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text:
seamus dubhghaill
Promoting Irish Culture and History from Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
The Droppin' Well Bombing
December 6, 2020 by Jim Doyle	Leave a comment
The Droppin' Well bombing or Ballykelly bombing occurs on December 6, 1982, when the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) explodes a time bomb at a disco in Ballykelly, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. The disco, known as the Droppin' Well, is targeted because it is frequented by British Army soldiers from nearby Shackleton Barracks. The bomb kills eleven soldiers and six civilians and 30 people are injured, making it the most deadly attack during the INLA's paramilitary campaign and the most deadly attack during The Troubles carried out in County Londonderry.
The bomb is manufactured by the INLA in nearby Derry. One of those involved later reveals that the INLA unit had carried out reconnaissance missions to the Droppin' Well to see if there were enough soldiers to justify the likelihood of civilian casualties.
On the evening of December 6, 1982, an INLA member leaves a bomb inside the pub. There are about 150 people inside. The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) believe that the bomb, estimated to be 5 to 10 pounds of commercial (Frangex) explosives, is small enough to fit into a handbag. It has, however, been left beside a support pillar and, when it explodes at about 11:15 PM, the blast brings down the roof. Many of those killed and injured are crushed by fallen masonry.
Following the blast, it takes a few hours to pull survivors from the rubble. The last survivor is freed at 4:00 AM, but it is not until 10:30 AM that the last of the bodies is recovered. Ultimately, 17 people die and 30 are injured, some seriously. Five of the civilians are young women and three (Alan Callaghan, Valerie McIntyre and Angela Maria Hoole) are teenagers. Angela Hoole is celebrating her engagement to one of the soldiers who survives the incident. Of the eleven soldiers who die, eight are from the 1st Battalion Cheshire Regiment, two from the Army Catering Corps and one from The Light Infantry. One of those on the scene is Bob Stewart, then a company commander in the Cheshire Regiment. He loses six soldiers from his company and is deeply affected as he tends to the dead and injured.
Suspicion immediately falls upon the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), who denies involvement. By December 8, the British Army is blaming the INLA on grounds that the IRA, in a mixed village, would have made greater efforts not to risk killing civilians. Shortly afterwards, the INLA issues a statement of responsibility.
The INLA describes the civilians killed as "consorts." The attack is criticised by many on both sides of the conflict in Northern Ireland due to the high loss of civilian lives. Soon after the INLA had issued its statement, the government of the Republic of Ireland bans the INLA, making membership punishable by seven years imprisonment.
In an interview after the bombing, INLA leader Dominic McGlinchey says that the Droppin' Well's owner had been warned six times to stop offering entertainment to British soldiers. He adds that the owner, and those who socialise with the soldiers, "knew full well that the warnings had been given and that the place was going to be bombed at some stage." It later emerges that the INLA may also have targeted Ballykelly because it believed that the military base was part of NATO's radar and communications network.
Six days after the bombing, RUC officers shoot dead INLA members Seamus Grew and Roddie Carroll near a vehicle checkpoint in Armagh. The officers say they believed that the two men were ferrying McGlinchey into Northern Ireland. Neither was armed, nor was McGlinchey in their car.
In June 1986, four INLA members, sisters Anna Moore and Helena Semple, Eamon Moore (no blood relation) and Patrick Shotter, receive life sentences for the attack. Anna Moore later marries loyalist Bobby Corry while both are in prison. Anna's daughter, Jacqueline Moore, is given ten years for manslaughter as the court believes she had been coerced into involvement. She is pregnant during her arrest and later gives birth in jail. All of those convicted are from Derry.
(Pictured: The Droppin' Well bar and disco in Ballykelly destroyed by a Irish National Liberation Army bomb in 1982. Credit: PA Wire)
Categories: Irish History, Northern Ireland, Terrorism | Tags: Armagh, Army Catering Corps, Ballykelly, Bob Stewart, British Army, Cheshire Regiment, Civilian Casualties, Consort, County Londonderry, Derry, Dominic McGlinchey, Droppin' Well Bombing, Frangex, Irish National Liberation Army, Life Imprisonment, Manslaughter, NATO, Northern Ireland, Paramilitary, Provisional Irish Republican Army, Reconnaissance, Republic of Ireland, Royal Ulster Constabulary, Seamus Grew, Shackleton Barracks, The Light Infantry, The Troubles, Time Bomb, Ulster Loyalism | Permalink.
Author: Jim Doyle
As a descendant of Joshua Doyle (b. 1775, Dublin, Ireland), I have a strong interest in Irish culture and history, which is the primary focus of this site. I am a Network Engineer at The Computer Hut, LLC, which is my salaried job. I am a member of the Irish Cultural Society of Arkansas, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization (2010-Present, President 2011-2017). I have also served on the City of Little Rock Arts+Culture Commission (2015-2020, Chairman 2017-2018) and the Walnut Valley Property Owners Association board (2015-2020, Secretary 2017-2020).
Early Christian Ireland (400-1000)
Early Medieval Ireland (800-1166)
Early Modern Ireland (1536-1691)
Film, Radio, & Television
Irish Peace Process
Irish Republican Army
Late Medieval Ireland (1169-1536)
New Spain
Shipping & Shipbuilding
The Great Hunger
Wars & Rebellions
1916 Easter Rising Abbey Theatre American Civil War Anglo-Irish Anglo-Irish Treaty Australia Belfast British Army Canada Catholic Church Church of Ireland Cork County Antrim County Cork County Donegal County Down County Dublin County Galway County Kerry County Limerick County Mayo County Tipperary Derry Dublin Dublin Castle Dáil Éireann England Europe Fianna Fáil France Galway Germany Glasnevin Cemetery Great Britain Irish American Irish Catholic Irish Civil War Irish Free State Irish Language Irish Nationalism Irish Rebellion of 1798 Irish Republican Army Irish Republican Brotherhood Irish Republicanism Irish Volunteers Irish War of Independence Limerick London Member of Parliament Michael Collins New York New York City Northern Ireland Paris Patrick Pearse Playwright President of Ireland Protestantism Provisional Irish Republican Army Republic of Ireland Royal Irish Constabulary Royal Ulster Constabulary Scotland Sinn Féin Taoiseach Teachta Dála The Troubles Trinity College Dublin Ulster United Kingdom United States University College Dublin World War I World War II Éamon De Valera

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The New York Times reported Monday that CBS has been in talks with Time Warner to potentially outsource some of their news operations to CNN. Sheldon Rampton, Research Director with the Madison based-Center for Media and Democracy, says plans like these are bad for public information. He says with fewer sources generating the news means less diversity of opinion and less reporting.
Rampton says the CBS/CNN talks appear to be very preliminary and he understands that companies are pressured to find ways to cut costs. This is coupled with a trend in which newsrooms see their consumers dwindling. Rampton says these operations respond with a superficial approach involving "glitz and glam."
He believes stronger content would be a better approach to boosting the numbers.
"If the news industry really wants to win back an audience I think it has to get back to the work of real journalism."
The two networks have met several times over the years about sharing news, going as far back as 1998. CBS is officially denying the latest talks are taking place.


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Bicos foi uma freguesia portuguesa do município de Odemira, com 56,52 km² de área e 549 habitantes (2011). Densidade: 9,7 hab/km².

Em 2013, no âmbito da reforma administrativa, foi extinta, sendo o seu território distribuído pelas vizinhas freguesias de Vale de Santiago e Colos.

História
A freguesia de Bicos foi criada no dia 25 de Março de 1988, ficando na altura a pertencer à freguesia de Vale de Santiago. É a segunda mais pequena em área do concelho de Odemira. Segundo os moradores mais antigos dos Bicos, o nome da localidade surgiu de um ponto de união de quatro grandes herdades, onde foi construído um monte que ficou conhecido por "Bicos da Ponta". A partir daí, as casas construídas foram crescendo.

População

Criada pela Lei n.º 56/88,  de 23 de Maio, com lugares das freguesias de Colos e Vale de Santiago

Localização
Localizada no Baixo Alentejo, mais propriamente no concelho de Odemira, sendo uma das freguesias mais interiores deste concelho e a segunda menor em área. Desta freguesia fazem parte não só a aldeia de Bicos como também as povoações de Foros da Caiada e Fornalhas Novas. Tal como grande parte da região a que pertence, a paisagem predominante nesta freguesia é a planície.

Actividades económicas
A economia desta freguesia assenta sobretudo:

 Agricultura
 Comércio
 Exploração de cortiça
 Indústria de secagem de arroz
 Pecuária (gado bovino, ovino e suíno)

Festas, feiras e romarias
3º Sábado de Maio – Feira Anual
1º Sábado de Outubro – Feira Anual

Património
Igreja Paroquial de Bicos

Associações
 Associação Cultural, Recreativa e Desportiva de Bicos
 Associação Cultural e Desportiva de Bicos- Águias de Campilhas

Antigas freguesias de Odemira
Aldeias do Distrito de Beja

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Below is an example of a play therapy room in an elementary school. Note that many of the play therapy toys are hand made. Not everything in play therapy has to be bought. Children love make believe and love playing with home made toys in play therapy sessions!
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Then I allow the child to lead me where they want to go. So you see that I tend to go in and out of directive and non-directive styles of play therapy based on my client's needs.
As a past educator I have been trained to always be prepared. I get paid a lot of money to have play therapy sessions.
It is up to me as a professional to be prepared with a "play therapy lesson plan." If the lesson plan does not fit, then I throw it out.
It amazes me how many counselors and therapist go into a session unprepared. I do a lot of research and planning for my play therapy clients. At times I am even requires me to seek further training and supervision.
If I do not know what I need to know then I refer the play therapy client out to another play therapist, or seek training and supervision to better assist the client.
I always let the play therapy client lead, even when I am utilizing directive play therapy. I find that sometimes I use both directive and in directive in one fifty minute play therapy session.
I simply base this on the needs of the play therapy client and follow their lead.
When I am using directive play therapy I offer a "make and take" play therapy project. These "make and takes" are excellent because it offers a visual tool to the client that can be taken home.
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The "make and takes" in play therapy are also good for homework projects. The client has a new tool to work with at home and to use if issues arise in between the play therapy sessions.
I look at play therapy sessions as stages of development. The first few sessions are the "warming up stage" of play therapy. This is the "getting to know you" part of the session(s).
We do play therapy warm ups such as the fiddle basket, Zen garden, exploring, etc. Here in these early sessions is where one will find the rapport building and trust building process.
This is where you will bond with your client in play therapy and start the journey.
The middle play therapy sessions are the "meat and potatoes or working things out" stage of play therapy. This is where a therapist becomes the most directive, especially when using brief therapy.
Issues arise and problems are worked through in this stage of play therapy. The client opens up and begins to show the therapist the answer(s) to the problem(s).
The client will always have the answers, not the play therapist. A good play therapist knows this and allows the client to find and present the answers to the issues at hand.
The ending part of the play therapy sessions are the time to "transfer the empowerment" to the client and "launching" stage of play therapy.
It is the process of the play therapy client going out into the world and using the skill set acquired in play therapy.
Then, the client will come back to the session to report the happenings to the client.
After this part of the process has proved to be successful (One would hope) then a celebration is scheduled and the ending date announced.
I am often more non directive in this stage of therapy as the client is learning how to go out into the world and use their new skills.
In the ending part of the play therapy process I usually schedule a celebration such as "Everybody's Birthday" or a "Luau." Of course the client gets to choose what kind of ending celebration they want to have.
We invite parents and celebrate the end of the play therapy process with food, etc.
This is a wonderful way to celebrate and end the play therapy process. Also, when you end therapy this positive way, the client and parents will probably choose you if they need a therapist again!


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The Sukwadi media last night showcased two of its films directed by two local Solomon Islanders.
The films are titled the "Broken Wind Chime directed by Regina Lepping" and "The Test", directed by Adila Dolaiano.
In an interview with the Producer and Co-Writer of The Test Film, Anouk Ride says the screening of the film last night especially the Test Film was to showcase the films for government officials and business stakeholders to see what Sukwadi media can do.
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In an interview with SIBC News, last night Ms Lepping encourage young people who have an interest in filmmaking to pursue their dreams and achieve it.
Ms Lepping also acknowledges people who helped her make the film come true.


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text:
Cement giant responds swiftly to fourth-gen CEO death
A swift change of leadership at Mexican company Cemex following the sudden death of its fourth-generation chief executive and chairman last week highlights the importance of a solid corporate governance structure, says a family business expert.
Lorenzo Zambrano's death from a heart attack in Madrid last Monday left directors with the task of replacing the man responsible for transforming Cemex's regional operation into a global business.
American trucking and logistics icon dies
Donald Schneider, former president and chief executive of trucking family business Schneider National, died on 13 January aged 76.
Schneider, who joined the American transportation company while in high school, had Alzheimer's disease, according to a statement.
Media family business icon Hearst dies
John Randolph Hearst Jr, grandson of the founder of media conglomerate Hearst Corporation, died on 5 November aged 77.
Hearst, who was a trustee of the family's foundation and a member of the family business's board of directors, joined the media group in the 1950s. He began as a photographer for a newspaper owned by Hearst Corporation and later moved on to work within other newspaper divisions of the group.
Grandson of oil tycoon dies
Jean Paul Getty III, grandson of possibly the world's first billionaire, oil tycoon Jean Paul Getty, has died aged 54.
Jean Paul Getty III, grandson of possibly the world's first billionaire, oil tycoon Jean Paul Getty, has died aged 54.
Beyond his famous surname, Paul Getty III is best known for being kidnapped in Rome at the age of 16 and held captive for five months before his grandfather, decided to pay the ransom.
Dutch grocer and innovator passes away
Albert Heijn, the man responsible for turning his family's Dutch grocery chain into the international retailing giant Royal Ahold, passed away on 13 January aged 83.
Albert Heijn, the man responsible for turning his family's Dutch grocery chain into the international retailing giant Royal Ahold, passed away on 13 January aged 83.
Heijn joined the family business in 1949 as a salesman, working his way up to become chief executive in 1962. The family business traces its roots back to 1887 when Heijn's grandfather started a grocery store in the Netherlands. Today, Ahold is among the biggest retail chains in the country with more than 800 outlets, and owns more than 3,000 supermarkets world-wide.
Secretive family dynasty mourns loss of leading member
The Irving family, one of Canada's foremost business families, has been dealt a blow with the death on Wednesday of John E (Jack) Irving, youngest son of revered industrialist KC Irving.
The Irving family, one of Canada's foremost business families, has been dealt a blow with the death on Wednesday of John E (Jack) Irving, youngest son of revered industrialist KC Irving.
The passing of the 78-year-old following a brief illness comes hours after it was confirmed that his nephew Kenneth was taking an indefinite leave of absence from Irving Oil, one of the Irving group of companies, for personal reasons.
Family leader of McGraw-Hill dies at 92
Harold McGraw Jr, chairman emeritus and former CEO of global information services and education company McGraw-Hill, died this morning at his home. He was 92.
Founding family leads tributes as Julius Baer CEO dies
The 52-year-old CEO of Swiss private bank Julius Baer has died unexpectedly, it has been announced.
The 52-year-old CEO of Swiss private bank Julius Baer has died unexpectedly, it has been announced. Alex Widmer (pictured), who joined the Julius Baer Group in 2005 and became CEO of Bank Julius Baer just over a year ago, was described as being "the very epitome of a Swiss private banker" in a statement.
Paul Newman's philanthropic legacy to be maintained after death
Newman's Own, the company started by actor and philanthropist Paul Newman, who died last Friday, has pledged to continue to donate all profits to charity through the Newman's Own Foundation.
Newman's Own, the company started by actor and philanthropist Paul Newman (pictured), who died last Friday, has pledged to continue to donate all profits to charity through the Newman's Own Foundation.
Since it started, Newman's Own has generated over $250 million for thousands of charities worldwide. Its motto, "Shameless Exploitation in Pursuit of the Common Good," was defined by Newman from the moment he founded the business with his friend AE Hotchner in 1982.
Coffee and chocolate magnate Klaus J Jacobs dies
Klaus J Jacobs, head of the entrepreneurial family behind brands such as Adecco, has died in Switzerland aged 71.
Klaus J Jacobs (pictured), head of the entrepreneurial family behind brands such as Adecco, has died in Switzerland aged 71.
The German-born billionaire worked for his family's coffee company from 1962 and led the company's ambitious expansion of its European operations in the 1970s.
He led the merger of Jacobs with Interfood in 1982, which created Jacobs Suchard, Europe's number one chocolate and coffee enterprise.


Pea aphids have an obligate nutritional symbiosis with the bacteria Buchnera aphidicola and frequently also harbor one or more facultative symbionts. Aphids are also susceptible to bacterial pathogen infections, and it has been suggested that aphids have a limited immune response towards such pathogen infections compared to other, more well-studied insects. However, aphids do possess at least some of the genes known to be involved in bacterial immune responses in other insects, and immune-competent hemocytes. One possibility is that immune priming with microbial elicitors could stimulate immune protection against subsequent bacterial infections, as has been observed in several other insect systems. To address this hypothesis we challenged aphids with bacterial immune elicitors twenty-four hours prior to live bacterial pathogen infections and then compared their survival rates to aphids that were not pre-exposed to bacterial signals. Using two aphid genotypes, we found no evidence for immune protection conferred by immune priming during infections with either Serratia marcescens or with Escherichia coli. Immune priming was not altered by the presence of facultative, beneficial symbionts in the aphids. In the absence of inducible immune protection, aphids may allocate energy towards other defense traits, including production of offspring with wings that could escape deteriorating conditions. To test this, we monitored the ratio of winged to unwinged offspring produced by adult mothers of a single clone that had been exposed to bacterial immune elicitors, to live E. coli infections or to no challenge. We found no correlation between immune challenge and winged offspring production, suggesting that this mechanism of defense, which functions upon exposure to fungal pathogens, is not central to aphid responses to bacterial infections.
Copyright: © 2013 ter Braak et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: Research was funded by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) (AL902/4-1) (BA) and National Science Foundation grant IOS-1025853 (NMG & AML). BJP was funded through a National Science Foundation graduate research fellowship. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: Nicole Gerardo, one of the authors of this manuscript is a PLOS ONE editor. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Vertebrates have both adaptive and innate immune systems. The adaptive immune system allows vertebrates to mount highly specialized responses towards microorganisms to which they have been previously exposed. Invertebrates do not have a homolog to vertebrate adaptive immunity. They do however exhibit innate immune responses that are regulated through several immune pathways and through hemocytes, immune cells that are capable of phagocytosing and encapsulating foreign invaders (reviewed in 1,2). Based on the presence of innate but not adaptive immune systems in invertebrates, it was thought that insects would lack the ability to prime the immune system for later invasion by a pathogen to which they had been previously exposed. However, many studies have shown that some insects can have a stronger and more effective immune response after previous pathogen exposure. This phenomenon, known as immune priming, has been demonstrated in response to bacterial, viral and fungal infections [3–7]. In some systems [4,8,9], such immune priming can be transgenerational, meaning that offspring have increased protection against pathogens to which their parents were exposed. The mechanisms underlying insect immune priming remain elusive, though there is evidence for phagocytosis [10–12] and known immune pathways [13,14] being involved.
Recent studies have suggested that pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) have an altered or reduced innate immune repertoire compared to insects such as flies, mosquitoes and bees [15–17]. For example, while pea aphids have some intact pathways known to function in insect immune responses (e.g., Toll and JAK/STAT pathways), they are missing essential peptidoglycan recognition proteins and many genes of the IMD pathway . Genome-wide searches, proteomic assays and traditional bacterial clearance assays have yet to identify functional antimicrobial peptides , which form the basis of response to bacterial pathogens in many insects (though see 18). Pea aphids also exhibit weak lysozyme activity, hemolymph coagulation, and phenoloxidase activation [17,19]. Pea aphids, however, do possess several putative immune cell types, some of which can phagocytose bacteria [19,20].
Though aphid immune responses appear limited, another possibility is that they possess alternative immune mechanisms, some of which could require priming for activation. To begin to assess the potential for priming-mediated protection, we exposed aphids to a mixture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial elicitors (i.e., heat-killed bacteria that provide the infection signal without pathogenesis) and then compared the survival of these aphids upon live pathogen infection to the survival of aphids that were not pre-exposed to such elicitors. To assess whether immune priming would be altered by the presence of beneficial bacterial symbionts, which are common in pea aphids  and that potentially could be harmed by any upregulated responses towards bacterial pathogens, we utilized both aphids both harboring and not harboring facultative (secondary) symbionts. Finally, we addressed the possibility that exposure could elicit non-immunological forms of defense, such as the production of winged offspring. Winged offspring production is increased in response to the presence of predators  and to fungal pathogen infection , and was therefore hypothesized to be a potential defense mechanism employed against bacterial infection, enabling offspring to fly to areas with lower pathogen prevalence.
Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera, Aphididae) clones were maintained on 2-3 week old fava bean plants in 16 h light: 8 h dark conditions at 20°C. We transferred 5-10 aphids to new plants on a weekly basis. We used aphid genotypes 5A0, originally collected in 1999 in Madison, Wisconsin, and LSR1, originally collected near Ithaca, New York in 1998. Both of these contain the primary obligate bacterial symbiont, Buchnera aphidicola, but no facultative symbionts. To test for interactions between facultative symbionts, immune priming, and pathogen infection, we also used aphid lines of the 5A genetic background that have facultative symbionts (5AR = Serratia symbiotica, 5AT = Hamiltonella defensa, 5AU = Regiella insecticola) .
For pre-exposure prior to live infection, bacterial elicitors were obtained by autoclaving (20 min at 121°C and 1.5 bar pressure) a mixture of approximately 108 E. coli cells and 108 Micrococcus luteus cells in 1 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) prior to use. A mixture of both bacteria ensured the presence of a broad array of elicitors, including pattern molecules from both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Bacterial inoculums were injected dorsolaterally through the abdominal wall into the hemocoel of young adult (10-12 day old), asexual, unwinged aphid females using minutin insect needles dipped into the bacterial solution. Control (not primed) aphids were stabbed with a sterile needle dipped in PBS.
In a set of three experiments (Experiments 1-3, Table 1), twenty-four hours after the pre-exposure treatment, we infected aphids with live Serratia cf. marcescens strain RHOD, which was originally isolated from a naturally infected aphid (samples sizes listed in Table 1). Though not an aphid-specific pathogen, S. marcescens has been isolated from laboratory-reared aphids (Gerardo, unpublished data) and is known to cause high mortality . Bacteria grown in Luria broth (LB) to an optical density (OD) of 1 at 600 nm were centrifuged and bacterial pellets were washed with PBS and resuspended in 1/10th volume of PBS, yielding a dense bacterial solution. Bacterial inoculums were injected dorsolaterally through the abdominal wall into the hemocoel using minutin insect needles dipped into bacterial solutions. In general, this procedure results in inoculums of approximately 50 to 300 bacteria per aphid (data not shown) when the needle penetrates in approximately 0.5 mm and parallel to the cuticle. After stabbing, aphids were placed in sterile Petri dishes for 30 minutes and then transferred to fava bean plants and monitored for survival. In Experiment 1, we used two aphid genotypes (5A0, LSR1) without facultative symbionts. Half of the individuals were stabbed with either live S. marcescens or, for control treatments, with heat-killed S. marcescens (autoclaved 20 min at 121°C and 1.5 bar pressure) in PBS. To confirm our results, in a second, monofactorial experiment (Experiment 2), using a single aphid line (5AR), with the facultative symbiont Serratia symbiotica, all aphids were infected with live S. marcescens (no aphids received a heat-killed bacterial treatment as the second challenge). Similarly, in Experiment 3, using a different aphid line (LSR1), all aphids were infected with live S. marcescens (no aphids received a heat-killed bacterial treatment as the second challenge).
Table 1. Samples sizes for infection experiments.
In a set of three experiments (Experiments 4-6, Table 1), twenty-four hours after the pre-exposure treatment, we infected aphids with live Escherichia coli K-12 strain MG1655  (samples sizes listed in Table 1). Though also not an aphid-specific pathogen, E. coli has been isolated from laboratory-reared aphids (Gerardo, unpublished data) and is known to cause high mortality . Bacterial preparation and inoculations were conducted as above. In Experiment 4, we infected aphids of a single genotype, both with and without facultative symbionts (line 5A0, 5AR, 5AT, 5AU), with either live E. coli or inoculated them with heat-killed E. coli. In Experiment 5, using a single aphid line (5AR), all aphids were infected with live E. coli (no aphids received a heat-killed bacterial treatment as a second challenge). In Experiment 6, using a different aphid line (LSR1), all aphids were infected with live E. coli (no aphids received a heat-killed bacterial treatment as a second challenge).
To determine whether exposure to bacterial elicitors or to live bacterial infections could stimulate exposed mothers to produce a greater proportion of winged offspring, 40 12-day old, unwinged, reproductive, asexual LSR1 aphids were split across four treatments: 1) no stab control, 2) sterile stab (PBS) control, 3) stab with heat-killed mix of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, 4) stab with live E. coli. Heat-killed bacteria elicitors were prepared as above. To increase the time to death for aphids infected with live bacteria, E. coli was grown to an OD600 of 0.5 in LB and then resuspended in PBS. After stabbing, aphids were placed in sterile Petri dishes for 30 minutes and then transferred to individual fava bean plants. Every 24 hours, for nine days, we counted the number of offspring produced. Adult aphids were transferred to new plants every three days. Their offspring were scored as winged or unwinged when they were fourth instars (when wing buds can be seen with the naked eye) or young adults (when wings are fully formed).
Survival analyses using Cox proportional hazards models (with censoring) were carried out using the coxph function of the Survival package of R (version 2.13), following assessment of proportional hazards using cox. zph [28,29]. For Experiment 1, cofactors included aphid genotype, pre-exposure and infection treatment upon second challenge. For Experiment 4, cofactors included symbiont type, pre-exposure and infection treatment upon second challenge. For the monofactorial experiments (Experiments 2-3, 5-6), the only factor was pre-exposure. Minimal models were derived by removing model terms and then conducting model comparisons using likelihood ratio tests. Terms were retained in the minimal model if their removal significantly reduced the explanatory power of the model . For Experiments 1 and 4, one of the factors, infection treatment, did not meet the proportional hazards assumption, and so we used a stratified Cox procedure to analyze these data sets.
Statistical analysis of whether exposure impacted the proportion of offspring that were winged was carried out in R using a general linear model with a quasibinomial distribution. Data on the number of winged and unwinged offspring produced by control, sterile-stabbed and heat-killed bacteria-stabbed mothers that did not survive the entirety of the experiment were excluded from analyses; included were numbers of winged and unwinged offspring for eight full control (no stab), eight sterile stab and nine heat-killed bacteria treated aphids. Offspring data from four of the ten aphids presumably stabbed with live E. coli that did not die over the course of the experiment were also excluded as we cannot guarantee that these mothers were successfully infected; these four mothers only produced one winged offspring out of 252 total offspring. To determine if the proportion of winged offspring was significantly impacted only in one window of reproduction, we repeated the analysis separately for offspring produced 1 to 3 days after treatment, 4 to 6 days after treatment, and 7 to 9 days after treatment, using either a binomial or quasibinomial distribution depending of the degree of overdispersion. The 7 to 9 day analysis excluded the live bacteria treatment, because all aphids presumed to be successfully infected with live bacteria had died by this time point.
For Experiment 1 (Figure 1A, B), the minimal model indicated a marginally non-significant interaction between aphid genotype, pre-exposure, and infection treatment upon second challenge (p = 0.05), which is reflected by the somewhat different responses of the two aphid genotypes (5A0, LSR1) to pre-exposure and subsequent live bacterial challenge (Figure 1A,B). Upon second challenge with live bacteria, 5A0 aphids appear to have similar survival curves regardless of pre-exposure treatment (Figure 1A), whereas LSR1 aphids had slightly increased survival if they were pre-exposed to bacterial signals (Figure 1B). There was also a significant two-way interaction between genotype and pre-exposure treatment (p = 0.01), which may reflect the considerable natural variation in aphid responses to challenge, as has been shown previously . Of importance here, regardless of whether the three-way interaction was retained in the model, the two way interaction between pre-exposure treatment and infection treatment upon second challenge was not significant (p > 0.09), which indicates that pre-exposure did not provide protection upon subsequent challenge with live bacteria. Experiment 2 (Figure 1C) and Experiment 3 (Figure 1D), with larger samples sizes and simpler, monofactorial designs, indicated no impact of pre-exposure on survival after subsequent live bacterial infections for either 5AR (Experiment 2, p = 0.28) or for LSR1 (Experiment 3, p = 0.27) aphids.
Figure 1. Aphid survival in relation to pre-exposure with bacterial elicitors and subsequent challenge with S. marcescens.
A) B) In Experiment 1, while S. marcescens reduced aphid survival (pathogen-infected treatments are dotted, uninfected treatments are solid), the interaction between pre-exposure to bacterial elicitors (pre-exposed treatments are red, unprimed treatments are black) and subsequent challenge with live S. marcescens was not significant. A) Experiment 1, aphid genotype 5A0. B) Experiment 1, aphid genotype LSR1. C) In follow-up Experiment 2, giving all aphids (line 5AR) a subsequent challenge with live S. marcescens, pre-exposure did not impact survival. D) In follow-up Experiment 3, giving all aphids (genotype LSR1) a subsequent challenge with live S. marcescens, pre-exposure did not impact survival.
For Experiment 4 (Figure 2A), the minimal model indicated no significant interactions between cofactors, and, in particular, the interaction between pre-exposure and challenge was not significant (p = 0.27), which would be expected if pre-exposure increased survival upon a second challenge with live bacteria. In Experiment 5 (Figure 2B), using aphid clone 5AR, pre-exposure had a significant impact on survival after subsequent challenge (p < 0.01), but not in a manner consistent with immune priming based protection; aphids pre-exposed to bacterial signals had lower survival than those not pre-exposed to bacterial signals. In Experiment 6 (Figure 2C), using aphid genotype LSR1, pre-exposure had no significant impact on survival after a second challenge with live E. coli (p = 0.78).
Figure 2. Aphid survival in relation to pre-exposure with bacterial elicitors and subsequent challenge with E. coli.
A) In Experiment 4, while E. coli reduced aphid survival (pathogen-infected treatments are dotted, uninfected treatments are solid), there was no significant interaction between challenge with live bacteria and pre-exposure to bacterial elicitors (pre-exposed treatments are red, unprimed treatments are black). As harboring facultative symbionts did not significantly alter survival, aphids with and without facultative symbionts are pooled. B) In follow-up Experiment 5, giving all aphids (line 5AR) a subsequent challenge with E. coli, pre-exposure with bacterial elicitors decreased survival. C) In follow-up Experiment 6, giving all aphids (genotype LSR1) a subsequent challenge with E. coli, pre-exposure did not impact survival.
We found that aphids of genotype LSR1, which readily produce winged aphids upon exposure to aphid alarm pheromone and crowing conditions (data not shown), did not increase production of winged offspring in response to exposure to either bacterial signals or to live E. coli pathogen infection. While 75% of control aphids had at least one winged offspring, only 37% of sterile stabbed aphids, 33% of aphids stabbed with heat killed bacteria, and 16% of aphids stabbed with live bacteria produced any winged offspring. Statistical analysis of the average proportion of winged versus unwinged offspring across all 9 days indicated no statistical differences between treatments (Figure 3, F3,30 = 1.12, p = 0.36). We also found no effect of treatment within any of the shorter windows of reproduction (days 1 to 3: F3,28 = 1.47, p = 0.24; days 4 to 6: F3,28 = 0.81, p = 0.50; days 7 to 9: F3,24 = 0.63, p = 0.54).
Figure 3. Impact of challenge on offspring production.
Mothers exposed to bacteria and to bacteria elicitors did not produce more winged offspring than unexposed mothers. Young adult females were not stabbed (control) or were stabbed with needles dipped in PBS (sterile stab), a heat-killed bacterial solution or a solution of live E. coli (live bacteria). Includes all offspring produced within 9 days of challenge. Error bars = s.e.m.
Immune priming decreases susceptibility of some arthropods to some pathogens [3–5,10,31,32], but it is not universal to all insect-pathogen interactions [33,34]. Here, we saw no evidence of pre-exposure to bacterial elicitors impacting survival against two bacterial pathogens, even when, in the case of E. coli infection, elicitors from that specific bacterial strain were present in the priming solution. We of course cannot assume that immune priming does not occur against other microbial challenges in aphids, particularly since in other systems (e.g., Tribolium beetles ) there is evidence for insect immune priming against some microbes and not others. However, we can conclude that priming does not appear to be a component of aphid immune responses towards bacteria in general.
While we did not test transgenerational immune priming in the traditional sense (i.e., we did not test whether the offspring of pre-exposed mothers had increased survival upon bacterial exposure), we did test whether increased production of winged offspring, a potential non-immunological transgenerational defense, could be part of the aphid response to these bacteria. Upon exposure to signals of danger (e.g., alarm pheromones released in the presence of predators, fungal pathogens) and deteriorating conditions (e.g., crowding on the host plant), aphids increase the proportion of winged offspring that they produce [22,23,35,36]. We found no evidence that LSR1 aphids, a clone that readily produces winged offspring in response to alarm pheromone, produce more winged offspring in response to either a mixture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial elicitors, or to infection with live E. coli. While this does not preclude the possibility of such a response in other aphid genotypes or in response to other aphid bacterial pathogens, it does suggest that winged offspring production is not a general response to bacterial invasion. Previous work has shown that at least some aphids, including LSR1, increase the rate of reproduction after pathogen exposure, a mechanism of defense known as fecundity compensation [17,37]. Though our experiment was not designed to test for fecundity compensation, our results were consistent with previous findings; namely, we saw a trend for an increased rate of reproduction in response to exposure to bacterial elicitors relative to a sterile stab (data not shown). Fecundity compensation suggests that aphids do have the ability to recognize and respond to bacterial infection.
If immune priming had provided protection to aphids against bacteria in these experiments, it may have helped explain reasons for the limited transcriptional and proteomic immune responses of aphids towards bacterial pathogens seen previously in the absence of priming [16,17]. Given that we found no evidence of immune priming against the two tested bacteria, other approaches will be needed to gain better insight into the immunological capacity of aphids and other hemipterous insects, a group where little is yet known about immunity, but where interactions with both beneficial and harmful microbes fundamentally shape their ecology and evolution.
We thank Stephanie Chiang for help with experiments, Ryan Diver for help with statistical analyses, and Jen Kovacs for comments.
Conceived and designed the experiments: BTB BA NMG. Performed the experiments: BTB BA NMG BJP. Analyzed the data: AL NMG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NMG. Wrote the manuscript: BA AL NMG BJP.
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Is the Subject Area "Serratia infections" applicable to this article?


text:
La Yamaha FZR 1000 est un modèle de moto du constructeur japonais Yamaha produit de 1987 à 1995.

Historique

Distinctions
La version de 1989 a été couronnée Cycle of the Decade par Cycle World. Elle avait une accélération de 0-97 km/h de 2,9 secondes et une vitesse de pointe de plus de 269 km/h.

Notes et références

Motocyclette Yamaha


text:
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Once scrutinized for 'losing her beauty' at age 40, this famous actress had a brilliant response to ageing
This iconic 64-year-old actress has always been the definition of beauty and in the 1980s, she was set to be one of the world's biggest actors. But once she turned 40, Hollywood turned its back on her, forcing the star to take whatever roles she could get. Finally, when a reporter one day questioned her gray hair and wrinkles, she decided enough was enough. Her brilliant comeback is something we should all read – check the comments...
Real beauty comes from within, they say, but it doesn't mean we shouldn't care about the way we look on the outside. In order to try to defy age, many people turn to cosmetic products, as well as fillers, Botox, and surgeries, which make us wonder how far one should go for the sake of looking good.
Andie MacDowell is one of the few celebs who have decided to embrace their natural looks, and with that, to remind many that aging is simply a life process that we should all accept with arms wide open.
"Aging is something that you either have to decide that you like or you don't. It's a choice," Andie MacDowell told Harpers Bazaar.
Andie MacDowell (Getty Images)
Andie made a name for herself in the modeling industry when she was recruited by a rep from Wilhelmina Models during a trip to Los Angeles.
In 1978, Andie signed for Elite Model Management in New York City and her face could be seen on billboards and commercials of huge names in the fashion and beauty industry such as Yves Saint Laurent, Armani perfume, Mink International, Anne Klein, and others. Andie has been featured in some of the most prominent magazines such as Vogue.
A post shared by Andie Macdowell (@andiemacdowell)
Her successful modeling career helped her land her role in Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes, after which she turned to acting almost entirely although she continued modeling and became brand ambassador for L'Oreal.
In 2016, the actress spoke that she wasn't receiving leading roles as she used to due to the fact that directors opted for younger actresses.
"I take really good care of myself and I insist to not go away. I want to work because it brings me a sense of self worth and dignity, I like my job. I may not be the lead or I may not get the starring roles that I used to because so many movies revolve around youth, but I refuse to go away because I enjoy it. I always find a way to get work. It may not be the best parts I used to get or it may not be as easy, but I'm still here."
Today, Andie is 64 years old and looks as stunningly beautiful as always. Back in the day, when she turned 40, a reported asked her quite an awkward question regarding growing older and losing her beauty, to what the actress had the perfect response.
"I just couldn't believe it," MacDowell said. "I told her I really don't feel like I'm losing my beauty, it's just a different kind of beauty."
"We evolve and we age, and this is part of the process," she said. "Aging is not about losing your beauty."
Once her hair turned grey, Andie revealed that her daughters told her she looked cool that way, so she decided to embrace it.
"My hair started going silver during COVID, and my daughters were staying next door to me … so they saw me all the time and they would say to me, 'You look badass and you've got to keep this,'" she said. "I have to say, I've never felt more beautiful. I'm not saying that everybody has to go do this … but it suits me," she added.
Andie MacDowell attends the screening of "Mother And Son (Un Petit Frere)" during the 75th annual Cannes film festival at Palais des Festivals on May 27, 2022 in Cannes, France. (Photo by Stephane Cardinale – Corbis/Corbis via Getty Images)
Andie wants to spread a message that we should love ourselves the way we are, although that's not always easy regarding the many norms imposed by the societies we live in.
"It's a journey, but you can't go back in time. I don't want to pretend to be what I'm not and have never been ashamed of my age, I want to be positive about right where I am at each stage of my life," she told Vogue in 2018.
"I think aging is something that you either have to decide that you like it or you don't. It's a choice," she said in the NPR interview. "I like that people are comfortable with me getting older. I think that's an important message for all of us that we get older and we are beautiful."
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What is a country house and why does it deserve a special mention in this history of Britain? Well, for a start, the country house was a mansion built in, well, the country (sorry, I couldn't resist). The term "country house" is practically synonymous with "historic house", though of course houses of historical interest may be found in British towns and cities also.
The country house as a style of building rose up in the relative peace and prosperity of the Tudor age. There was no longer a pressing need for defense in domestic buildings, so the aristocracy began lavishing their money on houses designed to impress.
The heyday of the country house was the 18th century, and most of the examples that survive are from this period. Many of these houses were built expressly to provide a showplace for the art collections of the owners, and subsequent generations of collectors have filled them to overflowing with marvelous collections of art of all sorts (including the ubiquitous selection of family portraits).
Because these houses were built on large country estates there was plenty of space for extensive gardens and parkland. The landscape garden movement of the 18th century meant that many of these houses have gardens that come right up to the doors of the house. Many country houses are worth visiting just for a chance to experience the magnificent gardens that surround them (examples include Stowe, Blenheim Palace, and Stourhead).
The predominant style of the early 18th century was Palladian, based on the classical designs of Andreas Palladio, and fostered by Lord Burlington among others.
What makes a Palladian country house?
Generally, they were situated on rising ground, with gardens stretching up to the "back door" from parkland below. They were classical in style, with a large central portico and strong vertical lines on the exterior. It was in the interior that these country houses really shone, however. Furnishings were ornate and designed to impress. Generally, a large entry hall led on to living rooms meant for show. Bedrooms and dressing rooms were upstairs, while the kitchen and the servants quarters were relegated to the basement. It was terribly inconvenient, but it was magnificent! Among the best examples of these Palladian country houses include; Holkham Hall (Norfolk), Clandon Park (Surrey), and Nostell Priory (Yorkshire).
Later in the 18th century design became more refined. There was a passing fashion for Chinese elements in decoration, but on the whole the inspiration was still classical Roman and Greek, fostered by the newly excavated remains of buildings at Pompeii. This "Classical Revival" period was characterized by superb craftsmanship and design. From the foundations to the tiniest detail of decoration you can see sophisticated, elegant excellence. Rooms were well lit with large windows, and the natural light was supplemented by numerous large mirrors.
The best country houses of this later period are characterized by the work of Robert Adam at Syon House (Middlesex), Harewood House (Yorkshire), and Kedleston Hall (Derbyshire), among many others.


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Editors' Pick| Aug 31, 2020, 09:44pm EDT |
Most Americans Don't Have A Real Stake In The Stock Market
Teresa Ghilarducci
I am an economics professor focusing on retirement security and jobs.
Traders wearing masks arrive before the opening bell at the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) on May ... [+] 26, 2020 on Wall Street in New York City. - Global stock markets climbed Monday, buoyed by the prospect of further easing of coronavirus lockdowns despite sharp increases in case rates in some countries such as Brazil. Over the weekend, US President Donald Trump imposed travel limits on Brazil, now the second worst affected country after the United States, reminding markets that while the coronavirus outlook is better, the crisis is far from over. (Photo by Johannes EISELE / AFP) (Photo by JOHANNES EISELE/AFP via Getty Images)
Stock indices across the world lifted higher over the past month, powering the biggest August market jackpot in years—despite 14 million fewer Americans working in July 2020 than July 2019. The MSCI World index, which includes a representative basket of stocks of rich nations, rose 6.6 per cent in August, the largest increase for that month in 34 years.
But the majority of Americans are not significantly affected by jumps in the stock market. The stock market bounce is passing most Americans by. Just a modest majority of Americans, some 55%, own stocks, according to an April 2020 poll by Gallup, which asks whether households owned stocks either directly or as part of a fund.
Stock ownership was at its peak in 2002 when 67% of Americans said they owned stock. That proportion reached 65% in April, 2007, before the Great Recession, after which the share of Americans owning stocks dipped once again. Of those earning below the median household income, the typical household owns essentially zero financial assets, and of those who do, most don't have significant balances.
The latest available government data, via the Federal Reserve from 2016, shows a relatively small share of American families (14%) are directly invested in individual stocks but a majority (52%) have some market investment mostly from owning retirement accounts such as 401(k)s. The Federal Reserve study found that only about one-third of families in the lower half of the income scale had stock holdings. In the next 40% of the income scale, about 70% of households held stocks, while households in the top 10% of the income scale had stock ownership rates above 90%.
New York University professor Edward Wolff tracks wealth in America. He finds that even though almost half of all households owned shares either directly or indirectly, the richest 10 percent of households controlled 84 percent of the total value of these stocks in 2016.
Older white people with high incomes are much more likely to own stock. The Pew Research Center finds 88% of those in households earning $100,000 or more own stocks compared to 19% of those in households earning less than $35,000. Families headed by white adults are more likely than those headed by Black or Hispanic adults to be invested in the stock market. A majority (61%) of non-Hispanic white households own some stock, compared with 31% of non-Hispanic Black and 28% of Hispanic households.
Not only does mere ownership vary by income, so does the amount and significance. Among those who do own stock and have income less than $35,000, the typical household held just $8,400. For those at the higher end of the income scale, the median amount is about $139,000. Among whites the median is approximately $51,000; for Black families, $12,000; for Hispanic families, just under $11,000.
The lack of broad and significant ownership in the stock market explains why in a recent survey, hope for a secure retirement falling significantly.
The Wells Fargo WFC/Gallup Investor and Retirement Optimism Index—an indicator of investors' outlook for the investing climate—plunged a record 134 points in May after hitting a 20-year high in the first quarter of 2020. Stocks are risky, and in America so are people's retirement futures.
Gallup's measure of consumer stock ownership is based on "Do you, personally, or jointly with a spouse, have any money invested in the stock market right now — either in an individual stock, a stock mutual fund, or in a self-directed 401(k) or IRA?" The raw data is here.


Up until now, it's the millennials (i.e. my generation) who have soaked up the attention of many brands. Marketers have undertaken countless hours of research, scaled traditional methods, embraced the digital age and effectively found appropriate ways to appeal to this sector of the public. But now, a whole new surge of consumers is rolling in like a tidal wave. It's the generation of selfie-lovers and screen addicts; of fresh memers and photofilter fiends. Just as marketers needed to learn how to build that pillar of trust with millennials, they now need to discover just how to form genuine connections with a generation that has grown up along the same timeline as the digital boom. Sure, they're still teenagers, but they already harness a buying power of $44 billion, and by 2020, will account for a whopping 40% of all consumers. So, it's best to start getting Gen Z savvy now.
To prepare yourself, let's take a look at what differentiates this up-and-coming demographic from previous generations of consumers.
Unlike their millennial predecessors who typically engage with three screens, Gen Zers use five screens: a smartphone, a TV, a laptop, a desktop and a tablet. It should come as no surprise then that they have been taught to swiftly make decisions about where to invest their attention: they have a plethora of options right at their fingertips, and have adapted to this unique process of quickly sifting through and assessing massive blocks of information at once.
Pro tip: Research what's trending online, and use this to your advantage. Essentially, this is where Gen Zers look to collect the most popular, up-to-date information and entertainment. Create an Instagram post that uses relevant hashtag about current events, or write up a blog post using keywords that relate to a trending news topic.
Gen Zers perceive social media as the gateway to validation and acceptance by their peers, and employ this platform to engage in important discussions. In this way, Gen Zers are essentially full-time brand managers. Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, SnapChat – they see these channels as ways to curate their different social media personas according to their audiences.
Pro tip: Know your platform. Gen Zers know the distinctive differences between each social media channel, and will likely be more inclined to engage with businesses who 'play by the rules'. They can instantly detect phonies, and know straight away when a brand is not up-to-date with the latest social media trends. To gauge and maintain their attention, you need to make sure you are leveraging social media efficiently by getting to know the nitty-gritty crevices.
Let's take a look at the not-so-humble selfie: it's a snapshot of oneself, usually taken within private settings such as the bedroom, which is then posted online to engage the interest of fellow users. Alternatively, let me ask you to shift your attention to the boom of reality TV shows, and acknowledge how said boom has generated a whole new culture over the past decade. These are just a few examples illustrating Gen Zers' hunger for glimpses into the private lives of the world around them – peers, idols and yes, even businesses alike. Gen Zers are willing to put themselves out there on display, and they expect the same from those they follow online.
Pro tip: Give your company a face. Throw up some behind-the-scenes photos, and ditch the overly corporate, planned feeling in lieu of something a little more spontaneous, open and honest. If you can, your marketing campaign will soar even further if you enlist a relatable spokesperson or social media influencer to trump your brand. Gen Zers aren't interested in company megaphones; they want real people.