tissue are steroids like formoterol and salmeterol and antibiotics like tobramycin and pentamidine. In contrast, the binding of verapamil to lung tissue is completely pointless.
The lungs as a route of drug elimination
Technically speaking, any substance which has a saturated vapour pressure higher than 0 mmHg at 37 °C can be eliminated via the lungs, though obviously, the more volatile the substance is the better. The lungs may routinely eliminate a number of volatile substances:
Volatile anaesthetic gases
Methyl mercaptan (foetor hepaticus)
Alcohols (eg. ethanol and methanol)
Allicin (garlic)
Paraldehyde
Marker substances used to measure circulatory and respiratory physiology, eg. ether, krypton, nitrous oxide, etc
The lungs as a reservoir of blood
Yes, you can store your blood in there. At any given time, the total pulmonary blood volume is somewhere between 200-300ml/m2 (indexed to body surface area). These are Evans Green dye dilution measurements from Tarazi (1985), which are presumably still accurate (the exact range 204-314 ml/m2 was borrowed from an old 1969 book by Yu & Resnekov, who gave a mean value of 271ml/m2). Thus, a normal-shaped adult male with a BSA of 1.9 m2 would have approximately 514ml of blood in their pulmonary circulation at any given time, or about 10% of their total blood volume. Approximately 20-25% of this is present in the pulmonary capillaries at any given time, i.e. about 100-125ml, though this may increase to 50% (250ml) with heavy exercise. These numbers are obviously going to be virtually always inaccurate, as the pulmonary circulation changes its capacity dynamically to frustrate people who are trying to measure its volume as a static parameter. Aggrawal et al (2015) give a table where all the human studies are arrayed, demonstrating a range between 211ml to 550ml.
What are you supposed to do with this information? It does not appear to be a valuable piece of knowledge. For instance, it is not as if one can draw on this reserve of blood by completely emptying it into the systemic circulation in times of haemorrhage, as some mammals may be able to do with their spleen. Sure, you can flush about 50% of the pulmonary blood volume into the systemic circulation with a particularly vigorous Valsalva, but this is really not a satisfactory solution to acute blood loss.
One might be able to find significance in the fact that though the right and left ventricle are usually beheld together as an uninterrupted system, in fact there might be differences in their performance from beat to beat, and the pulmonary blood reservoir will therefore act as a temporary store of blood to supply left ventricular preload, even where right ventricular output may is variable. This was demonstrated brutally in a conscious dog model by Guz et al (1961). As it is hard to get a copy of Federation Proceedings from that era, one is only able to rely on citing articles as witnesses to these experiments.
In short, it appears there's enough blood in the pulmonary circulation to support a couple of normal left ventricular stroke volumes, before filling pressure declines and cardiac output suffers.
Metabolic function of the lung
The lung does various metabolic things. These can be described broadly as "biotransformation". Chitkara & Khan (1983) were able to produce 53 pages on this topic. In the briefest form:
Inactivation of deadly toxins, eg. inactivation of neutrophil proteases by α1-antitrypsin
Activation of deadly toxins, eg. chlorine gas turns into hydrochloric acid, and harmless chemicals in tobacco smoke turn into potent carcinogens
Activation of circulating hormones, eg. angiotensin-I and arachidonic acid
Metabolism of circulating molecules, eg. noradrenaline adenosine and bradykinin
The lung as a modulator of electrolyte homeostasis
One might not think of it as a major contributor to the blood biochemistry, but the respiratory system is in fact involved in modifying the concentration of serum electrolytes, most notably of blood pH and bicarbonate. By exhaling more CO2, the bicarbonate levels can drop as pH rises. The lungs are therefore able to act as modulators of acid-base balance; they are the other system (other than the kidney) which is able to modify the pH of the body fluids. This would be important to mention as a non-respiratory function.
The lung as a modulator of fluid balance
Depending on which textbook you read and which ambient conditions they used for their calculations, values given for a normal rate of water loss through the lung will vary. Heinemann & Fishman (1969) give 250ml as the normal 24-hourly water loss. Obviously that's not going to be the case for the tachypnoeic febrile patient with a tracheostomy.
The lung as a modulator of the clotting cascade
The lung is one of the richest sources of endogenous procoagulants, anticoagulants and fibrinolytic agents.
Thromboplastin is a potent procoagulant which catalyses the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. The mammalian lung is a rich source of thromboplastin. To compare it to other organs, Østerud et al (1986) put rabbit arteries into a blender and tested the resulting goop for thromboplastin content. The lung had the most - six times more than the kidney and 25 times more than the spleen.
Heparin occurs naturally in the lung. It is mainly restricted to the lung mast cells, and it resembles the "unfractionated" variety of injectable heparin, as its molecular weight is usually around 20,000 Da (Metcalfe et al, 1979). It is hard to say how much heparin is currently present in any given lung (your lung, reader), but it may be as high as 44.7 μg/g of lung tissue, or approximately 225 Howell units per gram.
Plasminogen activator, a fibrinolytic product, is abundant in the lung. Microvascular cells secrete vast amounts of it (up to 15 times more than other plasminogen activator-secreting cells, according to Takahashi et al , 1998). This works well, because the pulmonary microcirculation is a favourite destination for microthrombi.
The lungs as a filter for blood
Given that the entire cardiac output comes through the lungs, they act as a convenient filter which prevents fragments of solid material from being flushed into the arterial circulation where they would wreak embolic havoc. That conventionally consist of various thrombotic debris (as mentioned above the lung is particularly well set up to take care of those) but also lots of other things - Jorens et al (2009) list sickle cells, fat globules, foetal material, septic emboli, hydatic cysts, gas and injected particulate material from IV drugs, among others.
As for any sieve, there is of course a size barrier, but for the lung it is unclear what exactly that is. Theoretically, in order to get filtered out by the lung, you'd have to be a particle larger than a red blood cell (which are about 8 μm in diameter). To test the behaviour of larger emboli, Knisely & Mahaley (1958) pureed a tumour and injected its fragments into the venous circulation of eighty-four rabbits. The microembolic phenomena were observed in vivo by means of quartz rod transillumination and a stereoscopic dissecting microscope. The investigators described their observations in poetic detail:
"Opaque, gray masses tumbled along the stream of blood and lodged abruptly at a bifurcation or a point where the vessel narrowed to a diameter approaching that of the particle. Blood continued to flow around emboli for 5-10minutes and up against emboli and out the adjacent proximal capillaries. Soon after lodging, the emboli "grew" by the formation of a white, opaque deposit, particularly on portions of tumor exposed to flowing blood... The blood proximal to the impacted mass continued to pulsate, and sometimes red cells became packed up against the embolus."
These medium-sized emboli (75-100 μm) got stuck at the level of small pulmonary arterioles which taper rapidly down to a diameter of less than 50 μm before joining the pulmonary capillaries.
Particles in the 50-10 μm range can still get through. The width of capillaries is not uniform (some might be wider) and in any case the diameter changes with respiration, which means emboli could potentially be "milked" through the capillaries by the effects of respiration. Beyond that, there are arteriovenous communications which bypass the capillary bed and allow the embolisation of much larger particles. Niden & Aviado (1956) detected occasional glass bead particles as large as 400 μm in the systemic circulation of dogs.
Some substantial emboli may bypass the size barrier by being particularly deformable. Famously, fat and amniotic fluid are among the embolised substances which are well known to easily gain transpulmonary access to the systemic circulation, particularly where the pulmonary arterial pressure is high (which in both circumstances it usually is). Experimental models certainly have confirmed this. For instance, Byrick et al (1994) were able to demonstrate that though only 1% of their 15 μm radiolabelled spheres made it through into the arterial circulation of their mongrel dogs, "intravascular fat was found in all brain, heart, and kidney specimens" after bilateral cemented arthroplasty.
Immunological function of the lungs
There are multiple immune functions performed by the lung, which can be broadly separated into "barrier" and "antimicrobial". Bienenstock (1984) did a good overview, which has aged gracefully.
Barrier functions consist of
Thick mucus
Antimicrobial features consist of
Alveolar macrophages and sequestered neutrophils
Mast cells in the lung and bronchi
Immunoglobulin in the respiratory mucus (IgA)
Antigen presentation functions of the lung lymphatics
Lymphoid tissue in the lung (eg. BALT, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue)
The lungs also act as a fairly significant storage reservoir for neutrophils. In fact PEEP can influence this: Loick et al (1993) showed that this transpulmonary difference in leukocyte count can occur with 10 cm H2O (the transpulmonary leukocyte gradient was increased four-fold from baseline).
The lung as a modulator of heat balance
According to Heinemann & Fishman (1969), about 350 kcal of heat are lost through respiratory evaporative loss per 24 hr period, though this is obviously going to be higher in the Siberian tundra. It would only be a little higher because the upper respiratory tract is so very awesome at reclaiming heat and water from the expired gas mixture. Cain et al (1990) subjected some healthy volunteers to a range of temperatures (including a truly Siberian environment of −40°C ) and determined that heat loss due to respiration only varied from 25% to 30% of the resting metabolic rate, even though 60-degree swings of ambient temperature.
Tarazi, R. C. "Chapter 9: Pulmonary blood volume." European heart journal 6.suppl_C (1985): 43-43.
YU, PAUL N., and LEON RESNEKOV. "Pulmonary blood volume in health and disease." Anesthesiology: The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists 32.1 (1970): 89-89.
Heinemann, H. O., and A. P. Fishman. "Nonrespiratory functions of mammalian lung." Physiological Reviews 49.1 (1969): 1-47.
Knisely, William H., and M. S. Mahaley. "Relationship between size and distribution of "spontaneous" metastases and three sizes of intravenously injected particles of VX2 carcinoma." Cancer research 18.8 Part 1 (1958): 900-905.
NIDEN, ALBERT H., and DOMINGO M. AVIADO JR. "Effects of pulmonary embolism on the pulmonary circulation with special reference to arteriovenous shunts in the lung." Circulation Research 4.1 (1956): 67-73.
Byrick, Robert J., et al. "Transpulmonary systemic fat embolism. Studies in mongrel dogs after cemented arthroplasty." American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 150.5 (1994): 1416-1422.
Guz, A., et al. "Simultaneous observations of right and left ventricular stroke volumes in the conscious dog." Fed Proc. Vol. 20. 1961.
Jorens, P. G., et al. "Nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism." European Respiratory Journal 34.2 (2009): 452-474.
Cain, J. B., et al. "Respiratory heat loss during work at various ambient temperatures." Respiration physiology 79.2 (1990): 145-150.
Bienenstock, J. "The lung as an immunologic organ." Annual review of medicine 35.1 (1984): 49-62.
Østerud, B., et al. "Thromboplastin content in the vessel walls of different arteries and organs of rabbits." Thrombosis research 42.3 (1986): 323-329.
Metcalfe, Dean D., et al. "Isolation and characterization of heparin from human lung." The Journal of clinical investigation64.6 (1979): 1537-1543.
Markus, Gabor, et al. "Content and characterization of plasminogen activators in human lung tumors and normal lung tissue." Cancer research 40.3 (1980): 841-848.
Takahashi, Kimiko, et al. "Increased secretion of urokinase-type plasminogen activator by human lung microvascular endothelial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 275.1 (1998): L47-L54.
Dahl, Ola E. "The role of the pulmonary circulation in the regulation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in relation to major surgery." Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia11.3 (1997): 322-328.
Morawska, L., et al. "Airborne particles in indoor environment of homes, schools, offices and aged care facilities: The main routes of exposure." Environment international 108 (2017): 75-83.
CLARK, SCOTT, RAGNAR RYLANDER, and LEIF LARSSON. "Airborne bacteria, endotoxin and fungi in dust in poultry and swine confinement buildings." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 44.7 (1983): 537-541.
Barberán, Albert, et al. "The ecology of microscopic life in household dust." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282.1814 (2015): 20151139.
Valsan, A. E., et al. "Fluorescent biological aerosol particle measurements at a tropical high-altitude site in southern India during the southwest monsoon season." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16.15 (2016): 9805.
Harada, Ruth N., and John E. Repine. "Pulmonary host defense mechanisms." Chest 87.2 (1985): 247-252.
Hatch, Theodore F. "Distribution and deposition of inhaled particles in respiratory tract." Bacteriological reviews 25.3 (1961): 237.
Patton, John S., and Peter R. Byron. "Inhaling medicines: delivering drugs to the body through the lungs." Nature reviews Drug discovery 6.1 (2007): 67.
Wu, Huixing, et al. "Surfactant proteins A and D inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria by increasing membrane permeability." The Journal of clinical investigation 111.10 (2003): 1589-1602.
Chitkara, Rajinder K., and Faroque A. Khan. "Endocrine Functions of the Lung." Hormonal Actions in Non-endocrine Systems. Springer, Dordrecht, 1983. 147-199.
Aggarwal, Saurabh, et al. "Pulmonary Hemodynamics." Comparative Biology of the Normal Lung. Academic Press, 2015. 205-243.
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© Alex Yartsev


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WHO Increases Worldwide Access To Life-saving Breast Cancer Treatment
Last month the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the approval of a "biosimilar" Trastuzumab to help make breast cancer treatment more affordable for patients globally.
Biosimilar drugs are derived from living sources rather than chemicals. Biosimilars are approved according to the same pharmaceutical quality standards that apply to all medicines.
The WHO shared in their statement that the drug Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody, is an essential treatment for about 20% of breast cancers. It has shown high efficacy in curing early stage breast cancer and even some cases of more advanced disease. However, the average cost of the drug is around $20,000 a year making it difficult for most patients around the world to afford the treatment. The WHO-approved biosimilar version of the drug has the same effectiveness but costs about 65% less. This major cost difference gives hope to many seeking affordable access to treatment. Previously, other biosimilar versions of Trastuzumab have come to market, but none have passed qualification standards set forth by the WHO.
"WHO prequalification of biosimilar trastuzumab is good news for women everywhere," said WHO director general Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. "Effective, affordable breast cancer treatment should be a right for all women, not the privilege of a few," he added.
"We need to act now and try to avoid more preventable deaths," said WHO assistant director general for medicines and health products Dr Mariângela Simão. "The availability of biosimilars has decreased prices, making even innovative treatments more affordable and hopefully available to more people."


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Reno är en kulle i Antarktis. Den ligger i Västantarktis. Argentina, Chile och Storbritannien gör anspråk på området. Toppen på Reno är  meter över havet.

Terrängen runt Reno är kuperad åt sydost, men åt nordväst är den bergig. Terrängen runt Reno sluttar österut. Den högsta punkten i närheten är  meter över havet,  kilometer sydväst om Reno. Trakten är obefolkad. Det finns inga samhällen i närheten.

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Kullar i Västantarktis
Storbritanniens anspråk i Antarktis
Chiles anspråk i Antarktis
Argentinas anspråk i Antarktis
Berg i Antarktis 500 meter över havet eller högre

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Sleeping homeless man crushed to death inside Canton garbage truck
Mar 30, 2007 at 12:01 AM Apr 2, 2007 at 5:07 PM
A homeless man found dead in a landfill likely fell asleep in a trash bin and then was crushed inside a truck that hauled garbage to the site, authorities said.
A landfill worker found the body of James Bryant Jr., 51, about 7 a.m. yesterday while moving trash at the Countywide Recycling and Disposal Facility.
Bryant suffered "massive crushing injuries" and multiple broken bones, according to preliminary autopsy results from the Stark County coroner's office.
Bryant spent Tuesday night at a Canton shelter, and witnesses reported seeing him walking city streets around 5:30 p.m. Wednesday, sheriff's Capt. Gary Shankle said.
About 400 trucks enter the landfill daily, coming from as far as Cleveland, said Tim Vandersall, general manager and engineer.


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ACC Graduates First 7 Apprentices from Career Accelerator Program
Among those celebrating the CAP graduation were (from left): Jim Bryan, President of Fairystone Fabrics; Chris Rojos, Fairystone Fabrics; Justin Padmos, apprentice; Kathryn Castelloes, Apprenticeship NC; Dr. Angela Bost, ABSS Deputy Superintendent; Dr. Algie Gatewood, ACC President; Trevor Coffey, apprentice; Jace Walker, apprentice; Gabe Redding, apprentice; Ryan Woods, apprentice; Benjamin Barr, apprentice (red shirt); and business partner officials. Apprentice Matthew Andress was absent.
(June 7, 2021) – The Alamance Career Accelerator Program graduated seven apprentices from its first cohort that began in 2016 at a ceremony held at Alamance Community College on June 3.
The Career Accelerator Program (CAP) is designed for high school juniors and seniors who can earn money on the job as soon as they start the apprenticeship program while also taking college classes. It is a partnership between Alamance Community College, Alamance-Burlington Schools, and a dozen industrial businesses in Alamance County.
The seven industrial students who earned their associate degrees from Alamance Community College last month had worked full-time as apprentices since 2016. They are Matthew Andress, Shawmut Corporation; Benjamin Barr, GKN; Trevor Coffey, Sandvik; Justin Padmos, Fairystone Fabrics; Gabe Redding, Glen Raven, Inc.; Jace Walker, RegO; and Ryan Woods, GKN.
All tuition, books, and fees for the associate's degree program are covered, so the students graduate debt-free. Upon completion of the program, apprentices earn an Associate of Applied Science (AAS) from Alamance Community College and have the option to then transfer degree credits to most state four-year universities.
The students also earn specialized certification and experience that is recognized and sought by employers. Many employers offer health insurance, retirement, and paid-time-off benefits to apprentices. Currently 12 participating local companies are members of the consortium. A new cohort of apprentices has been initiated each year since 2016 in Alamance County.
The CAP graduates completed approximately 8,000 hours, comprised of 6400 hours working as apprentices and 1600 hours learning in class, according to Jim Bryan, President of Fairystone Fabrics.
"We don't just train new workers, but also leaders. And I'm confident that some of you are future leaders in industry. All doors are now open for you," said Bettina Akukwe, Apprenticeship Implementer at ACC, during the graduation ceremony.
Apprentices have grown by about 80% since Apprenticeship NC began partnering with the NC Community College System in 2016, according to Kathryn Castelloes, Apprenticeship Director for Apprenticeship NC.
"You are some of the most important graduates in our college…About ten thousand Americans reach retirement age every day, and so we need to fill those jobs. It's one reason the CAP program was created. We could not have been a success with this program if not for the full cooperation of all our partners in this effort," said Dr. Algie Gatewood, ACC President.
Alamance CAP is recognized by the State of North Carolina as a registered apprenticeship program.


In this day and age of androgynous dressing, it seems anything goes even in the realm of jewelry. Engagement rings no longer fall under women's jurisdiction; bracelets are not considered strictly feminine anymore, and there's even a men's earrings trend these days.
It's an exciting time to invest in jewelry, but if you want to stick to safe choices first, here are five classic male jewelry trends you might want to start with.
For the longest time, men wore jewelry as a symbolic (and yes, sentimental) gesture. It tells of a man's commitment to his partner, and is the perennial finger jewelry that is expected to stand the test of time.
Men's wedding bands are typically simple round rings with little to no adornment, but in recent years, more and more are featuring diamonds and other gems and ornamentation. As well, a variety of precious metals beyond the usual gold and silver are being utilized to accommodate the wearer's lifestyle, preferences, and other factors.
For all intents and purposes, anything ornamental worn around the neck is called a necklace. However, instead of looking "precious", the kind of neck adornment many men have favored over the years is the one that appears part of their persona.
Consider something that looks good even when worn in, and doesn't require high maintenance such as polishing or buffing. Dog tag-style pendants are good examples of such. They are not sparkly and are no-nonsense. They can also be worn on chains, leather cords, thin rubber, or woven thread.
Formal events call for a simple jewelry adornment or two. If you want to wear a couple of jewelry pieces, make sure to stick to one metal tone for all. Cufflinks are great accessories to keep shirt sleeves looking neat and tidy.
More casual occasions merit trendier designs, but if it is an event with a dress code you are attending, it is best to stick to sedate and simple geometrical shapes. Cuff links are supposed to complement an outfit, not clash horribly with it or use clothing as a backdrop for making a statement.
This men's jewelry trend is built on a culture of brotherhood and bonding. Jewelry is always symbolic, and worn to express pride or affinity with something important in your life such as the university you graduated from, or the city you grew up in. This is why even grown men keep wearing their college or fraternity rings regularly.
Many men can pull this off even with the presence of a wedding ring on their other finger, but again, it's best to keep things simple so as not to come off as gaudy. Don't pile on rings and try to stick with one metal color.
Functional as well as ornamental are the keys to classic men's jewelry. Lapel and tie pins are great examples of this. They keep your necktie and lapel in place, and also make subtle statements about your chosen affiliations in life. Again, it is best to stick to one choice of metal if you plan to wear both in one go, and to avoid wearing pins with a design that can possibly offend someone.
Of course, it's 2017 now, so don't limit yourself to these 5 classics. Male jewelry trends are evolving at a higher rate than ever, so express yourself the way you want with a full range of men's earrings, bracelets, necklaces, and more.


Empower youth in Nigeria to educate their peers about HIV/AIDS through innovative community and school-based initiatives.
Damilola (Lola) Adebiyi received a dual Bachelor's degree in Neuroscience and Psychology from Wesleyan University. Her passion is to improve the health status of adolescents, primarily those in developing countries. Currently, she is pursuing an MPH in Health Management and Policy with an Interdepartmental Concentration in Global Health at the University of Michigan.


Trying to find words that describe how it felt to live in this amazing home is proving a little tricky. I will tell you about the features of this property however living here really did soothe the soul.
This house was originally a church that was built in 1958 and is located in a quiet and serene part of the beautiful state of South Australia in the Southern Flinders Ranges.
The church sits on a fully fenced block of land approximately 2900 sqm in size and also includes, what we like to call the Sunday School.
The Sunday School was originally built in the late 1800's. This building, approx 28 sqm in size, has had plumbing installed and was being used as storage however it has the potential to be transformed into a guest room or something to that effect.
The church itself provides a fully functional kitchen with oodles of cupboard space, dishwasher included, and an amazing bench to ceiling window that, standing at the sink overlooks the designated fenced garden area which is currently a blank canvas just waiting to be turn into an oasis of your design.
The spacious bathroom features a double vanity with large mirror, shower, toilet and laundry all bathed in an abundance of natural light.
There are 2 bedrooms with wardrobe and storage space located at the rear of the building and the third bedroom can be found as the mezzanine level in what was the original congregation area. This mezzanine space could alternatively be used as an office or perhaps a creative space for arts and crafts.
The large living area includes a large slow combustion fire and has 2 double glass doors that lead you out onto a spacious entertaining area which also overlooks that oasis waiting to be designed.
The ceilings are as high as the eye can see and the amount of natural light that floods the whole building leaves you with a feeling of absolute spaciousness.
There are solar panels on the roof and the dark wooden floor boards throughout.
There is plenty of vehicle parking space.
Appila is nestled between Jamestown, one of the main shopping hubs of the mid north & Laura well known for its wonderful arts, crafts & antiques with both locations only a 20 minute drive away. There are also schools, hospitals and other wonderful local communities to be discovered.
For those looking to kick back and smell the roses with their lifestyle, living in this home is a truly unique experience.
There could also be the possibility (planning & permits etc being sought through local council) of creating a country accommodation experience for families, groups or couples to make their base and discover the abundant local region.


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$1.7M Raised for Boston Arts Academy Through BAA Honors
by The Boston Sun Staff • May 13, 2021 • 0 Comments
A star-studded night of music, dance, and performances by students, alumni, and Honorees at BAA Honors 2021 helped raise vital funds for Boston Arts Academy, the city's only public high school for the visual and performing arts, during a live broadcast event on May 4. The event helped Boston Arts Academy Foundation (BAA Foundation) raise nearly $1.7 million through BAA Honors during the past year.
More than 350 generous donors to BAA Honors 2020, which was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as BAA Honors 2021, secured nearly $1.7 million to support Boston Arts Academy's students. All 2020 Honorees and sponsors actively participated in BAA Honors 2021.
BAA Honors celebrates BAA's diverse, talented, and successful students. The night featured student and alumni performances and recognized prominent Honorees for their meaningful contributions to the community. A socially distanced event hosted by BAA Honors in Music recipient Ernie Boch Jr. was broadcast live on NECN and NBC10 Boston with NBC10 Boston co-hosts Latoyia Edwards and JC Monahan, and streamed live on the NECN and NBC10 Boston websites, making it accessible to supporters of the school across the world.
The program featured Honorees David Ortiz and Steve Samuels playing live with the BAA Honors All-Star Alumni Band along with speeches from distinguished guests, including Boston Mayor Kim Janey, BAA President Denella Clark and BAA Head of School Anne Clark.
BAA Honors supports wide-ranging resources at BAA, from special lighting in performance spaces, to state-of-the-art technology for recording studios, additional student health and wellness services, and increased STEAM (STEM+Art) education opportunities.
The 2021 BAA Honorees include: Ernie Boch Jr., president and CEO, Subaru of New England (Honors in Music); Ruth E. Carter, Academy Award-winning film and television costume designer (Honors in Fashion); David Ortiz, Boston Red Sox legend, Fox Sports Major League Baseball analyst (Honors in TV & Film); Eve S. Rounds, passionate dance advocate and champion of the arts (Honors in Dance); Scott Wilson and Scott Butler, founding directors, Wilson Butler Architects (Honors in Visual Art); and Steve Samuels, chairman and principal, Samuels & Associates, a real estate development firm (Honors in Civic Responsibility). Sandra Gordon, founding president of Boston Arts Academy Foundation (1999) and Trustee Emerita of Boston Arts Academy and BAA Foundation, received the Lifetime Achievement Award.
The event co-chairs were Lee Michael Kennedy, president and CEO, Lee Kennedy Co., a construction management firm, and Sue Brady Hartigan, philanthropist and Boston's veteran on-air radio personality. Pamela D.A. Reeve and Donna M. Harris-Lewis were announced as BAA Honors 2022 co-chairs.
"BAA Honors is a celebration of the absolute best of what Boston Arts Academy has to offer," said Boston Arts Academy Foundation President Denella Clark. "From our incredible students to our alumni who always give back to the next generation, to the Honorees who inspire our students to reach for greatness, it was an evening to recognize all of their accomplishments and to share in the passion that connects our remarkable community."
"I'm very honored to receive this award," said TV & Film Honoree David Ortiz Saturday night during the live broadcast. "I was born in the Dominican Republic, where music just runs through our blood and art is everywhere. When I think about music, I think about happiness. We've got to support [BAA] and we've got to help. We understand how massive this can be for the kids who come [to BAA] and learn and become independent because of it."
NBC10 Boston, NECN, NBC Sports Boston and Telemundo Boston served as the official 2021 multimedia and broadcast partners for BAA Honors. The Boston Globe also supported BAA Honors.
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Q: Dihedral angle for icosahedron with many faces I would like to make a rough sphere by icosahedron-ish shape which has many faces, N, and It will go to infinity.
My question is what is the functionality and behavior of dihedral angle between two adjacent faces respect to N. does it increase as a $\delta\propto \pi- c/N^2$ or $\pi -c/N$?
Can we say something about higher dimension and $S^d$ spheres as well?
e.g. In the one-dimensional case, $S^1$, we can make a circle with  a polygon with many edges and the dihedral angle is simply proportional to $\pi/N$.

A: I'll be assuming a subdivision of the sphere into triangles, as discussed in this Stack Overflow post. The angular defect of the whole sphere will remain $4\pi$, but it gets distributed over $V$ vertices, with $O(V)=O(N)$ or more precisely $V=\frac{3N+12}6\approx\frac N2$. So on average the angular defect per vertex will be $\frac{4\pi}V\approx\frac{8\pi}N$ with the approximation getting better as $N$ increases.
So how does this translate into dihedral angles? As I didn't find a formula just now, let's derive this relationship. Consider a regular hexagon, inscribed in the unit circle. Connect its vertices to the point $(0,0,z)$ to form six triangles. Choose $z$ such that the angular defect becomes $\frac{8\pi}N$ then compute the dihedral angle.
The base $a=1$ of each triangle is an edge of the regular hexagon. The opposite angle is $\alpha=\frac16(2\pi-\frac{8\pi}N)=\frac\pi3(1-\frac4N)$. The two base angles are $\beta=\frac{\pi-\alpha}2=\frac\pi3(1+\frac2N)$ as the triangle is isosceles. Which means the distance between hexagon vertex and common apex is $b=\frac{\sin\beta}{\sin\alpha}a=\frac{N+2}{N-4}$. That gives $z=\sqrt{b^2-1}=\frac{2}{N-4}\sqrt{3(N-1)}$
or more usefully $z^2=\frac{12(N-1)}{(N-4)^2}$.
The vector from the vertex $(-1,0,0)$ to $(0,0,z)$ is $(1,0,z)$. Likewise, the vector from the vertex $(-\frac12,-\frac{\sqrt3}2,0)$ to $(0,0,z)$ is $(\frac12,\frac{\sqrt3}2,z)$. Their cross product,
$n_1=(-\frac{\sqrt3}2z,-\frac12z,\frac{\sqrt3}2)$, is a normal of that triangle. Swapping the $y$ coordinate gives the normal of one of the adjacent triangles as $n_2=(-\frac{\sqrt3}2z,\frac12z,\frac{\sqrt3}2)$. So the dihedral angle between these is calculated as
$$ \delta
=\arccos-\frac{n_1\cdot n_2}{\lvert n_1\rvert\,\lvert n_2\rvert}
=\arccos-\frac{2z^2+3}{4z^2+3}
=\arccos-\frac{N^2+8}{N^2+8N}
$$
So what happens for large $N$? Using some trial and error diagram drawing and function guessing I found out that
$$\lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{\mathrm d}{\mathrm dN}
\frac{1}{(\pi-\delta)^2}=\frac1{16}$$
so
$$
\frac{1}{(\pi-\delta)^2}\approx\frac N{4^2}
\quad\text{and}\quad
\delta\approx\pi-\frac4{\sqrt N}
$$
for large $N$. This approximation is actually a lower bound on $\delta$. I would assume that one could prove that
$$\pi-\frac4{\sqrt N}\le\delta\le\pi-\frac c{\sqrt N}$$
is satisfied for $c=3$ for any $N\ge 20$ (i.e. the regular icosahedron or any subdivision thereof) and is also satisfied for any $c<4$ if $N$ is sufficiently large. But I don't have a proof for this claim, just strong experimental evidence.
Notice that the frequency $\nu$ of the subdivision is proportional to $\sqrt N$. Actually $N=12\nu^2$ for a class I geodesic sphere. So you might want to think about this as $\delta\approx\pi-\frac2{\sqrt3\nu}$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Retail Was Remarkably Resilient In 2020, But Has Been Changed Forever
'Sex And The City' Returns: Can The Show Known For Fashion Help Boost Retail
Holiday Sales Hit $876 Billion: By The Numbers
Nov 28, 2020, 04:15pm EST |
Store Shopper Visits Down 48% To 52% On Black Friday
Shelley E. KohanContributor
I am a retail pundit, business strategist, speaker and professor.
Lauren Bitar, head of consulting of RetailNext, attributes the reduced Black Friday traffic in a ... [+] large part on the occupancy limits being placed on retail store locations. (Photo by Patrick T. Fallon / AFP) (Photo by PATRICK T. FALLON/AFP via Getty Images)
Black Friday, typically a highly-anticipated shopping day for brick-and-mortar retail stores, experienced a drop in foot traffic of 48% according to retail analytics firm RetailNext, a pioneer in the space of in-store analytics.
RetailNext shows Black Friday traffic down 48% but sales only down 30%
Lauren Bitar, head of retail consulting and customer experience insights at RetailNext, stated "Sales were only down 30% to last year, as shoppers who ventured out had a stronger intent to purchase than years past, and services such as BOPIS and curbside-pickup bolstered in-store sales."
The preliminary results are part of RetailNext's holiday flash reporting of in-store shopping activity combining data from tens of thousands of stores across hundreds of brands operating on the RetailNext smart store platform in the United States. Reporting covers a wide variety of segments, from specialty apparel to larger format big-box stores, and includes both mall-based and standalone stores. Bitar explained that the Black Friday drop in traffic is actually considered a win taking into account the concern over rising Covid-19 cases and the fact that many establishments rolled back their reopening plans. In addition, Bitar stated, "Retailers had occupancy policies that would just simply prohibit anywhere near as many shoppers who would normally come out on Black Friday in their stores."
Black Friday will be highest traffic day of holiday season
While traffic is down substantially, sales from brick and mortar stores were slightly advantaged with a conversion rate 4% higher than last year and average transaction values up 5.9%. Each shopping trip is of higher value and more customers are purchasing as opposed to just shopping.
Bitar stated in an earlier press release, "While we still think that Black Friday will be the highest traffic day, we don't think it will be as outsized as in years past." Consumers are reducing trips to the physical stores as a safety precaution during a time when coronavirus cases are rising, however, Bitar also attributes the reduced Black Friday traffic in large part on the occupancy limits being placed on retail store locations, a factor that RetailNext software can adeptly include in its analyses.
Sensormatic shows store and mall traffic down 52%
Sensormatic Solutions, a leading global retail solutions portfolio, released preliminary shopper visit data for U.S. brick-and-mortar retail stores and shopping centers with findings indicating a 52.1% decline in traffic on Black Friday. "Due to COVID-19 and social distancing requirements, shoppers were more purposeful in their in-person Black Friday shopping, causing significantly fewer crowds than we've seen in the past," said Brian Field, senior director of global retail consulting of Sensormatic Solutions. Field added, "This was compounded by retailers not offering as many in-store doorbusters and the increasing adoption of e-commerce."
Curbside and in-store pick up have also impacted the decline of customers visiting stores to shop. ... [+] Macy's offers both services across many stores. (Photo by Robin L Marshall/Getty Images)
Non-store sales up 26% in October
Curbside and in-store pick up have also impacted the decline of customers visiting stores to shop. Many retailers providing these options are experiencing a surge in spending from online sources like smartphones and laptops. In October, non-store sales were up 26% and season-to-date from February through October, non-store sales were up 23.5%.
Product shortages as the season progresses
Another issue that will continue to shake out over the next few weeks of shopping is inventory shortages with some items being sold out early in the season. Inventories going into the holiday were down 8.8% and for the apparel and department store categories, inventories were down 11% and 15% respectively. Bitar said, "The impact of retailers cutting their deliveries months ago when purchasing had come to a halt may factor into Black Friday sales." The ongoing issue of having the right products in-stock will be problematic for retailers and frustrating to customers as the season progresses.
Shelley E. Kohan
I have over 25 years of experience in the retail industry across many functions including general management, marketing, operations, merchandising, buying, and human
I have over 25 years of experience in the retail industry across many functions including general management, marketing, operations, merchandising, buying, and human resources. I am an associate professor at Fashion Institute of Technology, Chief Strategy Officer at The Robin Report and CEO/founder of my consulting business. I teach at Syracuse University in Martin J. Whitman School of Management. As a recognized top retail influencer, I have appearances across many media outlets including NBC Nightly News, Forbes.com, Wall St. Journal, New York Times, Women's Wear Daily, Reuters, The Washington Post, Fortune, and Chain Store Age. I am a contributor to Forbes.com, The Robin Report and a member of the BrainTrust for RetailWire. My interdisciplinary education includes an M.B.A. in Strategic Business Administration from Penn State University, a B.S. in Organizational Behavior from University of San Francisco and an A.S. in Fashion Merchandising and Buying from Fashion Institute of Technology.


text:
Односи Србије и Холандије су инострани односи Републике Србије и Краљевине Холандије.

Билатерални односи

Званични дипломатски односи су успостављени 1899. године.

2002. тадашњи холандски премијер Вим Кок посетио је Београд.

11. марта 2006. Слободан Милошевић некадашњи председник Србије и СР Југославије је умро у притвору у Схевенингену за време суђења у Хашком трибуналу (под сумњом да је убијен).

Холандија је признала једностарано проглашење независности Косова.

Економски односи
 У 2020. укупна робна размена износила је 896 милиона долара. Од тога, извоз из Србије вредео је 420,7 мил. УСД, а увоз 476,2 милиона.
 У 2019. години размењено је укупно роба вредних 846 милиона УСД. Извоз из наше земље био је 421 милион долара, док је увоз износио 425 мил.
 У 2018. робна размена укупно је износила 807 милиона долара. Извоз из РС вредео је 382 мил. УСД, а увоз 425 милиона.

Дипломатски представници

У Београду и Лондону
  Јост Рејнћес, амбасадор, 2021. -
  Гилес Бесхор Плуг, амбасадор, 2019. - 2021.
  Хендрик Ван ден Дол, амбасадор, 2015. - 2019.
  Лорен Луис Стоквис, амбасадор, 2010. - 2015.
  Рон ван Дартел, амбасадор, - 2010.
  Баренд дер Хејјден, амбасадор, 2002. -
  Кес Кломпенхаувер, амбасадор, 1999. - 2002.
  Јан Питер де Зван, амбасадор, 1998. -
  Јан Фителарс, амбасадор, 1990. -
  Албертус Ноеј, амбасадор, - 1990.
  Фрутс Хреп, амбасадор
  Мартен фан Беркел, амбасадор
  Јо Ван Дер Валк, амбасадор
  С. барон ван Хемстра, амбасадор, 1971. - 1975.
  М.Ф. Вигевено, амбасадор, 1965. - 1970.
  С.Г.М. барон ван Ворст тот Ворст, амбасадор, 1959. - 1964.
  Г.Е. барон ван Итерсум, посланик, 1955. - 1958.
  Х.А. Хелб, посланик, 1953. - 1955.
  Ир.Х.М. Дозј, посланик, 1946. - 1953.  - Холандија признаје Владу Ј.Б. Тита и враћа посланство у Београд
  Л.П.Ј. де Декер, посланик, 1943. - 1946.
  Р. Флас, отпр. послова, 1942. - 1943.
  Ј.Д. ван Карнебек, отпр. послова, 1941. - 1942.
  Мархант ет д' Ансембург (гроф), изасланик саветник, 1940. - 1941. - посланство бежи 1941. заједно са Југ. Владом у Лондон
  Ф.В. Крадрјк, изасл. саветник, 1938. - 1940.
  К.Д. Схилер тот Персем, изасланик, 1922. - 1924.
  Г.Д. Адвокат, изасланик, 1920.

У Хагу
  Ксенија Миленковић, амбасадор, 2019. -
  Петар Вицо, амбасадор, 2013. - 2019.
   Чедомир Радојковић, амбасадор, 2009. - 2013.
  Радослав Стојановић, амбасадор, 2006. - 2009.
  /   Маја Митровић, амбасадор, 2002. - 2006.
  Родољуб Етински, отправник послова, 2000. - 2002.
  Милан Грубић, амбасадор, 1997. -
  Ђорђе Лопичић, отпр. послова, 1993. -
  Борут Бохте, амбасадор, 1989. - 1991.
  Звонимир Костић, амбасадор, 1985. - 1989.
  Драгомир Петровић, амбасадор, 1981. - 1985.
  Милош Шумоња, амбасадор, 1977. - 1981.
  Тарик Ајановић, амбасадор, 1973. - 1977.
  Мирко Милутиновић, амбасадор, 1969. - 1973.
  Ђуро Нинчић, амбасадор, 1964. - 1969.
  Зденко Штамбук, амбасадор, 1961. - 1964.
  Бранко Драшковић, амбасадор, 1958. - 1961.
  Салко Фејић, посланик а затим и амбасадор, 1955. -
  Милан Ристић, посланик, 1953. - 1955.
  Мате Јакшић, посланик, 1950. - 1953.
  Павле Жауцер, амбасадор, 1948. - 1950.
  Милован Продановић, посланик, 1947. - 1948.
  Фотије Станојевић, отправник послова, 1920.
  /  Милан Ђ. Милојевић, отпр. послова, 1917. - 1918. а потом и посланик, 1. јул 1918. - 1920.

Све до 1917. године српски посланици који су били акредитовани у Лондону, били су истовремено акредитовани и код холандског Двора, али са седиштем у Лондону.

Види још
 Епархија западноевропска
 Срби у земљама Бенелукса
 Хашке конвенције
 Споменик српским војницима у селу Гардерену
 А. ден Долард
 НАТО бомбардовање СРЈ
 Хашки трибунал

Референце

Спољашње везе
 Амбасада Републике Србије Хаг - Краљевина Холандија
 Амбасада Краљевине Холандијe у Београду (на енглеском језику)

Политика Холандије
Холандија


On April 25, we recognized the accomplishments of our seniors at the annual Senior Awards ceremony.
Pictured are the winners of the highest honor - the Gilmour Trophies - Arianna Mack '18 and Zachary Holtz '18. The Gilmour Trophies are presented each year to the graduating male and female who "best exemplify all those qualities that Gilmour hopes to nurture in all students." View photos from the ceremony.


I'm taking another class in the San Francisco City College Fashion Department – this semester it's Textile Analysis, which I'm really enjoying. So that puts me in the city once a week and taking BART.
About a month ago when the weather was still a little warm, I popped onto the train going home and settled in (standing). As usual I started looking around. At first this women didn't really catch my eye but after a couple of perusals, I stopped on her.
I noticed the details of her sartorial choices and how it all worked together.
First, you can't really see in the photo, but her slacks are cuffed. A nice detail, and one that is a perfect contrast with the Berks. You don't expect to see Birkenstocks with tailored slacks. Also note that the hem is just a tad short. Much longer would look sloppy. Beyond that the shoes are in white. If you've got to wear Berks outside the house, white in smooth leather takes away the hippie vibe and perhaps even makes the look, in its way, chic.
She tied in the white Berks with her white trendy longish cardigan. The slub knit yarn offers some texture. She added a bit of subtle color with a lightweight teal sweater (cotton/rayon?) and a nicely wrapped scarf in the colors of autumn. I love the quilted handbag in black (more texture).
No we're not talking high fashion here but it's her own simple style and I think it looks great!


(AP) If you tried to stage a photograph to symbolize the confusion that's dogged the NFL and its games since commissioner Roger Goodell let a lockout of the regular officials spill over into the regular season, you couldn't have done it any better.
The reaction was predictable, overwhelmingly negative, and swift. Anyone still have questions about the integrity of the game? Thought so.


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Índia portuguesa o en portuguès: Estado da Índia era la suma de les colònies de Portugal a l'Índia. La primera colònia es va fundar el 1510 i la darrera es va mantenir fins a 1961.

Quan l'Índia es va independitzar del Regne Unit, el 1947, Portugal encara va mantenir uns anys més els enclavaments coneguts col·lectivament com a Goa, fromats per Goa, Damão i Diu, amb 3.807 km² i una població el 1900 de 531.798 habitants.

Història
El primer contacte portuguès amb el subcontinent indi va esdevenir-se el 20 de maig de 1498, quan Vasco da Gama atracà a Calcuta. Després d'alguns conflictes amb els mercaders àrabs, que tenien el monopoli de les espècies a través de les rutes terrestres, Vasco da Gama aconseguí assegurar una carta de concessió per als intercanvis comercials amb el governador de Calcuta. Alguns portuguesos s'hi establiren per a fer un port comercial.

El 1510, l'almirall Afonso de Albuquerque derrotà els soldans de Bijapur, en una disputa sobre la sobirania del territori de Timayya, cosa que portaria a l'establiment dels portuguesos a Goa. Goa es convertia d'aquesta manera en el centre del govern de l'Índia i lloc de reseidència del virrei de l'Índia.

Els portuguesos, al mateix temps, conqueriren diversos territoris als soldans de Guzarat: Daman (ocupat el 1531 i cedit formalment el 1539), Bombai i altres territoris. Aquestes possessions es convertiren en la Província del Nord de l'Estat de l'Índia estenent-se per 100 km de costa des de Daman a Chaul. La província era governada des de la fortalesa de Chaul. Bombai va ser cedit al Regne Unit el 1661 com a dot de casament entre la princesa Caterina de Bragança i Carles II d'Anglaterra.

Entre 1713 i 1788, la superfície de Goa es triplicà amb noves conquestes. L'Àfrica Oriental Portuguesa va estar sota dependència del virrei de l'Índia Portuguesa fins al 1752, Portugal es va apoderar de Dadrà i Nagar-Aveli el 1779.

Després de la independència de l'Índia de 1947, el govern portuguès refusà cedir els seus territoris amb una actitud condemnada per l'Assemblea de les Nacions Unides i el Tribunal Internacional de la Haia. El 1954, Portugal perdia Dadrà i Nagar-Haveli anexades per l'Índia el 1961, el mes de desembre del mateix any hi va haver la invasió índia de Goa, Daman i Diu i l'any següent el de l'illa d'Anjidiva. Salazar es resistia a reconèixer la sobirania índia dels territoris cosa que no succeí fins al triomf de la Revolució dels clavells. Fins aleshores Portugal no va poder restablir relacions diplomàtiques amb l'Índia. i es va donar als habitants de les colònies la possibilitat de mantenir la ciutadania portuguesa .

Referències

Geografia històrica de Portugal
Índia Portuguesa


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