text:
Are emotions needed to make decisions?
Oprah.com says:
It turns out, though, that for most people there is no such thing as a purely rational self. Decision making is intrinsically linked to our emotions, so much so that when a person suffers damage to her orbitofrontal cortex-a part of the brain just behind the eyes that's strongly involved in processing emotions-she can lose her decision-making ability entirely. (We're talking any decision, like which day to schedule a doctor's appointment or whether to use a blue or black pen.) "If it weren't for our emotions," says science writer Jonah Lehrer, author of How We Decide, "reason wouldn't exist at all."
Is this really so? Lab experiments on humans on this would certainly be unethical, so I suspect Lehrer might be talking about some nature-did-the-experiment-for-us case (Phineas Gage style). Is anyone familiar with the details, e.g. from Lehrer's book or elsewhere?
Phineas Gage style indeed (is that a precursor to Gangnam style?) - ironically (referring to one large iron rod), Phineas Gage's accident is believed to have entirely removed his OFC, as well as parts of his PFC. Though Gage likely suffered some mental changes, his recovery was a far cry from any sweeping "lose his decision-making ability entirely" diagnosis, even with injuries more extensive than just the OFC, so I think we can safely rule out the statement above without resorting to unethical experimentation.
This misconception may have originated with Antonio Damasio:
Antonio Damasio, in support of his somatic marker hypothesis (relating decision-making to emotions and their biological underpinnings), draws parallels between behaviors he ascribes to Gage and those of modern patients with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala. But Damasio's depiction of Gage has been severely criticized…
In neuroscience, this type of error is called a "reverse inference". For example, if we find that a particular region of the brain is active when subjects experience an "emotion", we can't then conclude that it always means subjects are experiencing that "emotion" when it is active. That brain region may have other functions besides that emotion, many other brain regions may be involved in experiencing that emotion, and different regions may be involved in different contexts.
Furthermore, in modern emotion traditions, the distinction between emotion and cognition in general tends to be blurry, to the extent that some popular emotion models argue that the two cannot feasibly be separated. In other words, depending on your preferred model, "emotion" may refer to all cognition (the entire brain), so the answer to your question would be… yes?
Note: I don't know anything about Jonah Lehrer's book, but Wikipedia says:
On March 1, 2013, following revelations that Lehrer has been caught in numerous falsifications in his œuvre of writings, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt announced the book was taken "off sale" after an internal review.
The unconscious, emotions, and our decision-making process
Do you view yourself as Mr. Spock when it comes to decision-making? Do you believe that you make decisions based on facts? That you consider relevant facts and make the best decision based on that? Yeah, you do. Right? And I guess you suspect where I am going with this… In this article, I will present some facts that will change the way you think about decision-making, and that are extremely useful when working as a designer.
Susan Weinschenk is a b e havioral psychologist and her book 100 Things Every Designer Needs to Know About People was one of the first books I read about the psychology of design. Since then she has been my hero. In one of her online classes, Brain and Behavioral Science, she states that around the year 2000, researchers within the field learned that most of the decisions we make are unconscious. In fact, up to 90% of our decision-making is unconscious. Susan sais that:
"We often like to think that we're like Mr. Spock in Star Trek, and very rational and logical. But we're not. And, if you want to really reach people, if you want to communicate with them, if you want to persuade them, you need to figure out how to talk to the unconscious part of their mind."
Daniel Kahneman has contributed greatly in shaping this new view on decision-making. He is a psychologist that has spent his life working on the psychology of judgment and decision-making. In 2002 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics for his work on behavioral economics. He is pretty good at what he does in other words, and in his famous book Thinking, Fast and Slow he explains that our brain has two systems. An automatic System 1 and the effortful System 2. Kahneman writes:
"System 1 operates automatically and quickly, with little or no effort and no sense of voluntary control. System 2 on the other hand, allocates attention to the effortful mental activities that demand it"
When System 2 is active we humans experience that we are in charge, we are concentrated and we are making decisions. But System 2 consumes glucose at a fast rate so it is not possible for us to stay in System 2 mode for too long, therefore most of our decisions are made by System 1. When System 1 makes a decision and passes it on to our awareness, to System 2, we experience that the decision made by System 1 is the intuitive one. We also experience that we have made a conscious decision even though we have not.
Let me give you an example. Jonathan Gottschall describes an experiment that a team of psychologists made in his book The Storytelling Animal: How Stories Make Us Human. They placed 7 pairs of socks in a box and asked shoppers to pick the best pair. The shoppers choose a pair after examining the socks and gave a full story that explained their decision. The chosen socks had the nicest color, softest texture, etc. But, all the socks were identical. Still, the shoppers told themselves stories that made the decisions seem rational.
About 90% of the time we are like Homer Simpson and 10% like Mr. Spock. Knowing this, knowing that humans communicate and make decisions unconsciously, for the most part, is valuable for us designers. Then we can choose what to communicate to their unconscious instead of leaving it to chance. And how do we communicate with the unconscious? Through basic emotions.
So, what are the basic emotions? According to Neel Burton, psychiatrist, philosopher, and author of the book Heaven and Hell: The Psychology of the Emotions, the concept of basic emotions dates back at least to the first century. Basic emotions were first used in the Book of Rites, a Chinese encyclopedia that identifies seven 'feelings of men': joy, anger, sadness, fear, love, disliking, and liking. In the 20th century, Paul Ekman identified six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise, and Robert Plutchik eight, which he grouped into four pairs of opposites: joy-sadness, anger-fear, trust-distrust, surprise-anticipation. Basic emotions are unconscious and uncontrollable, and more like a reaction than a deliberate action.
Working as a user experience designer I often talk about emotions with the product owner and other stakeholders. I might ask them what kind of emotions they want the user to experience while engaging with their product, and they look at me like I am some kinda crazy person. Emotions? What? That is scary! Why is this UX designer talking to us about emotions? This is often new territory for them and it can take some time before they get it.
As user experience designers, we need to investigate which emotions users experience when interacting with our product. This can not be left to chance. We want the users of our products to experience emotions like joy, happiness, love. Working with user journey maps is essential but there are also a few tricks you can use to increase the positive emotions of users quite easily.
Use images and animations that make the experience feel fun and alive. Don't underestimate the influence of a picture of a smiling face.
Use emotionally loaded words like peace, love, good, successful, lucky, thankful, etc.
Tell a story. Make the experience an adventure and add pleasant surprises along the journey. Also, people remember stories much better than facts.
Personalize the experience. It is very pleasant when a website greets me with "Hi Dina, nice to see you again".
Use humor. A user experiencing joy is a happy user. Just don't overdo it, and the context is super important. Limit the humor when selling insurance or legal advice.
Working with journey mapping (sometimes called the Persona's narrative) is great. By using the tool you get a nice overview of the user's emotional experience while interacting with your product. Your main focus is to eliminate the sad/angry faces and limit the confused ones. This because bad impressions have a greater impact and are quicker to stick then good ones, according to Daniel Kahneman.
The Nielsen Norman Group has a great guide on how to make user journey maps, check out "Journey Mapping 101" for more information and a template that can help you get started.
I am going to end with an amazing example of how basic emotions can be used to communicate with the unconscious part of our mind. Inspired by all the cat people I work with.
The Psychology Behind Irrational Decisions Has A Lot To Do With How You Manage Emotions
We go window shopping, see something that we don't need, but since it's on sale we buy it. Although we like to think the decisions we make in life are driven by reason, sometimes our choices are more irrational. We are more likely to make decisions based on previous experience and intuition, rather than by careful analysis.In TED-Ed's latest video, "The Psychology Behind Irrational Decisions" host Sara Garofalo explains we make decisions that are not "rational"' from a purely economical point of view, meaning they don't necessarily lead to the best result.So why do we still make irrational decisions?Loss aversion is what behavioral economists call the tendency to strongly prefer avoiding losses to acquiring gains. Garofalo explains in the video that this approach to decisions is susceptible to taking mental shortcuts that can lead to irrational decisions. Situations that involve probability are notoriously bad for applying heuristics, any type of problem solving deemed not to be perfect but sufficient for immediate goals .Meanwhile, in conjunction fallacy, our brain tricks us into picking options that are more detailed than general ones. For example, in one study, researchers asked the participants to consider a regular six-sided die with four green faces and two red faces, where the die will be rolled 20 times and the sequence of greens (G) and reds (R) will be recorded. They were asked to select one sequence, from a set of three, and rewarded $25 if the sequence they selected appears on successive rolls of the die (RGRRR, GRGRRR. GRRRRR). More than half of the participants chose the second sequence, although option one is contained within it and is shorter than the other options.The anchoring effect can also influence our decision-making since it's often used in marketing and negotiations. In other words, businesses can raise the prices that people are willing to pay. So, although we don't need that shirt, the fact that it's "on sale" entices us to make a purchase.Other theories suggest irrational behavior stems from the inability to override automatic emotional responses, or let our feelings and experiences get the best of us. Humans act irrationally as a consequence of biasing influences and strongly and consistently affected by the way a question is presented. A University College London study found even when both options lead to the same result participants were more likely to gamble at the threat of losing £30 than the option to keep £20. In the same study, brain imaging revealed that the amygdala, the region that controls emotions and mediates the "fight or flight" reaction, underpinned this bias in the decision-making process.Moreover, people with more rational behavior had greater brain activity in the prefrontal cortex — the region known to be involved in higher-order executive processes — suggesting that their brains are better equipped to deal with emotions in a more balanced reasoning process.Despite cognitive basis, we can overcome our brain's heuristics by learning to be aware of them. When we encounter a situation involving numbers, probability or multiple details — let's pause for a second, and consider that the intuitive answer may not be what's best after all. Youtube
We go window shopping and see something that we don't need, but it's on sale, so we buy it. Although we like to think the decisions we make in life are driven by reason, sometimes our choices are more irrational. We are more likely to make decisions based on previous experience and intuition, rather than by careful analysis.
In TED-Ed's latest video, "The Psychology Behind Irrational Decisions" host Sara Garofalo explains we make decisions that are not "rational"' from a purely economical point of view, meaning they don't necessarily lead to the best result.
Loss aversion is what behavioral economists call the tendency to strongly prefer avoiding losses to acquiring gains. Garofalo explains in the video that this approach to decisions is susceptible to taking mental shortcuts that can lead to irrational decisions. Situations that involve probability are notoriously bad for applying heuristics, any type of problem solving deemed not to be perfect but sufficient for immediate goals.
Meanwhile, in conjunction fallacy, our brain tricks us into picking options that are more detailed than general ones. For example, in one study, researchers asked the participants to consider a regular six-sided die with four green faces and two red faces, where the die will be rolled 20 times and the sequence of greens (G) and reds (R) will be recorded. They were asked to select one sequence, from a set of three, and rewarded $25 if the sequence they selected appears on successive rolls of the die (RGRRR, GRGRRR. GRRRRR). More than half of the participants chose the second sequence, although option one is contained within it and is shorter than the other options.
The anchoring effect can also influence our decision-making since it's often used in marketing and negotiations. In other words, businesses can raise the prices that people are willing to pay. So, although we don't need that shirt, the fact that it's "on sale" entices us to make a purchase.
Other theories suggest irrational behavior stems from the inability to override automatic emotional responses, or let our feelings and experiences get the best of us. Humans act irrationally as a consequence of biasing influences, and are strongly and consistently affected by the way a question is presented. A University College London study found even when both options lead to the same result, participants were more likely to gamble at the threat of losing £30 than the option to keep £20. In the same study, brain imaging revealed that the amygdala, the region that controls emotions and mediates the "fight or flight" reaction, underpinned this bias in the decision-making process.
Moreover, people with more rational behavior had greater brain activity in the prefrontal cortex — the region known to be involved in higher-order executive processes — suggesting that their brains are better equipped to deal with emotions in a more balanced reasoning process.
Despite cognitive basis, we can overcome our brain's heuristics by learning to be aware of them. When we encounter a situation involving numbers, probability or multiple details — let's pause for a second, and consider that the intuitive answer may not be what's best after all.
6 Ways To Control Your Emotions and Make Better Decisions
Are you aware that we typically make several thousand decisions a day?
From what to eat, where to shop, what to post online, and with whom you spend time, average adults are faced with a plethora of choices from the moment we wake up. This is one of the reasons why we usually find it difficult to make the right decision. But it's not so much as the number of options that seem scary: it's the likelihood of picking the wrong choice.
Is there a single right way to make better decisions in life and work? What is the role of emotions in decision-making? Can we really control how we feel in order to obtain the desired results?
Editor's note: to culminate Mental Health Month, we are happy to share today's contribution by Cris Antonio, Chief Editor of Scoopfed.
The Science of Decision-Making
Notable psychologist Daniel Kahneman explains that there are two systems in the brain that collaborate whenever we want to make a choice.
The first system is in charge of quick, automatic responses. For instance: say you're asked to complete the phrase "like a hot knife through ______". It probably didn't take much time for you to answer "butter". That's system #1 at work. On the other hand, the second system is accountable for solving more complex problems, such as advanced mathematical formulas or how to parallel park.
Every time we need to make a decision, systems one and two interplay so we can seamlessly do tasks with minimal effort. However, we tend to choose more poorly whenever much of our mental energy or focus is compromised. This usually happens when we feel burned out from our jobs, lack quality sleep, or have been over-thinking. Thus, we sometimes say things we regret in the heat of a moment, or disappoint ourselves for choosing a poor alternative.
Controlling Your Emotions = Making Better Decisions
Now that we understand how we make decisions, the next question becomes: can we make better ones even though we're so riled up by our emotions? Given practice and patience, the answer is YES – it's possible. Here are six tips to get you started.
Pause and assess the situation.
This simple act can save you headaches down the road. Give your brain enough time to evaluate the current situation so you can make the right choice. Use this tactic when:
You're asked a complicated question
You're feeling agitated and might snap at another person
Your response could mean the difference between loss or gain
You feel that you might say something you'll later want to retract
For bigger decisions (like marriage or a career switch), you may want to take more time in weighing your options. Why not use the weekend to hike or meditate? This should clear your mind so you can think about the pros and cons of each choice. But for situations that need lightning-fast answers, pausing for a second is your secret weapon to give better responses – without being snarky.
Don't always rely on your gut.
Intuition, more commonly known as "gut feeling", is one of our most basic instincts. It helps us identify cues in the environment so we avoid danger and survive. But avoid trusting this human sense when it comes to games of chance (i.e. circumstances that rely on a 50/50 probability). The best examples would be gambling and the stock market.
So when can you rely on your gut? When there are skills or experience involved.
You're ready to shift to the nonprofit sector but your experience is in finance. You're worried that you might be making the wrong choice. Using tip #1, pause before finalizing your decision. Ask yourself: "how do I feel about this job?". Then list the pros and cons of what could happen once you make the switch. If you have an inexplicable feeling of assurance, then that's your gut telling you to assert yourself and grab your dream job.
But if you're playing poker and you sense that it might just be your lucky night, don't bet on it. Games of chance don't rely on skill – so you might end up losing more than you bargained for.
Put it in writing.
Various experts such as psychologist James W. Pennebaker, have pointed out how writing can help us understand our lives better, keep track of our growth, and yes – aid us in picking the right choices. If you're at a crossroad in your life right now or have experienced a traumatic situation, writing down your feelings can help you gain a different perspective.
You're not going to feel better right away – however, keeping notes about your day is a tried-and-tested form of therapy. It's free, it gives you some alone time, and you can review your thoughts later for more clarity.
Narrow your options.
Ever wondered why Trader Joe's keeps their grocery options limited? It's because the bigger the selection, the more room there is to make a regrettable decision. This may sound counterintuitive, but narrowing your options will indeed help you avoid picking something you'll later be unhappy about.
Let's say you're a fresh graduate who has plenty of talents: you're good with people, can write 500-word articles for the press, and don't mind speaking to a room of 100 executives to pitch an idea. This means you can take on a bunch of jobs. But sending out resumes to 10 or 20 companies at once is only going to give you a headache. And it goes without saying that if you don't target your application to the talents that best apply to the job, you might not be considered for the position.
Focus instead on two or three companies while asking these questions:
Why do you want to work for these firms?
Are you qualified for the position you're about to fill?
What is their benefits/compensation package?
What experience do you plan to gain from them?
How long do you intend to stay?
What's the percentage that you'll be hired over other candidates?
Narrowing your selection will not only save you a lot of stress, science says you'll be happier with the choice you've made, too!
Ask the majority.
Humans are very prone to bias. Although some of these biases can help us form opinions, it's not wise to follow them when making decisions. Confidence for example, is a great trait to have. It allows us to view things in a positive light and sell our talents the right way. However, we may become overconfident of the skills we've acquired over time. Notice how even the most powerful leaders and managers typically make wrong decisions?
One of the best tricks to choosing the right decision – especially if it involves big risks – is to ask for a second opinion. For example:
You're surprised that your organization's leader doesn't approve of the crowdfunding video you just made. He's convinced that it doesn't reflect the group's vision. This makes you upset as you spent days working on the project. You now have a choice: upload it on the video platform without his approval OR call for a team meeting.
Don't just trust your experience or gut-feel. The reason for this is because our overconfidence often makes us overlook critical details that would be important for the final outcome.
Avoid burnout.
Do you have a huge decision to make? Cognitive neuroscientist Dr. Lynda Shaw suggests sleeping on it.
We all understand that sleep is important yet, many of us still stay up late to finish assignments, binge-watch, or mindlessly scroll on social media. Getting enough rest has plenty of benefits, but one of the most critical is that, a good night's rest helps our brains analyze information faster and more accurately.
Feeling stressed, confused, or anxious? Get some rest. Not only will you feel refreshed after waking up, your mind will be clearer to pick a better option.
Everyone can be afraid of picking the wrong choice. So how do you make sure you get the right one 99 percent of the time? Take care of yourself. Take a second to analyze your emotions so you can better manage them. Our feelings are a huge part of who we are – but they don't have to control us. Once you have a better grasp of your mind and body, you'll have less regrets about the decisions you make.
The Psychology of Ethical Decision Making or Why We Make Immoral Decisions
There are several areas of research that can give us insight into ethical decision making.
Ethical Decision Making and the 'Meat Paradox'
I'd like to ask you two questions. Is animal torture morally wrong? I'm imagining (unless we have a few psychopaths out there) that you all said yes. My second question is do you eat factory-farmed meat? Did you answer yes again?
This is the 'meat paradox'. When we feel bad about the lives of the animals we are consuming but we eat them anyway. We know that animals reared in factory conditions suffer terrible conditions and live very short lives before they are put to death. Yet, we continue to make the decision to eat meat. So what has happened to our ethical decision making?
By examining the way we justify our decision to eat meat knowing how animals are farmed, we can understand other kinds of decision making.
What happens to ethical decision making if our behaviour contradicts our beliefs?
To eat meat but to dislike killing and harming animals causes tension in humans. According to psychologist Hank Rothgerber, there are several ways to relieve this tension:
Dissociation – Don't relate meat products to animals
Perceived behavioural change – Lie about being a vegetarian
Denial of animal mind – Animals are not the same as humans
Behavioural changes – Stop eating meat
I'm going to focus on behavioural changes to highlight ethical decision making.
Behavioural Changes in Our Identity
The most obvious way to relieve this tension is to change our own behaviour and simply stop eating meat. But for many, this is not that simple. Yes, sure, veganism is on the rise, but it is still an antagonistic issue.
To highlight this point, in the UK recently, there was a huge debacle about a food store that started selling vegan sausage rolls. One presenter went so far as to say that no one wanted them. It seems that vegans have to have pretty tough skin in today's society.
So are you the type of person that likes to stand out from the crowd? Are you not afraid of debate, conflict or confrontation? Or would you rather live a more peaceful life and not get involved in other people's arguments?
Let's look at the meat paradox again.
Psychologists Brock Bastian and Steve Loughnan are studying what effects eating meat has on those that abhor animal suffering. This is a complex subject for many people and it leads to questions about our identity.
For many people, eating meat is intrinsically tied up with who we are. Think about the manly connotation of eating meat.
The guy at the barbeque flipping over sizzling steaks. How much stick do you think he would get if he invited his mates round and cooked vegan sausages? Would he still be considered 'one of the lads'? A real man? Would he be teased about his food choices?
Meat is manly food. You are what you eat and if you only eat stuff like lettuce you must be some animal-loving softie. One study highlights men's attitudes to meat eating and vegetarians.
"Red meat is (commonly considered) a strong, traditional macho, bicep-flexing, All-American food" while a leaner alternative like soy is generally seen as "weak and wimpy." Study author
This study into ethical decision making shows why it can be so hard to change our behaviour.
Ethical Decision Making and the Trolley Dilemma
The Trolley Dilemma is a thought experiment designed to test ethical decision making. The basis of the test is that you see a railroad trolley speeding down the rail track. The brakes have obviously failed. In its path are five workmen who have no chance of getting off the track in time.
However, there is a slip track. If you throw the lever on the trolley, you can steer the trolley onto this track to avoid hitting the five men. Unfortunately, there is one workman on this slip track who also cannot get off the track. So, do you throw the lever?
Do you leave the trolley on its original path where it will kill five men?
Do you steer it onto the slip track where it will kill one man?
The majority of people would take action and steer the trolley onto the slip track where it kills one man.
However, when it comes to ethical decision making, people can have very different reasons for throwing the lever.
Utilitarians – Will throw the lever to save the maximum number of lives. They think about the consequences of their actions.
Virtuous – Throws the lever because that's what a virtuous person would do. They care about their character, not necessarily their actions.
Deontologist – Won't throw the switch because any kind of killing is wrong. This type of person focuses on their actions which are either right or wrong, rather than the consequences of their actions.
Christian – Won't throw the switch because killing is against the will of God.
Ethical relativist – Won't throw the switch because aiding any person's death is culturally wrong and illegal. They believe that all ethical decisions vary from culture to culture and are just a matter of opinion.
Now, just to make things a little harder, here is one further scenario in the trolley problem.
There are still five men on the track and it is still speeding towards them in a trolley with no brakes. However, this time in order to save them, you have to throw a man on the track in front of the trolley to stop it hitting them.
Do you throw the man on the track?
In this scenario, the majority of people would not throw a man into the path of the speeding trolley. But why not? The results are exactly the same. One man dies and five are saved.
It appears that it is much easier to make immoral decisions if we distance ourselves somewhat. When the dilemma gets a little too close and personal we opt out. Which brings us back to the meat paradox.
As individuals, we have a set of beliefs and thoughts (cognitions) that make us who we are. If there is a contradiction between what we think and what we do (dissonance), something has to change to reconcile the two.
As it is easier to change our thought process than our behaviour, we usually change the way we think. There are three ways we can do this:
Play down the importance of our beliefs to fit in with our behaviour.
Add more beliefs that fit with our behaviour to outweigh the dissonant beliefs.
Change the dissonant beliefs so that they don't bother us as much.
So how does cognitive dissonance work in real life? Let's return to the meat paradox one last time. You are against animal suffering and torture but you eat factory farmed meat. How can you reconcile these two opposing beliefs?
Actually, society makes it easy for us. Meat is packaged in a way to distance us from the cruelty of the slaughter process. We use terms like 'pork' and 'veal' instead of pigs and calves to further distance us from our meat.
Furthermore, we put pretty pictures of farm animals roaming fields and looking content on the packaging. But it wouldn't take much for us to open our eyes and make better moral decisions.
When it comes down to ethical decision making, perhaps rather than expending all this mental energy justifying the wrong decisions, we should just try to be more honest and open.
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Emotion and decision-making under uncertainty: Physiological arousal predicts increased gambling during ambiguity but not risk
Uncertainty, which is ubiquitous in decision-making, can be fractionated into known probabilities (risk) and unknown probabilities (ambiguity). Although research has illustrated that individuals more often avoid decisions associated with ambiguity compared to risk, it remains unclear why ambiguity is perceived as more aversive. Here we examine the role of arousal in shaping the representation of value and subsequent choice under risky and ambiguous decisions. To investigate the relationship between arousal and decisions of uncertainty, we measure skin conductance response-a quantifiable measure reflecting sympathetic nervous system arousal-during choices to gamble under risk and ambiguity. To quantify the discrete influences of risk and ambiguity sensitivity and the subjective value of each option under consideration, we model fluctuating uncertainty, as well as the amount of money that can be gained by taking the gamble. Results reveal that although arousal tracks the subjective value of a lottery regardless of uncertainty type, arousal differentially contributes to the computation of value-that is, choice-depending on whether the uncertainty is risky or ambiguous: Enhanced arousal adaptively decreases risk-taking only when the lottery is highly risky but increases risk-taking when the probability of winning is ambiguous (even after controlling for subjective value). Together, this suggests that the role of arousal during decisions of uncertainty is modulatory and highly dependent on the context in which the decision is framed. (PsycINFO Database Record
(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved).
FIG 1. Experimental design
Participants completed a computerized lottery task where each lottery depicted a…
Examples of heuristic affection
To see how the heuristic affect works, we will look at some practical examples. The first example is so obvious that it seems very simple. The second, perhaps not so much.
To begin, imagine a scene in which two children are going to play at a park. One of the children has played on the swings at his grandparents' home for a long time and since he loves them so much and has had fun with them, he has positive feelings toward the swings in the park. When he sees them, he immediately makes the decision to go to the swings because he believes that he will have fun, despite the risks of falling off the swing (high profit, low risk) and runs towards them.
However, the other child recently fell from a swing while playing elsewhere. This child, when he sees the swings, believes these are a bad choice (little benefit, high risk). Both children have taken a mental shortcut to decide on the advantages and disadvantages of playing on the swings. Neither one has stopped to try to realistically assess the benefits and risks, but rather have made their decision based on a memory.
This seems so simple and so obvious in a child. As adults we also do it in many situations where, if we dedicated a little time to think reflectively, we would make another decision.
In these decisions, heuristics how we perceive advantages and disadvantages. While these mental shortcuts allow people to make quick and often reasonably accurate decisions, it can also lead to poor decision-making.
As an example, think of advertising. In advertising, strategies are used to make you feel good. They arouse your positive emotions and incite your passions or introduce you to a way of life that you identify with or would like to have.
That makes you much more receptive when buying or more willing to pay more for products and services they offer. In fact, it works so well so that we may feel inclined to buy products thinking they cover a need we do not really have. Even not being able to access the object that covers the alleged need can case us anxiety.
Anticipated emotions Edit
Loewenstein and Lerner divide emotions during decision-making into two types: those anticipating future emotions and those immediately experienced while deliberating and deciding. Anticipated (or expected) emotions are not experienced directly, but are expectations of how the person will feel once gains or losses associated with that decision are experienced. [4] A great deal of research has focused on the risk/return spectrum that is considered in most decisions. For example, students may anticipate regret when deciding which section of a class is best to register for, [5] or participants in a weight-loss plan might anticipate the pleasure they will feel if they lose weight, versus the negative feelings unsuccessful efforts may engender. [6]
Generally, it is the contemplation of incremental losses or gains that generates anticipated emotions in decision-makers, as opposed to their overall condition. This means that an investor who imagines losing a small amount of money will generally focus with disappointment on the lost investment, rather than with pleasure on the overall amount still owned. Similarly, a dieter who anticipates losing two pounds may imagine feeling pleasure even though those two pounds are a very small percentage of what needs to be lost overall.
Also, decision-makers tend to compare a possible result of a decision against what could have happened, rather than to their current state: for instance, game participants who could win $1000 and end up with nothing base their disappointment on the loss of the hoped-for prize, rather than on the fact that they have no less money than they had when they began the game. This process, and the anticipation of such emotion, is referred to as a counterfactual comparison.
Finally, decision-makers tend to weight possible outcomes differently based on the amount of delay between the choice and the outcome. Decisions made with a time delay – intertemporal choice – tend to involve different weights on outcomes depending on their delay, involving hyperbolic discounting and affective forecasting. These effects are then connected to anticipated emotions as the decision is being contemplated.
Immediate emotions Edit
True emotions experienced while decision-making are termed immediate emotions, integrating cognition with somatic or bodily experienced components within the autonomic nervous system and outward emotional expressions. These may or may not be connected to the decision at hand, however while contemplation of the decision's consequences may give rise to immediate emotions, known as anticipatory or integral influences, immediate emotions can also be related to the current environment or the dispositional affect of the person. Although unrelated to the decision under consideration, this type of emotion can still impact the decision-making process as an incidental influence. [7]
Immediate emotions tend to operate differently from anticipated emotions. First, when they are intense they tend to negate the probability of the possible outcome for example, a fear of flying experienced while deciding how to travel may lead a person to choose driving even though air safety statistics would show air travel to be statistically less likely to present a danger. The intense emotions can exact a higher influence on the decision than the probabilities under consideration. Also, immediate emotions can be very sensitive to how vivid the possible outcome is to the decision-maker. Again, a fear of flying may be enhanced by the vividness of the mental image of a plane crash may be in the mind of the decision-maker. Finally, how soon an outcome may happen impacts the related immediate emotions: the sooner the impending possible outcome, the more intense the emotion associated with that event. Overall, these emotions are real, experienced emotions, as opposed to those anticipated while thinking about possible outcomes, and as such can very powerfully impact decision-making. [8]
The somatic marker hypothesis (SMH), formulated by Antonio Damasio, proposes a mechanism by which emotional processes can guide (or bias) behavior, particularly decision-making. [9] [10]
Emotions, as defined by Damasio, are changes in both body and brain states in response to different stimuli. [11] Physiological changes (e.g., muscle tone, heart rate, endocrine release, posture, facial expression, etc.) occur in the body and are relayed to the brain where they are transformed into an emotion that tells the individual something about the stimulus that they have encountered. Over time, emotions and their corresponding bodily change(s) become associated with particular situations and their past outcomes.
When making decisions, these physiological signals (or 'somatic markers') and their evoked emotion are consciously or unconsciously associated with their past outcomes and bias decision-making towards certain behaviors while avoiding others. [11] For instance, when a somatic marker associated with a positive outcome is perceived, the person may feel happy and motivated to pursue that behavior. When a somatic marker associated with the negative outcome is perceived, the person may feel sad and the emotion may act as an internal alarm to warn the individual to avoid a course of action. These situation-specific somatic states based on, and reinforced by, past experiences help to guide behavior in favor of more advantageous choices and therefore are adaptive.
According to the SMH, two distinct pathways reactivate somatic marker responses. In the first pathway, emotion can be evoked by the changes in the body that are projected to the brain—called the "body loop". For instance, encountering a feared object like a snake may initiate the fight-or-flight response and cause fear. In the second pathway, cognitive representations of the emotions can be activated in the brain without being directly elicited by a physiological response—called the "as-if body loop". For instance, imagining an encounter with a snake would initiate a similar flight-or-fight response "as-if" you were in that particular situation (albeit perhaps a much weaker one). In other words, the brain can anticipate expected bodily changes, which allows the individual to respond faster to external stimuli without waiting for an event to actually occur. [12]
According to Dunn, "the somatic marker hypothesis proposes that 'somatic marker' biasing signals from the body are represented and regulated in the emotion circuitry of the brain, particularly the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), to help regulate decision-making in situations of complexity and uncertainty". Therefore, in situations of complexity and uncertainty, the marker signals allow the brain to recognise the situation and respond quickly. [13]
Pfister and Böhm (2008) have developed a classification of how emotions function in decision-making that conceptualizes an integral role for emotions, rather than simply influencing decision-making. [14]
The four roles played by emotions in this framework are:
Providing information: This includes both positive and negative emotions that arise directly from the options being considered by the decision maker, who can then evaluate choices with this "information." This role is especially likely when the felt emotion is reducible that is, easily reduced to a simple comparison (for example, attraction and repulsion), and unequivocally positive or negative. Pleasure and displeasure make up the spectrum of these emotions.
Improving speed: While making a good decision is important, making a quick decision is also important. Therefore, emotions and associated somatic conditions can offer mechanisms for encouraging a decision maker to decide quickly, especially when one or more options are potentially dangerous. Hunger, anger and fear can all induce a speedy decision.
Assessing relevance: Emotions help decision makers decide whether a certain element of the decision is relevant to their particular situations. Each person's personal history and state(s) of mind leads to a different set of relevant information. The two such emotions most studied to date are regret and disappointment.
Enhancing commitment: In some ways, making the decision best for the self may be construed "the best" overall. However, acting in the best interests of others is also important in human civilization, and moral sentiments, or emotions, serve to help decision makers commit to such a decision rather than being drawn back toward pure self-interest. Emotions such as guilt and love help decision makers make such commitments.
This framework can help in exploring such concepts as ambivalence, tendencies toward particular types of action, and sustaining difficult choices over time.
Research done by Isen and Patrick put forth the theory of "mood maintenance" which states that happy decision-makers are reluctant to gamble. In other words, happy people decide against gambling, since they would not want to undermine the happy feeling. [15]
Alternatively, the influence of negative feelings at the time of decision-making was studied by Raghunathan and Tuan Pham (1999). They conducted three experiments in gambling decisions and job selection decisions, where unhappy subjects were found to prefer high-risk/high-reward options unlike anxious subjects who preferred low-risk/low-reward options. They stated that "anxiety and sadness convey distinct types of information to the decision-maker and prime different goals." It was found that "while anxiety primes an implicit goal of uncertainty reduction, sadness primes an implicit goal of reward replacement". [16] Thus emotions cannot simply be classified as positive or negative as we need to consider the consequences of the emotions in ultimate decision-making.
Another important factor is the memory of events in decision making. The mood someone has works as "a retrieval cue" whereby happy feelings make positive materials come to mind which in turn have great impact on the decisions that are made. The same is true of negative feelings. [17] Bower coined the term state-dependent remembering for this phenomenon. [18] Bower and others stated that emotions and feelings cannot be extracted from the human mind. The emotions felt in a particular situation will be recorded in the emotional memory and can be activated when the person faces a similar situation or has to make a difficult decision in a short period of time. Often the decision maker is unaware of previous experiences in similar situations. [18] [19]
Much research has been conducted on the various impacts of emotion on decision-making. Studies indicate the complexity and breadth of those impacts. Listed below are some examples of their results.
Don't Let Emotions Screw Up Your Decisions
Think about a time you were weighing an important decision at work or considering a big expense such as a buying a house, making a hefty financial investment, or a starting a new business. Such decisions are inherently complex, and — no matter how much experience we have making them — working through the pros and cons of each choice can be overwhelming. Our emotional reactions to these choices may be useful in directing our attention and energy toward what we feel are the most important aspects of the decision. Yet intense emotions may lead us to make misguided decisions or outright disastrous ones.
An amusing example comes from the 1991 movie Defending Your Life. In one scene, the character Daniel Miller (played by Albert Brooks) is preparing for a salary negotiation the next day with his boss. To try out the tough bargaining strategy he is planning to use, he enlists his wife's help. His wife makes various salary offers, and Daniel rejects every one of them, insisting that he cannot take the job for a penny under $65,000. As Daniel refuses to budge from his position, his wife starts to make him increasingly attractive offers.
The next scene is Daniel's negotiation with his boss. His boss opens the discussion by saying, "Daniel, I am prepared to offer you $49,000." Before he even finishes his sentence, Daniel replies: "I'll take it." Daniel's decision to be tough got derailed by the emotions he failed to anticipate: the anxiety triggered by sitting in front of his boss and negotiating with him.
Emotions can cloud our judgment and influence our decisions when triggered by the situation at hand, as in Daniel's case. But research shows it is also possible for emotions triggered by one event to spill over and affect another, unrelated situation.
Imagine, for instance, that you hit heavy traffic while driving to work. Later that day, you have an important meeting with a client who is interested in placing an order for the new product that your company is launching. You initiated the product's development and oversaw its creation. So there's a lot at stake for you. By the time you reach the office, you are 45 minutes late for work and fuming with anger. Since your meeting isn't for another hour, you should be able to push your anger aside by then, right? In fact, my research suggests we are often unable to do so. Emotions triggered by an event completely unrelated to a new situation can influence our thinking and decisions in that situation.
HBR's 10 Must Reads on Emotional Intelligence
In one study, Maurice Schweitzer of the Wharton School and I asked a group of participants to estimate the weight of a person based solely on a picture of that person. Participants were paid for the accuracy of their estimate. After they provided their estimates, we asked them to watch a short movie clip. Some participants watched a clip from a National Geographic special that portrayed fish at the Great Barrier Reef. Others watched a clip from the movie My Bodyguard that showed a young man being bullied — a clip that we'd found in a pilot test makes people feel angry due to the aggressive and unfair treatment the young man experiences. All participants were given another participant's estimate of the weight of the person they had just evaluated and asked whether they wanted to revise their initial estimate.
For the participants who saw the clip from My Bodyguard, the anger they experienced while watching the video clip carried over to this next, unrelated task. It led them to largely distrust and disregard the other person's estimates and to rely instead on their initial judgments. In fact, a full 74% of these participants did not attach any significance to the advice they received. By contrast, only 32% of participants who watched the neutral National Geographic clip disregarded the advice. Disregarding the advice was costly: listening to it would have led to greater accuracy in their judgment — and thus greater pay.
As this research shows, anger triggered by a prior, unrelated experience that, from an objective perspective, should not influence our current judgments or decisions can make us unreceptive to what others have to say. In related research, Scott Wiltermuth of the University of Southern California and Larissa Tiedens of Stanford University found that anger triggered by something unrelated to the decision at hand also affects how we evaluate others' ideas. Many jobs include the task of evaluating the ideas of others, including our colleagues, customers, employees, friends, and family members.
In one study, Wiltermuth and Tiedens had participants first complete a writing task and then evaluate ideas generated by others. Half were led to believe they would be judging high-quality ideas and likely be making positive evaluations. The other half believed instead that they would be judging low-quality ideas and probably evaluating them negatively. For the writing task, some participants were told to write about a time in their life when they felt extremely angry. Others were asked to write about how they spent the previous day, a task designed to put them in a neutral emotional state.
The result? Although most participants, whether angry or neutral, preferred to evaluate good rather than bad ideas, those who were induced to feel angry found the task of evaluating others' low-quality ideas much more appealing than did participants in the control condition. In addition, the angry participants were less interested in evaluating others' high-quality ideas than were those in the control condition. It seems that anger can increase the appeal of criticizing others and their ideas.
Our feelings can offer relevant and important feedback about a decision, but irrelevant emotions triggered by a completely unrelated event can take us off track. The next time you drink a bitter cup of coffee or have an argument with a loved one, pause to consider how your emotional reactions could linger as you enter into important task or weigh a complex decision. Fortunately, we often can choose when to perform each of the many tasks required of us. This should allow us to evaluate ideas and advice from others when we believe we are most capable of doing so objectively and thoroughly.
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In fact, much of Lerner's research focuses on how emotions can influence decision-making—and not always for the better. Your gut, to the extent that it reflects your feelings, might be steering you wrong.
Take anger, one of the emotions Lerner and other psychologists understand best. Where fear breeds uncertainty, anger instills confidence. Angry people are more likely to put the blame on individuals, rather than "society," or fate. Anger makes people more likely to take risks and to minimize how dangerous those risks will be. Other researchers have shown that angry people rely more on stereotypes and are more eager to act. It's an activating emotion: In lab studies, people shown angry faces crave a reward more intensely.
This trigger-happy impulse is evolutionarily adaptive, Lerner said. "We evolved in hunter-gatherer times," she told me recently. "If someone steals your meat, you don't think 'Should I go after him?' No! You strike back quickly."
For a 2003 study, Lerner had a group of U.S. citizens read either a news story about anthrax mail-threats, which was meant to make them feel afraid, or one about celebrations of the 9/11 attacks by some people in Middle Eastern nations, which was meant to elicit anger. Those who were made to feel angry saw the world as less risky, and they also supported harsher measures against suspected terrorists. We saw this angry certainty play out in Congress: Only one member, Barbara Lee, a Democratic representative from California, voted against the authorization to use military force against terrorists in the wake of the attack.
"We said, 'We're acting, we're striking back,'" Lerner said. "Everyone agreed."
She also sees anger's influence on this election cycle. Americans are angry, and many of them want a brusque, brash leader who will hold the bad guys accountable. According to Lerner, anger can be beneficial during the primaries. It's good for voter turnout. "Anger is the primary emotion of justice," she said. "With Bernie Sanders' campaign and the Trump campaign, there was a lot of anger driving them. It brought people to the table."
But when it comes to actually electing someone, anger confuses more than it helps. Anger simplifies our thinking. People switch to rules of thumb—ban all the Muslims!—instead of carefully considering refugee policy and its implications.
"Right now, we shouldn't be thinking in a shallow way," Lerner said. "Now, we need to be thinking about very specific policy tradeoffs. Anger gets you in the game, but once you're in the game, you need to think."
Surprisingly, though, happiness isn't much better at inspiring good decisions. Several studies have shown that people who were in a positive mood put more faith in the length of a message, rather than its quality, or in the attractiveness or likability of the source. Given that it's typically the amicable job interview that results in an offer, this might explain some of the economic advantages that flow to tall men or attractive people.
Under certain circumstances, sadness can be good, since it fosters systematic thought. The slightly melancholy, to whom no option appeals very much, will dutifully think, "on the one hand, x, but on the other hand y," Lerner said. And that's good! But too much sadness can set off rumination— "you keep thinking x, x, x, x," she said—which is not going to get you any closer to signing on the dotted line (or not!) with satisfaction and relief.
What's more, sadness might make you more impatient. A 2013 study by Lerner and others found that people who felt sad accepted up to 34 percent less money in order to get paid now, rather than three months from now. But at least it might make you more generous toward others: She's also found that sad people allocate more to welfare recipients than angry people would, since the angry would likely blame poor people for their own misfortune.
There appears to be no mood that would put you in the perfect frame of mind for, well, making up your mind. So what's a decision-maker to do? The best bet might be to accept that you're going to have emotions, but to try to keep them from influencing your thought process.
First, you could make yourself wait to react—though this can be hard when you have the perfect email retort burning through your drafts folder. You could also try to reappraise the situation, for example by viewing a layoff as a chance to finally pursue a lifelong goal, rather than as a crushing defeat.
Or, you could try to make your emotions irrelevant to your decision. Lerner recommends making a rubric with every element of a decision that's important to you. For example, those deciding between two houses might list the number of bedrooms, the price, and the quality of the local schools. Next, assign each factor a weight—.2 or .5 and so on—so that all of the factors add up to one. Then score each option based on each dimension, and multiply the weights by the scores. You should end up a score that reflects the total, impartial assessment of each house's relative merit.
Of course, people want their houses to "feel like home," which introduces emotions back into the equation. But like flipping a coin and seeing if the result disappoints you, you can at least see what Robot You would choose. That might help reveal what Irrational-Human You truly desires.
Watch the video: MiNDFOOD - Λήψη αποφάσεων (January 2022).
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The confusion of hats
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Copyright 2022 \ Are emotions needed to make decisions?...


green tea and red nails: for my valentine.
hubby and i don't really do valentines. we never have... i couldn't really even tell you why we originally decided to boycott this day... probably just lazy :)! but on sunday as i was sorting through three months of laundry (seriously) i realised that his sleeping shorts needed to be thrown out. and then i realised that instead of buying new ones i could make some. and then i realised that vintage floral is way cooler than sailboats anyway! haha!
i think vintage sheet sleeping shorts is our new valentines tradition. love.
p.s - in case you were wondering, he vacuumed my car and made machine coffee. totally awesome.
That's brilliant - I hope he loves them!
LOVE them! They are adorable. My husband only has one pair, I think I'd better raid the vintage sheet stash!
PS We don't really do valentines either, and he made me machine coffee. Bliss.
ok you must put a photo up of your hubby wearing those! haha it's adorable.
You are my sewing inspiration person!


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News Releases - ITI Statement on Nomination of Gov. Gina Raimondo for Commerce Secretary
ITI Statement on Nomination of Gov. Gina Raimondo for Commerce Secretary
WASHINGTON – Today, Jason Oxman, president and CEO of global tech trade association ITI, issued this statement about President-elect Biden's intent to nominate Rhode Island Governor Gina Raimondo as Secretary of the U.S. Department of Commerce:
"Governor Raimondo's extensive experience as a distinguished public official, successful businesswoman, and advocate for government-industry collaboration will serve her well as the next Secretary of Commerce," said ITI President and CEO Jason Oxman. "On behalf of the tech industry, I want to congratulate her on this well-deserved nomination. Our industry looks forward to working together on pressing issues including broadband, industry standards, supply chain security, and trade to promote U.S. leadership and innovation around the world.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


It is hard to imagine a piece of gear as mundane as an ice axe approaching something like celebrity status. But if anything has it must be the Black Diamond Raven ice axe family. They are, I guess, the VolksWagen of ice axes. You find them everywhere. They do the job without any fuss or without trying to show off and they comes in enough different models to sit most budgets and needs. The odds are, in fact, that if you go into a store to look for a beginner's ice axe, then you will probably be pointed in the direction of a Raven or Raven Pro.
The first thing to note about them is that they are about as close to being all purpose as you will find. It would be wrong to think that one axe could do everything, which is why lots of climbers have a whole variety for different purposes such as walking, alpine climbing or technical climbing, but this family of tools fit nicely in the middle of the range and can be used for a wide variety of purposes from ski touring to relatively steep ascents with a few bits of really steep ice thrown in. They have relatively straight shafts, which means they will plunge in easily and they also have a good shaped head.
The pick is also relatively level, which makes a quite suitable for self-arresting, though it is not quite angled enough for really serious ice climbing (even if you forget about its general shape, which rules it out for that anyhow). The adze (or back of the head) is wide enough for you to do a fair bit of chopping without being a huge unwieldy shovel.
They come in a length that will accommodate most people's height as well as climbing style (if you want to read more I've written a bit about sizing an ice axe).
But in short the main Raven model weighs 437grams (15 oz) and is available from 55cm to 90 cm long.
Since most mountaineers and climbers will be looking at something in the range of 65cm anyway for a nice balanced axe, this clearly gives more than enough choice for most people for most activities from classic steep hill walking to ski mountaineering.
The other great thing about the Raven family is that they also come in a range of different prices and with different technical characteristics and weights so that there is something for those people who are on a budget but also for those who are willing to pay a bit more for something that offers slightly better performance or lower weight.
The Raven Pro is even lighter at 362 grams for the shortest model (50cm long) and these go up to 75cm. They are really intended for use on steeper ice and snow than the ordinary Raven. They are both made of aluminium for lightness and are B-rated axes.
If you want to go even more ultra-lightweight then there is always the Raven Ultra, which is a very light, quite short axe with a more aggressive pick.
Most people I've spoken to who own these are really happy with them and use them all the time. They are not especially fancy, but just well made tools that offer reasonably good value for money. Speaking of money, you should shop around to find the cheapest Raven ice axe. They usually retail for about $79 but you can often find discounted ice axes on sale so be sure to check out the various online offerings.
The Raven is a long way from being the only ice axe out there. I'm not even sure I would say it is the best ice axe available. But it is a good balance between performance and price and should give many years of happy service to both beginners and expert mountaineers alike.


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José de Azevedo Mascarenhas Relvas (Golegã,  — Alpiarça, ), mais conhecido por José Relvas, foi um político republicano português.

Biografia
Era filho de Carlos Relvas, e de sua mulher, D. Margarida Amália Mendes de Azevedo e Vasconcelos Relvas, filha do Conde de Podentes.

Aos 17 anos matriculou-se na Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra, que só frequentou até ao segundo ano, abandonando-o então para seguir o Curso Superior de Letras, o qual concluiu em 1880.

Lavrador, sucedeu ao seu pai na gestão da casa agrícola familiar. O seu avô paterno José Farinha Relvas e Campos, foi várias vezes Presidente da Câmara Municipal da Golegã.

Relvas viria a aderir ao ideal republicano ainda na juventude, com atestam documentos seus dos tempos de faculdade. Porém, apenas se filiou no Partido Republicano numa fase já avançada da vida (perto dos 50 anos), no contexto da crise política provocada pela chamada ao poder e do chamado escândalo dos "adeantamentos à coroa", por parte do rei D. Carlos, do ministro João Franco.

A 5 de outubro de 1910 José Relvas seria o escolhido para proclamar a Implantação da República, da varanda da Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, o Directório porque era um dos elementos mais carismáticos do Diretório do Partido Republicano e o secretário do mesmo Eusébio Leão, se encontrava afónico.

Foi Ministro das Finanças do respetivo Governo Provisório de 12 de Outubro de 1910 até à auto-dissolução deste, a 4 de Setembro de 1911 sendo ele o responsável, nomeadamente, pela introdução da reforma monetária que criou o Escudo.

Posteriormente, exerceu o cargo de embaixador de Portugal em Espanha, até finais de 1913, ano em que regressou ao seu país para assumir um lugar no Senado, por entender que a sua legitimidade vinha do cargo para o qual havia sido eleito. Acabaria por resignar em 1915.

Esteve em seguida bastantes anos afastado da actividade política dedicando-se aos seus negócios, até ser nomeado Presidente do Ministério (equivalente a Chefe de Governo), a 27 de Janeiro de 1919, tendo exercido aquele cargo até 30 de Março do mesmo ano.

Morreu a 31 de Outubro de 1929, na Casa dos Patudos, em Alpiarça. A Assembleia da República prestou-lhe homenagem em 2008 com a exposição José Relvas, o conspirador contemplativo, que ilustrou as diferentes facetas de José Relvas e do seu percurso político até 1914.

Vida pessoal
Casou-se em 5 de Fevereiro de 1882 com Eugénia Antónia de Loureiro da Silva Mendes (nasceu em 19-07-1865 em Viseu e faleceu em 30-5-1951) era filha de Luís de Loureiro de Queirós Cardoso do Couto Leitão Teixeira (1.º Visconde de Loureiro) e de Antónia da Silva Mendes, neta paterna de Luís de Loureiro de Queirós Cardoso do Couto Leitão e de  Maria da Glória Teixeira de Carvalho e Sampaio da Rocha Pinto Velho e neta materna de João da Silva Mendes e de Eugénia Cândida da Silva Mendes, com quem teve três filhos que não sobreviveram aos paisː
 Carlos - pianista profissional, suicidou-se na Casa dos Patudos;
 João Pedro Loureiro Relvas (1887);
 Maria Luísa.

Obras
 O direito do senhor foi uma medida fiscal da propriedade. Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional, 1880.
 Tese do exame geral do curso superior de Letras.
 A questão económica portuguesa: aspectos do problema agrícola. Lisboa, Typ. Bayard, 1910.
 Memórias políticas. Lisboa, Terra Livre, 1,º vol., 1977; 2.º vol., 1978.
 Cartas de José Relvas a António Macieira. Alpiarça, Câmara Municipal de Alpiarça, 1981.

 Fontes e Bibliografia
 Arquivos Distrital de Santarém (ADSTR), Livro de Registo de Batismos da Golegã,1858, liv. 28, p. 122
 Arquivo Histórico da Casa dos Patudos, AHCP, Correspondência de José Relvas com Carlos Relvas (pai); caixa 10, pasta 6; Correspondência de José Relvas com a Margarida Relvas (mãe) cx. 10,  pasta 7
 SERRÃO, Joel (coord.). Dicionário de História de Portugal. Porto, Livraria Figueirinhas.
 NORAS, José Raimundo. José Relvas (1858-1929): Fotobiografia''. Leiria, Imagens&Letras, 2009.

Ligações externas

Naturais da Golegã
Maçons de Portugal
Maçons do século XIX
Maçons do século XX
Republicanos de Portugal
Embaixadores de Portugal na Espanha
Primeiros-ministros da Primeira República Portuguesa
Jose de Mascarenhas Relvas
Ministros do Interior de Portugal
Alumni da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra

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JPMorgan Chase realized the benefit of combining operations from multiple DFW locations at one campus, knowing the increased synergy of a sparkling, amenity-rich campus would help attract and retain top talent. The campus features a "Main Street" concept running between the office buildings, which has restaurants, daycare, grab-and-go options, and other space reserved for amenities. The vibrant on-campus options, along with walkable proximity to the shops, restaurants, and living options of Legacy West provide JPMC employees with an urban-feel and true live-work-play experience.


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Bell Tower Theater
2728 Asbury Rd
The Bell Tower Theater, your hometown theater, offers comedies and musicals year-round. Our shows feature talented local performers and most shows are being produced in Dubuque for the first time.
To purchase tickets to a show, click here.
In addition to the shows you see below, the Bell Tower Theater also offers Family Events and Special Events.
All of these shows below perform on the following schedule:
Wednesdays at 7:30
Thursdays at 7:30 pm (Girl's Night Out--Free Wine Night)
Fridays at 7:30 pm
Saturdays at 7:30 pm
Sundays at 2:00 pm
Tickets are $21.
Early Bird Special performances are the first two performances of each of these shows. Tickets are just $10.50.
A Musical Comedy by Gil Perlroth
August 9 to 25, 2019
This hilarious musical confirms that retirement is grand! The vaudeville-esque show celebrates thejoys and demands of being in the post-employment set. From driving and early bird specials to HMOs and writing a will, nothing is off limits in this upbeat, catchy romp through retirement. This show is recommended for mature audiences.
Early Bird Special Dates: August 9 and 10
Purchase tickets for this event
Get more info at www.aintretirementgrand.com.
A Comedy by Michael Parker & Susan Parker
October 11 to 27, 2019
Take a trip to the Lovers' Landing Beach Hotel, a cozy little place that is "The Home of Sandy Toes and Salty Kisses." Legend has it that no one can resist its romantic mystique. That legend is put to the test when the blue-blooded Beatrice Rutherford-Smythe and her daughter visit to plan the daughter's wedding. Beatrice immediately begins a campaign to talk her daughter, not only out of the Lovers' Landing, but also the marriage itself. A bit of illegal gambling, a little rum running and some mistaken identities provide a comical beach adventure.
Early Bird Special Dates: October 11 and 12
A Comedy by Phil Olson
December 6 to 22, 2019
It's Christmas Eve, and a reporter on the brink of being fired has been assigned a story about a typical family Christmas – his family's Christmas. He goes home to his widowed mother, crazy uncle, eccentric grandmother, battling siblings and their neurotic spouses—no shortage of material. But when they learn that he's writing an article about them, the fruitcake hits the fan. Will the magic of Christmas bring this family back together?
Early Bird Special Dates: December 6 and 7
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The Tembusu Multi-Utilities Complex (TMUC) on Jurong Island is the first coal-fired plant in Singapore, supplying steam, power and high-grade industrial water and demineralised water. The S$2b project's innovation lies in its integration of utility services, which serves to maximise efficiency and minimise energy wastage by combining resources over multiple systems and centralising operations.
Calibre provided engineering services for government permitting, design and supervision of the power plant for Phases 1 & 2A. This involved the construction of a new biomass clean coal (BMCC) co‑generation power plant with a capacity of 100MW – the very hub of the complex.
It also included construction of a Circulating Fluidised Bed (CFB) boiler, which fires coal and biomass to generate steam with lower emissions, backup boiler, coal silo and associated structures, including turbine house, administration and control buildings.
As TMUC is the first coal-fired plant in Singapore, compliance of emission controls as well as fire safety requirements were a special challenge for our team.
With the Tembusu industrial area designated to become a new petrochemical sector, the plant is an integral facility, primarily servicing the various operations being established in the region.


Noble gases market received a tremendous boost on account of rising applications in niche markets, such as laser technologies, window insulations, electronics, semiconductors industry, and energy-efficient lighting industry. These gases have found industrial acceptance in various sectors such as, oil & gas, chemical, mining, power, energy efficient buildings, surgery, semi-conductors, aerospace, steel and aluminum industries, among others. Since noble gases are inert in nature and do not react with other elements, demand has increased in applications, where oxidation or other reactions are required. The North America noble gas business is at developing stage, however, it is expected to grow steadily over the forecast years.
January 2018: Toyota announced that the company is introducing its first hydrogen fuel cell vehicle into Canada's most active electric vehicle market, later this year, a move that could eventually help eliminate emissions from automobile use in Canada.
January 2018: Air Products expects to commission an ASU (Air Separation unit) in New Johnsonville, Tennessee in the third quarter of 2018, under a contract to supply the American chemical corporation, Chemours Company FC LLC, with tonnage quantities of oxygen, nitrogen, and argon.
January 2018: Air Products will unveil a new world-scale steam methane reformer (SMR) and cold box in Baytown, Texas in 2018, to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide (CO) to be supplied to customers from Air Products' Gulf Coast Hydrogen and CO Pipeline Networks.
Major Players: Linde, Air Products, American Gas, Proton Gases, and Praxair, amongst others.


In response to industry feedback following the publication of the first edition of ICMS, the ICMS Coalition have introduced and are seeking feedback on a second edition which incorporates life cycle costs.
The second edition will enable practitioners to classify costs across the whole project life cycle, eliminating inconsistencies and discrepancies when accounting, comparing and predicting project finances.
The first edition of ICMS provides an international standard for capital cost reporting. However, clients and governments are now incorporating capital and other life cycle costs into their project decisions. To meet this need, the second edition will incorporate life cycle costs including capital costs.
The single standard classifying costs across the whole project life cycle will enable professionals to make like-for-like comparisons across markets, regions, states and intra-organisationally, ultimately driving better cost projections and budget management.
The first edition of ICMS focused on creating a standard for capital cost reporting. The second edition builds upon this by creating a cost classification for renewal, operation and maintenance – all components which have a direct impact on facility management.
The second edition of ICMS will better connect facility management and early investment and construction cost decisions.
All RICS professionals can record informal CPD for the time they spend consulting on the draft standard.


text:
"Damn Lies"
Exploring Bill Monroe's Bluegrass Legacy, One Half-Truth at a Time
San Diego Bluegrass: An Annotated Mixtape
Track Two: Radio and Migration
The following is the second of nine tracks on an annotated mix-tape exploring the Bluegrass Scene of my home, San Diego County. Click the link and read along.
"Just When I Needed You"
-Maddox Brothers and Rose (Late 1940's)
This recording, made just across the border at XERB radio station in Rosarito Beach, Baja, marks an interesting point in the career of the Maddox Brothers and Rose. Since 1937, the siblings (Cal, Cliff, Don, and their sister Rose) had been flooding the airways with their genre blending radio shows. By the time of this recording, the group had found a regular recording gig with the already infamous 4-Star Records in Los Angeles. It was through 4-Star that the group found themselves broadcasting on the AM border blaster throughout the entire western half of the United States.
( www.musicstack.com )
Their high energy performances and distinctive style earned them the titles of "California's Best Hillbilly Band" and "America's Most Colorful Hillbilly Band" from the 30's through the 50's. The latter name can be attributed either to the group's colorful wardrobe designed by Hollywood designer Nathan Turk (think Roy Rodgers and Gene Autry) or to their raucous stage shows that often featured lewd jokes, suggestive lyrics, and plenty of dancing. It was this last element that prompted a somewhat bitter, up and coming Patsy Cline to remark after Rose was asked to follow Cline's performance in Oceanside:
"If I got up and shook like she does, why I'd be as popular as she is!"
-Patsy Cline
But their energy paid off in a big way. It was precisely their "color," along with their unique proto-rockabilly (Fred Maddox is often credited with originating the slap bass technique back in 1937) that has since sparked some interesting comparisons with Elvis Presley and other early rock musicians.
This style may have worked for the band out west, but it clashed uncomfortably with many eastern audiences, notably the Grand Ole Opry, which was shocked by Rose's exposed midriff in their first performance in 1949. After a brief stint in Nashville, the group ultimately felt unwelcome. They left the Opry and were never asked to return.
But what does any of this have to do with San Diego? The Maddox Brothers and Rose, like many Californian families, are not "originally" from California. Rose and her family hitchhiked from Boaz, Alabama (part of Appalachia according to the ARC!) to Los Angeles, California to escape a life of sharecropping. After a few years of working odd jobs and following the crops up and down the Great Central Valley from Sacramento to Yuma, 18-year-old brother Fred Maddox arranged for the siblings to play a daily hour-long radio slot out of Modesto. San Diego Troubadour writer Lyle Duplessie tells it best:
"As the story goes, he went into Rice's Furniture Store looking for a prospective sponsor. The owner, Jim Rice, was willing to give the band a chance, but only if they had a girl singer and if Fred did all the ads. Fast-talking Fred assured him that they had the best girl singer around, while withholding the fact that this girl singer was none other than 11-year-old sister Rose… Not one to quit while ahead, Fred made a deal to purchase a new bass fiddle from Mr. Rice at $10 down and $10 a month that very same morning. Apparently it didn't seem odd to Mr. Rice that at least one of the band members didn't own his own instrument."
-Lyle Duplessie
The rest is history.
Theirs was the sound San Diego was bathed in during the 40's and 50's, the soundtrack to a gradually urbanizing series of beach towns between Tijuana and Camp Pendleton. Rose Maddox and her brothers rode the airways and toured the state, entertaining audiences and inspiring the next generation of musicians throughout the west.
Their story serves as a fine example of the classic California musician. Leaving home in search of a better life, geographically fluid, full of energy and clashing with the status quo, The Maddox Brothers and Rose represent a particular type commonly found in San Diego: the migrant musician. Whether it was the Dust Bowl, the military, or educational opportunities, San Diego has long been rife with people "from" somewhere else. This melting pot of traditions and backgrounds would lead to the creation of the bluegrass scene in the region as we know it today.
For more on the fascinating story of Rose Maddox, check out Lyle Duplessie's three-part masterpiece, "Queen of Hillbilly Swing: Rose Maddox", which served as the inspiration for this piece.
For more on this track, and many, MANY more, check out the Lou Curtiss Sound Library project, or follow Curtiss on Facebook.
May 22, 2015 San Diego Bluegrass: An Annotated MixtapeMigration, Rose Maddox, San Diego Troubadour, The Maddox Brothers and Rosesamawinter
← Track One: Proto-grass and Encinitas	Track Three: How Shared Space Makes Great Music Possible →
"Smith's statements that the music
began with Monroe's post-war band
and his inclusion of Earl Scruggs-style
banjo as one of the defining
characteristics of the music were,
Monroe told Smith angrily, 'damn lies' as far as he was concerned."
– Neil Rosenberg, "Bluegrass: A History"
More VT Bluegrass Blogs
Appalachian Roots and Influence
Biography of an Artist
Bluegrass Class
Bluegrass Today
Chris Pendalfi
Clarence White
Ernest Stoneman
Hattie Stoneman
High Lonesome Sound
Old and in the Way
Patsy Stoneman
Robert Cantwell
San Diego Troubadour
Seatrain
Such Jubilee
The Bristol Sessions
The Monroe Brothers
The Punch Brothers
The Skillet Lickers
This Side of Jordan
Yungchen Lhamo
samawinter on About
Emily Silver on About
Jordan Laney on Bluegrass with a Stance
Jordan on The Roots of Innovation
bluegrassjam34 on The Roots of Innovation
Track Three: How Shared Space Makes Great Music Possible
Track One: Proto-grass and Encinitas
SD Bluegrass: The Annotated Mix-Tape
Coming Soon! San Diego Bluegrass: The Annotated Mix-Tape


#1. This week's number one is former U18 international center Youssoupha Fall (221-95, currently plays in France). Fall could not help SIG Strasbourg (8-7) in their last game. Despite his good performance SIG Strasbourg was crushed 80-55 on the road by the higher-ranked (#6) JDA Dijon. Fall was the top scorer with 13 points. He also added 9 rebounds in 27 minutes on the court. It's Fall's first season with the team. Fall has individually a very good year with high stats. He averages: 16.3ppg, 8.4rpg, 1.4bpg, 2FGP: 70.2%(85-121) and FT: 59.5% in 12 games he played so far. Fall played for the Senegalese U18 national team seven years ago.
#2. Second place goes to an international forward Maurice Ndour (206-92, college: Ohio, currently plays in EuroCup). He led his Russian team Unics Kazan to an easy victory against the fourth-ranked Cedevita (0-3) crushing them 105-70 in the Eurocup in Wednesday night's game. Ndour scored 13 points, had 4 rebounds and made 3 blocks. Unics Kazan (2-1) is placed second in group H. There are only three games left until the end of the Eurocup Top 16. So now every game will be critical. Ndour has relatively good stats this season: 10.9ppg, 4.5rpg, 1.2bpg, 1.1spg, 2FGP: 53.9% and FT: 87.5%. He is in the roster of the Senegalese senior national team.
#3. The Senegalese player who performed third best last week abroad was an international center Youssou Ndoye (213-91, college: St.Bonaventure, currently plays in France). Ndoye led JL Bourg to a victory against the 13th-ranked Le Mans (6-10) 83-77 in the French ProA last Saturday. He recorded 17 points and grabbed 9 rebounds (made all of his five free throws) in 36 minutes. JL Bourg Basket (13-3) is placed second in the ProA. Ndoye has very impressive stats this year: 15.7ppg, 9.1rpg, 1.8bpg, 2FGP: 65.7%(94-143), 3FGP: 33.3% and FT: 72.1% in 15 games. He is also a member of the Senegalese senior national team.
#4. An experienced forward Mouhammad Faye (207-85, college: SMU, currently plays in EuroCup) was not able to help Crvena Zvezda in their game against Valencia Basket (3-0) in the Eurocup. Faye scored 9 points and grabbed 5 rebounds in 23 minutes. But the third-placed Crvena Zvezda (1-2) was badly defeated 92-76 in Valencia by the leading Basket in the group G of Eurocup. There are only three games left until the end of the Eurocup Top 16. So now every game is very crucial. This year Faye's overall stats are: 8.7ppg, 7.3rpg and 1.6apg in 10 games. He is also Senegalese national team player.
#5. Former international center Moussa Diagne (211-94, currently plays in EuroCup) contributed to Andorra's victory against the third-ranked Zenit (1-2) 80-71 in the Eurocup last Tuesday. He scored 10 points, had 5 rebounds and made 2 blocks. MoraBanc Andorra (3-0) is placed first in group H. So far his team won all three games in the Top 16. There are only three games left until the end of the Eurocup Top 16. So now every game will be important. Diagne's total stats this season are: 6.9ppg and 5.0rpg. He has a dual citizenship: Senegalese and Spanish. Worth to mention Diagne played also at Eurobasket Summer League, which helped him get the job in pro basketball. Diagne used to play for the Senegalese national team three years ago.
#6. Power forward Babacar Toure (205-85, currently plays in Basketball Champions League) led his Swiss team Fribourg to a victory over the closely-ranked Telekom Baskets (4-7) 70-63 in the Basketball Champions League on Tuesday night. He was MVP of the game. Toure had a double-double by scoring 21 points and getting 12 rebounds in 31 minutes. Fribourg Olympic (3-8) is placed seventh in group B. They ended the series of six consecutive loses. There are only three games left until the end of the Basketball Champions League Regular Season. Toure has very impressive stats this year: 16.1ppg, 10.8rpg and 2.5apg in 16 games. He is a former international player as he played for the Senegalese senior team five years ago.
#7. Former international power forward Ibrahima Faye (207-97, currently plays in Belgium) was the main contributor in a Leuven Bears' victory against the closely-ranked Kangoeroes (4-9) 92-75 in the Belgian Euromillions League in Saturday night's game. Faye was the best player in that game. He recorded a double-double by scoring 23 points and getting 12 rebounds. Stella Artois Leuven Bears (3-8) is placed second from the bottom (#9) in the Euromillions League. It was Leuven Bears' first victory after four consecutive loses. But this is still an early stage of the season and everything may happen. This year Faye has relatively solid stats: 11.8ppg, 9.9rpg, 1.3apg and 1.1bpg. He used to play for the Senegalese national team three years ago.
#8. Center Cheikh Mbodj (208-87, agency: Octagon Europe, college: Cincinnati, currently plays in Poland) contributed to a 3-point Twarde Pierniki's victory against the tenth-ranked Wilki Morskie (6-9) 98-95 in the Polish EBL last Sunday. Mbodj scored 8 points and grabbed 6 rebounds in 30 minutes. Polski Cukier Torun (13-3) is placed first in the EBL. It was his team's fourth consecutive victory in a row. Mbodj has reliable stats this year: 12.1ppg, 6.3rpg, 1.4apg and 1.9bpg in 16 games. He plays currently for the Senegalese national team.
#9. International center Gorgui Dieng (211-90, college: Louisville, currently plays in NBA) was not able to secure a victory for the Minnesota Timberwolves (21-24) in their game against the Philadelphia 76ers (30-16) in the NBA. Dieng scored 7 points and grabbed 9 rebounds in 20 minutes. The Minnesota Timberwolves (21-24) were crushed 149-107 in Philadelphia by the 76ers. Dieng has been at the team for six years. This season his total stats are: 5.5ppg and 4.1rpg in 45 games. Dieng is also in the roster of the Senegalese national team.
#10. Power forward Jules Aw (202-86, currently plays in Switzerland) couldn't help Massagno (8-2) in their game against Neuchatel (9-5) in the Swiss SBL. Despite his very good performance in Saturday night's game He was the top scorer with 17 points. Aw also added 6 rebounds. This season Aw has very high stats. He averages: 17.4ppg, 10.6rpg, 1.4apg and 2.1spg. Aw is a former international player as twelve years ago he still played for the Senegalese senior national team.
#11. U18 international center Biram Faye (206-0, currently plays in Spain) couldn't help Fontedoso Carrefour in their game against Tormes in the Spanish LEB Silver (third division). Despite his very good performance on Friday night Faye recorded a double-double by scoring 19 points and getting 14 rebounds. He also added 2 blocks. Faye averaged so far 11.2ppg, 8.3rpg and 1.3bpg. He plays currently for the Senegalese U18 national team.
#12. Former international center Pape Faye (200-87, currently plays in Japan) couldn't help Osaka Evessa in their game against Kyoto Hannaryz in the Japanese B League. He scored 8 points. His team was defeated 67-58. Faye has averaged so far 8.7ppg, 5.6rpg and 1.2apg. He used to play for the Senegalese national team back in 2017.
#13. Former U18 international power forward Cheikh Sane (207-92, college: Marshall, currently plays in Denmark) contributed to a Horsens IC's victory against the third-ranked Vaerlose 101-94 in the Danish BasketLigaen in Wednesday night's game. Sane recorded 6 points and grabbed 5 rebounds in 21 minutes. Sane has averaged so far 5.1ppg, 6.5rpg, 1.5apg and 1.6spg in eight games. He used to play for the Senegalese U18 national team eleven years ago.
#14. Former U18 international power forward Ousmane Barro (207-84, college: Marquette, currently plays in Romania) couldn't help CS Dinamo Bucuresti in their game against CSM Steaua Bucuresti in the Romanian Liga Nationala, despite his very good performance in Sunday night's game. Barro had a double-double by scoring 13 points and getting 10 rebounds in 31 minutes. But his team lost 70-77. Barro's stats this year are: 14.7ppg, 8.7rpg and 1.7spg in three games. He used to play for the Senegalese U18 national team back in 2002.
#15. U18 international center Amar Sylla (206-1, currently plays in Spain) couldn't help Real Madrid II in their game against Nautico Tenerife in the Spanish EBA (fourth division), despite his very good performance on Saturday night. Sylla had a double-double by scoring 17 points and getting 10 rebounds. He also added 3 blocks in 28 minutes. But his team was edged 84-82. Sylla averaged so far 14.0ppg, 8.6rpg and 1.5bpg in 15 games. He is also in the roster of the Senegalese U18 national team.
#1. Ilimane Diop (210-C-95, currently plays in Euroleague) led his Spanish team Baskonia to an easy victory against the 14th-ranked Gran Canaria (6-13) 83-66 in the Euroleague in Friday night's game. He had a double-double by scoring 13 points and getting 10 rebounds. Diop also added 2 blocks in 27 minutes. Kirolbet Baskonia Vitoria (9-10) is placed eighth in the Euroleague. It's Diop's sixth season with the team. This year he averages: 4.7ppg and 3.0rpg in 19 games he played so far. Diop has a dual citizenship: Senegalese and Spanish.
#2. Amath M'Baye (206-F-89, college: Oklahoma, currently plays in Basketball Champions League) led his Italian team Virtus Bologna to a victory against the seventh-ranked BBC Bayreuth (4-7) 93-83 in the Basketball Champions League last Wednesday. He scored 15 points. Virtus Segafredo Bologna (9-2) is placed first in group D. It was his team's ninth consecutive victory in a row. There are only three games left until the end of the Basketball Champions League Regular Season. So now every game will be critical. M'Baye has relatively good stats this season: 11.2ppg, 3.3rpg and 1.6apg. He is another player who holds two passports: Senegalese and French.
#3. Experienced Alioune Badara Ndoye (199-F-86, currently plays in Qatar) could not help Al Rayyan (1-9) in their last game on Saturday. Despite Ndoye's very good performance the bottom-ranked Al Rayyan was defeated 91-79 in a derby game by the leading Al Shamal. He was the top scorer with 22 points. Ndoye also added 9 rebounds and dished 7 assists. The Regular Season already ended. This season Ndoye has relatively solid stats: 14.0ppg, 8.3rpg, 3.0apg and 1.7spg. He has both Senegalese and Qatari nationalities. Despite Ndoye's Senegalese passport, he previously played for the Qatari military national team and is probably not eligible to play for the Senegalese team.
#4. Mamadou Niang (209-C-94, currently plays in Basketball Champions League) was not able to help CB Canarias in their game against Umana Venezia (8-3) in the Basketball Champions League. Niang scored only 4 points. CB Canarias was edged 80-78 on the road by the second-ranked Umana Venezia in the group B of Basketball Champions League. There are only three games left until the end of the Basketball Champions League Regular Season. Niang has been at the team for four years. His total stats this season are: 5.2ppg and 3.0rpg.
#5. Lamine Diane (201-F-97, currently plays college basketball in the States), who plays in the NCAA was not able to secure a victory for the CS Northridge in their last game on Thursday. Despite his very good performance his team was defeated 84-79 in Honolulu by the University of Hawaii. Diane recorded a double-double by scoring 28 points and getting 16 rebounds. Diane has individually a very good season with high stats. He averages: 24.1ppg, 11.4rpg, 2.1apg, 2.3bpg and 1.6spg.
#6. Oumar Seck (208-C-88, currently plays in Qatar) led Al Arabi to a victory over the closely-ranked Al Gharafa crushing them 87-66 in a derby game in the Qatari D1 on Wednesday night. Seck was the top player that evening. He had a double-double by scoring 28 points and getting 11 rebounds. Seck also added 6 assists and 3 blocks in 37 minutes. Seck has very impressive stats this year: 19.3ppg, 11.5rpg, 2.1apg and 1.1bpg in eight games.
#7. Mame Souleye (206-C-87, currently plays in Qatar) contributed to an Al Wakrah's victory against the closely-ranked Al Ahli 73-68 in the Qatari D1 last Wednesday. He scored 12 points, had 8 rebounds and dished 3 assists in 30 minutes. Souleye's stats this year are: 13.5ppg, 10.5rpg and 1.5apg in four games. He also holds two passports: Senegalese and Qatari.
#8. Bira Seck (204-PF-90, agency: Interperformances, college: Idaho, currently plays in Japan) was the major contributor in a Tokyo Cinq Reves' victory against the closely-ranked Gifu Swoops 75-69 in the Japanese B League D3 in Saturday night's game. Seck had a double-double by scoring 13 points and getting 14 rebounds. He also added 2 blocks in 30 minutes. Seck's stats this year are: 14.4ppg, 8.2rpg and 2.0apg in 30 games.
#9. Abdou Thiam (204-F/C-98, currently plays in Spain) was the main contributor in Betanzos' surprising victory against the fifth-ranked Chantada 78-74 in the Spanish EBA (fourth division) last Sunday. He was the top player that evening. Thiam recorded a double-double by scoring 18 points and getting 25 rebounds. He also added 2 blocks. This season Thiam has very high stats. He averages: 19.8ppg, 16.1rpg, 1.7bpg and 1.3spg.
#10. Atoumane Diagne (215-C-98, currently plays in Spain) couldn't help Barca II (5-13) in their last game. Despite Diagne's good performance Barca II was crushed 70-49 on the opponent's court by the higher-ranked (#15) Caceres_Basket. He was the top scorer with 10 points. Diagne also added 9 rebounds and made 4 blocks in 20 minutes. Diagne has averaged so far 7.9ppg, 6.8rpg and 1.7bpg in 18 games.


Electric Cloud is pleased to announce the general availability of the ElectricFlow 6.1 FR. This release is of the type "Feature Release". For more information about types of releases, please go to ElectricFlow Release Strategy.
ElectricFlow 6.1 FR introduces the new ElectricFlow Release module for capturing, executing, visualizing, and controlling the lifecycle of multi-application releases. ElectricFlow 6.1 FR contains improvements to the ElectricFlow Deploy module and the ElectricFlow platform as well.
Coordinated execution – Flexibility to automate software delivery with tasks that leverage application processes, procedures, workflows, manual tasks and plugins to integrate with 3rd party tools.
Release dashboard – a bird's eye view of all the releases that are planned, active, or complete. For each release, teams get quick visibility including: if the release is in progress, milestone dates, if the release is blocked waiting for manual approval, and how far the release has progressed.
Path to production view – provides at-a-glance visuals to help release teams quickly isolate which environments are not in compliance with the release bill of materials, as well as up to date information on which application versions are installed onto any environment in the release.
Multi-application enterprise releases – captures, validates, coordinates, and executes on the many details that need to be managed to achieve a successful release. Provides a transparent and collaborative record of the release, all of its activities, and its health.
Deploy Master Component by Reference – Master components are enhanced in 6.1 to support 'referencing' in addition to creating by copy. Authors can manage master component definitions centrally and any changes to the definitions are automatically inherited by the relevant applications. The 'reference' capability coupled with the 'copy' capability allows application authors the flexibility and reusability to drive best practices.
Various Usability improvements – This release contains usability enhancements such as a new home page, extensible navigation menus, and improved breadcrumbs for better trace-ability.
Flow Help Center – Providing a centralized location for easy access to video tutorials, knowledge base articles, community discussions and assistance, and product documentation.
Maintenance Release roll ups - The 6.1 feature release rolls up the fixes made in the 6.0.1 maintenance release. For more details please see the 6.0.1 announcement.
Download ElectricFlow 6.1 FR from the Electric Cloud Sharefile site.
See the "System Requirements and Supported Platforms" section in the ElectricFlow Installation Guide for a complete list of supported platforms and configurations.
Upgrades to ElectricFlow 6.1 FR are supported from ElectricCommander 4.2.x, ElectricFlow 5.x, and ElectricFlow 6.0 LTS and 6.0.1. Any systems that are running on a pre-4.2 version must be upgraded to ElectricCommander 4.2.x before you can then upgrade to ElectricFlow 6.1 FR. For complete upgrade requirements and instructions, please see the ElectricFlow Installation Guide.
New capabilities like Release and Pipelines are part of a separately licensed ElectricFlow Release module.
Contact Customer Support with questions related to this release at support@electric-cloud.com.