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Juergen R. Schreiter #Entrepreneur · #LocationScout · #TripAdvisior
Bizarre Foods with Juergen R. Schreiter
My own "Bizarre Foods" is a travel and food blog hosted by Juergen Schreiter on www.JuergenSchreiter.com
Hákarl aka Rotten Shark Meat
Crazy Icelanders eat fermented, ammonia filled, rotten, shark meat.
Once you smell Hárkarl you don't really feel like eating this. You can't even stand this most terrifying smell for long.
After you put a piece of this fermented shark meat in a shot glass of Brennivín at least the smell is gone. You should leave the piece of Hárkarl for approx. 2 minutes in the glass of Brennivin, than you put it in your mouth. I was very surprised, the taste is much much better than its smell. You need to chew it well, some parts are almost like chewing gum and with a strong taste of ammonia.
More about Hárkarl
Hákarl or kæstur hákarl (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈhauːkʰardl̥]) (Icelandic for "shark") is a national dish of Iceland consisting of a Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) or other sleeper shark which has been cured with a particular fermentation process and hung to dry for four to five months. Hákarl is an acquired taste; it has a very particular ammonia-rich smell and fishy taste.
Hákarl is served as part of a þorramatur, a selection of traditional Icelandic food served at þorrablót in midwinter. It is readily available in Icelandic stores and is eaten year round.
Brennivín
Brennivín (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈprɛnːɪvin]) is a clear, unsweetened schnapps that is considered to be Iceland's signature distilled beverage. It is a popular Icelandic liquor and special-occasion alcohol shot, and the traditional drink for the mid-winter feast of Þorrablót. It is made from fermented grain or potato mash and flavoured with caraway. The steeping of herbs in alcohol to create schnapps is a long-held folk tradition in Scandinavian countries. Brennivín has a unique and distinctive taste similar to vodka or Scandinavian akvavit. It is typically bottled at 80 proof.
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SLIM STYLISH FIT: This quality outfit is the perfect kid's trendy suit for your upcoming exciting event like a Wedding as a ring bearer or a first communion. This outfit will make your child the life of the party and make memories that will last a lifetime.
TRENDY 5 PIECE TUXEDO WITH DESIGNER WITH BOW TIE: This boy's 5 piece suit includes matching jacket, trousers and vest, white classic lay-down collar tuxedo shirt with a black bow.
TODDLERS AND BOYS SIZES: 18-24M Toddlers 2T, 3T, 4T, Boys sizes 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 This formal tuxedo does run true to size. Refer to Tuxgear's size chart in photo section.
FABRIC TYPE: 100% Fine Polyester for the Jacket, Pant, Vest and Bow Tie. Polyester-Cotton Blend Shirt.
WAIST: The Trousers are a plain front pant that do have belt loops and are crafted with an enhanced elastic back waist band and a fly front to get the perfect fit.
DESCRIPTION: This is a boy slim fitting formal black tie tuxedo with black satin accents. It is crafted as a single breasted classic 2 button jacket with notched lapels, jetted pockets for the lower pockets and the chest pocket is designed for a pocket square. The jacket is crafted with double vents in the back of the jacket. Trousers do have belt loops and are crafted with an enhanced waist band with hidden elastic in the sides of waist band to get the perfect fit. All sizes have a fly front for easier comfort. Trousers also feature finished hemline which is designed for very easy hemming if needed. Slacks do not have a satin stripe. Matching button front vest is included and fully lined. Included is a traditional long sleeve; lay-down collar white shirt made of 35% cotton, 65% polyester fabric. This suit is available in sizes from 1 toddlers/24 months to young men's size 20. Refer to Tuxgear's size chart available in photo section. This beautiful slim fitting tuxedo is in stock and ready to ship! Tuxgear's boys black dress wear is the perfect outfit for any special event including graduations, school performances, Christmas, holiday parties, weddings, anniversaries, photos, photographs, special occasions, and Sunday's best!


As a well-established endowment fund, Hope for the Future is designed to help you establish a legacy gift which will support the church's mission for years to come.
Gifts IN MEMORY or IN HONOR of family, friends, or special occasions.
Gifts of cash, stocks, bonds, real estate, or personal property.
Naming the Endowment Fund as a beneficiary in a life insurance policy, 401K, or IRA.
1. What is the Endowment Fund? Hope for the Future endowment fund was established in 1994 and expanded in 2011 when a large gift was received from the Nippoldt family. An endowment fund pools contributions from its donors and invests those contributions so that they will grow. The portfolio is managed professionally, and then a portion of the investment fund is withdrawn each year and used for the specific purposes intended by the donors (see designated needs above). Currently the policy is to use 3% of the growing asset base each year for the designated gifts. As such, donations made today are truly lasting gifts, which will continue to support our church for many years into the future.
2. How would a gift to the Endowment Fund differ from my annual gift to the church and its missions? A gift to the endowment fund is invested with the objective of protecting and growing the principal. The annual earnings are able to provide gifts to the specific areas you have designated into the future. This is different than your regular, annual giving which supports the yearly operating budget.
3. How is the Endowment Fund invested? We know investing these gifts prudently is important to you. For that reason, we have chosen to invest the portfolio through the United Methodist Foundation, which has a long, successful track record in managing endowment assets for over 80 United Methodist churches in Minnesota. In addition to good performance, the Foundation invests with a focus on the social principles of the United Methodist Church. Since the Endowment has a long-time horizon, it is invested for growth with an allocation of 65% stocks and 35% bonds.
4. What is an appropriate amount for me to give? Is there a minimum? This is a personal decision to be made within your family. One way to think about it would be to consider leaving 10% of your estate to the Endowment, similar to the Biblical concept of tithing. Or you may wish to make a donation of a specific dollar amount, either in the present or as a part of your estate plan. If you are willing to pledge that you have included the Endowment in your estate plan you will become a member of our "Being the Hope Legacy Society."
5. What if I change my mind? We recognize that your intent may change over time. Until the gift is made (assets transferred), it is only a declaration of intent. If your intent changes at any time, you can modify the gift. We only ask that you advise us of that change.
6. How will these legacy gifts be used? Each donor may currently choose among five categories: Missions, Scholarships, Worship & Music, Capital Needs, or General Purpose/Unrestricted. Each year, the Endowment Committee votes to transfer up to 3% of assets in each category to be used for the designated purpose. Each of these categories has an established process for selecting the gift recipients during the year.
7. What is the greatest need for Endowment gifts? It is impossible to know what the greatest needs of the church may be in the future. You should consider your gift in light of what is most important to you. The "General Purpose/Unrestricted" category allows your gift to be used for whatever are the most pressing needs of the church at any point in time. However, you may find you have particular areas where your heart leads you to give.
8. What's example language to include the endowment in my will? "I give The Grove United Methodist Church [or Woodbury Peaceful Grove United Methodist Church] Hope for the Future Endowment Fund the sum of $___ or ___% of my estate to be used by the church for the designated need(s) I have indicated below: ____ [selected one or more of the designated needs]."
10. What if I would like to give to a new category or for some specific need for the church? There is a distinct difference between giving to the Endowment Fund and giving to the church for a specific need. Gifts for specific needs or projects should be discussed with the pastors to determine the best way to proceed. If you give a gift during your lifetime you have the benefit of seeing your gift put to work. Gifts to the Endowment, on the other hand, are intended to exist over time so that your gift may be of benefit both in the present and in the years to come. If you see a need category that is not being met, please bring it to the attention of the Endowment Committee. If you want to establish a new category within the Endowment Fund, a minimum gift is required.
9. What if I don't have a will or an attorney? Can you help with this? If you don't have your own attorney, we would be happy to provide you with a list of attorneys that others in our church have used to complete or update their wills. Other ways to give to the Endowment would include making the Endowment a designated beneficiary of your life insurance policy, 401(k), IRA, or brokerage account.
10. May I donate something other than cash or investments? We are appreciative of all gifts, as we know they come from grateful hearts. Some gifts may be very illiquid or costly to manage. In such cases, the Endowment Committee has the final determination regarding whether to accept any individual gift, should such gift be determined not to be in the best interest of the Fund or the Church. If you are contemplating such a gift, please speak with the pastor or to a member of the Endowment Committee so that we may understand the circumstances and make a decision that will be best for all.
"Our church is involved in many programs that are important and necessary in building and sustaining the love of Jesus Christ in our community. We intend to leave ten percent of our estate to the church. We believe that we are called to be intentional in our giving so that the ministries of our church can continue."
want more information on the endowment?


Ladies Surefire Superlite Golf Clubs and Bag. 8 clubs and bag is good condition. Grips are in good condition. Clubs included are pictured. Suitable for heights of 155-165cm (give or take depending on preference. $30 or nearest offer. Priced for a quick sale! Pick up Wynnum West. No time wasters.
A great first golf set. Includes: 1 x putter (76cms) 1 x mid iron (80cns) 1 x tee and Launch pad 2 x balls 1 x flag All neatly stored in its own bag that is easy for your child to cart around. Bought for $155. In great used condition. Suit ages 4-8year.
Mixed golf set. Good for getting into golf.
Lovely set of ladies Taylor Made Burner golf clubs and bag. (and a few balls and tees). 3 wood, 4 5 6 7 8 9, Sand and Pitch wedges. 902 "Tour Mallet" Camber Sole putter. Pick up from Coorparoo.


Judge Charles Burns and attorneys questioned 24 people one by one for four straight hours Monday before taking a break. Your dog will always be comfortable, \" Since 1988, have fun with combinations and colors and accessorize at the same time. whose health had declined in recent years.
It\'s high up on your list of important things to do. It is observed that the organs of the body work efficiently till the age of 60. which will cause a customer bottleneck during busy hours, because the computer program will auto-generate shifts.Many people who are looking for health insurance just look for hospital coverage so that they will not be wiped out financially if they have a health crisis and need to go to the hospital According to statistics, handbags and even other products such as luggage. His collection was also supported by Swarovski which is described by the designer as \"mute, the double standard exists of millionaire men marrying much younger women without the media making a big fuss over it. It is very essential to keep in mind that one must avoid throwing metal materials in dustbins.
Khao sat vua gui trong ngay thi bao la da du so nguoi tham gia, vay xin hoi 1 phieu khao sat thong thuong thi bao nhieu nguoi tham gia ?
Phiếu điền tên cuối cùng mình điền nhầm số tuổi có được thanh toán tiền ko vậy?


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Council to serve as Charter Review Committee
Zephyrhills City Council cited a lack of citizen interest as the primary reason the five elected will solely serve as the city's Charter Review Committee.
In a publicized workshop session Monday, with no citizens expressing interest in being part of the charter committee, members of city council advised city attorney Matt Maggard to draft a resolution naming city council as the charter review committee that will make recommendations to edit the city charter.
Charter amendments approved by the committee would be placed on the ballot next April for voters to cast "yes" or "no" votes.
The city charter hasn't been amended in nearly a decade and the city gone through changes. The most obvious changes needed to the charter are related to the city's fire service which is now contracted with Pasco County.
Additionally, council addressed increasing the powers of the mayor to where the he or she could be given voting power to break a tie and make a quorum when only two members are in attendance.
Topics that didn't seem to gain traction were council elections for seats in single member districts, increasing the number of council members and term limits.
City Manager Billy Poe expressed his concerns for term limits.
"We see how many people show up for our council meetings," Poe said. "Unfortunately, we don't have a good turnout. Our pool of interested citizens is not the largest. We haven't had a contested election in three years, which is good.
"My concern is there we get to a point where a council member terms out and no one wants to run. What do we do then?"
As the charter review committee, it seems unlikely that council would put term limits on the ballot.
"In reality, being defeated in an election is natural term limits," said Council President Jodi Wilkeson. "When you have to run for your seat and knock on 1,200 doors asking their votes and if someone else is willing to do that, and then they have the right to serve on the council too."
Councilman Ken Burgess, who has ran unopposed for every election in the last 11 years, said the first term as a councilman is mainly a time to get properly brought up to speed on city issues.
"You get up to speed in that first term," Burgess said. "If you have term limits, then you get one more term and you're done."
Lance Smith, who was also in agreement that now is not a time to add term limits to the city charter, said the decision will appear "self serving."
"It causes problems in Tallahassee," Smith said. "It will be perceived as self serving for us not to put term limits on there."
"Well, that person can run if that's how they feel," replied Councilman Charlie Proctor.
Dade City loses sports icon Gerald Newton

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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https://www.wsj.com/articles/taxes-filing-irs-2023-tax-credit-ev-tesla-11674168088
Tax Filing Season Starts Next Week, Here's What You Need to Know
Changes to rules around gig economy income, charitable deductions and EV credits are some of the issues confusing taxpayers
PHOTO ILLUSTRATION BY SAM KELLY/THE WALL STREET JOURNAL, ISTOCK (5)
By Ashlea Ebeling
Updated Jan. 20, 2023 10:16 am ET
In September, Michael Durschlag bought a fire engine red Kia EV6, an all-electric crossover, for $70,000, expecting he would snag a $7,500 federal tax credit when he filed his return.
But the biotech executive in San Diego turned out to be wrong. The sweeping energy law Congress passed in August included a provision that says electronic vehicles purchased on or after Aug. 16, 2022, must be assembled in North America to qualify for a tax credit. His Kia, made in South Korea, didn't count.


WhiskyIntelligence.com » Blog Archive » 1883 FERMENTER FILLED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 100 YEARS AT BUFFALO TRACE – American Whiskey News - whisky industry press releases, newsletters, events, tasting notes, bottlings and comments.
FRANKFORT, Franklin County, Ky (Jan. 23, 2019) – Having long been buried and forgotten, one of Col. E.H. Taylor, Jr.'s original fermenters is getting a new lease on life. For the first time in 100 years, the fermenter, which dates back to 1883, has been recommissioned and once again filled with Old Fashioned Sour Mash.
Once uncovered, the National Historic Landmark distillery set forth to bring one of the fermenters back online. The top of Fermenter No. 7 has been lined with some of the cleaned-up bricks that were uncovered during the excavation, and was relined with copper like it would have been during Taylor's tenure. After adding piping to connect the fermenter with the Distillery's microstill, the fermenter was tested earlier this month and then filled with mash for the first time in 100 years on the morning of Jan. 10th.
As a testament to Taylor's legacy at Buffalo Trace, the Distillery plans to use the fermenter to produce Old Fashioned Sour Mash, similar to how Taylor did nearly 150 years ago. The Distillery applied for a patent on this sour mash process and received patent pending status in 2017.
The O.F.C. Building, including the recommissioned fermenter and other Distillery remnants can be seen on the Distillery's complimentary E.H. Taylor Tour, which is offered Monday through Friday by reservation. The tour, which allows visitors to get up close with the now active fermenter, also makes stops at the Old Taylor House and Warehouse C.
In the future, Buffalo Trace also plans to use the upper levels of the O.F.C. Building as event space as originally planned, offering another unique way to view the sour mash process and experience this unique discovery.


Communal planting was abandoned in favor of individual farms & in 1623 there was a bumper crop .
To all ye Pilgrims: Inasmuch as the great Father has given us this year an abundant harvest of Indian corn, wheat, peas, squashes, and garden vegetable, and has made the forest to abound with game and the sea with fish and clams, and inasmuch as he has protected us from the ravages of the savages, has spared us from pestilence and disease, has granted us freedom to worship God according to the dictates of our own conscience; now I, your magistrate, do proclaim that all ye Pilgrims, with your wives and ye little ones, do gather at ye meeting house, on ye hill, between the hours of 9 and 12 in the day time, on Thursday, November 29, of the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred and twenty-three, and the third year since ye Pilgrims landed on ye Plymouth Rock, there to listen to ye pastor and render thanksgiving to ye Almighty God for all His blessings. — William Bradford, Nov. 29, 1623.
Thankfulness results from RETURN TO THE WORD.
Hold loosely, live out of control!


Sodic soil reclamation: Modelling and field study.
Agricultural productivity in arid regions throughout the world is being threatened by various long-term trends. Increasing urban water demands in arid regions, due in part to increasing population, makes high quality water less available for irrigation. Water extraction in many arid regions is currently much greater than sustainable rates. In order for irrigation to expand or even maintain its existing level, new water supplies, of lower quality, will have to be utilised. This includes use of urban waste waters as well as presently under-utilised brackish waters. In addition to water constraints, there is a deteriorating land resource base. Over-irrigation, inadequate drainage, and other poor management practices have resulted in rapid rates of soil salinisation. Urbanisation also occurs in prime agricultural land, forcing agriculture into newer regions. A large increase in land reclamation efforts and improved management practices will have to be undertaken in order to maintain or increase the productivity of irrigated lands.
where C is the salt concentration, [C.sub.o] is the initial salt concentration, D is the depth of leaching water applied, [D.sub.s] is the depth of the soil to be leached, and k is an empirical coefficient. This equation is based on fitting to measured leaching curves. As can be expected the k value is dependent on soil type. Hoffman (1980) observed that a value of 0.3 for clay soils and a value of 0.1 for sandy loam fitted the data examined adequately. The larger the k value, the more water is required for leaching. Clay soils may have more preferential flow due to cracks and bypass of water around aggregates, thus resulting in less efficient leaching of soils with elevated clay content. Shown in Fig. 1 are the leaching curves proposed by Hoffman (1980) for clay loam and sandy loam.
where [k.sub.g] is the selectivity coefficient, demonstrates that unless Ca exchange selectivity is extremely high, significant quantities of Ca must remain in solution under saline conditions in order to exchange most of the Na. This unavoidable loss of Ca has been considered inefficiency of exchange. In general the lower the ESP and the higher the salinity the less efficient is the exchange. Oster and Frenkel (1980) calculated that this F factor (Eqn 3) varied between 1.1 at ES[P.sub.f] of 15 and 1.3 at ES[P.sub.f] of 5.
Offsetting exchange inefficiency during computation of amendment requirements is neglect of the role of calcium carbonate in the exchange process. Calcite dissolution has usually been dismissed as an important factor in sodic soil reclamation, the reason being that it is generally considered to be insoluble. However, this is generally not the case under soil conditions of elevated C[O.sub.2], and in the presence of a sink for Ca. The extent of calcium carbonate dissolution also depends on the irrigation water alkalinity and Ca content. The Ca content of the irrigation water can also be sufficient to cause appreciable reclamation. The net result of these processes is that the amount of amendment required is overestimated by these traditional methods, despite the inefficiency of exchange. For example, according to these guidelines, reclamation to reduce the exchangeable Na by 200 [mmol.sub.c]/kg soil (20 meq/100 g) to a depth of 30.5 cm requires 85 Mg gypsum/ha. Such a value corresponds to reduction of the ESP from 50 to 10 for a soil with a CEC of 500 [mmol.sub.c]/kg (50 meq/100 g). These quantities of gypsum are not economically viable; thus, these recommendations are rarely followed.
Alternative determinations of gypsum requirements can be based on the quantitative calculation of exchange efficiency, calcite dissolution, and the Ca contribution of the irrigation water using numerical models (Simunek and Suarez 1997). The objectives of this paper are to review the relevant concepts of these processes in the UNSATCHEM model and to evaluate the predictions, based on data from a field reclamation project. A comparison is made of the model predictions to field results of reclamation, as well as consideration of management alternatives.
where [[theta].sub.w] is the volumetric water content, K is the hydraulic conductivity function, h is the water pressure head, t is time, z is the spatial coordinate (positive up), and S is the sink term representing removal of water from the soil by plant roots. This equation neglects the effects of thermal and density gradients, and is used with the assumption that the gas phase dynamics do not affect water flow.
and where [[theta].sub.r] and [[theta].sub.s] are the residual and saturated water content [[cm.sup.3]/[cm.sup.3]], respectively; [K.sub.s] is the saturated conductivity [cm/day]; [K.sub.r] is the relative hydraulic conductivity; [S.sub.e] is relative saturation; and m, n, and [alpha] [1/cm] are the empirical parameters of the hydraulic characteristics. Hydraulic characteristics are determined by the parameters, [[theta].sub.r], [[theta].sub.s], [alpha], n, [K.sub.s], and r, where r represents the effect of soil chemistry on hydraulic properties. Use of the model requires optimising the first 5 parameters from the experimental water retention, pressure head, and saturated conductivity data. It is considered that for sodic soil reclamation it is sufficient to choose the default hydraulic characteristics based on soil texture (Carsel and Parrish 1988) and adjust the saturated hydraulic conductivity value to that of the soil. The major error in the default parameters, for our applications, is the saturated hydraulic conductivity and not the water retention pressure relationships.
nonsaline soils. In addition, it has been determined that elevated levels of pH adversely affect saturated hydraulic conductivity, separate from the sodicity and salinity interactions (Suarez et al. 1984).
In view of the differences among soils, these specific values may not be generalised predictors of soil hydraulic conductivity, although they do represent conditions of 3 arid land soils examined at the US Salinity Laboratory. These equations illustrate the changes in K that affect infiltration and solute movement under various chemical conditions. This option in the model should not be considered as a quantitative prediction of what will occur at a specific site but is useful to evaluate the relative importance of the chemical effects under different soil and water conditions. Many other factors in addition to sodicity and pH affect soil aggregate stability, such as organic matter content, mode of irrigation, tillage, and extent of ground coven It is reasonable to assume that these factors also affect the hydraulic conductivity and that there is an interaction between these factors and the chemical factors considered here.
where the subscript s refers to soil microorganisms and the subscript p refers to plant roots, and [PI][f.sub.i] is the product of reduction coefficients dependent on depth, temperature, pressure head (the soil water content), C[O.sub.2] concentration, osmotic head, and time. The parameters [[gamma].sub.s0] and [[gamma].sub.p0] represent, respectively, the optimal C[O.sup.2] production by the soil microorganisms or plant roots for the whole soil profile at 20 [degrees] C under optimal water, solute, and soil C[O.sub.2] concentration conditions. The individual reduction functions are given in Simunek and Suarez (1993). Discussion of selection of the values for optimal production as well as coefficients for the reduction functions is given in Suarez and Simunek (1993).
where [J.sub.da] is the C[O.sub.2] flux resulting from gas phase diffusion [cm/day], [J.sub.dw] the C[O.sub.2] flux from dispersion in the dissolved phase [cm/day], [J.sub.ca] the C[O.sub.2] flux from convection in the gas phase [cm/day], and [J.sub.cw] the C[O.sub.2] flux from convection in the dissolved phase [cm/day]. The term [c.sub.T] is the total concentration of C[O.sub.2] [[cm.sup.3]/[cm.sup.3]] and P is the C[O.sub.2] production/sink term [[cm.sup.3]/[cm.sup.3].day]. The term S[c.sub.w] represents the dissolved C[O.sub.2] removed from the soil by root water uptake. It is assumed that when plants take up water the dissolved C[O.sub.2] is also extracted.
This flux assumption is reasonable, since when water leaves the soil due to evaporation and root water uptake, air enters the soil at the surface and when water enters the soil during precipitation and irrigation events, soil air is escaping. However, in the case of saturated conditions (typically at the soil surface) air may be trapped and compressed under the wetting front.
where [c.sub.Ti] is the total dissolved concentration of the aqueous component i [M/[cm.sup.3]], [[bar]c.sub.Ti] is the total adsorbed or exchangeable concentration of the aqueous component i [M/ M], [c.sub.Ti] is the non-adsorbed solid phase concentration of aqueous component i [M/M], [rho] is the bulk density of the soil [Mg/[cm.sup.3]], D is the dispersion coefficient [[cm.sup.2]/day], q is the volumetric flux [cm/day], and [n.sub.s] is the number of aqueous components. The coefficient D is the sum of the diffusion and dispersion components.
where brackets represent concentrations (mol/kg). From these components we obtain 11 species [Ca.sup.2+], [Mg.sup.2+], [Na.sup.+], [K.sup.+], S[0.sub.4.sup.2+], Cl, HC[O.sub.3.sup.-], C[O.sub.3.sup.2-], N[O.sub.3.sup.-], [H.sub.3]B[O.sub.3], and B[(OH).sub.4.sup.-], and the ion pair/complexes CaHC[O.sub.3.sup.+], Ca[CO.sub.3.sup.0], CaS[O.sub.4.sup.0], MgHC[O.sub.3.sup.+], MgC[O.sub.3.sup.0], MgS[O.sub.4.sup.0], NaHC[O.sub.3.sup.0], NaC[O.sub.3.sup.-], NaS[O.sub.4.sup.-], KHC[O.sub.3.sup.0], KC[O.sub.3.sup.-], KS[O.sub.4.sup.-]. It is assumed that all aqueous species are in equilibrium as defined by the ion association expressions and constants. Alkalinity as defined in Eqn 23 is a conservative species, affected only by dissolution or precipitation of a carbonate phase (such as calcite). After calculating the air phase C[O.sub.2] partial pressure, the [H.sub.2]C[O.sub.3.sup.*] (sum of aqueous C[O.sub.2] and [H.sub.2]C[O.sub.3]) is calculated using Eqn 19.
The equilibrium equations are solved using an iterative approach. The soil solution pH is determined as a dependent variable [H] from solution of Eqn 23 and a charge balance expression and multiplication by the activity coefficient. All equilibrium constants are calculated from available temperature-dependent expressions. Soil temperature is calculated from a heat flow submodel, with input of air temperature, as discussed above.
where [P.sub.[phi]] is the osmotic pressure of the solution (Pa), v is the total number of moles of ions given by one mole of electrolyte, [V.sub.s] is the partial molal volume of the water, [m.sup.0] is unit molality, m is molality of the solution, [phi] is the osmotic coefficient of the solution and [M.sub.s] is the molar weight (Stokes 1979). The osmotic coefficient is calculated from (Pitzer 1973).
Activity coefficients are determined either using either an extended version of the Debye-Huckel equation (Truesdell and Jones 1974), or at high ionic strength, Pitzer equations (Pitzer 1973). The Pitzer approach considers ion-ion interactions for every species in solution; thus, it does not consider the individual ion pairs and complexes such as NaS[O.sub.4] described above as a species. The model is considered suitable for prediction of species activity in solutions up to 20 mol/kg.
The model considers a restricted set of solid phases; thus, it cannot be used to predict the composition of an evaporating brine. The minerals considered include calcite, gypsum, hydromagnesite, nesquehonite, and sepiolite. Since the model attempts to predict the composition of a water, predictions cannot be based only on thermodynamic considerations.
where parentheses denote activities, [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] is the Henry's law constant for the solubility of C[O.sub.2] in water, [K.sub.a1] and [K.sub.a2] are the first and second dissociation constants of carbonic acid in water, [K.sup.C.sub.SP] is the solubility product for calcite, and [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] is the partial pressure of C[O.sub.2]. The equilibrium concentrations are obtained by solving the third-order equation. It has been shown that waters below irrigated regions are supersaturated with respect to calcite (Suarez 1977a; Suarez et al. 1992); thus, the equilibrium condition underestimates the Ca solubility in soil water. The cause of supersaturation has been shown to be due to poisoning of crystal surfaces by dissolved organic matter (Inskeep and Bloom 1986; Lebron and Suarez 1996).
where [k.sub.HN] is the precipitation rate constant due to heterogeneous nucleation, f(SA) is a function of the surface area of the particles (e.g. clay) upon which heterogeneous nucleation occurs (= 1.0 if no solid phase is present), [OMEGA] is the calcite saturation value, and 2.5 is the [OMEGA] value above which heterogeneous nucleation can occur. This equation leads to calcite precipitation rates which are independent of the calcite surface area, consistent with the experimental data of Lebron and Suarez (1996). For the purposes of saline and sodic soil reclamation it can be assumed that the nucleation rate is sufficiently fast such that the effective calcite solubility can be taken at the point at which there is no further nucleation. This level of supersaturation is very close to the supersaturation (3-fold) based on field measurements (Suarez 1977).
where [gamma] represents the activity coefficient of the ion and the [K.sub.SP] is the solubility product in solution. To obtain equilibrium, i.e. when the ion activity product (IAP) is equal to the solubility product [K.sup.G.sub.SP], we solve a quadratic equation based on Eqn 28. For the objectives of this model it appears reasonable to assume that kinetics of gypsum dissolution/ precipitation are sufficiently fast that the equilibrium condition can be used.
Dolomite precipitation is not considered by the present model since true dolomite has not been observed to precipitate at near earth surface conditions. It is also not reasonable to assume that a solution is dolomite-saturated merely because dolomite is present in the soil profile. If dolomite is present in the soil, the model has an option to use the kinetic expressions of Busenberg and Plummer (1982) to represent the dissolution process. The dissolution rate of dolomite is very slow, especially as the solution IAP values approach within 2-3 orders of magnitude of the solubility product. For purposes of sodic soil reclamation, dolomite dissolution kinetics may be omitted.
The model considers that Mg precipitation can occur as a carbonate or as a silicate. Since this is a predictive model, it considers only phases that either precipitate under earth surface conditions or occur frequently and are reactive under earth surface conditions. These need not necessarily be the thermodynamically most stable phases. With this consideration, magnesite is neglected, as it apparently does not form under earth surface temperatures, is relatively rare, and its dissolution rate is exceedingly small.
If nesquehonite or hydromagnesite saturation is reached, the model will precipitate the predicted Mg carbonate. These phases will occur very infrequently. The Mg carbonate precipitated, combined with calcite precipitation, will likely represent the mixed Ca-Mg precipitate, called protodolomite, that is observed in hypersaline environments. However, the resulting solution composition is much different than that produced by simply forcing equilibrium with respect to dolomite. The precipitation of calcite + magnesium carbonate results in solutions of approximately 3 orders of magnitude supersaturation with respect to dolomite. This result is consistent with the high levels of dolomite supersaturation maintained in high Mg waters (D. Suarez, unpublished data).
Precipitation (or dissolution, if present in the soil) of sepiolite is also considered by the model. Sepiolite will readily precipitate into a solid with a [K.sup.S.sub.SP] greater than that of well-crystallised sepiolite. Formation of this mineral requires high pH, high Mg concentrations, and low C[O.sub.2] partial pressure. Details of the conditions for precipitation of magnesium containing minerals are given in Suarez and Simunk (1997).
where the overscored concentrations are those of the exchanger phase ([mol.sub.c]/kg).
Experimentally determined selectivity values are not constant, nor is the cation exchange capacity, which varies as a function of pH, due to variable charge materials such as organic matter. It has been observed that soils have an increased preference for [Ca.sup.2+] over [Na.sup.+], and [Ca.sup.2+] over [Mg.sup.+], at low levels of exchanger phase [Ca.sup.2+]. Suarez and Wood (1993) developed a mixing model which is able to approximate the nonconstant values of the soil selectivity coefficient by taking into account the organic matter content of the soil and using the published constant selectivity values for clay and organic matter. Calcium preference decreases as the organic matter exchanger sites (which have higher Ca preference than clays) become Ca saturated. UNSATCHEM uses this approach by solving 2 sets of equations for cation exchange (clay and organic matter).
The reclamation site, located in Riverside, California, consisted of a 40-ha field that was saline and sodic. The soil is classified as Indio, very fine sandy loam, Hyperthermic Typic Torrifluvent; however, substantial parts of the field consisted of silt loam. The subsoil (at 0.7-1 m) is described as silty clay loam with interstratified thin clay layers.
The initial electrical conductivity (E[C.sub.a]) distribution was mapped using a Geonics EM 38, in both vertical and horizontal mode for obtaining spatial information with depth. At each sampling time 24 cores were taken at sites selected based on the EM survey. For each of the 24 cores, 4 samples were collected at 30-cm intervals to a depth of 120 cm. For each sample a saturation paste was prepared and the extract analysed for specific conductance (EC), Ca, Mg, Na, K, S (S[O.sub.4]) by ICP-ES, alkalinity by titration, and nitrate by spectrometric measurements.
The EC data were used for calibration to convert the E[C.sub.a] to E[C.sub.e]. Exchangeable cations and cation exchange capacity were determined on selected samples using the saturation pastes and displacement of solution with 0.5 M ammonium nitrate. The exchangeable cation content was corrected for carry over in the residual solution based on the saturation extract analysis and residual water content. Calcite release due to calcite dissolution during extraction was corrected using the alkalinity in the extract (Amrhein and Suarez 1990). Soil texture was determined on the collected cores.
At the time of the initial survey the median salinity levels ranged from 50 dS/m in the top 30 cm to 12.7 dS/m below 90 cm (Fig. 2). The median sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values ranged from 144 in the top 30 cm to 94 below 90 cm (Fig. 3). The field was initially highly variable in both salinity and SAR, as shown in Fig. 4a and b, respectively. The salinity profile was `inverted', with the highest salinity at the surface, consistent with salt accumulation by capillary rise from a shallow water table and surface evaporation.
Gypsum was applied to the soil in the field at a rate of 24 Mg/ha and disked to a depth of approximately 15 cm. A series of dikes were constructed to allow for ponding of water. A total depth of 114 cm of water was applied on the field in a series of 6 irrigation events over approximately 3 months. The water was almost continuously ponded during September, October and November; thus, evaporation was estimated from open pan evaporation. The estimated evaporation during those months was 19.3, 13.4, and 8.38 cm, for a total of 41 cm during the reclamation time (D. Ackley, pers. comm.). The calculated water infiltrated was 73 cm, after correction of the applied water for surface evaporation. The applied irrigation water was from the Colorado River, with the composition as given in Table 1.
At the completion of leaching, the field was resurveyed using the EM-38 and an additional 24 cores were taken to calibrate the EM-38 readings and to characterise the final conditions. The median salinity levels after leaching ranged from 4.7 dS/m in the top 30 cm to 10.5 dS/m below 90 cm (Fig. 2) and the median SAR values ranged from 9 in the top 30 cm to 54 below 90 cm (Fig. 3). The median SAR value of 9 in the top 30 cm of soils is just below the recommended reclamation value of SAR 10. The field data illustrate the heterogeneity of the reclamation, as after leaching only 52% of the field had an EC below 4 dS/m and 26% of the field had an EC above 8 dS/m in the top 30 cm.
and the CEC of soil clay determined. The mean CEC was determined as 65.3 [mmol.sub.c]/kg.
Predictions of the final E[C.sub.e] with depth, based on the Hoffman (1980) relationship, were not accurate based on the specified soil texture (Fig. 1). The sandy loam relationship overpredicted the extent of leaching, as twice as much water was required as predicted. This discrepancy is only in part due to the additional salt load generated by the dissolution of gypsum. It is considered that there was a non-uniform application of water (D. Ackley, pers. comm.). Water was ponded in a series of strips along contour. Overfilling of the strips resulted in redistribution of water into the downslope portions of the field. Differences in infiltration rates within a ponded area were also likely. The drainage system was installed immediately before application of the gypsum and leaching water. This analysis also does not account for the effects of spatial differences in measured hydraulic conductivity due to textural changes. Preferential water flow is not expected for these soils due to the lack of cracking and dominant sandy loam texture.
Evaluation of the gypsum requirement was made using the recommendations given in Handbook 60 as well as those using Eqn 3. The mean CEC was taken as 65.3 [mmol.sub.c]/kg. The initial median ESP of 67 was calculated based on the SAR of the saturation extracts (using the relationship given in Handbook 60) Using the recommendation to reduce the ESP to <10 along with the values in Table 6 (Handbook 60) results in a median gypsum requirement of 16.1 Mg/ha to reclaim the top 30 cm of soil. The median gypsum requirement is 19.2 based on Eqn 3 and using a bulk density of 1.4 and an efficiency factor of 1.2.
The median gypsum requirement is not entirely satisfactory as there were portions of the field at very high SAR and gypsum requirement. It was calculated that 40% of the field was at an SAR of >200, corresponding to an ESP of >75, and the CEC ranged from 20 to 96 [mmol.sub.c]/kg. Based on the CEC and SAR distribution it is estimated that 25% of the field had a gypsum requirement of 28.5 Mg/ha.
Validation of the processes represented in a model requires a controlled set of experiments. Field experiments serve a useful purpose in that they represent actual conditions that may include additional factors and processes not considered in controlled experiments. The ability of UNSATCHEM to predict changes in soil water content and thus water flow at the field scale, as well as C[O.sub.2] concentration in the root-zone, has been demonstrated earlier (Suarez and Simunek 1993). The capability of various models to predict reclamation is less certain. Suarez and Dudley (1998) examined the predictions of 3 models to simulate the chemistry of a soil irrigated with sodic water. There were large differences in the model predictions of EC and exchange ion composition.
Dudley et al. (1981) observed a poor relation between predicted and observed concentrations of Ca and Cl in irrigated field plots using the SALTFLO model. Even under controlled experimental conditions, variations in soil properties and infiltration may be sufficiently large to discourage use of such simulations using average properties and a single 1-dimensional simulation.
Simulation of the reclamation of the field using UNSATCHEM was done using the field values of CEC, ESP initial solution, and applied and infiltrated water. The initial soil solution and exchange phase conditions used for the simulation are presented in Table 1. The simulations used a C[O.sub.2] partial pressure of 0.5 kPa, and soil temperature of 25 [degrees] C. The Ca/Na selectivity coefficient of 4.0 was used to establish SAR-ESP relationships compatible with those in USDA Handbook 60 (US Salinity Laboratory Staff 1954).
As shown by a comparison of the field data (Final) in Fig. 2 with the model predictions in Fig. 5, there was an overprediction of the extent of leaching if we consider only applied water, uncorrected for surface evaporation. The predicted EC after leaching was 0.8 and 1.31 dS/m in the top 30 and 60 cm of soil, respectively. Similarly, the predicted SAR after application of 114 cm of leaching water (Fig. 6) was lower than the observed SAR (Fig. 3). The calculated infiltration values of 70-80 cm of water were used in all subsequent simulations.
The effective reclamation can be evaluated by first examining the Cl distribution after leaching with the Cl distribution simulated by the model. In these soils Cl can be utilised as a non-reactive tracer for water flow. As shown in Fig. 7, the predicted Cl distribution is highly dependent on the amount of water infiltrated. The mean Cl distribution measured after reclamation was well predicted by the model simulation after infiltration of 80 cm of water. This value is consistent with the 73 cm of water calculated as water infiltrated.
Based on the data and simulation of EC presented in Fig. 8, it is considered that the model provided a good prediction of EC for all but the uppermost depth, where the measured value of 4.7 dS/m is contrasted with the 1.61 predicted value, and outside the 95% confidence limits. Since the EC-leaching relationship is not linear (see Fig. 1), this difference may be due to the construction of mean values from a spatially variable population.
The prediction of SAR, shown in Fig. 9, was a reasonable fit to the observed data, and is considered satisfactory for its purpose of evaluating various management decisions. The top 30 cm had a predicted SAR of 5.6 in contrast to the measured value of 9.4, but this value is just outside the 95% confidence limits of the measured mean. Predictions at the other 3 depths are also within or close to the confidence limits of the field measurements. These simulations have been performed using generalised cation selectivity coefficients and without consideration of the effects of soil levelling after leaching.
This analysis indicates that the reclamation based on averaged field conditions can be predicted from a single simulation of average soil properties and water composition. The model is also able to predict the extent of leaching and reclamation in soil cores (D. Suarez, unpublished data); thus, it can be utilised to evaluate reclamation and management practices for salinity and sodicity control.
Evaluation of alternative management practices is made using additional simulations. The predicted EC values with depth and time were only slightly affected by altering the depth of incorporation of gypsum to the depths of 2, 8,15, and 30 cm (simulation not shown). In contrast, as shown in Fig. 10, these differences had an important impact on the SAR values. The sodic reclamation of the middle and lower portion of the profile is more rapid when the gypsum is mixed deeper. The upper part of the profile was reclaimed slower by the extremes in gypsum placement. Placing gypsum on the surface caused slower reclamation as more water was required to dissolve the gypsum. Alternatively, mixing the same amount of gypsum down to 30 cm resulted in insufficient gypsum available near the surface to completely reclaim the upper part of the profile. In this instance mixing gypsum to 8 cm may have been more cost-effective and produced comparable results in terms of reclamation of the upper 50 cm of the soil. A shallower or deeper placement of gypsum would require more water for leaching. The cost of mixing the gypsum into the soil can be evaluated against the cost of water and costs associated with time of reclamation.
The extent to which reclamation can be achieved without the use of gypsum, by dissolution of calcium carbonate in the profile, was evaluated in additional simulations. This corresponds to the alternative reclamation option called green manuring. The ideal practice would be to incorporate fresh organic matter into the soil when the soil is warm, thereby having high carbon dioxide production as a result of decomposition. If the soil is kept at or near saturation, C[O.sub.2] diffusion out of the soil is greatly restricted, C[O.sub.2] concentrations are elevated and substantial calcite can be dissolved (assuming calcite is present in the profile), and pH maintained within desirable levels.
Elevation of the C[O.sub.2] partial pressure to 5 kPa in the soil can be readily achieved; thus, this relatively conservative value was used for the simulations considering only calcite for reclamation. There was a slightly faster decrease in the EC with calcite alone compared with calcite and gypsum since the calcite is less soluble than the gypsum (simulation not shown). As expected the SAR was considerably greater when only calcite was used. Based on the simulations shown, reclamation with calcite alone was feasible (Fig. 11) but did require the use of more water than when gypsum was applied (compare Fig. 11 with Fig. 8). However, comparison of Fig. 11 with the field results shown in Fig. 3 indicates that calcite alone could have reduced the SAR in the upper 80 cm of the profile to values lower than observed in the field with application of gypsum and infiltration of 75 cm of water.
The upper 30 cm of the soil was predicted to be reclaimed to a mean SAR below 10 after application of 115 cm of water in the presence of calcite and a [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] of 5 kPa. In contrast the reclamation of the upper 30 cm of soil to below SAR 10 was predicted after only 48 cm of water when 24 Mg/ha of gypsum was applied to the top 15 cm of soil. Reclamation with calcium carbonate alone is feasible but requires about twice as much water. This estimate is comparable to that observed in field studies comparing reclamation using green manuring and gypsum reclamation of a sodic soil (Manzoor Qadir, pers. comm., 2001). If the C[O.sub.2] partial pressure is only 0.5 kPa, then based on the simulations, it is predicted that reclamation will require application of 150 cm of water.
Earlier Oster and Frenkel (1980) calculated that in the presence of gypsum, an increase in C[O.sub.2] partial pressure from 1 to 4 kPa only increased by 5% the depth reclaimed. This small effect is due to the common ion effect that suppresses calcite dissolution in the presence of gypsum. However in the absence of gypsum we determined that there is a large [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] effect on Na replacement.
The extent to which calcite acts as a Ca source can be evaluated by examination of the alkalinity in the profiles. As shown in Fig. 12 concentrations of alkalinity as high as 32 [mmol.sub.c]/L are predicted. This corresponds to release of 32 [mmol.sub.c]/L of Ca from calcite in addition to the Ca present in the irrigation water that is not associated with alkalinity. Elevated alkalinity occurs as a result of Ca adsorption on the exchange sites, reducing Ca in solution and allowing for further calcite dissolution. Once exchange is complete, the alkalinity concentrations decrease to around 5 [mmol.sub.c]/L.
This analysis suggests that in terms of Na replacement, gypsum use could have been avoided, and furthermore that the reclamation effort should have more thoroughly considered water application uniformity and time of year for leaching. Uniform application of 48 cm of water during a period of low evaporation would have enabled the top 30 cm of the soil to be sufficiently reclaimed in terms of salinity and SAR. The only hazard associated with this management practice is that the EC must be sufficiently high and pH sufficiently low during reclamation to maintain soil structural stability until the SAR decreases to a safe level.
An important consideration when using calcite as the Ca source for reclamation is that the EC-SAR combination remain suitable to maintain good soil structure and aggregate stability. In these simulations UNSATCHEM predicted that the hydraulic conductivity of the soil was reduced to as low as 30% of the optimal value during reclamation in the absence of gypsum and at [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] of 5 kPa. This reduction was due to the initial decrease in EC while the SAR was still relatively high. The reduction in hydraulic conductivity remained until about 150 cm of water had passed through the profile. In addition to the extra time required for leaching, it is not clear that the adverse chemical effects on hydraulic conductivity would be reversible under field conditions.
The importance of maintaining high C[O.sub.2] concentrations during sodic soil reclamation in the absence of gypsum is further illustrated by results of hydraulic conductivity predictions at [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] of 0.5 kPa. In this instance the hydraulic conductivity of the most affected layers (below 120 cm), and thus the infiltration, was reduced to <4% of the optimal value. Clearly reclamation would not be successful under these conditions. The required infiltration of 150 cm of water would require up to 5 years. The additional adverse effect of reduced C[O.sub.2] was due to the relatively greater pH as well as the elevated SAR. The larger [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (5 kPa) served to keep the pH below 7.8 at all times, while at 0.5 kPa the pH rose to above 8.4.
These simulations illustrate how the model can be used as a management tool at the field level both to evaluate an existing practice and to predict the results of alternative practices. In this instance water use could have been reduced by almost 50% with improved uniformity in application and avoiding reclamation during periods of high evapotranspiration. In this instance it may also have been possible to avoid the expense of gypsum application.
Representation of the spatial variation in EC and SAR after reclamation is important but clearly not possible if we use average field values as was done in this analysis. However, if we were to consider the spatial distribution of the water inputs and hydraulic properties and initial soil conditions it would be possible to run the UNSATCHEM model at numerous locations and then create a spatial map of the predicted distributions. Such maps could be used to develop precision reclamation and management practices for a field.
(A) X denotes exchangeable ion.
The author appreciates the assistance of Scott Lesch in collection of EM data and development of the EC and SR maps, and Nahid Vishteh in analysis of soil samples.
Amrhein CA, Suarez DL (1990) A procedure for determining sodium-calcium selectivity in calcareous and gypsiferous soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 54, 999-1007.
Busenberg E, Plummer LN (1982) The kinetics of dissolution of dolomite in C[O.sub.2]-[H.sub.2]O systems at 1.5 to 65 C and 0 to 1 ATM [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]. American Journal of Science 282, 45-78.
Carsel RF, Parrish RS (1988) Developing joint probability distributions of soil water retention characteristics. Water Resources Research 24, 755-769.
Dudley LM, Wagenet RJ, Jurinak JJ (1981) Description of soil chemistry during transient solute transport. Water Resources Research 17, 1498-1504.
van Genuchten MTh (1980) A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 44, 892-898.
Harned HS, Davis Jr, R (1943) The ionization constant of carbonic acid and the solubility of carbon dioxide in water and aqueous salt solutions from 0 to 50 C. Journal of American Chemical Society 653, 2030-2037.
Hoffman GJ (1980) Guidelines for the reclamation of salt- affected soils. In `Proceedings of the 2nd InterAmerican Conference on Salinity and Water Management'. Juarez, Mexico. (Ed. GA O'Conner) pp. 49-64.
Inskeep WP, Bloom PR (1986) Kinetics of calcite precipitation in the presence of water soluble organic ligands. Soil Science Society of America Journal 50, 1167-1172.
Lebron I, Suarez DL (1996) Calcite nucleation and precipitation kinetics as affected by dissolved organic matter at 25 [degrees] C and pH >7.5. Geochimica et Cosmoschimica Acta 60, 2767-2776.
McNeal BL (1968) Prediction of the effect of mixed-salt solutions on soil hydraulic conductivity. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 32, 190-193.
Oster JD, Frenkel H (1980) The chemistry of the reclamation of sodic soils with gypsum and lime. Soil Science Society of America Journal 44, 41-45.
Pitzer KS (1973) Thermodynamics of electrolytes I: Theoretical basis and general equations. Journal of Physical Chemistry 77, 268-277.
Simunek J, Suarez DL (1993) Modeling of carbon dioxide transport and production in soil: 1. Model development. Water Resources Research 29, 487-497.
Simunek J, Suarez DL (1996) UNSATCHEM Code for simulating the one-dimensional variably saturated water flow, heat transport, carbon dioxide production and transport, and multicomponent solute transport with major ion equilibrium and kinetic chemistry, Part A. US Salinity Laboratory Research Report No. 128, US Salinity Laboratory USDA, Riverside, CA.
Simunek J, Suarez DL (1997) Sodic soil reclamation using multicomponent transport modeling. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 123, 367-376.
Suarez DL (1977) Ion activity products of calcium carbonate in waters below the root zone. Soil Science Society of America Journal 41, 310-315.
Suarez DL, Rhoades JD, Lavado R, Grieve CM (1984) Effect of pH on saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil dispersion. Soil Science Society of America Journal 48, 50-55.
Suarez DL, Simunek J (1993) Modeling of carbon dioxide transport and production in soil: 2. Parameter selection, sensitivity analysis and comparison of model predictions to field data. Water Resources Research 29, 499-513.
Suarez DL, Simunek J (1997) UNSATCHEM: Unsaturated water and solute transport model with equilibrium and kinetic chemistry, Soil Science Society of America Journal 61, 1633-1646.
Suarez DL, Wood JD, Ibrabim I (1992) Reevaluation of calcite supersaturation in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56, 1776-1784.
Truesdell AH, Jones BF (1974) WATEQ, a computer program for calculating chemical equilibria of natural waters. Journal Research, U.S. Geological Survey 2, 233-248.
Soil responses to sodicity and salinity: challenges and opportunities.
Management of salinity and sodicity in a land FILTER system, for treating saline wastewater on a saline-sodic soil.
The significance of the threshold and turbidity concentrations in relation to sodicity and microstructure.
A review of the effects of wastewater sodium on soil physical properties and their implications for irrigation systems.
Sodicity, conventional drainage and bio-drainage in Israel.
Prewetting rate and sodicity effects on the hydraulic conductivity of soils.
Groundwater level reductions under lucerne depend on the landform and groundwater flow systems (local or intermediate).
Effects of long-term irrigation with reclaimed water on soils of the Northern Adelaide Plains, South Australia.
Application of two amendments (gypsum and langbeinite) to reclaim sodic soil using sodic irrigation water.
Modelling irrigated Eucalyptus for salinity control on shallow watertables.


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ACT announces its party list for the election
If David Seymour wins his Epsom seat again, which is likely, under the MMP system he will bring list MPs with him in proportion to the percentage of the party vote ACT gets. In the last opinion poll this stood at 3% which would mean another 3 MPs on the list as per its nominated order of ranking:
David has been an MP for five years and named MP of the year in two of them. Nobody in living memory has entered Parliament alone, represented an electorate, led a party and been part of a Government straight away. David was responsible for charter schools that transformed kids' lives for the better and even Labour could not close. The End of Life Choice Act is a landmark piece of human rights legislation that nobody thought a sole MP could navigate through Parliament. Part of the answer is that he was not a sole MP.
Brooke van Velden
Brooke is the future of ACT and New Zealand politics. Likeable, smart, and classical liberal, she will speak for a generation who care about the planet and are socially tolerant, but don't want to live in communist cauldron of identity politics. She left the private sector, where she was involved in lobbying for businesses affected by government overreach, to work at Parliament. She had with one mission, to get the End of Life Choice Act passed. Seldom does a parliamentary staffer get national media attention for their effectiveness, but Brooke van Velden is a future leader.
Nicole McKee
In the wake of our nation's tragedy in Christchurch, Nicole McKee provided the calm and intelligent voice of reason on firearms law. So much so she was awarded communicator of the year as spokesperson for COLFO through this difficult time. Nicole runs her own business providing firearms safety training, and is a four-time New Zealand shooting champion. Nicole is a mother, passionate about welfare reform, and freedom of speech. She will make an excellent MP.
Chris Baillie
At a time when New Zealanders are rightly concerned about how small business has been treated through the COVID-19 crisis and before, ACT's number four is a real small business owner who employs 30 people. At the same time crime, poverty and gang violence are worrying many New Zealanders. Chris was a police officer for fourteen years, specialising in Youth Aid. Today, in addition to his business, he is a full time secondary school teacher helping special needs students. Chris will bring a powerful and experienced voice to Parliament.
Simon Court
Farmers are facing punitive and destructive water regulations while city councils have resource consent to discharge raw sewage from their leaky infrastructure into the sea. The problem may be solved in Auckland if the punters run out of water to flush with. Simon Court is a civil and environmental engineer who has worked internationally on waste management and infrastructure. Simon admits he once voted for the Greens, but nobody is perfect and ACT believes in redemption. He voted Green to save the planet, not destroy the economy, and his message that we need more innovation and less regulation to solve environmental problems is pure ACT.
Christchurch rates consultation: Just 2% want the City Council to increase rates this year
Media release:
The Taxpayers' Union has released the results of its public consultation on the Christchurch City Council's revised draft annual budget – with just two percent of Christchurch locals backing the Council's proposals to increase rates.
"This result is an overwhelming endorsement of those councillors who are championing a rates freeze in the garden city," says Jordan Williams, a spokesman for the Taxpayers' Union.
"Of the 1,371 people who submitted to the Council via our Christchurch rates consultation website, more than two thirds explicitly backed the rates freeze policy. Seventeen percent backed rates being slashed by five percent, and eleven percent opted for a modest rates decrease of two and a half percent. Just two percent backed the Council's proposed rate increases."
"The Council has a month to finalise this year's budget. They tried to screw the scrum by limiting the options in the official consultation material to a range of rate increases. Now we know why. Christchurch residents are united – cut the waste and the 'nice to haves' and don't hike council taxes during a recession."
Editor's note: breakdown of submissions submitted to the Council using the www.chchrates.nz website:
ENQUIRIES: Louis Houlbrooke 021 950191
Martin Jenkins organisational review fails to deliver
by Guy Burns
The publication of the independent organisational Review of Kapiti Coast District Council by Martin Jenkins (known by some as the Cootes Report) is a mighty disappointment. Nearly $200,000 of report fails to deliver. The Report lacks depth and doesn't penetrate the inner workings of the organisation that it was tasked to review.
The wide ranging scope of the investigation set it up for failure. Tasked to cover governance, leadership, staff, services, external relationships and Maori engagement—it comprised too many topics to properly analyse and find robust and meaningful recommendations.
The Report fails to find inefficiencies and needed improvements regarding the organisational structure. Rather, like a mantra, Martin Jenkins recommends spending more money and resources on training and mentoring: training/mentoring for Councillors on governance, training/mentoring for managers, training for staff, training on the use of technology and systems, training on communications and engagement.
The question needs to be asked — why is so much training and mentoring recommended?
Martin Jenkins identifies that better communication from staff, to both the public and Councillors is needed, but doesn't explain a better system or methodology to do so. Utilising the resource of Community Boards has been highlighted and the Report notes the need to utilise the Boards in a better way. Maori participation in Council needs strengthening and Martin Jenkins outline some useful recommendations.
Overall, Martin Jenkins relies too much on Council's own documents and the less than robust NZ Taxpayers' Union for its information. Interviews undertaken by the Report writers provide more useful data. But the net was cast too wide to provide any in-depth and meaningful findings/recommendations needed to achieve transformational change at Kapiti Coast District Council.
Guy Burns is deputy chair of the Paraparaumu-Raumati Community Board and is one of several in the community who for some years have been calling for organisational reform at KCDC with greater efficiency.
simple curb appeal with a stone wall
Covid-19 – all China's fault?
Chinese authorities deceived the public, suppressed crucial information, arrested whistleblowers, denied human-to-human transmission in the face of mounting evidence, destroyed critical medical research, permitted millions of people to be exposed to the virus and even hoarded personal protective equipment – thus causing a global pandemic that was unnecessary and preventable. —Eric Schmitt, Attorney General of Missouri
A strong case
by Roger Childs
There is no doubt that Covid-19 started in the city of Wuhan in Central China and that the Chinese government delayed telling the World Health Organisation (WHO) for at least three weeks. In fact it was Taiwan who first informed WHO. While the epidemic raged in Wuhan and a lockdown was imposed, thousands of people flew out of the city, taking the virus to countries around the world. Many scientists feel that if the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) had sounded the alert after the first few cases were confirmed, the Coronavirus could have been contained within China.
Not only did China delay reporting the outbreak, but it was also tardy in reporting that there was human-to human transmission.
Cartoon of Xi washing his hands of responsibility by John Tiedemann. Concept Sarah Dudley, Spectator Australia, 24 April 2020
There are two main theories on how it started:
It came from one of the Wuhan wet markets where they sell live animals, birds and fish, and that it "jumped species".
It "escaped" from a laboratory in Wuhan.
The wet market theory
A Wuhan fish market is where Covid 19 – also known as SARS2 — was possibly first noticed. SARS1 also started in a fish market. Dr Michele Barry, Director of the Center for Innovation in Global Health at Stanford University and other experts know that many viruses and diseases have emerged in the changing relationships between people and animals.
According to Dr Barry: We have changed the ecology of how we live with animals, so that if you look at most of the emerging viruses and the emerging diseases that have happened over the last hundred years, they've been what we call zoonoses.
However, in recent months the "escaped from the lab" theory has gained ground.
Out of the laboratory and into the world
In Unrestricted Warfare, retired Red Army officer Qiao Liang explains how a technologically superior United States can still be defeated in a war through the use of other methods including 'cyber and biochemical warfare'. —David Flint, Spectator Australia, 24 April 2020
In Tracking Down the Origin of the Wuhan Coronavirus, American investigative journalist Joshua Philipp, demonstrates that it probably came from a major research project into cross-species infection at the Wuhan Institute of Virology led by notorious 'bat-woman', Shi Zhengli.
He also provides evidence suggesting the virus was probably genetically modified to make it transferable to humans and even more contagious — a taboo subject which most media won't report.
Chinese government reactions
Your government and your scientists had to know long ago that coronavirus is highly infectious, but you left the world in the dark about it. —Julian Reichelt, Bild April 2020
China's diplomats are quick to react to any criticisms of their handling of Covid-19.
They were furious when President Trump accurately called it "The China virus". They also complained when New Zealand closed its borders to flights from China. When Scott Morrison pressed hard for an independent investigation of the origins of the pandemic, tariffs were placed on Australian barley imports and some beef exports were blocked, and in June a spate of cyber-attacks were probably the work of Chinese hackers. There was also an angry diplomatic reaction to a hard hitting criticism of China's duplicity over the Coronavirus spread in the German newspaper Bild.
The CCP has also been upset over claims that they have put pressure on WHO to accept their version of the virus origins, however in the face of most countries asking for an investigation, they finally agreed. Not surprisingly, they want WHO to lead the inquiry.
A New Zealand exposé of Covid-19
China Lied, Thousands Died is Ron Asher's second book outlining the adverse impact of China's attempts to increase its world power and control of global resources. In the Covid-19 exposé the author is highly critical of the repressive dictatorship which rules China and its handling of the Cornavirus.
Quoting scientists, journalists and politicians from around the world he makes a strong case that the CCP deliberately deceived WHO and world governments over the origins of Covid-19, silencing critics within the country and being dishonest over its own cases and deaths.
He is also critical of New Zealand being over-dependent on China for trade and its reluctance to upset the Chinese government. Like Julian Reichelt, he feels there is a strong case for China paying reparations to countries who have not only suffered major casualties from Covid-10 but also faced a major economic downturn.
China Lied, Thousands Died: The Origins and Spread of Covid-19 by Ron Asher is available from Coastlands Paper Plus, or online from https://trosspublishing.co.nz/ for $30)
the next Mulled Wine Concert is on 26 July 2020
29 Monday Jun 2020
A vocal session this time
by Mary Gow
Our next concert is our first full vocal recital for a long time. Some will recall the songs of Jeremy Commons sung by Rona and the soprano/trombone recital from several years ago. (See www.mulledwineconcerts/archive.)
Three extraordinary musicians get together….read on and BOOK SOON with marygow@gmail.com or purchase from one of the outlets listed below. It is already showing signs of being a very popular concert. Maaike is already well known on the coast – she gave several training sessions to the Kapiti Chorale, which I, for one, found hugely helpful in getting that little voice to expand!
"Winter and Love" Vocal Recital
As the golden days of summer and autumn have become the colder and wetter days of the winter, music lovers will be enthralled by a concert at the Paekakariki Memorial Hall which presents beautifully poignant song-settings with texts from Shakespeare, Houseman and Brecht, depicting love and ordinary life.
A duo of fine singers, soprano Maaike Christie-Beekman and baritone Robert Tucker are accompanied by pianist David Barnard in this unusual and different presentation of a song cycle drawn from many different writers. Being organiser of the Mulled Wine Concerts, now in its fourteenth season in Paekakariki I acknowledge that this format represents a new departure for the series.
We usually present classical chamber music with the occasional concert in a lighter vein, like our last concert featuring the Rodger Fox Jazz Combo. But our audiences have come to expect something adventurous, something that expands their musical horizons and so we have decided to showcase these very talented singers who have put together a delightful programme which is just right for a winter Sunday.
Highly talented musicians
Maaike Christie-Beekman studied in the Netherlands and in France. She holds a master's degree in vocal performance and has sung opera, oratorio and chamber music throughout Europe. On moving to New Zealand, she was a Resident Artist for the New Zealand Opera and has sung in many performances with orchestras and choirs around the country.
Robert Tucker hails from Australia, but was raised in Dunedin. He is a current Freemasons Opera Scholar with New Zealand Opera.
David Barnard is Head of Accompanying and Vocal Coaching at the New Zealand School of Music coordinating the team of staff accompanists and vocal coaches. He is widely known and respected in the choral world. The programme draws on songs by Arthur Somervell who draws on the poetry of A.E. Houseman's A Shropshire Lad contrasted with the deeply intoxicating writing of Kurt Weil and his songs, alongside dreamy duets by Fauré and Schubert and the Hollywood Songbook of Hanns Eisler.
A great opportunity for this seldom heard repertoire to be performed and in the intimate setting it was originally intended for. Kapiti concertgoers are in for an enthralling time!
Concert timing and bookings
Mulled Wine Concerts presents "Winter and Love", a Vocal Recital
at Paekakariki Memorial Hall
96 The Parade, Paekakariki
on Sunday 26 July 2020 at 2:30PM
Tickets: Pre-sales (until 24 July) Adult $25/ Student $10 / DOOR SALES $30.
Online sales: marygow@gmail.com Info: 021 101 9609
Available from Magpie at Paremata, 99 Mana Esplanade; D'Arcys Paekakariki Fruit Supply, 11 Beach Rd Paekakariki; Milk and Ginger, 18 Margaret St Raumati Beach; Moby Dicken's Bookshop, Paraparaumu Beach; La Chic Hair Design, Kapiti Lights, JENOA Shop. 2 Mahara Place, Waikanae.
Again, What Were the Benefits of Locking Down? by Edward Peter Stringham
The states without strict lockdowns have done better on both economic and medical metrics than the states with strict lockdowns. From Edward Peter Stringham at aier.org: The school closures, stay home orders, shuttering of businesses, banning of elective surgeries, closure of physical entertainment events, blocked flights, and sudden imposition of a central plan – it […]
via Again, What Were the Benefits of Locking Down? by Edward Peter Stringham — STRAIGHT LINE LOGIC
Iti Grove view
The one statue that remains untouched: Vladimir Lenin
2019 was the year NZ went mad; 2020 is the year the World went mad
the statue of Vladimir Lenin in Seattle — although it looks like symbolic blood on the left hand which would be quite appropriate for one of the worst criminals in history
Are you ready for this week's absurdity? Here's our Friday roll-up of the most ridiculous stories from around the world that are threats to your liberty, risks to your prosperity… and on occasion, inspiring poetic justice.
Today we tackle the woke.
NYC's inspiring breakthrough in the science of contact tracing
"Contact tracing" is a tactic whereby public health officials attempt to track where you've been, and who you've been in contact with, in their efforts to contain a pandemic.
And we've seen a lot of contact tracing efforts lately.
New York City hired thousands of contact tracing specialists who are tasked with calling everyone who tests positive for Covid-19 and interviewing them to help identify who else they might have infected.
But now New York City's Comrade Mayor Bill de Blasio has instructed his contract tracers to specifically NOT ask if an infected person attended a Black Lives Matter protest.
Seriously… what's the point?
The entire idea of contact tracing is to find out who else might have been in close proximity. To deliberately NOT ask someone if they've been in close proximity of thousands of other people sort of defeats the purpose of the entire contract tracing program to begin with.
Naturally, New York City health officials have already said that any spike in Covid infections should be blamed on racism, and not mass gatherings of people.
Full piece
High Court finds that the Minister of Police acted against property rights
by Michael Dowling, Chairman, Council of Licenced Firearms Owners
On Thursday afternoon Justice Cooke issued his judgment on our High Court Judicial Review case. While this is not a clear win, Justice Cooke's comments are a significant endorsement of many of our principle-based arguments. The Judge was clearly sympathetic to our cause but as you'll read in his judgement, he believes his hands were tied by Parliament's actions.
Our lawyers are going through the detail now. In the meantime, this is what we had to say to the media:
HIGH COURT DECISION EMBARRASSES GOVT THURSDAY 25 JUNE 2020
A High Court decision today on a case taken by the Council of Licenced Firearms Owners (COLFO) is an "intensely awkward and embarrassing moment for the Government".
Jacinda's Police Minister, Stuart Nash
The Court found that the Minister of Police had acted against property rights when he banned some classes of commonly held ammunition without compensation, but that it was legal because Parliament endorsed this decision by passing legislation to do so. COLFO Chairman Michael Dowling says:
"This Government claims to be fair and honest, but has been found to have acted against the right of every New Zealander to compensation for their property, citing reasons that are not true.
"The High Court found the Minister of Police acted unjustly and without good reason when he deprived thousands of New Zealanders of their lawfully purchased property without compensation.
"The judgement said it was not true that the ammunition was particularly dangerous, and not true that it must be removed following the Christchurch shooting to make people safer. This is damaging for a government that claims to be honest and transparent."
Mr Dowling says that while the judge was unable to over-rule the Minister's reclassification, voters can.
"Parliament has destroyed property rights. The power is now in the hands of the people. Come September, it is essential to vote for a Government that protects the rights of citizens to their property."
Read the rest including a link to the Judgement


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Why buy from us? We have a discounted price for EVODIA Magnesium Bath Crystals EpZen - Escape 900g! That's like a SALE price and 'Australian Organic Products + More' also offers when you buy organic and natural products online a convenient delivery to your place at a fair and low delivery cost!


text:
SAVE THE DATE for BATC 2020: Saturday, March 28th
Bach Around the Clock
Ensemble-in-Residence
Guest Artist-in-Residence
About BATC
Contact/Sign Up
Early Music America Features BATC!
Early Music America, founder of Early Music Month, chose BATC for its first in a series of articles highlighting the many early music events happening across the country in March. BATC is honored to receive such special recognition from this national organization, and thrilled to join musicians across the land in bringing early music into the forefront of public attention.
Click here for the EMA feature article, including a photo from the recent performance at the Chazen Museum of Art by Sonata à Quattro, BATC's new Ensemble-In-Residence.
SAQ on the Well-Tempered Ear
Ringing Endorsement from The Ear!
Support the Festival
Please help us cover our expenses for the 2020 festival! Click the link below to donate or become a sponsor.
Make a Donation or Become a Sponsor
Bach Around The Clock 2020March 28, 2020
Bach Around The Clock is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, formed in 2017, to celebrate the enduring musical legacy of Johann Sebastian Bach.


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Boeing said on Wednesday its flying car prototype hovered briefly in the air during an inaugural test flight, a small but significant step as the world's largest planemaker bids to revolutionize urban transportation and parcel delivery services.
Boeing's 30-foot-long aircraft — part helicopter, part drone and part fixed-wing plane — lifted a few feet off the ground and made a soft landing after less than a minute of being airborne on Tuesday at an airport in Manassas, Virginia, Boeing said.
"The future of mobility — moving goods, moving cargo, moving people — that future is happening now, and it's going to accelerate over the next five years and ramp up even more beyond that," Dennis Muilenburg, Boeing's president, chairman and CEO, told a panel at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, on Wednesday.


Are you worried about the availability and preservation of publicly accessible data? Boston College will be hosting an event to pull data.gov data & metadata for BC grants from the NEH, IMLS, NEA, and other federal agencies. NEA, NEH, and IMLS data was identified specifically because there are already a number of efforts underway to preserve science and climate change data, but no visible effort to do the same for humanities and performing arts data.


text:
Пойл () — имя собственное; распространено в виде фамилий.
 Пойл, Бад (10 февраля 1924, Форт-Уильям, Онтарио, Канада — 4 января 2005, Ванкувер, Британская Колумбия, Канада) — бывший канадский хоккеист, правый крайний нападающий.
 Пойл, Дэвид (род. 14 февраля 1950, Торонто, Онтарио, Канада) — бывший канадский хоккеист.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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