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The Higgs boson and the purpose of a republic
Two years ago this July, the scientific team at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, used the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) to confirm the existence of the Higgs boson, the most important "missing" particle of the Standard Model of modern particle physics. The work of the CERN team was filmed by theoretical physicists Mark Levinson and David Kaplan, who used over 500 hours of film footage to create a 99 minute documentary, Particle Fever, which was released in July 2013.
The film is a joy to watch.
I especially liked the use of the chorale movement of Beethoven's Ninth at the moment on 4 July 2012 that the LHC provided evidence of the Higgs boson. If you need a lift; if you need a break from all the mayhem and madness of today's politics; if you want to weep tears of joy, watch the film.
A computer generated map of the particle paths generated by a collision of two sub-atomic particles traveling near the speed of light. Source: CERN Press Office Photo Selection.
But that's not what I want to focus on this evening. Near the beginning of the film, Kaplan is shown addressing people in an auditorium somewhere, explaining the search for the Higgs boson, and how its "discovery" will validate the theories of the Standard Model. At 20 minutes into Particle Fever, a member of the audience gets up and asks:
"Let's assume you're successful and everything comes out OK. What do we gain from it? What's the economic return? How do you justify all this?"
Then, as if to strike terror into his listeners -- or perhaps to validate his own importance in the face of a superior intellect of a, you know, actual scientist -- the questioner adds, "By the way, I am an economist."
Now, I can't decide if Levinson and Kaplan have done a greater service to humanity by providing a popular and entertaining explanation of the quest for the Higgs boson, or by allowing some unnamed arrogant economist, in a few short breaths, to show us quite precisely what is fundamentally wrong with modern economics as a discipline, and the whole cult of conservative / neo-liberal economics thinking that demands everything be justified solely by its ability to create a "profit."
Again, you have to watch the film to see how perfect is Kaplan's reply.
After the nervous laughter of the audience reacting to the sudden self-revelation in their midst of a high priest of money, Kaplan broke the tension by replying, "I don't hold it against you." Then he leaned toward the audience, and said, "It's a very, very simple answer." The audience hushed expectantly, and Kaplan gave them the big scientific zinger:
"I have no idea. (pause) We have no idea."
When the laughter subsided, Kaplan continued. "When radio waves were discovered, they weren't called radio waves, because there were no radios. They were discovered as some sort of radiation."
"Basic science, for big breakthroughs, needs to occur at a level where you're not asking what is the economic gain, but where you're asking: What do we not know?" And, Where can we make progress?"
(The next scene in the film is great, showing one of the five story tall arrays of electronic sensors and instruments, all custom designed and hand soldered, but I digress. I will, however, toss in these great pictures from CERN to give you an idea of the epic scale of the LHC.
View inside the particle accelerator tunnel of the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Source: CERN Press Office Photo Selection.
One of the massive instrumentation clusters of the LHC at CERN. One of the observers in the picture is a very special person. Can you guess who? Source: CERN Press Office Photo Selection.
The exchange between Kaplan and the economist goes to the heart of an issue I have been struggling to elucidate for the past couple years. I want to tie together in one neat package the creation of the United States as a constitutional republic, what the political economy of a republic should be, and the centrality of science to republican political economy. The obstacle I find is that the most important economic activity any society undertakes -- the creation, dissemination, and application of new scientific and technological knowledge -- is not even taught as basic economics. Everybody has been mis-educated (perhaps mal-educated would be a better word) about economics.
For example: what is wealth? Is it really hoards of cash, or stockpiles of precious metals? Consider: Why do we have computers now, when there were none 200 or 500 or more years ago? Certainly, 500 years ago, all the raw materials that go into making a computer were available. There was lots of silicon laying around, and there was a lot of petroleum, with which to make plastics, sitting in the ground. There was the same presence of germanium and silver, and copper, and whatever else is needed to make a computer, 500 years ago, as there is today. What is so different today that we can make computers now, but could not 500 years ago? The answer, of course, is knowledge - we first had to develop, acquire, and master, the various facets of science that allowed us to make use of those latent natural resources, then apply that science to actual physical processes of production, or what we call technology. So what wealth really is, is the human power of thinking: reason, investigation, hypothesizing, testing, figuring out why things are the way they are -- and then figuring out how that new knowledge can be used to change the way things are.
If you start off with a mal-educated idea of what wealth is, how can you possibly ever measure how wealthy a society is?
Here's a little mental exercise. Assume one day in the not too distant future the most extreme candidates of the Tea Party / conservative / libertarian / Republican elements of the US population come to power, and they enact a law deporting all scientists and engineers who refuse to take an oath repudiating evolution, the science of climate change, and the idea that the world is older than 6,000 years. What would be the impact on US gross domestic product in five years? In ten years? In 20 or 30 or more years? Do you have any doubt that in that sort of Tea Party dream land, the United States would inexorably slide into technological atrophy, then economic collapse you can't even imagine, and finally violent social upheaval?
Without the constant development of new science and technology, any society will become impoverished, and will eventually collapse. Jared Diamond's book, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, examines how societies descend inexorably into collapse when they ignore environmental limitations and mismanage their natural resources. The key point that most readers of Diamond miss is that a society's environmental limitations are defined only within a fairly specific period of time based on the prevailing technological mode of that society's economy. Any society that remains stuck in one technological mode will eventually bump up against environmental limitations: what is considered a resource and how much of it is readily available and usable.
All an economy really is, is how a society organizes itself to procure and process raw materials (natural resources) to create and distribute what is needed to sustain and reproduce human life.
And this is true even for societies that are not technologically advanced, and which we think is "sustainable." Because, how do we know it's sustainable? We need some measure of that society's capacity for transforming natural resources into useful material and services, and we need some measure of the resource base of that society. You cannot get such measures without some level of science, and science applied as technology, to get at the answers. Unless you're willing to settle for this method of measuring such things: Wait and see if a catastrophic extinction event occurs or not. If and extinction event does not occur, congratulations you have developed a sustainable economy. If it does occur, well, saying "oops" just won't cut it. And what if the extinction event does not occur until the next generation?
So the most important economic activity a society engages in is the pursuit of new scientific and technological knowledge that allows that society's economy to avoid environmental limitations and inefficient misuse of natural resources. This is one of those wonderful, mysterious paradoxes of life: basic scientific research has no measurable immediate payback but nonetheless is THE most important economic activity that occurs in a society. Recall Kaplan's answer to the economist.
In the United States, there are already many indications and markers of our collapse. Since the social shift from a market economy to a market society began under Ronald Reagan, we've spent three decades now matriculating nearly twice as many MBAs and accountants, as we have biologists, physicists, mathematicians, and engineers. Industrial companies that took a half century or more to build up a level of technological excellence that was formerly envied around the world, have been bought and sold and bought and sold, restructured, reorganized, streamlined, had the fat cut out, had hidden value released, downsized – call it what you will, the truth is those companies have been asset stripped and looted. We've been doing that for nearly half a century now. Since Reagan's first election, our national debt has increased by a factor of double an order of magnitude, from just over $900 billion, to nearly $17 trillion. Our trade balance has been increasingly negative. These are all not independent phenomena and developments; they are all inter-dependent in a complex web of cause and effect that, if our society were sane -- instead of crazed with the market fundamentalists' worship of mammon -- some of our best scientific minds would be devoted to investigating and understanding. Instead, we have allowed a banking and financial system, "deregulated" from any responsibility or concern for the general welfare, to induce many of our best scientific minds to create credit default swaps and other financial instruments of mass destruction.
So, science is the most important aspect of the political economy of a republic. Why is this so hard to understand? Part of the problem here is that when the United States was founded, the concept of capitalism, as we know it today, had not yet been fully formed. That would happen over the next century. You can search the texts of the Constitution and The Federalist Papers in vain for the words "capitalism" and "capitalist" (thank God for archived books and computerized search functions). The word "capitalism" did not really come into common usage until after Marx's Das Kapital was published in 1867.
I have never agreed with the interpretation of American history, most popular on the left, that the United States was founded as an irredeemably oppressive and exploitative capitalist system. The very concept of capitalism was unknown at the time of the nation's founding, so how could the country be founded as a capitalist economy? I am not about to deny the obvious ugliness of much of U.S. economic history. But I think we blind ourselves to our true enemies if we don't realize that the US economy developed in the context of a continual battle between republicans and their enemies, oligarchs and aristocrats. These last were not necessarily titled nobility, though there was no shortage of those. And make no mistake, they wished only ill for the US. There were also commoners, nominally citizens of the US republic, whose avarice and greed for power made them the functional equivalent of oligarchs. Closer to our time, Franklin Roosevelt called these deformed creatures "economic royalists." Today, "Wall Street" and "the one percent" are terms often used to denote these "economic royalists". It's about time we begin to take seriously the concept of "domestic enemies" mentioned in the Constitution.
So as the US economy developed, there raged a fierce, often bitter contest, between progressives who looked to the Founders for inspiration on the one hand, and, on the other hand, reactionaries, revanchists, and perhaps most often, simply self-centered pricks, who hated the ideas of self government and the general welfare because those ideas created manifold obstacles to their drive to accumulate wealth and power.
But a more weighty reason why there has never been a clear statement of the central role science must play in the economic affairs of the republic is simply that, two and a quarter centuries ago, the importance of science was simply an assumed given, much as it was assumed at the time that most Americans understood what a "republic" was. The creation of the United States is clearly an outgrowth of the Enlightenment, but what is important to understand is that the scientific Enlightenment went hand in hand with the political Enlightenment. In his 2010 book, The Science of Liberty: Democracy, Reason, and the Laws of Nature, American Association for the Advancement of Science fellow Timothy Ferris argues that they are inseparable. More, even – Ferris argues that it was the Scientific Revolution that enabled the Enlightenment, not the other way around. The "democratic revolution," Ferris writes,
was sparked—caused is perhaps not too strong a word—by the scientific revolution, and…science continues to foster political freedom today. It's not just that scientific creativity has produced technological improvements, which in turn have enhanced the prosperity and security of the scientific nations, although that is part of the story, but that the freedoms protected by liberal democracies are essential to facilitating scientific inquiry, and that democracy itself is an experimental system without which neither science nor liberty can flourish…. science is inherently anti-authoritarian. In order to qualify as scientific, a proposition must be vulnerable to experimental testing. If it repeatedly fails such tests it tends to fall by the wayside, regardless of who supported it or how much it may have seemed to make sense. (pages 3-4)
The Orrery, by Joseph Wright of Derby, 1766, used as the cover illustration on Tim Ferris's book, The Science of Liberty: Democracy, Reason, and the Laws of Nature. An orrery is a mechanical model of the solar system, showing the motions of the planets, though rarely to scale.
It is worth noting here that Ferris' argument handily destroys the American conservative mythology of democracy and liberty arising from property rights. So it is unfortunate that most historians have ignored science and political economy, and have been more interested in researching and writing military and political histories. In 1976, historian Arthur M. Schlesinger wrote,
Professional scholars have been slow to study the progress of science and technology, partly because of their penchant for political [and military] history, and partly because, even with the rise of social and intellectual history, they have been daunted by the unfamiliar and formidable subject matter. At certain points, it is true, they have touched upon epoch-making mechanical inventions which had self-evident economic consequences, but these occasional references fall far short of depicting the pervasive and continuing role of science in all ranges of American life. -- "An American Historian Looks at Science and Technology," in Early American Science , edited by Brooke Hindle, Science History Publications, New York City, 1976, page 7.
The founder who absolutely personifies the union of the scientific and political Enlightenments is Benjamin Franklin. His experiments with electricity were at the cutting edge of science in his time. Pulitzer prize winning historian Joseph Ellis has written that Franklin today would be the equivalent of a Nobel Prize winning scientist. In fact, Franklin was actually given, in 1753, what was then the most prestigious award for scientific achievement in the world: the Copley Gold Medal, by the Royal Society in London.
In 1743, Franklin proposed the creation of the American Philosophical Society, modeled on his earlier "Proposal for Promoting Useful Knowledge Among the British Plantations in North America.'' Note the inclusion of the phrase "Useful Knowledge" in Franklin's original proposal. According to the bylaws formulated by Franklin, there were always to be, among the members of the Society, "a physician, a botanist, a mathematician, a chemist, a mechanician, a geographer, and a general natural philosopher.'' In the mid-1700s, these were all leading positions of scientific inquiry and activity. The members of the Society, Franklin stipulated, were to gather and share information concerning "all philosophical experiments that let light into the nature of things, tend to increase the power of man over matter, and multiply the conveniences or pleasures of life.'' That meant monitoring closely developments in horticulture, botany, animal husbandry, geology, mines and minerals, advances in mathematics and chemistry, useful inventions and improvements in labor-saving mechanical devices of all types, new processes and techniques of manufactures, surveys, maps and charts, and geology.
Franklin would later put forward a similar proposal for an Academy of higher learning in Philadelphia; this would eventually become the University of Pennsylvania, which today proudly claims Franklin as its founder.
Another founding member of the American Philosophical Society was Franklin's friend, John Bartram, at the time perhaps the world's leading botanist and horticulturist. Carl Linnaeus, the Swedish botanist and zoologist who created the modern biological naming scheme of using two Latin grammatical forms (for example, Acer saccharum is the scientific name for the sugar maple tree) called Bartram the "greatest natural botanist in the world." Bartram's 8-acre botanic garden, on the west bank of the Schuylkill River about three miles southwest from the center of Philadelphia, is considered to be the first scientific botanic collection in North America. Bartram died in 1777, so he did not play much of a role in the Revolution.
The third leader in establishing the American Philosophical Society was another friend of Franklin, Dr. Thomas Bond, a leading physician and surgeon of the time. According to Wikipedia, Dr. Bond has been called the "Father of Clinical Medicine." He developed an effective splint for fractures of the lower arm, which became known as a "Bond splint." Recall that in this era, fractured limbs often resulted in gangrene and loss of the limb, and very often, death. The medical profession, at that time was considered to be one of the most important in science. In 1750, Dr. Bond sought the assistance of Franklin in establishing the Pennsylvania Hospital in Philadelphia, the first medical facility in the American colonies. According to Wikipedia, the Hospital "quickly drew attention as a center for medical advancement, especially in maternity care and the humane treatment of mental illness, a poorly understood area of medicine at the time."
During the Revolutionary War, Bond, in his sixties, was assisted by his son in creating the medical department of the Continental Army, and establishing the first field hospitals. (Bond as co-founder of the American Philosophical Society. is from "The Quaker Background and Science in Colonial Philadelphia," by Brooke Hindle, in Early American Science , edited by Brooke Hindle, Science History Publications, New York City, 1976, page 176.)
A list of the earliest members of the American Philosophical Society speaks for itself: George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Paine, James Madison, Marquis de Lafayette, Baron von Steuben, Tadeusz Kościuszko, James McHenry, David Rittenhouse, Nicholas Biddle, Owen Biddle, Benjamin Rush, and John Marshall.
David Rittenhouse was another close friend of Franklin He was a surveyor, mathematician, inventor, clockmaker, designer and manufacturer of scientific instruments, and the foremost astronomer in North America. He surveyed and marked the 12-mile circle centered on the Court House in New Castle, Delaware, which comprises the northern border of Delaware. He also surveyed parts of the boundaries of New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania.
President Washington appointed Rittenhouse the first director of the United States Mint, a crucial position that involved much more than the supervision of the Mint: Rittenhouse supervised the Mint's design, construction, equipping, and start up. Rittenhouse built what is thought to be one of the first telescopes in the US, and designed and built the world's first diffraction grating with a spacing of about 1/100 of an inch. Rittenhouse was one of the special committee appointed by the Society to observe and report on the June 3, 1769 transit of Venus across the sun. According to Wikipedia,
On February 24, 1775, Rittenhouse delivered a lecture on the history of astronomy to the American Philosophical Society, in which he linked the structure of nature to the rights of man, liberty and self-government. Rittenhouse also used the occasion to decry slavery. So impressed were those in attendance that the American Philosophical Society commissioned the speech to be printed and distributed to delegates of the Second Continental Congress when they arrived in 1776.
The drawing of the 1769 transit of Venus made by David Rittenhouse for the American Philosophical Society. Source: Wikipedia.
Owen Biddle, Sr. was, like Rittenhouse, a clockmaker, watchmaker, and an astronomer. He became involved in the Revolutionary cause as early as 1765, when he signed the Non-importation Resolutions of October 25. He served on the Committee of Safety, then on the Council of Safety. These were the organizations that exercised de facto political and administrative control of the various colonies, as the royal governors lost influence and power. Biddle was a member of the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention of July 15, 1776.
In June, 1777, the Continental Congress appointed Biddle as Deputy Commissary General of Forage for the Continental Army, with the rank of colonel. Biddle was another member of the special committee of the American Philosophical Society to observe and report on the June 3, 1769 transit of Venus. In 1782, Biddle was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, two years after that organization was founded by the Massachusetts legislature, with a Charter of Incorporation instructing it "to cultivate every art and science which may tend to advance the interest, honor, dignity, and happiness of a free, independent, and virtuous people."
There was a generalized understanding and support for science among the founders, including those who were not scientists. For example, of all his many accomplishments, John Adams took the most pride in the Constitution he wrote for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Look at Chapter V, Section II:
Wisdom and knowledge, as well as virtue, diffused generally among the body of the people being necessary for the preservation of their rights and liberties; and as these depend on spreading the opportunities and advantages of education in various parts of the country, and among the different orders of the people, it shall be the duty of legislators and magistrates in all future periods of this commonwealth to cherish the interests of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries of them, especially the university at Cambridge, public schools, and grammar schools in the towns; to encourage private societies and public institutions, rewards and immunities, for the promotion of agriculture, arts, sciences, commerce, trades, manufactures, and a natural history of the country; to countenance and inculcate the principles of humanity and general benevolence, public and private charity, industry and frugality, honesty and punctuality in their dealings, sincerity, good humor, and all social affections, and generous sentiments among the people.
"Cherish the interests of literature and the sciences"! Compare that to the anti-science political hooliganism of conservatives, Tea-baggers, and Republicans today. At six minutes into Particle Fever, Levinson and Kaplan include two clips of Republican Congressmen, Sherwood Boehlert and Joel Hefly, speaking on the floor of the House in 1992 against the Superconducting Super Collider, then in process of construction near Waxahachie, Texas. The Superconducting Super Collider had a planned ring circumference of 54 miles, and would have collided particles with an energy of 20 terravolts per proton, nearly three times the level possible with the Hadron Large Collider at CERN. But the US Congress voted to cut all funding for the Superconducting Super Collider in 1993, and it was abandoned long before being completed. It would, of course, have come online and made possible the Higgs boson experiments probably a full decade before the CERN HLC. Of course, no one talks about a "lost decade" of basic research in particle physics. Only the "lost decade" in Japan -- during which financiers and usurers were unable to keep pumping up the values of the assets they held.
"Rewards and immunities, for the promotion of agriculture, arts, sciences, commerce, trades, manufactures, and a natural history of the country."
One of the reasons agricultural machinery developed more quickly in the USA than other countries is that the committees which ran State Fairs made it a practice of awarding tidy sums of money for the most advanced machinery brought to the Fair. In the 1840s and 1850s, the great problem to be solved was the application of steam power to agricultural production. It simply was not very safe to move a working steam engine under pressure on anything but the prepared bed and smooth surface of a railroad. Reynold M. Wik writes, in Steam Power on the American Farm (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1953):
Although somewhat crude in appearance, the portable engines built in the 1850's possessed all the basic features necessary for successful operation. They were self-acting, with tubular boilers, governors, safety values, and a forced draft. Most of them were simple in construction and could be purchased with or without trucks. Their manufacture was encouraged by many of the state agricultural societies, which offered cash awards, diplomas, and medals at county and state fairs. The Hoard and Bradford engine received favorable comment from the judges of the New York State Fair in the summer of 1851. In awarding the company a medal, the committee remarked that the engine was built in portable form which could be as "conveniently removed from place to place and set up as readily as a common stove." The Virginia State Agricultural Society held mechanical exhibits in Richmond in 1855, and premiums as high as one hundred dollars were awarded for the best farm engines. (page 20)
"Busting sod" in 1910 with a steam traction engine manufactured by the Geiser Co., Waynesboro, Penn. Note the men in front of and besides the large rear wheel. From the files of my business, Nation Builder Books.
Here is John Adams, again, from his 1765 A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law:
Liberty cannot be preserved without a general knowledge among the people, who have a right, from the frame of their nature, to knowledge, as their great Creator, who does nothing in vain, has given them understandings, and a desire to know; but besides this, they have a right, an indisputable, unalienable, indefeasible, divine right to that most dreaded and envied kind of knowledge, I mean, of the characters and conduct of their rulers…. The preservation of the means of knowledge among the lowest ranks is of more importance to the public than all the property of all the rich men in the country.
Does this sound like a guy intent on erecting a new exploitative economic regime geared toward grinding down and exploiting working men and women?
"Their great Creator." I want to discuss that whole idea of God a bit, because it is central to the Enlightenment belief in science and self-government. The key concepts here are the divine spark of reason, and Imago Dei, man created in the image of God. These concepts were the foundation of the Enlightenment and the development of science. Basically, the Enlightenment was based on the belief that God was not arbitrary and capricious, and the universe was therefore created lawfully (that is, according to invariable laws, i.e., two plus two will always equal four, or the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle will always be equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides); that man is a creature of reason, and can thus inquire into and understand the laws of creation. Or put it this way: we can inquire into and understand the laws of physics, hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, and so on. This capacity for reason and understanding creation is what makes each individual precious and unique. It is why we assert that "all men are created equal."
This Enlightenment view of science permeated the society. Here is part of a sermon, entitled "The Dignity of Man," delivered in Franklin, Massachusetts in 1786. The good people of Franklin, it appears, having honored the great man by naming their town after him, were in turn honored by him. The full subtitle I think points to how this whole concept characterized the epoch: "A Discourse Addressed to the Congregation in Franklin, Upon the Occasion of Their receiving from Dr. Franklin, the Mark of his Respect, in a Rich Donation of Books, Appropriated to the Use of a Parish-Library."
...what has been said concerning the nature and dignity of man, shows us, that we are under indispensable obligations to cultivate and improve our minds in all the branches of human knowledge. All our natural powers are so many talents, which, in their own nature, lay us under moral obligation to improve them to the best advantage. Being men, we are obliged to act like men, and not like the horse or the mule which have no understanding. Besides, knowledge, next to religion, is the brightest ornament of human nature. Knowledge strengthens, enlarges, and softens the human soul, and sets its beauty and dignity in the fairest light. Learning hath made astonishing distinctions among the different nations of the earth. Those nations, who have lived under the warm and enlightening beams of science, have appeared like a superior order of beings, in comparison with those, who have dragged out their lives under the cold and dark shades of ignorance.... the cultivation and improvement of the mind is more necessary for use, than for ornament. We were made for usefulness and not for amusement. We were made to be the servants of God, and of each other. We were made to live an active, diligent, and useful life. As men therefore we cannot reach the end of our being, without cultivating all our mental powers, in order to furnish ourselves for the most extensive service in our day and generation. Knowledge and learning are useful in every station; and in the higher and more important departments of life, they are absolutely and indispensably necessary.
In developing, acquiring, mastering, and diffusing that science and technology, we are acting God-like; we are acting in the image of the Creator, by ourselves creating new knowledge, and new uses of that knowledge. The idea that every individual human being is endowed with the divine spark of reason, and therefore can act God-like -- can, in fact, participate in the ongoing work of Creation, by him- or herself creating or assimilating, and using new scientific knowledge -- is the bedrock for the idea of a republic of self-governing citizens.
And Creation is an ongoing process. So, it simply does not square easily with the mindset of a conservative. The foundational statement of modern American conservatism is William Buckley's "standing astride history and yelling 'Stop!'" If the whole idea of being human is to act in the image of God and create new knowledge, if the whole idea of a republic is to nurture and protect those engaged in this noble quest, then how can Buckley's conservatism be anything other than a repudiation of God, and the most noble aspects of humanity: reason, and science?
But, what are we supposed to do with all this new scientific knowledge? Well, it says right in the Preamble of the Constitution: promote the general welfare. Well, OK, but what, exactly, is "the general welfare"? Who decides what it is? Do any of us have any say in deciding what is "the general welfare"?
The Framers certainly thought "the General Welfare" was important. They included the phrase in Constitution twice -- first in the Preamble, as a statement of the purpose of the Constitution, and then again in Article I, Section 8, which established the broad powers of Congress to "provide for the General Welfare." It is interesting that the Articles of Confederation omitted the phrase, despite Franklin's attempt to include it. So, when the time came to remedy the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, the phrase "the General Welfare" was included twice. It is further interesting that when the Confederate States wrote their constitution, they mostly copied the US Constitution word for word, with some notable changes and omissions. Among these is dropping the phrase "general welfare" entirely. (Another interesting change, given the machinations of Republicans today to destroy the U.S. postal service, was that the Confederates stipulated in their constitution that their postal service must pay its own way.). Today, political conservatives and libertarians explicitly denounce the idea of the general welfare as the "slippery slope" to tyranny.
The clearest statement of the general welfare was given by first Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, in his December 1791 Report on Manufactures. Hamilton discussed the powers of the Federal government to encourage necessary industries and infrastructure, and near the end explained his concept of the general welfare:
The terms 'general welfare' were doubtless intended to signify more than as expressed or imported in those which Preceded; otherwise numerous exigencies incident to the affairs of a nation would have been left without a provision. The phrase is as comprehensive as any that could have been used; because it was not fit that the constitutional authority of the Union, to appropriate its revenues shou'd have been restricted within narrower limits than the 'General Welfare' and because this necessarily embraces a vast variety of particulars, which are susceptible neither of specification nor of definition.
It is therefore of necessity left to the discretion of the National Legislature, to pronounce, upon the objects, which concern the general Welfare, and for which under that description, an appropriation of money is requisite and proper. And there seems to be no room for a doubt that whatever concerns the general interests of learning of Agriculture or Manufactures and of Commerce are within the sphere of the national Council as far as regards an application of Money."
"Left to the discretion of the National Legislature." This is really interesting, because now we have to discuss the proper role of politics in governing a republic, and how the shift from a market economy to a market society (Michael J. Sandel, a political philosopher at Harvard, is the author of What Money Can't Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets), abrogates that role. As I wrote above, the development of new science and technology is the most important economic activity any society can undertake. Without new science and technology, economic collapse is inevitable.
But scientific and technological knowledge is always changing. Or, it should be, as science and technology advance. So, in a republic, the highest duty of a statesman is to understand the present frontiers of science of technology, and where the boundaries of those frontiers must be expanded in order to find the answers to looming, as well as existing, economic and social problems. For example, we face a terrible crises of man-made climate change. But, we have available a wide range of new technologies that can stop, and even reverse climate change. The development, dissemination, and application of this new scientific and technological knowledge should be the highest priority.
So, it is the role of Congress to determine exactly what is the General Welfare -- and what the nation as a whole, acting through the social compact of the national government, can do to promote the General Welfare. In times past, this meant, in the 1790s, hiring geometers and surveyors and mathematicians and cartographers to chart the hazards of coastal waters, and to build lighthouses; in the early 1800s sending out Army expeditions to explore and map the west; in the 1820s, outright financing of the building of The National Road; in the 1840s, giving money outright to Samuel Morse to develop the telegraph; in the 1850s and 1860s, giving millions of acres of the public land away, free, to companies in exchange for their promise to build railroads; in the 1910s, paving roads and building bridges to facilitate the use of new fangled motor vehicles; in the 1920s, supporting the development of aviation with lucrative mail carrier routes; in the 1930s, bringing electricity to rural areas that privately owned power companies could not see a profit providing service to; in the 1950s, building an interstate highway system; in the 1960s, kick-starting applied scientific research by making a commitment to a manned moon landing; in the 1970s and 1980s, funding the development of things called routers, TCIP, and ARPAnet.
If you didn't like what the Congress had decided was the General Welfare, then you could vote the bums out in the next election. That's the role of politics in a republic.
Then Reagan came into office, and we got crammed down our throats the very un-American idea that the national government can't do anything right. That it should just plain keep its nose out of the economy. Now, there is no real role for politics – all the decisions about our collective futures are supposed to be made by the new right-wing, neo-liberal deity, The Market. Do we need to promote the General Welfare by implementing a crash program to build wind power and solar energy? Sorry, only The Market can decide that. Yeah, it's great that we have two or three states now that can get over half the electricity from wind and solar on a good day. For me, that's where we should have been ten years ago. Do we need to promote the General Welfare by building a high speed passenger rail system? Sorry, only The Market can decide whether we should do that, and look at how many people are voting economically by driving cars. In the meantime, the Japanese have been running their 150–200 mph Shinkansen since 1964. We have a trade deficit with Japan now? And you don't think the two are related in any way?
This is why I feel betrayed by President Obama. He came into office with a huge mandate, with his party in control of both houses of Congress, and with a public mood, -- in reaction to the financial collapse of 2007-2008 -- that had finally been broken from the cultural "worship of riches" we have had to endure since Reagan. Rather than draw upon the rich and powerful Enlightenment tradition of the American Revolution, in which government was established as a force to do good, he sided with our "domestic enemies", the financiers, rentiers, and usurers of Wall Street ("I'm the only thing standing between you and the pitchforks," he literally told them) to save their morally bankrupt system – a system that is destroying us from within.
There is much more to the neat little package I want, tying together the creation of the United States as a constitutional republic, what the political economy of a republic should be, and the centrality of science to republican political economy. The discussion of the general welfare must be expanded, to include its corollary, the Constitutional concept of implied powers. My first cut at that was in November 2011, in Constitutional Foundation of the US Economy: Powers are Implied Not Enumerated. A short extract I posted as a recent comment is here.
The de-industrialization of the US economy over the past half century is the inevitable result of not knowing what the political economy of a republic is supposed to be. Rentiers, speculators, and usurers have no place in the properly functioning economy of a republic; they must be rooted out and destroyed ruthlessly. Financiers do have a role, and it is not unimportant. However, their activities must be closely monitored and tightly regulated. The issue is quite simple: the creation and allocation of money and credit must be organized and regulated in such a way that it promotes the general welfare, not just private gain. There is room for private gain; in fact capitalism remains the best form of organizing most (note: most, not all) of an economy. Alexander Hamilton laid down a short and simple test in The Federalist Number 15: "Is private credit the friend and patron of industry?" In June 2012, in Neo-liberalism, De-capitalization/De-industrialization, and the Res Publica, I posted the evidence that in fact, the financial system is the enemy of industry: the United States is becoming less capital intense. It is becoming, in other words, less capitalistic. In another recent comment, I posted a series of graphs that I used in that piece showing the de-capitalization of the US economy. We need an economy in which real capitalists can profit and flourish, not rentiers, usurers, and speculators.
But this post is quite long already, so I think it's time to finish. I will leave you with this happy thought:
I love this photo; it make me sniffle every time I see it. This is physicist Peter Higgs, in his eighties, shown on site at one of the massive instrumentation clusters at the CERN LHC. May we all be so blessed to live to see such powerful validation of our life's work. Source: CERN Press Office Photo Selection.
Labels: Elegant Technology, History, Institutional Analysis, Money and the economics of the Predators, Producer Class Economics, Producer Class Solutions
Lee B August 2, 2014 at 12:18:00 PM CDT
These scientific directives from colonial times make sense to me; I wish politicians felt likewise. Even though my higher education wasn't servility to the Market Deity, I feel swept into the oil pan that takes the heat from its destructive grinding.
GPK SMET August 2, 2014 at 1:29:00 PM CDT
WOW! I thought Jonathan was something. (And I still do.) But now you are another reason for me to make "real economics" my first stop whenever I go online... I am blown away by your brilliant summary of "the purpose of a republic." It sums up everything I believe in and care about (that I think anyone who wants to claim they are human and humane should believe in and care about too) so much so that it really makes me wonder how there can be so many who don't (apparently, believe in any of this)?
To have so many uneducated, "mis-educated, mal-educated or whatever" people on earth (ignorant of "real economics" and the "true nature of all things political and scientific") is really dangerous. "If" it's as simple as what we are taught (or are not taught) in school, at home, or in our neighborhood (by our favorite shaman perhaps)…then we are truly in trouble. Could it be that all we need is a good and proper education? (One of my sons is a teacher in the public school system and he things so.) (Where's a Fireside Chat with FDR, Eleanor, Will Rogers or "Mr. Rogers" when we need one!)
I've read "The Science of Liberty," by Timothy Ferris and I think he gets it right when he ties science and democracy together…when he makes the case that we really can't have one without the other…but I wish he hadn't stopped there. There's another level I think we need to get to as soon as possible (if it isn't too late already) and I believe we're going to need all the science and democracy we can muster to do it. I believe we need a new governing order on earth that starts in every newly defined and rebuilt neighborhood and small town on earth and builds up from there. We can't have science and democracy without someplace healthy and happy to live, and we can't expect the earth's eco-system to go on providing for us forever without us doing something in return to help keep the system going (to live within its means for a common purpose…"to provide for the common welfare").
Mr. Ferris devotes Chapter Nine of his book to "The Science of Wealth," a kind of economic summary of his overall treatise… And although he touches on other economic aspects of some of his many arguments (about how science and liberty and democracy are all linked together) he seems to suppose there is no cure for national sovereignty when he says, "It appears, as Adam Smith [perhaps] anticipated, that there is no one right solution for all peoples when it comes to the proper economic role of governments." (Page 185) Well, I believe there is a single solution, a "one right solution for all peoples" [on earth, of necessity] "when it comes to the proper economic role of governments." (…to provide for the general welfare) And this is it:
1. A convincing consensus of people on earth who agree to a plan that redefines and rebuilds everything on earth (especially every neighborhood) to a new standard. 2. A new governing order that starts in each neighborhood and builds up from there in a "tiered" system. 3. No more capitalism, corporations, or big businesses…just big co-ops and a restoration of traditional private enterprise with a resurgence of mom and pop "small businesses" and "small farms."
Those 3 things would put money back into its proper perspective as an exchange for "luxury" goods and services. The world would become "resource based," and everything necessary to sustain life would be shared equally and equitably by all, simple as that: "Utopia or Oblivion," as described so well and so prophetically by Buckminster Fuller in his book by that title in 1969.
Jonathan Larson August 2, 2014 at 2:23:00 PM CDT
Thank you. Yes I agree Tony is a major talent. I am even more impressed how he got that way. He hangs out with folks who make it their avocation to study and recreate the steps required to make USA an industrialized nation (there were a LOT of steps.)
Here he is selling books at a model engineering show held in Detroit in 2010 (he's the guy on the right from 1:03 to 1:19) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lW40D4hvg9A
But not only is Tony technologically literate, he understands the public policy positions that made USA a haven for those sorts of people. That is what makes him rare.
One final point about Ferris (who I really like ever since his video "Life Beyond Earth") (who I thought would be a successor to Carl Sagan as a science popularizer) He acknowledges that along with science and democracy, corporations were also invented during the past "few hundred years," and although he has some things to say about corporations…he apparently chooses to ignore the role they play in the current ecology of earth. Corporations, in my opinion, would have us believe that "they," money and capitalism should be the deciders of all things… (They are, after all, by decree of the US Supreme Court, citizens!) (We and our systems of governments have become that perverse…and shame on Timothy for not taking sides.)
But saying all this took too long… I just wanted you to know I really liked and appreciated your post a lot… But I did want to end by asking what you know (or have heard lately) about James Hansen, the bellwether of global warming and author of "The Truth about the Coming Climate Catastrophe and Our Last Chance to Save Humanity, STORMS of my Grandchildren?" His book might be a tad too long and too "academic," but I couldn't put it down as he makes what I think is a convincing case for something he calls "Fee and Dividend," a kind of Carbon Tax that he says isn't a tax because the proposal is that all the money collected in "fees" would go back to the people 100% in a monthly "dividend" check that would get bigger each year until carbon-based fuels are priced out of existence and the conversion away from fossil fuels is hastened (an oversimplified way of putting it perhaps but close). Have you heard of "Fee and Dividend?" Might it make sense to you and you could support it if you looked into it and knew more about it?
Mr. Hansen's main website on this subject these days I think is:
http://csas.ei.columbia.edu/2014/07/24/cap-and-tax-versus-fee-and-dividend/
Thank you, and thanks again for your post..
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Little Olivia is a kitten looking for a home. She was found a short while ago trapped in an underground garage, crying and starving. She was wearing a collar, and was terrified of the outside, which meant she had been raised as a house kitten. Nevertheless, we could not locate her owners, even though we tried through posters and notifications. Perhaps she had run away accidentally, or perhaps she had been abandoned. She is approximately 6 months old, house trained, very playful and coquettish, an innocent loving soul who craves human interaction and caresses. She gets along perfectly with other pets, including dogs. She is neutered, parasite-free inside and out, and will be given to to a responsible owner with a microchip and her shots completed. For more information about this sweet little girl, please click the pink Contact button below.


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Q: setup:upgrade results in error: /var cannot be accesed (but has 777) Magento2 Im trying to installing a new plugin, but it keeps saying that the magento-php-script has no access to /var, but /var has chmod 0777. All childrenfolders have 777, except for composer_home which has 777 as well.

[Exception]
  Missing write permissions to the following directories:
  '/home/ccsammelfiguren/public_html/var'

However, I need to upgrade the instance in order to activate the module I want to install. If I keep the module in the filesystem, I get an exception error with following content:
a:4:{i:0;s:208:"Please upgrade your database: Run "bin/magento setup:upgrade" from the Magento root directory.
The following modules are outdated:
Magenest_ProductLabel data: current version - none, required version - 1.0.0";i:1;s:2748:"#0 [internal function]: Magento\Framework\Module\Plugin\DbStatusValidator->aroundDispatch(Object(Magento\Framework\App\FrontController\Interceptor), Object(Closure), Object(Magento\Framework\App\Request\Http))
#1 /home/ccsammelfiguren/public_html/vendor/magento/framework/Interception/Chain/Chain.php(67): call_user_func_array(Array, Array)
#2 /home/ccsammelfiguren/public_html/vendor/magento/framework/Interception/Chain/Chain.php(63): Magento\Framework\Interception\Chain\Chain->invokeNext('Magento\\Framewo...', 'dispatch', Object(Magento\Framework\App\FrontController\Interceptor), Array, 'front-controlle...')
#3 /home/ccsammelfiguren/public_html/vendor/magento/module-page-cache/Model/App/FrontController/VarnishPlugin.php(55): Magento\Framework\Interception\Chain\Chain->Magento\Framework\Interception\Chain\{closure}(Object(Magento\Framework\App\Request\Http))
#4 [internal function]: Magento\PageCache\Model\App\FrontController\VarnishPlugin->aroundDispatch(Object(Magento\Framework\App\FrontController\Interceptor), Object(Closure), Object(Magento\Framework\App\Request\Http))
#5 /home/ccsammelfiguren/public_html/vendor/magento/framework/Interception/Chain/Chain.php(67): call_user_func_array(Array, Array)
#6 /home/ccsammelfiguren/public_html/vendor/magento/framework/Interception/Interceptor.php(136): Magento\Framework\Interception\Chain\Chain->invokeNext('Magento\\Framewo...', 'dispatch', Object(Magento\Framework\App\FrontController\Interceptor), Array, 'front-controlle...')
#7 /home/ccsammelfiguren/public_html/vendor/magento/module-page-cache/Model/App/FrontController/BuiltinPlugin.php(73): Magento\Framework\App\FrontController\Interceptor->Magento\Framework\Interception\{closure}(Object(Magento\Framework\App\Request\Http))
#8 [internal function]: Magento\PageCache\Model\App\FrontController\BuiltinPlugin->aroundDispatch(Object(Magento\Framework\App\FrontController\Interceptor), Object(Closure), Object(Magento\Framework\App\Request\Http))
#9 /home/ccsammelfiguren/public_html/vendor/magento/framework/Interception/Interceptor.php(140): call_user_func_array(Array, Array)
#10 /home/ccsammelfiguren/public_html/var/generation/Magento/Framework/App/FrontController/Interceptor.php(26): Magento\Framework\App\FrontController\Interceptor->___callPlugins('dispatch', Array, Array)
#11 /home/ccsammelfiguren/public_html/vendor/magento/framework/App/Http.php(115): Magento\Framework\App\FrontController\Interceptor->dispatch(Object(Magento\Framework\App\Request\Http))
#12 /home/ccsammelfiguren/public_html/vendor/magento/framework/App/Bootstrap.php(258): Magento\Framework\App\Http->launch()
#13 /home/ccsammelfiguren/public_html/index.php(39): Magento\Framework\App\Bootstrap->run(Object(Magento\Framework\App\Http))
#14 {main}";s:3:"url";s:1:"/";s:11:"script_name";s:10:"/index.php";}

Seems like the module isnt acknoledged by magento since setup:upgrade wasnt successful. I already tried to manipulate the FilePermissions.php and tried to find broken symlinks (there are none).
Any idea, maybe?

A: switch magento user to root and run this command will fixed this error.
[root@localhost m2.com]# magento setup:upgrade && chmod -R 777 ./

And this will no error again. If I switch magento user it will always show the file permission in /var/* even though the files permission was set to be 777

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Dancing Anime Headphones Girl Gif
admin March 13, 2019 Comments Off on Dancing Anime Headphones Girl Gif
Troye Sivan Boston House Of Blues Mountain Jam's first installment at Bethel Woods will feature Willie Nelson, Joe Russo's Almost Dead, Gov't Mule and more. Aussie rockers King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard confirmed their most extensiv. Other high-profile artists playing Phoenix range from Troye Sivan to Josh Groban. He's on the road promoting "Out of the Blues," which features covers
Discover & share this Animated GIF with everyone you know. GIPHY is how you search, share, discover, and create GIFs. Your usual music video dance battle would be a lot. Here, a little girl takes u.
An effervescent woman, who is way too animated for this hour. and then begins… the line for headphones. I had wondered exactly how you could get away with a dance party in the wee hours of the day,
"I was not very fond of this format back then," Lialina told the Daily Dot. "I would have preferred it to be a video, but animated GIF was the only way to. of which Lialina's favorite is the "danci.
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I would say I'm anime, 'hood goth. my must-haves include a solid book, headphones, and my laptop. I produce on just about every plane ride I take. The girl power you bring to dance music is incredi.
Otherwise, the button layout (including the dreaded Bixby button) and other hardware features, such as the 3.5mm headphone jack. The app then creates 18 animated GIF "stickers" that are accessible.
Now that you know where your favorite animated. GIF, you're doing it right. Jackson Hewitt Tax Services released a series of ads featuring people excited about getting their taxes done, including t.
sunglasses and headphones all fall under the PogWear category. Pogba is not one to mince his words but he is one to Gif his words. That's right, the Pogmoji app allows you to use various PogWords, inc.
Facebook users currently have access to hundreds of Hitler and Nazi animated images and clips, known as GIFs. Clause hat dancing; Hitler with headphones listening to music; SS officers breakdancing.
Comic: The debut of the Teen Girl Squad, which oddly resonated with teen girls. Here's some of his advice: "Okay, next on the checklist: lots of animated GIFs!" That still holds up. 14. Stunt Doubl.
I went to an all-girls' school. My friends and I had that special bond. NSFW WARNING: this piece contains many bums. Some are animated GIFs. In time, this led to the era of being very, very cautiou.
Everything from your smart TV to your headphone. in an L.A. dance club, and much more. A documentary airing tonight on HBO details new sexual abuse allegations against Michael Jackson Humboldt Coun.
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GIF Animations: Photos or Video? The controversy that is making me see the Ally McBeal "dancing. headphones and even Apple Inc. come up with ways to engage with their community during the Olympics.
You remember Beyonce interacting with an army of clones in her animation-enhanced performance of "Run the World (Girls)" at the. the original flow of the dance. The result: Dancers who stuttered an.
Christmas Hymns In Latin Dec 18, 2017. Keith Getty lists ten timeless Christmas hymns everyone should know. His hymn "Adeste Fidelis" remained a Latin masterpiece for 100 years. 6 Christmas Carols for the Ages. "O Come, All Ye Faithful", Latin for "Adeste Fideles", is attributed to John Francis Wade, an English hymnist who was exiled to. Another early Christmas
Less than one percent of high school girls are interested in computer science. Blockly visual coding and creating animated GIFs or music beats. Meanwhile, The Girl Scouts will introduce its network.
Animated signs and video screens cover every available. There are three legs that hold up the Robot Restaurant's show: giant robots, ear-ringing music, and dancing Japanese girls. The show would be.
"[T]o be looped in a GIF, to be put on display as 'animated' at the behest of audiences," as. The young person's guide to conquering (and saving) the world. Teen Vogue covers the latest in celebrit.
Eriko favours the gifs, which include a woman contouring her make-up – a big trend for fashion-conscious Gulf girls. dance that people do at weddings and celebrations." Yep, it's the Ardah – or Ara.
← Live Music Altoona Wi
Origin Of Folk Music →

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What's New in Minecraft Pe Apk 1.2.13?
A handful of features from replacing Aquatic were added thru Experimental Gameplay. these features are incomplete and aren't representative of final gameplay, however, feedback is certainly welcome! those are not all of the update Aquatic functions coming to Minecraft Pe Apk 1.2.13 and greater is on the manner.
* Constant several of the top crashes that occurred throughout gameplay.
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* Items are not duplicated or misplaced whilst the use of contact controls on classic UI.
* Items now nicely stack whilst shifting stock with contact controls on conventional UI.
* Fixed super flat worlds losing their chunks after beginning with the modern update.
* Eastern text will now be entered into text fields correctly.
Command Blocks not lose their facts when remaining a global.
Previous Output for Command Blocks now updates efficaciously.
* Introduced two alternatives to swap A/B buttons and X/Y buttons on controllers, which can be located in Controller Settings.
* Delivered menu display screen transitions, which may be toggled in Settings.
* Study the relaxation of them right here: Minecraft Pe Apk 1.2.13 Changelogs.
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but at least Mojang tried to hurry the replace to all platform so now not best laptop Java version can experience update Aquatic.
* sixth April replace: constant 1.2.13 link, need to be running excellent now. Any broken hyperlink? Comment down under.
*To enjoy the feature, activate 'Use Experimental Gameplay' whilst creating an international.
But wanna input on few general things, The website layout is perfect, the content is rattling good : D.


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Q: Connecting to WebDAV https with login and password? Running 14.04 unity
Hi, I can get Nautilus to recognize and 'connect' to a remote WebDAV server (meaning the server shows up) but I am never prompted to enter my username and password, thus I cannot see any of the files.  Any ideas?


text:
Missouri Presbytery Revoice Report: a close reading (13); the sin that must not be written
by Tim Bayly, Andrew Dionne & Andy Halsey | Jun 22, 2019 | Out of Our Minds | 0 |
NOTE: Missouri Presbytery (PCA) is the ecclesiastical authority over Pastor Greg Johnson and the elders of Memorial Presbyterian Church. Pastor Johnson and Memorial hosted the first Revoice 18 conference one year ago in St. Louis. The second Revoice (19) will soon be held, again in St. Louis.
Responding to national pressure from inside and outside their denomination, Missouri Presbytery put together an investigatory committee and just issued their Report. This is thirteenth in a series of close readings. For all Warhorn articles on Missouri Presbytery's Revoice Report, see here. Report text is indented. Unless otherwise indicated, footnotes are from Missouri Presbytery's Report. We pick up where we left off last time.
Allegation #3: On the Question of Morally Benign Qualities Tied to Homoerotic Desire
Allegation: While this was not explicitly taught at Revoice 18, it is alleged that Revoice teachers and speakers have, in their teaching elsewhere, created a novel "category of human identity and attraction" by arguing that being same-sex-attracted, or "gay," is about more than sexual desire—namely that it is an attraction to "aesthetic beauty." Put another way, Revoice speakers have argued that there are morally benign or even morally good qualities that are intrinsically or ontologically tied to their same-sex attractions.
Missouri Presbytery begins this "allegation" with a declaration: "this was not explicitly taught at Revoice 18."
So this particular allegation begins with a judgment—that Revoice 18 did not teach something. For some reason, Missouri Presbytery wants to begin this allegation by fencing off Revoice from a certain criticism by declaring it was "not explicitly taught." What is it that was "not explicitly taught?"
The Committee declares it was "not explicitly taught at Revoice 18″ that there is a "category of human identity and attraction" identifying as "same-sex-attracted" and "gay" who, by choosing those labels for themselves, are speaking "about more than sexual desire;" they also share a special "attraction to aesthetic beauty."
Then Missouri Presbytery circles back to try to explain this same thing another way. The Committee declares it was "not explicitly taught at Revoice 18" that "there are morally benign or even morally good qualities tied… to same-sex attractions."
Yet note that when Missouri Presbytery restates what "was not explicitly taught," they change their declaration to "Revoice speakers have argued that." If the reader returns to the first statement, though, he finds this phrase "in their teaching elsewhere" indicating this is taught by Revoice speakers, but not at Revoice 18. At least not "explicitly."
The text is very confusing, but let us try to clarify what Missouri Presbyter is saying above, but using fewer words:
Although speakers did not explicitly teach at Revoice 18 that those who identify as "gay" believe "attraction to aesthetic beauty" is integral to their identity, these same Revoice speakers have argued and teach this elsewhere.
So noted, and only one simple response. If the pastors and elders of Missouri Presbytery go out of their way to declare something wasn't done and they do so within the text of an allegation, we think they are wrong and this error was, in fact, explicitly taught at Revoice 18. We think this not because we believe these men lie, but because we have observed them misleading readers and doing so habitually. So if some good reader would go back through the transcripts of Revoice 18 talks and look for it, we believe they will find where Revoice speakers at Revoice 18 declared explicitly that being gay is integrally tied to an attraction to aesthetic beauty.
If you're willing, please help with this and we'll be pleased to footnote here the results of the search.
Judgment: If one takes the terms "same-sex attraction" and "gay" in their earlier sense, namely, as synonymous with "homoerotic desire," then our judgment is that the allegation is false: Revoice itself does not teach that sexual desire for someone of the same sex is morally neutral and not sinful. In fact, they affirm that it is sinful. If one takes these terms the way Revoice and many Side B people take them in the expanded sense that they are inclusive of "attractions," of an "orientation," of a quality of "gayness" that lies behind homoerotic desire and yet is essentially or intrinsically related to it—rather than being simply related to it situationally—then the allegation is true that Revoice has committed at least an error of imprudence by indulging in needless and potentially dangerous speculation, and it remains to be seen whether this error will be used in such a way as to strike at the vitals of religion.
We're sorry, but the entirety of this Allegation #3 strikes us as wrongheaded. Here under "judgment," the Committee declares not true an allegation never mentioned under the actual "allegation" they listed above. Where did the Committee speak of the allegation that Revoice 18 taught "sexual desire is morally neutral and not sinful?"
Nowhere.
But then it gets worse.
Whereas under their allegation above the Committee declared Revoice 18 did not "explicitly" teach "attractions" to "aesthetic beauty" are an "ontological" "quality of gayness," we see here under their judgment they say the opposite:
"The allegation is true that Revoice" takes the "gay" identity as "inclusive of 'attractions,' of an 'orientation, of a quality of 'gayness' that lies behind homoerotic desire and yet is essentially or intrinsically related to it."
Maybe Missouri Presbytery felt they could declare their judgment this allegation was true because this wasn't an "explicit" teaching of Revoice 18, but declaring it wasn't done by following with the judgment it was done isn't clarified by any explanation that this teaching wasn't "explicit."
We leave this allegation and judgment behind having found it nonsensical as well as misleading. Gays and effeminates both Christian and pagan have always freely acknowledged sharing a certain aesthetic or "quality of gayness" beyond homoeroticism. This quality of gayness, this aesthetic, is universal and easily recognized by anyone half awake, as it has been throughout man's history.
We leave this mishmash of Allegation 13 with another excerpt from The Grace of Shame: 7 Ways the Church Has Failed To Love Homosexuals:
After the death of rock star David Bowie, Slate ran a piece titled "Was David Bowie Gay?" At various times Bowie said he was gay, then straight, then bisexual—each according to his mood at the time.
The writer of the piece is gay. You feel him suppressing his anger at Bowie for not simply coming out as a gay man. Near the end of his piece, he gives this brilliant summary of the state of gayness today:
I believe that cultural gayness is something that can and does exist apart from homosexuality. Gays may have developed the set of cultural practices that define gayness, or what some call the "gay sensibility" or "gay aesthetics," but they need not be its only practitioners. Indeed, straight people (or whatever Bowie might have been) are theoretically just as capable of doing cultural gayness as gays are—and indeed, some may do it better.
Gay sensibilities, gay aesthetics, gay speech, dress, and mannerisms—all this gayness exists independent of homosexual intercourse. As the author says, a gay or effeminate identity may or may not be combined with gay sex.
Scripture condemns both. The gay, soft, or effeminate identity and gay sexual intercourse both deny the sex God made us.
Whether or not David Bowie committed sodomy, God made David Bowie a man and it was his duty to live in submission to his manhood. God called him to live manly, but Bowie rebelled and spent his life living gay. Effeminate.
The Apostle Paul lived in a time as sexually decadent as our own and he knew Bowie well. Writing to the believers in Corinth—the San Francisco of the Roman Empire—Paul warned them that arsenokoitai (literally, "men who lie with males") will not inherit the kingdom of God. Immediately before that warning, Paul declared that malakoi (literally, "soft men") will not inherit the kingdom of God:
Do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived; neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor effeminate [malakoi], nor homosexuals [arsenokoitai], nor thieves, nor the covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor swindlers, will inherit the kingdom of God. (1Corinthians 6:9, 10)
The Apostle Paul refers to malakoi and arsenokoitai as two distinct categories of sinners:
1. men like David Bowie who are effeminate; and
2. men who lie with males (those who commit homosexual acts).
Men who betray their manhood by playing the woman1 will not be in Heaven.
Before moving to the next allegation, let us state for the first time, here, that this Report and the men who wrote it have proven themselves incapable of beginning to understand or provide wise pastoral care for all those claiming any of the LGBTQ identities because of their refusal to acknowledge that the sin of effeminacy—not homoerotic desire—is the sin that binds Revoicers together. Some Revoicers may never have given themselves to homoerotic desire, others may have left it behind, but not one of the Revoicers has left the sin of effeminacy behind.
Nevermind. Throughout their one-hundred and forty-three pages, Missouri Presbytery's presbyters refuse to even to acknowledge the existence of this sin, let alone examine whether Revoice taught that those given to it will inherit the Kingdom of God. Search the Report for any word beginning with the letters "effem."
Not one. Slate sees what Missouri Presbytery can't.
Missouri Presbytery can't fathom what Slate published and every last member of these minorities has always known and freely said—namely "that cultural gayness is something that can and does exist apart from homosexuality;" that there has always been a set of "cultural practices that define gayness, or what some call the 'gay sensibility' or 'gay aesthetics,' [and] straight people are …just as capable of doing cultural gayness as gays are—and indeed, some may do it better."
"Straight people" can, and often do, give themselves to "cultural gayness," the "gay sensibility," and "gay aesthetics." Christians who call themselves "gay" or "same-sex attracted" and are LivingOut give themselves to "cultural gayness," the "gay sensibility," and "gay aesthetics."
In short, to playing the woman. To effeminacy.
We will return to this theme.
(This is thirteenth in a series of close readings. For all Warhorn articles on Missouri Presbytery's Revoice Report, see here.)
1. ↑ Footnote from The Grace of Shame: "The word malakoi [referred] to adult males who . . . actively feminized their appearance and manner as a means to attracting [male] partners." Robert A. J. Gagnon, "A Comprehensive and Critical Review Essay of Homosexuality, Science, and the 'Plain Sense' of Scripture, Part 2," 229, accessed January 22, 2016, http://www.robgagnon.net/articles/homoBalchHBTReview2.pdf.
Tags: Homosexuality, MOP Revoice Report, PCA, Revoice
Andrew Dionne is the Senior Pastor of Trinity Presbyterian Church (Evangel Presbytery) in Spartanburg, SC. He serves on the boards of Clearnote Pastors College and Personhood South Carolina. He has six children and a lovely wife.
Andy Halsey is a pastor ordained in the PCA. He has a wife and 5 children and lives in Bloomington, Indiana.
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In the course of an average day, many people will walk 6,000 to 10,000 steps, which adds up to almost 129,000 kilometres in your lifetime. Don't forget the small bones of the foot, complex tendons and ligaments that control movement and feet being squeezed into ridiculous shoes - it's not surprising feet are sometimes sore and need more care.
Plantar fasciitis happens when the plantar fascia ligament is over-stretched and tears at the connection to the heel. This ligament runs along the bottom of the arch, from the toes to the heel.
The injury often occurs as the result of footwear with inadequate arch support, cushioning, or improper stretching before physical activity, particularly repetitive running or jumping. You don't have to be an athlete to get it – at Back In Motion Name we see Plantar Fasciitis impacting people of all walks of life.
A client with plantar fasciitis will feel sharp or burning pain in the heel. The pain is a more intense first thing in the morning or after a period of sitting or resting.
During those times, the ligament tightens to resume its normal position. When full body weight is suddenly exerted on the ligament, it is forcefully pulled again.
What treatment works for Plantar Fasciitis?
It's important to seek a physio's advice for the treatment of Plantar Fasciitis so that you avoid more severe injury and don't allow the pain to cause you to alter your foot position and throw the rest of your body into misalignment – this causes more issues down the track.
Plantar Fasciitis treatments can include custom orthotics, foot exercises and shockwave therapy.
Don't underestimate the importance of your feet – they may be small and sometimes unsightly parts of our body, but the feet have a huge influence on our overall health throughout life. Take your feet seriously, otherwise, you may find yourself without a leg to stand on when it really counts.


The landscape in Malindi is predominantly plain, the climate is generally hot and humid throughout the year. The daily temperature is around 22º Celsius minimum and 30, 5º Celsius maximum. There are short rains from October to November and long rains from April to July. The vegetation extent from mangroves and swamps to tropical monsoon forest, lowland dry forests in Arabuko-Sokoke Forest to Savannah and bush land in the backwoods.
Malindi, located on the East Coast of Kenya, is a popular tourist town with scenic beauty, clean white beaches and a lot of history.Kenya has abundance of protected coral reefs and beaches, the white sandy beach to the south of Malindi town is called Silversands. Sport fishing in another attraction, Malindi is where Ernest Hemingway came in the 1930s in search of marlin, sailfish and Wahoo. There are excellent and relatively inexpensive facilities for fishing. There are an international bill fish contest during January and an annual sea festival with fishing competitions between October and November.
The renowned Malindi Marine National Park is a protected coastal area south of Malindi. Malindi Marine National Park has fine white-sandy beaches, emerald water and colorful fish (All fishing within the Park is forbidden). You can see Technicolor fish of impossible shapes and various sizes such as flute mouths, halfbeaks, hawk fishes, lizardfishs, parrot-fish, porcupine fish, puffers, thorn heads, trigger fishes, zebra fishes and hundreds of others. There are also fascinating coral reefs that allow for diving and snorkeling opportunities.
On the northwest of Malindi, near Marafa Depression exists an eroded wasteland of sandstone cliffs and precipices, locally known as Nyari or Hell's Kitchen, exists also a small Arabian town called Mambrui, and beyond that a small village and harbor called Ngomeni. The entire coastline from Mambrui to Lamu has minimal development, in terms of tourism, although wonderful beaches, coves and seascapes exist in plenty.
The nearby Watamu ("sweet people" in Swahili) resort and the lost town of Gede (abandoned for no known reason in the 16th century), are located south of Malindi.
The Arabuko Sokoke National Park hide a world of wonders such as rare endemic birds and mammals, you'll see impressive herds of Elephant.The Malindi Museum is housed in the former home of an Indian trader, built in 1891. Exhibit includes early photographs of Mombasa, wooden grave posts of the Gohu people, information about Vasco Da Gama among other interesting information.


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BAKER v. THE STATE.
A89A1485.
(193 Ga. App. 498)
(388 SE2d 402)
BEASLEY, Judge.
Drug violation. Dougherty Superior Court. Before Judge Kelley.
Defendant appeals his conviction for aiding and abetting in the sale of marijuana to an undercover agent. OCGA 16-2-20 (b) (1) and 16-13-30.1.
1. The first enumeration of error complains that at the beginning of trial defendant sought to utilize the table next to the jury but was told that it was customarily used by the State. Defendant objected but the trial court ruled that the State could use the table and defendant was relegated to the other table.
The discretion of the trial court in regulating the conduct of counsel and the witnesses and in prescribing the manner in which business of the court shall be conducted is very broad and will be reversed only upon a showing of abuse. Butler v. State, 172 Ga. App. 405, 406 (1) (323 SE2d 628) (1984). The exercise of the inherent power of the court in this instance did not constitute an abuse of discretion. Jackson v. State, 154 Ga. App. 367, 368 (2) (268 SE2d 418) (1980); Jackson v. State, 149 Ga. App. 496, 498 (1) (254 SE2d 739) (1979).
2. The second enumeration of error urges that the trial court erred by denying defendant's motion for a mistrial advanced in response to testimony elicited by the State "which referred to another, wholly unrelated, alleged crime." Specifically, defendant maintains the trial court failed to comply with OCGA 17-7-210 and USCR 31.3.
(a) OCGA 17-7-210 (a) states that "[t]he defendant shall be entitled to have a copy of any statement given by him while in police custody." In compliance with the Code, defendant's counsel made a request for such statements. The record does not reflect the State's responding to this or any other of defendant's discovery requests. Defendant urges "[t]he threshold question for this tribunal is whether a statement made to an,, undercover agent requires disclosure pursuant to OCGA 17-7-210.
The question is essentially rhetorical in that appellant cites Yeargin v. State, 164 Ga. App. 835 (298 SE2d 606), which emphasized this code section "applies only to statements given by the defendant 'while in police custody.' " All of the encounters to which the agent testified occurred prior to the end of November 1987. The arrest warrant was issued for defendant on December 14, and he was taken into custody when he voluntarily went to the police station when learning of the warrant during a call home.
Because defendant was not in police custody at the time the statements were made, the State's failure to produce them did not make the testimony inadmissible. Banther v. State, 182 Ga. App. 333 (2) (355 SE2d 709) (1987).
(b) Application of USCR 31.3 presents questions of procedure, evidence, and word meaning, and deals with the content aspect of defendant's argument not addressed under OCGA 17-7-210: 1) whether the statements elicited from the State's witness constitute testimony about similar transactions or occurrences; 2) whether the State followed the rule which requires giving notice to defense counsel of intent to introduce evidence of similar transactions or occurrences; 3) whether, even if the State's conduct was procedurally defective and the testimony is considered to constitute similar transactions or occurrences, the errors were harmless.
"Notices of the state's intention to present evidence of similar transactions or occurrences . . . shall be given and filed at least ten days before trial unless before time is shortened or lengthened by the judge." USCR 31.1. "The state may present during the trial evidence of only those similar transactions or occurrences specifically approved by the judge." USCR 31.3 (B). "Evidence of similar transactions or occurrences not approved shall be inadmissible." USCR 31.3 (C). Notice of intent to offer such evidence is not optional. "Under Uniform Superior Court Rule 31.3 the [plaintiff] must give a defendant notice of its intent to present evidence of similar transactions or occurrences and seek the prior approval of the trial judge before presenting such evidence." Minter v. State, 258 Ga. 629, 630 (2) (373 SE2d 359) (1988). (Emphasis supplied.)
(1) All "occurrence" is defined as a "coming or happening; any incident or event, especially one that happens without being designed or expected." Black's Law Dictionary, 4th ed., p. 1231. None of the events to which the agent testified was designed or expected, including the event which resulted in defendant's conviction. The agent testified he was introduced to the defendant when the agent went to Israel's apartment to buy LSD. Certainly, the content of the testimony related by the agent involves occurrences. Considering that all the occurrences were related to the purchase or sale of drugs, the "similarity" requirement is satisfied.
We need not discuss the definition of a transaction, other than to state it is a narrower term than occurrence. A transaction would include a sale, or some interaction between two or more parties, and statutorily, would include possession. See Controlled Substances Act, OCGA 16-13-1 et seq.
(2) The State does not deny it never tendered notice to defendant's counsel, but contends that the testimony was offered only for the purpose of identifying the defendant and showing his bent of mind. The purpose is irrelevant, for the State must give notice regardless of its purpose in introducing the evidence. USCR 31.3 covers the evidence, at least if it is offered in the case in chief, as here. The question of purpose enters in only when objection is interposed regarding admissibility under OCGA 24-9-20. See Smith v. State, 182 Ga. App. 740, 741 (1) (356 SE2d 723) (1987). Since no notice was ever given, violation of the Rule rendered the evidence inadmissible.
(3) The purpose of the rule is to "provide a criminal defendant adequate notice of the State's intent to use similar transactions to enable the defendant to resolve questions regarding admissibility of such evidence before trial." Todd v. State, 189 Ga. App. 538, 539 (1) (376 SE2d 917) (1988). Although a violation must result in prejudice to the defendant in order to be reversible, "[t]he rule clearly presupposes that the state's failure to comply with the rule will result in harm to the defendant." Id. "The rule by its nature implies a presumption of harm from lack of notice." Id. at 541. There is no question that without the evidence of other occurrences the State's case would have been weaker. Under the present circumstances, we cannot say it was highly probable the error did not contribute to the judgment. Johnson v. State, 238 Ga. 59, 61 (230 SE2d 869) (1976), and the judgment must be reversed.
3. Defendant asserts the trial court erred in prohibiting defense attorney from inquiring, on cross-examination, about criminal charges brought against Israel arising from an arrest on the same evening as the alleged sale of marijuana by defendant.
A witness may be discredited by evidence of bad character and convictions of crimes involving moral turpitude. OCGA 24-9-84; Beasley v. State, 168 Ga. App. 255, 256 (1) (308 SE2d 560) (1983). The evidence sought to be elicited was improper for impeachment and did not involve the acts of the witness. Defendant's contention that such evidence would have been in irreconcilable conflict with the undercover agent's testimony is not sustainable. The scope of cross-examination is within the discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed unless that discretion is abused. Birge v. State, 143 Ga. App. 632, 634 (4) (239 SE2d 395) (1977). There was no abuse of discretion in limiting the cross-examination to relevant and material evidence. Jones v. State, 135 Ga. App. 893, 898 (5) (219 SE2d 585) (1975).
Moreover, it is obvious that the jury did determine that Israel was the major participant in the sale because defendant was only found guilty of aiding and abetting. Even if the evidence sought to be elicited was relevant and its exclusion error, the failure to permit cross-examination in this area was not harmful. Error without harm is not reversible. Waller v. State, 134 Ga. App. 886, 888 (4) (216 SE2d 637) (1975).
4. Error is assigned to the trial court's sustaining an objection to a defense question of the agent: "Did you ascertain whether or not Mr. Israel had a record for the sale of drugs of any type?" It is argued that the answer to this question would have impugned the agent's credibility and highlighted the inaccuracy of his testimony. No basis is set forth as to why this would be true. Israel's proclivity for drug offenses certainly would not have demonstrated this fact. This enumeration of error suffers from the same defects as that in Division 3.
5. After defendant testified flat he had completed a drug rehabilitation program in January 1988, the prosecutor asked bind on cross-examination: "Is that the first time you've ever been in drug rehab?" The defendant moved for a mistrial, which was denied. There was no response. Defendant contends that the question interjected his character into evidence.
Jones v. State, 257 Ga. 753, 759 (1) (b) (363 SE2d 529) (1988), notes that where a testifying defendant admits prior criminal activity he has not placed his character "in issue," but "he has raised an issue which may be fully explored by the State on cross-examination." Furthermore, if defendant admits a crime implying that is his only criminal offense, his testimony is subject to rebuttal by proof of other committed crimes.
The State was attempting to undermine defendant's assertion of reformation from the fact that he had undertaken treatment for drug abuse. Moreover, defendant did not respond to the question and it was withdrawn. It was not error to deny the motion for mistrial, as an unanswered question does not furnish grounds for such motion. Middlebrooks v. State, 169 Ga. App. 507, 509 (2) (313 SE2d 764) (1984); Burns v. State, 166 Ga. App. 766, 769 (5) (305 SE2d 398) (1983).
6. Defendant complains of the failure to give his request to charge, but the request is not a part of the record below and the enumeration of error raising this ground will not be considered. Zachary v. State, 245 Ga. 2, 4 (262 SE2d 779) (1980); Williams v. State, 165 Ga. App. 553 (1) (301 SE2d 908) (1983).
7. The remaining enumerations of error are without merit.
The judgment must be reversed because of the error found in Division 2.
Britt R. Priddy, District Attorney, John L. Tracy, Assistant District Attorney, for appellee.
John M. Beauchamp & Associates, Kermit S. Dorough, Jr., for appellant.
DECIDED NOVEMBER 13, 1989.
Citing Cases:
KITCHENS v. THE STATE.; SPARKS v. THE STATE. (235 Ga. App. 349) (509 SE2d 391) (1998)
SHELL v. THE STATE. (210 Ga. App. 385) (436 SE2d 12) (1993)
BERRY v. THE STATE. (210 Ga. App. 789) (437 SE2d 630) (1993)
REED v. THE STATE. (208 Ga. App. 612) (431 SE2d 419) (1993)
ANNISON v. THE STATE. (206 Ga. App. 861) (427 SE2d 5) (1992)
STORY v. THE STATE. (196 Ga. App. 590) (396 SE2d 547) (1990)
Thursday May 21 11:54 EDT
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Microsoft Surface Pro To Be Released On 9th February
Filed under Gadget, News
Published by Sneha Anwin on January 24, 2013
Microsoft wanted to launch the Surface Pro in January 2013; however, things did not go according to their initial plan. Now, Microsoft has announced that the Surface Pro will be released on 9th Feb.
The Surface Pro will not be launched in multiple countries on the same date. Microsoft plans to launch the device first in US and Canada and then it plans to roll out Surface Pro in other countries of the world. This is a smart move from Microsoft which allows them to receive initial feedback from US and Canada users before offering it to people from other countries.
Microsoft made a mistake in UK by confusing the people on the release date of Surface. It was first informed by Microsoft that Surface would be arriving in UK in 26th Oct' 2012. Later on, it was known that Microsoft had only shipped the product and it was not the delivery date. Microsoft compensated for their mistake by offering £50 as free gift cards to the people who were affected.
The Surface Pro is the Full-fledged version of the Microsoft Surface tablet. The device is going to run on Windows 8 Pro. In October 2012, Microsoft had released Windows 8 RT Surface tablet. The RT version is a stripped version of the official Windows 8 OS. It does not allow users to install most of the popular Windows programs and it was powered with ARM CPU. The device only managed to receive moderate reviews and sales.
The Surface Pro has the same design as you can see on Surface RT. However, the Surface Pro appears to be thicker and heavier than Surface RT. It measures 275 x 173 x 13mm and weighs 907g. The RT device could not run most of the apps. However, Surface Pro powered with Windows 8 Pro and intel core i5 CPU will allow you to run even the most demanding software on it.
Microsoft is offering two versions of their newest tablet device, namely a 64GB and 128GB device. Both are priced $899 and $999 respectively. The tech specs of the device prove that it is a much better device compared to RT. The Surface Pro is powered with full version of Windows 8 which was not available with its predecessor. It supports Touch and Type covers as Surface RT.
The Surface Pro is blessed with a 10.6-inch display screen along with Intel Core i5 (dual-core) CPU which delivers staggering performance. The 10.6inch multi-touch support capacitive display offers 1920 x 1080 pixels resolution. It packs in Intel HD Graphics 4000 and 4GB RAM. The onboard camera supports 1080p HD quality video recording but there is no camera flash and it lacks autofocus feature. As far as connectivity is concerned, it offers v4.0 Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, v3.0 USB and TV-out.
Surface Pro is surely a promising tablet from Microsoft. Microsoft plans to roll out several accessories for the Surface Pro such as a touch-sensitive mouse and three kinds of Touch Covers. For those who want to purchase the all new Surface Pro powered with Windows 8 Pro can visit Microsoft's online store, Best Buy and Staples. The release date of Surface Pro in India is not confirmed nor we've any info regarding the same, but lets hope for good!
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Microsoft Surface Pro windows 8
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