text:
Dalit Anganwadi Workers Face Discrimination On The Basis Of Caste
Anushika Srivastava
A case of casteism has come to light in Tamil Nadu's Madurai district when 'Dalit' Anganwadi women were denied work. M Annalakshmi was appointed as an Anganwadi worker in village Valaypatti, she had received an appointment letter for the same from Madurai Collector's office. She is a scheduled class worker and was assigned the role of a cook and helper at the Anganwadi centre. But she was then transferred to Kilavaneri, a nearby village, the very next day.
"The caste Hindus of the village went to the ICDS office in Tirumangalam talukand said that their children would never eat food prepared by an SC woman"
"The caste Hindus of the village went to the ICDS office in Tirumangalam taluk and said that their children would never eat food prepared by an SC woman," she has reportedly said. Since she was assigned the role of a cook, the people who complained about Annalakshmi and M Jyotilakshmi working as a cook in Anganwadi said that the presence of these two women itself will pollute the food. Both the women now fear going back home. The district administration, too, fearing backlash from caste Hindus transferred the two women, the very next day. This came as a reverberation of the clash between the caste Hindus and the SCs.
The caste Hindus had stormed the Dalit colony on June 8 and brokethe doors, damaged vehicles and also injured some people. "What saddens me is that I'm not able to work in my own village," Ms Jyothilakshmi told The Hindu.
Ms Jyothilakshmi also said that she was asked not to visit the Anganwadi on June 4. I went to submit a certificate after a medical examination, ready to begin work. But the officer there told me that several men and women from my village had come to the center opposing our appointment. They had apparently told the officer that they would never touch the food prepared by Dalits," she said. According to the two women, trouble had already begun earlier when Dalits were not allowed to enter the local Muthalamman temple festival in April. "Young caste Hindu men refused to allow us to even break coconuts from outside," she said.
Peraiyur DSP T. Mathialagan is currently conducting an inquiry into the matter. Till now, 11 accused have been remanded in judicial custody. The police have registered cases under the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, and IPC. Collector (In Charge) S. Shantha Kumar said, "Everyone can go back to their work and this caste issue, as far as the district administration is concerned, is closed."
As of 2017, Tamil Nadu leads in crimes against Dalits. One out of six cases registered with National Commission for Scheduled Castes is from Tamil Nadu and Puducherry.
Crime against Dalits in Tamil Nadu
As of 2017, Tamil Nadu leads in crimes against Dalits. One out of six cases registered with National Commission for Scheduled Castes is from Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. Of the nearly 32000 cases registered with the Commission, around 5300 were reported in these places since 2014. Of these, nearly 2000 cases were serious in nature. The state, allegedly, also had not reserved 18% of seats in government and private educational institutes, when the commission looked into the matter.
Read More: How Freebies Are A Myth And Go Against The Grain Of Feminism
Anganwadi Workerscaste-based violence in Tamil NaducasteismCrime against DalitsTamil Nadu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tribute to Crist Wheeler
My dad Crist Wheeler was born May 5, 1945 in Los Angeles, CA and passed away on January 19, 2012 in Whittier, CA. He was the son of Merle and June Wheeler who resided in Los Angeles until they moved the family to Whittier in the early 1950's. He was one of three siblings, the middle son, and has two sisters – his older sister Sharon (deceased) and younger sister Beverly.
Crist was raised in Whittier where he attended elementary, middle, and high schools. He graduated from Sierra High School in 1964. Shortly after high school Crist joined the US Navy to avoid the draft during the Vietnam era. His military career was short lived as his mother June got ill. He was honorably discharged to go home to take care of his mom and help raise his younger sister Beverly. Sharon was away at college and his father had since moved away.
Upon his return home Crist went to work in the used machinery business, a business his father had been in for many years. He went to work for Angelus Machinery Company in the late 1960's before starting his own business Wheeler Machinery Sales in 1969. Crist spent nearly 45 years of his life in the used machinery business. He was an entrepreneur nearly his whole life and gained much wisdom in his travels.
In 1969, he met his wife Earlene Jones, and they married April 27, 1970 in Las Vegas, NV. They were married for 41 years. They had two children the oldest Dan and the younger Jennifer. Crist and Earlene purchased a home in Whittier in 1977 and raised their children in the same town Crist was born in. To this date they still live in the same home they raised their children in.
Crists oldest son Dan graduated high school and went on to Cal Poly San Luis Obispo and received a degree in Industrial Technology. Jennifer went to Cal State Fullerton and received a degree in Psychology. Crist was able to help put his kids through college with the business he had built.
Shortly after Dan got out of college he went to work with his father. They had the privilege of working together to make the business grow. For a short time his daughter Jennifer worked at the business, but upon her graduation from college pursued a career with the San Marino School District. His sister Beverly was hired in 2001 to run the finances and take care of the book keeping. Dan and Beverly will continue to run the legacy of Wheeler Machinery Sales that Crist had built.
While alive he got to see both Dan and Jennifer get married. Dan married Gina in 2001 and they gave Crist three wonderful grandchildren Grace, Garrett, and Sara. Jennifer married Chris in 2004 and they gave Crist one wonderful grandson Justin. Crist had four grandchildren in total and got to spend a lot of time with them.
Crist was a wonderful husband, father, brother, and friend to many. He was very active in AA and at the time of death had 26 years sobriety. He missed his 27th AA birthday by three weeks. He was a very proud man, and patient of family and friends. He loved being with his family and enjoyed going to his AA meetings to be with his friends. He was always willing to help people that were in dire straits or had a problem they were dealing with. He always put others first.
I am very grateful that I had such a wonderful dad. I got to spend many years working with him and enjoyed the relationship we had and the wisdom that he shared with me. Although my dad passed away young, I have learned that quality over quantity is what its all about. He will truly be missed.
-Dan Wheeler
Finance Link
Wheeler Machinery
247 Pacific St
Toll Free in US: 888-589-6721
E: sales@wheelermachinery.com
Wheeler Machinery All rights reserved. • Web services provided by TAG Online, Inc.


Diggers FC have had several successful Grant Applications with David McMahon (from SportGrants.com.au). David has always communicated very well with with our committee and works with our volunteer members to make sure we work together to reach deadlines and supply all required information for the best possible benefit to our club. David has been extremely helpful in sourcing several grants that we may not have been otherwise even been aware of.
Our Club has benefited greatly from David's work, most recently with a $25,000 Grant from the State Government for an Irrigation System for 2 of our Football fields.
I would recommend Davids' services to anyone who is time poor and has a need for a great cause. His professionalism and compatibility to work with committees and individuals makes the process stress free and in our experiences, has delivered a high percentage of successful applications.


Begin the journey to living well.
Diamond Headache Clinic is the oldest and largest private headache and pain center consisting of professional physicians dedicated to the care and support of headache patients. Our multidisciplinary approach consists of medical therapies, lifestyle adjustments, and alternative treatments. Contact our office today to begin your journey towards living well.


How many times a day, does someone tell you that they love you? Do you feel loved? We don't think about how much love can make life better, or even just knowing that someone is there for you no matter what time. We all have hard times, hurting or feel as if we are alone. We need to feel loved so much, I think that is more than ever. Look around and see how different our lives are now; love is not at the top as it should be. If you are depressed or goes through something; it seems like you get pushed away like no one cares when you should feel loved and that you are cared for. Its like we are too busy trying to have a good job, enough money to make us happier, but somehow the thing which could really make us happy we have forgotten that it is all we need that is love.


text:
About Seizures During Sleep
Diseases That Cause Trembling
Mental & Emotional Effects of Ritalin
Nitrest Side Effects
Drug Interaction Between Lithium and Caffeine
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
List of Medical Conditions With Involuntary Movement
Written by Ruben J. Nazario
The body's movements are generated from an elaborate interaction between brain, spinal cord, nerves and muscles. Most muscle movements are voluntary, although the thoughts or stimuli that generate them are sometimes unconscious. Involuntary body movements can result from conditions that affect any part of this intricate mechanism.
If you are experiencing serious medical symptoms, seek emergency treatment immediately.
Seizures are one of the most common medical conditions that generate abnormal body movement. In a seizure, the brain's electrical system misfires, resulting in a cascade of abnormal neuronal interaction that manifests itself as a seizure. Seizures can manifest as whole body involuntary body shaking, with whole body tensing, arms and legs flexing and extending uncontrollably, teeth clenching and eyes rolling to the back of the head. Partial seizures can cause involuntary movements of certain parts of the body--for example facial twitches, or shaking of just one side of the body. Other seizure result in drop attacks, when the patient suddenly drops to the ground, or in staring spells, in which the patients doesn't move and appears to stare off into space for minutes at a time.
This degenerative disease manifests itself with muscle rigidity, uncontrolled tremors and slowed movements (a condition called bradykinesia). Patients have characteristic involuntary movements, like a shuffling gait, lip smacking, difficulty swallowing and pill rolling (a tremor of back and forth motion of the thumb, index and middle fingers). Parkinson's disease results from a loss of dopamine in the brain 1. Dopamine is an integral hormone in the control of body movement.
Restless leg syndrome is a condition in which the sufferer has an irrepressible urge to move his body to relieve unpleasant sensations. Even though patients tend to move their legs more (hence the name of the disease), they can also experience these sensations in other pats of the body, like the arms or torso. Patients describe these feelings as insects crawling on the skin. There are several options to treat restless legs syndrome, from avoidance of caffeine-containing products and other lifestyle changes, to medical treatment with antidepressants and anticonvulsants.
Partial seizures can cause involuntary movements of certain parts of the body--for example facial twitches, or shaking of just one side of the body. Restless leg syndrome is a condition in which the sufferer has an irrepressible urge to move his body to relieve unpleasant sensations. This degenerative disease manifests itself with muscle rigidity, uncontrolled tremors and slowed movements (a condition called bradykinesia).
Movement Disorder Virtual University
Ruben J. Nazario has been a medical writer and editor since 2007. His work has appeared in national print and online publications. Nazario is a graduate of the University of Louisville School of Medicine, and is board-certified in pediatrics. He also has a Master of Arts in liberal studies from Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, N.Y.
Andersen Ross/Blend Images/Getty Images


Frequently Asked Questions for Captain!
This is the page where you'll find some help for those burning questions about Captain!
Q. What is the difference between Captain! and Underway_Captain!?
A. Captain! is a standalone program. Underway_Captain! requires Flight Simulator X.
Q. What is the price of Captain!?
A. Captain! itself is free. Captain! will only work within the Naval Engagement! environment. There will be a nominal fee for access to the Naval Engagement! environment, if required. For now our Hosting dervice UCClouds.com is hosting us for free. We feel very honored that they have supported us over the years.
Q. Do I need a flight simulator to use Captain!?
A. No! Captain is a stand-alone application. No flight simulator is required. Although you will have no porthole to look out on the ocean, all data will be available to you, just as if you were in a real CIC (Combat Information Center).
Q. Where do I put Captain!?
A. Captain can go anywhere you like! Coming soon it will have it's own auto installer that will put everything where it belongs and update your system automatically to the latest versions.
A. The Captain! Chronometer should begin updating as connection to the simulation (Naval Engagement!) occurs.
Q. I was cruising around with all of my radars on and there was nothing on the radar screen.
A. Captain! uses curvature of the earth. The higher your radars are above the waterline the further your radar can see - out to it's maximum range.
Q. I deployed a tail sonar and it seemed to take forever until I got an ESM report.
A. Captain! uses realistic times and speed for deploying of variable depth sonars. It can take a long time (20 minutes or more) for some sonars to deploy.
Q. A target I was tracking on fire control radar lost it's contact. What is wrong?
A. Most fire control radars have a limited turning ability. Once outside of the maximum slew angle, contacts can no longer be held. The same is true for search radars, though most of them have almost 360 degree coverage.
Q. When I start Captain! a requestor pops up saying it cannot connect to Naval Engagement!
Q. Is there a developer's SDK (Software Development Kit) for Captain!
A. We are working on an SDK. Feel free to request any gauge you wish. We will try to accomodate your request. We're always looking for new ideas on displaying data in Captain! that can help you manage your combat situational awareness.


text:
Q: Vertical or Horizontal Page Scrolling I'm looking for a similar implementation of navigation: http://vgtrk.com
I found a similar, but slightly not relevant examples:
http://tympanus.net/codrops/2010/06/02/smooth-vertical-or-horizontal-page-scrolling-with-jquery/
and
http://mottie.github.io/visualNav/horiz-vert.html#home
Perhaps there is a similar implementation?
Thanks

A: No better way to learn than to dive into pre-existing code & hack away. I think this should cover it:
https://github.com/codrops/PageTransitions

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Title: Oldham
Subject: List of Manchester Metrolink stations, 2015–16 Oldham Athletic A.F.C. season, Shaw and Crompton, Manchester Premier Cup, Glodwick
Collection: 865 Establishments, 9Th-Century Establishments in England, Oldham, Oldham Borough, Populated Places Established in the 9Th Century, Post Towns in the Ol Postcode Area, Towns in Greater Manchester
Oldham shown within Greater Manchester
6.9 sq mi (18 km2)
98,609 (2011 Census)
– density
5,785/sq mi (2,234/km2)
– London
164 mi (264 km) SSE
Metropolitan borough
Metropolitan county
OL1-OL2, OL4, OL8-OL9
Oldham West and Royton
Oldham is a large town in Greater Manchester, England,[1] amid the Pennines between the rivers Irk and Medlock, 5.3 miles (8.5 km) south-southeast of Rochdale and 6.9 miles (11.1 km) northeast of Manchester. Together with several smaller surrounding towns, it is part of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham of which it is the administrative centre.
Historically in Lancashire, and with little early history to speak of, Oldham rose to prominence in the 19th century as an international centre of textile manufacture. It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution, and among the first ever industrialised towns, rapidly becoming "one of the most important centres of cotton and textile industries in England".[2] At its zenith, it was the most productive cotton spinning mill town in the world,[3][4] producing more cotton than France and Germany combined.[5] Oldham's textile industry fell into decline in the mid-20th century; the town's last mill closed in 1998.
The demise of textile processing in Oldham depressed the local economy.[6] Today Oldham is a predominantly residential town, and a centre for further education and the performing arts.[7] It is, however, still distinguished architecturally by the surviving cotton mills and other buildings associated with that industry. The town has a population of 103,544[8] and an area of around 26 square miles (67 km2).[9]
Toponymy 1.1
Early history 1.2
Industrial Revolution and cotton 1.3
Engineering 1.3.1
Coal mining 1.3.2
Social history 1.4
Civic history 2.1
Parliamentary representation 2.2
Divisions and suburbs 3.1
Demography 4
Landmarks 6
Town Hall 6.1
War memorial 6.2
Civic Centre 6.3
Parish Church 6.4
Public services 10
Culture 11
Communal facilities 11.1
Carnival 11.2
Britain in Bloom 12
Notable people 13
The toponymy of Oldham seems to imply "old village or place" from Eald (Saxon) signifying oldness or antiquity, and Ham (Saxon) a house, farm or hamlet.[10] Oldham is however known to be a derivative of Aldehulme, undoubtedly an Old Norse name.[11] It is believed to be derived from the Old English ald combined with the Old Norse holmi or holmr, meaning "promontory or outcrop", possibly describing the town's hilltop position.[11] It has alternatively been suggested that it may mean "holm or hulme of a farmer named Alda".[11] The name is understood to date from 865, during the period of the Danelaw.[11]
The earliest known evidence of a human presence in what is now Oldham is attested by the discovery of Neolithic flint arrow-heads and workings found at Werneth and Besom Hill, implying habitation 7–10,000 years ago.[11] Evidence of later Roman and Celtic activity is confirmed by an ancient Roman road and Bronze Age archaeological relics found at various sites within the town.[11] Placenames of Celtic origin are still to be found in Oldham: Werneth derives from a Celtic personal name identical to the Gaulish vernetum, "alder swamp",[12] and Glodwick may be related to the modern Welsh clawdd, meaning "dyke" or "ditch".[13] Nearby Chadderton is also pre-Anglo-Saxon in origin, from the Old Welsh cadeir, itself deriving from the Latin cathedra meaning "chair".[14] Although Anglo-Saxons occupied territory around the area centuries earlier,[11][15] Oldham as a permanent, named place of dwelling is believed to date from 865, when Danish invaders established a settlement called Aldehulme.[11][16]
From its founding in the 9th century until the Industrial Revolution, Oldham is believed to have been little more than a scattering of small and insignificant settlements spread across the moorland and dirt tracks that linked Manchester to York.[11][17] Although not mentioned in the Domesday Book, Oldham does appear in legal documents from the Middle Ages, invariably recorded as territory under the control of minor ruling families and barons.[16] In the 13th century, Oldham was documented as a manor held from the Crown by a family surnamed Oldham, whose seat was at Werneth Hall.[10][10]
Industrial Revolution and cotton
Oldham from Glodwick by James Howe Carse (1831), depicts the early skyline and industrial activities of Oldham. All the green space has since been urbanised.
Much of Oldham's history is concerned with textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution; it has been said that "if ever the Industrial Revolution placed a town firmly and squarely on the map of the world, that town is Oldham."[6] Oldham's soils were too thin and poor to sustain crop growing, and so for decades prior to industrialisation the area was used for grazing sheep, which provided the raw material for a local woollen weaving trade.[10]
By 1756, Oldham had emerged as centre of the hatting industry in England. The rough felt used in the production process is the origin of the term "Owdham Roughyed" a nickname for people from Oldham.[11] It was not until the last quarter of the 18th century that Oldham changed from being a cottage industry township producing woollen garments via domestic manual labour, to a sprawling industrial metropolis of textile factories.[10] The climate, geology, and topography of Oldham were unrelenting constraints upon the social and economic activities of the human inhabitants.[18] At 700 feet (213 m) above sea level and with no major river or visible natural resources, Oldham had poor geographic attributes compared with other settlements for investors and their engineers. As a result, Oldham played no part in the initial period of the Industrial Revolution,[3][17] although it did later become seen as obvious territory to industrialise because of its convenient position between the labour forces of Manchester and southwest Yorkshire.[19]
Cotton spinning and milling were introduced to Oldham when its first mill, Lees Hall, was built by William Clegg in about 1778, the beginning of a spiralling process of urbanisation and socioeconomic transformation.[3] Within a year, 11 other mills had been constructed,[11] and by 1818 there were 19 – not a large number in comparison with other local settlements.[17] Oldham's small local population was greatly increased by the mass migration of workers from outlying villages,[11] resulting in a population increase from just over 12,000 in 1801 to 137,000 in 1901.[17] The speed of this urban growth meant that Oldham, with little pre-industrial history to speak of, was effectively born as a factory town.
Royd mill, built in 1907,[3] and seen here in 1983, was one of the more than 360 textile mills that operated night and day during Oldham's peak.
Oldham became the world's manufacturing centre for cotton spinning in the second half of the 19th century.[17] In 1851, over 30% of Oldham's population was employed within the textile sector, compared to 5% across Great Britain.[19] It overtook the major urban centres of Manchester and Bolton as the result of a mill building boom in the 1860s and 1870s, a period during which Oldham became the most productive cotton-spinning town in the world.[17] In 1871, Oldham had more spindles than any country in the world except the United States, and in 1909, was spinning more cotton than France and Germany combined.[5] By 1911 there were 16.4 million spindles in Oldham, compared with a total of 58 million in the United Kingdom and 143.5 million in the world; in 1928, with the construction of the UK's largest textile factory Oldham reached its manufacturing zenith.[17] At its peak, there were more than 360 mills, operating night and day;[20][21]
Oldham's townscape was dominated by distinctive rectangular brick-built mills.[22] Oldham was hit hard by the Lancashire Cotton Famine of 1861–1865, when supplies of raw cotton from the United States were cut off. Wholly reliant upon the textile industry, the cotton famine created chronic unemployment in the town.[23] By 1863 a committee had been formed, and with aid from central government, land was purchased with the intention of employing local cotton workers to construct Alexandra Park, which opened on 28 August 1865.[23] Said to have over-relied upon the textile sector,[6][16] as the importation of cheaper foreign yarns grew during the 20th century, Oldham's economy declined into a depression, although it was not until 1964 that Oldham ceased to be the largest centre of cotton spinning.[6][17][24] In spite of efforts to increase the efficiency and competitiveness of its production, the last cotton spun in the town was in 1998.[17]
Facilitated by its flourishing textile industry, Oldham developed extensive structural and mechanical engineering sectors during the 18th and 19th centuries. The manufacture of spinning and weaving machinery in Oldham belongs to the last decade of the 19th century, when it became a leading centre in the field of engineering.[11] The Platt Brothers, originated in nearby Dobcross village, but moved to Oldham. They were pioneers of cotton-spinning machinery, developing innovative products that enabled the mass-production of cotton yarn. Platt Brothers became the largest textile machine makers in the world, employing over 15,000 people in the 1890s,[25] twice the number of their nearest rivals Dobson & Barlow in Bolton and Asa Lees on Greenacres Moor.[21] They were keen investors in the local area and at one time, were supporting 42% of the population.[25] The centre of the company lay at the New Hartford Works in Werneth, a massive complex of buildings and internal railways on a site overlooking Manchester. The railway station which served this site later formed the basis of Oldham Werneth railway station. The main building exists to this day. Platts gained prestigious awards from around the world,[23] and were heavily involved with local politics and civic pride in Oldham.[25] John and James Platt were the largest subscribers for promoting Oldham from a township to a Borough, pledging £100 (more than double the next largest sum) in advance towards any expenses which may have been incurred by the Royal Charter.[11] In 1854 John Platt was made the (fourth) Mayor of Oldham, an office he was to hold twice more in 1855–56 and 1861–62.[26] John Platt was elected in 1865 to become Member of Parliament for Oldham, and was re-elected in 1868; he remained in office until his death in 1872.[11] A bronze statue of Platt existed in the town centre for years, though was moved to Alexandra Park. There have been recommendations for it to be returned to the town centre.[7]
Abraham Henthorn Stott, the son of a stonemason, was born in nearby Shaw and Crompton in 1822.[3] He served a seven-year apprenticeship with Sir Charles Barry, before starting a structural engineering practice in Oldham in 1847 that went on to become the pre-eminent mill architect firm in Lancashire.[3] Philip Sydney Stott, third son of Abraham and later titled as Sir Philip Stott, 1st Baronet, was the most prominent and famous of the Stott mill architects.[3] He established his own practice in 1883 and designed over a hundred mills in several countries. His factories, which improved upon his father's fireproof mills, accounted for a 40% increase in Oldham's spindles between 1887 and 1914.[3]
Although textile-related engineering declined with the processing industry, leading to the demise of both Stotts and Platts, other engineering firms existed, notably electrical and later electronic engineers Ferranti in 1896.[21] Ferranti went into receivership in 1993, but some of its former works continue in other hands. Part of the original Hollinwood site was operated by Siemens Metering and Semiconductor divisions.[21] The remainder of the site is occupied by Mirror Colour Print Ltd; the printing division of the Trinity Mirror group, which prints and distributes thirty-six major newspapers, and employs five hundred staff.[27][28]
On the back of the Industrial Revolution, Oldham developed an extensive coal mining sector, correlated to supporting the local cotton industry and the town's inhabitants, though there is evidence of small scale coal mining in the area as early as the 16th century.[29] The Oldham Coalfield stretched from Royton in the north to Bardsley in the south and in addition to Oldham, included the towns of Middleton and Chadderton to the west.[29] The Oldham Coalfield was the site of over 150 collieries during its recorded history.[29] Although some contemporary sources suggest there was coal mining in Oldham at a commercial scale by 1738,[29] older sources attribute the commercial expansion of coal mining with the arrival in the town of two Welsh labourers, John Evans and William Jones, around 1770.[11] Foreseeing the growth in demand for coal as a source of motive and steam power, they acquired colliery rights for Oldham, which by 1771 had 14 colliers.[11] The mines were largely to the southwest of the town around Hollinwood and Werneth and provided enough coal to accelerate Oldham's rapid development at the centre of the cotton boom. At its height in the mid-19th century, when it was dominated by the Lees and Jones families, Oldham coal was mainly sourced from many small collieries whose lives varied from a few years to many decades, although two of the four largest collieries survived to nationalisation.[29][30] In 1851, collieries employed more than 2,000 men in Oldham,[30] although the amount of coal in the town was somewhat overestimated however, and production began to decline even before that of the local spinning industry.[29] Today, the only visible remnants of the mines are disused shafts and boreholes.[29]
Workmen leaving Platt's Works, Oldham, 1900
Oldham's social history, like that of other former unenfranchised towns, is marked by politicised civil disturbances, as well as events related to the Luddite, Suffragette and other Labour movements from the working classes.[9][25] There has been a significant presence of "friendly societies".[11][31] It has been put that the people of Oldham became radical in politics in the early part of the 19th century, and movements suspected of sedition found patronage in the town.[9] Oldham was frequently disturbed by bread and labour riots, facilitated by periods of scarcity and the disturbance of employment following the introduction of cotton-spinning machinery.[9]
On 20 April 1812, a "large crowd of riotous individuals" compelled local retailers to sell foods at a loss, whilst on the same day Luddites numbering in their thousands, many of whom were from Oldham, attacked a cotton mill in nearby Middleton.[10] On 16 August 1819, Oldham sent a contingent estimated at well above 10,000 to hear speakers in St Peter's Fields at Manchester discuss political reform;[32] it was the largest contingent sent to Manchester.[33] John Lees, a cotton operative and ex-soldier who had fought at Waterloo, was one of the fifteen victims of the Peterloo Massacre which followed. The 'Oldham inquest' which proceeded the massacre was anxiously watched; the Court of King's Bench, however, decided that the proceedings were irregular, and the jury were discharged without giving a verdict.[9]
Annie Kenney, born in nearby Springhead, and who worked in Oldham's cotton mills, was a notable member of the Suffragette movement credited with sparking off suffragette militancy when she heckled Winston Churchill, and later (with Emmeline Pankhurst) the first Suffragist to be imprisoned. Oldham Women's Suffrage Society was established in 1910 with Margery Lees as president and quickly joined the Manchester and District Federation of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies.[34] The Chartist and Co-operative movements had strong support in the town, whilst many Oldhamers protested against the emancipation of slaves.[25] The Riot Act was read in 1852 on election day following a mass public brawl over the Reform Act,[35] and irregularities with parliamentary candidate nominations.[11]
For three days in late May 2001, Oldham became the centre of national and international media attention. Following high profile race-related conflicts, and long-term underlying racial tensions between local White British and Asian communities, major riots broke out in the town. Occurring with particular intensity in the Glodwick area of the town, the Oldham riots were the worst racially motivated riots in the United Kingdom for fifteen years prior, briefly eclipsing the sectarian violence in Northern Ireland in the media.[36] At least 20 people were injured in the riots, including 15 police officers, and 37 people were arrested. Similar riots took place in other towns in northern England over the following days and weeks. The 2001 riots prompted governmental and independent inquiries, which collectively agreed on community relations improvements and considerable regeneration schemes for the town.[36][37] There were further fears of riots after the death of Gavin Hopley in 2002.[38][39][40]
Civic history
The coat of arms of the former County Borough of Oldham council, granted 7 November 1894, based upon those of an ancient local family surnamed Oldham. The owls suggest that the family, like the town, called itself 'Owdham', and adopted the birds in allusion to its name. The motto "Sapere aude" refers to the owls.[11][41]
Lying within the historic county boundaries of Lancashire since the early 12th century, Oldham was recorded in 1212 as being one of five parts of the thegnage estate of Kaskenmoor, which was held on behalf of King John by Roger de Montbegon and William de Nevill.[9][11] The other parts of this estate were Crompton, Glodwick, Sholver, and Werneth.[15] Oldham later formed a township within the ancient ecclesiastical parish of Prestwich-cum-Oldham, in the hundred of Salford.[1][9]
In 1826 commissioners for the social and economic improvement of Oldham were established.[1] The town was made part of a civil registration information, and output of census data.
The Local Government Act 1888 created elected county councils to administer services throughout England and Wales. Where a municipal borough had a population of more than 50,000 at the 1881 Census it was created a county borough, with the powers and duties of both a borough and county council.[42] As Oldham had an 1881 population of 111,343 it duly became a county borough on 1 April 1889. The borough, while independent of Lancashire County Council for local government, remained part of the county for purposes such as the administration of justice and lieutenancy.[1][43]
In 1951 parts of the Limehurst Rural District were added to the County Borough of Oldham, and in 1954 further parts of the same district added to it on its abolition.[42] Since 1961, Oldham has been twinned with Kranj in Slovenia.[44] Under the Local Government Act 1972, the town's autonomous county borough status was abolished, and Oldham has, since 1 April 1974, formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, within the Metropolitan county of Greater Manchester.[1]
Parliamentary representation
The boundaries of two parliamentary constituencies divide Oldham: Oldham East and Saddleworth, and Oldham West and Royton (which includes the town centre), represented by Labour Members of Parliament Debbie Abrahams and Michael Meacher respectively.[45][46][47]
Created as a parliamentary borough in 1832, Oldham's first parliamentary representatives were the radicals William Cobbett and John Fielden.[48] Winston Churchill began his political career in Oldham. Although unsuccessful at his first attempt in 1899, Churchill was elected as the member of Parliament for the Oldham parliamentary borough constituency in the 1900 general election.[49] He held the constituency for the Conservative Party until the 1906 general election, when he won the election for Manchester North West as a Liberal MP. After he became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1940, Churchill was made a Honorary Freeman of the Borough of Oldham, on 2 April 1941.[11]
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A map of Oldham, and surrounding area.
At (53.5444°, −2.1169°), and 164 miles (264 km) north-northwest of London, Oldham stands 700 feet (213 m) above sea level, 6.9 miles (11.1 km) northeast of Manchester city centre, on elevated ground between the rivers Irk and Medlock. Saddleworth and the South Pennines are close to the east, whilst on all other sides, Oldham is bound by smaller towns, including Ashton-under-Lyne, Chadderton, Failsworth, Royton and Shaw and Crompton, with little or no green space between them. Oldham experiences a temperate maritime climate, like much of the British Isles, with relatively cool summers and mild winters. There is regular but generally light precipitation throughout the year.[18]
Oldham's topography is characterised by its rugged, elevated Pennine terrain.[3][50] It has an area of 6.91 square miles (17.90 km2).[8] The geology of Oldham is represented by the Millstone Grit and Coal Measures series of rocks.[18] The River Beal, flowing northwards, forms the boundary between Oldham on one side and Royton and Shaw and Crompton on the other.
To the east of this river the surface rises to a height of 1,225 feet (373 m) at Woodward Hill, on the border with the parish of Saddleworth.[9] The rest of the surface is hilly, the average height decreasing towards the southwest to Failsworth and the city of Manchester. The ridge called Oldham Edge, 800 feet (244 m) high, comes southward from Royton into the centre of the town.[9]
Oldham's irregularly constructed built environment is characterised by its red-brick cotton mills and surrounding terraced houses.
Oldham's built environment is characterised by its 19th-century red-brick terraced houses, the infrastructure that was built to support these and the town's former cotton mills – which mark the town's skyline.[24] The urban structure of Oldham is irregular when compared to most towns in England, its form restricted in places by its hilly upland terrain.[9][50] There are irregularly constructed residential dwellings and streets clustered loosely around a central business district in the town centre, which is the local centre of commerce. In 1849, Angus Reach of Inverness said:
The visitor to Oldham will find it essentially a mean-looking straggling town, built upon both sides and crowning the ridge of one of the outlying spurs which branch from Manchester, the neighbouring 'backbone of England'. The whole place has a shabby underdone look. The general appearance of the operatives' houses is filthy and smouldering.[51]
— Angus Reach, Morning Chronicle, 1849
In the 1870s, John Marius Wilson described Oldham as consisting of:
... numerous streets, and contains numerous fine buildings, both public and private; but, in a general view, is irregularly constructed, presents the dingy aspect of a crowded seat of manufacture, and is more notable for factories than for any other feature.[48]
— John Marius Wilson, Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales (1870–1872)
Although Oldham had a thriving economy during the 19th century, the local merchants were broadly reluctant to spend on civic institutions, and so the town lacks the grandeur seen in comparable nearby towns like Bolton or Huddersfield;[7][52] public expenditure was seen as an overhead that undermined the competitiveness of the town.[25] Subsequently, Oldham's architecture has been described as "mediocre".[52] The town has no listed buildings with a Grade I rating.[53]
There is a mixture of high-density urban areas, suburbs, semi-rural and rural locations in Oldham. There is some permanent grassland but overwhelmingly the land use in the town is urban. The territory of Oldham is contiguous with other towns on all sides except for a small section along its eastern and southern boundaries, and for purposes of the Office for National Statistics, forms the fourth largest settlement of the Greater Manchester Urban Area,[54][55] the United Kingdom's third largest conurbation. The M60 motorway passes through the southwest of Oldham, through Hollinwood, and a heavy rail line enters Oldham from the same direction, travelling northeast to the town centre before heading northwards through Derker towards Shaw and Crompton.
A panorama of Oldham looking from Hartshead Pike toward the north west.
Divisions and suburbs
Fredrick Street, in Werneth. Much of Oldham's housing stock is two-up-two-down rows of terraced houses, a reminder of its mill town history.
Many of Oldham's present divisions and suburbs have origins as pre-industrial hamlets, manorial commons and ancient chapelries.[11] Some, such as Moorside, exist as recently constructed residential suburbia, whilst places like Hollinwood exist as electoral wards[56] and thoroughly industrialised districts. Throughout most of its recorded history, Oldham was surrounded by large swathes of moorland, which is reflected in the placenames of Moorside, Greenacres moor, Littlemoor, Northmoor among others.
A large portion of Oldham's residences are "low value"[7] Victorian era Accrington red-brick terraced houses in a row formation,[25] built for the most part from 1870 to 1920, to house the town's cotton mill workers.[35] There is more modern housing in the semi-rural east of the town, in the most sought after area in areas such as the village Moorside,[57] although terraces are found in almost all parts of Oldham.
One of the oldest recorded named places of Oldham is Hathershaw, occurring in a deed for 1280 with the spelling Halselinechaw Clugh.[11] Existing as a manor in the 15th century, Hathershaw Hall was the home of a Royalist family in the 17th century who lost part of their possessions due to the English Civil War.[11] Waterhead, an upland area in the east of Oldham, traces its roots to a water cornmill over the border in Lees.[16]
Recorded originally as Watergate and Waterhead Milne, it was for a long time a hamlet in the parish of Oldham that formed a significant part of the Oldham Above Town registration sub-district. Derker was recorded as a place of residence in 1604 with the name Dirtcar.[11] Bound by Higginshaw to the north, Derker is the location of Derker railway station and, said to have terraced residencies "unsuited to modern needs", is currently being redeveloped as part of the Housing Market Renewal Initiative.[58]
Coldhurst, an area along Oldham's northern boundary with Royton, was once a chapelry and the site of considerable industry and commerce, including coal mining, cotton spinning and hat manufacture.[59] It is said to have been the scene of an action in the English Civil War in which the Parliamentarians were defeated.[59]
Oldham compared
UK Census 2001 Oldham[1] Oldham (Met. District) England
Total population 103,544[2] 217,273 49,138,831
Foreign born 15% 8.2% 9.2%
White British 71% 86% 92%
Asian 27% 12% 4.6%
Black 0.9% 0.6% 2.3%
Christian 58% 73% 72%
Muslim 25% 11% 3.1%
Hindu 1.1% 0.1% 1.1%
No religion 8.3% 8.9% 15%
Over 65 years old 12% 14% 16%
Unemployed 5.5% 3.7% 3.3%
According to data from the United Kingdom Census 2001, Oldham had a total resident population of 103,544, making it the 55th most populous settlement in England, and the 5th most populous settlement of the Greater Manchester Urban Area.[8] This figure in conjunction with its area provides Oldham with a population density of 3,998 people per square mile (1,544 per km²). The local population has been described as broadly "working class"; the middle classes tending to live in outlying settlements.[25]
Oldham, considered as a combination of the 2001 electoral wards of Alexandra,[60] Coldhurst,[61] Hollinwood,[62] St. James,[63] St. Marys,[64] St. Pauls,[65] Waterhead[66] and Werneth,[67] has an average age of 33.5, and compared against the average demography of the United Kingdom, has a high level of people of South Asian heritage, particularly those with roots in Pakistan and Bangladesh. Due to the town's prevalence as an industrial centre and thus a hub for employment, Oldham attracted migrant workers throughout its history, including those from wider-England, Scotland, Ireland and Poland.[68]
During the 1950s and 1960s, in an attempt to fill the shortfall of workers and revitalise local industries, citizens of the wider Commonwealth of Nations were encouraged to migrate to Oldham and other British towns.[68] Many came from the Caribbean and Indian subcontinent and settled throughout the Oldham borough.[68]
Today, Oldham has large communities with heritage from Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and parts of the Caribbean.[68] At the time of the 2001 census, over one in four of its residents identified themselves as from a South Asian or British Asian ethnic group. Cultural divisions along ethnic backgrounds are strong within the town,[25] with poor cross-community integration and cohesion along Asian and white backgrounds.[25]
With only a small local population during medieval times, as a result of the introduction of industry, mass migration of village workers into Oldham occurred,[11] resulting in a population change from under 2,000 in 1714[10][69] to 12,000 in 1801 to 137,000 in 1901[17] In 1851 its population of 52,820 made Oldham the 12th most populous town in England.[70] The following is a table outlining the population change of the town since 1801, which demonstrates a trend of rapid population growth in the 19th century and, after peaking at 147,483 people in 1911, a trend of general decline in population size during the 20th century.
12,024 16,690 21,662 32,381 42,595 52,820 72,333 82,629 111,349 131,463 137,246 147,483 144,983 140,314 120,511 121,266 115,346 105,922 107,830 103,931 103,544
In 2011, 77.5% of Oldham's population were White British, 18.1% Asian and 1.2% Black.[72]
Although mass cotton spinning no longer takes place in Oldham, cotton mills mark its skyline, now used as processing and distribution centres.
The stained glass roof of the Spindles, created by local artist Brian Clarke
For years Oldham's economy was heavily dependent on manufacturing industry, especially textiles and mechanical engineering.[73][74] Since the deindustrialisation of Oldham in the mid-20th century, these industries have been replaced by home shopping, publishing, healthcare and food processing sectors, though factory-generated employment retains a significant presence.[73] Many of the modern sectors are low-skill and low-wage.[25]
Park Cake Bakeries, sold in 2007 by Northern Foods Group to Vision Capital, have a large food processing centre in Hathershaw, which employs in excess of 1,600 people. Over 90% of the cakes produced go to Marks & Spencer.[75][76] Long existing as an industrial district, Hollinwood is home to the Northern Counties Housing Association,[77]
Oldham's town centre contains the highest concentration of retailing, cultural facilities and employment in the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham.[7] It has been extensively redeveloped during the last few decades, and its two shopping centres, Town Square and the Spindles, now provide one of the largest covered retail areas in Greater Manchester.[78] The Spindles (named with reference to textile spindles) is a modern shopping centre with over 40 retailers, banks, building societies and catering outlets. It houses one of Europe's largest stained glass roofs, created by local artist Brian Clarke in celebration of the music of one of Oldham's famous sons, composer and conductor Sir William Walton.[79]
Ferranti Technologies is an electronic, electromechanical and electrical engineering company based in Waterhead.[80]
A number of culinary and medical advances have been developed in Oldham. There are claims that Oldham was the birthplace of the first chip shop.[81][82][83] The sometimes disputed claim of trade in deep-fried chipped potatoes is said to have been started around 1858–60 from an outlet owned by a John Lees, on what is the present site of Oldham's Tommyfield Market.[83][84][85] In 1900 Oldham had the highest concentration of chip shops in the country, one for every 400 people.[83] Rag Pudding is a savoury dish said to be native to Oldham.[86] Yates Wine Lodge was founded in Oldham by Peter and Simon Yates in 1884.[24]
The tubular bandage was invented and developed in Oldham in 1961.[87] That "vital contribution to advancing medical science" resulted from a collaboration between local firm Seton and a cotton manufacturer in the town.
Oldham's old, unused town hall built in 1841
Oldham's war memorial was commissioned in 1919 to "symbolise the spirit of 1914–1918".
The civic centre is the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham's centre of local governance.
Oldham Parish Church dates from 1830.
Oldham's Old Town Hall is a Grade II listed neo-classical town hall built in 1841,[88] eight years before Oldham received its borough status.[89] One of the last purpose-built town halls in northwest England,[25] it has a tetrastyle Ionic portico, copied from the temple of Ceres, on the River Ilissos, near Athens.[48] Winston Churchill made his inaugural acceptance speech from the steps of the town hall when he was first elected as a Conservative MP in 1900. A Blue Plaque on the exterior of the building commemorates the event.[90] Long existing as the political centre of the town, complete with courtrooms, the structure has stood empty since the mid-1980s and has regularly been earmarked for redevelopment as part of regeneration project proposals, but none have been actioned.[7][89][90][91]
In September 2008, it was reported that "Oldham Town Hall is only months away from a major roof collapse".[92] A tour taken by local councillors and media concluded with an account that "chunks of masonry are falling from the ceilings on a daily basis ... the floors are littered with dead pigeons and ... revealed that the building is literally rotting away".[90][92] In October 2009 the Victorian Society, a charity responsible for the study and protection of Britain's Victorian and Edwardian architecture, declared Oldham Town Hall as the most endangered Victorian structure in England and Wales.[93][94][95] Plans to convert the hall into a leisure complex, incorporating a cinema and restaurants, were revealed in May 2012 with the hall itself being used for public consultation.[96][97] This £36.72 million project is expected to be completed by early in 2016. New ODEON cinema will deliver an economic boost
The conversion of the Old Town Hall into an ODEON cinema is set to deliver a major economic boost for the town centre in the shape of new jobs, spending and visitors.
In January 2015, a report outlined how transforming the venue into an 800-seat seven-screen venue will see the creation of 74 full-time and 159 part-time jobs, plus the generation of an extra £5.5 million for the local economy each year.
It is estimated transforming the Grade-II listed building into a family entertainment venue will also bring in an extra 214,000 visits to the town centre annually.
This landmark development is set to open in Spring 2016, restoring the building as a civic 'jewel' in a scheme that will re-use and extend it to include plus six restaurants and a branded café franchise.
The finished designs will capitalise on the Old Town Hall's town centre location – sympathetically conserving as much of the existing building as possible whilst also adding a modern glazed 'light box' extension.
There will also be the first new high-quality public space in decades – Parliament Square - in decades next to the venue in Clegg Street, which will become the frontage to the new restaurants with external seating areas and play host to arts and cultural events.
Jim McMahon, Oldham Council Leader, said: "When Oldham was at its industrial peak the Old Town Hall was a statement of civic pride but in recent years it became a symbol of decline and a very serious financial liability."
"We know this building is hugely important to local people and also to the future prospects of Oldham town centre's economy.
"We strongly believe Oldham town centre can be the best in Greater Manchester but you can't achieve that if your key town centre building – our Old Town Hall with all its prominence and history – stays vacant and dilapidated."
The Old Town Hall was built in 1841 but ceased to be operational as a public building in the 1990s. The Old Town Hall at Parliament Square
In the heart of Oldham's retail core, the Old Town Hall is being developed into a modern multiplex ODEON cinema.[98][99]
Erected as a permanent memorial to the men of Oldham who were killed in the First World War, Oldham's war memorial consists of a granite base surmounted by a bronze sculpture depicting five soldiers making their way along the trenches in order to go into battle.[100] The main standing figure, having climbed out of the trenches, is shown calling on his comrades to advance, and is the same figure used at the Royal London Fusiliers Monument in London and the 41st Division memorial at Flers in France. The base serves to house books containing the roll of honour of the 1st, 10th and 24th Battalions, Manchester Regiment. The pedestal has two bronze doors at either side.[100]
Commissioned in 1919 by the Oldham War Memorial Committee, the memorial was designed and built by Albert Toft.[101] It was unveiled by General Sir Ian Hamilton on 28 April 1923, before a crowd estimated at over 10,000.[100] The monument was intended to symbolise the spirit of 1914–1918.[11]
The inscriptions on the memorial read:
Over doors: "Mors Janua Vitae, 1914–1918" (death is the gate of life)
Opposite side: "To God Be the Praise"
The Civic Centre tower is the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham's centre of local governance. The 15-storey white-brick building has housed the vast majority of the local government's offices since its completion in 1977. Standing at the summit of the town, the tower stands over 200 feet (61 m) high.[102] It was designed by Cecil Howitt & Partners,[7] and the topping out ceremony was held on 18 June 1976.[23] The Civic Centre can be seen as far away as Salford, Trafford, Wythenshawe and Winter Hill in Lancashire, and offers panoramic views across the city of Manchester and the Cheshire Plain.
Parish Church
The Oldham Parish Church of St. Mary with St. Peter, in its present form, dates from 1830 and was designed in the Gothic Revival Style by Richard Lane, a Manchester-based architect.[69] It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building.[103] It was linked with the church of St Mary the Virgin, Prestwich and together the sites were principal churches of the ancient ecclesiastical parish of Prestwich-cum-Oldham.[69]
A church building had existed on the site since 1280.[69] During this time, a small chapel stood on the site to serve the local townships of Oldham, Chadderton, Royton and Crompton. This was later replaced by an Early English Gothic church in the 15th century.[69] With the coming of the Industrial Revolution, the population of Oldham increased at a rapid rate (from under 2,000 in 1714, to over 32,000 by 1831).[69] The rapid growth of the local population warranted that the building be rebuilt into the current structure. Though the budget was originally agreed at £5,000,[7] the final cost of building was £30,000, one third of which was spent on the crypt structure.[69] Alternative designs by Sir Charles Barry, the designer of the Palace of Westminster, although now regarded by some as superior, were rejected.[7][69] The Church, of the Anglican denomination, is in active use for worship, and forms part of the Diocese of Manchester.[69]
The 409 to Rochdale, pictured in Oldham's town centre. First Greater Manchester has its headquarters in Oldham, operating bus services throughout Greater Manchester.
The geography of Oldham constrained the development of major transport infrastructure,[70] with the former County Borough Council suggesting that "if it had not grown substantially before the railway age it would surely have been overlooked".[70] Oldham has never been on a main-line railway route, and canals too have only been able to serve it from a distance,[70] meaning that "Oldham has never had a train service worthy of a town of its size".[104]
A principal destination along the former Oldham Loop Line, Oldham once had six railway stations but this was reduced to three once Clegg Street, Oldham Central and Glodwick Road closed in the mid-20th century. Oldham Werneth, Oldham Mumps and Derker closed on 3 October 2009.[105][106] Trains from Manchester Victoria station to Oldham had to climb steeply through much of its 6-mile (9.7 km) route, from around 100 feet (30.5 m) at Manchester city centre to around 600 feet (182.9 m) at Oldham Mumps.[70] The Werneth Incline, with its gradient of 1 in 27, made the Middleton Junction to Oldham Werneth route the steepest regular passenger line in the country.[104] The Werneth Incline route closed in 1963. It had been replaced as the main route to Manchester by the section of line built between Oldham Werneth Station and Thorpes Bridge Junction, at Newton Heath in May 1880.[107] Oldham Mumps, the second oldest station on the line after Werneth,[105] took its name from its location in the Mumps area of Oldham, which itself probably derived from the archaic word "mumper" which was slang for a beggar.[108] The former Oldham Loop Line was converted for use with an expanded Metrolink light rail network. The line between Victoria and a temporary Oldham Mumps Metrolink stop opened on 13 June 2012.[7][105][106]
Oldham had electric tramways to Manchester in the early 20th century; the first tram was driven from Manchester into Oldham in 1900 by the Lord Mayor of Manchester.[23] The system came to an end on 3 August 1946, however.[11] There was also a short-lived Oldham trolleybus system, in 1925–26. The £3.3 million Oldham Bus Station has frequent bus services to Manchester, Rochdale, Ashton-under-Lyne and Middleton with other services to the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham, Tameside, and across the Pennines to Huddersfield in West Yorkshire.[109] The roof canopy is supported internally on two rows of steel trees. The extensive use of glass and stainless steel maximises visibility, and there is a carefully co-ordinated family of information fittings, posters and seating, using robust natural materials for floors and plinths.[109] The bus station is used by National Express coaches. First Greater Manchester, FirstGroup plc's bus operator for north-Greater Manchester, has its headquarters in Oldham.[110]
Despite the Turnpike Act 1734, Oldham had no turnpike road to Manchester for another 56 years and Church Lane, Oldham remained part of the main street through the town. But following a further Act of Parliament a turnpike was constructed. The first regular coach service to Manchester came into operation in October 1790, with a journey time of over 2 hours and a fare 2s.8d (about 13p), with half fare for travellers on top of the coach.[111]
Oldham is about 4 miles (6.4 km) south of the major M62 motorway, but is linked to it by the M60 at Hollinwood, and A627(M) via Chadderton. There are major A roads to Ashton-under-Lyne, Huddersfield, Manchester, and Rochdale.[11]
The Hollinwood Branch of the Ashton Canal was a canal that ran from Fairfield in Droylsden, through Littlemoss and Daisy Nook Country Park to the Hollinwood area of Oldham, with a branch from Daisy Nook to the Fairbottom Branch Canal.[112] The canal was mainly used for the haulage of coal until it fell into disuse for commercial traffic in the 1930s.[113] It included four aqueducts and a two-rise lock staircase.
Boundary Park is Oldham's main sports stadium, and is used by Oldham Athletic A.F.C..
Oldham Roughyeds Rugby League Club was established in 1876 as Oldham Football Club,[25] and Oldham Athletic Football Club in 1895 as Pine Villa Football Club. Oldham Athletic have achieved both league and cup successes, particularly under Joe Royle in the 1990s.[25] They were Football League runners-up in the last season before the outbreak of the First World War, but were relegated from the Football League First Division in 1923. They reached the Football League Cup final in 1990 and won the Football League Second Division title in 1991, ending 68 years outside the top flight.
They secured their top division status a year later to become founder members of the new Premier League,[87] but were relegated after two seasons despite reaching that year's FA Cup semi-finals. They are currently playing in Football League One, the third tier of the English league. Darren Kelly was appointed as Manager in May 2015
Oldham Boro Football Club was established in 1964 as Oldham Dew FC, and after many years playing under the name of Oldham Town changed its name to Oldham Boro in 2009, finally becoming known as Oldham Borough just months before it folded. The team played in the North West Counties Football League before going out of existence in 2015, just over 50 years after it was founded.[114]
Renamed in 1997 to Oldham Roughyeds, Oldham Rugby League Club has received several club honours during its history,[115] winning the Rugby Football League Championship five times and Challenge Cup three times.[115] They played at Watersheddings for years before joining Oldham Athletic at Boundary Park until 2010 when they moved to Oldham Borough's previous ground, Whitebank Stadium.[115] Oldham has league cricket teams with a number of semi-professional league clubs including Oldham CC, and Werneth CC in the Central Lancashire League.
Oldham also has a Fencing Club, Marshall Fencing Club is a Competitive Fencing Club with most of its members competing on the national stage. They train three times a week at the old South Chadderton High School.
Oldham College is a centre for further education.
The Blue Coat School is one of Oldham's oldest schools, dating back to 1834.
Oldham produced someone who is considered[6] to be one of the greatest benefactors of education for the nation, Hugh Oldham, who in 1504 was appointed as Bishop of Exeter, and later went on to found what is now Manchester Grammar School.
Almost every part of Oldham is served by a school of some kind, some with religious affiliations. According to the Office for Standards in Education, schools within the town perform at mixed levels. Hulme Grammar School and the Blue Coat School are consistently Oldham's top performing secondary schools and each have sixth form colleges of further education.
University Campus Oldham is a centre for higher education and a sister campus of the University of Huddersfield. It was opened in May 2005 by actor Patrick Stewart, the centre's Chancellor.[116] The University Campus Oldham presented actress Shobna Gulati and artist, Brian Clarke (both born in Oldham) with an Honorary Doctorate of Letters at the Graduation Ceremony of November 2006, for their achievements and contributions to Oldham and its community.[116]
The Blue Coat School
Secondary school 105739
Hulme Grammar School
Grammar school N/A
New Bridge School
Secondary special school 134517
Oasis Academy Oldham
Oldham Academy North
Oldham College
Further education college 130505
Oldham Sixth Form College
Sixth form college 130506
University Centre Oldham
Higher education college N/A
The Hathershaw College
Waterhead Academy
Home Office policing in Oldham is provided by the Greater Manchester Police. The force's "(Q) Division" have their headquarters for policing the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham at central Oldham. Public transport is co-ordinated by the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive. Statutory emergency fire and rescue service is provided by the Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service, which has two stations in Oldham; at Hollins on Hollins Road,[117] and at Clarksfield on Lees Road.[118]
The Royal Oldham Hospital, at Oldham's northern boundary with Royton, is a large NHS hospital administrated by Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust. It was opened under its existing name on 1 December 1989.[119] Formerly known as Oldham District and General, and occupying the site of the town's former workhouse (named Oldham Union Workhouse in 1851),[119] the hospital is notable for being the birthplace of Louise Joy Brown – the world's first successful In vitro fertilised "test tube baby", on 25 July 1978.[120] The North West Ambulance Service provides emergency patient transport. See also Healthcare in Greater Manchester.
Waste management is co-ordinated by the local authority via the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority.[121] Locally produced inert waste for disposal is sent to landfill at the Beal Valley.[122] Oldham's Distribution Network Operator for electricity is United Utilities;[123] there are no power stations in the town. United Utilities also manages Oldham's drinking and waste water;[123] water supplies being sourced from several local reservoirs, including Dovestones and Chew.[124] There is a water treatment works at Waterhead.[123]
Oldham, though lacking in leisure and cultural amenities,[52] is historically notable for its theatrical culture.[125] Once having a peak of six "fine" theatres in 1908,[125] Oldham is home to the Oldham Coliseum Theatre and the Oldham Theatre Workshop, which have facilitated the early careers of notable actors and writers, including Eric Sykes,[125] Bernard Cribbins[126] and Anne Kirkbride,[126] daughter of acclaimed cartoonist Jack Kirkbride who worked for the Oldham Evening Chronicle. Oldham Coliseum Theatre is one of Britain's last remaining repertory theatres; Charlie Chaplin and Stan Laurel performed there in the early 20th century, and contemporary actors such as Ralph Fiennes and Minnie Driver, among others, have appeared more recently.[127]
During the 19th century the circus was a popular entertainment in Oldham; Pablo Fanque's circus was a regular visitor, filling a 3,000-seat amphitheatre on Tommyfield in 1869.[128] Criticised for its lack of a cinema,[52] there are plans to develop an "Oldham West End".[129] Oldham has a thriving bar and night club culture, attracting a significant number of young people into the town centre.[7] Oldham's "hard binge drinking culture" has been criticised however for conveying a negative regional image of the town.[52]
The Lyceum is a Grade II listed building opened in 1856 as a "mutual improvement" centre for the working men of Oldham.
The Lyceum is a Grade II listed building[130] opened in 1856 at a cost of £6,500 as a "mutual improvement" centre for the working men of Oldham.[11] The facilities provided to members included a library, a newsroom and a series of lectures on geology, geography and education, microscopy and chemistry, female education and botany.[131] Instrumental music was introduced and there were soon sixteen violinists and three cellists. Eventually the building was extended to include a school of science and art. Music had always been important in the life of the Lyceum, and in 1892 a school of music was opened, with 39 students enrolled for the "theory and practice of music".
The Lyceum continued throughout the 20th century as a centre for the arts in Oldham, and in 1986 the local authority was invited by its directors and trustees to accept the building as a gift.[131] The acceptance of the Lyceum building by the Education Committee provided the opportunity to move the music centre and "further enhance the cultural activities of the town".[131] In 1989 the Oldham Metropolitan Borough Music Centre moved into the Lyceum building, which is now the home of the Oldham Lyceum School of Music.[131]
Oldham's museum and gallery service dates back to 1883.[132] Since then it has established itself as a cultural focus for Oldham and has developed one of the largest and most varied permanent collections in North West England. The current collection includes over 12,000 social and industrial history items, more than 2,000 works of art, about 1,000 items of decorative art, more than 80,000 natural history specimens, over 1,000 geological specimens, about 3,000 archaeological artefacts, 15,000 photographs and a large number of books, pamphlets and documents.[132]
Oldham is now home to a newly built state-of-the-art art gallery, Gallery Oldham, which was completed in February 2002 as the first phase of the Oldham Cultural Quarter.[133] Later phases of the development saw the opening of an extended Oldham Library, a lifelong learning centre and there are plans to include a performing arts centre.[7]
The annual Oldham Carnival started around 1900, although the tradition of carnivals in the town goes back much further, providing a "welcomed respite from the tedium of everyday life".[134] The carnival parade was always held in mid-to-late summer, with the primary aim of raising money for charities.[134] It often featured local dignitaries or popular entertainers, in addition to brass, military and jazz bands, the Carnival Queen, people in fancy dress, dancers and decorated floats from local churches and businesses.[134] Whenever possible, local people who had attained national celebrity status were invited to join the cavalcade.[134] The carnival's route began in the town centre, wound its way along King Street, and ended with a party in Alexandra Park.[134]
The carnival fell out of favour in the late 1990s but was resurrected by community volunteers in 2006 and rebranded the Peoples' Carnival. The parade was moved into Alexandra Park in 2011. The event hosts live stages and other activities alongside a parade in the park.[135][136] In 2016 will be 10 years since the carnival was reinstated by volunteers. The main organiser is Paul Davies who runs the carnival with a number of committee members and loads of volunteers [137]
Britain in Bloom
In 2012 and 2014 Oldham was named as Culture Town in the annual "Britain in Bloom" competition as winners
People from Oldham are called Oldhamers,[24] though "Roughyed" is a nickname from the 18th century when rough felt was used in Oldham to make hats.[11]
Edward Potts was a renowned architect who moved to Oldham from Bury. He was the architect for fourteen mills in the Oldham area.[138]
Other notable persons with Oldham connections include the composer Sir William Walton, former British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill, and Louise Brown,[120] the world's first baby to be conceived by in vitro fertilisation.
Radio 1 Breakfast Show host Nick Grimshaw is also from Oldham, as are actor Eric Sykes, actor Bernard Cribbins, TV host Phillip Schofield,[87] actress Shobna Gulati, and comedy double act Tommy Cannon and Bobby Ball.
Notable musicians from Oldham include the Inspiral Carpets and Mark Owen of boyband Take That.
Brian Cox (physicist), the physicist, is a native of Oldham. His YouTube videos are convenient examples of the local accent.
^ Percentages are taken from 2001 ward boundaries that together most closely match the territory of the former County Borough of Oldham.
^ The total population of Oldham is given as those within an urban area divorced from the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham.
^ a b c d e f g h
^ OBC (1973)
^ a b c d e f g h i Gurr & Hunt 1998, pp. 1–5.
^ a b c d e Frangopulo 1977, p. 154.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l
^ a b c
^ a b c d e f g h i j Brownbill (1911), pp. 92–108
^ a b c d e f g Butterworth (1981)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Bateson (1949)
^ "Werneth (Cheshire and Lancashire), derived from uerneto- (British) = Latinized Gaulish Vernetum 'alder swamp'" (Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies [University of Wales] 1979:545).
^ Bateson (1949), p. 3
^ Mills 1976, p. 39
^ a b Ballard (1986)
^ a b c d Daly (1974)
^ a b c d e f g h i j McNeil & Nevell (2000)
^ a b c Kidd (1977)
^ a b Foster (1974)
^ a b c d
^ Sellers 1991, p. 47.
^ a b c d e Millett 1996.
^ a b c d Clough (1996)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n
^ Eastham (1994)
^ Oldham's Economic Profile – Printing & Publishing, oldham.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 March 2007. Archived 7 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
^ Contract Printing – Oldham – North West England – Trinity Mirror Printing. Retrieved 16 February 2011
^ a b c d e f g Nadin (2006)
^ a b Fanning (2001)
^ McPhillips 1977, p. 23.
^ Marlow (1969), p. 120
^ Crawford (2000)
^ Police fear new riots as white youth dies after fight, Daily Mail, 17 February 2002
^ Teenager 'died after gang attack', BBC, 10 March 2003
^ HOPE not hate blog: Gavin deserves better
^ Local Government Act 1888 (32 & 33 Vict. c.49) s.31 "Each of the boroughs named in the Third Schedule to this Act being a borough which on the first day of June one thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight, either had a population of not less than fifty thousand, or was a county of itself shall, from and after the appointed day, be for the purposes of this Act an administrative county of itself, and is in this Act referred to as a county borough. Provided that for all other purposes a county borough shall continue to be part of the county (if any) in which it is situate at the passing of this Act"
^ a b Lewis 1848, pp. 729–733.
^ a b c d e
^ a b c d e f g h i
^ Bateson (1949), p. 232
^ http://www.vaoldham.org.uks/vaoldham.org.uk/files/Census%202011%20key%20stats%20briefing%2014%20Dec%2012.pdf
^ http://www.oldham.gov.uk/oldtownhall
^ Disused Stations: Oldham Werneth Station
^ Gibb (2005), p. 28
^ http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/oldhamborofc
^ a b c Carter (1986)
^ Llewellin (2000)
^ Gretchen Holrook Gerzina, Editor, "Black Victorians-Black Victoriana" (Rutgers University Press: New Brunswick, NJ, 2003)
^ a b c d e Drummond (2005)
^ http://www.oldhamcarnival.org.uk
www.oldham.gov.uk, Website of Oldham Council.
www.genuki.org.uk, GENUKI entry for Oldham, including genealogical data and historic descriptions.
www.oldhamcarnival.org.uk, Oldham Carnival website
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The BEIGE Shaggy Rug has a chunky, deep, soft shaggy pile and is made from hard-wearing heat-set polypropylene. The Shaggy Rugs are a plain coloured shaggy rug range, coming in several different colour ways.
They are a brilliant choice for those of you who are looking for a great shaggy rug at low prices, easy to hoover and will not shed making them a great shaggy rug for any room.


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National Merry-Go-Round Day
On July 25th we celebrate National Merry-Go-Round Day. This is an unofficial holiday–but it is fun to ride on merry-go-rounds, so let's celebrate. The merry-go-round (or carousel) has an interesting history. In the 1100s during the Crusades, European soldiers watched the Turkish and Arabian horsemen compete in a game. The game, similar to jousting, was taken very seriously by its participants. The European onlookers began to refer to the game as "little war," which is translated to "garosello" in Italian and "carosella." This is how the word carousel is derived.
During Medieval times, carousels were used as a training device for knights in battle. In the 1600s, a Frenchmen designed a device for training purposes for young competitors for participation in the carousel. The device was a carved horse that was suspended by chains from two arms that were attached to a central pole. The competitors trained while the horse moved up and down to simulate actually riding a horse.
In the 1800s, European immigrants brought the artistry of the carousel with them to America. The first patented carousel, which was called the "flying horses," was given in Brooklyn; however, there is evidence of merry-g0-rounds being present in the U.S. five years earlier in Manhattan.
Later in the 19th century, merry-go-rounds were powered by steam and built on wooden platforms. By the end of the 19th century, carousels were converted to electric power–and during this time, fair grounds were popular. However, during WWII, the carousel fell out of popularity due to the lack of labor and supplies to make them. Merry-go-rounds or carousels did make a comeback, but they were never as popular as they were prior. But merry-go-rounds will live forever, or at least as long as there are children.
For more information, see the International Independent Showmen's Museum website, or use your DCPL card to check out Art of the Carousel by Charlotte Dinger.
National Yo-Yo Day
Frank McCourt (19 August 1930 – 19 July 2009)
Geek Pride
The Employee Expo…check it out!
Decking the halls…or at least the front door.
Hope L July 21, 2015 at 11:33 AM
Glenda, thank you for this post. I have always thought carousels were so neat. And what a beautiful carousel that is!
Glenda Z July 21, 2015 at 2:59 PM
I know, I have always loved carousels as well.
Camille July 23, 2015 at 1:24 PM
Ah Glenda, they don't just appeal to children, find me one right now and I'll hop on in a second.
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Here are the five episodes of Talking Tom and Friends with absolute highest view count. We're not surprised. We love them too!
Talking Tom and I love you you're the best because when I was a little little kid I don't like this game of Talking Tom app and Talking Angela Talking Ginger Talking Hank oh and don't forget remember the one that you and Angela were kissing I see all your videos don't you think I'm dumb sorry about that dumping but I have all of the I love you I love you Talking Tom Talking Tom???????????❤???????????
There are a lot of haters and remember, they just have the worst channel in the world so there mean to you because you have the best channel in the world.
I can't do Halloween ??????


We are excited to announce the winners of our 2016 poetry and prose contests! Thank you to our judges Graham Foust and Selah Saterstrom.
In poetry, Graham Foust selected A Forest Almost by Liz Countryman.
In prose, Selah Saterstrom selected Dear Enemy, by Jessica Alexander.
Liz Countryman is Writer in Residence at the University of South Carolina and coeditor of the poetry journal Oversound. Her poems have appeared in Poetry, Boston Review, The Offing, American Poetry Review, AGNI, The Volta, and elsewhere.
Jessica Alexander teaches Creative Writing at Franklin and Marshall College. Her fiction has appeared in such journals as Denver Quarterly, Black Warrior Review, Dreginald, and Fence among other places.
Thank you to all who submitted manuscripts. Congratulations to Liz Countryman, Jessica Alexander and all our finalists and semi-finalists!
Kissed by the Taliban, Carmen Gentile, Jr.


text:
I francobolli di Propaganda di Guerra sono stati emessi nel 1942 a scopo propagandistico per il sostegno dello sforzo bellico del Regno d'Italia durante la seconda guerra mondiale.

I francobolli da 25 centesimi (di colore verde), 30 centesimi (di colore bruno) e 50 centesimi (di colore viola) sono stati riprodotti affiancando l'effigie di Vittorio Emanuele III, ripresa dalla Serie Imperiale, a quattro diverse vignette:
la prima vignetta è dedicata alla Regia Marina e riporta la scritta "la disciplina è arma di vittoria";
la seconda vignetta è dedicata al Regio Esercito e riporta la scritta "armi e cuori devono essere tesi verso la meta";
la terza vignetta è dedicata alla Regia Aeronautica e riporta la scritta "tutto e tutti per la vittoria";
la quarta e ultima vignetta è infine dedicata alla milizia e riporta la scritta "la vittoria sarà del tripartito" con ovvio riferimento al patto tripartito.

Sono stati inoltre emessi sempre nel 1942 anche dei francobolli di posta aerea da 50 cent (bruno), 1 lira (viola) e 2 lire (azzurro) con appendici di propaganda bellica.

L'uso di questi francobolli si è protratto anche durante la R.S.I. e la luogotenenza di Umberto II.
Tutti i francobolli sono stati stampati in rotocalco in fogli da 50(x4).

Bibliografia
Sassone: Catalogo specializzato dei francobolli d'Italia e dei Paesi Italiani, volume 1, 2011, 70ª edizione.

Voci correlate
Francobolli del Regno d'Italia
Fascismo
Propaganda

Emissioni filateliche del Regno d'Italia
Propaganda nella seconda guerra mondiale

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
In the Vault with Shanda Golden interview with KEITH ST JOHN of RONNIE MONTROSE REMEMBERED 2019
2019, Interviews, News, Z
ON RONNIE'S PASSING
You were with Ronnie for 12 years…
Does it get easier with his you know with his passing I know that having lost someone you know I kind of go ebs and flows a little bit even though it's been such a long time"
"Yeah, you know it's always tough you know as we get older in this life we lose people and even sometimes when we are kids you know we lose people and it's it's really hard and with a guy like that that you had so much time with on and off stage and these incredible spiritual vibes with it's it's a big one when you lose somebody like that but one of the reasons why myself and a lot of the rest of us who knew Ronnie well like to do this every year is because it gets us closer with them, it gives us some resolve and you know we feel better and I think the crowd the fans that come feel the same way I feel them you know they're really really you know they wanted it to keep going and it just it ended and you know everybody gets to give a little back and get a little back from each other when we do it and it really is a trip it's a big spiritual festival and I feel like Ronnie's in the building you know every year and so do a lot of the other cats and gals that are there.
WHAT KEITH MISSES MOST:
What do you miss most about Ronnie because you were with him I would say aside from Sammy Hagar you but you were with him the longest….
"Oh yes yeah well Sam was only there for two years I was there by far the longest"
So what is it that you miss the most?
"Well it's selfish but I miss playing with him the most really I mean that's that's the biggest thing you know once you get into that that cycle man with with somebody and you got that energy with the crowd that's that's just it's lofting and it's in your life and that's like part of your thing you know you miss it."
Tweets by MrsShandaGolden
https://www.facebook.com/events/364524961021723/?ti=icl
**FRIDAY JAN 25th**
NAMM 2019 HONORS
Ronnie Montrose…. feat.@bwoodsmusic of #sebastianbachhttps://t.co/09i2UCvUSv
M3 Live Anaheim Event Center
ticket link in… https://t.co/ICrsFWDzfm
— Keith St John (@KEITHSTJOHN) January 14, 2019


St. Leonhard in the Pitztal is surrounded by beautiful mountains and within easy reach of three versatile ski areas that delight both, skiers and snowboarders, beginners and professionals, ski mountaineerers and cross-country skiers. Enjoy a varied holiday with the latest winter sports equipment from the ski rental of INTERSPORT Rent in St. Leonhard.
Winter sports enthusiasts will find what they are looking for on the Pitztal Glacier as well as in Rifflsee: superbly groomed slopes on all levels, freeride areas, parks, ramps and snow from September until late spring. Drive by Austria's highest cable car up to 3,440 meters above sea level and enjoy almost unlimited skiing. The latest winter sports equipment for your stay in St. Leonhard can be found at the ski rental of INTERSPORT Rent.
Abstrain from bringing your own ski equipment and thus avoid a lot of luggage and stress - because with INTERSPORT Rent in St. Leonard, you can easily and cheap rent skis and snowboards. Be convinced by the many services, such as the "Test and Buy" option - rent first, then buy or the "6 +1 free" option - ride seven days, pay for only six days! A free replacement option for your rental equipment within the selected class is guaranteed.
Comprehensive services, expert advice and a wide selection of winter sports equipment at fair prices - all available in the ski rental of INTERSPORT Rent in St. Leonhard.


clever system, daft user or average user, limited system?
How do I switch off the extension kit in the installer menu?
How can I setup my home so that the aircon shuts off if the windows/doors are left open?


text:
Realme launches second Dizo smartwatch a month after the first
Realme has confirmed that the Dizo Watch 2 smartwatch will be released on September 15th. This news came as a surprise as the original Dizo Watch with a 1.4-inch display was only released in August this year. This Realme sub-brand, announced in May, specializes in smart devices.
The watch page has already appeared on the Flipkart website, so their characteristics are already known. Dizo Watch 2 will have a larger 1.69-inch color display with a maximum brightness of 600 cd / m22 and a metal frame. The watch works up to 10 days without recharging in normal mode and up to 20 days in standby mode. They have health tracking functions, sleep monitoring, heart rate monitoring, SpO2 sensor and support 15 sports modes.
The Dizo Watch 2 is a waterproof watch (5ATM) and offers over 100 watch faces. The watch will be available in classic black, rose gold, silver gray and ivory.
The Dizo Watch 2 will be priced at $ 54.
Related Topics:DizoRealme
Introduced cheap Mobfree charger for owners of smart watches and laptops
Mobfree has introduced a two-way wireless charger for the Apple Watch and other smartwatches.
This charger, which resembles a flash drive, connects to the USB-C connector, as shown in the photo. It can also be connected to a fast charging adapter with a USB-C connector.
The manufacturer claims that the new charger supports Apple Watch starting from the second generation, as well as all generations of smart watches Samsung Galaxy Watch.
At the stage of collective financing on the Kickstarter platform, those who wish can order a novelty for $ 20.
Deliveries to first customers are scheduled for June 2023.
First 110-inch 8K 3D monitor unveiled to display 3D without glasses
BOE showcased its latest developments at the ISE 2023 European Professional Audiovisual Show, including a large monitor for viewing 3D content without glasses.
This 110″ 8K 3D monitor supports 120Hz refresh rate. The manufacturer claims that the three-dimensional image on the TV screen can be seen by several users from different angles.
The TV uses innovative lens array technology combined with MiniLED and quantum dot backlight technology. So far, users can see stereoscopic images at a distance of no more than 1.5 m from the screen. However, the manufacturer states that work is ongoing, so the distance will be significantly increased in the future. Such TVs are planned to be widely used in advertising, exhibitions and many other scenarios.
BOE also showcased the first 162-inch MiniLED TV with a peak brightness of 1000 cd/m2new 65″ ultra-slim 8K TVs with 3024 local dimming zones, an 86″ interactive touch screen panel and more.
Apple Watch Series 8 significantly cheaper in China
Smart watches Apple Watch Series 8 fell in price in China. JD.com is currently offering a 41mm GPS model for $400. The starting price of this model in China was $445.
Apple Watch Series 8 received a body temperature sensor that can take measurements every 5 seconds. Apple Watch Series 8 recognizes not only falls, but also getting into car accidents, for which new sensors are used.
Apple Watch Series 8 features a battery saver mode that allows you to last longer without recharging.
Apple says the Apple Watch Series 8 can track temperature changes as low as 0.1 degrees Celsius and check the temperature every five seconds.


text:
Ellen Ballance (; 1846 – 14 June 1935) was a New Zealand suffragist and community leader. She was a vice-president of the Women's Progressive Society, an international suffrage organisation based in London, and the inaugural president of the Wanganui Women's Franchise League in 1893.

Early life and family
Ballance was born in Wellington and was the daughter of merchant David Anderson and his wife Ann Thompson. She had five brothers and three sisters.

On 19 May 1870, she married John Ballance, then a newspaper editor. She was his second wife. In 1886 they adopted her four-year-old niece, Florence, and re-christened her Kathleen.

Political involvement and activism
Ballance was a prominent figure in the suffrage movement in New Zealand, and a vice-president of the Women's Progressive Society, an international suffrage organisation based in London. She shared her husband's political interests and became highly regarded in political circles in Wellington.

After the 1890 New Zealand general election, Ballance's husband became the 14th Premier of New Zealand. He was a supporter of women's suffrage; his successor later said that it had been Ballance who converted her husband to the cause. With his election and the new government, suffragist Kate Sheppard and women's groups renewed efforts to get the vote for women. In 1891, Ballance wrote to Sheppard to say that she would do everything in her power to "further the cause".

Ballance regularly attended Parliament to listen to debates. On one occasion in 1891 she caused a stir in the House when, after an anti-suffrage MP declared that women did not want the vote, she handed around a petition in the Ladies' Gallery. 68 women signed the petition to assure the House that they did in fact want the vote. She also collected signatures for the 1891 women's suffrage petition.

In April 1893 Ballance's husband died suddenly and she moved to live in his former constituency of Wanganui, where she was the inaugural president of the Wanganui Women's Franchise League, founded in June 1893. The League had close links to the National Council of Women of New Zealand and provided a forum for the discussion of issues of concern to women in Wanganui. The League's initial priorities under Ballance's leadership were collecting signatures for the women's suffrage petition (which went from 200 signatures locally to 2,600 signatures within a month of the League's foundation), and engaging with Parliament and local politicians. Later that year, the Electoral Act 1893 gave New Zealand women the right to vote. Ballance also donated her husband's library to the League.

Ballance lived in Wanganui for the rest of her life, and remained active in community organisations, including the Anglican church, the Wanganui Orphanage and the Plunket Society.

References

1846 births
1935 deaths
New Zealand suffragists
New Zealand women activists
New Zealand activists
People from Wellington City
Spouses of prime ministers of New Zealand


Reporting to the Head Librarian, the Library Assistant will support all Library and Archive duties; which include answering reference requests, digitizing historical material, processing archival collections, and assisting library patrons.
The California Academy of Sciences welcomes people of all backgrounds, identities, and beliefs to join us in achieving our mission to explore, explain, and sustain life on Earth. We place diversity, equity and inclusion at the heart of our recruiting efforts and strive to build a culture centered on mutual respect, equal treatment and the opportunity to succeed.
Ability to read and interpret documents such as safety rules, operating and maintenance instructions, and procedure manuals. Ability to write routine reports and correspondence. Ability to speak effectively before groups or individuals. Bilingual (spoken and/or written) in Spanish, Cantonese, Mandarin, or other non-English language preferred but not necessary.
The physical demands and work environment described here are representative of those that must be met by an employee to successfully perform the essential functions of this job. Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable persons with disabilities to perform the essential functions. While performing the duties of this job, the employee is frequently required to stand, sit, walk, reach with hands and arms, talk and hear. Must be able to lift 25 lbs. Must be able to perform repetitive motions 50% of the time. The California Academy of Sciences will consider for employment all qualified applicants with criminal histories in a manner consistent with the requirements of the San Francisco Fair Chance Ordinance (SF Police Code, Article 49).
Please submit your cover letter and resume online at http://calacademy.snaphire.com Note that the recruitment timeline for positions vary and depend on many factors, so it is impossible to accurately predict when a position will close. We appreciate your patience during this process. No phone calls please.


text:
Paul Polman, CEO, Unilever: Winning with Purpose – A message to members of Business Fights Poverty
By Paul Polman, CEO, Unilever
Business has been a powerful force in improving the lives of millions of people on our planet – whether through product and service innovation, job creation or new opportunities for suppliers and distributors. Yet, I believe business can do so much more. As the Occupy movement has highlighted, huge inequalities remain – and companies such as mine, need to think deeply about how we can be successful in a way that tackles the fundamental social and environmental challenges of our age.
I believe in capitalism, but I also believe we have to rethink it. We need a new sustainable and equitable model of capitalism. Consumers clearly want that too, and businesses that do not respond are at risk of being put out of business.
While many business are responding – reporting on their impacts, and thinking about how they can do business in new ways – far too few are giving this the attention it deserves. In large part, this is driven by a dominance of short-term profit expectations in the investment community. But where it is working best, it is being driven by passionate innovators who are not afraid to go against the stream.
I am impressed by the depth of innovation demonstrated by members of Business Fights Poverty – whether from business, or from organisations working with business – who are finding new ways to harness business for good. You are the vanguard of an emerging movement helping forge this new path.
For our part, Unilever, has created its Sustainable Living Plan – our ambitious strategy to drive growth in our business in a way that embeds sustainability at its heart. The Plan sets out over 50 social, economic and environmental targets to be achieved across our business, 180 markets and hundreds of brands by 2020. Importantly, the Plan starts with, but also goes beyond, our factory gates. The sourcing of raw materials and the use of our products by the consumer at home have a far larger footprint. We recognise this and so our Plan is designed to reduce our impacts across the whole lifecycle of our products.
In the Plan, we commit to doubling our sales while halving the environmental impact involved in the making and use of our products. We will help more than 1 billion people take action to improve their health and well-being, including through our Lifebuoy handwashing programme that will help reduce diarrhoeal disease, the world's second biggest cause of infant mortality. We will source 100% of our agricultural raw materials sustainably, compared to 10% in 2010 (including by 2015, 100% sustainable palm oil). We will create opportunities for over half a million smallholder farmers and small-scale distributors in our value chain in emerging markets (markets that now account for half our sales, and 75 to 80 per cent of our growth). We will make safe drinking water available to half a billion people by extending sales of our low-cost in-home water purifier, Pureit, from India to other countries.
Source: Business Fights Poverty (link opens in a new window)
Entrepreneurship, Environment
business development, corporate social responsibility, sustainability


A recent study from Ohio State University found that stress and depression may alter metabolic responses to high-fat meals in ways that can promote weight gain. Data analysis showed that stressed women had lower resting metabolic rates than those who were not stressed, and therefore burned fewer calories for the same level of activity. This difference could add up to almost 11 pounds of extra weight per year. How do you de-stress at the end of the day?