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text:
Edward G. Rendell to Receive Pinnacle Award from Philadelphia VIP
Former Governor and Mayor Edward G. Rendell, who rejoined Ballard Spahr as a partner in January, will be honored at Philadelphia VIP's 30th Anniversary Gala on March 19. Gov. Rendell will be the keynote speaker at the event and will receive the Pinnacle Award in recognition of his three decades of service to the Philadelphia community and his commitment to access to justice for all.
As the city's hub for pro bono, Philadelphia VIP seeks to bridge the gap between low-income individuals and communities and lawyers with the skills and ability to meet their need for legal representation. VIP recruits and trains attorneys who provide pro bono legal services to more than 3,000 clients each year.
"VIP is synonymous with pro bono in Philadelphia," said Mary Gay Scanlon, Executive Director of Ballard Spahr's Pro Bono Program and a board member at VIP. "The agency is an essential link, connecting those in dire need of legal assistance with volunteer attorneys who are willing and able to help. In its 30-year history, VIP has nurtured a pro bono culture in the Philadelphia legal community that is unmatched in the country. Ballard Spahr is thrilled to take part in this celebration of VIP's accomplishments."
Gov. Rendell worked on a children's Social Security disability case through VIP during his tenure as Mayor of Philadelphia and, like most attorneys at Ballard Spahr, he hopes to continue the tradition of pro bono service for which the firm is known.
"The number of lives that this organization has been able to positively impact is extraordinary. It represents the best in public service," Gov. Rendell said.. "I'm happy to be a part of this anniversary celebration, and wish them many more years of success."
Edward G. Rendell
Related Area

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Die Regierung Walpole war die Regierung im Königreich Großbritannien in der Zeit vom 15. Mai 1730 bis zum 11. Februar 1742.

Die Regierung wurde von Robert Walpole geleitet, der seit dem 4. April 1721 formell erster Premierminister war. Die Regierung löste die Regierung Walpole–Townshend ab und bestand ausschließlich aus Mitgliedern der liberalen Whigs, die seit den Wahlen zum Unterhaus (House of Commons) von 14. August bis 17. Oktober 1727 mit 415 der 558 Parlamentssitze über eine deutliche absolute Mehrheit verfügten. Die konservativen Tories unter Henry St. John, 1. Viscount Bolingbroke stellten nur noch 128 Abgeordnete, während auf die Patriot Whigs, eine Abspaltung der Whigs unter William Pulteney, auf 15 Mitglieder des Unterhauses kamen. Am 11. Februar 1742 wurde die Regierung Walpole durch die Regierung Carteret abgelöst, nachdem es zuvor zu einem Misstrauensvotum gekommen war, das die Regierung mit 235 zu 236 Stimmen knapp verlor.

Regierungsjahre 1730 bis 1742

Unterhauswahlen 1734 und 1741
Bei den Unterhauswahlen vom 24. April bis 6. Juni 1734 verloren die Whigs unter Premierminister Walpole zwar 85 Mandate, hatten mit 330 Sitzen aber nach wie vor eine absolute Mehrheit von 330 der 558 Mandate im House of Commons. Die Tories unter Henry St. John, 1. Viscount Bolingbroke, kamen mit einem Zugewinn von 17 Mandaten auf 145 Parlamentssitze, während die Patriot Whigs unter William Pulteney sogar 68 Sitze hinzugewann und nunmehr mit 83 Mitgliedern im Unterhaus vertreten war.

Sieben Jahre später fanden vom 30. April bis 11. Juni 1741 die nächsten Unterhauswahlen statt, bei denen die regierenden Whigs deutliche Verluste von 44 Mandaten hinnehmen mussten. Mit 286 der 558 Sitze im House of Commons verfügte die Regierung nur noch über eine knappe absolute Mehrheit. Die konservativen Tories, nunmehr unter der Führung von Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 3. Baronet verlor neun Mandate und kam auf 136 Sitze, während die Patriot Whigs unter William Pulteney 48 Mandate hinzugewannen und nunmehr mit 131 Sitzen im Unterhaus vertreten waren.

Innenpolitische Ereignisse
Im Mai 1736 kam es zur Aufhebung der Hexengesetze. Am 20. November 1737 verstarb Königin Caroline, die Gemahlin von König Georg II. und Förderin von Schriftstellern wie Alexander Pope und John Gay, in London. Die Königin war eine geschätzte Ratgeberin des Königs für staatliche Angelegenheiten und fungierte als Regentin während dessen Auslandsreisen. Der von Trauer erfüllte König soll gesagt haben, dass er nie wieder heiraten und nur noch Mätressen nehmen würde.

1733 scheiterte Walpole mit seinem Vorhaben, eine Akzisesteuer (Verbrauchssteuer) auf Wein und Tabak einzuführen, um die Grundsteuer senken zu können. Der Plan musste gegen den Widerstand einer heftig opponierenden Öffentlichkeit aufgegeben werden. Der Vorgang zeigt nachdrücklich, wie in der Öffentlichkeit artikulierte Interessen zum unüberwindlichen Hindernis für die Regierung werden können. Durch das Licensing Act wurde 1737 die Zahl der Theater in London eingeschränkt. Am 9. Januar 1742 wurde Robert Walpole zum 1. Earl of Orford erhoben und tritt einen Monat später am 11. Februar 1742 nach 21 Jahren Amtszeit als Premierminister sowie als Erster Lord des Schatzamtes und Schatzkanzler zurück.

War of Jenkins' Ear und außenpolitische Ereignisse

Durch den Vertrag von Escurial begründeten Frankreich und Spanien am 7. November 1733 eine anti-britische Allianz und garantierten sich gegenseitig ihre Besitztümer. Der Vertrag erklärte zudem die unteilbare Vereinigung der Zweige der Familie Habsburg.

Die parlamentarische Debatte zur Affäre über das Ohr von Kapitän Robert Jenkins, in der Jenkinks auch das konservierte Ohr im House of Commons zeigte, führten am 28. März 1738 zu Rufen nach einem Krieg gegen Spanien. 1731 wurde Jenkins, Kapitän eines Handelsschiffs, von Soldaten der spanischen Küstenwache in Havanna wegen Handels unter Missachtung des spanischen Monopols ein Ohr abgeschnitten. Niemand hielt es während der Parlamentsdebatte für nötig nachzuprüfen, ob dem streitbaren Kapitän tatsächlich ein Ohr unter seiner Perücke fehlte. Jedenfalls berichtete dieser, dass sein Schiff, die Brigg Rebecca, unter Missachtung internationaler Regelungen von den Spaniern untersucht worden sei und dass seine "Besucher" ihm als Entgegnung auf seine Proteste das Ohr abgerissen hätten. Das ganze englische Volk forderte Rache. Walpole musste sich nach der öffentlichen Meinung richten. Am 8. Oktober 1739 kam es gegen den Willen Walpoles schließlich zur Kriegserklärung gegenüber Spanien, das zuvor die Anerkennung des auf dem Vertrag von Sevilla gestützte Konvention von Pardo verweigert hatte. Die am 3. Januar 1739 geschlossene Konvention bemühte sich den britisch-spanischen Konflikt über den Sklavenhandel (Asiento de Negros) und Schiffstransporte zu lösen, allerdings beharrte Spanien auf sein Recht, britische Schiffe nach Schmuggelware zu durchsuchen. Die ursprünglich zugesagte Abberufung der Mediterranean Fleet, der britischen Flotte im Mittelmeer, wurde daraufhin am 14. Januar 1739 widerrufen. Die Mittelmeerflotte wurde erst ein Jahr zuvor am 9. Mai 1738 wieder in Dienst gestellt, wobei deren Schiffe ebenfalls zu den Westindischen Inseln gesandt wurden und nach Grenzkonflikten mit Spanien auch Truppen zur Kolonie Georgia in Nordamerika transportierte. Die Situation führte schließlich am 19. Oktober 1739 zum Beginn des War of Jenkins' Ear, dem Krieg um Jenkins' Ohr. Im November 1739 nahm Admiral Edward Vernon Puerto Belo im heutigen Panama von den Spanien ein. Walpole versuchte vergeblich, seine Friedenspolitik in dieser Zeit entstehender handelspolitischer Gegensätze vor allem in der Karibik fortzusetzen., erlitt jedoch eine deutliche Schmälerung seiner innenpolitischen Machtstellung. Die Kriegserklärung ließ nicht nur die aggressive Variante des britischen Merkantilismus zum Durchbruch kommen, sondern ist auch verfassungsgeschichtlich bedeutsam, weil sie plebiszitäre Züge in der Politik verstärkte. 1740 verließ George Anson als Kommodore eines Pazifikgeschwaders mit sechs Schiffen England für eine Weltumsegelung. 1741 griffen britische Truppen Kuba an, verfehlten aber die Eroberung. Der erfolglose Krieg um Jenkins' Ohr, dem der Österreichische Erbfolgekrieg folgte, kostete schließlich dem Kriegsgegner Walpole die Stellung.

Mitglieder des Kabinetts

Hintergrundliteratur
 England im 18. Jahrhundert, in: Weltgeschichte in Bildern. Die innere Entwicklung der europäischen Staaten im 18. Jahrhundert, Gondrom Verlag, Bayreuth 1981, ISBN 3-8112-0242-1
 Chris Cook, John Stevenson: British Historical Facts 1688–1760, Macmillan 1988, S. 39–40
 Paul Langford: A Polite and Commercial People: England 1727–1783, Clarendon Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-19-820733-7, S. 56 (Onlineversion)
 Heinrich Pleticha (Herausgeber): Weltgeschichte. Aufklärung und Revolution. Europa im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert, Bertelsmann Lexikon Verlag, Gütersloh 1996, ISBN 3-577-15008-4
 Ulrike Müller-Kaspar (Herausgeberin): Die Jahrtausendbibliothek. Das Achtzehnte Jahrhundert, Tosa Verlag, Wien 1999
 Chambers Dictionary of World History, Chambers Harrap 2002, ISBN 0-550-13000-4
 Hywell Williams (Herausgeber): The Early Modern World 1450–1799, in: Cassell's Chronology of World History. Dates, Events and Ideas that Made History, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 2005, ISBN 0-304-35730-8
 Der Große Ploetz. Die Enzyklopädie der Weltgeschichte, Verlag Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 35. Auflage, 2008, ISBN 978-3-525-32008-2

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Walpole

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Piteå (; Pronúncia sueca /piːtəoː/;  Ouça a pronúncia; ; em lapão de Piteå Pite; em meänkieli Piitin), Pitea (por adaptação tipográfica) ou Pita () é uma cidade da província histórica de Norrbotten, no norte da Suécia. É a sede da comuna de Piteå, pertencente ao condado de  Norrbotten.
Está situada a 50 km a sudoeste da cidade de Luleå.                                                                                Segundo censo de 2018, possuía  habitantes. Em área, ocupa 23,5 quilômetros quadrados.                                                                                Seu dialeto local chama-se Pitemål.
Em Piteå e arredores circula o jornal diário Piteå-Tidningen.                                                                                Um prato típico da cidade chama-se Pitepalt.

Etimologia e uso
O nome da povoação Piteå está associado ao rio Piteälven, antigamente chamado Pita, cuja origem - sueca ou finlandesa - é incerta. A terminação -eå está ligada a duas raízes etimológicas convergentes, uma das quais influenciada pelo sufixo å (rio).
A cidade está mencionada como Pitu, em 1335.

Em textos em português é usada a forma original Piteå, ocasionalmente transliterada para Pitea, por adaptação tipográfica.

História

Piteå foi citada pela primeira vez em 1335, durante a Idade Média. Em 1620, foi fundada a cidade moderna por 44 colonos para aí destacados. Recebeu o seu "título de cidade" em 1621, com o desígnio de incrementar o comércio com os lapões da região. Em 1666, um grande incêndio destruiu-a. Dois anos depois, em 1668, a cidade foi reconstruída num local na proximidade mais apropriado às atividades marítimas. Em 1716, a povoação foi pilhada e devastada pelos russos. A pouco e pouco voltou a ser reconstruída, até que em 1765 lhe foi concedido o direito a "exportar e importar mercadorias", em simultâneo com Luleå, Umeå e Torneå. Quando o condado da Norrbotten foi fundado em 1810, foi sua capital até 1856, ano em que foi substituída nessa função pela sua rival Luleå.

Comunicações
A estrada europeia E4 (Haparanda-Piteå-Helsingborg) passa junto à cidade de Piteå. Tem ligação ferroviária com Älvsbyn, a 45 km, onde passa a Linha do Norte da Norrland (Stambanan genom övre Norrland), essencialmente utilizada para transportes de cargas.

Turismo
Piteå é um importante ponto turístico de Norrbotten, atraindo especialmente visitantes noruegueses. O centro de lazer de Pite Havsbad – a 11 km a sul - atrai anualmente inúmeros visitantes.

Educação
 Escola Superior de Música (Musikhögskolan i Piteå, uma filial da Universidade Técnica de Luleå)
 Centro de investigação de técnica de energia (Energitekniskt centrum)
 Escola secundária Strömbacka (Strömbacka Gymnasieskola)
 Escola superior popular (Framnäs folkhögskola)

Bibliografia

Pita (Suécia)


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text:
Q: Flutter Firebase how to query a collection ordered by indexes of a List I have this List with document Ids as Strings;
And i want to query a collection in Cloud Firestore that returns this documents in the order of myRecipes list;
List myRecipes= ['N1UXCMR0flbBg6mfvimB','1UXvdsffR0flbBg6mfvimB','mcmXCMR0flbBg6mfvimB'];

StreamBuilder(
        stream:  Firestore.instance
                  .collection('recipes')
                  .where(FieldPath.documentId,
                      whereIn: myLRecipes)
                  .snapshots(),
        builder: (context, snapshot) {
          if (!snapshot.hasData) {
            return Container();
          }
          return GridView.builder(
              itemCount: snapshot.data.documents.length,
              gridDelegate: SliverGridDelegateWithFixedCrossAxisCount(
                crossAxisCount: 2,
              ),
              itemBuilder: (BuildContext context, int index) {
                return  Text(snapshot.data.documents[index]['recipeName']),
                ;
              });
        });

When i run this it returns the recipes in the order of Firestore but i want to return them how they are in myRecipes list, so the first Text widget displayed will be the myRecipes[0].
I' ve also tried with the listen() method but it gives me this error
type '_ForwardingStreamSubscription<QuerySnapshotPlatform, QuerySnapshot>' is not a subtype of type 'Stream'
Please help me i' ve been trying for days
List myRecipes= ['N1UXCMR0flbBg6mfvimB','1UXvdsffR0flbBg6mfvimB','mcmXCMR0flbBg6mfvimB'];

StreamBuilder(
        stream:  Firestore.instance
                  .collection('recipes')
                  .where(FieldPath.documentId,
                      whereIn: myLRecipes)
                  .snapshots().listen((event) {
            event.documents.sort((a, b) {
              return a.documentID
                  .indexOf(myRecipes.first)
                  .compareTo(myRecipes.last);
            });
          }),
        builder: (context, snapshot) {
          if (!snapshot.hasData) {
            return Container();
          }
          return GridView.builder(
              itemCount: snapshot.data.documents.length,
              gridDelegate: SliverGridDelegateWithFixedCrossAxisCount(
                crossAxisCount: 2,
              ),
              itemBuilder: (BuildContext context, int index) {
                return  Text(snapshot.data.documents[index]['recipeName']),
                ;
              });
        });

I tried with transform but i don't know how to use it properly. Here my code
List myRecipes= ['N1UXCMR0flbBg6mfvimB','1UXvdsffR0flbBg6mfvimB','mcmXCMR0flbBg6mfvimB'];

StreamBuilder(
        stream: Firestore.instance
                .collection('products')
                .where(FieldPath.documentId,
                    whereIn: snapshot.data.data['favorites'].toList())
                .snapshots()
                .transform(StreamTransformer.fromBind((event) {
          event.listen((event) {
            return event.documents.sort((a, b) {
              return a.documentID
                  .indexOf(myRecipes.first)
                  .compareTo(myRecipes.last);
            });
          });
        })));
        builder: (context, snapshot) {
          if (!snapshot.hasData) {
            return Container();
          }
          return GridView.builder(
              itemCount: snapshot.data.documents.length,
              gridDelegate: SliverGridDelegateWithFixedCrossAxisCount(
                crossAxisCount: 2,
              ),
              itemBuilder: (BuildContext context, int index) {
                return  Text(snapshot.data.documents[index]['recipeName']),
                ;
              });
        });

This does not give me an error but it does not return any widget.

A: There is no option to retrieve the documents in the order that you have them in a client-side list. You'll have to reorder the documents in your application code after they've been retrieved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Google Maps API, geared towards organizations that advantage from having a customized version of the Maps in their online or mobile applications. Google declared the launch of their new Google Maps Platform with a new pricing structure for organizations making utilization of the Google Maps APIs to convey modified Maps, Routes and Places experiences for their users.
Google introduces the 'Pit-Stop' feature for iPhone users. The feature is a part of Google Maps and was already available on Android devices since October last year. It allows the users to find common pit stops like gas station, restaurants, grocery stores, and coffee shops while on the way to their respective destinations, while using the navigation app.
No matter where you live, Google always tries to help their users through its outstanding digital revolution, from road maps to online storage and more. Chromecast is one great streaming device, backed by Google, which lets you enjoy everything directly on TV that you do on your mobile. From mobile apps and live music to Netflix, Hulu, YouTube and Spotify, everything is at your fingertips.
Facebook is building its own maps with the help of Artificial Intelligence, to trace the concentration of human settlement in different parts of the world, as reported by Times Of India. The program called Connectivity Lab will create a population map across 21.6 million square kilometers of Earth which is far more than traditional population maps.


text:
Lucrare de atestat la Limba Engleza - Thomas Alva Edison
UTILIZAREA TEHNOLOGIEI INFORMATIEI IN VIATA DE ZI CU ZI
DOSAR CU DOCUMENTELE NECESARE IN MAGAZIE
EXPRESII CELEBRE (din limba engleza)
APARAT DE TESTARE SENZORIO-MOTORIE COMPLEXA SI CONFLICTOMETRU CST-2
Substantele peliculogene - MATERIALE DE VOPSIRE
HINDUISMUL
LUCRARE PENTRU OBTINEREA ATESTATULUI DE COMPETENTA LINGVISTICA - British typical sports
Sistemas de transmissió i frenada
FORME PREINSTITUTIONALE DE COMBATERE A INCENDIILOR. INFIINTAREA PRIMELOR FORMATIUNI DE POMPIERI MILITARI IN ROMANIA
Colegiul National Pedagogic 'Constantin Bratescu'
Lucrare de atestat la Limba Engleza
Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman who developed many devices which greatly influenced life around the world. Dubbed 'The Wizard of Menlo Park' by a newspaper reporter, he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production to the process of invention, and therefore is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
Some of his inventions were not completely original but amounted to improvements of earlier inventions. Also, many of the inventions attributed to him were actually created by one or more of the numerous employees working under his direction. Nevertheless, Edison is considered one of the most prolific inventors in history, holding 1,097 U.S. patents in his name, as well as many patents in the United Kingdom, France and Germany.
Structured in three chapters, the paper starts by describing Thomas Edison's life bla bla . The second chapter presents all his important inventions and the third chapter makes a walk through his failed inventions.
The reason why I have chosen this subject is because Thomas Edison was more responsible than any one else for creating the modern world . No one did more too shape the physical/cultural makeup of present day civilization. Accordingly, he was the most influential figure of the millennium.'
The Life of Thomas Edison
Thomas Alva Edison was born on February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio; the seventh and last child of Samuel and Nancy Edison. When Edison was seven his family moved to Port Huron, Michigan. Edison lived here until he struck out on his own at the age of sixteen. Edison had very little formal education as a child, attending school only for a few months. He was taught reading, writing, and arithmetic by his mother, but was always a very curious child and taught himself much by reading on his own. This belief in self-improvement remained throughout his life.
Edison began working at an early age, as most boys did at the time. At thirteen he took a job as a newsboy, selling newspapers and candy on the local railroad that ran through Port Huron to Detroit. He seems to have spent much of his free time reading scientific, and technical books, and also had the opportunity at this time to learn how to operate a telegraph. By the time he was sixteen, Edison was proficient enough to work as a telegrapher full time.
The development of the telegraph was the first step in the communication revolution, and the telegraph industry expanded rapidly in the second half of the 19th century. This rapid growth gave Edison and others like him a chance to travel, see the country, and gain experience. Edison worked in a number of cities throughout the United States before arriving in Boston in 1868. Here Edison began to change his profession from telegrapher to inventor. He received his first patent on an electric vote recorder, a device intended for use by elected bodies such as Congress to speed the voting process. This invention was a commercial failure. Edison resolved that in the future he would only invent things that he was certain the public would want.
Edison moved to New York City in 1869. He continued to work on inventions related to the telegraph, and developed his first successful invention, an improved stock ticker called the 'Universal Stock Printer'. For this and some related inventions Edison was paid $40,000. This gave Edison the money he needed to set up his first small laboratory and manufacturing facility in Newark, New Jersey in 1871. During the next five years, Edison worked in Newark inventing and manufacturing devices that greatly improved the speed and efficiency of the telegraph. He also found to time to get married to Mary Stilwell and start a family.
In 1876 Edison sold all his Newark manufacturing concerns and moved his family and staff of assistants to the small village of Menlo Park, twenty-five miles southwest of New York City. Edison established a new facility containing all the equipment necessary to work on any invention. This research and development laboratory was the first of its kind anywhere; the model for later, modern facilities such as Bell Laboratories, this is sometimes considered to be Edison's greatest invention. Here Edison began to change the world.
The first great invention developed by Edison in Menlo Park was the tin foil phonograph. The first machine that could record and reproduce sound created a sensation and brought Edison international fame. Edison toured the country with the tin foil phonograph, and was invited to the White House to demonstrate it to President Rutherford B. Hayes in April 1878.
Edison next undertook his greatest challenge, the development of a practical incandescent, electric light. The idea of electric lighting was not new, and a number of people had worked on, and even developed forms of electric lighting. But up to that time, nothing had been developed that was remotely practical for home use. Edison's eventual achievement was inventing not just an incandescent electric light, but also an electric lighting system that contained all the elements necessary to make the incandescent light practical, safe, and economical. After one and a half years of work, success was achieved when an incandescent lamp with a filament of carbonized sewing thread burned for thirteen and a half hours. The first public demonstration of the Edison's incandescent lighting system was in December 1879, when the Menlo Park laboratory complex was electrically lighted. Edison spent the next several years creating the electric industry. In September 1882, the first commercial power station, located on Pearl Street in lower Manhattan, went into operation providing light and power to customers in a one square mile area; the electric age had begun.
The success of his electric light brought Edison to new heights of fame and wealth, as electricity spread around the world. Edison's various electric companies continued to grow until in 1889 they were brought together to form Edison General Electric. Despite the use of Edison in the company title however, Edison never controlled this company. The tremendous amount of capital needed to develop the incandescent lighting industry had necessitated the involvement of investment bankers such as J.P. Morgan. When Edison General Electric merged with its leading competitor Thompson-Houston in 1892, Edison was dropped from the name, and the company became simply General Electric.
This period of success was marred by the death of Edison's wife Mary in 1884. Edison's involvement in the business end of the electric industry had caused Edison to spend less time in Menlo Park. After Mary's death, Edison was there even less, living instead in New York City with his three children. A year later, while vacationing at a friends house in New England, Edison met Mina Miller and fell in love. The couple was married in February 1886 and moved to West Orange, New Jersey where Edison had purchased an estate, Glenmont, for his bride. Thomas Edison lived here with Mina until his death.
When Edison moved to West Orange, he was doing experimental work in makeshift facilities in his electric lamp factory in nearby Harrison, New Jersey. A few months after his marriage, however, Edison decided to build a new laboratory in West Orange itself, less than a mile from his home. Edison possessed the both the resources and experience by this time to build, 'the best equipped and largest laboratory extant and the facilities superior to any other for rapid and cheap development of an invention '. The new laboratory complex consisting of five buildings opened in November 1887. A three story main laboratory building contained a power plant, machine shops, stock rooms, experimental rooms and a large library. Four smaller one story buildings built perpendicular to the main building contained a physics lab, chemistry lab, metallurgy lab, pattern shop, and chemical storage. The large size of the laboratory not only allowed Edison to work on any sort of project, but also allowed him to work on as many as ten or twenty projects at once. Facilities were added to the laboratory or modified to meet Edison's changing needs as he continued to work in this complex until his death in 1931. Over the years, factories to manufacture Edison inventions were built around the laboratory. The entire laboratory and factory complex eventually covered more than twenty acres and employed 10,000 people at its peak during World War One (1914-1918).
After opening the new laboratory, Edison began to work on the phonograph again, having set the project aside to develop the electric light in the late 1870s. By the 1890s, Edison began to manufacture phonographs for both home, and business use. Like the electric light, Edison developed everything needed to have a phonograph work, including records to play, equipment to record the records, and equipment to manufacture the records and the machines. In the process of making the phonograph practical, Edison created the recording industry. The development and improvement of the phonograph was an ongoing project, continuing almost until Edison's death.
The Inventions of Thomas Edison
Phonograph – History
The first great invention developed by Edison in Menlo Park was the tin foil phonograph. While working to improve the efficiency of a telegraph transmitter, he noted that the tape of the machine gave off a noise resembling spoken words when played at a high speed. This caused him to wonder if he could record a telephone message. He began experimenting with the diaphragm of a telephone receiver by attaching a needle to it. He reasoned that the needle could prick paper tape to record a message. His experiments led him to try a stylus on a tinfoil cylinder, which, to his great surprise, played back the short message he recorded, 'Mary had a little lamb.'
The word phonograph was the trade name for Edison's device, which played cylinders rather than discs. The machine had two needles: one for recording and one for playback. When you spoke into the mouthpiece, the sound vibrations of your voice would be indented onto the cylinder by the recording needle. This cylinder phonograph was the first machine that could record and reproduce sound created a sensation and brought Edison international fame.
August 12, 1877, is the date popularly given for Edison's completion of the model for the first phonograph. It is more likely, however, that work on the model was not finished until November or December of that year, since he did not file for the patent until December 24, 1877. He toured the country with the tin foil phonograph, and was invited to the White House to demonstrate it to President Rutherford B. Hayes in April 1878.
In 1878, Thomas Edison established the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company to sell the new machine. He suggested other uses for the phonograph, such as: letter writing and dictation, phonographic books for blind people, a family record (recording family members in their own voices), music boxes and toys, clocks that announce the time, and a connection with the telephone so communications could be recorded.
Disc Phonograph – History
Cylinders peaked in popularity around 1905. After this, discs and disc players, most notably the Victrolas, began to dominate the market. Columbia Records, and Edison competitor, had stopped marketing cylinders in 1912. The Edison Company had been fully devoted to cylinder phonographs, but, concerned with discs' rising popularity, Edison associates began developing their own disc player and discs in secret. Dr. Jonas Aylsworth, chief chemist for Edison, and later after his retirement in 1903, a consultant for the company, took charge of developing a plastic material for the discs. The aim was to produce a superior-sounding disc that would outperform the rivals' shellac records, which were prone to wear and warping. Another difference from competitors' discs was that the vertical-cut method was to be used for the grooves. In this manner, the stylus would bob up and down in the groove, rather than from side to side or laterally. Ten-inch records would run for 5 minutes per side at approximately 80 r.p.m.
Although Edison associates initially worked on the project in secret, when Edison discovered it, he took control of this new project and gave it much of his personal attention.
Aylsworth molded phenol and formaldehyde mixed with wood-flour and a solvent into a heat-resistant disc. This material always remained absolutely plane, which was essential as it formed the core of the disc record. A phenolic resin varnish called Condensite was applied to the core, and then the disc was stamped in the record press. The finished 10' disc weighed ten ounces, heavier than most, partially due to the 1/4' thickness of the record. A diamond point was obtained for the stylus. The Disc Phonograph and the Edison Discs were designed to be an entire system, incompatible with other discs or disc players.
The new Edison Disc Phonograph was shown for the first time publicly at the Fifth Annual Convention for the National Association of Talking Machine Jobbers at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on July 10-13th, 1911. Press reported that the new machine was based on Edison's British 1878 patent in order to deter claims of copyright infringement with Victor or Berliner. The new machine was also mentioned in the Edison Phonograph Monthly in July of 1911, but it was over a year before disc players or discs would be offered for sale.
By the end of 1912, three basic models of the Edison Disc Phonograph had been designed, ranging in price from $150 to $250, and the company salesmen took them around the country. Soon after, the choice of models was extended to feature less expensive players and luxury machines in stylish wood cabinets. Prices for the discs started from $1.15 to $4.25, but later came down to $1.35 to $2.25. The discs were expensive to make because of the complicated chemical processes used for them.
Initial public reaction was not encouraging for several reasons. The Edison cabinets were deemed to be less attractive than the Victrolas, and customers were required to buy Edison discs only for Edison players, since they were not compatible with other players. The laminated surface of the discs also had a tendency to detach from the core material, and surface noise was frequently apparent, which contradicted the aim of perfection that the company was trying to achieve with its recordings. Still, the phonographs and discs were touted as being acoustically better than those of the competitors. In order to bolster claims of superiority, Edison claimed that his records could be played 1,000 times without wear
Recitals were also conducted to prove the merit of the discs. Edison recording artists would sing along with a disc recording of their voices, daring the audience to be able to tell the difference. In late 1915, Edison began its famous Tone Tests, which featured artists alternating their live performance on a darkened stage with that on the disc in front of large audiences, challenging them to detect a difference. Reaction was positive to these tests, and reinforced the Edison motto that the discs were 're-creations' of performances, not merely recordings of them.
Additional advertising for the Diamond Disc was secured through promotion of the Edison film The Voice of the Violin, made in 1915, which featured a Tone Test by Anna Case. (The Library of Congress copy is incomplete and, unfortunately, is lacking Case's performance.)
On the disc label, sides were indicated by 'L' and 'R', referring to the left side or the right side when stored vertically. The early disc issues contained the Edison trademark, Edison's image, the title of the selection, and the composer, all pressed into the glossy black surface of the disc using a half-tone electrotype. The early issues did not carry the artists' names, reflecting Edison's policy of not seeking out name acts, but supposedly relying on the quality of the music alone. In 1915, the artists' names began to be added to the labels. In 1921, black paper labels with white Roman type began to be used, and were changed at the end of 1923 to white labels.
By 1916, demand increased for console cabinets to house the disc players. The Edison Company produced a series of period models to compete with those of the Victor Company. The designer for the cabinets was H.D. Newson from the W.A. French Furniture Company of Minneapolis. Named 'The Art Models,' these cabinets came in English, French, and Italian period styles, as well as Gothic styles. Prices ranged from $1,000 to $6,000. Advertising for these models made it clear that the players themselves were the same as lower-priced models; the inflated cost was for the cabinet.
In 1917 when the U.S. became involved in World War I, the Edison Company created the Army and Navy Model in answer to a request for machines from the United States Army
Depot Quartermaster in New York. The simple, basic machine sold for $60. The Department of War never purchased any, but individual units bought them, some taking them overseas. The Army and Navy Model was discontinued after the war's end.
By 1917, the Disc Phonograph had garnered considerable success in the marketplace. This good fortune continued for almost seven years. In contrast, the cylinder phonograph business declined; by 1925, the remaining cylinder customers had to order directly from the factory. By 1920, Edison was the only disc company not using steel needles or the lateral method of grooves.
By 1924, business began to sour with the advent of competition from radio. Operations were cut back, and experimentation began with long-playing records. These were introduced in October 1926 along with four new console disc phonographs. As a concession to the marketplace, attachments were also offered so that the Edison phonographs could play the laterally-cut records of competitors.
By the latter half of the 20's, the company started to diversify its interests in an attempt to stay viable. Thoughts of moving pictures with sound led the company to develop an Ediscope which featured still pictures with narration. This was envisioned as being appropriate for the children's market, since it could be used for fairy tales and educational nature talks. Work was also begun on the Cine-Music Phonograph, which was conceived to supply musical accompaniment to motion pictures.
Edison entered into the radio business in 1928 by taking over the Aplitdorf-Bethlehem Electrical Company of Newark, a move which allowed him to produce radio-phonographs. The Edison Company further expanded into the field of radio by making programs for radio on long-playing discs. Radio station WAAM of Newark, NJ, agreed to use the new Rayediphonic Reproducing Machine and Radiosonic records in 1929, with the first Radiosonic broadcast being aired on April 4. It appeared that the company had finally found a profitable outlet.
In the summer of 1929, the Edison company gave into the popular trend and introduced the Edison Portable Disc Phonograph with New Edison Needle Records, offering both the Diamond Discs and the new needle records simultaneously.
These changes did not measurably improve business, and on October 21, orders were given to close the Edison disc business, with the company stating that it would focus on the manufacture of its radio-phonographs in the future.
Kinetophones – History
From the inception of motion pictures, various inventors attempted to unite sight and sound through 'talking' motion pictures. The Edison Company is known to have experimented with this as early as the fall of 1894 under the supervision of W. K. L. Dickson with a film known today as Dickson Experimental Sound Film. The film shows a man, who may possibly be Dickson, playing violin before a phonograph horn as two men dance.
By the spring of 1895, Edison was offering Kinetophones--Kinetoscopes with phonographs inside their cabinets. The viewer would look into the peep-holes of the Kinetoscope to watch the motion picture while listening to the accompanying phonograph through two rubber ear tubes connected to the machine (the kinetophone). The picture and sound were made somewhat synchronous by connecting the two with a belt. Although the initial novelty of the machine drew attention, the decline of the Kinetoscope business and Dickson's departure from Edison ended any further work on the Kinetophone for 18 years.
In 1913, a different version of the Kinetophone was introduced to the public. This time, the sound was made to synchronize with a motion picture projected onto a screen. A celluloid cylinder record measuring 5 1/2' in diameter was used for the phonograph. Synchronization was achieved by connecting the projector at one end of the theater and the phonograph at the other end with a long pulley.
Nineteen talking pictures were produced in 1913 by Edison, but by 1915 he had abandoned sound motion pictures. There were several reasons for this. First, union rules stipulated that local union projectionists had to operate the Kinetophones, even though they hadn't been trained properly in its use. This led to many instances where synchronization was not achieved, causing audience dissatisfaction. The method of synchronization used was still less than perfect, and breaks in the film would cause the motion picture to get out of step with the phonograph record. The dissolution of the Motion Picture Patents Corp. in 1915 may also have contributed to Edison's departure from sound films, since this act deprived him of patent protection for his motion picture inventions.
Electricity and Lightbulb - History
Thomas Edison's greatest challenge was the development of a practical incandescent, electric light. Contrary to popular belief, he didn't 'invent' the lightbulb, but rather he improved upon a 50-year-old idea. In 1879, using lower current electricity, a small carbonized filament, and an improved vacuum inside the globe, he was able to produce a reliable, long-lasting source of light. The idea of electric lighting was not new, and a number of people had worked on, and even developed forms of electric lighting. But up to that time, nothing had been developed that was remotely practical for home use. Edison's eventual achievement was inventing not just an incandescent electric light, but also an electric lighting system that contained all the elements necessary to make the incandescent light practical, safe, and economical. After one and a half years of work, success was achieved when an incandescent lamp with a filament of carbonized sewing thread burned for thirteen and a half hours.
There are a couple of other interesting things about the invention of the light bulb: While most of the attention was on the discovery of the right kind of filament that would work, Edison actually had to invent a total of seven system elements that were critical to the practical application of electric lights as an alternative to the gas lights that were prevalent in that day.
These were the development of:
the parallel circuit,
a durable light bulb,
an improved dynamo,
the underground conductor network,
the devices for maintaining constant voltage,
safety fuses and insulating materials, and
light sockets with on-off switches.
Before Edison could make his millions, every one of these elements had to be invented and then, through careful trial and error, developed into practical, reproducible components. The first public demonstration of the Thomas Edison's incandescent lighting system was in December 1879, when the Menlo Park laboratory complex was electrically lighted. Edison spent the next several years creating the electric industry.
The modern electric utility industry began in the 1880s. It evolved from gas and electric carbon-arc commercial and street lighting systems. On September 4, 1882, the first commercial power station, located on Pearl Street in lower Manhattan, went into operation providing light and electricity power to customers in a one square mile area; the electric age had begun. Thomas Edison's Pearl Street electricity generating station introduced four key elements of a modern electric utility system. It featured reliable central generation, efficient distribution, a successful end use (in 1882, the light bulb), and a competitive price. A model of efficiency for its time, Pearl Street used one-third the fuel of its predecessors, burning about 10 pounds of coal per kilowatt hour, a 'heat rate' equivalent of about 138,000 Btu per kilowatt hour. Initially the Pearl Street utility served 59 customers for about 24 cents per kilowatt hour. In the late 1880s, power demand for electric motors brought the industry from mainly nighttime lighting to 24-hour service and dramatically raised electricity demand for transportation and industry needs. By the end of the 1880s, small central stations dotted many U.S. cities; each was limited to a few blocks area because of transmission inefficiencies of direct current (dc).
The success of his electric light brought Thomas Edison to new heights of fame and wealth, as electricity spread around the world. His various electric companies continued to grow until in 1889 they were brought together to form Edison General Electric. Despite the use of Edison in the company title however, he never controlled this company. The tremendous amount of capital needed to develop the incandescent lighting industry had necessitated the involvement of investment bankers such as J.P. Morgan. When Edison General Electric merged with its leading competitor Thompson-Houston in 1892, Edison was dropped from the name, and the company became simply General Electric.
Edison Motion Pictures – History
Thomas Edison's interest in motion pictures began before 1888, however, the visit of Eadweard Muybridge to his laboratory in West Orange in February of that year certainly stimulated his resolve to invent a camera for motion pictures. Muybridge proposed that they collaborate and combine the Zoopraxiscope with the Edison phonograph. Although apparently intrigued, Edison decided not to participate in such a partnership, perhaps realizing that the Zoopraxiscope was not a very practical or efficient way of recording motion. In an attempt to protect his future, he filed a caveat with the Patents Office on October 17, 1888, describing his ideas for a device which would 'do for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear' -- record and reproduce objects in motion. He called it a 'Kinetoscope,' using the Greek words 'kineto' meaning 'movement' and 'scopos' meaning 'to watch.'
One of Edison's first motion picture and the first motion picture ever copyrighted showed his employee Fred Ott pretending to sneeze. One problem was that a good film for motion pictures was not available. In 1893, Eastman Kodak began supplying motion picture film stock, making it possible for Edison to step up the production of new motion pictures. He built a motion picture production studio in New Jersey. The studio had a roof that could be opened to let in daylight, and the entire building was constructed so that it could be moved to stay in line with the sun.
C. Francis Jenkins and Thomas Armat invented a film projector called the Vitascope and asked Edison to supply the films and manufacture the projector under his name. Eventually, the Edison Company developed its own projector, known as the Projectoscope, and stopped marketing the Vitascope. The first motion pictures shown in a 'movie theater' in America were presented to audiences on April 23, 1896, in New York City.
The Failed Inventions
Thomas Alva Edison held 1,093 patents for different inventions. Many of them, like the lightbulb, the phonograph, and the motion picture camera, were brilliant creations that have a huge influence on our everyday life. However, not everything he created was a success; he also had a few failures.
One concept that never took off was Edison's interest in using cement to build things. He formed the Edison Portland Cement Co. in 1899, and made everything from cabinets (for phonographs) to pianos and houses. Unfortunately, at the time, concrete was too expensive and the idea was never accepted. Cement wasn't a total failure, though. His company was hired to build Yankee Stadium in the Bronx.
From the beginning of the creation of motion pictures, many people tried to combine film and sound to make 'talking' motion pictures. Here you can see to the left an example of an early film attempting to combine sound with pictures made by Edison's assistant, W.K.L. Dickson. By 1895, Edison had created the Kinetophone--a Kinetoscope (peep-hole motion picture viewer) with a phonograph that played inside the cabinet. Sound could be heard through two ear tubes while the viewer watched the images. This creation never really took off, and by 1915 Edison abandoned the idea of sound motion pictures.
The greatest failure of Thomas Edison's career was his inability to create a practical way to mine iron ore. He worked on mining methods through the late 1880s and early 1890s to supply the Pennsylvania steel mills' demand for iron ore. In order to finance this work, he sold all his stock in General Electric, but was never able to create a separator that could extract iron from unusable, low-grade ores. Eventually, Edison gave up on the idea, but by then he had lost all the money he'd invested.
Thomas Alva Edison was a man who influenced America more than anyone else. He became throw his inventions one of the most important figures that world knew. His name is immortal threw ages just because his brilliant mind .
He was lucky because he was a businessman too, and he could start the production of all his invention which help us nowadays. Beside all this he ruined the hopes of others peoples to try to assume the same inventions , as we can say now he registered these devices with the original brand no copyright allowed.
In my opinion, Thomas Edison was a person who deserves our respect for his influence on political thought and for the long-lasting effects of all that he accomplished during his long and fruitful career.
Books (information)
1. Edison: The man who made the future by Ronald W. Clark
2. Edison: Inventing the Century by Neil Baldwin
3. Edison by Matthew Josephson. McGraw Hill
https://www.scrigroup.com/diverse/Lucrare-de-atestat-la-Limba-En52645.php


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Strengthening the Commonwealth to Achieve SDG Target 8.7
Eradication of Contemporary Forms of Slavery
Tens of millions of people – women, men and children - are held in conditions of contemporary forms of slavery across all regions of the world, as those exploiting them continue to expand their increasingly sophisticated operations. The International Labour Organization estimated in 2016 that 40.3 million people were held in modern slavery, and it is estimated that 40% of those enslaved are within the Commonwealth. Although modern slavery affects people and communities who are vulnerable - for example, women and girls from the Global South who also live in poverty - modern slavery can affect people of any age, gender or race.
CHRI's Work
Since 2016, CHRI has urged all Commonwealth states to adhere to their commitment to achieve UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 8.7 to 'take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, human trafficking, prohibit and eliminate the worst forms of child labour including the use of child soldiers, end modern slavery, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms.'
This commitment has received public support from Commonwealth governments who, in the 2018 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting Communiqué, called for 'effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end modern slavery and human trafficking, and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour in all its forms by 2025, including the unlawful recruitment and use of child soldiers.'
CHRI's programme supporting the achievement of SDG Target 8.7 and the eradication of contemporary forms of slavery focuses on awareness raising, research, advocacy, network building and knowledge sharing, and capacity building.
Commonwealth 8.7 Network
In July 2019, CHRI launched the Commonwealth 8.7 Network, an international member-driven network with over 60 national and local civil society organisation members who share a common vision to eradicate contemporary forms of slavery and human trafficking. The 8.7 Network serves as a knowledge-sharing platform for country-specific and thematic issues and good practice, and works collaboratively and through partnerships to raise awareness, build capacity, provide support to survivors, and advocate for change to laws and policies.
In 2019, the Commonwealth 8.7 Network received the Commonwealth Secretary-General's Innovation for Sustainable Development Award. Commonwealth 8.7 Network twitter handle: @CMW87network
CHRI produces reports based on rigorous research. These reports document the violations and abuses that persist, monitor government progress, and provide recommendations to achieve the goal of eradicating contemporary forms of slavery:
'Eradicating Modern Slavery: An assessment of Commonwealth governments' progress on achieving SDG Target 8.7' was produced in partnership with Walk Free, and launched on 30 July 2020 - World Day Against Trafficking in Persons. This report highlights Commonwealth government action and inaction to tackle contemporary forms of slavery using 104 indicators of the Global Slavery Index, as well as an additional 48 indicators developed by CHRI.
Two years on from the 2018 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) Communiqué commitments to take effective measures to eradicate all forms of contemporary slavery, and the launch of the Commonwealth Roadmap to SDG 8.7, this report finds that progress has been too slow and concrete action is urgently needed to achieve the target to eradicate contemporary forms of slavery by 2030.
This comprehensive report presents global and regional recommendations to Commonwealth Member States to achieve SDG Target 8.7 and eradicate modern slavery, focusing on five areas: supporting survivors; strengthening criminal justice; improving coordination and accountability; addressing risk factors; and eradicating exploitation from supply chains.
'The Commonwealth Roadmap to SDG 8.7' was launched in December 2018, following the development of an Indicator Framework to supplement the Global Slavery Index. This report provides a roadmap for effective action towards eradicating all forms of contemporary slavery in Commonwealth countries and proposes an Indicator Framework to measure progress. The report identifies four areas of action that can accelerate progress to meet the Commonwealth's ambition of eradicating modern slavery by 2025: social norms, attitudes and behaviours; law and policy frameworks; social and economic assets and safety nets; and robust data collection.
'Creating an Effective Coalition to Achieve SDG 8.7' was launched in April 2018 during the CHOGM in London. It calls upon the Heads of Commonwealth Governments to take effective measures to eradicate all forms of contemporary slavery. This report outlines the complexity of the violations and abuses encompassed within SDG Target 8.7: the legacy of colonialism, rapid population growth, poverty, unchecked economic globalisation, conflict, political instability, and weakened governance have created a fertile environment for high levels of forced labour, modern slavery, human trafficking, child labour, and child soldiers. Commonwealth States are forecast to be home to 30.4% of the world's population by 2050, which will put a further strain on limited resources, increasing the number of potential victims.
Advocacy and Capacity Building
CHRI undertakes advocacy at international level, engaging through Commonwealth institutions and UN human rights mechanisms, including raising awareness of human rights issues and contributing to international standard setting processes. This includes regular engagement at UN Human Rights Council (HRC) sessions, as well as engagement in UPR processes, and with relevant Special Procedures.
On 24 September 2020, in conjunction with the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Contemporary forms of slavery and the Commonwealth 8.7 Network, CHRI London hosted a virtual side-event parallel to the HRC's 45th Regular Session, titled: Contemporary Forms of Slavery and COVID-19: Mitigating risks, addressing challenges, and identifying good practices. This event explored the impact of COVID-19 on contemporary forms of slavery, and what States and CSOs can do to address these challenges. Panellists included Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, UK International Ambassador for Human Rights, and CSO representatives from the Commonwealth 8.7 Network based in India and Canada. A recording of this webinar can be found here.
Today the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) marks the World Day Against Child Labour on 12 June with the release of a new video, 'A conversation with Homes of Hope Fiji, Aparajeyo-Bangladesh and NACTAL Nigeria'. As Secretariat to the Commonwealth 8.7 Network, CHRI spoke with member organisations that work to end child labour and exploitation in Fiji, Bangladesh, and Nigeria. They shared their thoughts on the barriers to end child labour, the impact their organisations have made, and what governments need to do to fulfil their commitments to eradicate child labour. Watch here:
As part of CHRI's focus on building capacity of stakeholders and CSOs in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) to understand, navigate and use the UN human rights mechanisms as a tool to support their advocacy for change at national and regional level, CHRI supported representatives from Pacific Island CSOs to attend sessions of the HRC, engage with human rights mechanisms and inter-governmental agencies, liaise with international NGOs, promoting awareness of human rights issues in the region.
As part of this broader programme, in September 2019, CHRI brought civil society representatives from Fiji and Vanuatu to the 42nd session of the HRC in Geneva, to highlight issues of contemporary forms of slavery, in particular the sexual exploitation and trafficking of women and girls in the Pacific, through meetings, dialogues, written and oral statements to the Council, as well as a CHRI organised side-event. See the oral statement by Homes of Hope, Fiji and the side event, which was supported by the office of the Special Rapporteur for contemporary forms of slavery, entitled Human Trafficking in the Pacific. See also our article published by the Commonwealth Secretariat.
In September 2017, the Commonwealth Secretariat and CHRI, in partnership with the governments of Australia and the UK, held a panel discussion on "Ending Modern Day Slavery - Achieving Goal 8.7: Sustainable and inclusive development through eradication of forced labour, ending modern slavery and human trafficking, and securing the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour". This side event was held in parallel to the 39th regular session of the Human Rights Council in Geneva.
COVID-19 and contemporary forms of slavery
Victims and survivors of contemporary forms of slavery and human trafficking are facing increasing vulnerability as a result of the outbreak of COVID-19 and the lockdown and other measures that governments have imposed in their efforts to control the pandemic. See our full statement on the impact of COVID-19 on contemporary forms of slavery here.


Cruising. This is a gold foil, but it's more chunky than most gold foils. Instead of a smoother, more chrome-like look, Cruising has a very defined-particle gold flake look.
Extravaganza. Coral with gold and green shimmer. The sunlight picture shows the shimmer better but the indoor shot is more color-accurate. It's definitely a bright coral, not a dusty one, and it has a lot of pink to it.
Femme. Bubblegum pink frost. This one had quite a few chunks of unmixed pigment in it, even through I shook it before using it. Can't say I'm a fan of frosty pink, but at least some of the frosty shimmer looks green in certain lights.
Pansy. This is weird because I have a pair of yoga pants that are THIS EXACT COLOR. Weird because it's such an exact match and also because I don't have many polishes this color. It's a light purple, very pink looking... Hard to describe. I've seen this color referred to as 'orchid' before, and I did have an orchid this color at one point, so let's call this one orchid-colored. It's really creamy looking. That sounds weird, too... But I've just never seen many polishes that look this creamy. Don't know how else to describe it!
Pool Boy. Gorgeous light blue creme. It seems a little more aqua/turquoise on my skin, but in the bottle it looks pure sky blue to me. My favorite of the collection. Very flashy without being bright or obnoxious- really stands out on my nails.
The formula is varied but reasonable on these. I did three coats of all and all needed the three coats. Some were thick (Pool Boy, Pansy), some were watery (Palare, Cruising), and the others had a more even, middle-of-the-road medium texture. Drying time was good. I used topcoat on these, but the two creme shades dry extremely glossy without topcoat.
I'm personally not into the pink-heavy palette of this collection. I do like the theme, though- all the colors together portray this sort of retro, Hollywood, glamorous pool-party image to me. My top picks are Pool Boy, Pansy and Palare. Just noticed that three of the six shades in the Pretty Boy collection start with 'P'.
That orange one is calling my name.
Obsessive Compulsive Cosmetics / OCC Pretty Boy is available directly from their website. While you're there, don't forget to check out the Garage Sale to score some Lip Tars and Nail Lacquers at a discount! I have swatches of almost everything on sale here.
Oh, Pool Boy, p-r-e-t-t-y! I am definitely adding this to my must-purchase ASAP list.
These are all really pretty, but they don't look like fall colors to me. Your swatches look awesome though!!!
Pool Boy, Pansy and Palare are gorgeous! Wish I could get them over here. And the Lip Tar versions look really nice as well.
I would wear these in Summer, not Autumn. My faves are definitely palare and pansy, I wonder where I can get hold of them in the uk? its not a brand I've heard of over here.
Ooh!! I love them! I am pretty sure I need them all.
Really love Palare and Pool Boy. Cruising looks like a OPI's Dazzled by Gold but maybe in a slightly more opaque base, but I could be off. Either way I love it.
These look more like a Spring/Summer collection. Lots of pretties there.
Pool Boy and Palare caught my eye. Lovely swatches!
definitely learned something new today - thanks for the wikipedia link. what an interesting theme on this collection!
Palare has my name all over it! Great fuchsias - I can never resist!
Gotta have Pansy and pool boy!
Femme, Pansy and Pool boy will be mine! Oh yes!


Dilemma Prong 1: Do obvious Halloween show but risk being seen as, well, obvious.
Dilemma Prong 2: Avoid the obvious Halloween show but irritate everyone because the obvious show is an undiscussed elephant in the room.
So we opted for prong 1.
Although it has to be said, when the 80s kids recount their top 3 favourite Horror movie morsels there are some surprising choices. This probably stems from the fact that only one self-identifies as a horror fan, that being Sue. Ian is a self-confessed horror dunce. Leo watches all movies on their own merit and Justin... well, let's just say he claims not to know much about it but in the course of the show you may come to see him as a closet fiend fan.
So let's get into the spookiest topic we'll cover in 2013 and hopefully help you think a different way about your horror movie choices.
It has become something of a tradition to look to summer movies for the provision of massive, popcorn swilling, eye-popping entertainments that swell the soul with awe and wonder. It has also become something of a tradition to look back over those summer seasons with a bittersweet recollection of highs and lows.
Some years the experience is a mixed bag with stand out happy moments in a morass of mediocrity and couple of real stinkers for good measure. Last year had a glistening high point in the shape of The Avengers and plenty of other similar fare for the discerning genre fan.
This year... well, this year one could not avoid disappointment wherever one turned it seems. Nowhere was there not a film underperforming at the box office, or letting down the fanbase, or just being thoroughly ho hum on every level.
So it is that the 80s Kids turn their eye to consider the summer just gone and ask what hope for the future, if any one can salvage from it.
In the synth-scored montage of the tale of the 80s kids, and how they got their revenge, this is a key plot moment indeed. This is our idea of A Very Special Episode, we're not going to be talking about issues, or facing up to the serious side of the world in some maudlin after school special, oh no.
This week we're a man down, work done has been lost due to technical error and even Sue was out. So Leo and Ian do what they do best, sit down and have a thoroughly beardy discussion about whether the current trend of story arc based television is such a good thing as everyone thinks.
While Justin's away enjoying fame and fortune Ian & Leo are joined by Sue to talk about the recent hot topic of misogyny at the movies.
It's been a summer when the 'm' word has been bandied about in connection with various movies, notably Star Trek Into Darkness and Riddick. So we decided it was time to invite the wrath of the internet and blather our opinions (others of equal value are available) on the topic while there was a woman in the room.
Somebody is about to be wrong on the internet.


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Florida's Pro-Jobs Community Continues to Support Susan Plasencia in State House, District 37
FNN NEWS
Orlando, Florida – Today Susan Plasencia was endorsed by the Florida State Hispanic Chamber of Commerce. The Florida State Hispanic Chamber of Commerce advocates for Hispanic businesses; legislatively, executively, and judicially, and is made up of over 600,000 Hispanic-owned businesses across the state.
"Susan Plasencia will be a voice for pro-business and pro-freedom policies in Tallahassee, and that is why we are proud to endorse her for the Florida House of Representatives," said Florida State Hispanic Chamber President Julio Fuentes.
The Florida State Hispanic Chamber of Commerce trustee and partner level members actively promote the economic growth and development of Hispanic-owned businesses and the quality of life of every Hispanic in Florida.
"As a Hispanic business owner, I have a front row seat to the issues that face Hispanic businesses," said Plasencia. I am honored my fellow Hispanic business owners and entrepreneurs have recognized me as a voice for our future, and I look forward to putting my expertise and experience on these issues to work in Tallahassee."
Susan has been recognized by House Speaker Designate Paul Renner as a champion for Central Florida families and conservative values, and she has been endorsed by The Florida Chamber of Commerce and The Associated Industries of Florida.
Susan Plasencia is a small business owner, employer, and mom of three grown children – all who were recipients of Florida's Step-Up school choice scholarship program. Susan is an active leader in the Central Florida Hispanic Community and is the organizer of Central Florida's largest Hispanic event, Calle Orange. She is a volunteer for the local soup kitchen and The Children's Home at Eastland Baptist. Susan is also the sister to State Representative Rene "Coach P" Plasencia.
Related Topics:politicsSusan Plasencia
Peter Vivaldi Launches Campaign to Unseat Victor Torres in Senate District 25 Race
Senator Jason Brodeur Files Legislation to Expand Access to Florida's Wildlife Corridor
Senator Lori Berman and State Rep. Jervonte Edmonds File "Save Our Teachers Act"
Rep. Casello & Sen. Berman Reintroduce "Emergency Shelters Preparedness Act"
State Senator Linda Stewart Filed Bill To Fight Human Traffickers
Tallahassee, FL – Senator Linda Stewart (D – Orlando) has begun crafting a bill to address the human trafficking epidemic seen across the State of Florida. The bill looks to include expanded requirements for the posting of human trafficking awareness signs, increase hours of training on trafficking for law enforcement, and create a human trafficking data repository allowing anonymous tips.
In recent years, it was revealed that the state's hotels and motels had been favored by human traffickers to conduct their illegal trade, and Central Florida had an exceedingly high amount of human trafficking in hotels, ranking in at the third largest region for trafficking in the state.
The bill will additionally work on adjusting language passed last session by Senator Stewart in her Tenant Safety bill, also known as Miya's law. The bill prohibited hourly rentals at certain lodging establishments in an effort to curb exploitation.
"I've always advocated for human trafficking reform, and we can't wait any longer with people's lives at stake," said Stewart. "I'm hoping that my legislation will see bipartisan support so we can work to put an end to trafficking across the state."
VIDEO: Osceola County Sheriff's Office Celebrates 2nd Annual India Republic Day in Kissimmee
Mellissa Thomas
Osceola County Sheriff Marcos Lopez (center, orange scarf) hosted the 2023 India Republic Day at the Osceola County Sheriff's Complex in Kissimmee Saturday, January 21, 2023. Photo: Harry Castiblanco/Florida National News.
KISSIMMEE, Fla. (FNN) – Osceola County Sheriff Marcos Lopez hosted the 2023 India Republic Day in Kissimmee for the second year in a row, in partnership with the Indian American Chamber of Commerce and other community partners. The festival celebrated the ratification of India's constitution and Indian culture in the Central Florida community.
FAMU Law Fellows and Partners Provide Support to Eatonville Families with Heirs' Property Issues
ORLANDO, Fla –Florida A&M University (FAMU) College of Law students Madison Flanagan, Alec Rose, and Sofie Barrett have been selected as Heirs' Property Protection Legal Fellows working with Helping Everyone Live Prosperously (H.E.L.P.) Community Development Corporation and Community Legal Services of Mid-Florida to provide free legal services to families in Eatonville that are experiencing heirs' property issues.
"I have always been committed to giving back to my community," said third-year FAMU Law student Flanagan. The Allamuchy, New Jersey native continued, "I hope that by working on the Heirs' Property Project alongside such dedicated and hardworking people from H.E.L.P. CDC and Community Legal Services, who have a true passion for giving back to the community, I will be able to make a positive and meaningful impact on those living in Eatonville."
Fellows provide legal assistance in real estate, probate, title, and estate planning. "Fellows are also engaged in property mapping, tax, and other public records research, will prepare community outreach and informational materials, attend community meetings and participate in educational presentations," said FAMU Law Clinic Director Mark Dorosin.
H.E.L.P. Community Development Corporation is a HUD-approved, Central Florida-based, comprehensive housing counseling agency that provides quality financial education and counseling to improve the lives and financial stability of individuals and families.
"We are so excited to be working with our FAMU Law fellows to help Eatonville," said Deputy Executive Director Nicole Oriol, H.E.L.P. "Their enthusiasm and commitment to working on this project is inspirational. Each of them contributes knowledge and skills that are important for our program's success."
Families with heirs' property in the Town of Eatonville may contact H.E.L.P. CDC at (407) 628-4832 ext. 188700.
Community Legal Services is the primary provider of no-cost legal services to the most vulnerable in Central Florida, helping them to protect their families, health, and livelihoods. For legal assistance, call the CLS Helpline at 1-800-405-1417.
South Florida News4 days ago
Head of main Florida power company retiring amid controversy
USA4 days ago


The methods on how to get rid of torpedograss do not encompass selective herbicides or mechanical measures. This is bad news for those of us who prefer not to use chemicals on our landscape. You could just leave the stuff alone but it would first take over your lawn and then move to the garden beds.... While monkey grass commonly grows close together, weeds and grass -- often Bermuda -- will often infiltrate the monkey grass. Getting rid of these weeds is essential to maintaining the health of monkey grass. Random weeds and lawn overgrowth can also result in an unkempt look for your lawn and monkey grass areas.
Bermuda grass, as its name implies, loves warmer, tropical climates. It grows so thick and strong that it is used for turf on a variety of athletic fields at many different levels of play. However, it is also prone to weeds in large numbers, which can kill the grass, make the yard look overgrown and be uncomfortable to walk on. You can kill weeds in Bermuda grass in a variety of ways.... 16/07/2012 · The main grass in the yard is bermudagrass. The weed known as "prostrate spurge" has repeatedly shown up scattered around the front yard and the back yard.
Host Paul James shows how to get rid of weeds without using chemicals. Sow Seed Correctly . When spreading seeds, it's important to make sure you don't throw too much into adjacent beds. Work side to side, and then work back over the same area at right angles to the original. You can either throw the seed out by hand or use a tool that helps relieve strain on your wrist. You can have too much... Bermuda grass, as its name implies, loves warmer, tropical climates. It grows so thick and strong that it is used for turf on a variety of athletic fields at many different levels of play. However, it is also prone to weeds in large numbers, which can kill the grass, make the yard look overgrown and be uncomfortable to walk on. You can kill weeds in Bermuda grass in a variety of ways.
So to get rid of such situations, repeated applications of herbicide is necessary for killing Bermuda grass. Bermuda grass has many other applications. It is widely used for farming and animal husbandry.
While monkey grass commonly grows close together, weeds and grass -- often Bermuda -- will often infiltrate the monkey grass. Getting rid of these weeds is essential to maintaining the health of monkey grass. Random weeds and lawn overgrowth can also result in an unkempt look for your lawn and monkey grass areas.


The Slim Jims are classic casual style pants for boys or girls; slim and neat fitting in the hip with straight leg shape, elastic in the back waist, a front zip fly and standard jeans-style pockets on back and front. The pattern includes a knee length shorts option.
Photo shows pants with Sloppy Joe Top also in this shop.
Sizes: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12 to fit children 2 to 12 years old. A size chart in centimetres and inches is included in the pattern.
Fabrics: Medium weight woven fabrics are the most suitable: linen, cotton drill, denim, corduroy, wool and similar fabrics. Stretch denim and drill are ideal for these pants. Choose fabrics that are not too thick. I used a cotton drill and a medium/light weight washed denim.
Experience: advanced beginner to intermediate. Neat and accurate seaming is essential; one buttonhole is required and a zipper fly placket. A zipper foot attachment is necessary to sew in the zip.


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Erwin Müller retires
Another legend departs - Erwin Müller retires after 40 years at Raith
Erwin Müller – formerly Managing Director of Raith B.V., Netherlands – began his well-deserved retirement at the start of 2020. Erwin had been with Raith and its predecessors for four decades and left a lasting mark on the company.
In 1975 Erwin Müller started out as a Field Service Engineer for SEM and E-beam systems at Cambridge Instruments. After a few mergers and acquisitions on the part of the company and some new positions for Erwin, he became the managing director of what was then Vistec Lithography B.V. When Raith joined forces with Vistec Gaussian Beam, Erwin's experience and managerial skills were vital to the company´s successful integration process. Under his guidance, production operations were relocated from Albany to Best, Netherlands, and production capacity was increased by more than 300%.
Raith Management says goodbye to Erwin Müller
Our warmest thanks go to Erwin for the exciting, challenging, and eventful years of teamwork and for his successful collaboration over this long period. We got to know him personally and appreciated his directness and honesty; and would like to thank him for his ever-valuable contributions. His special commitment to advancing development of the EBPG helped establish its present status as a benchmark in its class of EBL systems, and it will remain one of the most important products for Raith in the future.
Walter van de Pol took over the management of Raith B.V. on January 1st, 2020. He had already spent 9 years on the local management team as EVP of Finance & Administration and during this time developed into a valued member of local and cross-location management operations.
Walter van de Pol and Erwin Müller
We wish Walter good luck and success in his new role and thank Erwin once again for his many years of dedication while wishing him all the best for the next stage of his life!


Kasi Viswanath is an Indian actor, director, writer from Andhra Pradesh, he acts primarily in Telugu films.
He worked as an assistant director, associate director, co-director for 25 films before becoming a full time director himself.
His uncles owned a film theater where Kasi developed his interest for movies.


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The Advantages of Using Twitter for Business Marketing
Marketing a Business
By Chris Joseph
How to Get Followers for Your Business
How to Enable Geotagging in Twitter
How to Allow Someone to Retweet Your Tweets
How to Change My Number on Twitter
Twitter is an Internet social medium where users can post brief online messages known as "tweets." Posts can consist of a maximum of 140 characters and are available to other Twitter users around the world. In addition to use in personal communications, Twitter can also be of benefit to businesses. In particular, business owners can use Twitter as an effective marketing tool.
For cash-strapped small-business owners, using Twitter can be a cost-effective way to reach customers and prospects around the world. There is no charge to open and operate a Twitter account, so your only associated expenses are your computer and Internet connection, which you likely already have. You can send and receive tweets via mobile devices such as cell phones at no cost other than those required by your service provider, such as the cost for text messages. Twitter offers additional marketing tools at no or low cost.
With Twitter, you can locate people who have similar interests, which can help you target potential customers. For instance, if your business is selling model trains, you can easily find other model-train enthusiasts and "follow" them, which is the process of enlisting to receive tweets sent by others. Through networking, you can build your own following and develop long-term relationships that can lead to sales. The process of "retweeting," where your followers send your tweets on to other interested parties, can also help build your prospect base.
Providing Expertise
You can use Twitter to establish your expertise in your field, which can help build credibility and lead to gaining customers or clients. For instance, if your business is real estate, you can send frequent tweets that provide brief tips in areas such as how to prepare your home for sale or how a recent change in interest rates may impact home sales. You can include a link to your website for additional information.
Twitter allows you to get your message out at any time of day or night without delays. If you come across an important bit of information that can be of immediate benefit to your followers, you can send a quick tweet and gain a competitive advantage. For example, if a sudden change in market conditions makes owning a product you sell of great benefit to your followers, you can be the first to communicate the change and make sales as a result.
Marketing-Tools-For Real Estate.com: Twitter Marketing for Realtors -- Are You a Professional Real Estate Tweeter?
Entrepreneur: Five Ways to Use Twitter for Marketing That You Might Not Know About; Starr Hall; May 25, 2011
Chris Joseph writes for websites and online publications, covering business and technology. He holds a Bachelor of Science in marketing from York College of Pennsylvania.
7 Tips for Getting More Twitter Followers for Your Small Business
Changing a Twitter Password on an iPhone
How to Make a Fan Page on Twitter
How to Make a Hyperlink on a Tweet
What Is Tweetcast Marketing?
How to Forward a Message Received on Twitter
How to Uninstall Twitter
How to Follow Twitter on the Kindle
Ways to Market Your Business on the Internet
1 7 Tips for Getting More Twitter Followers for Your Small Business
2 Changing a Twitter Password on an iPhone
3 How to Make a Fan Page on Twitter
4 How to Make a Hyperlink on a Tweet


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Larry Madrigal has always loved to draw since he was a child. Larry remembers doing a self-portrait in blue pen when he was in the first grade. It wasn't until Larry was in college, however, that he decided to pursue painting as a lifelong career. Larry received his BFA from ASU in 2013 and was selected to participate in the Tucson Museum of Art's Biennial that same year. The following year, he was fortunate enough to receive a grant from Phoenix Art Museum's Contemporary Forum and was part of the grant winner's exhibition in 2015 at the Phoenix Art Museum. Since then, Larry has been working in his studio in Peoria, Arizona while teaching middle and high school Studio Art in Scottsdale, Arizona.
"My art philosophy is still in the works. I am still, and will always be, learning about what art is, is not, and what makes great art. I certainly believe that art is an essential aspect of being human due to the biblical idea of our Imago Dei (image of God). And since I've been viewing old and contemporary art, I come to the conclusion that great visual art tends to cause a sense of awe and wonderment in the viewer, immediately or delayed. Great art, for me, stops time for a moment, and reminds us that life, and this world we experience, is indeed intentionally special. I am particularly drawn to the historical legacy of paint on canvas. The immaterial impact that colored pigment smeared on a surface has on a person fascinates me. My work deals with a deep commitment to aesthetic integrity using traditional painting techniques, and my current body of work continues my basic investigation of portraiture and its ability to present different ideas. Through intense observation and subtle decisions made during my creative process, I draw out my particular view of the world. When I paint a portrait, I aim to capture a truth about the subject's life as well as mine, it is a search to discover ways to nourish the eyes and the soul. My subjects dominate the picture plane to create an intimate space with the viewer and initiate a casual confrontation. Lastly, I choose to paint people whose lives are characterized by a counter cultural view of the world, hoping to push it in a better direction through the arts."
Nakedness
by Larry Madrigal
Portrait of Melinda
Self Portrait in Studio
St. Propaganda of Los Angeles
Foreknown
Self Portrait with Easel
Jonni Cheatwood
Click on the logo to listen to Larry's radio interview on "An Artist Speaks."
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How To Return a Purchase? If you are not completely satisfied; you can return your art within seven days. Please save the original packaging when you receive the art. If you choose to return the art, repackage it in its original box and contact us at service@cagonline.co or (844) 210-7722. We will then issue you a prepaid FedEx or UPS shipping label to affix to the box and return. Items must be shipped backed within seven days of receiving the order. 50% of the cost of the return will be deducted from your refund. If you live outside of the United States, please see below for the return procedure. Art that is returned damaged will not be refunded. Photographs and limited edition prints that are returned wrinkled, dented, or smudged due to mishandling will incur a handling fee based on the size of the piece. Outside the United States, How To Return a Purchase? If you are not completely satisfied; you can return your art within seven days. Please save the original packaging when you receive the art. If you choose to return the art, repackage it in its original box and contact us at service@cagonline.co or (844) 210-7722. We will provide you with the return shipping address so that you can ship the artwork with the carrier of your choosing. You are responsible for the cost of return shipping and any customs and brokerage fees charged upon return. Items must be shipped within seven days of receiving the order. Receipt of a Damaged Piece of Art? We package all artwork in custom built art boxes to insure safe delivery, so receiving damaged art is a rare occurrence. If you receive a damaged piece of art, contact us within 24 hours, at service@cagonline.co or (844) 210-7722. Please take a picture as well as save the box and all packaging material; we must have these items in order to process the claim.
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