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Academic and Clinical Programs
Divisions of the Department of Medicine
History of the Division
Hematology & Oncology Fellowship
Division heads
John G. Mateer, M.D., 1920-1953
Robert J. Priest, M.D., 1953-1976
Bernard M. Shuman, M.D., 1976-1983
Surinder K. Batra, M.D. (Acting), 1983-1986
Helmut V. Ammon, M.D., 1986-1988
Surinder K. Batra, M.D., 1988-1990
Ronald P. Fogel, M.D., 1990-2003
Kimberly A. Brown, M.D., 2003-Present
John G. Mateer, M.D., was recruited by Dr. Frank Sladen, Physician-in-Chief of Henry Ford Hospital and also a Johns Hopkins graduate, to found the Division of Gastroenterology in 1920. He remained chief of the Division even after his appointment to Chair of the Department of Internal Medicine. He was a prominent physician in the Detroit area and physician to several members of the Ford family. Dr. Mateer was called a gifted teacher, training many young physicians on the importance of concern for the patient's problems, and published important research regarding liver function tests and correlation of hepatic pathology with liver function. He was President of the American Gastroenterological Association in 1950. An alumnus of the College of Wooster, in 1966 Dr. Mateer was honored by his friends and patients who provided a gift to build and name the science building after him.
Robert J. Priest, M.D., served as Division Head from 1953 to 1976. Dr. Priest and his colleague Robert K. Nixon, M.D., published "Familial Recurring Polyserositis: A Disease Entity" in the Annals of Internal Medicine in 1959; he also published many other clinical and research studies. He over saw the introduction of early endoscopy procedures at Henry Ford and received a Distinguished Career Award from Henry Ford Hospital later in his career.
William S. Haubrich, M.D., another noted gastroenterologist at Henry Ford Hospital from 1954 to 1970, focused his research on the ultrastructure of the small bowel mucosa. He published his work on Whipple's disease with scientist Dr. John Watson from the Edsel B. Ford Research Institute. In 1970, Dr. Haubrich joined the Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation in La Jolla, CA, where he became head of the GI department two years later and remained there until his retirement. Dr. Haubrich received the Rudolf V. Schindler Award in 1985 from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.
Bernard M. Schuman, M.D., Division Head from 1976 to 1983, received the Distinguished Service Award in 1991 from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.
Surinder K. Batra, M.D., from New Delhi, India, completed his gastroenterology fellowship at Henry Ford Hospital in 1975 and has been a beloved senior staff member for nearly 40 years. Dr. Batra was Acting Chief of the Division twice, 1983-1986 and 1988-1990. He is widely published on his work with gastrointestinal cancer.
Ronald P. Fogel, M.D., served 13 years as Division Head, from 1990 to 2003. A graduate of McGill University, he completed residencies at Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital and the University of California and a research fellowship in gastroenterology at Tufts University in Boston, MA. Under Dr. Fogel's leadership, the Division pursued the prevention and aggressive treatment of gastrointestinal disease and expertise in transplantation medicine. His special areas of interest include the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome as well as screening and prevention/education for colon cancer. In 2003 Dr. Fogel established and remains chief of the Digestive Health Center of Michigan (DHCMI) which is affiliated with Henry Ford Macomb Hospital.
Kimberly A. Brown, M.D., became Chief of the Division of Gastroenterology in 2003. She has served previously as the Medical Director of Liver Transplantation and the Fellowship Director for Gastroenterology. Dr. Brown is a graduate of Wayne State University Medical School and completed her residency in Internal Medicine and fellowship in Gastroenterology at the University of Michigan Medical Center. She joined Henry Ford Hospital in 1994 as Medical Director of Liver Transplantation, a position in which she served until she became Division Chief. Dr. Brown's research interest is in viral hepatitis and recurrent disease following liver transplantation. She was one of the first members on the ABIM Board for Advanced Hepatology and Transplantation and served as a member of the ABIM Board to develop learning modules in Advanced Hepatology and Liver Transplantation. She has served on the UNOS Liver and Intestine Committee and is actively involved in the field of liver transplantation having received the AST Mentoring Award in 2017. She is a past Board Member and Treasurer of the American Transplantation Society and currently serves Secretary for AASLD. She has served on the Henry Ford Medical Group's Board of Governors for 9 years and is a current member of the Henry Ford Hospital and Health Network Board for Henry Ford Health System.


Our hand cut meat department helped make us famous.
When you want to serve your family the best meat available there's only one choice: Milam's! Our trained butchers will gladly cut to your exact specifications. We don't just settle for premium beef, we carry Certified Angus Beef that has been graded USDA Choice or Prime. Our ground rules are simple: We grind our own meats using only whole muscle cuts every single day. We also carry Musillami Meats, purveyors of the finest grass fed beef, group raised veal and American lamb. We sell antibiotic free, naturally raised American grain-fed poultry. Milam's Butcher Shop and Meat Department - the freshness your family deserves.


Month 2 of 2019 can you believe it ?!
Hello everyone and welcome to another edition of our Footprints newsletter. Firstly I would like to say a big welcome back to all our families that have been away on holidays and a huge welcome to all our new families who have started with us here over the past month. We are looking forward to having a fantastic year with you all.
- Please ensure you are signing your child/ren in and out each and everyday that they attend the centre. Parents and guardians are legally required to sign their child/ren in and out every single day that your child is here. We have to report your actual sign in and out times to Centrelink at the end of each week, to reflect your needs for CCS correctly, it is essential that you are signing your children in and out as you are arriving and leaving. If you are having trouble with the kiosks at any time, please see a staff member and they will be happy to assist you where they can.
- Please be sure to be on top of your fees at all times. This is enrolment agreement you sign upon starting. If for some reason you cannot make a payment please see me to make alternate arrangements, I am happy to work with you so that we can avoid letting your account accrue too high a debt which then leads to suspension. Accounts are to be a week ahead at all times. Thank you for your co-operation with this matter.
Are you concerned about your child's communication skills?
Our screening assessment focuses on ensuring that your child is meeting their speech and language milestones and is facilitated by qualified speech pathologists. Following the assessment you will be provided with a short report outlining your child's abilities.
Consent slips and payment envelopes will be available in your family pockets later this week.
Welcome to the beginning of a new year in the Nursery. I am looking forward to an exciting year with the babies, as I help them to learn and develop as they grow.
My main focus to start with, will be to develop strong relationships with each child, so they feel secure in my care. This also extends to you as families, as I will be caring for your precious children. Please, if you have any questions or concerns regarding your child, I will always make time to be available for conversation. I ask that if there is any change to your child's routine, foods or other important information, please let me know so that I can maintain the same routine as home in order for consistency for your child.
It has been a quiet start to the year, with many of our friends moving to the Toddler room, along with Miss Bernadette. We will miss them but know that they will come and visit us for play. We have some new friends starting in the coming weeks, and we look forward to meeting them and developing new friendships.
Tangaroa and Chase have both celebrated their 1st birthdays this month, and we wish them a Happy Birthday from all of us at Footprints.
We are starting off the year, exploring our gross motor skills, as we are nearly walking, or early walkers. We will focus on balance, coordination and especially confidence.
Research shows that sensory play builds nerve connections in the brain's pathways, which leads to the child's ability to complete more complex learning tasks. Sensory play supports language development, cognitive growth, fine and gross motor skills, problem solving skills, and social interactions so we will be exploring textures and sounds in a variety of ways in the room, in the coming weeks.
Please make sure you name all of your child's belongings, so they don't get misplaced.
It is very important to sign your child in and out each day at the kiosks, please ensure you are doing this. If you need help, please get a staff member, we are always happy to help.
Welcome to the new year in the Toddler room. This year myself and Miss Alison (who is currently out on leave due to injury) have had the pleasure to be joined by Eva, Xena, Zoe, Kaleb, Flynn, Michael, Cruz, Joel, Jordyn, William and Malakai (joining us this week). It has been a great first few weeks getting to know one another and becoming familiar with our new room.
Our group time focus so far had been getting used to sitting and focusing in a group setting while singing a few songs. As our focus at group time extends, we will begin to focus on other topics which have arisen through interests.
Each child has been set up a locker and a basket. Baskets are for small items such a dummy (in a container) and hats or shoes. If you wish to keep water bottles at the centre this is fine but please place them in your child's basket at the of the day when collecting so they can be located easily the next day they are in.
Afternoon snacks: please be sure that food provided is either fresh fruit, yogurt or cheeses, other foods will not be able to be served and will be left in the kitchen for collection.
Please make sure ALL items (hats, shoes, containers, milk bottles and caps) have been named, we do our best to keep track of items but if names are not on them, we cannot confirm the ownership of them. A marker will be placed in the kitchen if needed to name belongings.
Any concerns or questions please come see myself.
Hello, how are you all, hope New Year has been a great start for you all.Firstly, I would like to welcome back all our families to our Footprints family, and we also would like to say a very big welcome to our new families that have joined the Footprints family this year. Myself (Miss Rupa) will be the group leader for the Junior Kindy room and Miss Dana will be the Assistant Educator for the Junior Kindy room. Our children this year are ALISSA, ALESSA, ALEX, JAIMAYA, ZAHARA, NIHAL, LEON, FINN, PIERRE, AMELIA and we have welcomed two new friends at the start of the year LOLA and PAUL. Our aim is for all children to feel safe and secure in their new environment and with their educators.
This year so far has been a great start, the children are engaging on a daily basis with in the group and on the mat, they have been enjoying playing train tracks together and the children are developing more complex social skills, as they learn to interact with their peers and become involved in shared play experiences. It is wonderful to see and hear the children developing the skills to cooperate with others and negotiate roles and relationships during play and group experiences. The children have been very interested in dancing and singing. They've been very excited to show off their awesome dance moves to their favourite song 'baby shark'!
We are also encouraging self help skills in the room such as helping to pack away toys and belongings, putting their own hats and shoes on, etc. During our group time learning we have been focusing on cognitive and language skills development by teaching the Junior Kindy children about the days of the week, counting how many children there are today in the room, counting and singing songs such as "5 cheeky monkeys" and "Five little ducks", also the weather such as today is - sunny/cloudy/rainy day. And we are also encouraging children to recognise their friends' names and their names while they transition to the bathroom to wash their hands by singing "bee bee bumble bee can you say name to me". This encourages children to say their names and develop their cognitive and language development.
Just a friendly reminder about naming all items of clothing and belongings that comes to the centre and please, as the Junior Kindy room is the toilet training room, could you please pack some extra clothes and underwear so that it makes it easier for us to do toilet training.
Once again its great to see you all back again, we wish this year brings lots of happiness and success that you all deserve. As February is Valentines Day month, we would like to see everyone getting dressed in something fun on Thursday 14 February with the theme of 'with love' at the centre.
Kind regards Miss Rupa and Miss Dana.
We hope everyone had a lovely Christmas & new year, First would like to welcome our new friends and their families that have joined the room - welcome Charles, Lotus and Hunter.
As it is the beginning of the year Senior Kindy room will be focusing on getting to know our friends and new room routine. We will also be concentrating on learning the days, months, year and what the weather is. We will also be focusing on learning recognition of the letters, numbers and shapes. As well as learning recognising what our first name starts with.
Friendly reminder to parents about afternoon tea, if you wish to give your children afternoon tea please remember that they can have only pieces of fruit not jelly fruits etc., cheese, yogurt (vanilla or fruit, no chocolate ones) please. Also please do not forget to pack their sheet, hat, drink bottle and spare clothes as the children do sometimes have accidents or due to weather.
If parents also have any concerns regarding anything please feel free to come and speak to Miss Catherine.
Our first month in kindergarten was a great success. The boys and girls have done a great job of adjusting to the daily routine, we are continuing to review class room rules and procedures at group time and appropriate voice levels for indoor play, the first week of Kindy we tried to get to know each other and concentrated on Name recognition activities.
Next, we found out all about ourselves as well as our friends, we followed this up by learning about our five senses, that led us to make an x- ray picture of our bodies. The children quickly took this up to explore how we dress our bodies making collage dresses after tracing the body stencil to make their own unique lookalike.
Last week we explored the ocean setting up our own ocean world, it has been a fantastic and fun journey so far as the children are having fun and exploring literacy and numeracy in unique ways relevant to them.
We have been revising Alphabets with Jolly phonics every day, we have also been counting together as well as learning about the calendar and weather every day.
We request parents/careers to please encourage their child to bring along something to show and share with their peers as this increases the child's confidence levels. This activity uses a child's innate desire to "show and tell" to practice speaking before a group, what adults call "Public speaking".
We will be displaying a roster for show and Tell every month, please check the display wall.
We are also going to introduce our kindergarten mascot a teddy bear to the children soon and each child will get a turn to take him home to spend the weekend with Teddy and share their weekend experience with all of us.
This will also help the children in building their communication skills.


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Miss. Could Face Shortages Under 'Clean Power Plan'
Via The Clarion-Ledger:
Right now, Mississippi gets 14 percent of its electricity from coal-fired power plants. But what would happen if the state were suddenly forced to seek all of its electricity from other sources? Could Mississippi experience shortages of power during peak use, with the cost of household power jumping significantly?
That's the baffling scenario looming ahead as President Obama looks to implement strict rules on carbon emissions. Coal-powered electrical generation is now on the chopping block, thanks to a hastily assembled plan by the Environmental Protection Agency to shutter hundreds of domestic, coal-fired power plants.
What's at stake is "grid reliability," whether supply exists to meet the current, massive U.S. demand for electricity. For much of the country, the EPA's mandate is troubling because, right now, roughly 40 percent of electricity in the United States comes from coal-fired generation.
Under new regulations from the EPA, many of these plants would be effectively forced out of operation. And to date, no one is saying how that power will be otherwise produced. Wind, solar and natural gas have all been suggested, but none is capable of providing reliable and affordable electricity like coal can. Some states are able to rely on alternative sources, like wind and hydropower, but that simply isn't an option for much of the country.
The importance of coal in generating electricity was all too clearly demonstrated last winter, when coal-fired plants worked overtime to heat homes and businesses during a deep freeze. In fact, American Electric Power, a major utility company, reported that 90 percent of its coal plants slated for retirement under pending EPA rules were running at full speed just to meet peak demand.
Despite record-setting production in the Marcellus Shale and elsewhere, natural gas simply can't compensate for a shortage of coal plants. This is due in part to a lack of infrastructure to deliver gas where it's needed. But more importantly, natural gas has already been prioritized for home use, not power generation.
A recent report from PJM Interconnection, the regional power transmission group for 13 states, including Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia, concluded that without coal plants there could be insufficient electricity to meet peak winter demand.
Under the EPA's so-called "Clean Power Plan," consumers will undoubtedly pay higher electricity bills. But the more tragic problem is the possibility of widespread power outages during the coldest parts of winter.
These worrisome scenarios have so far been swept aside by the federal government. The shift away from coal is simply moving ahead with no regard for the consequences. And so, in light of the recent PJM report, the EPA's regulatory plan amounts to very reckless toying with the nation's power grid.
The truth is there's simply no way around the use of coal to help ensure affordable and reliable power in the current market. That's why state utility commissions and regulators from 22 states have sent formal comments to the EPA expressing concerns that the Clean Power Plan will jeopardize reliable and affordable electricity. That's why the U.S. needs a diversified power portfolio that includes coal to meet the nation's electricity needs.
Terry Jarrett served as a Missouri Public Service commissioner and chairman of the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners' Committee on Critical Infrastructure.
States Can "Just Say No" to the EPA's Carbon Rule, Expert Says
Separating Coal Miners from Their Jobs Is No Solution for Coal Communities

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Avoid Sepsis After Miscarriage
By Krissi Danielsson
Having a miscarriage is often a devastating event. For about 3 percent of women, the experience becomes even more distressing when tissue that was not fully expelled by the uterus leads to an infection. In the worst cases, the infection will become septic, causing what is known as a septic miscarriage or septic abortion. Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening condition, so it's critical to know the symptoms and get medical treatment as soon as possible.
Verywell / Gary Ferster
Infections are a risk after any miscarriage or non-therapeutic abortion (one that a woman chooses to undergo for non-medical reasons). Gynecological and obstetric surgeries can also put a woman at risk of infection.
When tissue from pregnancy remains in the uterus after a miscarriage or abortion, it can serve as a breeding ground for bacteria, including:
Prevotella
Bacteroides
C. trachomatis
Group B streptococci
Enterobacteriaceae
Infections with these bacteria can be progressive, meaning that they begin in the uterus and, if left untreated, can progress to the bloodstream and infect your entire system, leading to septic shock. With septic shock, the blood pressure drops dangerously low, starving the organs of their blood supply, which can ultimately result in organ failure.
You can reduce the risk of infection after a miscarriage by avoiding sexual intercourse, swimming in pools, douching, and using tampons for the amount of time recommended by your physician.
According to a report presented at the American Society of Anesthesiologists in 2012, women with congestive heart failure, liver disease, diabetes, or lupus have a higher risk of developing infections after pregnancy or a miscarriage. Women who undergo invasive procedures to treat infertility or during pregnancy may also have an increased risk of uterine infection.
Bacterial infections can spread and become septic quickly, so if you have any of the following symptoms after a miscarriage, contact your doctor immediately or go to the emergency room:
Prolonged bleeding and cramping (longer than about two weeks)
Fever over 100.4 degrees
Foul-smelling vaginal discharge
A tender uterus
Unusual drowsiness
If you have symptoms of infection after a miscarriage, your doctor will perform an ultrasound to look for retained tissue in the uterus. An MRI or CT scan can also be used for this reason. He will check your blood pressure (which drops during sepsis), your heart rate (which goes up), and your oxygen saturation levels (which decrease).
Your physician will also do blood tests that measure certain factors indicating the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. These indicators include:
A high white blood cell count
Immature white blood cells in the circulation
Elevated plasma C-reactive protein
Elevated procalcitonin (PCT)
High creatinine levels
Low platelet levels
High bilirubin levels
High lactate levels
Sometimes, women with septic miscarriage have a history of ob/gyn surgery or non-therapeutic abortion. It's important that you disclose all relevant information; remember that the vast majority of physicians are compassionate and nonjudgmental.
If your doctor confirms that you have tissue remaining in your uterus, he will perform a surgical procedure called dilation and curettage (D&C) in which the cervix is dilated and the tissue removed with a tool called a curette (or in some cases, a vacuum-like device).
What to Expect From a D&C for an Early Miscarriage
If your infection has become septic, urgent treatment is necessary and you will be sent to the hospital and monitored closely. You'll be given intravenous fluids to increase blood volume and blood pressure as well as intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics, which kill a wide variety of bacteria. Your blood will be cultured in order to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection. The bacteria can take a few days to grow in the culture medium. Once it's identified, you will be taken off the broad-spectrum antibiotics and given one that is tailored to the specific bacteria. Once your condition has stabilized, you will be sent home and will likely need to take oral antibiotics for a few days or weeks.
In rare cases, the infection in the uterus cannot be cured, and a hysterectomy is needed to save the life of the patient. In most cases, however, an infection after a miscarriage, even if it turns septic, is curable and is unlikely to affect future pregnancies.
Sepsis Alliance. Sepsis and Pregnancy & Childbirth.
After a Miscarriage: Physical Recovery. American Pregnancy Association.
D & C Procedure After a Miscarriage. American Pregnancy Association.
Tucker R, Platt M. Chapter 38. Obstetric and Gynecological Emergencies and Rape. In: Stone C, Humphries RL. eds. CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment Emergency Medicine, 7e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011.
What Does Hemorrhage Mean in Relation to a Miscarriage?
Blighted Ovum: A Non-Viable Pregnancy With No Obvious Symptoms
Causes and Treatment of Getting a UTI While Pregnant
The Fertility Controversy About Natural Killer Cells and Pregnancy Loss
When to Worry About a Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy
Physical or Emotional Challenges After a Pregnancy Loss
Bacterial and Viral Infections That Can Increase Risk of Miscarriage
Tips for Healing and Physical Recovery After a Stillbirth
When to Get Help for Your Pregnancy Stomach Pains
Will Having a Tilted Uterus Increase Your Risk of Miscarriage?
Group B Strep in Pregnancy Information and Testing Positive
Food Poisoning and Miscarriage or Stillbirth
Can Infections During Pregnancy Pose a Risk to Your Baby?
A Doctor's Use of the Term Abortion Can Lead to Misunderstandings
The Products of Conception in Relation to Pregnancy


The Minister of State for Matabeleland South, Ambassador Aaron Maboyi Ncube has urged heads of government departments, development partners and other stakeholders working in the province to deliver their responsibilities with distinction for the benefit of local citizens.
In his maiden speech at the Provincial Development Committee (PDC) meeting held in Gwanda today, Ambassador Ncube spoke extensively about the plight of rural communities in the province saying stakeholders should redouble their efforts in uplifting the people's standards of living.
The agenda of non-governmental organisations should not be questionable as their role is to compliment government efforts in promoting development, was the reminder by Ambassador Ncube.
Provincial development committee members briefed Minister Ncube about their various responsibilities and the challenges affecting their operations.
Local authorities complained that they are poorly resourced to deliver services effectively.
Other challenges faced by government departments and parastatals include high staff turnover, mobility problems, shortage of office space and accommodation facilities among others.


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Secondary becomes a primary problem for Bucs
September 7, 2014 As his team trails 17-14 to Carolina, Dashon Goldson agonizes over a missed interception in the 4th quarter. Carolina went on to win 20-14. [Jim Damaske | Times]
Rick StroudTimes staff
TAMPA — They caged the Hawk. Bucs safety Dashon Goldson was pulled off the field during some critical passing downs last week in what coach Lovie Smith called a "safety rotation." Defensive coordinator Leslie Frazier said the team just wanted to get a look at seldom-used Bradley McDougald.
Goldson, the NFL's fourth highest-paid safety at $8.250 million per year, described it as a "certain package" the team wanted to deploy. "It is what it is," Goldson said. "We've all got to play our roles. It's cool."
But teams don't typically pull a two-time Pro Bowl safety off the field, or trade a 25-year-old former first-round pick like Mark Barron to St. Louis, if the secondary is playing well.
Along with his teammates, Goldson, a k a the Hawk from his ball-hawking days with the 49ers, has failed to get the job done. Since signing a five-year, $41.25 million contract as a free agent in 2013, he has one interception in 20 games with the Bucs.
Even in the worst of Smith's nine seasons as Bears coach, his Tampa 2 scheme was defined by daredevil pass thieves. The Bears averaged 20.1 interceptions and never had fewer than 13.
The Bucs have six in nine games.
"We're playing the guys that we feel like deserve to play," Smith said. "... I'm disappointed in our takeaways in general. Sometimes, you have to look at the amount of opportunities you get. Are you dropping balls? They're not dropping a lot, but there is some."
No statistic separates winners from losers like turnover ratio. The Bucs are minus-7, 27th in the NFL. Even worse is today's opponent, the Washington Redskins, ranked 29th at minus-9.
"We definitely need to get more takeaways," Frazier said. "We were hoping after the couple we got against the Browns (on Nov. 2) we would get something going — and then we came up empty on Sunday. … We think we have good enough athletes on the back end to get some takeaways, and we're going to need to get it done on the road this week. But it's something we're working as hard as we can to get it turned."
Of course, interceptions do not begin on the back end of the defense. A majority come from putting consistent pressure on quarterbacks, which the Bucs have failed to do. Defensive tackle Gerald McCoy leads with five sacks. Michael Johnson and Clinton McDonald each have two. Last week, McCoy grew tired of double-teams, particularly when Falcons quarterback Matt Ryan stepped up with ease.
"Gerald is getting a lot of protections sliding to him and centers coming to him and that creates opportunities for other guys, and we need to take advantage of it," Frazier said. "Our guys know that and we've got to find that person that can do that. Hopefully this week we'll get Michael (Johnson) back and he'll get those opportunities, but if not that, it means other guys would have to step up. … It puts a lot of stress on our secondary when we don't."
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The Bucs secondary has just three interceptions. Johnthan Banks has two and fellow cornerback Alterraun Verner has one. This from a franchise that since 2012 has parted with Aqib Talib, Darrelle Revis, Eric Wright and Barron.
Now Frazier is putting some hope in McDougald, a second-year pro from Kansas who was undrafted and plucked off waivers from the Chiefs last season.
"He can play down low but he also can be flexed out and cover tight ends," Frazier said. "We had a couple of occasions on Sunday where we actually matched him up on their receivers when they went four wide receivers and he handled himself well. He's got some flexibility, not just being a run stopper but having some man coverage abilities as well. He's not a one-dimensional guy."
The foundation for Smith's defense always has been built on takeaways. His Bears teams averaged 34 per season and had 29 with his inaugural club in 2004 that went 5-11. The Bucs are on pace for 21.
That's why there have been so many changes. All but $3 million of the $22 million in guarantees given Goldson will have been paid by 2015.
The Hawk and his teammates have seven games left to prove they can make this defensive plan fly.
Up next:When it comes to Koenen, Bucs may just punt
Rick Stroud
Bucs Reporter
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I'm happy to announce the CSE Programming Contest that I am organising together with my colleagues Sudha Cheerkoot-Jalim, Anwar Chutoo and Pascal Grosset.
Please get the official announcement then fill in the registration form and return it to us by this Friday.
The registration is open to any undergraduate student from the University of Mauritius (including non-CSE students) but we will have to choose (using some magic formula) 40 students to participate in the contest on the 11th of October 2006 at 14:00 as our biggest lab (the MCID Lab) can only accomodate that number of students.
Please note that each of the 40 selected will have a Kubuntu Linux PC with ISO C/C++ and Java 5.0 compilers. Eclipse (with CDT) will also be installed but, of course, one can also use vi or emacs or kate (etc.) and the command line.
lol… this gonna make our life harder !
no cigarette? no caffeine? no coke???
how abt giving the winner a laptop???
Hmm.. it's been such a time since i wanted to test my leet C++ skillz ..winning or no winning, the best thing is that.. this is just GREAT.
Yo thatz GR8 newz!! Herez sumfin nice happening @ uom! huh, gng 2 India is ok, bt wot abt the prizes? One notebook?? haha!
Its good to hear the cse dept is organising smething superb… :) ..
will we have access to the net during the competition?
or atleast access to reference manuals of java/c/c++??
i think ACM does provides this atleast..
You will have access to Sun's Java 1.5 documentation (including the whole API) and also SGI's STL doc.
I've not decided yet for the Internet.
By the way, 24 students have registered!
well i thought the students would have been more enthusiastic..
anyways, i suppose many 1st and 2nd year students might not have applied since perhaps some of them think that solving the problems will b out of their reach..
i think such contest should b organised regularly, not only for the ACM programming Contest, and perhaps, if there was different levels, for eg for year 1 or year 2 or year 3 students, this wouldve attracted more students..
But then, with the limited logistics and money that we have at UoM, it might be tough to organise many such events instead of only one.
Actually, there is something else that I've been thinking of lately. What about students programming collaboratively i.e. as in open source.
For example, what if I give you a big program to write, so big (or complex or both) that it can only be done if ALL students participate. Imaging using SVN (Subversion) for versioning, something like Junit for automated testing and having to set up a Wiki (for example) to ease communication.
Imaging using that new skill to actually start contributing to existing open source software.
actually i've been thinking of smtg similar while i was doing my Software Engineering module last year. what could be better, than really working on a big project where we would be having the whole class working on one same projet and the class would be divided into small groups, where as in a real company, each group would be affected to developping some part of the program.
still as u mentionned, ALL the students need to participate for it to b effective..and that would also help them see a bit more that wht they learn in class..
Only 24, Faculty of Engineering is so big. many students are in Year 3 both CSE and IS. MAy b about more than 75 in IS. I imagine what's the problem about participating in the contest. Pas pou capave aprane par coeur ou parski pa pou ena copy paste.
Or is the contest trop facile pou zote.
In that case they are bane mari top.
Thanks meet them in organisation Cybercité plitard.
Franc Franc. competition la pa ti facile. (Mr Meetoo ti dir sa).
Mais bane seki ine participer in gagne ene bon lexperience. Maziné bane seki content programming quine ronfler coume sa pendant 2 heure temps. Alor bane seki pa content sa ditous la alor qui zote penser.
Pou moi personelement mo ti a content experience sa encore ene lote coup avant mo quite l'uni. Mo espere qui Mr Meetoo pou organise sa pli souvent, esperé li pa blié) Of course. Mo ti a prefere qui prepare bane zeleve pou cpave faire face sa bane type question la. Letemp joué mari boucou la dans.
Mo ti a content trouve bane seki aprane par coeur la participe dan competition ene coup.
Mo daccord mone bloké mais l'importance c de participer.
En esperant trouve bane Computer Scientist qui aprane par coeur ene lote foi.
question to avinash : did any student actually manage to finish more than 1 question in the alloted time?
We'll work on the evaluating your performance in the following days. And we are in the process of organising a prize-giving ceremony but nothing has been confirmed yet.
Hmm.. am eager to see who managed to be in the top 3.
yeah ..btw did anyone managed to finish more than question1? I also failed.. i managed to work question one.. but i didn't have time to output the results to a text file (forgot ios::app and instead was saying why isn't ios::end working ) hahaha now i know what i need to learn.
btw.. contest was SUPERB.. hope it'll be held more and more.
i attempted only one..and failed in so doing..
Aahh..great.. i'll wait for the next contest then.. the next time we sure are gonna own the base.. what do you say csyke & sundeep :p ?
I was freaked to see I missed it all..really to see 6 Oct..damn..duh..but that was a year ago..
i think it should not be harder than the international ACM Programming contest. So it should be tricky but not too difficult.
In fact, we gave relatively simple problems to solve to the students.


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Ecuador vs Senegal: Predictions, tips & betting odds
Phil Kitromilides
La Tri have looked impressive in the tournament so far and should be backed to record a victory in their final game of the group stages
Ecuador face Senegal on Tuesday afternoon in the final match in Group A in what is a winner takes all contest.
Three points for either team would guarantee their place in the knockout stages of the World Cup, while Ecuador would also qualify for the last 16 if they were to claim a draw.
Ecuador vs Senegal latest odds
The South American side are slight favourites at 11/8 (2.37) with bet365 and Gustavo Alfaro's side have been impressive so far, beating Qatar and drawing with the Netherlands.
Senegal meanwhile kept their hopes of qualification alive with a 3-1 win over Qatar and are offered at 9/4 (3.25) with the draw priced at 11/5 (3.20).
Ecuador vs Senegal first goal scorer odds
Enner Valencia has scored each of Ecuador's last six goals at the World Cup and the former West Ham forward can be backed at 5/1 (6.00) to break the deadlock.
Valencia's strike partner Michael Estrada is offered at 13/2 (7.50) while Boulaye Dia who scored the first goal in Senegal's win over Qatar is offered at 7/1 (8.00).
Ecuador vs Senegal preview
Ecuador's skilful and energetic style of play has been pleasing to watch and the South Americans could easily have beaten Netherlands in their second match.
They will be confident of keep their scoring form going and will surely be afforded chances by a haphazard Senegal side.
Gustavo Alfaro's team have plenty of attacking threats and wide players such as Valladolid's Gonzalo Plata and Brighton's Pervis Estupinan have caused opponents plenty of problems.
There should be plenty of interest in backing an Ecuadorian win and in the CONCACAF World Cup qualifying tournament, only Brazil scored more goals than La Tri.
Ecuador vs Senegal tips and predictions
Ecuador are offered at 13/8 (2.62) to score over 1.5 goals which seems like an excellent option, while backing them to win should also appeal.
Odds correct at the time of writing. Please gamble responsibly.


Aug. 10--The cyclospora outbreak related to McDonald's salads continues to spread, according to Thursday's updates from the FDA and the CDC. And the problem traces back to romaine lettuce and carrots.
-- There are 436 people sickened in 15 states, 20 of which have been hospitalized. No deaths have been reported.
-- All but four people live in the so-called Heartland with McDonald's corporate home state of Illinois having 219. A Florida resident bought a salad while in Kentucky. Connecticut, Tennessee and Virginia residents bought salads while in Illinois.
-- The Food & Drug Administration says it's "reviewing distribution and supplier information for romaine and carrots" after the problem traces back to Fresh Express romaine lettuce and carrot mix packages sent to McDonald's. After stopping selling salads at 3,000 stores in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Missouri, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana and West Virginia, McDonald's has switched suppliers and resumed salad sales at those stores.
-- This touches some pre-made salads sold at Trader Joe's, Kroger and Walgreens, among other stores. According to the Centers for Disease Control, "Romaine lettuce from the same lot that was positive for cyclospora was distributed in pre-made salads and wraps distributed by Caito Foods LLC of Indianapolis." Which is why there was a public health alert issued by the USDA's Food and Safety Inspection Service last week about a slew of Caito Foods-produced beef, poultry and pork salad and wrap products with best by, enjoy by, best if sold by or sell by dates from July 18 throgh July 23.
-- Though this involves romaine lettuce and cyclospora, everybody claims it's not related to any other outbreaks. The FDA and CDC say it's not related to the concurrent Del Monte vegetable tray cyclospora outbreak hitting some of the same states. The CDC says Fresh Express claims the tainted lettuce wasn't used in bags of romaine lettuce sold at retail. Consumers are just getting back to buying romaine lettuce again after the E. coli romaine lettuce outbreak in the spring.
-- Cyclospora is a parasite that can cause cyclosporaisis. People get it through infected water or food, the CDC says, and usually become sick with a week. The health organization describes the symptoms as usually causing "watery diarrhea, with frequent, sometimes explosive, bowel movements. Other common symptoms include loss of appetite, weight loss, stomach cramps/pain, bloating, increased gas, nausea, and fatigue. Vomiting, body aches, headache, fever, and other flu-like symptoms may be noted."
Or, you can be infected, but symptom-free.


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How Holograms Work
by Tracy V. Wilson
Browse the article How Holograms Work
If you tear a hologram in half, you can still see the whole image in each piece. The same is true with smaller and smaller pieces.
If you want to see a hologram, you don't have to look much farther than your wallet. There are holograms on most driver's licenses, ID cards and credit cards. If you're not old enough to drive or use credit, you can still find holograms around your home. They're part of CD, DVD and software packaging, as well as just about everything sold as "official merchandise."
Unfortunately, these holograms -- which exist to make forgery more difficult -- aren't very impressive. You can see changes in colors and shapes when you move them back and forth, but they usually just look like sparkly pictures or smears of color. Even the mass-produced holograms that feature movie and comic book heroes can look more like green photographs than amazing 3-D images.
On the other hand, large-scale holograms, illuminated with lasers or displayed in a darkened room with carefully directed lighting, are incredible. They're two-dimensional surfaces that show absolutely precise, three-dimensional images of real objects. You don't even have to wear special glasses or look through a View-Master to see the images in 3-D.
If you look at these holograms from different angles, you see objects from different perspectives, just like you would if you were looking at a real object. Some holograms even appear to move as you walk past them and look at them from different angles. Others change colors or include views of completely different objects, depending on how you look at them.
Holograms have other surprising traits as well. If you cut one in half, each half contains whole views of the entire holographic image. The same is true if you cut out a small piece -- even a tiny fragment will still contain the whole picture. On top of that, if you make a hologram of a magnifying glass, the holographic version will magnify the other objects in the hologram, just like a real one.
Once you know the principles behind holograms, understanding how they can do all this is easy. This article will explain how a hologram, light and your brain work together make clear, 3-D images. All of a hologram's properties come directly from the process used to create it, so we'll start with an overview of what it takes to make one.
Special thanks to Dr. Chuck Bennett, Professor of Physics at the University of North Carolina at Asheville, for his assistance with this article.
Making a Hologram
It doesn't take very many tools to make a hologram. You can make one with:
A laser: Red lasers, usually helium-neon (HeNe) lasers, are common in holography. Some home holography experiments rely on the diodes from red laser pointers, but the light from a laser pointer tends to be less coherent and less stable, which can make it hard to get a good image. Some types of holograms use lasers that produce different colors of light as well. Depending on the type of laser you're using, you may also need a shutter to control the exposure.
Lenses: Holography is often referred to as "lensless photography," but holography does require lenses. However, a camera's lens focuses light, while the lenses used in holography cause the beam to spread out.
A beam splitter: This is a device that uses mirrors and prisms to split one beam of light into two beams.
Mirrors: These direct the beams of light to the correct locations. Along with the lenses and beam splitter, the mirrors have to be absolutely clean. Dirt and smudges can degrade the final image.
Holographic film: Holographic film can record light at a very high resolution, which is necessary for creating a hologram. It's a layer of light-sensitive compounds on a transparent surface, like photographic film. The difference between holographic and photographic film is that holographic film has to be able to record very small changes in light that take place over microscopic distances. In other words, it needs to have a very fine grain. In some cases, holograms that use a red laser rely on emulsions that respond most strongly to red light.
There are lots of different ways to arrange these tools -- we'll stick to a basic transmission hologram setup for now.
The laser points at the beam splitter, which divides the beam of light into two parts.
Mirrors direct the paths of these two beams so that they hit their intended targets.
Each of the two beams passes through a diverging lens and becomes a wide swath of light rather than a narrow beam.
One beam, the object beam, reflects off of the object and onto the photographic emulsion.
The other beam, the reference beam, hits the emulsion without reflecting off of anything other than a mirror.
In the next section we'll look at workspace requirements.
Transmission and Reflection
There are two basic categories of holograms -- transmission and reflection. Transmission holograms create a 3-D image when monochromatic light, or light that is all one wavelength, travels through them. Reflection holograms create a 3-D image when laser light or white light reflects off of their surface. For the sake of simplicity, this article discusses transmission holograms viewed with the help of a laser except where noted.
Workspace Requirements
You can create your own holography table using inner tubes and sand to dampen vibration.
Getting a good image requires a suitable work space. In some ways, the requirements for this space are more stringent than the requirements for your equipment. The darker the room is, the better. A good option for adding a little light to the room without affecting the finished hologram is a safelight, like the ones used in darkrooms. Since darkroom safelights are often red and holography often uses red light, there are green and blue-green safelights made specifically for holography.
Holography also requires a working surface that can keep the equipment absolutely still -- it can't vibrate when you walk across the room or when cars drive by outside. Holography labs and professional studios often use specially designed tables that have honeycomb-shaped support layers resting on pneumatic legs. These are under the table's top surface, and they dampen vibration. You can make your own holography table by placing inflated inner tubes on a low table, then placing a box full of a thick layer of sand on top of it. The sand and the inner tubes will play the role of the professional table's honeycombs and pneumatic supports. If you don't have enough space for such a large table, you can improvise using cups of sand or sugar to hold each piece of equipment, but these won't be as steady as a larger setup.
To make clear holograms, you need to reduce vibration in the air as well. Heating and air conditioning systems can blow the air around, and so can the movement of your body, your breath and even the dissipation of your body heat. For these reasons, you'll need to turn the heating and cooling system off and wait for a few minutes after setting up your equipment to make the hologram.
These precautions sound a little like photography advice taken to the extreme -- when you take pictures with a camera, you have to keep your lens clean, control light levels and hold the camera absolutely still. This is because making a hologram is a lot like taking a picture with a microscopic level of detail. We'll look at how holograms are like photographs in the next section.
Holograms and Photographs
In photography, light passes through a lens and a shutter before hitting a piece of film or a light-sensitive sensor.
When you take a picture with a film camera, four basic steps happen in an instant:
A shutter opens.
Light passes through a lens and hits the photographic emulsion on a piece of film.
A light-sensitive compound called silver halide reacts with the light, recording its amplitude, or intensity, as it reflects off of the scene in front of you.
The shutter closes.
You can make lots of changes to this process, like how far the shutter opens, how much the lens magnifies the scene and how much extra light you add to the mix. But no matter what changes you make, the four basic steps are still the same. In addition, regardless of changes to the setup, the resulting picture is still simply a recording of the intensity of reflected light. When you develop the film and make a print of the picture, your eyes and brain interpret the light that reflects from the picture as a representation of the original image. You can learn more about the process in How Vision Works, How Cameras Work and How Film Works.
Like photographs, holograms are recordings of reflected light. Making them requires steps that are similar to what it takes to make a photograph:
A shutter opens or moves out of the path of a laser. (In some setups, a pulsed laser fires a single pulse of light, eliminating the need for a shutter.)
The light from the object beam reflects off of an object. The light from the reference beam bypasses the object entirely.
The light from both beams comes into contact with the photographic emulsion, where light-sensitive compounds react to it.
The shutter closes, blocking the light.
In holography, light passes through a shutter and lenses before striking a light-sensitive piece of holographic film.
Just like with a photograph, the result of this process is a piece of film that has recorded the incoming light. However, when you develop the holographic plate and look at it, what you see is a little unusual. Developed film from a camera shows you a negative view of the original scene -- areas that were light are dark, and vice versa. When you look at the negative, you can still get a sense of what the original scene looked like.
But when you look at a developed piece of film used to make a hologram, you don't see anything that looks like the original scene. Instead, you might see a dark frame of film or a random pattern of lines and swirls. Turning this frame of film into an image requires the right illumination. In a transmission hologram, monochromatic light shines through the hologram to make an image. In a reflection hologram, monochromatic or white light reflects off of the surface of the hologram to make an image. Your eyes and brain interpret the light shining through or reflecting off of the hologram as a representation of a three-dimensional object. The holograms you see on credit cards and stickers are reflection holograms.
You need the right light source to see a hologram because it records the light's phase and amplitude like a code. Rather than recording a simple pattern of reflected light from a scene, it records the interference between the reference beam and the object beam. It does this as a pattern of tiny interference fringes. Each fringe can be smaller than one wavelength of the light used to create them. Decoding these interference fringes requires a key -- that key is the right kind of light.
Next, we'll explore exactly how light makes interference fringes.
Holograms and Light
Light reflection can be specular, mirror-like (left), diffuse or scattered.
To understand how interference fringes form on film, you need to know a little bit about light. Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum -- it's made of high-frequency electrical and magnetic waves. These waves are fairly complex, but you can imagine them as similar to waves on water. They have peaks and troughs, and they travel in a straight line until they encounter an obstacle. Obstacles can absorb or reflect light, and most objects do some of both. Reflections from completely smooth surfaces are specular, or mirror-like, while reflections from rough surfaces are diffuse, or scattered.
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The wavelength of light is the distance from one peak of the wave to the next. This relates to the wave's frequency, or the number of waves that pass a point in a given period of time. The frequency of light determines its color and is measured in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz). Colors at the red end of the spectrum have lower frequencies, while colors at the violet end of the spectrum have higher frequencies. Light's amplitude, or the height of the waves, corresponds to its intensity.
White light, like sunlight, contains all of the different frequencies of light traveling in all directions, including ones that are beyond the visible spectrum. Although this light allows you to see everything around you, it's relatively chaotic. It contains lots of different wavelengths traveling in lots of different directions. Even waves of the same wavelength can be in a different phase, or alignment between the peaks and troughs.
Laser light, on the other hand, is orderly. Lasers produce monochromatic light -- it has one wavelength and one color. The light that emerges from a laser is also coherent. All of the peaks and troughs of the waves are lined up, or in phase. The waves line up spatially, or across the wave of the beam, as well as temporally, or along the length of the beam. You can check out How Lasers Work to see precisely how a laser does this.
In the next section we'll look at light reflection and redundancy.
Light Reflection
When light waves reflect, they follow the law of reflection. The angle at which they strike the surface is the same as the angle at which they leave it.
You can make and view a photograph using unorganized white light, but to make a hologram, you need the organized light of a laser. This is because photographs record only the amplitude of the light that hits the film, while holograms record differences in both amplitude and the phase. In order for the film to record these differences, the light has to start out with one wavelength and one phase across the entire beam. All the waves have to be identical when they leave the laser.
Here's what happens when you turn on a laser to expose a holographic plate:
A column of light leaves the laser and passes through the beam splitter.
The two columns reflect off of their respective mirrors and pass through their respective diverging lenses.
The object reflects off of the object and combines with the reference beam at the holographic film.
There are a couple of things to keep in mind about the object beam. One is that the object is not 100 percent reflective -- it absorbs some of the laser light that reaches it, changing the intensity of the object wave. The darker portions of the object absorb more light, and the lighter portions absorb less light.
On top of that, the surface of the object is rough on a microscopic level, even if it looks smooth to the human eye, so it causes a diffuse reflection. It scatters light in every direction following the law of reflection. In other words, the angle of incidence, or the angle at which the light hits the surface, is the same as its angle of reflection, or the light at which it leaves the surface. This diffuse reflection causes light reflected from every part of the object to reach every part of the holographic plate. This is why a hologram is redundant -- each portion of the plate holds information about each portion of the object.
The holographic plate captures the interaction between the object and reference beams. We'll look at how this happens next.
If you tore a hologram of a mask in half, you could still see the whole mask in each half. But by removing half of the hologram, you also remove half of the information required to recreate the scene. For this reason, the resolution of the image you see in half a hologram isn't as good. In addition, the holographic plate doesn't get information about areas that are out of its line of sight, or physically blocked by the surface of the object.
Capturing the Fringes
The light-sensitive emulsion used to create holograms makes a record of the interference between the light waves in the reference and object beams. When two wave peaks meet, they amplify each other. This is constructive interference. When a peak meets a trough, they cancel one another out. This is destructive interference. You can think of the peak of a wave as a positive number and the trough as a negative number. At every point at which the two beams intersect, these two numbers add up, either flattening or amplifying that portion of the wave.
This a lot like what happens when you transmit information using radio waves. In amplitude modulation (AM) radio transmissions, you combine a sine wave with a wave of varying amplitudes. In frequency modulation (FM) radio transmissions, you combine a sine wave with a wave of varying frequencies. Either way, the sine wave is the carrier wave that is overlaid with a second wave that carries the information.
You can visualize the interaction of light waves [b]by imagining waves on water.
In a hologram, the two intersecting light wave fronts form a pattern of hyperboloids -- three-dimensional shapes that look like hyperbolas rotated around one or more focal points. You can read more about hyperboloidal shapes at Wolfram MathWorld.
The holographic plate, resting where the two wave fronts collide, captures a cross-section, or a thin slice, of these three-dimensional shapes. If this sounds confusing, just imagine looking through the side of a clear aquarium full of water. If you drop two stones into the water at opposite ends of the aquarium, waves will spread toward the center in concentric rings. When the waves collide, they will constructively and destructively interfere with each other. If you took a picture of this aquarium and covered up all but a thin slice in the middle, what you'd see is a cross-section of the interference between two sets of waves in one specific location.
The light that reaches the holographic emulsion is just like the waves in the aquarium. It has peaks and troughs, and some of the waves are taller while others are shorter. The silver halide in the emulsion responds to these light waves just like it responds to light waves in an ordinary photograph. When you develop the emulsion, parts of the emulsion that receive more intense light get darker, while those that receive less intense light stay a little lighter. These darker and lighter areas become the interference fringes.
In the next section we'll look at the emulsion bleaching process.
Bleaching the Emulsion
The amplitude of the waves corresponds to the contrast between the fringes. The wavelength of the waves translates to the shape of each fringe. Both the spatial coherence and the contrast are a direct result of the laser beam's reflection off of the object.
Turning these fringes back into images requires light. The trouble is that all the tiny, overlapping interference fringes can make the hologram so dark that it absorbs most of the light, letting very little pass through for image reconstruction. For this reason, processing holographic emulsion often requires bleaching using a bleach bath. Another alternative is to use a light-sensitive substance other than silver halide, such as dichromated gelatin, to record the interference fringes.
Once a hologram is bleached, it is clear instead of dark. Its interference fringes still exist, but they have a different index of refraction rather than a darker color. The index of refraction is the difference between how fast light travels through a medium and how fast it travels through a vacuum. For example, the speed of a wave of light can change as it travels through air, water, glass, different gasses and different types of film. Sometimes, this produces visible distortions, like the apparent bending of a spoon placed in a half-full glass of water. Differences in the index of refraction also cause rainbows on soap bubbles and on oil stains in parking lots. In a bleached hologram, variations in the index of refraction change how the light waves travel through and reflect off of the interference fringes.
These fringes are like a code. It takes your eyes, your brain and the right kind of light to decode them into an image. We'll look at how this happens in the next section.
Holographic Magnifying Glass
If you make a hologram of a scene that includes a magnifying glass, the light from the object beam passes through the glass on its way to the emulsion. The magnifying glass spreads out the laser light, just like it would with ordinary light. This spread-out light is what forms part of the interference pattern on the emulsion.
You can also use the holographic process to magnify images by positioning the object farther from the holographic plate. The light waves reflected off of the object can spread out farther before they reach the plate. You can magnify a displayed hologram by using a laser with a longer wavelength to illuminate it.
Decoding the Fringes
In a transmission hologram, the light illuminating the hologram comes from the side opposite the observer.
The microscopic interference fringes on a hologram don't mean much to the human eye. In fact, since the overlapping fringes are both dark and microscopic, all you're likely to see if you look at the developed film of a transmission hologram is a dark square. But that changes when monochrome light passes through it. Suddenly, you see a 3-D image in the same spot where the object was when the hologram was made.
A lot of events take place at the same time to allow this to happen. First, the light passes through a diverging lens, which causes monochromatic light -- or light that consists of one wavelength color -- to hit every part of the hologram simultaneously. Since the hologram is transparent, it transmits a lot of this light, which passes through unchanged.
Regardless of whether they are dark or clear, the interference fringes reflect some of the light. This is where things get interesting. Each interference fringe is like a curved, microscopic mirror. Light that hits it follows the law of reflection, just like it did when it bounced off the object to create the hologram in the first place. Its angle of incidence equals its angle of reflection, and the light begins to travel in lots of different directions.
The interference fringes in a hologram cause light to scatter in all directions, creating an image in the process. The fringes diffract and reflect some of the light (inset), and some of the light passes through unchanged.
But that's only part of the process. When light passes around an obstacle or through a slit, it undergoes diffraction, or spreads out. The more a beam of light spreads out from its original path, the dimmer it becomes along the edges. You can see what this looks like using an aquarium with a slotted panel placed across its width. If you drop a pebble into one end of the aquarium, waves will spread toward the panel in concentric rings. Only a little piece of each ring will make it through each gap in the panel. Each of those little pieces will go on spreading on the other side.
This process is a direct result of the light traveling as a wave -- when a wave moves past an obstacle or through a slit, its wave front expands on the other side. There are so many slits among the interference fringes of a hologram that it acts like a diffraction grating, causing lots of intersecting wave fronts to appear in a very small space.
Recreating the Object Beam
The diffraction grating and reflective surfaces inside the hologram recreate the original object beam. This beam is absolutely identical to the original object beam before it was combined with the reference wave. This is what happens when you listen to the radio. Your radio receiver removes the sine wave that carried the amplitude- or frequency-modulated information. The wave of information returns to its original state, before it was combined with the sine wave for transmission.
The beam also travels in the same direction as the original object beam, spreading out as it goes. Since the object was on the other side of the holographic plate, the beam travels toward you. Your eyes focus this light, and your brain interprets it as a three-dimensional image located behind the transparent hologram. This may sound far-fetched, but you encounter this phenomenon every day. Every time you look in a mirror, you see yourself and the surroundings behind you as though they were on the other side of the mirror's surface. But the light rays that make this image aren't on the other side of the mirror -- they're the ones that bounce off of the mirror's surface and reach your eyes. Most holograms also act like color filters, so you see the object as the same color as the laser used in its creation rather than its natural color.
This virtual image comes from the light that hits the interference fringes and spreads out on the way to your eyes. However, light that hits the reverse side of each fringe does the opposite. Instead of moving upward and diverging, it moves downward and converges. It turns into a focused reproduction of the object -- a real image that you can see if you put a screen in its path. The real image is pseudoscopic, or flipped back to front -- it's the opposite of the virtual image that you can see without the aid of a screen. With the right illumination, holograms can display both images at the same time. However, in some cases, whether you see the real or the virtual image depends on what side of the hologram is facing you.
Your brain plays a big role in your perception of both of these images. When your eyes detect the light from the virtual image, your brain interprets it as a beam of light reflected from a real object. Your brain uses multiple cues, including, shadows, the relative positions of different objects, distances and parallax, or differences in angles, to interpret this scene correctly. It uses these same cues to interpret the pseudoscopic real image.
This description applies to transmission holograms made with silver halide emulsion. Next, we'll look at some other types of holograms.
Holography and Mathematics
You can describe all of the interactions between the object and reference beams, as well as the shapes of the interference fringes, using mathematical equations. This makes it possible to program a computer to print a pattern onto a holographic plate, creating a hologram of an object that doesn't actually exist.
Other Hologram Types
The holograms found on credit cards and other everyday objects are mass-produced by stamping the pattern of the hologram onto the foil.
Image courtesy Dreamstime
The holograms you can buy as novelties or see on your driver's license are reflection holograms. These are usually mass-produced using a stamping method. When you develop a holographic emulsion, the surface of the emulsion collapses as the silver halide grains are reduced to pure silver. This changes the texture of the emulsion's surface. One method of mass-producing holograms is coating this surface in metal to strengthen it, then using it to stamp the interference pattern into metallic foil. A lot of the time, you can view these holograms in normal white light. You can also mass-produce holograms by printing them from a master hologram, similar to the way you can create lots of photographic prints from the same negative.
But reflection holograms can also be as elaborate as the transmission holograms we already discussed. There are lots of object and laser setups that can produce these types of holograms. A common one is an inline setup, with the laser, the emulsion and the object all in one line. The beam from the laser starts out as the reference beam. It passes through the emulsion, bounces off the object on the other side, and returns to the emulsion as the object beam, creating an interference pattern. You view this hologram when white or monochrome light reflects off of its surface. You're still seeing a virtual image -- your brain's interpretation of light waves that seem to be coming from a real object on the other side of the hologram.
Reflection holograms are often thicker than transmission holograms. There is more physical space for recording interference fringes. This also means that there are more layers of reflective surfaces for the light to hit. You can think of holograms that are made this way as having multiple layers that are only about half a wavelength deep. When light enters the first layer, some of it reflects back toward the light source, and some continues to the next layer, where the process repeats. The light from each layer interferes with the light in the layers above it. This is known as the Bragg effect, and it's a necessary part of the reconstruction of the object beam in reflection holograms. In addition, holograms with a strong Bragg effect are known as thick holograms, while those with little Bragg effect are thin.
The Bragg effect can also change the way the hologram reflects light, especially in holograms that you can view in white light. At different viewing angles, the Bragg effect can be different for different wavelengths of light. This means that you might see the hologram as one color from one angle and another color from another angle. The Bragg effect is also one of the reasons why most novelty holograms appear green even though they were created with a red laser.
The famous hologram "The Kiss" shows a sequence of similar, stationary images. Your eye sees many frames simultaneously, and your brain interprets them as moving images.
Image © 1996-2007 Holophile, Inc.
In movies, holograms can appear to move and recreate entire animated scenes in midair, but today's holograms can only mimic movement. You can get the illusion of movement by exposing one holographic emulsion multiple times at different angles using objects in different positions. The hologram only creates each image when light strikes it from the right angle. When you view this hologram from different angles, your brain interprets the differences in the images as movement. It's like you're viewing a holographic flip book. You can also use a pulsed laser that fires for a minute fraction of a second to make still holograms of objects in motion.
Multiple exposures of the same plate can lead to other effects as well. You can expose the plate from two angles using two completely different images, creating one hologram that displays different images depending on viewing angle. Exposing the same plate using the exact same scene and red, green and blue lasers can create a full-color hologram. This process is tricky, though, and it's not usually used for mass-produced holograms. You can also expose the same scene before and after the subject has experienced some kind of stimulus, like a gust of wind or a vibration. This lets researchers see exactly how the stimulus changed the object.
Using lasers to make three-dimensional images of objects may sound like a novelty or a form of art. But holograms have an increasing number of practical uses. Scientists can use holograms to study objects in three dimensions, and they can use acoustical holography to create three-dimensional reconstructions of sound waves. Holographic memory has also become an increasingly common method of storing large amounts of data in a very small space. Some researchers even believe that the human brain stores information in a manner that is much like a hologram. Although holograms don't currently move like they do in the movies, researchers are studying ways to project fully 3-D holograms into visible air. In the future, you may be able to use holograms to do everything from watching TV to deciding which hair style will look best on you.
To learn more about holograms, follow the links on the next page.
The First Hologram
Dennis Gabor invented holograms in 1947. He was attempting to find a method for improving the resolution of electron microscopes. However, lasers, which are necessary for creating and displaying good holograms, were not invented until 1960. Gabor used a mercury vapor lamp, which produced monochrome blue light, and filters make his light more coherent. Gabor won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his invention in 1971.
How Light Works
How Holographic Memory Will Work
How Holographic Versatile Discs Work
How Cameras Work
How Film Works
How Vision Works
More Great Links
HoloWorld
MIT Media Lab: Holographic Video
Holographer.org
Encyclopedia Britannica. "Holography." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. (4/9/2007)
Gargaro, Paul. "A New Dimension in Research." Michigan Engineering. (4/9/2007) http://www.engin.umich.edu/alumni/engineer/03FW/ research/holography/
Goodman, Joseph W., et. al. "Holography." AccessScience@McGraw-Hill. 5/13/2002. (4/9/2007)
Graham, Marty. "Fake Holograms a 3-D Crime Wave." Wired. 2/7/2007. (4/9/2007) http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/02/72664#
Hariharan, P. "Basics of Holography." Cambridge Press. 2002.
Heckman, Philip. The Magic of Holography. Atheneum. 1986.
Holophile. "Holography." (4/9/2007) http://www.holophile.com/html/about.htm
Kasper, Joseph E. and Steven A. Feller. "The Complete Book of Holograms." John Wiley & Sons. 1987.
Keats, Jonathan. "The Holographic Television." Popular Science. (4/9/2007) http://www.popsci.com/popsci/whatsnew/ 569f0e0796b84010vgnvcm1000004eecbccdrcrd.html
Krakow, Gary. "How to Make Holograms at Home." MSNBC. 5/6/2005 (4/9/2007) http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7759505/
Outwater, Christopher and Van Hamersveld. "Practical Holography." Dimensional Arts. (4/9/2007) http://www.holo.com/holo/book/book1.html
University of Georgia. "Holography." HyperPhysics. (4/9/2007) Williams, Earl. "Acoustical Holography." AccessScience@McGraw-Hill. 5/8/2002. (4/9/2007)


Obstetrics and Gynecology (often abbreviated to OB/GYN, OBG, O&G or Obs & Gynae) is the medical specialty that deals with obstetrics and gynecology. The postgraduate training program for both aspects is unified. This combined training prepares the practicing OB/GYN to be adept at the care of female reproductive organs\' health and at the management of pregnancy.


WELCOME TO MY MONEY MISSION ONLINE: SUPER SENSATIONAL SATURDAY!!
It's Super Sensational Saturday time, and to kick it off with a bang, I have a great post from Nicole over at nicoles nickels. It is about magazines that have hidden coupons in them. These are magazines that usually do not have great coupons, so I was pleasantly surprised to realize that I have one of them just sitting on my "magazine stash" that I haven't even looked through yet!
BIG SUPER SENSATIONAL SATURDAY THANKS TO NICOLE AND BRANDIE!!
Love your blog and it's theme. Will keep watch for your new posts. Thanks for visiting my food blog and leaving your nice comments.


Catalyzes the concomitant phosphorylation of a threonine and a tyrosine residue in a Thr-Glu-Tyr sequence located in MAP kinases. Activates the ERK1 and ERK2 MAP kinases. Interacts with MORG1 (By similarity). Interacts with SGK1 (PubMed:19447520). Interacts with KSR1 (PubMed:10409742).
UniProt: MAP2K2 is active in the following subcellular-locations: cytoplasm, membrane.
GO terms: MAP2K2 is active in the following subcellular-locations: cell-cell junction, cytoplasm, cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane, cytosol, early endosome, endoplasmic reticulum, extracellular region, focal adhesion, Golgi apparatus, late endosome, microtubule, mitochondrion, nucleus, perinuclear region of cytoplasm, peroxisomal membrane.


If, like me, you can't get enough of the Star Trek: The Next Generation remastered stuff, here's a trailer of the Season 2 Theater event that will whet your appetite.
In case you missed it, the Season 2 theater event will feature the screening of Q Who, and The Measure of a Man. You can find out if there is a theater showing the event near you here.


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Posted in | Materials Research | Design and Innovation
Princeton Researchers Develop Scalable New Microchip for Data Centers
Written by AZoMAug 24 2016
This is an annotated CAD tool layout of the Princeton Piton Processor showing 25 cores. (Credit: Princeton University)
A team of researchers from Princeton University have developed a new computer chip that has the potential to increase performance of data centers that form the heart of online services, from email to social media.
Data centers can be defined as large warehouses filled with computer servers. They enable cloud-based services, such as Facebook and Gmail, and store the voluminous content available via the Internet.
It is amazing that the computer chips at the core of the largest servers that route and process data rarely differ much from the chips found in smaller servers or daily use personal computers.
The Princeton team state that by designing their chip exclusively for large computing systems, they can significantly increase the processing speed while cutting energy requirements.
The design of the chip is scalable - meaning that they can be transformed to go from 12 processing units (called cores) to several thousand. Also, their structure enables numerous chips to be linked together into one system holding millions of cores.
Termed Piton, after the metal spikes used by rock climbers to help them climb mountainsides.
With Piton, we really sat down and rethought computer architecture in order to build a chip specifically for data centers and the cloud. The chip we've made is among the largest chips ever built in academia and it shows how servers could run far more efficiently and cheaply.
David Wentzlaff, Assistant Professor, Princeton University
Details regarding the Piton project will be presented by Wentzlaff's graduate student, Michael McKeown at Hot Chips, a symposium on high performance chips in Cupertino, California on Tuesday, August 23.
The launch of the chip was possible after years of effort put in by Wentzlaff and his students. Mohammad Shahrad, a graduate student in Wentzlaff's Princeton Parallel Group stated that developing "a physical piece of hardware in an academic setting is a rare and very special opportunity for computer architects."
Since its inception in 2013, several Princeton researchers have been involved in the project - Yaosheng Fu, Tri Nguyen, Yanqi Zhou, Jonathan Balkind, Alexey Lavrov, Matthew Matl, Xiaohua Liang, and Samuel Payne, who is now at NVIDIA.
The Piton chip was manufactured for the team by IBM. Principal financial assistance for the project came from the National Science Foundation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research.
The Piton chip's current version measures 6 x 6 mm. The chip has more than 460 million transistors, each of which measure 32 nm – so tiny that they can only be viewed using an electron microscope.
The bulk of these transistors are held in 25 cores, the independent processors that perform the instructions in a computer program.
Most personal computer chips only have four or eight cores. Usually, more cores would mean quicker processing times, as long as software can utilize the hardware's existing cores to operate functions in parallel.
Computer manufacturers are looking to multi-core chips to enable them to gather further benefits from conventional methods to computer hardware.
In the last few years, academic institutions and companies have manufactured chips with many dozens of cores; but Wentzlaff said the easily scalable architecture of Piton can enable thousands of cores on a one chip with half a billion cores in the data center.
What we have with Piton is really a prototype for future commercial server systems that could take advantage of a tremendous number of cores to speed up processing.
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The design of the Piton chip focuses on the use of commonality among programs operating concurrently on the same chip. To perform this, one technique is execution drafting.
It functions similarly to the drafting in bicycle racing, when cyclists conserve energy by following closely behind a lead rider who cuts through the air, producing a slipstream.
At a data center, many users frequently run programs that rely up on similar operations at the processor level. The cores in the Piton chip can identify these instances and carry out identical instructions successively, so that they flow in a sequence, like a line of drafting cyclists.
This would help to boost energy efficiency by approximately 20% compared to a typical core, the researchers said.
A second innovation integrated into the Piton chip parcels out when opposing programs contact computer memory that exists off of the chip.
The innovation is called memory traffic shaper, and it acts like a traffic cop at a busy intersection, taking into consideration each programs' requirements and modifying memory requests and waving them through correctly so they do not block the system. This method can provide an increased performance of 18% compared to traditional allocation.
The Piton chip also acquires efficiency by its management of memory stored within the chip. This memory, referred to as the cache memory, is the quickest in the computer and used for commonly accessed data.
In most designs, cache memory is shared across the cores of the chip. However that plan can backfire when numerous cores access and alter the cache memory.
Piton avoids this problem by allocating areas of the cache and specific cores to specific applications. The team states that the system can boost efficiency by 29% when applied to a 1,024-core structure.
They predict that this saving would increase as the system is assigned across millions of cores in a data center.
The researchers said these enhancements could be applied while maintaining costs in line with existing manufacturing standards. To accelerate additional developments leveraging and widening the Piton architecture, the Princeton team have made its innovation open source, and therefore available to the public and fellow researchers at the OpenPiton website.
We're very pleased with all that we've achieved with Piton in an academic setting, where there are far fewer resources than at large, commercial chipmakers. We're also happy to give out our design to the world as open source, which has long been commonplace for software, but is almost never done for hardware.
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6 Researchers Unveil How Soft Materials React to Deformation at Molecular Level


I can tell my hon.
I pay tribute to my hon. Friend and, indeed, to my hon.
May I join my hon.
The hon. Lady is absolutely right to mention the importance of prevention, and of the interaction between the NHS and social care.


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Sri Lanka criminalizes match fixing, making cricket more legitimate
BY Derek Tonin ON November 12, 2019
TAGs: cricket, match-fixing, Sri Lanka
One of the biggest potential markets for Asian sports betting is cricket, but potential gaps in integrity have made it a dubious betting proposition. Sri Lanka, seeking to make their own sports outcomes more trusted, have now taken the first step towards changing that picture by making all match fixing illegal.
ESPN Cric Info reports Sri Lanka's parliament has passed the bill labelled "Prevention of Offences Related to Sports." Sports Minister Harin Fernando's bill now provides a possible 10 year prison sentence for any person caught potentially corrupting sports, along with various fines.
The bill was drafted with the help of the International Cricket Council's (ICC) Anti Corruption Unit, and applies to all Sri Lankan sports. The outlet notes though that while any match fixing is now illegal, the legislation was crafted as a response to match fixing in cricket.
The bill was crafted to be very broad in scope, but that could be a very good thing for keeping sports legitimate. Not only is the act of match fixing illegal, but providing inside information, misapplying rules, players betting on games, , providing or receiving inappropriate bets, omitting important information, associating with players in an attempt to corrupt them, and failing to report a known instance of attempted match fixing are all named as criminal acts.
Cricket is one of the biggest potential untapped markets for sports betting, available at some Daily Fantasy Sports (DFS) outlets, but with rampant match fixing still occurring, major gambling outlets are still not too much bothered that countries like India haven't issued a clear message on the legalization of sports betting just yet. Without a quality product to bet on, the potential riches to be had are too illicit to touch.
That could quickly change if countries like Sri Lanka and even India take a hardline approach to match fixing and clean up the sport. It's a monstrous task to take on, but a necessary one if cricket is to ever become a legitimate betting product.
views and opinions expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of CalvinAyre.com
Spelinspektionen offers new policies to stop match-fixing
Singapore match-fixing leader Dan Tan out of prison
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"Suspicious" sports bets reign in Europe, Asia: IBIA
UEFA wants help combatting match-fixing
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The Ayre Media Group is based in Antigua in the West Indies with teams in London, Manila and Vancouver covering the global gambling industry. Along with ensuring fair coverage of the gambling industry we highlight the great work of the Calvin Ayre Foundation.


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As of the census of 2000, there were 386 people, 167 households, and 101 families residing in the village. The population density was 357.5 people per square mile (138.0/km). There were 179 housing units at an average density of 165.8 per square mile (64.0/km). The racial makeup of the village was 99.22% White, 0.26% African American and 0.52% Native American.
There were 167 households out of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.5% were non-families. 37.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 3.06.
In the village, the population was spread out with 25.4% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.7 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $27,083, and the median income for a family was $30,208. Males had a median income of $30,938 versus $17,308 for females. The per capita income for the village was $12,693. About 14.1% of families and 24.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.1% of those under age 18 and 16.7% of those age 65 or over.
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Q: What is the meaning of low level access to in c? I just started programming in C and i am stuck with a phrase that the main feature of C include low level access to memory anyone can explain what does that mean.

A: The short answer would be: C has pointers.
A medium length answer is: you have relatively easy/free access to memory trough pointers.
A longer answer with an example:
int i = 42; // i is an integer (usually 4 bytes)
int *p;  // p is a pointer to an integer (it's not pointing to anything now)
p = &i;  // make p point to the integer x, so now x and *p are "the same"
// and you can do crazy stuff like this
char *p1; // p1 is a pointer to an char (char is 1 byte)
p1 = ((char*)p) + 1; // now p1 points to the address one above p (i.e. the second byte of x)
*p1 = *p1 + 1; // this will effectively add 32 to x (if my in head math is correct)

This example is quite contrived, and you shouldn't do stuff like this. You shouldn't worry about not knowing what "low level access to memory" means, and try to learn C. Eventually, when you understand C and it's pointer mechanism, you'll probably understand what the book meant by "low level access to memory".

A: Computers run in machine code (zeroes and ones).  If you open up a program in a hex editor, or look at any hardware manual which talks about communication, you will see lots of symbols in the range [0-9A-F][0-9A-F], which is machine code in base-16 rather than base-2.  It is tough to write a program in machine code!  Think of this as ground 0; every bit you write is going to be run on the computer hardware.
That machine code is a series of instructions; on most computers like a desktop or laptop they are instructions based on x86, and those bytes have been assembled from those instructions.  The instructions are written, aptly, in assembly code!  Both these topics are a very brief introduction and if you're interested read more on them, but essentially they allow access to registers and hardware directly.  Again, each step is being run directly, but it's slightly more abstract as it allows us to start using the whole alphabet!  It has to be compiled though to run on a processor.
C isn't assembly code, and it's mostly readable in human form.  C essentially an older language named B with type system (int, char etc) - and B is basically friendly syntax for assembly.  This is why you can skip type in a lot of C statements and it defaults to int.
What C doesn't do though is:

*

*memory management

*object-orientated programming

*coroutines

*advanced type features

Pointers allow you to directly modify memory, and essentially you would like to do is possible (in both good and bad ways).  A lot of C methods compile to a handful of assembly instructions, and although it offers a huge ability, it requires a lot more work than a higher-level language - many of which might compile to C before assembly.
Think of it as a pyramid; the desert is the ground/machine code, the base is assembly which is hard and strong but takes a lot of work, and C sits above it, still at a low level and taking a lot of work but it's a lot easier than doing the base!  Compare them to Java and C# which sit above these at a higher-level, and that should answer the question.  It's an abstract concept which doesn't mean much in reality for the language.

A: In a low level language like C, the programmer can more or less directly manipulate RAM. RAM is a device on your computer that basically contains bytes at addresses, similar to mailboxes and box numbers. Just as you might put mail in mail box 5, you can put 15 into address 2000, or something similar.
A common example of low level access is that you might tell C to make a new integer somewhere in RAM, where you can then modify it, and delete it later.
In other languages you might be familiar with, this management is done behind the scenes and you may never know where your program data is put, but in C you have almost total control.

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