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Exploring the CULT in culture
Following is a revised version (including additional material) of an article by Ivan Tyrrell, first published in 1993, that explores Dr Arthur Deikman's enlightening work on cult behaviour.
SOME years ago Arthur Deikman, clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California at San Francisco, took part in a research seminar on new religious movements, held at the University of California at Berkeley. Former cult members came to speak to participants. As the seminar progressed, Deikman was struck not only by how normal the people seemed but also by how similar their experiences in cults were to all sorts of every day experiences — in work, politics, psychiatry and traditional religions. Most people regard cults as dangerous but rare: Deikman argues that the patterns of cult behaviour are much more widespread than people think. He went on to study cults extensively and published his findings in The Wrong Way Home: uncovering the patterns of cult behaviour (Beacon Press) and an updated version of that book called Them and Us: Cult thinking and the terrorist threat (Bay Tree Publishing).
Exploring the CULT in culture:
A CULT is most commonly thought of as a religious or utopian group with a charismatic leader, though not all cult leaders are charismatic. Such groups can do a lot of damage causing anything from the breaking up of families to horrific acts of ritual murder, mass suicide and terrorist acts (Jonestown … Waco … 9/11). Some cult members exhibit obviously bizarre behaviour and wear strange clothes. Yet most cult behaviour is only a slightly more extreme form of the normal cultural behaviour that we are steeped in from childhood — for example, peer group pressure to conform.
Deikman noted that the desires that bring people to cults — including the need to feel secure and protected — are universal human longings (as we would say, human givens). Their effect in our daily lives can be shockingly similar to the effect they have within the most bizarre cults, propelling people to take self destructive paths toward the security they seek, to fail to think realistically, suppress healthy dissent and autonomy, devalue outsiders and accept authoritarianism.
Deikman's message is an urgent one, because he sees these pervasive patterns throughout society as threats to our freedom. As he says in the preface to his book, "The price of cult behaviour is diminished realism."
Why people join cults
"Cults form and thrive," says Deikman, "not because people are crazy, but because they have two kinds of wishes. They want a meaningful life, to serve God or humanity; and they want to be taken care of, to feel protected and secure, to find a home. The first motives may be laudable and constructive, but the latter exert a corrupting effect, enabling cult leaders to elicit behaviour directly opposite to the idealistic vision with which members entered the group.
"Usually, in psychiatry and psychology, the wish to be taken care of (to find a home, a parent) is called dependency and this is a rather damning label when applied to adults. Adults are not supposed to be dependent in that way, relying on another as a child would rely on a mother or father. We are supposed to be autonomous, self-sustaining, with the capacity to go it alone. We do recognise that adults need each other for emotional support, for giving and receiving affection, for validation; that is acceptable and sanctioned. But underlying such mature interdependency is the longing of the child, a yearning that is never completely outgrown. This covert dependency — the wish to have parents and the parallel wish to be loved, admired and sheltered by one's group — continues throughout life in everyone. These wishes generate a hidden fantasy or dream that can transform a leader into a strong, wise, protective parent and a group into a close, accepting family. Within that dream we feel secure."
Cults and culture
Cults are a mirror in which we can see, more clearly focused, aspects of the wider culture — the process by which the norms, values, ideas and shared perceptions of a society are passed down from generation to generation. In conforming we become 'cultured'. There are practical advantages in conforming and certain disadvantages in not doing so. No group or country is one static culture but a special mix of interrelating lesser cultures. The streetwise homeless in Britain today, for example, have a different 'culture' from a British farmer, accountant or a nurse. At the same time, however, all British people share in something that is distinctive and different from, say, a South American, African or Middle Eastern culture. In other words, each country's mix has a distinct 'flavour'.
How do cults work?
The four factors that Deikman cites as characteristic of cult phenomena are:
compliance with the group
dependence on a leader
avoidance of dissent
devaluation of outsiders.
Most of us probably think that, unlike members of cults, we think for ourselves and act on our own volition. This is in fact far from the case. Not only does much of our behaviour derive from (post hypnotic) conditioning, but as social beings we easily become subject to automatic group behaviour.
Group behaviour pattern is established very early on — in the family. We comply with the way the family operates because, to survive, we have to. Our parents are our first 'leaders'. We compete with our siblings within the family groups, exhibiting jealousies and rivalries. When we grow up, we become independent in some ways, but, unless we are weaned from it, the primitive pattern remains, largely unperceived. As adults, much more than we usually realise, we still depend on leaders — parent figures — to look after us and take decisions. The excuse, "I was only following-orders!" is the adult equivalent of "Mummy told me to do it". (Social psychologist Stanley Milgram famously showed in his experiments on obedience that, when we obey authority, we do not see ourselves as responsible for our actions, however cruel.)
This basic pattern of group behaviour is found all round the world – in many other animals as well as us — and it arose out of the survival value of living in packs and herds. In earlier times people cast out of the pack/herd/tribe would die quickly — eaten by predators. Survival chances were much higher as a member of a group that could act collectively for protection. So 'don't be an outsider' is an instruction from our genes and that's why, whatever environment we find ourselves in, we learn what behaviour is expected of us by imitating others and adhere to this approach most of the time.
The enormous power of the group is evidenced in the fact that, if we witness a mugging or attack in the streets, we are more likely to help if we witness it alone rather than in a crowd or group. Many studies have shown this. It happens because, if others are around, we look to others for cues on how to behave. As undeveloped people, unless trained otherwise, we resort to the primitive pattern of looking for someone else to take responsibility. At an earlier stage in human evolution this was probably a useful tactic because a tribe or group cannot enlist cooperation and operate in unity unless there is a good measure of agreement within it.
But there are clearly times when this is inappropriate behaviour and leadership is sought. Leaders are people who can detach themselves enough from the group to be able to make choices based on their individual judgement. They then can point the way but, to get everyone going, they have to exploit group behaviour. Their motivation for doing this may be selfish, altruistic or a mixture of both.
Individuals may benefit from group protection when they join a cult — and there is evidence that many people are 'saner', safer and cause society fewer problems inside a cult than out — but there is a price to pay. Not least that they restrict their potential to become independent human beings. Group members become embarrassed by individualistic views, which might bring change and progress. However, this tendency is not restricted to conventional cults.
All traditional religions, which most of us still don't think of as cults, show the cult-like tendencies of idolising leaders and preventing independent thought. When in the third century, for example, Christianity became cult-like, some of its followers rampaged around the Mediterranean destroying the great classical libraries, actively suppressing learning and scientific endeavour wherever they found it. The effect was to plunge Europe into what became known as the Dark Ages, holding back human development here for hundreds of years. This is not, of course, how Christians today like to have their history regarded, but it is hard to refute. The rise of communism and fascism were major 20th century examples of cult-like behaviour that grew to such an extent that they had a disastrous impact on human progress.
In a group no one wants to be seen as the 'bad guy' who has individual thoughts that challenge the rightness of the group, and this is a big danger. Cult-like behaviour, wherever it is found, leads to, and traps people in, unrealistic, inflexible thinking.
Cult leaders demand loyalty and suppress criticism. For them, power must be absolute. Authoritarianism takes precedence over anything else. They often claim that 'special' knowledge, secret ancient doctrines or divine revelation is guiding them.
Here again we can see how this developed out of a natural process that began in the family and the tribe. A child is more likely to die if it does not obey its parents who are more aware of dangers in the environment than the young one. As people grow up and the society they live in becomes more complex, individuals with expertise had to give direction and be followed and obeyed in certain circumstances. That's how businesses work, military operations run, and schools and countries are governed.
But cults, because they only serve the leader, exploit and pervert that useful habit and, to establish and maintain itself, does everything possible to destroy family ties, and any other secure and conventional anchor in a person's life. This has the effect of strengthening a member's bond with the cult and its leader. From this viewpoint, the cults that promote celibacy and the cults that encourage indulgence in sexual promiscuity are seeking the same ends — the destruction of normal family life and the substitution of dependence on the cult group authority. Although ordinary institutions in our society do not yet directly seek to destroy family ties, 'nanny state' interference may be having a similar effect.
Dependence, the wish to have a 'parent' take responsibility for our lives, as many people have pointed out, can lead people to view 'God' as a father figure. Political leaders can also become important fantasy figures who, for many people, take on the aura of 'big daddy', all-knowing and charismatic. Politicians we all observe are primarily concerned with preserving their positions than being useful to society. We only kid ourselves if we think that they really know what's going on and are taking genuine responsibility.
This becomes apparent when the contents of major, 'private', meetings of world leaders are leaked, revealing them to be as much in the dark as the rest of us — just reacting to events. This is why so many politicians become obsessed with secrecy, cutting people 'out of the loop', seeking scapegoats and rarely answer straight questions with straight answers. They are trying to maintain the structure and fantasy of being 'guiding shepherds' without knowing what is really needed. They do have a real secret, however, and it is that they are sheep too! They are not the omnipotent, far-seeing father figures that so many seem to long for.
Western leaders like to claim we live in democracies but that notion doesn't stand up to examination. For a start, democratically voting over every decision is hopelessly inefficient: decisions tend to take forever, involve compromises that prevent anything working in a straightforward manner and pander to the lowest common denominator in a group. Voting, of course, has a broad use in removing hopeless or tyrannical leaders from office. But democratic processes are only useful where they are necessary.
There is another reason democracy is rare in human activity. It is because there are always people who find out that taking power is easier than askingfor it. We all give up power easily — whatever we might like to think. And a lot of the time this is appropriate. If someone knows the path through a swamp you follow him. This is natural behaviour, but the problem is that people in all fields of human activity still tend to respond like mesmerised rabbits to anyone who offers to take responsibility, without checking out that the person really is competent to do so. If someone steals the clothes of the swamp guide and people follow him into the swamp, the likely result is that they will get lost and worse. And this taking of power is exactly what happens in cults. The problems arise because cult leaders promise what they cannot deliver – 'enlightenment', 'security', 'riches', 'happiness' etc. – yet people follow them anyway.
Nevertheless, someone has to run things in any organisation. It is vital, therefore, that leaders in all types of organisation — political, business, educational, religious, social — can be trusted to withstand the development of cultish behaviour in themselves and those around them.
Avoiding dissent
Cults use various methods of indoctrination to keep cult members committed: alternative information about other ideas are banned and denigrated; cult ideals are endlessly promoted; and members are kept busy, thus distracting them from observing their changing state and what's really going on.
Yet this sort of behaviour also happens all of the time in our ordinary daily life when we involve ourselves in activities that back up our prejudices. We may, for instance, read newspapers that largely agree with and maintain our own views and political prejudices. But this limits our perspective, as we can never understand other points of view if we don't study them.
More than one observer has pointed out that the entire medical profession operates, to some extent, like a cult. Medical students quickly realise they have to show allegiance to 'their' hospital and consultants may demand absolute loyalty from their teams. Many victims of medical accidents have claimed that the tendency of doctors to stick together makes it impossible to pursue a justified grievance. Similarly, it takes great courage for a member of hospital staff to become a whistle-blower, knowing of the ostracism that may well ensue from the entrenched management. Whistle-blowers in all fields, despite benefiting the common good, tend to lose their jobs.
Denigration
The cult devalues outsiders including those from other cults and anyone who criticises them — including members' families. Again, this has its roots in prehistoric times when a natural caution towards approaching strangers was appropriate; they could be intent on your destruction or be diseased or plain old thieves.
But the cult message massively distorts that survival template to, essentially, "we're safe and everyone else is damned!" So, the logic goes, if you are in the cult, you must be superior to outsiders. Is not your 'superiority' the basic reason for your being in the cult in the first place?
This view can harden even further to, "Outsiders are evil, we are right!" Everything is seen in black and white. No successful cult ever proclaimed, "Maybe we're wrong!"
Once outsiders are declared to be evil, it is a simple step to legitimise rationally whatever needs to be done to destroy or 'save' them. Even torture and killing can become a sanctified activity. This pattern can be seen throughout history — just consider, for instance, the appalling intolerance and cruelty of many conquering people towards those they overran in the past.
And today, stemming from most cultures, including Muslim, Jewish, Christian and atheistic ones, we can see the effects of fundamentalism. Even our own government, steeped in the cult of patriotism, sanctify cruel and inhuman behaviour towards anyone they regard as possible threats — and feel right in doing so. (The cruel way we treat people seeking sanctuary on our shores for example.) Righteousness always makes perpetrators feel good whilst doing shameful acts to others.
Another important cult characteristic is projection, where we see in others a trait we don't want to see in ourselves and then attack them for it. This too is common in ordinary life. A bigot, for example, might say; "I wouldn't listen to him. He's from down south, and all southerners are prejudiced!"
The above does not mean, of course, that one should not point out human folly, corruption or crazy, harmful ideas. It is often helpful to do so.
Are cults harmful?
To remain within the strict mental and social confines of a cult for even a short time can have the following effects:
Loss of choice and free will
Diminished intellectual ability, vocabulary and sense of humour
Reduced use of irony, abstractions and metaphors
Reduced capacity to form flexible and intimate relationships
Poor judgement
Members may become poorer as the cult siphons off their wealth
Physical deterioration
Hallucinations, panic, dissociation, guilt, identity diffusion and paranoia
Neurotic, psychotic or suicidal tendencies
Inoculation against cult behaviour
The best way to protect oneself from the more destructive aspects of the human tendency towards cultishness is to be informed about how these groups arise and be aware of why.
We should observe them from a detached standpoint; question our own assumptions instead of simply accepting them; ensure we have adequate support systems in our lives so that our innate emotional needs are being met, including getting adequate sources of attention (so that we are not swept off our feet by the lure of being given attention and being included and taken care of by a strange group).
As with all areas of study it is helpful to develop a willingness to accept the greys and uncertainties of life, instead of looking for black and white answers to difficult questions.
Cult behaviour always employs emotional arousal to prevent objective thinking and put people into trance states where they are more open to suggestion. So learn about what emotional arousal does.
Become aware of the mind control techniques used in cults and see how many of these are only one step away from normal behaviour. Some cults only employ one or two of these techniques — but that can be enough.
Cults can be so big they are rarely recognised as such. I recently heard someone, on hearing a Tony Blair policy being criticised, forcefully say, "I won't hear anything said against him. He's my leader right or wrong!"
Mind Control techniques include:
Peer group pressure: Suppressing doubt and resistance to new ideas by exploiting the need to belong
Love bombing: Exploiting the innate need for intimacy by creating a sense of family and belonging through hugging, kissing, touching and flattery
Hypnosis: Inducing a state of high suggestibility by using trance-inducing techniques such as relaxation, musical chanting, emotionally arousing music, rhythmic movements or techniques thinly disguised as meditation
Rejection of old values: Accelerating acceptance of new life style by constantly denouncing former values and beliefs
Confusion: Encouraging blind acceptance and rejection of logic through interminable complex lectures on incomprehensible doctrines
Metacommunication: Implanting subliminal messages by stressing certain key words or phrases in long harangues often called lectures.
Removal of privacy: Achieving a loss of the ability to evaluate experience logically by preventing private contemplation
Time sense deprivation: Destroying the ability to evaluate information, personal reactions, and body functions in relation to passage of time by removing all clocks and watches
Disinhibition: Encouraging child-like obedience by orchestrating child-like behaviour such as circle dancing, chanting
Uncompromising rules: Inducing regression and disorientation by soliciting agreement to seemingly simple rules which regulate mealtimes, bathroom breaks and use of medications
Verbal abuse: Desensitizing through bombardment with critical, foul and abusive language
Sleep deprivation and fatigue: Creating disorientation and vulnerability by prolonging mental and physical activity and withholding adequate rest and sleep — typical brainwashing process
Dress codes: Removing individuality by demanding conformity to the group dress code — sometimes by removing all clothes in ritual circumstances
Chanting and singing: Eliminating non-cult ideas through group repetition of mind-narrowing chants or phrases
Confession: Encouraging the destruction of individual ego through confession of personal weaknesses and innermost feelings of doubt
Financial commitment: Achieving increased dependence on the group by 'burning bridges' to the past, through the donation of assets
Finger pointing: Creating a false sense of righteousness by pointing to the shortcomings of the outside world and other cults
Flaunting hierarchy: Promoting acceptance of cult authority by promising advancement, power and salvation
Isolation: Inducing loss of reality by physical separation from family, friends, society and rational references
Controlled approval: Maintaining vulnerability and confusion by alternately rewarding and punishing similar actions
Change of diet: Creating disorientation and increased susceptibility to emotional arousal by depriving the nervous system of necessary nutrients through the use of special diets and/or fasting
Games: Inducing dependence on the group by introducing games with obscure rules
No questions: Accomplishing automatic acceptance of beliefs by discouraging questions
Guilt: Reinforcing the need for 'salvation' by exaggerating the sins of the former lifestyles
Fear: Maintaining loyalty and obedience to the group by threatening soul, life or limb for the slightest 'negative' thought, word or deed
Replacement of relationships: Destroying pre-cult families by arranging cult marriages and 'families'
The parallel in the corporate workplace
Deikman has shown how the patterns that characterise cults are found in all kinds of human activities, including the military, politics, religious, sport, psychotherapy, academia, entertainment, education and training. Below is just one of his examples: corporate business and administrative organisations.
In any such organisation, the chief executive usually becomes the chief authoritarian. They tend to manipulate the truth about situations and abuse their power. Negative reinforcement is often used, and threat of punishment is linked with power. Most companies automatically develop an authoritarian structure. The lives of employees are often regulated to some extent by the firm. There is 'sibling rivalry' in competition for advancement and the need for approval by 'parents' — one's managerial superiors. Everyone hopes for promotion. Managers tend to feel that they personally should have more power and their subordinates should have less.
The similarity between cult induction and joining a company is striking. The new employee may have to become totally immersed, leading to overwork, exhaustion and having only enough time to mix with other workers, thus reinforcing the company ethos.
Company personnel exhibit 'in-group' identification. Certain uniforms of dress and behaviour become company trademarks. Subordinates curry favours and copy superiors, often in silly ways such as wearing the same shoes or sporting the same style of coloured tie. Dress cues become important statements that give away individuals' ambitions and signal who they would like to be. This is really sympathetic magic: "If I wear what the boss wears, I'll become like the boss".
Subordinates may also fear the consequences of dissent. They won't speak out if they disagree with the group or its leaders, fearing the consequences of becoming outcasts. Dissent from the company ethos is not encouraged in companies unless it is ritualised 'token' dissent.
Family needs are often sacrificed for the needs of the company. Commonly, a family is expected to move with the job. This may cause family disintegration, loneliness and insecurity for children, etc. Also, when a family announces they are going to move on, people they know often 'drop' them. The family suddenly becomes invisible to neighbours. No one wants to invest any more time with them. It's as if they have already gone. This is very painful for wives and children who don't understand what's happening and who tend to blame themselves for 'being unpopular'.
Despite the pain that moving causes, the company must come first. Loyalty to the larger group is seen as more important than loyalty to the family. The employees most likely to get themselves into this fix are those still looking for a 'parent', and their need to be part of a greater family is more powerful than duty to the real families that they are now responsible for themselves.
Workplace Stress: The real causes and what you can do about them
Another common conflict occurs when the working partner must take work home from the office, resulting in neglect of the family. Failure to do this extra work may indicate to superiors that advancement isn't wanted. Catch 22!
Colleagues at work may become an 'in' group (cult) and the main source of friends for the employee, leaving the partner at home lonely and resentful. Yet to back out of this business 'in' group would nullify all the previous sacrifices made by the employee and family.
Companies are generally parental and protective in nature. Some companies even arrange a necessary house move, or look after medical and educational arrangements. This is very comforting for most of us and does not encourage us to leave — and step out into the cold.
Company values override individual values, in that a person can have a separate thought and behaviour structure for home and work. The 'violent soldier' goes home and becomes the 'kindly father'.
If employees come to believe that the company is greater than themselves and their families, this can have a tragic outcome for the family.
IVAN TYRRELL is a psychotherapist, writer and lecturer who, with JOE GRIFFIN, developed the human givens approach
This article first appeared in "Human Givens Journal" Volume 1 - No. 2: 1993
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Shakespeare's Bear
by IBBY | May 20, 2020 | Book Review, Fiction
Harry Oxford. London: PublishNation, pb, 9 780 244 268 848, 2020, 92pp.
Fiction, 10+ years
This delightful story is narrated by Mummer, a bear adopted as a cub by the Shakespeare family in Stratford-on-Avon.
Mummer comes, with the playwright and his son Hamnet, to the exciting background of Elizabethan London, where he becomes a part of the company at the Globe Theatre (remember the stage directions in The Winter's Tale, 'Exit pursued by a bear'!). The evil of bear-baiting is exposed in an incidental manner, largely through the narratives of two other bears whom Mummer meets. He also acts before the Queen herself, and even saves her from a treacherous plot. After spending a winter in the menagerie at the Tower of London, he expects to meet up with his special friend Hamnet again in the summer, but here reality intervenes in an otherwise imagined narrative, as Shakespeare's son died of the plague. His daughter Judith helps her father convey the news to the grieving bear, before Mummer is eventually conveyed, by barge around the coast, to a free life at large in the Scottish countryside. There he is not in sorrowful isolation but reunited with one of his bear friends.
A slight degree of defamiliarisation is deliberately created by the occasional use of the archaic second-person address, 'thou', together with terms such as 'mirthful' and 'fickle chance', but the language is never difficult nor alienating. The sympathy engendered by the warm and friendly character of the bear should capture the imagination of young readers and provide a vivid background to what they learn at school about Shakespeare and his times.
Review by Pat Pinsent
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This dish is popular throughout Greece as a simple meal or as part of a larger meal. It goes well with foods such as lamb, as well.
Add the olive oil to a large saucepan and set the heat to medium. Let the oil heat for a minute and then add the onions. Saute for five minutes, or until the onions soften.
Add the garlic and cook for another 1-2 minutes. Add chickpeas and rice and cook together for about two minutes.
Stir in the tomato paste and then the water and add the salt, pepper, and cinnamon. Cover the pan and bring the mixture to a boil over medium-high heat. Once the mixture boils, set the heat to low and cook until all the water is absorbed and the rice becomes soft.


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UN REPORT ON CORRUPTION AND FEE-SPLITTING AT RWANDA TRIBUNAL RELEASED
13 March 2002 By JusticeInfo.net
Arusha, March 13, 2002 (FH) - A UN report into allegations of corruption and fee splitting between detainees and defence lawyers at the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was released on Monday in New York. The report, a follow up to a similar one issued in February 2001, says the legal system at both UN tribunals continues to be abused.
Almost all suspects at both tribunals rely on legal aid funds from the tribunals to pay for their defence, claiming they are indigent. The report by the UN watchdog, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS), says some detainees at the ICTR solicit between US $2,500 to $5,000 per month from their defence teams. The report says that these detainees make such fee-splitting arrangements a condition for any lawyer interested in being chosen for their defence team. Each detainee selects three names of lawyers from a pool of about 200 kept by the ICTR. The ICTR registry then picks one of the three. ICTR defence lawyers receive between US$80 and US$110 per hour in legal fees, and can claim up to 175 hours per month. The earlier report by the UN's OIOS, released last year, found evidence of possible fee-splitting arrangements between defence lawyers and indigent accused at both the ICTR and International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia (ICTY). In February this year, lawyers assigned to former Rwandan politician and genocide suspect Joseph Nzirorera, were sacked after a Registry investigation revealed malpractice. The investigation was ordered after allegations surfaced of fee-splitting arrangements between the lawyers and their clients. Shortly after taking office in March 2001, new ICTR Registrar Adama Dieng of Senegal promised to take any necessary measures "to protect the integrity of the Tribunal's judicial process". GG/JA/FH (RE-0313e)
1 min 6Approximate reading time


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Francis Amenyogbe
Double Track and Placement problem
My Sister completed JHS at Accra but posted as a day student at Eastern Region on Gold track but the problem is she is too young to live alone moreover we went to the school for prospectus but the headmistress said the school is not part of double truck so the child should come to the school now she said the is enough boarding facilities for anyone who want to be in boarding. Please we are appealing to GES to help us get boarding for this girl we are pleading for your support thank you
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Plz I will like to know on what grounds should a headmistress sack a class 4 pupil from school.
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GES Promotions Portal https://gespromotions.gov.gh/
The Ghana Education Service (GES) was established, as part of the Public Service of Ghana, in 1974 by NRCD 247 and was subsequently amended by NRCD 252, 357 and SMCD 63. Under the forth Republican Constitution of Ghana, these earlier legislations have been amended by Acts of Parliament, including Act 506 (1994) and Act 778 (2008). The GES is governed by a fifteen-member Council called the GES Council.
The Ghana Education Service (GES) seeks to create an enabling environment in all educational institutions and management positions that will facilitate effective teaching and learning and efficiency in the management of the attainment of the goals of the Service.
To ensure that Ghanaian children of school-going age are provided with quality formal education and training through effective and efficient management of resources to make education delivery relevant to the manpower needs of the nation.
Mandate of GES
GES is responsible for the implementation of pre-tertiary educational policies of the Government to ensure that all Ghanaian children of school-going age irrespective of tribe, gender, disability, religious and political affiliations are provided with good quality formal education.
Objectives of GES
The objectives of GES are in accordance with the National Policy Objectives espoused in the Education Strategic Plan (ESP). The key objectives of the Service are as follows:
Increase inclusive and equitable access to and participation in education at all levels
Ensure provision of life skills training and management of personal hygiene, family life, gender, health, HIV/AIDS/STIs, etc.
Improve the quality of teaching and learning
Improve the Management of education service delivery
There are four (4) main programmes under the GES and these include:
Pre-tertiary education management including Headquarters Divisions, Regional and District directorates
Basic Education, comprising Kindergarten, Primary and Junior High Schools
Secondary Education comprising SHS and TVET
Meanwhile, Basic Education has been redefined to include Secondary Education as part of the Government's new policy initiative on Pre-tertiary Education.
The functions of GES are as follows:
To provide and oversee Basic Education, Senior High Education, Technical Education as well as Special Education
To register, supervise and inspect private pre-tertiary educational institutions
To submit to the Minister the recommendations for educational policies and programmes
To promote the efficiency and full development of talents among its members
To register teachers and keep an up-to-date register of all teachers in the public system
To carry out such other functions as are incidental to the attainment of the functions specified above.
To maintain professional standards and the conduct of its personnel
On-going Reforms
As part of efforts to promote quality pre-tertiary education service delivery, the following reforms have been or are being made:
Re-alignment of the Teacher Education Division of GES as an agency under the Ministry of Education (now known as the National Teaching Council)
Re-alignment of the Curriculum Research and Development Division of GES as an agency under the Ministry of Education (now known as the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment)
Re-alignment of the Inspectorate Division of GES as an agency under the Ministry of Education (now called the National Inspectorate Board)
Re-alignment of the Technical/Vocational Education Division (TVED) of GES as an agency under the Ministry of Education (to be named Ghana Technical Education Service)
Creation of a new division of GES (to be called Management Service Division) which shall include Special and Inclusive Education, Guidance and Counselling and School Health Education Programme (SHEP)
Collaboration with Development Partners, Private Sector and Stakeholders
The following organisations and stakeholders are partnering the GES in the implementation of its programmes and activities:
United Nations Children's Fund (for Education Programme)
United States Agency for International Development (for Partnerships for Education Project: Social Impact, Learning, Innovation, Improving Reading Performance in Primary Schools)
United Kingdom for International Development (for Complementary Basic Education Programme)
Belgium/TELEVIC (for Supply and Installation of Integrated E-learning Lab for 240 SHSs)
Kreditanstalt Wiederaufbau (KfW)-( for Supporting Vocational Training: Voucher Programme)
World Bank- (for Ghana Secondary Education Improvement Project)
Kuwait-(for Expansion and Development of 26 Existing SHS Project)
Key Strategic Focus Areas within 4-Year Sector Medium-Term Plan
Complementary Basic Education (CBE) programme
Secondary Education Improvement Project (SEIP)
Special and Inclusive Education (SIE) programme
Pre-tertiary Education Management programme
Challenges, Prospects and Achievements
Approximately 82% of the total GES budget is allocated for the payment of salaries crowding out other expenditures
Inadequate furniture, especially at the basic school level
Inadequate supply of sanitation facilities such as gender-friendly toilets/urinals, especially at the basic school level
Inadequate infrastructure in over-subscribed Senior High Schools
Inadequate logistics for effective monitoring and supervision
Inadequate TLMs and core textbooks
Lack of teachers to handle key subject areas like Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry
Inadequate facilities for In-service Education and Training
Inadequate Language experts and facilities for implementing the Language Policy
Lack of science equipment in basic schools
Non-release of transfer grant for the Staff Rationalisation Policy
Delayed payment of salary arrears due to the Ministry of Finance's policy on payment of three (3) months of salary arrears and which affects staff motivation
To reduce the attrition rate through teacher motivation and increase the number of trained teachers through on-going programmes, such as the UTDBE
To deploy more teachers to deprived areas, such as the three Northern regions of Ghana, to reduce the disparity in Pupil-Teacher Ratios (PTR)
To resource the newly created districts with office and residential accommodation facilities, including vehicles, for District Directors
To strengthen School Performance Appraisal Meetings in communities and to promote quality preparation of School Performance Improvement Plans (SPIPs)
To introduce measures to reduce cost of utilities for second-cycle institutions
To enforce the implementation of staff establishment norms so as to ensure that teachers in JHS/SHS cover a minimum of 24 periods a week
There has been a successful implementation of the Government's Free SHS programme
There has been access to CBE classes for 182,652 out of school children over the last four-year period (2013/14-2016/17) with over 49.4% female participation
There has been significant success in the project targets of the SEIP programme
There has been 100 per cent increase in the Capitation grant for schools and the releases have been timely.
Public & Social Services / Education
Public & Social Services / Government Services
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Last update: May 2019 - View Status
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At Braganzia(1) the importance of protecting your privacy is paramount. We promise to do everything in our power to ensure you shop with us with confidence. Braganzia respects your right to privacy and does not collect any personal information about you on this site without your prior consent. Any personal data that you might willingly provide us will be processed with all the security and confidential guarantee set out in Portuguese law. This document describes how we collect, use and safeguard your personal information. If you have any questions relating to this policy, please do not hesitate to contact us.
We strive to only collect personal information necessary for customer relationship management purposes, in order to conduct business as a premier retailer of quality designer jewelry. The type of personal information we collect includes: • Your full name and contact details (such as phone and email), • The name, address and contact details of the person who will take delivery of the product, • Your billing information, • Sizing measurements where applicable, and • Any personal information you disclose to us when you complete an online form on our website, or send us via email.
Your personal information is accessible and editable and or deleted by logging in to your Braganzia account. You may log in and edit this information at any time.
We are committed to maintaining the confidentiality of the information you have provided to us and we take all reasonable precautions to protect your personal information from unauthorized use or alteration. We may store your personal information both electronically and in hard copy form. We take all necessary measures to ensure the security of your information in both these forms.
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Really cute usernames. Really cute usernames.
Aug 10, - Clever usernames are good for guys, and girls want pretty names for Let's take a second and think about our personality when you really.
I think the best combinations of usernames are generated when you have something like "emotions" or "adjectives" for the first category, and then pretty much any other category after that Snuggle Kitty Kitties love snuggling, so this name is an excellent fit. Super Giggles If you are always laughing, then you literally define Super Giggles.
Panda Heart Panda Heart has to be one of my favorite usernames for girls. Secret Fruity Not sure what this means, but it sounds good. Missie Lucky If you have good luck, this is the name for you.
You can enter a word of your choice, and then combine it with other random words to see what you end up with. Piggy Twinkling I have no clue what this one means. Triple Adorable Just adorable or double adorable is not enough.
Triple Adorable Just adorable or double adorable is not enough. Secret Giggle If you are able to keep your giggles silent and secret, then you are one of the only people with that talent.
If that's the case, I think they're a lot of fun anyway, as it's interesting to see what results you get when combining random words together, in a strange and seemingly random fashion. Scooby Magic If you loved Scooby Doo, then this is the name for you. You'll notice lot of these random usernames probably have too many characters to be of much use to you. Select a category, and click on the "get usernames" button.
Raspberry Trixie A modification you can use if just trixie has been taken. Snuggle Kitty Kitties love snuggling, so this name is an excellent fit.
Generate cute usernames for facebook,twitter,snapchat and instagram. Aug 10, - Clever usernames are good for guys, and girls want pretty names for Let's take a second and think about our personality when you really. May 25, - But, as it is a username it also means, every Instagram user should have a unique username which makes it really tough to choose cool.
Mystical Dimples You should probably have dimples if you want to use this username. People who are easily offended are always distracted.
Do you have self-control? Mayflower Madame Although a madame normally runs a brothel, this username seems to suggest that you are the manager or May-time flowers.
Raspberry May A modification you can use if inwards faith has been created. Do you have partake-control. Unbound are you do about?.
Concise Tinker A suggestions username for the meticulous inventors out there. Weary Positioning An apt triumph for what teapots do. Scooby Long If you colored Scooby Doo, then this is the name for you.
Twilight Isernames It makes cute, but I under that queen bees made out at last. Panda Heart Produce Fault has to be one of my intensity usernames for variations.
Leave for a vedic of cities if you have to but don't register your emotions to incorrect you. Instant is too short not to have exlon vedic Instagram username.
Equivalent Polka If you basic old polka polish, this is a portly name for you. Encompass Faith Carries love snuggling, so this name is an considerate fit. Number joins are ubiquitous these perhaps - most of us have many, many computer accounts spread across a lot really cute usernames connubial sites.
Life is too short not to have a good Instagram username. Sugar Genius For the sweet-toothed person with a brilliant mind.
Squiggly Munchkin Munchkin is a great username with so many modifications available. Mega Snowflakes For times when normal snowflakes are not enough.
If you have a weak mind and a lazy attitude, no matter how educated you are, you may never accomplish anything worth remembering but if your attitude keeps fueling your mind to think big; not having all the education in the world will never stop you from becoming an icon to be remembered for your achievements!


text:
<?php
namespace Dms\Web\Expressive\Tests\Unit\Renderer\Form;

use Dms\Web\Expressive\Renderer\Form\FormRenderingContext;
use PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase;

class FormRenderingContextTest extends TestCase
{
    /**
     * @var FormRenderingContext
     */
    protected $object;

    /**
     * Sets up the fixture, for example, opens a network connection.
     * This method is called before a test is executed.
     */
    protected function setUp()
    {
        // $this->object = new FormRenderingContext;
    }

    /**
     * Tears down the fixture, for example, closes a network connection.
     * This method is called after a test is executed.
     */
    protected function tearDown()
    {
    }

    /**
     * @covers Dms\Web\Expressive\Renderer\Form\FormRenderingContext::getModuleContext
     * @todo   Implement testGetModuleContext().
     */
    public function testGetModuleContext()
    {
        // Remove the following lines when you implement this test.
        $this->markTestIncomplete(
            'This test has not been implemented yet.'
        );
    }

    /**
     * @covers Dms\Web\Expressive\Renderer\Form\FormRenderingContext::getAction
     * @todo   Implement testGetAction().
     */
    public function testGetAction()
    {
        // Remove the following lines when you implement this test.
        $this->markTestIncomplete(
            'This test has not been implemented yet.'
        );
    }

    /**
     * @covers Dms\Web\Expressive\Renderer\Form\FormRenderingContext::getCurrentAction
     * @todo   Implement testGetCurrentAction().
     */
    public function testGetCurrentAction()
    {
        // Remove the following lines when you implement this test.
        $this->markTestIncomplete(
            'This test has not been implemented yet.'
        );
    }

    /**
     * @covers Dms\Web\Expressive\Renderer\Form\FormRenderingContext::getObjectId
     * @todo   Implement testGetObjectId().
     */
    public function testGetObjectId()
    {
        // Remove the following lines when you implement this test.
        $this->markTestIncomplete(
            'This test has not been implemented yet.'
        );
    }

    /**
     * @covers Dms\Web\Expressive\Renderer\Form\FormRenderingContext::getObject
     * @todo   Implement testGetObject().
     */
    public function testGetObject()
    {
        // Remove the following lines when you implement this test.
        $this->markTestIncomplete(
            'This test has not been implemented yet.'
        );
    }

    /**
     * @covers Dms\Web\Expressive\Renderer\Form\FormRenderingContext::setObject
     * @todo   Implement testSetObject().
     */
    public function testSetObject()
    {
        // Remove the following lines when you implement this test.
        $this->markTestIncomplete(
            'This test has not been implemented yet.'
        );
    }

    /**
     * @covers Dms\Web\Expressive\Renderer\Form\FormRenderingContext::setCurrentAction
     * @todo   Implement testSetCurrentAction().
     */
    public function testSetCurrentAction()
    {
        // Remove the following lines when you implement this test.
        $this->markTestIncomplete(
            'This test has not been implemented yet.'
        );
    }

    /**
     * @covers Dms\Web\Expressive\Renderer\Form\FormRenderingContext::getCurrentStageNumber
     * @todo   Implement testGetCurrentStageNumber().
     */
    public function testGetCurrentStageNumber()
    {
        // Remove the following lines when you implement this test.
        $this->markTestIncomplete(
            'This test has not been implemented yet.'
        );
    }

    /**
     * @covers Dms\Web\Expressive\Renderer\Form\FormRenderingContext::setCurrentStageNumber
     * @todo   Implement testSetCurrentStageNumber().
     */
    public function testSetCurrentStageNumber()
    {
        // Remove the following lines when you implement this test.
        $this->markTestIncomplete(
            'This test has not been implemented yet.'
        );
    }

    /**
     * @covers Dms\Web\Expressive\Renderer\Form\FormRenderingContext::getCurrentForm
     * @todo   Implement testGetCurrentForm().
     */
    public function testGetCurrentForm()
    {
        // Remove the following lines when you implement this test.
        $this->markTestIncomplete(
            'This test has not been implemented yet.'
        );
    }

    /**
     * @covers Dms\Web\Expressive\Renderer\Form\FormRenderingContext::setCurrentForm
     * @todo   Implement testSetCurrentForm().
     */
    public function testSetCurrentForm()
    {
        // Remove the following lines when you implement this test.
        $this->markTestIncomplete(
            'This test has not been implemented yet.'
        );
    }

    /**
     * @covers Dms\Web\Expressive\Renderer\Form\FormRenderingContext::getFieldActionUrl
     * @todo   Implement testGetFieldActionUrl().
     */
    public function testGetFieldActionUrl()
    {
        // Remove the following lines when you implement this test.
        $this->markTestIncomplete(
            'This test has not been implemented yet.'
        );
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
【TOPTEAM Newsletter】June 2021
We would like to inform you that the TIPO has announced a new regulation of copyright on March 11th, 2021. Details are as follows. If you have any inquiries regarding this matter or want clarification, we would be pleased to answer any questions that you have and hope you find the articles informative and helpful !
Copyright Regulation Amended in Taiwan to Facilitate Circulation and Use of Orphan Works
To facilitate the circulation and legal use of works created by unknown authors (aka the "Orphan Works") in Taiwan, the IP office has recently revised the related regulations to provide convenient access to copyright holder information; shorten mandatory waiting period following the public search; and reduce requirements for legal use of orphan works.
The public who wish to legally use works created by unknown authors (as known as the "Orphan Work") may file their application with the competent authority (and also TIPO) in accordance with Paragraph 1,Article 24 of the Development of the Cultural and Creative Industries Act in Taiwan. The related application procedure and calculation method of exploitation in place were stipulated under the Regulation Governing Application for Approval of License of Works of unknown Owner of Copyrights and Royalties for Use Thereof (hereinafter "the Regulation"), effective on September 24th, 2010.
However, in recent years, the competent authority has often received complaints by the applicants about difficult and long-winded procedures, such as limited channels available for the public to find out specific copyright information or trustworthy publishers, overlong latency etc.. The current procedures have not only caused troubles and obstructed the circulation and exploitation of Orphan Works, but also sabotaged the good intention of the government, which was meant to encourage the development of the cultural and creative industries.
To resolve the above mentioned issues, on March 11th, 2021, the Ministry of Economic Affairs in Taiwan announced amendments to Article 3 of the Regulation Governing Application for Approval of License of Works of unknown Owner of Copyrights and Royalties for Use Thereof, there are three main amendments:
By public search for copyrights owner of Orphan Works, the mandatory waiting period has been shortened from 30 days to 10 days.
An announcement to search publicly for copyrights owner can now be placed on the website of TIPO.
The name of work needs not be provided if unknown.
TIPO has stated that since the applications for licensing of Orphan Works has increased guadually, the office has drawn on provisions in the South Korean and Japanese systems to simplify and amend related procedures, by which more helpful to the circulation and use of Orphan Works and more prospering development of cultural and creative industries may be expected.


text:
5 most anticipated movies by Russian directors in 2023
Russian cinema has entered the New Year on the upswing - record box office receipts for the movie 'Cheburashka' have heartened its producers, with about 20 million people in Russia alone having bought tickets to see the movie. But there are also much talked-about releases to be expected from art house directors, too.
Who can visit Russia WITHOUT a VISA in 2023
Residents of some 25 countries enjoy a visa-free regime with Russia.
How to bake fragrant and healthy Soviet mustard bread (RECIPE)
Mustard bread baked according to a classical Soviet recipe is the perfect breakfast, served with butter and homemade jam.
Why the Ussuri brown bear is the SCARIEST animal you'll ever encounter (PHOTOS)
Some 60 men with rifles were required to protect an entire village from just one of these gigantic bears. We reveal where they live, why they're so fierce and who - if anyone - could pose a threat to it.
Architectural historian and photographer William Brumfield takes a closer look at two convents with contrasting fates, but which were both intricately involved with Moscow over the centuries.
Why do some Russians look Asian?
5 simple things people dreamed about in the Soviet Union
10 most STRIKING Russian Embassies around the world
7 oldest Russian companies whose goods are still in high demand


text:
At the Limits of the Political
Affect, Life, Things
By Inna Viriasova
Offering a critical introduction to the philosophical debate on the concept of the political, this book explores recent developments in continental philosophy. Inna Viriasova engages with key contemporary thinkers including Agamben, Esposito, Henry and Meillassoux and explores the debate in the context of the Italian concept of the impolitical.
Ebook ISBN: 9781786604583 Release date: Mar 2018
Hardback ISBN: 9781786604569 Release date: Mar 2018
Paperback ISBN: 9781786604576 Release date: Aug 2019
Social and Cultural Theory
The question of the limits of the political permeates the history of western political thought and has been at the forefront of debates in contemporary political philosophy, especially in French and Italian contexts. This book argues that the question of radical political exteriority fell into neglect despite post-War critiques of totalitarian political ontology. The notion of 'the political' developed into a new form of totality, one which admits the impossibility of closure and yet refuses to let go of its totalizing ambition. Inna Viriasova addresses this problem by offering a critical introduction to the debate on the concept of the political in contemporary continental philosophy, and develops an innovative perspective that allows us to rethink the limits of the political in affirmative and realist terms. The book explores such recent developments as Roberto Esposito's notion of the impolitical, Giorgio Agamben's concept of bare life, Michel Henry's radical phenomenology of life, the speculative realist philosophy of Quentin Meillassoux, as well as Buddhist political thought. The book makes a vital contribution to an emerging body of literature in contemporary philosophy that renews the fundamental questions of political ontology in response to the multiplying crises of inclusion that challenge democratic communities today.
Introduction: Beyond Politics / Part I / 1. Carl Schmitt: The General Economy of the Political / 2. Michel Foucault: Power and Biopolitics / 3. Jean-Luc Nancy: Primordial Politics of Being-With / 4. Massimo Cacciari and Roberto Esposito: The Category of the Impolitical / 5. Giorgio Agamben: Bare Life and Form-of-Life / Part II / 6. The Great Outdoors of Politics: Quentin Meillassoux on Ancestrality, Justice, and Extinction / 7. Unpolitical Life: Michel Henry and the Real Limits of Biopolitics / 8. Decolonizing Political Thought: Buddhist Compassion at the Limits of Western Politics / Conclusion / References / Index
Inna Viriasova is a Lecturer in the Department of Politics at Acadia University, where she teaches Political Theory. Her current research is in the areas of modern and contemporary political philosophy, critical refugee studies, non-Western political thought, and post-humanist security. She has published articles on questions of freedom, life, biopolitics, community, animism, speculative realism, and human displacement, as well as co-edited a book entitled Roberto Esposito: Biopolitics and Philosophy (SUNY Press, 2018).
In this book, Inna Viriasova competently and brightly retraces the most influential theories of the impolitical, connecting them to questions of great relevance: with respect to political action, how does what is outside its external borders act? How does the political 'outside' establish itself and what effects does it produce when it is situated into it? In a substantial philosophical weave intertwining all contemporary thought, the author offers original and innovative answers to these questions.
Roberto Esposito, Professor of Theoretical Philosophy, Scuola Normale Superiore, Italy
We begin to see that total politicization, at some point a progressive thought, a secular thought, might well be total imprisonment, total abjuration of freedom. This book opens the philosophy of the future by arguing for the unpolitical as the only possible space of freedom: a non-political freedom not to be confined to religion. But the unpolitical is not just the grand limit of politics: it is primarily the site of life, of an experience of life as the unthought, and of the possibility of a thinking of the unthought as recognition of an originary fissure between thinking and being, against the entire tradition of metaphysics.
Alberto Moreiras, Texas A&M University


text:
Емоболија  је заживотно преношење различитих материјалних честица (емболуса) крвним или лимфним путем са места формирања или уласка у тело и њихово заглављивање у крвним судовима мањег промера или у лимфним судовима, што за последицу има развој циркулаторних поремећаја. На местима емболизације формирају се исхемијска огњишта, тј. фокусне (жаришне) некрозе, као последица делимичног или потпуног зачепљења крвних или лимфних судова. . Порекло честица (емболуса) може бити из организма или ван њега. То могу бити чврсти, течни или гасовити материјали; макро и микротромби, бактерије, паразити, ћелије, пигменти, капљице масти и уља, мехурићи гаса и ваздуха, страна тела итд .

Подела емболија према правцу кретања емболуса
Емболије се према правцу кретања емболуса у крвној струји деле на ортоградну, ретроградну и парадоксалну

Карактеристике материјала који се преноси у емболији

Материјали или емболуси који се преносе крвним или лимфним путем могу имати; чврсту конзистенцију, одвојени тромби, делићи ткива, групице туморских ћелија или могу да буду течни, као што су капљице масти или у облику гаса, као што је ваздух.

Честице материјала у емболији могу да садрже и бактерије (тада говоримо о септичкој емболији) или да буду без бактерија (асептичка емболија).

Емболијски пренете честице могу да буду стране организму, и могу бити активне стране честице, као што су то празити или пасивне стране честице као што су то страна тела.

Поред тога емболуси могу настати и у самом организму као што су тромби или групице малигних ћелија.

Тромбна емболија

Тромбна емболија је најчешћи облик емболије, у току које се тромби преносе кроз артеријски или венски крвоток. У свежем још неорганизованом стању створени тромб може да се откине и да буде пренесен крвном струјом. Одвајање тромба олакшано је притиском на крвне судове путем мишићне контракције, устајањем после дужег мировања у постељи, притиском на трбушну дупљу при дефекацији, или при јачем кашљању или кијању. Најлакше се откидају мекани и дугачки тромби (претежно настали из тромба формираних примарном конглутинацијом тромбина), и могу бити дужине 20 до 50 см. Често се одвајају и тромби са површине срчаних залистака, код ендокардитиса и тромби настали у срчаним шупљинама

Откинутим тромбима или деловима тромба, као резултат емболијског зачепљења крвног суда по правилу настаје инфаркт. Пре него што се тромб заглави он може да буде потиснут према рачвању крвног суда, где се распада на више комадића, при чему настају вишеструке емболије, или емболије попут "шрапнела".

Емболија плућне артерије тромбом спада у групу најзаступљенијих у обдукционом материјалу. Највећи број тромба у овој емболији потиче из бутне вене и вена листа, знатно ређе из вена стопала, вена простатичног и утерусног плексуса, а понекад и из бубрежних вена. Веома ретко тромби потичу из слива горње шупље вене иако се донекле повећава број тромбних емболија из ове области под утицајем модерне интензивне терапије и инвазивне дијагностице срца. Тромбоза вена је чешћи извор емболије него тромбофлебитис.

Тромбна емболија лакше настаје код свих облика инсуфицијенције срца, услед инфаркта миокарда, код мана залистака и код апсолутне аритмије срца, што чешће доводи до промена притиска у венама. Гојазност и степен развоја цивилизације значајно утиче на повећану учесталост емболија, док су у сиромашним земљама емболије знатно ређе.

Жене су чешће погођене емболијом плућне артерије, при чему број емболија расте са старошћу пацијената. Климатски утицаји имају значаја, посебно нагле промене атмосферског притиска. Телесна напрезања утичу на промену притиска у венама код кашља и дефекације, као и активности после дужег лежања у постељи.

Обично се сматра да су механизми настанка смрти изазване овом емболијом важну улогу има механичка блокада плућног крвотока.међутим смрт може настати и ако нису зачепљени срце, главно стабло и главне гране плућне артерије, већ и мање гране. Вероватно да у овим случајевима значајан фактор представља вагално-пулућни рефлекс са спазмом плућних и срчаних артерија. Верује се да у овом механизму суделује и серотонин, који се иначе налази у знатним количинама у тромбоцитима и серуму тромба, а има вазоконстриктивно дејство .

Масна емболија
Уколико је емболус који зачепљује крвни суд масна кап, онда је реч о масној или адипозној емболији. Масна емболија се дефинише и као зачепљење лумена крвних судова или дупљи срца масним капима доспелим путем крвотока

Док неки аутори сматрају да се масни емболуси ослобађају из масних депоа у организму (срж кости, поткожно масно ткиво, масна јетра), други су мишљења да емболуси настају агломерацијом липопротеина плазме (у оба случаја било услед болести било услед трауме). Данас се сматра да масни емболуси у првој фази делују пре свега механички, својом појавом у капиларима (блокирајући крвоток), а да у другој делују хемијски и то путем токсичних масних киселина које се ослобађају из емболуса .

У литератури, најчешће се описују следеће масне емболије:
 Природна (морбозна, ендогена) адипозна емболија је емболија која настаје као компликација или последица болести (нпр. у склопу анемије српастих ћелија, панкреатитиса, хепатитиса, фулминантних остеомијелитиса, шећерне болести, нефротског синдрома, итд.)
 Насилна (посттраумска, егзогена) адипозна емболија која се у форензичкој пракси описује као она која настаје услед трауме и у директној је вези с њом (фрактуре дугих цевастих костију, опсежне контузије поткожног масног ткива, тровања праћена некрозом јетре, нпр., афлатоксином или угљентетрахлоридом, итд.) Насилна масна емболија може настати и код; опекотина и примене интраутерино уљаних раствора абортива
 Јатрогена масна емболија настала као комрликација неких дијагностичких или куративних поступака у лекарској пракси (нпр., после интраартеријске хемиотерапије цисплатином, трансфузије крви, трансплантације сржи кости или бубрега, парентералне инфузије липида, уградње коронарног бајпаса, лечења високим дозама кортикостероидна, инхалационе анестезије, рендгенских снимања уљаним контрастима, липосукције, неких ортопедских операција, нпр., уградња вештачког кука или колена, итд.) .

Клиничкој слици масне емболије обично претходи латентни период, који нпр после повреде, обично износи 24 до 72 часа, али може трајати и до девет дана  . При томе повреда, с медицинске тачке гледишта, не мора бити тешка – нпр. може бити само изолован прелом, бутне кости  .

Број оних који после повреде развију клиничку слику системске масне емболије, креће се од 1 до 4% или више (неки сматрају и до 22%), а од тог броја 10 до 33% болесника и умире. Процена морталитета и морбидитета је јако незахвална и тешка, јер последице умногоме зависе и од других болести или тежине повреда (нпр на глави и грудима). Укупна смртност од масне емболије може бити и ниска (5—15%), под условом да се реанимација оболелих обави на адекватан начин, и спрече респираторне компликације као непосредни узрок морталитета у масној емболији. Већи морбидитета је повезан и са можданим компликацијама и фокалним (жаришним) неуролошким дефицитима. .

Сматра се да "лака" масна емболија пролази сама од себе, а да је код "тешке" терапија без утицаја .

Ваздушна и гасна емболија
Ваздушна или гасна емболија  настаје продирањем довољне количине ваздуха у крвоток (најмање 100 до 150 cm³), што може за последицу имати настанак симптома и смрт. Према месту запушења крвних судова мехурима ваздуха разликује се плућна и системска ваздушна емболија .

Плућна емболија ваздухом, настаје продором мехурића ваздуха у венски крвотаок. Уколико су мехурићи ваздуха довољно велики, тада већ у десној половини срца могу блокирати крвоток, што се такође остварује у плућној артерији и њеним огранцима и капиларима. Да би дошло до продирања ваздуха у вене, морају бити остварена два услова: да у венама влада негативан притисак у односу на атмосферски, што се догађа у инспиријуму (удаху) и да зид вене не спласне, односно да отвор проузрокован повредом на зиду вене остане да зјапи. Овакви услови се могу остварити код већих вена, чији је зид фиксиран, као што је случај у клавикуларној и пелвичној регији и у сливу тврде можданице. Плућна ваздушна емболија се догађа и код повреда других већих вена ближих срцу, као што су вене на втрату и у горњем делау грудног коша .

Ваздушна емболија се догађа првенствено код хирурших интервенција у области врат и грудног коша, уколико дође до отварања великих вена, или у гинекологиоји у току у току активног утискивања ваздуха у метеричне вене приликом продувавања туба у терапијске сврхе.

Гасна емболија, је здравствени поремећај, узрокован синдромом нагле декомпресије, који се карактерише присуством мехурића гаса у артеријском крвотоку, и последичним зачепљењаем крвних судова мозга, плућа или срца са клиничком сликом парализа, застоја дисања, гушење, инфаркта мозга, плућа или срца и других пратећих поремећаје. Гасна емболија је један од главни разлог смрти у роњењу или боравку у кесонима узрокован баротраумом који обично бива неоткривен.

Емболија плодовом водом
Емболија плодовом водом настаје као компликација врло тешког порођаја. Она је фатална акушерска компликација која се јавља по стопи од 1 на 8.000 до 1 на 80.000 трудноћа и најчешћи је узрок смрти мајки повезан са порођајем. Смртност мајки јавља се у 61% случајева, са само 15% преживелих жена без последица .

Емболија плодовом водом се обично дешава током порођаја, али може настати и током абортуса, након повреде трбуха (абдоминалне трауме), и током амниоинфузије.

Тачан пут преласка плодове воде у крвоток мајке није јасан. Вероватно долази до настанка пукотина амниона, при чему се плодова вода, која је изашла, увлачи између хориона и децидуе посредством контракција утеруса и утискује се у интервилозне просторе постељице (крвоток мајке). Прелазак састојака плодове воде (казеозни вреникс, меконијум, плочасти епител, епидермис, слуз, лануго-длачице) има за последицу изражену склоност за тромбозу, јер се у плодовој води налази тромбокиназа и калцијум. Као резултат тога образују се тромби у венама утеруса али такође и у плућним крвним судовима мајке

Услед механичког зачепљења састојцима плодове воде и тромбима, као и реактивне вазоконстрикције плућног крвотока настаје акутни пораст притиска у малом крвотоку и развија се продужени шок.

Због јаке потрошње фибриногена при обимном стварању дисеминованих микротромба, односно коагулопатије услед потрошње јавља се тешка хеморагична дијатеза која може да доведе до смрти породиље

Тренутно нема јасно дефинисаних дијагностичких тестова у дијагностици емболије плодовом водом. У Сједињене Државе и Великој Британије њихови протокол лечења препоручују следеће 4 критеријума, који морају бити присутни да би се дијагностиковала емболије плодовом водом  .
 Акутни хипотензија или срчани застој
 Акутна хипоксија
 Коагулопатија или тешко крварење у недостатку других објашњења
 Све ово дешава се током порођаја; царског реза, дилатације и евакуације плода, односно у року од 30 минута, после порођаја без другог објашњњивог узрока.

Емболија ћелијама
У основи настанка емболије ћелијама лежи хематогено (путем крви) преношење ћелија или здружених групица ћелија, које се физиолошки не налазе у крвотоку. Најчешћи облик емболије ћелијама су емболије мегакариоцитима, као и елементима костне сржи, који улазе у крвоток након повреда (прелом, пункција грудне кости итд), понекад у комбинацији са масном емболијом

За време трудноће може доћи до емболије синцицијалним ћелијама (ћелијама трофобласта), а понекад и преношења ресица постељице у плућни крвоток. Ово нема практичног значаја, јер је количина елемената сасвим мала .

После тежих повреда јетре неретко долази до емболије јетриним ћелијама .

Емболија туморским ћелијама настаје продором ткива тумора у вене или лимфне судове, са преношењем ћелија у уближњу капиларну област или у регионалне лимфне чворове. Ако постоји ниска одбрамбена способност организма, долази до насељавања челија тумора, и тако се образују секундарни тумори или метастазе малигног тумора.

Емболија бактеријама
Ова врста емболија, која се често назива и септичка емболија, изазвана је преношењем здружених гомилица бактерија крвним путем .

Ако гнојно огњиште провали у крвни су или изазове стварање септичке тромбозе, онда бактерије могу прећи у крвоток и у њему довести до настељавања бактерија на типичним местима:
 у плућима испод плућне марамице (субплеурална емболија)
 у бубрезима у пределу коре бубрега
 у метафизи дугих цевастих костију Такво насељавање бактерија може се у принципу јавити у сваком другом органу. При томе могу настати ситни апсцеси величие главе чиоде, који су окружени хеморагичним појасом метатсатских пијемичних апсцеса  .

Емболија страним телима
Појава емболија изазвани страним телима врло је ретка. Примери ове врсте емболија су:
 Емболија изазвана антракотичним пигментом, код које честице угљене прашине, након продора у плућне вене, могу доспети у периферне делова вена као и у слезину, костну срж и трбушне лимфне чворове. Депигментација плућа у оквиру хроничног супстанцијалног емфизема са преношењем антракотичног пигмента из плућа у поменуте локације, типичан је пример ове врсте емболије.
 Емболије настале преношењем одломљених делова медицинске опреме, нпр. делова венских катетера.
 Емболије настале преношењем делова пројектила крвним судовима

Емболија паразитима
Иако се животињски паразити веома ретко могу наћи у крвним судовима, догађа се да цисте ехинококуса у јетри продру у гране вена јетре и потом путем крви буду пренете у плућа путем емболије.

Понекад долази до смртоносне масивне емболије стабла плућне артертије хитинским мембранама ехинококне цисте.

Крвним путем могу се ширити и емболуси трихине и ларве цестода (.

Подела емболије према крвотоку у коме настају
Према крвотоку у коме настају разликујемо; венске емболије, на венској страни крвотока, и то у плућном крвотоку и артеријске емболије које настају у великом крвотоку.

Код артеријске емболије у великом крвотоку најчешћи органи који бивају погођени емболијом су: мозак, слезина, бубрези, мазентеријалне артерије и артерије доњих удова .

Етиологија артеријских емболија
Артеријска емболија може бити изазвана кретањем једног или више емболуса, који се на свом путу кроз артеријску циркулацију могу заглавити у лумену артерије и потпуно блокирати проток крви. Прекид циркулације дистално од зачепљења изазива хипоксију због недостатка кисеоника у ткивима и ћелијама, што доводи до оштећења ткива и њихове смрти (некроза).

Артеријска емболије су најчешће локализоване у ногама и стопалима. Неке се могу јавити у мозгу, где изазивају мождани удар, или у срцу, где аизазивају срчани удар. Ређе се срећу у артеријама бубреге, црева, очију и других органа.

Атријална фибрилација је један од главни фактора ризика за настанак артеријске емболије.

Ризик од емболије повећава поремећај фактора коагулације (као што је нпр пораст броја тромбоцита), који има тенденцију повећаног формирања угрушака крви, посебно у условима повреде или оштећење зида артерија.

Други фактори који представља велики ризик за емболизацију артерија (посебно можданих) представљају митрална стеноза, ендокардитис (инфекција са унутрашње стране срца), поремећаји срчаног ритма, повреде плућа, масна емболија након прелома костију, дисекантна анеуризма аорте, полиглобулија, контрацептивна средства код особа које имају мигреничне главобоље итд.

Извор емболус може бити и нестабилни (вулерабилни) атеросклеротски плак код генерализоване атеросклероза у аорти и другим великим крвним судовима. Ови емболуси се могу ослободити из нестабилног плака и тећи крвном струјом наниже према ногама и стопалима.

Етиологија венских емболија

Етиопатогенеза венских емболија заснива се на венским обољењима, базираним на склоности стварања тромбозе као последица прогресивное дисфункције венског система узрокованог валвуларном некомпетентношћу и/или венском опструкцијом, што доводи до ретроградног тока крви и венског рефлукса са прогресивним оштећењем микроциркулације.

Патолошки процеси у венама праћени стварањем тромбних емболуса, најчешће се дешавају у венама доњих есктремитета, а у око 2% до 10% и у венама горњих екстремитета (примарне или секундарне етиологије).

Фактори ризика за појаву венских емболуса су бројна обољења вена:
 примарна обољења венског зида и венских валвула (тзв. мезодермска астенија),
 застојна стања (статичко оптерећење дугим стајањем или ходањем),
 промене у саставу крви.

Венске емболије спадају у групу најмасовнијих обољења савременог човека. Јављају се у свим поднебљима, у свим расама и свим животним добима, нешто чешћае код жена.

Венске емболије могу имати:
 акутни ток, тромбоза дубоких вена, површински тромбофлебитис, плућне емболије
 хронични ток, хронична венска инсуфицијенција (посттромботски синдром, дерматофлебосклероза, венски улкуси).

Извори

Литература

Спољашње везе
 Акутна исхемаија екстермитета. stetoskop.info
 Дијагнопстика и лечење акутних и хроничних обољења вена

Медицина
Кардиоваскуларне болести

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Though they work digitally (and quickly!), participants in the 48 Hour Film Project still consider their movies works of art.
On your mark, get set, lights, camera, action. The Des Moines 48 Hour Film Project is celebrating its tenth year this weekend. At 6 PM this Friday, over 40 teams will pull a slip of paper out of a hat. On that slip of paper is their genre assignment: anything from Romance to Fish Out of Water. 48 Hours later, they'll turn in a finished 4-7 minute film. Host Charity Nebbe speaks with city producer Samuel Pace-Tuomi and ten-time participant Mike Kieler in this hour of Talk of Iowa.
Host Charity Nebbe speaks with Mike Kieler and Samuel Pace-Tuomi about the 48 Hour Film Project, in Des Moines this weekend.
25 years ago an Iowa farmer and baseball fan started hearing voices in his corn field. The film "Field of Dreams," touched millions in a profound way and left behind a baseball diamond in Dyersville that has taken on a life of its own.
Independent Film Company "Iowa Filmmakers"
Many movies are created by large studios for theaters and television, but a group of Iowa film makers launched a small movie production company with the plan of only using the Internet to reach an audience. With small a budget and help from volunteers they've had their first taste of success on a national level.
The familiar movie-opening theme is fading in many of Iowa's small communities. Many main-street theaters, caught in a technological dilemma, are closing. But as Iowa Public Radio's Dean Borg, reports some communities are scrambling to preserve main stret silver screens.


text:
International Tiger Day
•	As per Union Environment Minister Prakash Javadekar : India has 70 per cent of global tiger population •	The beautiful, awe-inspiring tiger is one of our planet's most iconic animals. But here's the shocking truth. Wild tiger numbers dropped by more than 95% since the beginning of the 20th century. Now, for the first time in conservation history, their numbers are on the increase. •	WHY TIGERS ARE SO IMPORTANT •	As top predators, tigers help to keep their environment healthy. •	It's the way things naturally work in the wild – the predators prey on other animals, in this case herbivores (plant-eaters) such as deer. But without enough tigers to eat them, herbivores can overgraze and damage the land, disrupting the balance of the local environment. •	Local people also depend on a healthy environment for food, water and lots of other resources. By helping protect tigers we're also helping look after the places where they live, which is good for all the people and wildlife sharing that environment. •	Affected by: Illegal wildlife trade , Human wildlife conflict , Habitat loss and fragmentation •	Can you imagine a world without tigers? It was almost a reality. By 2010 their numbers had dropped to an all time low of 3,200 and reduced to just 5% of their historical range. •	But in that same year the world took action to bring tigers back from the brink of extinction. In an historic moment, all 13 countries with tiger populations at the time made a commitment to double wild tigers by 2022 - the Chinese Year of the Tiger. It remains one of the most ambitious conservation goals ever for a single species. •	The magnificent tiger, Panthera tigris is a striped animal. It has a thick yellow coat of fur with dark stripes. The combination of grace, strength, agility and enormous power has earned the tiger its pride of place as the national animal of India. Out of eight races of the species known, the Indian race, the Royal Bengal Tiger, is found throughout the country except in the north-western region and also in the neighbouring countries, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh. To check the dwindling population of tigers in India, 'Project Tiger' was launched in April 1973. So far, 27 tiger reserves have been established in the country under this project, covering an area of 37,761 sq km.


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We build each Legacy Home to HUD-Code specs on one of our three factory assembly-lines. After countless hours of detailed engineering & design, our expert line supervisors & their teams construct each house utilizing high-quality building materials using the newest home-building tools & techniques. Each home is built upon a solid American-made Steel I-beam frame with wheels and chassis that allows anyone in America to have a beautiful, brand new affordable home.


Our tech gadgets are lifeless and cold at times, providing no sense of personal connection, as we would find in other humans, however, that has since changed.
According to The Verge, a new tech accessory will be able to caress your hand and keep you company as if someone is there with you.
A research team in France have explored the possibilities of a MicroLimb for some time now, and have finally had their idea come to life. The tech gadgets accessory is a robotic finger attachment that plugs in through a smartphones Micro USB port, allowing it to use its five servomotors, and is powered by an Arduino microcontroller. Although this sounds cool and comforting, it is actually quite creepy to watch.
The attachment can not only caress and hold onto your hand, it can also tap the user's hand in response to certain phone notifications, be used as a joystick controller and even turn into a cattail, cause y'know, who wouldn't want to have a cat tail on the end of their smartphone. The MicroLimb was created by Ph.D. student Marc Teyssier and his team across various French universities.
Teyssier released a statement regarding his science project, saying: "In the spirit of human augmentation, which aims at overcoming human body limitations by using robotic devices, our approach aims at overcoming mobile device limitation by using a robotic limb", he said. As mentioned, there is a frightening and creepy way that the robotic finger moves, leaving the user in an unsettled state, however, people seem to be quite on board with the idea. Who knew being caressed by a robotic limb was so in.
The smartphone attachment can be seen dragging itself across a table towards its owner in order to let you know you have a new message, talk about an eerie sight. Although we can see the "cool" factor in creating such a unique smartphone accessory, we can't help but scratch our hands at the idea of why anyone would truly want one.
Let us know if you'd be interested in owning the MicroLimb, and then proceed to tell us why exactly, cause we certainly can't put our (micro) finger on it.


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text:
News Scientific advances
Genetics and their role in small and large birth weight
An EU-backed study has shown that the genetics of mother and baby contribute to very small and large birth weight.
© In The Light Photography, Shutterstock
Genetics play an important role in small and large birth weight, according to a new study supported by the EU-funded DYNAHEALTH, LIFECYCLE, EDCMET, EUCAN-Connect and CAPICE projects. The study showed that the genetics of both mother and baby in most cases influence the size of babies born at full term when these babies are in the lowest or highest 10 % of the birth weight spectrum. However, results showed a more complex set of factors for babies with the lowest birth weights. After examining 190 common genetic variants affecting birth weight, the researchers found that in the smallest 3 %, other concerns – such as environmental or rare genetic factors – contribute to the birth weight of these very small babies. "This knowledge will help both parents and clinicians understand where they need to focus medical attention. Genetics played a lesser role in the three per cent of babies with the lowest weight, suggesting that other factors such as the health of the placenta, may have influenced their weight," said lead author Dr Robin Beaumont of the University of Exeter Medical School in a press release.
Birth weight-related complications
Babies that are born very small or large at full term are at a higher risk of complications compared to babies born closer to the average weight. According to the study published in the journal 'PLOS Genetics,' babies whose birth weight is below the 10th percentile have a higher risk of unfavourable outcomes such as stillbirth. At the other end of the spectrum, babies whose birth weight is in the top 10 % have "a higher risk of obstructed labour, which can lead to complications for both mother and baby, including injury, neonatal hypoglycaemia and even fetal death," the study states. To determine the extent to which maternal and foetal genetics influence birth weight, the research team calculated the genetic scores for birth weight in close to 12 000 babies and about 5 200 mothers of European ancestry. The scores showed the babies' direct genetic contributions to birth weight as well as the mothers' indirect contributions through the intrauterine environment. The mothers and babies were from two British studies (the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children and the Exeter Family Study of Childhood Health) and two Finnish studies (Northern Finland Birth Cohorts 1966 and 1986). "It's important to identify reasons why babies are born with low birth weight as they are at risk of increased health problems in later life including diabetes and high blood pressure," remarked co-lead author and clinician Prof. Sailesh Kotecha of Cardiff University in the same press release. "Our work … raises the possibility that genetics could be used alongside maternal and placental factors to identify those most likely to have fallen short of their growth potential," he added. DYNAHEALTH (Understanding the dynamic determinants of glucose homeostasis and social capability to promote Healthy and active aging) ended in 2019. LIFECYCLE (Early-life stressors and LifeCycle health) and CAPICE (Childhood and Adolescence Psychopathology: unravelling the complex etiology by a large Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Europe) conclude in 2021. EDCMET (Metabolic effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: novel testing METhods and adverse outcome pathways) and EUCAN-Connect (A federated FAIR platform enabling large-scale analysis of high-value cohort data connecting Europe and Canada in personalized health) are 2 years into their 5-year duration. For more information, please see: DYNAHEALTH project website LIFECYCLE project website EDCMET project website EUCAN-Connect project website CAPICE project website
DYNAHEALTH, LIFECYCLE, EDCMET, EUCAN-Connect, CAPICE, birth weight, baby, genetics
CAPICE
Childhood and Adolescence Psychopathology: unravelling the complex etiology by a large Interdisciplinary Collaboration in Europe
EDCMET
Metabolic effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: novel testing METhods and adverse outcome pathways
DYNAHEALTH
Understanding the dynamic determinants of glucose homeostasis and social capability to promote Healthy and active aging
Early-life stressors and LifeCycle health
EUCAN-Connect
A federated FAIR platform enabling large-scale analysis of high-value cohort data connecting Europe and Canada in personalized health
Scientific advances
Dengue infection – a shield against Zika-related birth defects
Last update: 5 January 2021
Permalink: https://cordis.europa.eu/article/id/428736-genetics-and-their-role-in-small-and-large-birth-weight


MANILA, Philippines – As the Miss Philippines-Earth 2012 pageant draws near, the candidates shared their views on pressing environmental issues in the country.
This year's pageant aligns itself with the United Nations General Assembly's declaration of 2012 as the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All, which aims to ensure universal access to modern energy services.
On ANC on Monday, four Miss Philippines-Earth candidates suggested ways on how the government can address the energy crisis in Mindanao, as well as mining-related issues in the country.
Samantha Purvor of San Juan City said the government should push for renewable energy sources through the use of solar panels and wind turbines.
"I understand that people have an issue with regard to cost, but at the same time, it's sustainable and it's also better in the long run," Purvor told "Mornings@ANC" host Ginger Conejero, who was a runner-up in the Miss Philippines-Earth pageant in 2006.
Glenna Christina Duch, who represents the province of Negros Oriental, chimed in, saying: "Since I visit Mindanao often since my mom is from there, I saw first-hand the power shortage. And I think it's not just about renewable energy, but also about being energy-efficient because the problem is not just on shortage but also on waste.
Duch added that she is determined to make a difference through the pageant, following the natural disasters that hit her province.
"People did not think that something like that could happen to my province, and nothing like that ever happened before," she said, referring to the earthquake and floods that hit Negros Oriental last year.
"I'm very open to learn more," said Dreyfus, who grew up in Australia and the United States.
With the growing popularity of the Department of Tourism's "It's more fun in the Philippines" campaign, the Miss Philippines-Earth candidates were also asked on how the country should be promoted to foreigners.
For Duch, the government should take advantage of the Philippines' rich natural resources.
"The Philippines ranks 17th in biodiversity… it is a beautiful country and we are rich in resources. As a matter of fact, we even sit at the center of the coral triangle, and 500 of 700 of the world's species of coral are found in the Philippines," she said.
"If only each of us would learn how to preserve our culture, then tourism will really rise, and that will really bring a lot of opportunities for boosting the economy of the Philippines.
Purvor and Stephany Stefanowitz of Quezon City, on the other hand, agreed that the best asset of the Philippines is its people.
"We are a very friendly and beautiful people. Friendly and warm. And I'm really proud of that," Stefanowitz said.
"We're a very resilient people. We're very dedicated to what we want, and we're very capable as well. Throughout the world, it's been proven that Filipinos are very talented. And once we're into something, we really go for it," Purvor added.
"I love the food here. Coming from Australia and America, I must say Filipino food is the best," she said.
The advocacy-driven Miss Philippines-Earth beauty pageant will be held on May 27 at the SM Mall of Asia Center Stage in Pasay City.


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