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State funerals in the United Kingdom
For funerals paid for by the British state commonly known as "pauper's funerals" or "welfare funerals", see Public health funeral. For funerals under the English Poor Laws, see Pauper's funeral.
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Funeral of Elizabeth I, 1603. Horse-drawn bier flanked, as in modern times, by Gentlemen-pensioners carrying their axes 'reversed'. The coffin has an effigy of the late Queen on top of it, and is flanked by knights holding banners and a canopy.
In the United Kingdom, state funerals are usually reserved for monarchs, and the Earl Marshal is in charge. The last such funeral was held in 1952 for King George VI. In addition, very exceptionally, a state funeral may be held to honour a highly distinguished figure, with the approval of the monarch and with Parliament's approval (of the expenditure of public funds).[1] There was a state funeral in 1965 for Sir Winston Churchill.
Other funerals (including those of senior members of the Royal Family and high-ranking public figures) may share many of the characteristics of a state funeral without being gazetted as such; for these, the term 'ceremonial funeral' is used. The funerals of Diana, Princess of Wales (1997), Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (2002) and Margaret Thatcher (2013) have fallen into this category
Along with the funeral service itself (which is a large-scale national occasion), a gun carriage is used to transport the coffin between locations, accompanied by a procession of military bands and detachments along with mourners and other officials. There may also be a lying in state and other associated ceremonies.
1 Features of a state funeral
1.2 Distinguishing between a state funeral and ceremonial funeral
2.2 Ceremonial
2.2.1 Pre-1700: Heraldic funerals
2.2.2 1700–1900: Heraldic tradition maintained
2.2.3 The funeral of Queen Victoria: an innovative approach
2.2.4 Since 1901: innovation becomes tradition
3 Entitlement
4 List of funerals
4.1 Members of the Royal Family
4.1.1 State funerals since 1901
4.1.2 Ceremonial funerals since 1952
4.1.3 Private funerals since 1952
4.2 Outside the Royal Family
4.2.1 State funerals
4.2.2 Ceremonial funerals
4.2.3 Devolved administrations
Features of a state funeralEdit
The procession during the state funeral of Edward VII
OverviewEdit
In the past century, the state funeral of a monarch has generally followed this pattern:[dubious – discuss][There have only been two such funerals in the past century, in 1936 and 1952: not enough to establish a "general pattern".]
Conveyance of the body to Westminster Hall. Having arrived in London, the coffin is transported to Westminster on a horse-drawn gun carriage, escorted by military contingents, officials, and mourners. The coffin is draped with the Royal Standard, and on it is placed the Imperial State Crown.[2]
Lying in state in Westminster Hall. The coffin is placed on a catafalque in the middle of the hall. Following a brief service, members of the public are admitted and file past the coffin to pay their respects. During the lying in state (which usually lasts three days) each corner of the catafalque is guarded by units of the Sovereign's Bodyguard and the Household Division.
Conveyance of the body from Westminster Hall to Windsor. A large procession accompanies the monarch's body on its final journey: several military contingents, along with State office-holders, the Royal Household in all its diversity and (close to the coffin) the dead monarch's personal staff/servants. The late monarch's equerries serve as pallbearers,[3] walking alongside the coffin, which is escorted by the sovereign's bodyguards: the Gentlemen at Arms and the Yeomen of the Guard. The Royal Family (as chief mourners) follow the coffin, along with foreign and Commonwealth representatives (often in significant numbers). The gun carriage is hauled by sailors of the Royal Navy for the two-hour journey from Westminster to Paddington. The coffin, mourners, and officials then travel by train to Windsor, where the procession re-forms for the journey to Windsor Castle.[4]
Funeral service and burial in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. The form of service used is the same for a monarch as for a commoner; in recent centuries the Book of Common Prayer has been used. Prior to the burial, Garter King of Arms pronounces the style of the deceased monarch, using a form of words that has varied little over centuries of use. As the body is placed in the vault, the Lord Chamberlain breaks his white stave of office and tosses it into the grave to symbolize the end of his period of service to the late monarch.[5]
State funerals of distinguished citizens have followed a similar pattern, except for the location of the funeral and burial. Churchill's body was taken by gun carriage from Westminster Hall to St Paul's Cathedral for the funeral. Afterward it was taken by river (on board the Port of London Authority launch Havengore) to Waterloo for the railway journey to Bladon for burial.
State and ceremonial funerals in the United Kingdom are usually assisted by the funeral directors to the Royal Household, which are privately owned and commercially operated businesses selected and appointed by the Lord Chamberlain's Office.
Distinguishing between a state funeral and ceremonial funeralEdit
The procession during the ceremonial funeral of Margaret Thatcher
Many of the features of a state funeral are shared by other types of funerals, and distinguishing between them is not easy. A ceremonial funeral, like a state funeral, often has a lying in state, a procession with a gun carriage and military contingents, and a funeral service attended by state representatives, both domestic and foreign.
The visual distinction usually referred to is that in a state funeral, the gun carriage bearing the coffin is drawn by sailors from the Royal Navy rather than horses. (This tradition dates from the funeral of Queen Victoria; the horses drawing the gun carriage bolted, so ratings from the Royal Navy hauled it to the Royal Chapel at Windsor.) This distinguishing feature is not invariable, however, as shown by the use of naval ratings rather than horses at the ceremonial funeral for Lord Mountbatten in 1979 (one of a number of features on that occasion which emphasized Mountbatten's lifelong links with the Royal Navy).
Another distinction made between a state funeral and a ceremonial funeral is that a state funeral for a distinguished subject requires a message from the Sovereign to each of the Houses of Parliament, under the Royal Sign Manual, informing them of the funeral and inviting their attendance. In the case of the state funeral for a deceased Sovereign, a message from the Earl Marshal, acting at the new Sovereign's command, informs the Houses of Parliament of the arrangements for the funeral and requires their attendance at the lying-in-state. Ceremonial funerals do not require such formal invitation of the Houses of Parliament by the Sovereign.
Ceremonial funerals on the death of a member of the Royal Family are preceded by the approval of a motion in each House of Parliament directing that an address of condolence be presented on behalf of the House to the Sovereign. But such addresses are usual for the deaths of all members of the Royal Family, and are therefore moved even for deceased members of the Royal Family who will have private funerals. In the case of a state funeral for a distinguished subject, the parliamentary address takes a different format, because it is moved in reply to the Sovereign's message informing Parliament of the decision to hold a state funeral, and in this case the address thanks the monarch for the decision to hold a state funeral and for all arrangements made, and expresses Parliament's participation in the national grief. In the case of a state funeral for a deceased Sovereign, the new monarch writes a message to each House of Parliament a few days after his accession (and after the delivery to Parliament of the Earl Marshal's message regarding practical arrangements for the funeral), mentioning the demise of the late Sovereign and expressing his sentiments for the new reign, and both Houses of Parliament then reply with addresses expressing condolence for the death of the late monarch and assuring the new Sovereign of their allegiance.
One clear distinction, however, is that state funerals (like coronations and the State Opening of Parliament) are organized and overseen by the Earl Marshal and his officers the Heralds,[1] who are prominently placed ahead of the coffin in the procession. They are not so involved in royal ceremonial funerals, which are instead organized by the Lord Chamberlain (who is an officer of the Royal Household, whereas the Earl Marshal is a Great Officer of State).
LocationEdit
Since 1820 funerals of monarchs have invariably been held in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, with the burial also taking place there (or, in the case of Queen Victoria, in the nearby Frogmore Mausoleum). In earlier centuries, Westminster Abbey was the usual venue for both funeral and burial (albeit with several exceptions: for instance, Henry VIII was buried at Windsor, whilst James II and George I were both buried overseas).[6] The funeral of Admiral Nelson in 1806 set the precedent for St Paul's Cathedral being used as a grand venue for funerals of distinguished subjects. The State Funerals of Wellington and Churchill also took place there, as, more recently, did the ceremonial funeral of Baroness Thatcher. Recent royal ceremonial funerals (those of Diana, Princess of Wales and Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother) have been held in Westminster Abbey, with the burial in each case taking place privately elsewhere.
Allowing the body of a monarch or nobleman to lie in state (for the public to pay their respects) is a long-established custom dating back many centuries, and is analogous to the once widespread practice of laying out a corpse for mourners at their home prior to a funeral. The use of Westminster Hall for this purpose, though, is comparatively modern, having begun with the state funeral of William Gladstone in 1898 (until 1882 the hall had been in use as law courts, and would not have been available for state events at short notice). The first monarch to lie in state there was Edward VII in 1910, and the first consort Queen Mary (1953).[7] Monarchs in the 19th century all lay in state in Windsor Castle. In the 18th century Kensington Palace was often used; in the 17th century, Mary II lay in state in the Banqueting House, Whitehall.
Beforehand, the body will often have lain in a private room or chapel elsewhere (e.g. at the place of death) for private viewing. Both George V and George VI died at Sandringham and their bodies lay in the church there for a time, watched over by estate workers and gamekeepers; whereas the body of Edward VII lay in the throne room in Buckingham Palace.
CeremonialEdit
Pre-1700: Heraldic funeralsEdit
Heralds at the funeral of Elizabeth I in 1603. (At Churchill's funeral in 1965, heralds were similarly employed to carry his heraldic achievements in procession, alongside banners of his arms.)
Tudor and Jacobean State funerals had a strongly heraldic flavour (this in fact had been a distinguishing feature of both royal and noble funerals since the Late Middle Ages). Those taking part in the procession (most of whom would have been noblemen) wore full-length black mourning cloaks and hoods, as did their attendants. The quality and amount of material in these garments was strictly regulated by the College of Arms, according to the rank of the wearer. (Thus, a seventeenth-century Duke was permitted 16 yards of fabric at 10s a yard, a Knight only 5 yards at 6s.8d.)[8] Colour was provided by heralds themselves, who wore tabards over their mourning cloaks and carried the late monarch's achievements in the procession. Colourful heraldic banners were also carried. The coffin was borne on a horse-drawn bier or 'chariot' and covered by a richly embroidered Pall. Those of the highest rank in society were distinguished by having a canopy carried over their coffin, which remained held in place for the duration of the funeral service. As well as the mourners, the horses were dressed all in black, and it was customary for black drapes to be hung along the route of the procession.
From the fourteenth century onwards it became customary for a lifelike wax effigy of the deceased person to be carried on or near the coffin in royal and noble funeral processions; previously, the embalmed body itself would probably have been on view. Surviving effigies, with contemporary clothing, are on display in Westminster Abbey.[9] The last effigy of a monarch to be carried in procession was that of James I in 1625; since the funeral of his successor, Charles II, a crown on a cushion has instead been placed on the coffin.
1700–1900: Heraldic tradition maintainedEdit
Many of the above funeral practices persisted well into the nineteenth century. At the funeral of William IV (the last monarch to die before Queen Victoria) the chief mourner and his attendants still wore black mourning cloaks, black drapes were hung along the route of the procession and a black canopy was borne over the coffin. The coffin itself was covered with a purple velvet pall, embroidered with the Royal arms. The crowns of the United Kingdom and of Hanover were carried on cushions in the procession, and placed on the coffin for the service, and behind the coffin heraldic banners were carried: the banner of the royal arms and banners of the Union, of England, Ireland and Scotland, and also of Hanover and Brunswick.
At this time, and indeed in previous centuries, the procession at a state funeral was very clearly a state procession: thus, as well as members of the late monarch's household, it usually included peers, privy counsellors, the judiciary and other office-holders. When King William IV attended the funeral of his late brother George IV, the Sword of State and Cap of Maintenance were carried before him, as at the State Opening of Parliament. Until the 20th century, monarchs by custom did not attend the funerals of their predecessors; William IV was an exception: not only did he attend, but he published a personal message of thanks in the Gazette for all who had participated. It was also rare for women to be seen in attendance, though the women of Queen Anne's royal household did walk in her funeral procession in 1714.
These funerals took place after sunset. At the funeral of William IV, for example, the procession from the lying in state set off at 8 pm; the Brigade of Guards lined the processional route (as they still do today), and one in four of them held a burning torch. The regiments involved were accompanied by their regimental bands (according to the Gazette, each band in turn played the Dead March in Saul as the procession approached their position along the route). As today, those bearing arms (swords or rifles), whether lining the route or marching in the procession, carried or held them reversed as a sign of mourning.
A tradition of firing 'minute guns' during the funeral procession is one that has been followed for over 300 years. Indeed, in 1830 and 1837 the guns began at 4 a.m., and they continued firing: once every five minutes for the next seventeen hours, and then once every minute from 9 p.m. until the end of the ceremony.
Non-royal state funerals in the 19th century were very similar to those for monarchs, even down to a herald reading the style and titles of the deceased, and leading members of their household carrying white staves and breaking them at the graveside. One striking exception, though, was the state funeral of William Gladstone, which took place entirely without military involvement. Instead, the members of the Lords and the Commons walked in procession, each led by their respective presiding officer.[10]
The funeral of Queen Victoria: an innovative approachEdit
The state funeral of Queen Victoria took place in February 1901; it had been 64 years since the last burial of a monarch. Victoria left strict instructions regarding the service and associated ceremonies and instituted a number of changes, several of which set a precedent for state (and indeed ceremonial) funerals that have taken place since. First, she disliked the preponderance of funereal black; henceforward, there would be no black cloaks, drapes or canopy, and Victoria requested a white pall for her coffin. Second, she expressed a desire to be buried as "a soldier's daughter".[11] The procession, therefore, became much more a military procession, with the peers, privy counsellors and judiciary no longer taking part en masse. Her pallbearers were equerries rather than dukes (as had previously been customary), and for the first time, a gun carriage was employed to convey the monarch's coffin. Third, Victoria requested that there should be no public lying in state. This meant that the only event in London on this occasion was a gun carriage procession from one railway station to another: Victoria having died at Osborne House (on the Isle of Wight), her body was conveyed by boat and train to Waterloo Station, then by gun carriage to Paddington Station, and thence by train to Windsor for the funeral itself. (It was in Windsor that the horses broke away from the gun carriage, necessitating the recruitment of a nearby contingent of sailors to pull the coffin.)
The rare sight of a state funeral cortège travelling by ship provided a striking spectacle: Victoria's body was carried on board HMY Alberta from Cowes to Gosport, with a suite of yachts following conveying the new king, Edward VII, and other mourners. Minute guns were fired by the assembled fleet as the yacht passed by. Victoria's body remained on board ship overnight (with Royal Marines keeping vigil) before being conveyed by gun carriage to the railway station the following day for the train journey to London.
Since 1901: innovation becomes traditionEdit
State funerals since have in many respects followed the template set by Queen Victoria, but with the public lying in state reinstated. (The use of Westminster Hall for this purpose immediately proved popular, with over a quarter of a million people taking the opportunity to file past the coffin in 1910;[12] its use as the primary venue for lyings-in-state is now well-entrenched.)
The Funeral of Edward VII involved a very large number of foreign heads of state, together with royal and other representatives; however, pride of place behind the gun carriage was given to the late king's fox terrier, Caesar, who was escorted by a highlander.[13]
One notable event at the lying-in-state of King George V was the so-called Vigil of the Princes: the four sons of the late king (King Edward VIII, the Duke of York, the Duke of Gloucester and the Duke of Kent) all stood guard together for a time. (The vigil was recalled 65 years later at the lying-in-state of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, with her grandsons the Prince of Wales, the Duke of York, the Earl of Wessex, and Viscount Linley taking post together.)[14]
A recent feature of state funerals of monarchs is the ringing of Big Ben on the day of the funeral, before 10 a.m., as many strokes as there were years in the dead monarch's life. This was done at the funerals of Edward VII, George V and George VI.[15][16]
EntitlementEdit
The honour of a state funeral is usually reserved for the sovereign as head of state. Spouses and widows of monarchs usually receive a ceremonial funeral. However, a few historical civilians of profound achievement, exceptional military leaders, and outstanding statesmen have also been honoured with a full state funeral, including, for example, Sir Isaac Newton, Lord Nelson, and Sir Winston Churchill.[17]
The former prime minister Benjamin Disraeli was offered the honour of a state funeral, but refused it in his will. The famous nurse and statistician Florence Nightingale was also offered a state funeral, but her family opted for a private ceremony. Charles Darwin (died 1882) was honoured by a major funeral in Westminster Abbey, attended by state representatives, but this does not seem to have been a state funeral in the formal sense.
The most recent state funeral of a former prime minister was that of Churchill in 1965. His was, at that time, the largest in world history, with representatives from 112 nations.[18]
Despite initial speculation that Margaret Thatcher would be accorded a state funeral, after her death in 2013, the government indicated that she would not receive a state funeral "in accordance with her own wishes".[19][20] Instead, she was to be accorded a ceremonial funeral with full military honours at St Paul's Cathedral, as authorised by Queen Elizabeth II.[21]
List of funeralsEdit
Members of the Royal FamilyEdit
State funerals since 1901Edit
Funeral of
1901 Queen Victoria St. George's Chapel, Windsor Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore
1910 King Edward VII St. George's Chapel, Windsor
1936 King George V
1952 King George VI
Ceremonial funerals since 1952Edit
1953 Queen Mary St. George's Chapel, Windsor
1974 The Duke of Gloucester St. George's Chapel, Windsor Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
1979 Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma Westminster Abbey Romsey Abbey
1997 Diana, Princess of Wales Westminster Abbey Althorp
2002 Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Westminster Abbey St. George's Chapel, Windsor
2015 Richard III (exhumation and reburial) Leicester Cathedral
Private funerals since 1952Edit
1968 Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent St. George's Chapel, Windsor Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
1972 The Duke of Windsora
1972 Prince William of Gloucester
1981 Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone
1986 Wallis, Duchess of Windsor
2002 The Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon St. George's Chapel, Windsor (ashes)
2004 Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore
a The former King Edward VIII had opted for a private royal funeral, rather than a full state funeral, with the exception that Garter King of Arms recited words reserved for the deceased sovereign – a feature of a state funeral).
Outside the Royal FamilyEdit
State funeralsEdit
Several other notable people and former prime ministers have been awarded a full state funeral: (Some of the following may not have been state funerals in the strictest sense of the term, even though some sources refer to them as such.)
1657 Admiral Robert Blake Westminster Abbey during Commonwealth;
exhumed after the Restoration and reburied in St Margaret's churchyard
1727 Sir Isaac Newton[22] Westminster Abbey
1806 The Viscount Nelson St. Paul's Cathedral
1852 The Duke of Wellington St. Paul's Cathedral
1865 The Viscount Palmerston Westminster Abbey
1890 Lord Napier of Magdala St. Paul's Cathedral
1898 William Ewart Gladstone Westminster Abbey
1914 Earl Roberts of Kandahar St. Paul's Cathedral
1919 Edith Cavell Westminster Abbey Norwich Cathedral
1928 Earl Haig Westminster Abbey Dryburgh Abbey
1935 Lord Carson St Anne's Cathedral, Belfast
1965 Sir Winston Churchill St. Paul's Cathedral St Martin's Church, Bladon
Ceremonial funeralsEdit
1806 William Pitt the Younger Westminster Abbey
1919 The Lord Beresford St. Paul's Cathedral Putney Vale Cemetery, London
1920 The Lord Fisher Westminster Abbey Kilverstone, Norfolk (ashes)[23]
1925 The Earl of Ypres Westminster Abbey Ripple, Kent (ashes)
2013 Baroness Thatcher St. Paul's Cathedral Royal Hospital Chelsea, London (ashes)
Offers of state funerals
1881: Upon his death, the estate of Benjamin Disraeli was offered a State funeral by William Ewart Gladstone, Prime Minister at the time. In his will Disraeli had made it clear that he did not want a State funeral and that he wanted to be buried in St Michael and All Angels Church, Hughenden next to his wife. There was later a memorial service in Westminster Abbey.
2013: Prior to her death, Margaret Thatcher was offered but declined a full state funeral, and requested not to lie in state. She did, however, accept the offer of a ceremonial funeral. She also asked for there not to be a military fly-past at her funeral due to the excessive costs.
Devolved administrationsEdit
There is no formalised process or convention for how the devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales, or Northern Ireland commemorate important figures. The deaths of Ian Paisley and Martin McGuinness were privately commemorated, reflecting political and religious sensitivities in Northern Ireland. In Scotland, there have not yet been any funerals organised by the state in the modern era. In 2017, the Welsh Government organised a humanist funeral for former First Minister Rhodri Morgan at the National Assembly for Wales, which was televised and billed as a major national event.
^ a b House of Commons briefing paper, 2013
^ London Gazette, various issues (see below). NB in addition to the Crown the Orb and Sceptre are placed on the coffin prior to the larger procession which follows the Lying in State.
^ London Gazette. The Pallbearers, who walk alongside the coffin, should be distinguished from the 'bearer party' which carries the coffin when required (and which usually comprises eight guardsmen of the Grenadier Guards). At Churchill's funeral, the pallbearers were political and military leaders with whom he had worked closely during the war: Clement Attlee, Anthony Eden, Harold Macmillan, Lord Ismay, Lord Slim, Lord Portal, Lord Alexander and Lord Mountbatten.
^ London Gazette, various editions (see below)
^ Continuation of this ancient practice is attested in newspaper reports, but has not been mentioned in the official Gazette since the nineteenth century.
^ The Royal Encyclopedia. 1992.
^ Parliamentary briefing paper
^ Woodward, Jennifer (1997). The Theatre of Death: The Ritual Management of Royal Funerals in Renaissance England, 1570-1625. Woodbridge: Boydell. p. 20.
^ Westminster Abbey website
^ "St. John Daily Sun - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
^ Rappaport, Helen (2003). Queen Victoria: a biographical companion. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
^ D. Cannadine in The Invention of Tradition, Hobsbawm & Ranger (eds), CUP, 1983.
^ London Gazette; see below for details.
^ The Queen thanks public in televised address - CBC News Archived 2007-07-31 at WebCite
^ Groom, Arthur (1936). Edward the Eighth - Our King. Allied Newspapers Ltd. p. 174.
^ Cavendish, Richard (2 February 2002). "The Funeral of King George VI". History Today.
^ Remembering Winston Churchill: The State Funeral of Sir Winston Churchill, part 2, BBC Archive. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
^ Ramsden, John (2002). Man of the Century: Winston Churchill and His Legend Since 1945. Columbia University Press. pp. 16–17, 113. ISBN 9780231131063.
^ "Ex-Prime Minister Baroness Thatcher dies". BBC News. 8 April 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
^ Evans, Martin (8 April 2013). "Baroness Thatcher to receive ceremonial but not state funeral". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 August 2017. The funeral will have official status, similar to that accorded to the funeral of the Queen Mother, but it will not be a full state funeral in line with her own wishes and those of her family.
^ Gregory, Joseph R. (2013-04-08). Margaret Thatcher, Conservative Who Reforged Britain, Dies at 87. The New York Times, 8 April 2013. Retrieved on 2013-04-08 from https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/09/world/europe/former-prime-minister-margaret-thatcher-of-britain-has-died.html?_r=0.
^ Gleick, James (2003). Isaac Newton. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-375-42233-1.
^ {{cite book|title=Admirals|author=Lambert, A.|date=2011|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=9780571265688|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfdIXkNy2EUC&pg=PA332%7Cpage=332%7Caccessdate=19 July 2015}}
Gittings, Clare, Death, Burial and the Individual in Early Modern England, first publ. 1984 by Croom Helm, reprint (London: Routledge, 1988).
Range, Matthias, British Royal and State Funerals. Music and Ceremonial since Elizabeth I (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2016).
Woodward, Jennifer, The Theatre of Death: The Ritual Management of Royal Funerals in Renaissance England, 1570-1625 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 1997).
Wolffe, John, Great Deaths. Grieving, Religion, and Nationhood in Victorian and Edwardian Britain (Oxford University Press, 2000).
A site devoted to British military ceremonial, including State Funerals
For the past 300 years, detailed official reports of the events surrounding state funerals have been published in the London Gazette:
Funeral of Queen Anne (1714): "No. 5254". The London Gazette. 24 August 1714. p. 1.
(The funeral of George I took place in Hanover.)
Funeral of George II (1760): "No. 10049". The London Gazette. 1 November 1760. p. 1.
Funeral of George III (1820):
Funeral of George IV (1830): "No. 18707". The London Gazette. 19 July 1830. p. 1493.
Funeral of William IV (1837): "No. 19519". The London Gazette. 13 July 1837. p. 1775.
Funeral of Victoria (1901): "No. 27316". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 May 1901. p. 3545.
Funeral of Edward VII (1910): "No. 28401". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 July 1910. p. 5471.
Funeral of George V (1936): "No. 34279". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 April 1936. p. 2763.
Funeral of George VI (1952): "No. 39575". The London Gazette (Supplement). 17 June 1952. p. 3345.
Since the late 19th century state funerals have been filmed and they are now viewable online:
Footage of the funeral of William Gladstone (1898)
Footage of the funeral of Queen Victoria (1901)
Footage of the funeral of Edward VII (1910)
Footage of the funeral of George V (1936)
Footage of the funeral of George VI (1952)
Footage of the funeral of Winston Churchill (1965)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_funerals_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=932345876"


In An Eastern Orthodox Perspective, Jefferson Vann examines a new translation of the New Testament, and compares the author's treatment of the concept of final punishment with his own.
Conditionalists voice our dissent against the traditional Western church understanding of human nature and destiny. Our arguments are with theologians like Augustine, whose teaching led to a widespread belief that most of the people God created will eventually be tormented perpetually.
Recently, I was walking around my local library in Williamsburg, Virginia, U.S.A., and came across a new book which reminded me of another ancient perspective. The book is a new translation of the New Testament, written by Eastern Orthodox scholar, David Bentley Hart.
For Hart, the "Fire of the Age" is a final punishment which is probably of a "long, if indeterminate, duration" but its duration is not the point. The point is that it is an event of another time, another age – an eschatological Age.
We conditionalists might be drawn to such a translation merely due to the fact that it draws the discussion away from the Western insistence that aiōnios always refers to perpetual activity. But perhaps we should examine the basis for Hart's approach more carefully before aligning ourselves with it.
Here we see more clearly the difference in perspective, a difference which helps to clarify Hart's view of final punishment by distinguishing it from the traditionalist approach on the one hand, and the conditionalist approach on the other. The purpose of the "fire of the Age" is "the chastening of that Age," i.e., punishment with a view toward eventual restoration.
The "chastening of that Age" does not seem accurate to either traditionalist or conditionalist ears. The traditionalist is not prepared to give up a hell that lasts forever, whereas we conditionalists are not prepared to give up a hell that destroys forever.
The "life of that Age" is an equally uncomfortable translation for both the traditionalist and the conditionalist. While the followers of Augustine cannot imagine a human soul who does not live for eternity, even we believers in life only in Christ are not ready for a destiny which is not explicitly eternal. But "the life of that Age" extends no such explicit promise.
This translation allows the final punishment to be just that – a punishment which finally and completely deals with rebellion and sin, without making sinners immortal. But it also preserves the full meaning of the promise of Christ to believers, that their lives will be permanent. The punishment is permanent death, but the promise for the faithful is permanent life.
Like Hart, we conditionalists do not believe there is an "absolutely unquestionable scriptural warrant" for belief in "the everlasting torment of the reprobate."5 But, unlike Hart, we do believe that the wicked will be permanently destroyed.
(A special thank-you to my granddaughter, Elena, for posing with Dr. Hart's book).


text:
Home » Web Store » Books » » Reviews
Date Added: Friday 15 February, 2013
by CHARLES WHEELER
Charles Pfeiffer is an excellent writer with some "weighty" ideas when it comes to Zane Grey and what the author believed and thought about on many subjects, but none more so than religion and philosophy. Dr. Pfeiffer uses Zane Grey's own words from his novels, his correspondence, and his personal journals to validate his theories concerning Zane Grey's ideology. But I believe he spends far too much time in the book on God and religion and not enough on ZG's philosophy on writing and the trouble he had with editors, nor enough explanation dealing with "the man"--that is his interaction and re-action with other people. What was Zane Grey like as a person?
High sounding, scholarly works are okay, and this book is one, and it will undoubtedly become the seminal, or birth child, work which others will use as reference; but for me personally, it missed the mark in what I wanted to find out. Don't get me wrong, it is a good book for what it is, and for a die-hard Zane Grey fan who wishes to read everything by or about Zane Grey they can, I say buy this book. Using Dr. Pfeiffer's own words, "To even the casual reader it will be obvious that this book is a biased treatment favorable to Zane Grey". Yet, at times, I feel there are passages which contradict that statement and portray ZG in quite unflattering ways by bringing into the subject matter things totally irrelevant, especially near the end of the book in a section called, "To Lift Their Breasts With Longing". This is a section dealing with love and sexuality, and the sexual descriptions Zane Grey was supposed to have inserted subliminally, or purposely, in his writings. Why even bring in the "smut" factor just because that happens to be kind of westerns being published today? Yes, Zane Grey wrote "romances", love stories; he admitted that; he reveled in that; and in letters to his wife and to others he pondered, "Where do I come up with these stories?" What Dr. Pfeiffer has written and theorized about sexual innuendo will not affect my love affair with Zane Grey and his majestic, sweeping, panoramic, thrilling, character driven, "just plain old entertaining" stories of the West. I'll continue to read them as I always have, enjoying them for what they are—great descriptive narrative—and I will learn about the author from what he is saying in them and not what someone else says he is saying. Since the publication of Frank Gruber's excellent biography of Zane Grey in 1970 and Carlton Jackson's treatise of Zane Grey in 1973, as Mr. Jackson says in the preface of the revised edition of his book in 1989, "Interest in Zane Grey –academic and otherwise—seems to be an undying phenomenon, and enough activity has taken place in the past decade and a half to warrant yet another look at the writer who at one time was the third best-seller in American literary history." And in the extra chapter Professor Jackson added to update this renewed interest in Zane Grey, he writes, "Nevertheless, it is undeniable that "bad" Zane Grey is infinitely better than the so-called adult Westerns that are unmercifully thrust on the reading public." Amen to that! And, "Interest in Zane Grey today goes beyond his literary productions. Scholars are showing an increased concern with his personal life as they try to figure out Grey's psychology and theology, and the inconsistencies between what he wrote about and his own private activities." I believe even Mr. Jackson sensed what was about to unfold from the pens of these "scholars" and so he concluded his book with this: "Most important though, he (Zane Grey) can give us pleasure, and make us feel good about things. Those characteristics of nostalgic pleasures and a profound sense of déjà vu are not to be taken lightly in the contemporary world."
But who reads Zane Grey today? I've heard it asked by skeptics. Or, Is Zane Grey relevant today? And I think he is. His novels and stories hold up just as well today as they did when he wrote them, touching on subjects still in the news and on people's minds such as the treatment of returning veterans, or the dismal life the American Indian still faces on the reservation. Moreover, most all of us I believe wish we could live in simpler, less complicated times where right and wrong do not seem to overlap and blend together; where the enemy is easily recognizable, and that enemy will fight face to face once he is exposed; and where hero and heroine can live "happily ever after" by riding off into the sunset together. Who wouldn't want those things?
To conclude: I do congratulate Doctor Pfeiffer, and commend him for his hard work, and the many years he dedicated himself to this awesome task of compilation which was necessary for this work to come to fruition. And, I would recommend this book to anyone who has an interest in Zane Grey.
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text:
Leaving in one week
We leave for Lake Tahoe one week from today. Our road bikes left last Sunday so we have been riding our mountain bikes. We spent most of this week renting a vacation home with Mary's extended family up near Mackinaw City. We were staying at The Headlands, one of only six designated dark sky parks in the USA. Unfortunately it was close to a full moon the entire week so that washed out most of the stars, except for a spectacular moonset on Wednesday and Thursday early morning.
Mary and I spent a good deal of time riding our mountain bikes on the many trails in the park. We did about eight miles Wednesday and five more on Thursday. The trails were scenic although not real technical. Still it was great, low impact, vacation riding to help keep us tuned up for Tahoe.
The view of Lake Michigan from our Headlands house.
Yesterday was our last team ride before the big JDRF ride in Lake Tahoe. It's 72 very hilly miles around Lake Tahoe, so in preparation, yesterday we rode 72 very hilly miles in West Michigan. It was a good ride with over 25 of our team mates participating in two loops that started on the shores of Barlow Lake. The first loop was just shy of 30 miles and featured the rolling hills of Parmalee Road.
The team assembles before the start of 30 mile Loop 1.
The second loop was considerably longer. It clocked in at 42 miles, which gave those who did both loops the 72 we needed to match Tahoe. This loop started with a long flat stretch of Patterson Road going north. We may have even had a tail wind considering our group was riding along at 20-23 MPH. Once we turned east and then south the existence on a southerly wind was confirmed as our speeds dropped by almost 10 miles an hour. We also hit a few more hills and our cohesive group got splintered all to heck.
Our pace-line jamming along at 23 MPH.
Eventually our team ended up in groups of 2s, 3s and 4s as we took various routes back to the cottage at the start/finish. Even though it was a difficult ride I felt good and the reward of swimming in the lake and a big cookout afterwards made it all worthwhile. When it was all done we packed up our bikes for the trip to Lake Tahoe. The bikes leave this week, we leave on September 7th. And on September 9th we conquer one more challenge on our rode to find a cure for diabetes.
The lead pack on the Paul Henry Trail, about 10 miles from the finish.
Busy ride weekend
Saturday was the One Day Ride Across Michigan. It's a 150 mile ride from Montague to Bay City. Since I was one of the organizers I didn't actually ride in it. Instead I drove the route to offer support and take photos. Then, after the ride, I hauled bikes from the finish line back to the start. We had over 260 people who participated and all the proceeds are being donated to JDRF.
On Sunday Mary and I rode from my parent's house north of Lowell back to our house in Rockford. A leisurely 16 miles. Tonight I went out by myself on the White Pine Trail and knocked out a quick 20 miles. Actually I wasn't by myself because I think the entire city of Rockford was out enjoying the trail tonight.
Got to get the miles in because we leave for Lake Tahoe two weeks from Friday.
Riders enjoying a beautiful day during ODRAM.
It takes a lot of people to make the Ride to Cure Diabetes a success. Sure Mary, Ian and I are riding the miles, but the real thanks needs to go to the people that are financially supporting our ride. We have a family goal of $12,000. While we are not quite there yet (hint, hint) we did want to thank those people and organizations that have already donated. Because of people like you we will find a cure for diabetes.
Aaron Brown
Christine Davenport
TruVue, Inc.
Daniel Flynn
Mark Shirey
Mary Jelsma
Mike Klosner
Thomas and Florence Scheidel
Paul Schab
Brian Mogg
Cheryl Cammenga
X-Cel Chemical Specialties Co.
Craig Gietzen
Rick Wylie
The Scheidel Group
Ruth Haverkamp
Clay Grueber
Glenna Hennip
Henry Wieten
Kerry and Amy Bean
Michael Walenta
Stewart Morrisey
Tim Sundt
XS Energy Drinks
One month to go
Four weeks from today we will be participating in the JDRF Lake Tahoe Ride to Cure Diabetes. We prepared for that by doing a fairly long team ride. 61 miles from Ada to Ionia and back. A few hill climbs and lots of rolling hills. We also had several straight flat stretches where our little peloton was keeping a consistent 18-20 mph pace. With today's ride I am now over 1000 miles for the season. Based on previous year's training numbers I am right on schedule. I've been riding about 1500 miles a year so I'm on pace to do that again. The JDRF rides are quite intense and require that much training to ensure a "safe, sound and smiling" finish.
Our coaches, MC and Derek, strategizing during the ride.
Paul Brown, our host for today's ride, waves to the camera
JD Stone and Mary Scheidel enjoying a beautiful day of riding
Longest ride of the year
Yesterday we had a JDRF West Michigan team ride. There were two loops that started from Long Like Park near Cedar Springs. The first loop (which you can see here thanks to Map My Ride) was 30 miles and we traveled in a clockwise direction. The second loop followed the same basic route but we rode a little farther south and east and we went counter-clockwise. That loop was 42 miles. So taken together we ended up with 72 miles yesterday. Coincidentally, the same distance as the the Lake Tahoe ride. Although we only had about half the climbing we'll have out there. Speaking of climbing, I finally got the chance to ride up Fisk Knob. It's a pretty large hill on Algoma Avenue. While riding north you gain about 100 feet of elevation in less than a mile. Not Tour Du France but not too shabby. Ian, of course, beat everyone to the top. Mary also made it without having to stop. Our bike fitness level is improving. I'm in my late summer training range of riding 60-100 miles each week. Which is where I need to be since we ride in Tahoe in a little less than 5 weeks.
Mary and Coach Mike after the descent from Fisk Knob.
The team makes an ice cream stop in Cedar Springs on loop 2.
More than 10,000 miles
Tonight was the night. I rolled over 10,000 miles on my Cannondale SR500. This journey started late in 2005. I had been riding my old mountain bike as I prepared for my first JDRF ride in Death Valley. By August of that year it became obvious that riding 100 miles in the desert on a mountain bike, while not impossible, was not in the best interest of my overall health. So in early September I bought the Cannondale. I put about 300 miles on it before we got to Death Valley in mid-October. I completed my first century ride on that bike in Death Valley on my 48th birthday. Many more miles have rolled under those tires since.
Almost to 10,000 miles, along the White Pine Trail
Tonight's ride was kind of special. I rolled over 10,000 on the White Pine Trail. This has been my main training route over the last eight years, so it seems fitting that this milestone was achieved there. I also decided to wear my JDRF jersey from our first ride in 2005. Lots of history on tonight's ride. I rode up to Rockford and then home for a total of 15.5 miles. I hit my goal on the way home.
I rolled over the odometer on my way home from Rockford.
A funny thing happened when the odometer rolled over to 10,000. Apparently that number doesn't exist, too many digits for the little bike computer. So after 9999.9 the next number I saw was 0.0. That was a little disappointing but now I can resell the bike as a "low mileage" vehicle.
To paraphrase the Proclaimers "Oh, I will ride 10,000 miles. Then I will ride 10,000 more."
Posted by Tom Scheidel at 10:22 PM 1 comment:


nerdiness Archives - Page 4 of 4 - Smackdown!
Did Twitter Just Get Mybloglog-Dotted?
Read moreDid Twitter Just Get Mybloglog-Dotted?
Yesterday, Smackdown noted that Wired put a robots.txt in place in response to spammers trying to use their wiki for spamalicious links. Oddly enough, that robots.txt also blocked everyone and everything, including Google and all the rest of the search engines, from the site. (Caveat: When I say "blocked everyone", I'm referring to everyone who bothers to adhere to robots.txt).
So, it looks like after the mishap this past Friday, where SEL accidentally exposed the Wired How-To wiki to spammers, Wired has instituted their new spam deterrent measures. They seem to have gone just a tad bit overboard, if you ask me.
One of the sites I own happens to involve electronic poetry. On that site, on the bottom of the pages, I incorporated a news feed. Nothing fancy, just shows a few stories, their headlines, links, and brief snippets. Occasionally, for news stories with very few results, someone will stumble across my site when researching the topic. The site doesn't have a ton of ranking power, and it is in no way optimized around the content of the news stories. They are just there to give the readers access to more sites to browse through, should they want to.
Occasionally, I will get an email from someone relatively new to the internet, wondering why my site shows on a search for the title of a poem they wrote, or a speaking engagement they performed at, but they do not see anything about it on the page. I will write these people back, explaining that they need to look at the cache of the page, since the news feed is of course dynamic, and the stories indexed when Google went there are usually not the same ones that are there days later. Most say thank you, and wind up understanding just a wee bit more about the internet.
All of them are for the most part just curious, knowing that they don't know that much about the internet, and all of them are generally speaking quite polite. Until, that is, this peach involved with some obscure work, "Teesway One Nine Nine".


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Brandywine schools vary in rankings
Published 3:41 pm Wednesday, October 20, 2010
By jessicasieff
Brandywine schools varied in the Top to Bottom rankings released by the state earlier this year. (Daily Star Photo/File)
When the state released its Top to Bottom rankings list for schools this summer, the numbers for Brandywine Community Schools were good in some cases and concerning in others.
Merritt Elementary School showed it was performing above 68.5 percent of schools within the state in math, English language arts and improvement.
But the high school showed the other side of the spectrum, at above just 14.7 percent of high schools in Michigan.
Since the release of that report, Superintendent John Jarpe and Brandywine High School Principal Patrick Weckle say officials are focusing on meeting state benchmarks and curriculum requirements and improving student achievement.
"Curriculum is a little more difficult in Michigan than it used to be," Jarpe said; however, officials are focusing on being sure students "measure up to that."
"Everybody knows," Jarpe said, speaking of staff and administrators. "Everybody is working together to accomplish that.
"That sounds very simple," he said. "But it's very difficult to do when you're changing your instruction… There's no silver bullet."
But there are steps to be taken. Brandywine and Merritt elementary school have instituted a behavioral learning program, "validated throughout the state of Michigan that links behavior standards and high expectations with student behavior to student achievement and student academics," Jarpe said. "So it's kind of getting the foundation set at that level."
At the high school, Weckle said the school gained points in overall Michigan Merit Scores in writing and mathematics.
"So we're excited about that," he said.
He credits the improvement in writing to a school-wide writing hour and says the staff and administration are holding to an eight-step process called "Plan Do Check Act." Steps in the process include analyzing various data and state test scores, developing curriculum maps and an instructional timeline, administering tutorials to help students get caught up and monitoring the progress of the process overall.
Weckle said he'd characterize the lower scoring on the Top to Bottom list for the high school as "a lot of great teaching going on. However, I don't think the focus is on what the state wants and we need to focus more on" those state requirements.
"Our goal is to consistently be in the top quartile in the county," he said. "We're on the rise. We're going in the right direction."
Niles trustee deadline is Nov. 1


Surendranagar (Gujarat) [India], Apr 17 (ANI): Poor connectivity, infrastructure, and power shortage are the various issues that have been plaguing Untadi village of Surendranagar district. From the past few months, an issue of water crisis has compounded the woes of the villagers.
In this village, locals, to quench their thirst, are forced to consume water from a pond that is also the source of water animals in the region and thereby, prone to contamination.
Speaking to ANI, Madanbhai Sambhbhai Kathodia, Sarpanch, Untadi Villagesaid, "There is a pipeline in the village which is connected to Narmada river but still water does not reach us. We have submitted the application to the collector but till now no help has been provided.
"It has been 2 to 3 months that the water from the tank has not reached us. We are forced to drink dirty water from the pond. My son has fallen ill after consuming the contaminated water. He is undergoing treatment," said Geeta, another resident of Untadi village.
Apart from households, even schools situated in the region lack clean drinking water and handwashing facilities, putting scores of children at risk of disease.
"There is no water in the village and which is why we do not have access to clean drinking water facility in the school. We are now carrying water bottles," said Jatin, a student of class 7.


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Troubled Waters Brewing will soon occupy the Copperheads Taphouse spot at 670 Main Street in downtown Safety Harbor.
Crooked Thumb Brewery, Safety Harbor's first, and only, craft brewery, is about to have some company.
A father and son team has taken over the former Copperheads Taphouse at 670 Main Street.
Kevin Shanks and dad, Steve Shanks, are in the process of converting the location into Troubled Waters Brewing.
According to Kevin Shanks, the taphouse will remain open while they work on securing the permitting needed to install their three-barrel brewing system, and as they work towards a grand opening sometime this fall, the Shanks plan to put their years of experience working for breweries in Florida as well as their native Illinois to good use.
"I'm a longtime home brewer, and coming out of college I wanted to open a brew pub," Kevin Shanks told Safety Harbor Connect last week.
Troubling Waters Brewing owner Kevin Shanks.
The opportunity to realize their dream came when the previous owner of Copperheads put the popular downtown venue, known for its live music and weekly run club meet-ups, up for sale.
"He put it up for sale in February, and it coincided well with us looking for a spot for a brewery," Kevin Shanks said.
Due to their extensive industry experience, Kevin said he and his dad, who worked as a tour guide at the Tampa brewery before running Cigar City's airport location, understand they're getting into a highly competitive industry in one of the state's most competitive markets for independent breweries.
That's why they plan to take a slow, gradual approach with the Troubled Waters brand.
"We'll probably eventually do some limited distribution at some bars and restaurants where it makes sense, make small batches for them," Kevin said.
Shanks said they will have roughly 30 mostly local craft beers on tap as well as a few national and international offerings, including Dogfish Head 90 Minute IPA and Stepan Hefeweizen, made at what is considered to be the oldest brewery in the world.
Shanks said they will continue to feature live music, but with smaller, more intimate sets rather than the raucous, loud acts favored by the previous owners. The Safety Harbor Athletic Club will continue to meet there every Wednesday evening, also.
A cool Troubled Waters Brewing feature – dozens of tap handles hanging from the ceiling.
While there are no plans to serve meals, Kevin said they hope to offer pressed sandwiches and other snack-type foods, and he said they encourage customers to order from the many restaurants in the area.
As for the Troubled Waters label, Shanks said their beers would also offer variety, and they hope to add at least a half-a-dozen of their own creations to the lineup sometime this fall.
"We're super excited," Kevin said.
He said despite the anxiety associated with launching a new businesses, the father-son team is ready to navigate Trouble Waters Brewing in Safety Harbor.
Troubled Waters Brewing coming soon to Safety Harbor.
Wait! You didn't think we'd leave without asking Kevin where the name of the brewery came from, did you?!
"Troubled Waters is kind of like a play on Safety Harbor," he said, noting his dad, Steve, came up with the catchy tag after sifting through some old albums.
"I wanted the name to have a Florida-esque feel, but not something too sunny or touristy. Something dark and edgy.
Congratulations, Flip and family. And best of luck!


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Apply morning and night to clean and balanced skin, and gently massage in until completely absorbed. Next, apply moisturiser as usual.
Recommended for dry skin types no matter their age.


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text:
Q: Difference between two types of pressure When I first studied thermodynamics the concept of pressure was defined by means of the fundamental relation $S = S(U,V,N)$ for simple systems. The pressure was thus defined by
$$P = -\left(\dfrac{\partial U}{\partial V}\right)_S.$$
In that case we have a specific system with specific boundaries and one specific fundamental relation. We associate to it a pressure $P$ like that.
On the other hands there are many books, that talk about a body being "subject to a certain pressure".
To give some examples, I've already saying things like:

*

*Find the work done against atmospheric pressure

*An ideal gas and a copper block have same volume $V$ and temperature $T$ at atmospheric pressure

*Steam at a constant pressure is injected into a cylinder

There are many examples where in books we see mention to performing work "against a certain pressure", or that some bodies are "subject to a certain pressure".
This confuses me a lot. By the first definition of pressure, pressure is not something a system is subject to, but rather should be a property of the system. On the second example in the list for example, it is clear that the atmospheric pressure being said is not the pressure of the system as defined by equation I've mentioned.
The point is: it seems there are two kinds of pressure. The one defined by equation I've posted, the other which is this pressure systems are "subject to" and which systems "do work against".
How these two types of pressure relates? How this second kind of pressure is precisely defined and how it relates to the first one?

A: In mechanics pressure does have a definition, $p = F/A$, force per area.
This is meant, when you say, that a system does work against an external pressure. Than your two definitions coinside: assume a piston pressing on a gas, what work does it do? $E = F\cdot \mathrm ds$. Now insert the area: $E = F\cdot \mathrm ds = \frac F A \cdot A \mathrm ds = p\cdot\mathrm dV$.
So you see, the energy of the gas increased, and the pressure was the coefficient of proportionality between $\mathrm dE$ and $\mathrm dV$ -- which is just the definition you stated.

A: The definition of the pressure you have given is good only for the systems for which internal energy, volume and number of particles are given. All the other parameters thus can be expressed as a function of these three. Strictly speaking it is not even a definition, it is a recipe on how to measure the pressure.
In real system it might be more appropriate to select other parameters as given. In real life it  might be hard to keep volume constant and even harder to keep internal energy constant. Much more often one keeps temperature and pressure constant. In this case one is using Gibbs free energy to describe the state of the system. These are the cases which you mentioned as an example for the "second kind of pressure".
So how would you now define your pressure? Well exactly as follows from written -  pressure is something you fix in your experiment, it is force per are unit area and for creating it you can use atmosphere or weight etc. This force is equalized by the force which is exerted by your system. And if you will change this external force - your system would adjust volume and entropy to equalize the pressure.
In your first example the volume and internal energy are given by experimentalist. And if you will let say change the volume of the chamber your system will adjust it's pressure and temperature to the new value of the volume.
But it is of course the same pressure in both cases.

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According to Dark Horizons Rod Lurie is going to direct the remake of Dustin Hoffman's "Straw Dog".
I've watched the movie 2 or 3 years ago and thought that it was really boring. Until the end. The pacing of the beginning makes the ending so much more powerful and Hoffman's performance is fantastic!