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Home / Blog / How Parents Can Manage Epilepsy in Children With Cerebral Palsy
How Parents Can Manage Epilepsy in Children With Cerebral Palsy
By Birth Injury Justice Center
About half of children with cerebral palsy will also be diagnosed with epilepsy or experience seizures. Parents need to be aware of the co-occurrence of these two conditions so they can understand what treatments and therapies to pursue to improve their child's quality of life.
Epilepsy—or a brain disorder that causes seizures—commonly co-occurs in children with cerebral palsy. Because both disorders happen to the same child so frequently, it's important for parents whose children have cerebral palsy to be aware of the symptoms of both disorders.
What Is Epilepsy?
Epilepsy is a disorder that causes seizures, which happen due to unusual electrical activity in the brain. They can impact the whole body and put the child in danger. For example, the child may lose consciousness, fall or throw up and choke.
There are many different types of seizures. Sometimes seizures cause an individual to violently thrash on the ground. Other times the individual seems to be daydreaming, but they will have no recollection about what they were thinking of. Other times they may nod their head continuously, blink rapidly or seem to be incredibly clumsy.
Children with cerebral palsy tend to have an earlier onset of epileptic seizures than children without cerebral palsy. And the disorder tends to be more severe in children with more severe forms of cerebral palsy.
Epilepsy is treated with anticonvulsant medications. While some individuals may eventually be able to stop taking antiepileptic medications, there is a risk that the seizures could come back once the medicine is stopped.
Types of Seizures Children With Cerebral Palsy Experience
There are two groups of seizures—focal and generalized. In a focal seizure, only one section of the brain is affected. Whereas in a generalized seizure, both halves of the brain experience abnormal electrical activity.
1. Focal Seizures
Focal or partial seizures are common for epileptic individuals, with 60 percent being diagnosed with focal seizures. Children experiencing a focal seizure can maintain their consciousness.
Focal seizures also cause the following symptoms:
Impact speech
Cause one eyelid to twitch (or other facial spasms)
Increase the amount of saliva in the mouth
Cause vomiting
2. Generalized Seizures
Children who are experiencing a generalized seizure may twitch (convulsive seizure), or they may remain still (non-convulsive seizure).
There are four types of generalized seizures:
Grand Mal—sometimes called a tonic-clonic seizure where the child loses consciousness and falls then begins convulsing.
Petite Mal—also known as an absence seizure where the child zones out for 15 seconds or less.
Myoclonic—brief seizures that rapidly contract the child's muscles.
Atonic—a seizure that causes a loss of muscle tone, which can cause a child to slump or fall down.
Epilepsy Is Manageable
Epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy is a manageable condition. Epilepsy also usually subsides with development, and you shouldn't expect this to be lifelong suffering for your child.
To help manage epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy, parents should be prepared and know what to do when a seizure occurs:
Stay Calm: It's important to remain calm when a seizure happens, especially if your child is conscious or when they regain their consciousness.
Keep Them Safe and Comfortable: Remove your child's glasses and loosen their clothes. Put something soft under their head and turn them onto their side so fluids can drain out of their mouth. Most importantly, remember not to put anything in their mouth.
Time it: Pay attention to how long the seizure lasts. You can share this information with your doctor. If you need to call an ambulance, the paramedics will need to know the severity of the seizure.
If your child has epilepsy and cerebral palsy, try to work with a specialized pediatrician to get your child on treatment and therapy plans that cover multiple approaches, including physical and occupational therapies and anti-convulsant medications.
Posted in Cerebral PalsyTagged cerebral palsy, cerebral palsy epilepsy, cerebral palsy epilepsy causes, cerebral palsy seizures, Children with Cerebral Palsy, seizure
Birth Injury Support Team Last modified: August 21, 2020
Written by:Birth Injury Justice Center
The Birth Injury Justice Center was founded in 2003 by a team of legal professionals to educate and empower victims and families affected by birth injuries. Our team is devoted to providing you with the best resources and legal information for all types of birth injuries.
View 2 Sources
"What is Epilepsy?" Epilepsy Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/about-epilepsy-basics/what-epilepsy. Accessed May 16, 2019.
"What Happens During a Seizure?" Epilepsy Foundation. Retrieved from: https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/about-epilepsy-basics/what-happens-during-seizure. Accessed May 16, 2019.
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Yannis Tsividis is Charles Batchelor Professor of Electrical Engineering at Columbia University. Tsividis designed and built the first integrated MOSFET operational amplifier in 1976. Tsividis is Fellow of the IEEE and received the Golden Jubilee Medal of the IEEE in 2000. He is a well known lecturer who taught over 30 classes across Columbia University, MIT, UC Berkeley and the National Technical University of Athens. He is the author of several books, including a common reference on the operation and modeling of MOS transistors.

Tsividis was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2019. He received his B.S. from the University of Minnesota and M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley.

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Living people
Columbia University faculty
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Home Geology Earthquake, Tremor Extremely rare M5.0 earthquake hits North of Severnaya Zemlya, Russia – New...
Earthquake, Tremor
Extremely rare M5.0 earthquake hits North of Severnaya Zemlya, Russia – New nuclear tests?
The Arctic archipelago of Novaya Zemlya, the Kara Sea, and the eastern Barents Sea are characterized by low seismicity.
And today, February 23, 2017, a M5.0 quake was recorded in the region. Are Russian nuclear tests starting again?
Is this rare eartqhuake in the north of Novaya Zemlya, Russia related to new nucler tests? Picture of the first nuclear device detonated on Novaya Zemlya in 1955. . Cpopyright: NTV Russian television via Bellona
In the region of the Arctic archipelago of Novaya Zemlya, the Kara Sea, and the eastern Barents Sea fewer than 20 seismic events have been detected in the last 30 years using stations on mainland Europe and on Svalbard.
Today, 2017-02-23, the north of Severnaya Zemlya, Russia was rattled by a shallow (10km) M5.0 earthquake at 20:13.
The era of Soviet nuclear weapons testing on Novaya Zemlya resulted in many large seismic events for which the source parameters are well known and which were recorded globally.
So could this large earthquake for the region be the result of a new russian atomic bomb test?
Previous articleIndependence Day clouds swallow up Buenos Aires, Argentina and Medellin, Colombia
Next articleStrong eruptions at Sheveluch (Russia) and Sinabung (Indonesia) volcanoes
Dramatic earthquake increase in Hawaii! Jump from 60 to 600 per week in just 5 years in Pahala
Is the Cascadia Subduction Zone about to blow? Swarm of hundreds of small earthquakes rattle Vancouver Island
Prepare for the BIG ONE! Second strong quake in two weeks sends Northern California back to response and clean-up mode – Felt more violent...
Strong M6.4 earthquake hits off Ferndale, Northern California – Dozens of aftershocks – Power out across Humbolt County
Video: Huge 'earthquake fish' caught in Arica, Chile
M6.1 earthquake shakes Turkey – At least 50 people injured – Power disruption – People jumping from balconies
Energy equivalent to 32.6 atomic bombs released within 30 hours around the globe: M5.6 earthquake kills more than 260 in Indonesia – M7.2 and...
Strong and shallow M6.2 earthquake hit near the coast of Bio-Bio, Chile
3 major earthquakes (M6.8, M7.0 and M6.6) hit South Pacific in quick succession – M5.6 tremblor kills at least 6 in Nepal (videos and...
At least 26 injured after M6.4 earthquake rattles the Philippines
Extremely Rare 5.0 Earthquake Strikes North of Severnaya Zemlya, Russia | End Time News Feb 24, 2017 At 12:44 am
[…] The Arctic archipelago of Novaya Zemlya, the Kara Sea, and the eastern Barents Sea are characterized by low seismicity. And today, February 23, 2017, a M5.0 quake was recorded in the region. Are Russian nuclear tests starting again? In the region of the Arctic archipelago of Novaya Zemlya, the Kara Sea, and the eastern Barents Sea fewer than 20 seismic events have been detected in the last 30 years using stations on mainland Europe and on Svalbard. Today, 2017-02-23, the north of Severnaya Zemlya, Russia was rattled by a shallow (10km) M5.0 earthquake at 20:13. The era of Soviet nuclear weapons testing on Novaya Zemlya resulted in many large seismic events for which the source parameters are well known and which were recorded globally. FULL STORY […]

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The Future Tense newsletter is a low-volume, high-quality way to keep updated with our projects, exhibition dates, edition releases, events and other news.
We never share our subscriber details with any third party company, or buy in lists from other sources, and you can unsubscribe at any time.
© 2017 Art Damage Ltd.
Design: MODULARLAB
About The Future Tense:
The Future Tense is a curator-led arts initiative delivering an eclectic mix of exhibitions, events and special projects, both independently as well as in conjunction with some of the leading museums, galleries, publishers and cultural brands.
As a pioneer of the gallery-less gallery, and with a strong focus on discovering and fostering emerging talent, The Future Tense quickly developed a reputation for its rigorous approach and unrelenting focus on quality, before expanding to offer an alternative channel for established international artists.
Aside from the traditional programme of exhibitions, art fairs and fine art editions, The Future Tense originates, produces and delivers a wide range of special projects, including co-founding the prestigious annual MTV RE:DEFINE art benefit in Dallas.


In the past year of media coverage, two words have never been quite as dangerous as the phrase "fake news."
The term "fake news" has quickly hurt the reputation of media news outlets and independent journalists all across the country because Trump and his supporters have decided that facts they don't like are "fake news." And infuriatingly enough, people then turn and create ACTUAL fake news in response. A lot of this happens on social media, because of course.
A lot of stories that are actually fake start as posts by regular-old people on social media outlets like Facebook. Then web publishers run with them for clicks. These articles rack up shares and comments like there's no tomorrow, even though in most cases they're total nonsense. But when a real piece of fake news went viral recently, it put the lives of millions of Americans at risk.
Over the course of the last two weeks, a news article from Your News Wire has had more engagement on Facebook than any other article. The article insinuates that this year's flu shot is to blame for the flu epidemic sweeping the nation.
Your News Wire is widely known to spread actual fake news for the sake of site views.
In the fabricated a fake doctor is quoted as saying, "We have seen people dying across the country of the flu, and one thing nearly all of them have in common is they got the flu shot."
The article then goes on to make the assumption that some of the reported deaths across the country are the result of the vaccine, and not the flu itself.
Obviously, this had people fearing for their health.
But this is why research and knowing the facts can play an important role in deciphering fact from fiction. Of the three types of flu vaccine on the market, none of them have the potential to make you ill. You may experience side effects such as fever and soreness, but those are not the result of a flu infection.
Sharing such an article could actually lead to others being killed. Suppose someone reads an article telling them not to get the flu shot and later down the road they contract the illness. This is especially problematic for the elderly and for babies.
It's just a matter of fact checking. No matter what you're reading online, be sure to chase the facts.


You can see from the below video how secure the ipad Mini 3 is when in the RC holder.
UPDATED 07-10-16 – Due to popular demand I have added more phones that have proven to work with the DJI GO App and are within DJI's recommended size limit for the Mavic RC.
Since many people ask what smartphones will fit into the DJI Mavic RC I thought I would create a list of the ten best smartphones of 2016 that are within DJI's size limit for the Mavic RC ( Thickness Supported:6.5-8.5mm Max length: 160mm Supported USB port types: Lightning, Micro USB(Type-B),USB(Type-C)™ ). I know some other phones will fit and you may be able to squeeze in a larger one but that is an individual thing, this is for devices that WILL work.
Here are the top 11 popular smartphones of 2016 that will fit into ( and works with the DJI GO App ) the DJI Mavic's Remote Controller.
Phones that will fit with a little SQUEEZE!
Here is a list of smartphones that are being released soon that will also work.
Tablet devices that will fit ( will be a little tight ).
Will work or just fit ? nothing about Samsung Galaxy A5 ?
These will fit and will work. They have been proven by users to function with the Phantom 4..
Uh oh… i have a Mavic on order and planned to use my S7 Edge to control it.
Whats the Deal with those reboots, do you have more Details ?
Does it mean i loose control and RTH kicks in or do i still have full control using the Mavic Transmitter, just the FPV feed is gone until the reboot is finished and DJI Go started again ?
How frequent do those reboots occur ?
Are there specific features / functions in DJI Go that trigger the reboot or is it more or less random ?
ANd Others say its enough to switch the Location Services to just use "GOS only" which would be the easiest fix with least impact.
I did not do the August update so i hope the Mavic will work flawlessly when it arrives someday.
Can you tested a Huawei Mate 8?
The Huawei Mate 8 is a supported device and will fir the Mavic RC OK..
Hi , I see that oneplus 3 is compatible, would that mean that the oneplus 1 is also compatible.
The oneplus 1 is 8.9mm thick. To fit the Mavic RC a smartphone needs to be no more than 8.5mm thick ( 8.6 does fit at a push ).
How about an iPhone SE?
Anybody have issues with Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge?
Woohoo! So glad to hear that my moto z force will work!
Does it fit without a mounting adapter?
Does it work with the DJI Go 4 app?


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Trailer For Julian Breece's ITVS Futurestates Project 'The Living' As New Season Soon Begins
They say a formal full press release and EPK are coming soon, but in the meantime…
Season 4 of the ITVS Futurestates program will debut on April 24, 2013, with another group of 7 futuristic short films from 7 different filmmakers and their own individual visions of what the America of tomorrow will look like.
As a reminder, the initiative produces a series of short films by up-and-coming filmmakers, commissioned by ITVS that explore "possible future scenarios through the prism of today's global realities."
Each episode presents a different vision of American society in the not-too-distant future, by each filmmaker (or as ITVS calls them, "Independent Prognosticators") – using speculative fiction to explore, on film, social issues.
We've been following the series since its first season, featuring some great Futurestates films from filmmakers like Barry Jenkins, A. Sayeeda Clarke, Tina Mabry and others.
This season (season 4), we'll get to see the work of Julian Breece – a short titled The Living.
Here's its synopsis:
Organ Harvesting Initiative surgeon Isaac North visits a Colorado refugee town where quadriplegic Luther Hillman has signed up to be euthanized in return for his family's medical care, his organs harvested for more "productive" citizens.
It stars Brandon Scott, Harmony Santana (her first role since starring in Rashaad Ernesto Green's Gun Hill Road last year), Sy Richardson, and Lisa Goodman.
While we wait for season 4 of Futurestates to begin in about 3 weeks, watch the trailer for Breece's The Living below:
For more information about all 7 short films from this season (as well as all the shorts from previous seasons), visit: FutureStates.tv.
This year, all 7 shorts will air on FUTURESTATES.tv, PBS.org, and on PBS.


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Justia › US Law › US Case Law › US Supreme Court › Volume 235 › Dowagiac Mfg. Co. v. Minnesota Moline Plow Co.
Dowagiac Mfg. Co. v. Minnesota Moline Plow Co., 235 U.S. 641 (1915)
Dowagiac Manufacturing Company v.
Minnesota Moline Plow Company
Nos. 6, 7
Argued April 15, 16, 1913
Where a patent is infringed by selling machines embodying improvements covered by the patent and the value of the machines as marketable articles is attributable in part to the patented improvements and in part to unpatented parts or features, the profits arising from the infringing sales belong to the owner of the patent insofar as they are attributable to the patented improvements, and insofar as they are due to the other parts or features, they belong to the seller.
Upon an accounting in a suit for such infringement the commingled profits resulting from selling the machines in completed and operative form should be separated or apportioned between what was covered by the patent and what was not covered by it.
If the plaintiff's patent covered only a part of the infringing machine and created only a part of the profits, he is required to take the initiative in presenting evidence looking to an apportionment.
In an apportionment of profits, mathematical exactness is not indispensable, reasonable approximation being what is required, and it usually may be attained through the testimony of experts and persons informed by observation and experience.
The result to be accomplished by an apportionment is a rational
separation of the net profits so that neither party may have what rightfully belongs to the other.
Where damages are sought for infringing sales and it does not appear that the plaintiff thereby lost the sale of a like number of machines or of any definite or even approximate number, no adequate basis is laid for an assessment of damages upon the ground of lost sales.
As the exclusive right conferred by a patent is property and infringement of it is a tortious taking of a part of that property, the normal measure of damages is the value of what was taken, and this may be shown by proof of an established royalty, if there be such, and, if not, by proof of what would have been a reasonable royalty considering the nature of the invention, its utility and advantages, and the extent of the use involved. Coupe v. Royer, 155 U. S. 565, explained.
The right conferred by a patent under our law is confined to the United States and its territories, and infringement cannot be predicated of acts wholly done in a foreign country.
In the particular circumstances of this case, the decree, although ordinarily requiring affirmance, is reversed in order that there may be an opportunity to produce further evidence upon the accounting and to take other proceedings in conformity with this Court's opinion.
183 F. 314 reversed.
The facts, which involve the construction and application of certain provisions of the patent laws of the United States in regard to liability for infringement, are stated in the opinion.
WRITS OF CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
We have here to review two decrees dealing with an accounting of profits and an assessment of damages resulting from the infringement of a patent granted
February 10, 1891, for certain "new and useful improvements in grain drills, commonly known as "shoe drills." The suits wherein these decrees were rendered were both brought by the same plaintiff, but were against different defendants, charged with separate infringement. The plaintiff, besides owning the patent, was manufacturing and selling drills embodying the patented improvements, and the defendants, who were wholesale dealers in agricultural implements, were selling drills embodying substantially the same improvements. The drills made by the plaintiff were sold under the name "Dowagiac," and the names McSherry" and "Peoria" were applied to most of the others. The defendants purchased from manufacturers who, as has since been settled, were infringing the plaintiff's rights. At an early stage in the litigation, the validity of the patent was sustained, the defendants were held to be infringers, further infringement by them was enjoined, and the cases were referred in the usual way for an accounting of profits and an assessment of damages. 108 F. 67, 118 F. 136. Upon the evidence submitted, the masters reported that the recovery should be limited to nominal damages, and their reports were confirmed by the circuit court. Its action was affirmed by the circuit court of appeals. 183 F. 314.
The conclusion that the recovery should be thus restricted was rested upon these grounds: first, that the patent was not for a new and operative drill, but only for designated improvements in a type of drill then in use and well known; second, that the value of drills embodying this invention, as marketable machines, was not wholly attributable to the designated improvements, but was due in a material degree to other essential parts which were not patented; third, that the plaintiff failed to carry the burden rightly resting upon it of submitting evidence whereby the profits from the sale of the infringing drills
could be apportioned between the patented improvements and the unpatented parts; and, fourth, that, although the number of sales made by the defendants was disclosed, the evidence did not present other data essential to an assessment of the damage sustained by the plaintiff by reason of the defendants' infringement.
Partly because another circuit court of appeals seemingly had reached a different conclusion in other litigation arising out of this patent (see McSherry Co. v. Dowagiac Co., 160 F. 948, 163 F. 34; Brennan & Co. v. Dowagiac Co., 162 F. 472), and partly because of the importance of the questions involved, writs of certiorari were granted, requiring that these cases be certified here for review and determination. See Judicial Code, § 240.
Since the writs were granted, the rules bearing upon the apportionment of profits in such cases, the relative obligations of the parties to submit evidence looking to an apportionment, and the character of evidence which may be submitted, have been extensively considered and comprehensively stated in Westinghouse Co. v. Wagner Co., 225 U. S. 604. What was said there materially lessens our present task.
At the outset, it should be observed that, while the defendants were infringers and bound to respond as such to the plaintiff, their infringement was not wanton or willful. The masters and the courts below expressly so found, and the evidence sustained the finding. The defendants therefore were not in the situation of the infringing manufacturer in Brennan & Co. v. Dowagiac Co., 162 F. 472, of whom the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit said (p. 476): "It has made and sold these infringing drills with a purpose to imitate the patentee's construction."
It is quite plain, as we think, that the patent was not for a new and operative grain drill, but only for particular
improvements in a type of grain drill then in use and well known. The invention was so described in the specifications forming part of the patent. The inventor there said:
"This invention relates to new and useful improvements in grain drills commonly known as 'shoe drills,' and it consists in a certain construction and arrangement of parts, as hereinafter more fully set forth, the essential features of which being pointed out particularly in the claims."
"The object of the invention is to provide an independent spring pressure for each of the shoes and covering wheels of the drill, whereby the work of the drill is rendered efficient in uneven ground, and to provide means whereby said shoes and covering wheels may be raised from the ground when the implement is not in use, or when transporting it from one field to another."
In keeping with this statement, the claims in the patent were limited to a suitable construction and arrangement of spring pressure rods in combination with certain correlated elements of the seeding part of a grain drill -- the part which opens the furrows, guides the seed into them, and then closes them. Of course, this was an important part, but it was only that, for other parts were required to complete the machine and make it operative. Some of these were simple and easily supplied, such as the tongue and attachments to which the horses were hitched. Others were complex, and required careful adjustment. This was especially true of the feeding mechanism, whereby the grain was fed from the feed box or reservoir into the several hoppers in continuous, uniform, and precisely measured streams so that it might be deposited in the furrows evenly and in suitable quantity. Only when all the parts were present and so adjusted as to perform their respective functions was the drill a practical and successful machine. In this respect, no change resulted from the invention covered by the patent. It effected material
improvements in one part, but did not obviate or diminish the necessity for the others.
We think the evidence, although showing that the invention was meritorious and materially contributed to the value of the infringing drills as marketable machines, made it clear that their value was not entirely attributable to the invention, but was due in a substantial degree to the unpatented parts or features. The masters and the courts below so found, and we should hesitate to disturb their concurring conclusions upon this question of fact, even had the evidence been less clear than it was.
Insofar as the profits from the infringing sales were attributable to the patented improvements, they belonged to the plaintiff, and insofar as they were due to other parts or features, they belonged to the defendants. But, as the drills were sold in completed and operative form, the profits resulting from the several parts were necessarily commingled. It was essential, therefore, that they be separated or apportioned between what was covered by the patent and what was not covered by it, for, as was said in Westinghouse Co. v. Wagner Co., supra, (p. 225 U. S. 615): "In such case, if plaintiff's patent only created a part of the profits, he is only entitled to recover that part of the net gains." In the nature of things, the profits pertaining to the patented improvements had to be ascertained before they could be recovered by the plaintiff, and therefore it was required to take the initiative in presenting evidence looking to an apportionment. Referring to a like situation, it was said in the case just cited (p. 225 U. S. 617):
"The burden of apportionment was then logically with the plaintiff, since it was only entitled to recover such part of the commingled profits as was attributable to the use of its invention."
But the plaintiff did not conform to this rule. It neither submitted evidence calculated to effect an apportionment nor attempted to show that one was impossible, and this although the
evidence upon the accounting went far towards showing that there was no real obstacle to a fair apportionment. Certainly no obstacle was interposed by the defendants. It well may be that mathematical exactness was not possible, but, as is shown in Westinghouse Electric Co. v. Wagner Co. supra, (pp. 225 U. S. 617, 225 U. S. 620-622), that degree of accuracy is not required, but only reasonable approximation, which usually may be attained through the testimony of experts and persons informed by observation and experience. Testimony of this character is generally helpful, and at times indispensable, in the solution of such problems. Of course, the result to be accomplished is a rational separation of the net profits so that neither party may have what rightfully belongs to the other, and it is important that the accounting be so conducted as to secure this result if it be reasonably possible. As was said in Tilghman v. Proctor, 125 U. S. 136, 125 U. S. 145:
"It is inconsistent with the ordinary principles and practice of courts of chancery either, on the one hand, to permit the wrongdoer to profit by his own wrong or, on the other hand, to make no allowance for the cost and expense of conducting his business, or to undertake to punish him by obliging him to pay more than a fair compensation to the person wronged."
Coming to the question of damages, * we think the masters and the courts below were right in holding that the evidence did not present sufficient data to justify an assessment of substantial damages.
While the number of drills sold by the defendants was shown, there was no proof that the plaintiff thereby lost the sale of a like number of drills or of any definite or even approximate number. During the period of infringement, several other manufacturers were selling drills in large numbers in the same localities in direct competition with the plaintiff's drill, and, under the evidence, it could not be said that, if the sales in question had not been made, the defendants' customers would have bought from the plaintiff, rather than from the other manufacturers. Besides, it did not satisfactorily appear that the plaintiff possessed the means and facilities requisite for supplying the demands of its own customers and of those who purchased the infringing drills. There was therefore no adequate basis for an assessment of damages upon the ground of lost sales.
As the exclusive right conferred by the patent was property, and the infringement was a tortious taking of a part of that property, the normal measure of damages was the value of what was taken. So, had the plaintiff pursued a course of granting licenses to others to deal in articles embodying the invention, the established royalty could have been proved as indicative of the value of what was taken , and therefore as affording a basis for measuring the damages. Philp v. Nock, 17 Wall. 460, 84 U. S. 462; Birdsall v. Coolidge, 93 U. S. 64, 93 U. S. 70; Clark v. Wooster, 119 U. S. 322, 119 U. S. 326; Tilghman v. Proctor, 125 U. S. 136, 125 U. S. 143. But, as the patent had been kept a close monopoly, there was no established royalty. In that situation, it was permissible to show the value by proving what would have been a reasonable royalty, considering the nature of the invention, its utility and advantages, and the extent of the use involved. Not improbably, such proof was more difficult to produce, but it was quite as admissible as that of an established royalty. In Suffolk Co. v. Hayden, 3 Wall. 315, 70 U. S. 320, where a like situation was presented, this Court
said that, "in order to get at a fair measure of damages, or even an approximation of it, general evidence must necessarily be resorted, to." See also Packet Co. v. Sickles, 19 Wall. 611, 86 U. S. 617; Root v. Railway, 105 U. S. 189, 105 U. S. 198. And, in many cases in the other federal courts, the damages have been assessed upon proof of a reasonable royalty. The practice is illustrated by the following extract from the opinion in Hunt v. Cassiday, 64 F. 585, 587:
"The plaintiff was clearly entitled to damages for the infringement. If there had been an established royalty, the jury could have taken that sum as the measure of damages. In the absence of such royalty, and in the absence of proof of lost sales or injury by competition, the only measure of damages was such sum as, under all the circumstances, would have been a reasonable royalty for the defendant to have paid. This amount it was the province of the jury to determine. In so doing, they did not make a contract for the parties, but found a measure of damages."
True, some courts have regarded Coupe v. Royer, 155 U. S. 565, as impliedly holding that this practice was not permissible, but the decision does not admit of such an interpretation. In that case -- an action at law -- there was no proof of what would have been a reasonable royalty, but only of what the defendant had made or might have made out of the infringement, and all that the court held was (a) that the damages were not to be measured by what the defendant had gained or might have gained, but by what the plaintiff had lost, and (b) that, as the evidence disclosed "no license fee, no impairment of the plaintiff's market, in short, no damages of any kind," the verdict could not exceed a nominal sum. In Cassidy v. Hunt, 75 F. 1012, where the scope of that decision was carefully considered by one of the circuit judges for the Ninth Circuit, the conclusion was reached that it did not militate against an assessment of damages upon the basis of what would have been
a reasonable royalty, and a like view was expressed and applied by the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in McCune v. Baltimore & O. R. Co., 154 F. 63, and Bemis Car Co. v. Brill, 200 F. 749, 762, and by the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in United States Frumentum Co. v. Lauhoff, 216 F. 611. But, although the plaintiff was entitled to prove what would have been a reasonable royalty, and thereby show a proper basis for an assessment of damages, no proof upon that subject was presented.
There are still other grounds upon which damages may be assessed in infringement cases, as where hurtful competition is shown, but the present record does not require that they be specially noticed.
Some of the drills, about 261, sold by the defendants were sold in Canada, no part of the transaction occurring within the United States, and, as to them, there could be no recovery of either profits or damages. The right conferred by a patent under our law is confined to the United States and its territories (Rev.Stat. § 4884), and infringement of this right cannot be predicated of acts wholly done in a foreign country. See United Dictionary Co. v. Merriam Co., 208 U. S. 260, 208 U. S. 265. The case of Manufacturing Co. v. Cowing, 105 U. S. 253, is cited as holding otherwise, but is not in point. There, the defendant made the infringing articles in the United States. Here, while they were made in the United States, they were not made by the defendants. The latter's infringement consisted only in selling the drills after they passed out of the makers' hands. The place of sale is therefore of controlling importance here.
Ordinarily what has been said would lead to an affirmance of the decrees below. But there are special reasons why a final disposition of the cases should not be made upon the present record at this time. The patent was valid, and the invention meritorious. The infringing sales
covered 2,500 or more drills, the profits were substantial, and the damages, if rightly measured, were evidently more than nominal. The hearings before the masters were had prior to the decision in Westinghouse Co. v. Wagner Co., supra, at a time when the decisions bearing upon the apportionment of profits, as also upon the admeasurement of damages, were not harmonious, and this resulted in the evidence being so imperfectly presented as not to afford the data requisite to a final adjustment of the matters in controversy according to their merits.
The decrees are accordingly reversed, without costs, with directions to recommit the cases to a master in order that the questions involved in the original reference may be heard anew upon the evidence heretofore taken and such further evidence as may be submitted, and for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.
Decrees reversed.
MR. JUSTICE McREYNOLDS did not participate in the consideration or decision of these cases.
* Rev.Stat. § 4921 provides that,
"upon a decree being rendered in any such case for an infringement, the complainant shall be entitled to recover, in addition to the profits to be accounted for by the defendant, the damages the complainant has sustained thereby, and the court shall assess the same or cause the same to be assessed under its direction. And the court shall have the same power to increase such damages, in its discretion, as is given to increase the damages found by verdicts in actions in the nature of actions of trespass upon the case."
See Birdsall v. Coolidge, 93 U. S. 64, 93 U. S. 69; Tilghman v. Proctor, 125 U. S. 136, 125 U. S. 148.


text:
Three Russian Border Guards Wounded By North Korean Poachers
Russia says three of its border guards have been wounded by armed North Korean poachers who were illegally fishing in Russian waters.
The Federal Security Service (FSB) said on September 17 that the incident occurred after the border guards encountered two North Korean schooners and 11 motorboats in Russian territorial waters of the Sea of Japan.
One of the boat's crew attacked border guards who boarded the vessel, and three officers 'received injuries of varying degrees of severity,' according to the FSB, which controls the border and coast guards.
The two schooners and more than 80 North Korean citizens were taken into Russian custody, Russian news agencies quoted the agency as saying.
The Russian Foreign Ministry summoned North Korean Charge d'Affaires Zin Jong Hep over the incident, expressing 'serious concern.'
'We demanded the Korean side to take exhaustive measures with the goal of preventing such incidents in the future,' the ministry said in a statement.
Russian coast guards frequently detain North Korean fishermen in the Far East, and some of them are handed prison terms.
In July, North Korea released a Russian fishing boat with a Russian-South Korean crew after it was detained for violating entry regulations.
Based on reporting by Interfax, TASS, and AFP


text:
Тумба () е крайречно езеро в Екваториална Африка, в Демократична република Конго, в централната част на падината Конго. Дължината му от северозапад на югоизток е 50 km, ширината – до 25 km, а площта му варира от 500 до 765 km². Максимална дълбочина – 6 m, обем – 38,2 km³. Разположено е на 340 m н.в. По произход представлява система от "удавени" речни долини на реките Икабо, Хонго, Лолиа, Битука, Нгое и др., вливащи се в него. На северозапад чрез протока Иребу се оттича в река Конго. Обитава се от 114 вида риби, които са обект наместен риболов. Открито е през май 1883 г. от американския изследовател и колонизатор на Африка Хенри Мортън Стенли.

Източници

 Топографска карта М 1:500 000; лист А-33-Б
 Топографска карта М 1:500 000; лист А-34-А

Езера в ДР Конго


text:
Loudoun County's American Civil War Political Prisoners
by SOFREP Jul 31, 2022
Cannonading on the Potomac during the earlier period of the American Civil War, painted by Alfred W Thompson, c1869. (Image source: Wikimedia Commons)
Joseph Rizzo, the Executive Director of Loudoun Museum, shared the fateful life of political prisoners in Loudoun County during the American Civil War period, spring of 1983.
Imprisoning suspicious secessionists
In the spring of 1863, the Loudoun Rangers' commander, Samuel Means of Waterford, was in the northern bottom area and wanted to show locals "that he wanted some retaliation" and used this moment to capture prisoners who he deemed "worthy of being imprisoned for some previous acts." So they set out to arrest a couple of secessionists in the area; most notably, among them was a man named Henry Ball.
Means accused Ball—who lives around the Lucketts area—of being the one who led the Confederate soldiers into the Waterford Baptist Church, where the former's men and recruits were caught in the firefight and captured by Confederate cavalry chief Elijah White.
A battle was fought around the Baptish Church on the left during the Civil War at Waterford, Virginia. (Image Source: Waterford Foundation)
The Loudoun Rangers also arrested Albert Campbell Belt, a notable secessionist in the Lucketts area. Soon after, the news spread across town, sparking outrage and fear among the locals.
Upon learning of this, the Confederates planned to free the two captives. However, it was put on hold when the Battle of Gettysburg transpired in July. While waiting for their rescue, Belt and Ball were sent across the Potomac River and behind the notorious prison walls of Fort Delaware.
Two-for-two exchange
In the latter part of the summer of 1863, the cavalry commander, James Ewell Brown "Jeb" Stuart, started looking into getting the prisoners back home. He devised a plan and wrote to his comrade White, ordering him to abduct Asa Bond, who happened to be Samuel Means' father-in-law.
With Asa Bond on their hands, they could then demand an exchange for the freedom of two secessionists. But, on the other hand, White took the plan one step forward and suggested seizing one more prisoner so it would be a "two for two" exchange, thus taking insurance company chief William Williams.
Fort Delaware was the infamous prison used by the Union to place its prisoners-of-war spies and other criminals during the American Civil War. (Image source: Wikimedia Commons)
White and his men first went to the Williams' residence on Sunday evening, knocked on their door, and pointed a revolver at the latter's head as soon as he opened. Then, despite the pleas of Williams' wife, the Confederate cavalrymen carried him away. Since this is a small community, news travels as quickly as a tweet in the 21st century.
As soon as they arrived at the Means residence, White realized their mistake for taking Williams first, and as they knocked on their door, the cavalrymen were greeted by Mrs. Means and Ms. Bond instead of Asa Bond.
Rizzo read the account written by Nettie Dawson, who was there at the scene:
"Mrs. Means and Ms. Bond stood [at] their door and dared the Southerners to enter. They did enter, slapped Mrs. Means' jaw, and Ms. Bond fired a revolver at them."
Amid the commotion, their prime target fled the house and evaded capture.
White and his men realized this, and not wanting to spoil the plan, they got hold of Robert Hollingsworth, a local Quaker schoolmaster, instead.
Innocent civilian captives
These two unionists, Williams and Hollingsworth, were innocent compared to the two captured secessionists, Ball and Belt. They were "charged with horse stealing and burning some products" during their attempt to escape from arrest. The accusation of Means against Ball was that the latter was responsible for their ambush at the Waterford Baptist Church.
Anger and mostly fear stirred the townsfolk. Both unionists and secessionists in the county pleaded for these men to be released before it could escalate to retaliation. But White stood his ground and refused to release his prisoners. He, however, let them go for three weeks on parole and sent Williams and Hollingsworth to convince the Union to let Ball and Belt go. "If they can't do that, they'll have to come back," Rizzo recounted.
Read Next: Loudoun County's American Civil War Stories: Ghosts of Harrison Hall
Unfortunately, Williams and Hollingsworth were unsuccessful in their mission, and at the end of their parole, they headed back to White's encampment.
"At this point, Samuel Means and the Loudoun Rangers said they didn't have to go back," Rizzo continued, "but the two (Williams and Hollingsworth) choose [otherwise] because they gave their word to White [saying] that they will be back in three weeks' time."
When they returned, White informed the two unionists that they would be marched to Castle Thunder in Richmond and held there, where "they're going to be treated like the rest of the prisoners of war."
Castle Thunder in Richmond, VA, housed the prisoners of war—including Union spies, political prisoners, and individuals charged with treason—of the Confederacy during the American Civil War. (Image source: Wikimedia Commons)
Efforts to set the four prisoners free
Both their families came and worked together to set these prisoners free. Most notable was Williams' wife, who went around Virginia to gather signatures from unionists and appeal to the United States. She even traveled to the White House in the fall of 1863 to talk to and convince then-President Abraham Lincoln to let the innocent union captives go in exchange for the freedom of the federate prisoners.
"And he did," Rizzo perked. "He (Lincoln) wrote a note saying to the head prisoners to help this request out if possible, but the head of the prison, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, countermanded the request." Stanton refused to grant the request, concerned that "copycats" would transpire in the future.
Joe Rizzo at the Loudoun County Museum fundraising event, recounting the political prisoners of Loudoun County during the American Civil War. (Screenshot from C-Span)
So the disappointed Mrs. Williams returned to Waterford with her husband's guaranteed freedom. Nevertheless, at this point, the issue has already gotten enough attention that secessionists have started appealing to their side of the government. They submitted an appeal to the Secretary of War, and even Henry Ball wrote his own, saying not to take prisoners on his account.
Fortunately, Ball's letter had a good impact on the case. The two prisoners in Castle Thunder were eventually released on the condition of taking an oath in exchange for their travel permits. Finally, after months of the debacle, Williams and Hollingsworth returned home.
"They're able then to walk back home and in dramatic fashion, William Williams and Robert Hollingsworth arrived back to Waterford—looking beleaguered, longer beards, Williams even had smallpox from prison—but they make it back to Waterford on Christmas Day 1863," Rizzo said.
He continued: "When word was getting out in early December that the two Unionists were out of prison, then Stanton relented and the two secessionists were released from Fort Delaware and they return home just before the New Year to Loudoun County."
Rizzo's story showed that "people get caught up in war, even if you're not directly involved in it," especially if you're living in an area like Loudoun County, "where you're near the Potomac River—you have varying degrees of belief in the war, for or against; you will have enemies."
"Sometimes, you might bring it upon yourself [to have] a notable secessionist who may have led troops. Sometimes you might be a schoolmaster caught in the wrong place at the wrong time," Rizzo said as he concluded his story. You'd still be at war in one way or another, and it doesn't take breaks for anybody.
Loudoun County's American Civil War Stories: Ghosts of Harrison Hall
Loudoun County's American Civil War Stories: The Lucky-Unlucky Life of Luther Slater
CIA left explosive material on Loudoun school bus after training exercise
Loudoun County's American Civil War Stories: 'I Will Blow Your Damned Yankee Brains Out'
The Origin of the Word "Deadline" Could Be Traced Back in the American Civil War
Camp Rupert and the WWII POWs


text:
Roaring winds ignite Dirtbag bats in victory
March 16, 2008 at 12:00 a.m.
Saturday's Long Beach State game was at USC's Dedeaux Field, but it felt and played more like Wrigley Field.
With a freakishly cold wind blowing out to right field like a jetstream, three fly balls turned into home runs and pop-ups were a daylong adventure. The Dirtbags (11-3) endured the wind and put together a solid 13-hit attack for a 9-6 win over the Trojans (9-7).
Shane Peterson had four hits and three RBIs, Jason Tweedy had three singles, and freshman center-fielder Jonathan Jones drove in the game-winning run with the best at-bat of the game.
"The wind really changed the game and had right-handed hitters trying to go with the pitch," head coach Mike Weathers said. "Anything hit in the air was a challenge."
Jones' clutch hit went the other direction.
Tweedy singled to start the eighth with the game tied at six. Jones, the Northern California recruit who made his first college start Friday night, came up intending to sacrifice.
He missed two bunts attempts and was behind reliever Ryan Cabral 1-and-2, but then fouled off four pitches and worked the count full.
On a 3-and-2 pitch with Tweedy going, Jones turned on an inside fastball and lashed it past third baseman Billy Pinkerton and into the left-field corner for a triple. Tweedy scored, and Jones followed him home on Danny Espinosa's fly to right.
The Dirtbags added a run in the ninth on Peterson's double and a Travis Howell sacrifice fly.
"It was the at-bat of the day, and I was really proud of him simply because he was able to get all of my signs," Weathers said. "It's a lot to ask a freshman (full count hit-and-run) who hasn't played a lot. He stayed with it."
"I missed a chance to move the runner up twice, so I was slashing and just trying to stay alive," Jones said. "He was working me away but threw me a fastball in and I turned on it."
The nine runs were a season high and the Dirtbags' aggressiveness was as much of a positive as the outcome. Danny Espinosa, fighting a slump, had a bunt single and scoring fly ball. Travis Howell also had two hits.
"We thought we broke out in Hawaii, but then we had (a bad) Tuesday (against Western Illinois," Peterson said. "Sometimes you just take what positives you can get in an at-bat even if you don't get a hit."
The Dirtbags built a 3-0 lead with single runs in the first, third and fifth. Espinosa's leadoff bunt was turned into a two-base error and he eventually scored. In the third, his bunt single was cashed in on Shane Peterson's double to right.
Jason Corder then got a ball up in the windstream for his first home run of the season.
Vance Worley was coasting along into the sixth, having allowed only two hits in the first five innings, when he walked Robert Stock and the wind turned a Anthony Vasquez fly to right into a two-run home run.
USC tied the score on a single, steal of second, throwing error on Howell and Nick Green's single.
The Dirtbags cashed in singles by Howell and Tweedy in the sixth on a throwing error, and made it 6-3 in the seventh on Corder's double and Peterson's single.
Trojans tied it on an Espinosa throwing error, walk, and wind-aided three-run home run by Green in the bottom of the seventh off reliever David Roberts.
DIRTBAG NOTES: Jason Markovitz retired five batters in relief of Roberts and Bryan Shaw got the save. … Freshman Jake Thompson faces USC's Ryan Cook in the series finale today (1 p.m.) at Blair Field. The Dirtbags host San Diego State Tuesday, play at UCLA Friday, then host the Bruins for a pre-Easter doubleheader Saturday. … Worley had 11 strikeouts in his start against Hawaii last week but no strikeouts in six innings Saturday. The free-swinging Trojan didn't strike out Saturday.


Fluctuating mentation. Is that common or specific to a given stage?
Have you found with your LO that mentation fluctuates. That at some point you thought they were maybe better?
It seems like there is a plateau and then that drops, another plateau, and that drops too. Is that common or specific to a given stage?
Has been a real head scratcher.
Yes I believe so. I've been wondering the same thing. My hubby was diagnosed with early onset alzheimers. I've looked for answers to this same thing...I felt he improved because it's not really his memory, but came to realize with him its cognitive loss. Which I will say has helped me to be able to look for different things and stages. Every article I've read has said it's a roller coaster ride mixed in with landings along the way. Slow and steady then whoosh.
Yes, one day dad would do real well and the next totally different. It could even change in a span of hours. Mornings after breakfast were usually his best times near the end.
I think that is true. I cared for, then lived with, a couple a little over five years. They both had dementia but expressed differently. Doctors say there is no medical cure, only medication to slow it down. The Mr. was repetitive and forgetful, which progressively got worse, but he had pat answers to routine questions that made it seem like his affliction was mild, but it progressively was more severe and noticeable. Whereas the Mrs. would have the nonsensical talk, be non-communicative, call out for people who long passed away, occasional hallucinate, or be sharp as a tack and still is.
From my personal experience, it is a rollercoaster ride.
You never know who will wake up tomorrow, loving gentle g'ma or satan on steroids. It is not easy and when we come to terms with the reality that there is no reality for them it helps us cope better.
Alzheimer's typically is slow and steady. Some slower than other but the pace is pretty steady.
My Husband was "diagnosed" with Alzheimer's but later I was thinking that he also had Vascular Dementia. That typically will have steep declines. I said Alzheimer's is like walking down a ramp, slow, steady decline while Vascular is more like stairs with landings between the declines where things will hold steady for a while. The two combined was like a ramp with a few stairs thrown in every few paces. I never got an "actual" diagnosis because by the time I learned enough he was past the point where it would matter, no medication would help and knowing would not change the outcome and there was no reason to subject him to tests that would not help.
What does help is a set schedule, being consistent with getting up in the morning, shower routine, breakfast and everything else that goes on.
If your LO is a candidate for Adult Day Care take advantage of that. Socialization is good and if this is part of the routine even better. And it helps you get a break. And decide at what point you will consider a Memory Care facility. Get all the papers you will need in order POA for health, finance, DNR or a better document is a POLST. there is a document you can get on line called Five Wishes that will help a lot with planning.
From what I understand true Alzheimer's is a slow and steady decline. Other forms of dementia, like Vascular caused by strokes will drop suddenly due to a stroke and then plateau until the next stroke. I believe my dad has vascular as he has had hundreds (probably) of undetectable strokes and some that do have obvious symptoms. In Sept for example he had a stroke during the night (we suspect). He woke up with no knowledge that his wife, sons and his mother and siblings were all deceased. Now every day, many times a day he asks about them. He "seemed" to improve somewhat but not totally back to his previous person. You can read about the different types of dementia (which is the umbrella term) at the Alzheimer's Assoc website. Hope this helps.


text:
HomeRETAIN
(FAQs)
The Re-Engagement and Engagement in Treatment for Antiretroviral Interrupted and Naïve populations (RETAIN) Initiative is a new partnership with the BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS (BC-CfE), Medical Health Officers from each health authority and HIV outreach personnel throughout British Columbia.
The RETAIN Initiative seeks to promote treatment initiation for HIV-positive British Columbians who have never been treated with HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) and treatment re-initiation for individuals who have interrupted HIV treatment through ART. On sustained and consistent treatment, people living with HIV (PLHIV) can achieve a viral load that is undetectable by standard blood tests. HIV treatment improves an individual's quality of life and longevity, while nearly eliminating the chances of transmitting HIV to others. This is the evidence-based concept behind Treatment as Prevention.
The RETAIN Initiative has two key components:
Clinician Alerts
The BC-CfE sends routine alerts to physicians regarding their patients who have interrupted ART. Additionally, alerts have been launched for physicians linked to patients newly diagnosed with HIV who have not yet accessed ART. Both of these alerts include contact information for local public health support.
Routine Coordination of Outreach Support
The core component of RETAIN is the routine province-wide coordination of public health support for people living with HIV (PLHIV) who have interrupted ART or who have yet to initiate therapy. PLHIV will be eligible for this outreach support if: 1) they have interrupted treatment for longer than four months, or 2) they have not yet started treatment more than eight months after a high plasma viral load is reported.
Public health support specified by the RETAIN Initiative aims to ensure all PLHIV have opportunities to access care and treatment. However, the views and decisions of those PLHIV who wish to remain off treatment will be respected. All patient information is kept confidential and is not shared beyond the most trusted public health channels. The Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner for BC has reviewed this initiative, and it adheres to strict privacy standards and all applicable privacy legislation.


text:
Q: Trouble filling input fields with placeholder data in Laravel 5 Supernoob here.  I have a 'users' table and a 'businesses' table in the database.  Trying to pull the data from the businesses table into the form as a placeholder.  Currently, the fields are blank and I cannot save new input info to the table either.  I need help to accomplish both.  Any help would be greatly appreciated!
edit.blade.php  ($business is defined in User.php below)

    <form class="form-horizontal" action="/business/{{ $business->slug }}/edit" method="post">

has('businessname') ? ' has-error' : ' ' }}">
            Business Name

                <input type="text" class="form-control" id="businessname" name="businessname" value="{{ old('businessname') ? old('businessname') : $business->businessname }}">

            @if ($errors->has('businessname'))

                    {{ $errors->first('businessname') }}

            @endif

    </form>

User.php (Business class is defined in Business.php below)
<?php

namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Notifications\Notifiable;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\User as Authenticatable;

class User extends Authenticatable
{
use Notifiable;

/**
 * The attributes that are mass assignable.
 *
 * @var array
 */
protected $fillable = [
    'firstname', 'lastname','email', 'phonenumber','password',
];

/**
 * The attributes that should be hidden for arrays.
 *
 * @var array
 */
protected $hidden = [
    'password', 'remember_token',
];

public function business()
{
    return $this->hasMany(Business::class);
}
}

Business.php
<?php

namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Notifications\Notifiable;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\User as Authenticatable;

class User extends Authenticatable
{
use Notifiable;

/**
 * The attributes that are mass assignable.
 *
 * @var array
 */
protected $fillable = [
    'firstname', 'lastname','email', 'phonenumber','password',
];

/**
 * The attributes that should be hidden for arrays.
 *
 * @var array
 */
protected $hidden = [
    'password', 'remember_token',
];

public function business()
{
    return $this->hasMany(Business::class);
}
}

web.php (the routes are defined in web.php)
<?php

Route::get('/', function () {
return view('welcome');
});

Auth::routes();

Route::get('/home', 'HomeController@index')->name('home');

Route::group(['middleware' => ['auth']], function() {
Route::get('/business/{slug}/edit', 'BusinessProfileController@edit');
Route::put('/business/{slug}/edit', 'BusinessProfileController@update');
});

BusinessProfileController.php (here is the controller)
<?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers;

use App\Models\Business;
use App\Http\Requests;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;

class BusinessProfileController extends Controller
{

public function edit(Business $business)
{

    return view('business.settings.edit', [
            'business' => $business
        ]);
}

public function update()
{
    \\
}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
The Levellers (2010)
From the December 2010 issue of the Socialist Standard
After his visits to Iceland in the 1870s, William Morris concluded that 'the most grinding poverty is a trifling evil compared with the inequality of classes'. Where life was hard, there was little alternative to all being poor, but where some people were far richer and more powerful than others, that was far worse, since it was so unnecessary and deleterious. The consequences of inequality have recently been set out at length in The Spirit Level by Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett (published by Penguin, and reviewed in the Socialist Standard for June 2009). The authors have established a website (The Equality Trust), which is aimed at 'the widest public and political understanding of the harm caused by inequality'.
The book's subtitle, Why Equality is Better for Everyone, suggests the main thrust of its argument. The authors begin by discussing the relation between economic growth and standard of living on the one hand, and life expectancy and happiness on the other. As might be predicted, a low standard of living in a country means low life expectancy (fifty years or less), and an increase in per capita income means people living longer (to over seventy years). But there comes a point at which the relationship disappears, and the wealthiest countries (such as the USA and Norway) do not have greater life expectancy than the rather less rich (like Greece and Germany). A similar point holds for the proportion of people who describe themselves as 'quite happy' or 'very happy': the first stages of economic growth lead to people being happier but those in the richest countries are no happier than those in the slightly less rich.
But things are different when comparisons are made within one country. In the US, for instance, those living in better-off areas do live longer than those in poorer areas. And for a whole set of health and social problems, Wilkinson and Pickett use a very wide range of data to argue that the more unequal countries have more of the problems. The rates for mental illness, to take one example, are far higher in the US and UK than in less unequal countries such as Germany and Japan.
In addition to mental illness, the problems covered are: levels of trust, life expectancy and infant mortality, obesity, children's educational performance, teenage births, homicides, imprisonment rates and social mobility. For thirty 'advanced' capitalist countries, the level of inequality is measured by the ratio of the income of the top to the bottom 20 percent (so the top includes many slightly better-off workers). To compare inequality across US states, they use a more complex measure called the Gini coefficient. In each case, they do not just record the correlation between inequality and the extent of the problem, but also discuss why such a correlation should hold. And countries tend to perform badly on all the measures if they do badly on one:
"If…a country does badly on health, you can predict with some confidence that it will also imprison a large proportion of its population, have more teenage pregnancies, lower literacy scores, more obesity, worse mental health, and so on."
Let's look more closely at some of the problems. The level of trust is measured by how many people agreed with the statement 'most people can be trusted'. In Portugal only 10 percent agreed (!), in Sweden 66 percent. The proportion in the US who agree has fallen from 60 percent in 1960 to under 40 percent in 2004. It is quite a commentary on the nature of capitalism that so many people do not trust others. As Wilkinson and Pickett say, 'High levels of trust mean that people feel secure, they have less to worry about, they see others as co-operative rather than competitive.' And inequality causes lack of trust, rather than vice versa.
As for obesity, a greater proportion of adults and children are overweight in more unequal countries, and this correlation is stronger for women than for men. Lack of exercise and reliance on fast food are the main causes here, and unemployment also tends to lead to weight gain. A more tentative argument is that people suffering from stress respond to food by accumulating fat around their middle as well as by comfort eating. It had not previously occurred to me that Socialism would drastically reduce the extent of obesity, but maybe it will.
In the case of violence, the general argument is that it is in most cases triggered by humiliation and loss of face when people feel they are disrespected or looked down on. Shame and lack of social status (in terms of education, income, housing, etc) can make us all resentful, even if relatively few will react with violence. And 'increased inequality ups the stakes in the competition for status: status matters even more'. Many research studies have shown that violent crime (especially homicides and assaults) is positively linked with inequality. In the US, 72 percent of juvenile murderers grew up in homes without fathers, as family breakdown leads to inter-generational cycles of violence.
In the book's final part, Wilkinson and Pickett set out their ideas for 'a better society'. Some of the general points here are perfectly fine, such as recognition of the importance of friendship and mutual help: 'human beings have a unique potential to be each other's best source of co-operation, learning, love and assistance of every kind'. From a long-term historical point of view, the current highly unequal societies are exceptional, since the vast majority of humans have lived in extremely egalitarian societies.
What they argue for, of course, is a more equal kind of social system, in the belief that this will improve the quality of life for all. However, they stand not for Socialism, but for a less unequal form of capitalism. There are different roads to greater equality, say the authors, but they all need to address the basic cause of inequality, the institutions that employ us. So the solution they advocate is for employees to own and control the companies that employ them. Workers might then vote for the chief executive to earn ten times the average wage (thus reducing but not eliminating inequality).
Yet this leaves the wages-prices-profit system of capitalism untouched. Most people will still have to work for wages, companies will still have to make a profit, workers will lose their jobs when the company can no longer make a profit from their labour power, the environment will still be desecrated in the search for cheap raw materials and higher profits. The waste of capitalism, with its banks and credit cards and accountants and ticket-collectors, will remain, as will the causes of wars.
It is clear that slightly less unequal versions of capitalism are possible, but also that they do not put an end to social problems, as even the more egalitarian versions still have them. It will take a socialist society to do away with the grotesque inequalities of capitalism and its inherent problems.
Posted by Imposs1904 at 5:42 PM No comments:
Labels: Addiction, Class Inequality, December 2010, Inequality, Kate Pickett, Paul Bennett, Poverty in the United States, R2010, Richard Wilkinson Links to this post
Who needs leaders? (1992)
In July several members of the local Camden branch attended the SWP annual "Marxism" event which brings together thousands of workers for a series of lectures and debates. We felt this would be a good opportunity to discuss the Socialist Party's politics and opposition to the SWP.
During the day we had a literature stall and distributed copies of the Socialist Standard and other Socialist Party literature. We also handed out 400 copies of a leaflet detailing our criticism of the SWP.
Before distributing the leaflet we wondered if its content and tone might elicit a hostile response from SWP members. However, when challenged as to the truth of the statements they were not denied and were even endorsed by one or two SWP members who fully approved of the authoritarian nature of their party, with its central committee meetings in private, issuing orders to its followers in the branches.
Other workers we spoke to were less happy with this dictatorial arrogance and gave a favourable response to our ideas on democratic organization with its emphasis on total accountability and absence of leaders.
As a propaganda exercise we felt the day was successful and we were encouraged by the positive response from many workers to the Socialist Party's case. The next step will be to convince them of the need to join with socialists to organise democratically for socialism. We can then tell the central committees with their self-appointed leaders that they are not required.
Below is the text of our leaflet.
Nearly everyone attending this event agrees that capitalism stinks. The world needs to be changed and that won't be done by the Labour Party. What we want is a world for the workers.
To get a decent world we need to organise for it. The organisers of this event say that they are revolutionary socialists. But there are some questions you should ask them:
What is socialist about joining a party which has a minority who are leaders and a majority who are merely the rank and file followers?
What is revolutionary about supporting the Labour Party everytime there is an election?
Why do these so-called socialists accept Lenin's view that workers are too stupid to bring about socialism themselves and must be led to revolution by reform-advocating intellectual leaders?
Why are meetings of the SWP's leaders closed to the public—and to members who aren't leaders?
Why should you join a party which orders its members about like a religious sect, even forbidding them to speak to certain opponents?
What is the point of rejecting authoritarian Tory liars and then jumping into bed with authoritarian Leninist manipulators?
We in the Socialist Party are hostile to the politics of the SWP. We reject its vanguardism, its worshipping of dead Russian rulers, its dogmatic Trotskyist religion and, above all, its contempt for democratic debate. Our opposition is not just another sectarian squabble whereby one leftist group claims to be a better leader than the other. We are not leaders. We are not looking for followers. Unless workers understand, want and organise for socialism it is not going to happen.
We urge you to ask the questions listed above to the organisers of this event. Ask and keep on asking until they give you satisfactory answers.
We invite you to find out more about the Socialist Party by writing to us an requesting some free socialist literature which is not Leninist or reformist, but is Marxist and revolutionary. You have nothing to lose by seeing what we have to say. Unless, of course, you are ready to be fitted with political blinkers—in which case, have a good time this week.
Labels: Party News, R1992, September 1992, SPGB Camden Branch, SWP Links to this post
Capital as power (2015)
Book Review from the May 2015 issue of the Socialist Standard
'The 1% and the Rest of Us - A Political Economy of Dominant Ownership', by Tim Di Muzio. Zed Books.
This is a curate's egg. The historical parts are good as is the definition of 'the 1%' as the dominant owners of income-yielding assets. Even 'capital as power', as an alternative to the concepts of capital as physical instruments of production (orthodox economics) and of capital as accumulated surplus value (Marx), has some descriptive merit. Capitalist firms can be seen as trying 'to redistribute more money to themselves than their counterparts, who are trying to do the same thing.' Which means that all capitalist firms are in effect competing against each other for profits not against just those in the same branch of activity.
But the bad part is really bad. Di Muzio has swallowed hook, line and sinker the view that banks literally create money 'out of thin air', a phrase he repeatedly uses. We are asked to believe that, when banks make a loan it is not out of money they have or can acquire, they just create it out of nothing and then charge interest on it. He offers this as an explanation as to why prices keep rising since, according to him, when a business has taken out a loan from a bank it has to increase the price of what it is selling to cover the interest it has to pay the bank. He also thinks that because 'there is not enough money in the economy for workers to purchase goods and services they produce, there is a constant demand for interest-bearing credit'. But, as we always point out when confronted with such 'underconsumptionist' views, what the workers can't buy the capitalists can or could.
This is the purest currency crankism in its crudest form, which not even Positive Money (who he mentions favourably) subscribes to. He even proudly boasts that this is what he teaches his students at the University of Wollongong in Australia who start their course thinking (correctly, in fact) that banks can't lend more than they have or can acquire. His only saving grace on this is a passage in which he writes that 'it is unclear whether Marx understood' that banks create money out of thin air. Well, for the record, Marx did not make that mistake.
Logically with his views, Di Muzio lists as the most important demand that 'the party of the 99%' he envisages (not a bad idea in itself) is 'monetary reform' to replace 'money as debt' by a government bank simply printing money as 'democratically decided' is needed. An unnecessary and worthless reform as well as a harmful diversion from what such a party should really aim at: the expropriation of the 1% and the rest of the owning class by making the Earth's resources the common heritage of all humanity.
Adam Buick
Labels: Adam Buick, Book Review, Capitalist Class, Currency Cranks, May 2015, R2015, Tim Di Muzio, Zed Books Links to this post
Are We Practical? (1932)
From the March 1932 issue of the Socialist Standard
Certain critics have asked why we do not organise a mass resistance of the workers against the wage-cuts of the National Government. Socialist propaganda is all very well, they say, but what are we doing in the meantime whilst workers' standard of living is being mercilessly attacked?
The question is a curious one. Which workers are we to organise? The workers who voted the National Government into power, or the workers who supported the equally non-Socialistic Labour Party? And how are we to organise politically uninstructed workers who can easily be stampeded into a panic by the capitalist press?
In the first place, we are a political party with a definite political object. As workers and members of trade unions we must be opposed to all wage-cuts, but as Socialists and members of the Socialist Party of Great Britain we go further. We are opposed to the biggest cut of all—the profit cut—which robs the workers all the time of the bulk of the wealth they produce. This meantime question sounds quite sensible till you look at it closely. It depends entirely upon the workers whether there shall be a meantime and how long that meantime will be. In the meantime the capitalist class hold political power and they are therefore masters of the situation. Moreover, if it is possible to reform the present system of society in the interests of the working class, there is no need for Socialism. But experience has proven that to be impossible. In spite of all the reforms of the three biggest parties, the conditions of the workers steadily worsen.
Thirty years ago we were told the same story by the Labour Party, the I.L.P., S.D.P., and other bodies. Our method of achieving Socialism by educating the workers in Socialist principles would, they said, take centuries. They had a better and quicker way. They would give the workers reforms and higher wages, and win their support in that way. Socialism would be with us in no time. Perhaps! The Labour Party can now number its adherents by the million, but is it truly a menace to the existing order of society? Are the workers beginning to take an intelligent interest in Socialism as a result of all these years of the Labour Party's political activity? No. They are still struggling blindly and vainly. They are still being led like sheep down the blind alley of social reform and "direct action," by the "intelligent minorities" who pose as their saviours. One can understand from the following the reasons for the Labour Party collapse.
In a letter to the New Leader (October 12th, 1928), Dr. Alfred Salter, Labour M.P. and member of the I.L.P., frankly admitted that there is not a single constituency in the country where there a majority of convinced Socialist electors. He said :-
We have plenty of districts, such as Bermondsey, where there is an overwhelming Labour majority, but it is a sheer delusion to think that the greater number of these people understand what we mean by Socialism. They neither understand it nor want it. (Our Italics.)
Labour majorities are not so "overwhelming" now, and the electors in these constituencies who return Labour candidates to Parliament are not, and cannot be, Socialists, for the self-evident reason that the Labour Party has never advocated Socialism. MacDonald, Henderson and Co. have in practice served the interest of the Master Class by confusing the minds of the workers. They have made them believe that Socialism is State charity, more doles, more pensions, better prisons, health insurance and family allowances, Lansbury Lidos, and, of course, we must not forget to mention Mr. Lansbury's proposed tarpaulin doss-houses in the parks. These things are not Socialism. Socialism is a system of society in which the means of life are owned in common. Socialism implies the social ownership of all the things necessary to maintain life, the land, railways, factories, etc., to be democratically controlled and used in the interest of the whole of society. Now, you workers who voted for the Labour Party and imagined you were voting for Socialism, what have you to say? You are disillusioned and bewildered, but remember that all the time you were voting for the retention of capitalism—and your poverty. The Labour Government failed, but the Object and Declaration of Principles on the back page of The Socialist Standard still hold good. The Labour Government failed because it tried to solve working-class problems within the existing framework of society. They quickly discovered that it was not possible to administer capitalism in the interests of the working class. They boasted before taking office that they had in hand schemes of development which would provide work for tens of thousands of workers. These schemes were put into operation, but at the same time capitalism was displacing hundreds of thousands of workers, due to worsening trade depression and wage-saving machinery. During the life of the last Labour Government unemployment mounted to a record figure.
Yet the solution to the "problem" of unemployment is really quite simple. After all, what is unemployment? It is the inability of the worker to sell the only thing he possesses—his working energies, his labour-power. Unemployment is, therefore, the outcome of wage-slavery. Wage-slavery can only exist in a society where there are two classes, employers and employed; an owning class that produces nothing, and a propertyless class that produces wealth. Once the necessity to seek an employer is abolished, this so-called problem vanishes into thin air. In order to achieve this, we must first abolish the private property basis of society, and there will no longer be any classes; no capitalist class and no working class, no employers and no employed, no profits and no wages; hence, no unemployment, because there will be no employment.
This private ownership of the means of life is the cause not merely of unemployment, but of the general poverty condition of the workers, whether in work or out of work, and the fruits of poverty, disease, prostitution and crime.
Neither the Labour Party nor any other reform party can protect you against the evils of the capitalist system, because they do not understand and are not prepared to remove the fundamental cause of these evils—capitalism. They will promise you the sun, the moon and the stars, but they do not give you the only remedy for your poverty—Socialism. Their reforms are useless to solve the main poverty problem, because you cannot have capitalism without its effects. You cannot have a commercial system without the laws of commerce. You cannot have capitalism without the inevitable concentration of wealth into a few hands and the formation of huge international trusts and combines. You cannot have capitalism without a propertyless class of wealth-producers and the accumulation of misery and degradation for them. No reform can prevent the present system from developing according to the laws governing its existence.
At this point, fellow-workers, you will perhaps ask if we consider all reforms to be bad in their effects. Is there no room for improvement in working-class conditions within the present system? The answer is that the capitalists have power, and it is they who decide to give or to withhold reforms, not in your interest, but in their own. We are opposed to the policy of devoting energies to the struggle for reforms, instead of devoting them to the struggle for Socialism. In any event the growth of a strong Socialist movement would do more to make the capitalists yield concessions than all the efforts of the reformers.
When the workers become Socialists and have won political power from the hands of their masters, they will not use it merely to modify a few of the effects of their slavery, but to end it. Questions such as Free Trade or Protection are of no concern to the workers. They are faced with exactly the same problems all over the capitalist world. Their misery and poverty are international. Protection does not safeguard their jobs or their wages. Whether it is in tariff countries like Germany and the United States, or Free Trade countries such as England has been, the same features of capitalism exist. Increased power to make goods alongside unemployment. Side by side with the developing power to produce wealth there is more intense poverty. The application of science to industry is not used to make the lives of the workers more comfortable, but to increase the profits of the capitalist owners. Every new machine is a weapon against the workers. So long as the worker's labour-power is an article of merchandise like cheese or tin—that is, so long as he remains a wage-earner—no reform can give him security and comfort. So long as the means of life are in private hands and the motive for production is profit, the more wealth the workers are able to produce, the less will be their portion, and the harder they work, the sooner they will be out of work.
If all the time, money and trouble spent on the advocacy of reforms had been devoted to Socialist propaganda, the workers would now occupy a much stronger position. Capitalism cannot be reformed without at the same time being strengthened. The reform parties are but deluding the workers with the foolish and futile hope that their problems can be solved inside the present system of society. They serve the interest of the capitalist class by hiding from the workers the cause of their poverty. Every reform in the programmes of these parties that is likely to be put into operation would not materially alter the condition of the workers or endanger the capitalists. Not one of them touches the fundamental cause of working-class poverty. They can be safely supported by non-Socialists and anti-Socialists. The support won by these parties is not support for Socialism, and must be essentially limited by the limited nature of their programmes.
Study Socialism, organise in the Socialist Party to abolish the system that enslaves you, and establish a new system of society in which the men and women who produce and distribute wealth shall have free and equal access to the means of life.
Kaye.
Labels: Bermondsey, Kaye, Labourism, Left-Wing Reformism, March 1932, R1932, Reforms Links to this post
Past praying for (1988)
Film Review from the July 1988 issue of the Socialist Standard
A Prayer For the Dying has been disowned by both the film's director, Mike Hodges, and actor, Mickey Rourke. They have demanded that their names be removed from the credits and have embarked on a counter-publicity campaign. If this had been on the grounds that it is a lousy film, then I would have been in total sympathy with them and even have suggested that they be joined by the other two "stars" in the film - Alan Bates and Bob Hoskins. In fact they were protesting about cuts made to the film on the instructions of the producers which, they argue, had resulted in all the politics being taken out.
The film was originally intended to be a thriller scripted by Jack Higgins. Mickey Rourke was to play the part of a repentant IRA gunman on the run in England. But, while in Ireland researching his role, Rourke became enamoured of the republican cause. As a result, with the co-operation of the director, the film became a more overtly political thriller with several long monologues in favour of the IRA being written into the script. The producers objected. They removed the political speeches and cut out all the Irish scenes except the opening one - in which a bomb intended for the army blows up a school bus and leads to Rourke's subsequent soul-searching.
The result is a pig's ear of a film. It is badly acted - Alan Bates as the London funeral director-cum-gangster would have been hilarious if this was supposed to be a comedy. And who can have possibly believed that Bob Hoskins could ever be convincing as a Roman Catholic priest (albeit one who learned some useful things to do to would-be assailants while in the SAS)? The plot is totally unconvincing. The repentant Rourke in hiding in London agrees to commit just one more murder in return for a passport and passage to America. This times it's on behalf of gangster, Alan Bates. The shooting is witnessed by the priest (Hoskins) and, as a result, Rourke becomes a regular visitor to his church. Here he meets that stereotype "innocent young girl who can soften the hardest of hearts". In this case she is the blind organ-playing niece of the priest. From this point on the film degenerates from poor, if unintentional, comedy to utter farce. Not only that, it is mawkishly sentimental. It's true that there is not a lot of politics in this film, but then there's not a lot of anything else either.
Janie Percy-Smith
Labels: Film Review, Ireland, Irish Republican Army, Janie Percy-Smith, July 1988, R1988 Links to this post


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Revenues Officer
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Team Leader (Development Management) x 3
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Grade L (£50,353 to £52,825)
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Principal Building Control Surveyor
South Oxfordshire District Council / Vale of White Horse District Council
£48,117 to £52,880 per year, Grade 8
Overview: This role will administer building regulations, the Building Act and other associated legislation and will assist the Building Control Team Leader with service plan implementation, meeting service standards and per...
Town Centre Project Officer
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Salary £22,369 - £24,054 or £11.60 to £12.47 per hour
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Kirkby High School Bracknell Avenue, Southdene, Kirkby, Merseyside, L32 9PP TEACHING ASSISTANT 27.5 hours per week (9.00-3.00pm), term time only (Required as soon as possible, temporary until 20th July 2023 in the first i...
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Starting at £24,054, with progression to £28,371 with opportunities for overtime.
The Princes Hall Theatre in Aldershot are seeking a theatre technician to join our backstage team. As one of the leading entertainment venues in the region, the theatre presents a variety of different events all year round, ...
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Hodgson issues warning ahead of AFC Bournemouth clash
Ahead of Crystal Palace's clash with AFC Bournemouth tomorrow, Eagles manager Roy Hodgson has issued a warning regarding the Cherries and their form before the suspension.
Bournemouth are currently 18th in the Premier League on 27 points, and lost to a 10-man Palace in December.
But, looking at a demanding run of nine upcoming fixtures, Hodgson reminded supporters of the Cherries' poor fortune and the calibre of all teams in the top flight.
"[Eddie Howe] had a lot of injuries," the manager said. "He's back to strength now but at the time they were suffering with an enormous injury crisis. When that happens it's quite easy to drop away because the level of play in the Premier League is so high and the margins are so small.
"If you're asking me if they're the sort of team that deserves to be relegated, of course they aren't, but you can say that for any team fighting relegation. They all have the qualities to stay in this league.
"But it's about getting points and sometimes you get hit hard. Bournemouth had that spell and I'm fully expecting them, with a fully fit squad, to pull away from that."
Hodgson then turned his attention to his own side's position in the league, reiterating his 'level-10th' phrase:
"There's a financial consideration but also an important sporting consideration [to Palace's final position]. We're 11th now but on the same points and goal difference [as Burnley], so I'd call it 'level-10th'. We'd certainly like to get a little higher and that's something to play for."
READ NEXT: Palace Preview: Ayew teeters on Palace record as Eagles return v Bournemouth


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Q: Size limit of the file in eclipselink.logging.file I'm working on a JavaEE application deployed in weblogic with EclipseLink at the persistence layer. I need to send the flow of sql logging to a file and see what happens in the production environment. The property eclipselink.logging.file in persistence.xml can do that, but there seems no way to limit the size of this file.
Is there any possibility to limit the maximum size of this file and overwrite
it when this size is reached?

A: There does not appear to be a max log file size for eclipselink specifically, but if your eclipselink logs goes to the same log file as the normal WebLogic logs, you could configure the max log file size for WebLogic by setting the rotation file size in the admin console.
See: Weblogic - Rotate log files
Alternatively, you can configure EclipseLink to use java.util.logging (JUL) by specifying the following property in your persistence.xml:
<property name="eclipselink.logging.logger" value="JavaLogger"/>
Once you have EclipseLink logs being sent to JUL, you can configure the max file size in your logging.properties file (see this question for details).
Also, here is a useful link to the EclipseLink logging page for additonal reference: EclipseLink - How To Configure Logging