Deepak Peace writes protest music and is unapologetic about it in an environment that growingly becoming intolerant.
Guitar virtuoso Neil Mukherjee talks about his journey as a musician and his new release with drummer Yadhunandan Nagaraj, "Through the Sands"
Post-rock move aside, Math-rock is the old cool, new in India, even though we might be late to it. Also, meet Nihal Anand.
We explore math-rock, the genre in India, and in specific, Bangalore based guitar player Nihal Anand's projects Deadstar and Stuck in November.
On what would be Amit Saigal's 51st birthday today, ex- Creative Head and Executive Editor , Rock Street Journal and the creator of it's now legendary logo, Reuben Bhattacharya reminisces about his time with Amit and his history with the magazine, in this heartfelt pen-down.
Post-rock and art-rock dominate this week and Lakshman Parsuram lists the artists on our playlist. Tell us what you think.


Looking for accredited career colleges, technical schools, and universities in Tennessee offering Dental Assisting degrees. Dental assistants perform tasks such as office work, taking x-rays, assisting dentists in procedures, lab work, and sterilization of instruments.
Securing yourself with a reliable position within a career is one of the smartest things you can do. A position as a dental assistant can provide you with that security. Dental Assistance is said to be one of the fastest growing professions. With population growth and the constant need of maintaining healthy teeth in children and the elderly, there will always be a demand for dental assistants.
Dental assistants perform tasks such as office work, preparing the patient for the dentist, taking x-rays, assisting dentists in procedures, lab work, and sterilization of instruments. Although you will be doing multiple duties as a dental assistant, most of your time will be by the chair side of the patient, assisting the dentist. You will also be wearing protective gear such as gloves, masks, and glasses to protect you and the patient.
Although a lot of your training will be hands-on, you are required to take courses in a dental assisting program. You will also be taking courses such as Dental Chairside Assisting to aid you in chairside skills; Dental Laboratory Procedures to familiarize you with dental materials and procedure; Radiation and Health Safety to teach you the process of taking x-rays and related health concerns; Dental Office Management to teach you about bookkeeping, office procedures, and insurance processing. A dental program takes one year or less to complete.
A dental assistant can work in a dentist office, hospital, or even with educating others. With a career in dental assisting, you will be providing yourself with a stable, secure, and long-lasting career that will enable you to go in a variety of arenas within the dental field.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


My nerves are absolutely shot to bits here. Absolutely gone. I can't cope with this. The reds doing their thing, Marine going into what could be a season-defining few weeks, and Swindon making a last desperate push for the playoffs. When coupled with a particularly stressful job I'm convinced that I'm gonna be finished off by Easter. Prepare the coffin, get your tears out now, put Ring of Fire on the playlist for the funeral, it's all going rapidly south. The match is genuinely going to be my cause of death, how 'on brand' is that.
There's a reason that this is a season-defining few weeks for Marine. Within the next four weeks, we have four games against teams that are below us in the table, I shouldn't have to tell you why that is massive, but I will anyway. This presents the best possible opportunity to pull away from the relegation dogfight, and into the glorious mediocrity of mid-table. That would put all of us that follow the Mariners at ease, and I think it would really help to put the players and staff at ease as well. On top of this, there is so, so much to be said for a run of wins. The atmosphere it creates around a club, the way it builds everyone up, and the way it makes everyone just feel good, would be fantastic for Marine. Some of the best times I've had watching this team have been cup runs, the same reasons that those are so great can also be applied to a run of league games, that sense of progress, invincibility, the feeling like your side can't do anything wrong, it's like a drug, and I need my next hit. If Marine can take nine points from these next four games, that would take us to 41 points, and I can't help but think that we would be safe with that total at this point of the season. I cannot stress it enough, this month is massive.
Another thing that makes this run big for me, is that for the first time since Salford, I'm actually going to be able to get to a game, which I'm sure will help ease my risk of Cardiac Arrest. I'm really looking forward to Hednesford, it's a ground I've not been to before, and I think they'll provide a really good test to truly show how much progress this Marine side have made. So, if you're travelling to Hednesford, come and say hello, maybe join us for a pint or two, god knows I need one.


This is the imaginary essay I have not written, but a good place to end or begin, I think: rereading McKay's poems with dogs in mind. Those breathy, brothy, dogged creatures who push their noses into human hands, dash headfirst into trains and headlong through plate glass windows. Who stand up, dazed, and live to wag again.
One thing that reading Don McKay has taught me is that every ending should be partly imaginary and slightly incomplete. Every end should wag, just a little.


text:
or E.D.T.
See the most commonly confused word associated with est
Eastern daylight-saving time.
COMPARE MEANINGS
ESTEDT
EDTCST
EDTGMT
EDTPST
EDTUTC
Click for a side-by-side comparison of meanings. Use the word comparison feature to learn the differences between similar and commonly confused words.
Words nearby EDT
EDP, edrophonium, eds., Edsel, Edsel Ford Range, EDT, EDTA, edu, educ., educable, educate
How to use EDT in a sentence
The sweepstakes begins on May 23, 2013 at 10:00 AM EDT and ends on May 24, 2013 at 10:00 AM EDT (the "Entry Period").
Polo in the Park Sweepstakes Official Rules||May 23, 2013|DAILY BEAST
Join Fukuyama for a live chat on this Tuesday, May 22 at 11:30 AM EDT.
The Failures of the Facebook Generation in the Arab Spring|Francis Fukuyama|May 21, 2012|DAILY BEAST
The attack, which has kept the site offline for nine hours began at 2:30pm Moscow time (5:30AM EDT).
Did Russian Authorities Shut Down Ustream?|Ben Jacobs, Anna Nemtsova|May 9, 2012|DAILY BEAST
Cheney Cheers Alwaki Kill Oct. 2, 2011 12:30 PM EDT At least they can agree on something.
Cheney Cheers Awlaki Kill||October 2, 2011|DAILY BEAST
Sept. 30, 2011 9:46 AM EDT Anwar al-Awlaki may have been the first U.S. citizen targeted for killing by the government.
British Dictionary definitions for EDT
abbreviation for (in the US and Canada)
Eastern Daylight Time

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Earlier this month, Saudi Aramco announced that from October 2018 it will be changing the pricing formula it uses to price its long-term crude oil sales to Asia. Rather than using the equally weighted average prices for Dubai and Oman as assessed by pricing agency S&P Global Platts (referred to in this article as Platts Dubai and Platts Oman), Saudi Aramco will replace Platts Oman in the formula with the marker price of the Oman Crude Futures Contract traded on the Dubai Mercantile Exchange (referred to as DME Oman). In terms of pricing, the market will barely feel the difference, as historically Platts Oman and DME Oman have been closely aligned with very little difference on a daily basis. Nevertheless, this recent change could still represent a major shift, as it is the first time that Saudi Arabia, the Middle East's biggest crude producer and exporter, has shown willingness to implement a change to its Official Selling Price (OSP) to Asia since the mid-1980s, in an attempt to reassert some influence over the crude pricing mechanism and the oil price discovery process. This article puts the recent change in context and discusses some of the main drivers behind this change arguing that Saudi Arabia's recent adjustment to its pricing formula reflects, in part, recent structural transformations in the oil market and trade flows, together with a growing interdependency between Asia and the Middle East, and thus may indicate that more radical changes could be on the way, though the timing of any potential changes remains highly uncertain.


text:
WMBD-TV (channel 31) is a television station in Peoria, Illinois, United States, affiliated with CBS. It is owned by Nexstar Media Group, which provides certain services to Bloomington-licensed Fox affiliate WYZZ-TV (channel 43) under a local marketing agreement (LMA) with Cunningham Broadcasting. The stations share studios on North University Street in Peoria, with a secondary studio and news bureau on East Lincoln Street in Bloomington. WMBD-TV's transmitter is located on Pinecrest Drive in East Peoria, a section of Groveland Township, Tazewell County.

History
The station signed on January 1, 1958 as the third television outlet in the Peoria market after WEEK-TV (channel 25) and WTVH (channel 19, now WHOI). Airing an analog signal on UHF channel 31, it was originally owned by John Fetzer along with WMBD radio (1470 AM and 93.3 FM, now WPBG). All three stations took their calls from a local legend that President Theodore Roosevelt once described Grandview Drive (original home of WMBD radio) as the "World's Most Beautiful Drive". WMBD radio had long been a CBS affiliate, so naturally channel 31 took over the CBS affiliation from WTVH.

WMBD-TV shared it studios along with its radio sisters on the second level of what was then the Majestic Theatre. Fetzer had previously won a construction permit for VHF channel 6 as early as 1949, but those plans were shelved when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) made Peoria–Bloomington an all-UHF market.

The WMBD stations were sold to Midwest Television Incorporated of Champaign (owner of fellow CBS affiliate WCIA) in 1960 for $1.85 million. In addition to sharing resources with WCIA, WMBD has also carried some original programming from the former. In the early-1960s, WMBD was the first Peoria station to broadcast color television. Along with WEEK-TV, it maintained a repeater, W71AE channel 71, in LaSalle in the 1960s and 1970s in order to expand its signal reach. The broadcast license for this low-powered outlet was granted on 15 November 1962. A picture of W71AE's  Rohn tower and its sixteen bay antenna is shown in a Rohn advertisement in the July 1, 1963 issue of Broadcasting.

WMBD moved to its current location on North University Street in June 1977 and still remains Peoria's only commercial television station with studios in the city itself. It became the area's first outlet to broadcast in stereo in September 1988. In 1999, Midwest Television sold controlling interest in its Illinois television stations to Nexstar. In 2001, Midwest sold its remaining interest in WMBD, WCIA and WCFN to Nexstar while the WMBD radio stations were sold to Triad Broadcasting.

On December 1 of that year, Nexstar and the Sinclair Broadcast Group entered into a local marketing agreement (LMA) in which WMBD took over WYZZ's operations. As part of the deal, WYZZ moved into WMBD's studios in Peoria. In August 2005, a similar agreement would be established between Nexstar's WROC-TV and Sinclair's WUHF in Rochester, New York. WMBD was the last station in the market to sign-on a digital signal and has been broadcasting digital-only since February 17, 2009.

On June 15, 2016, Nexstar announced that it has entered into an affiliation agreement with Katz Broadcasting for the Escape, Laff, Grit, and Bounce TV networks (the last one of which is owned by Bounce Media LLC, whose COO Jonathan Katz is president/CEO of Katz Broadcasting), bringing one or more of the four networks to 81 stations owned and/or operated by Nexstar, including WMBD-TV.

On December 3, 2018, Nexstar announced it would acquire the assets of Chicago-based Tribune Media for $6.4 billion in cash and debt. The deal—which would make Nexstar the largest television station operator by total number of stations upon its expected closure late in the third quarter of 2019—would result in the WMBD/WYZZ virtual duopoly gaining additional sister stations in nearby markets including Chicago (independent station WGN-TV) and St. Louis (Fox affiliate KTVI and CW affiliate KPLR-TV). (Ownership conflicts exist in two existing Nexstar markets involving Nexstar's duopoly of CW affiliate WISH-TV and MyNetworkTV affiliate WNDY-TV and Tribune's duopoly of Fox affiliate WXIN and CBS affiliate WTTV/WTTK in Indianapolis and Nexstar's virtual triopoly of CBS affiliate WHBF-TV, CW affiliate KGCW and Fox-affiliated SSA partner KLJB and Tribune-owned ABC affiliate WQAD-TV in the Quad Cities.)

Newscasts

WMBD presently broadcasts 27 hours of news each week (with five hours each weekday and two hours each on Saturdays and Sundays). The station does not produce morning newscasts on weekends.

In April 2002, WMBD established a news share agreement with WYZZ. The arrangement resulted in the launch of a half-hour, prime time newscast on that station that was jointly produced by WMBD. Known as Fox 43 News at 9, the broadcast was originally seen every night. At some point in time, the weekend edition of the newscast was dropped. The show did not have any direct competition in the time slot until June 5, 2006, when WEEK-TV launched its own weeknight-only prime time newscast on then-UPN affiliate WAOE.

On March 2, 2009, WHOI consolidated its operations with WEEK-TV. As a result, there was a noticeable increase in viewership on WMBD since this left the market with only two unique news departments that cover the area.

On May 7, 2015, beginning with the weekday noon newscast, the station became the first broadcast television station in the market to produce local news in full high definition. On the same day, WYZZ's weeknight 9 p.m. newscast was included in the upgrade and the station also began producing a two-hour weekday morning show for the Fox affiliate. Known as Good Day Central Illinois, the program can be seen from 7 to 9 a.m. and offers a local alternative to the big three networks' morning programs. In addition to its primary studios, it operates a Twin Cities bureau on East Lincoln Street in Bloomington (that were WYZZ's studios prior to entering into a LMA with WMBD).

On January 6, 2019, WMBD received a new graphics package and adopted the "Aerial" theme.

Notable former personnel
 Cheryl Burton (1990) — later co-anchor on WLS-TV in Chicago
 Colleen Callahan — agribusiness reporter (1974–1997)
 John Coleman — weather anchor, later founded The Weather Channel then went to KUSI in San Diego; died in 2018
 Faith Daniels — later news anchor for the CBS Morning News and The Today Show
 Bob Jamieson — from Peoria; later at ABC News; Jamieson School in Peoria is named for his father
 Jim Jensen — later at WBZ-AM/FM/TV in Boston then main anchor at WCBS-TV in New York City; died in 1999
 Paul Moyer — later anchor at KNBC in Los Angeles
 Randy Salerno — also worked at WHOI in Peoria; later at WGN-TV then WBBM-TV in Chicago, died in 2008
 Martin Savidge — anchor; now at CNN
 Dave Snell — from Pekin; still on WMBD (AM) as Bradley Braves men's basketball announcer
 Bob Starr (1960s) — later a sports announcer in Boston, St. Louis, and Los Angeles (died in 1998)
 Lisa Sylvester — later ABC News and CNN correspondent; now at WPXI in Pittsburgh
 Anne Marie Tiernon — reporter (1989–1991; now at WTHR in Indianapolis)

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

References

External links

Television channels and stations established in 1958
1958 establishments in Illinois
MBD-TV
CBS network affiliates
Bounce TV affiliates
Laff (TV network) affiliates
Ion Mystery affiliates
Nexstar Media Group

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Муниципальный аэропорт Джени́ва (),  — коммерческий аэропорт, расположенный в четырёх километрах к северу от центральной части города Дженива (округ Дженива, Алабама, США). Аэропорт находится в собственности городского муниципалитета.

Операционная деятельность
Муниципальный аэропорт Дженива занимает площадь в 45 гектар, расположен на высоте 31 метр над уровнем моря и эксплуатирует одну взлётно-посадочную полосу:
 11/29 размерами 1214 x 30 метров с асфальтовым покрытием.

За период с 24 августа 2000 года по 24 августа 2001 года муниципальный аэропорт Дженива обработал 9069 операций взлётов и посадок самолётов (в среднем 25 операций ежедневно), все рейсы в указанном периоде пришлись на военную авиацию и авиацию общего назначения.

См. также
 Список аэропортов штата Алабама

Примечания

Ссылки
 Aerial image as of 6 March 1997 from USGS
 Airfield photos for 33J from Civil Air Patrol

Аэропорты Алабамы


Studies have shown that one of the best ways to lose weight is through hypnotherapy. The weight loss studies below are an example of how effective hypnosis can be for those trying to lose weight.
In this study, 109 people, ranging from 17-67 years of age, were split into two groups for a nine week study. While both groups were assigned a diet and exercise plan only one group was assigned hypnosis for reinforcement.
Both groups at the end of the study showed significant weight loss, however the group that had hypnotherapy in addition to the diet and exercise plan demonstrated better long term weight management at the 8 month and 2 year follow ups. The group that did not undergo hypnotherapy did not lose any additional weight; in fact some individuals gained most of their weight back.
In this next study, 60 females, at least 20% of them overweight and not involved in other treatment, were investigated for the effects of hypnosis on weight loss. Each participant was interviewed about their family background, educational background, and their belief as to their "hypnotizability".
The 60 females were split into hypnosis and non-hypnosis groups, with both groups being given weight loss behavioral treatments and counseling. The group using hypnosis lost an average of 17 pounds at the 2 month follow up, while the group not using hypnosis only lost about 0.5 pounds at the 2 month follow-up.
This study also suggests that "hypnotizability" and social and educational backgrounds has no effect on results.
Kirsch, Irving (1996). Hypnotic enhancement of cognitive-behavioral weight loss treatments- Another meta-reanalysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64 (3): 517-519.
This next study is a meta-analysis, which is when researchers look across multiple studies. In the studies with the use of hypnosis, the average short-term weight loss was 11.8 pounds. In the studies with no hypnosis, the average short-term weight loss was 6 pounds.
In addition, the average weight loss without hypnosis stayed at 6 pounds over the long term, while those with hypnosis jumped to 14.88 pounds over the long term.
Allison, David B.; Faith, Myles S(1996). Hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy for obesity: A meta-analytic reappraisal. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(3): 513-516.
Again and again, hypnotherapy has shown that it could be the best way to lose weight long-term. My weight loss program offers an individualized approach that is specific to the issues that you face. My customized method can help you achieve lasting results. Call (503-684-4112) today to get started!


Have you seen The Raid, and The Raid 2: Berandal? Have you? If not, why not. I speak no hyperbole when I say that the two 'Raid' films are probably the most perfectly realised movie series in the history of Cinema. Are there better films? Possibly, but I'd debate it. Are there films that explore deeper issues, provide better windows into the agonies of the human condition? Undeniably. But is there a movie that more flawlessly achieves its own goals? That so effortlessly and marvellously does what it set out to do? That so surpasses every other example of its genre, for less than half the price of one of its rivals' boring generic explosion-fests? Not even a bit.
The Raid, the first one that is, is a fantastically tight, rounded movie. Nothing is in there that doesn't need to be, and what is there is polished to a mirror sheen. There isn't much room for dialogue, or character development, but characters reveal their depth through deeds. There's a touch of mystery around a few of the Big Bad's henchmen, but no unnecessary intrigue that might otherwise slow down the lightning-fast pace. The Raid is not a film about subtle details, but the details are all on point. It's nothing but pure, no-nonsense filmmaking. And you can see that filmmaking in all its glory in every single one of the action scenes that take up most of the film's taut one hour and forty-minute runtime.
So, we arrive at the crux of the issue. The fight scenes in the 'Raid' films are some quite simply the best in modern film. (And they're better than all the pre-modern films, too, come to think of it.) The hand to hand fighting is near flawlessly choreographed, to the point where they don't seem choreographed at all. Fast flowing, visceral, fist fights, knife fights, and whatever-bludgeon-comes-to-hand fights as well. Each punch, each kick, each eye watering stab, is presented in breath-taking realism, supported by the film's exquisite sound design. The violence seems so real you can almost feel it, yet is so primally cathartic that you can't help but enjoy seeing it inflicted on somebody else.
The gunfights are hardly what you've come to see the film for, but even they are exquisite. Bare-bones, high-impact, there is little sacrifice made to style that would otherwise diminish their graphic directness. A far cry from the drab, bloodless gunplay that litters many modern action releases. But the most noteworthy thing about The Raid's action scenes, is in fact the thing you notice the least. Well, only notice subliminally, at any rate. The dedication to geography in The Raid is uniformly stellar. As opposed to the swirling mess of unintelligible explosions that Michael Bay has the temerity to call 'action', in The Raid, a combination of sterling set design, masterful camera work, and inch-perfect attention to detail means that you can follow every fight flawlessly. You know precisely where everybody is, and you're acutely aware of just how they intend to mercilessly butcher their fellow man at any given moment.
This is really important, because it's such an intricate detail, and even when a movie does get it right, you don't really notice it unless you're looking for it. Because it's so hard to achieve for relatively low payoff, at least with the average film viewer, action geography is so often overlooked, but in The Raid, they decided to go the extra mile, and it absolutely pays off. The inventiveness and brutality of the fight scenes is one thing, but the sheer attention to detail that director Gareth Evans puts in to every single frame, ascends them to a class of their own.
But hang on, Tom, you said this essay was about both Raid films, and so far all you've done is talk about the first movie as if it were an exceptionally violent Second Coming. Oh, reader, if only you knew. I have not even begun to shill.You see, as much as I love The Raid, as much as I see it as nearing the apex of action filmmaking, its sequel, The Raid 2, Berandal, improves on it in almost every single way. And it's damn magnificent.
The Raid 2 is the apex of sequels. It improves and expands on the original, brings its ideas to fresh new places, while still very much retaining its spirit. It takes the first film's 30-foot tower block of chaotic action, and turns it into an entire city filled with mystery and intrigue, with characters now coming onto the screen fully developed and utterly fascinating. There's actually a plot more complex than "Come here, punch stuff, mild twist, boss fight", and what's more terrifying, it's actually rather good. A succession crisis, a foreign interloper, and an undercover cop. It's a classic gangster plot, spiced up by Iko Uwais' ceaselessly excellent performance as Rama, the series' hero, and a fantastic cast of colourful characters, most notably Bejo, the Chinese Gangster seeking to usurp the throne of the Jakartan underworld, and his henchpersons, Baseball Bat Man and Hammer Girl, who, despite their rather dull names, are ceaselessly fantastic. Yayan Ruihan, a return from the previous film, albeit in a new role, is a special standout. The tragic story of an immensely skilled hitman who just wants the best for his family, which could well be a film in its own right, here simply serves as a subplot that gives the stellar story even greater depth.
But surely, now that the action has improved, the quality of the action must have degenerated to make room for it, right? Oh, heavens no. The action in The Raid 2 redefines action. It uses massive, genre-defining set-pieces most movies would be based entirely around the way most gangster films would use a simple shooting. I could name almost any fight scene in The Raid 2, and I can't think of a single movie who would even have a climax that would compare favourably to it. There's the Prison Riot in the mud, a titanic mass brawl that is made truly epic by the returning virtue of splendid geography. Hammer Girl's Debut on the Train makes Old Boy's hammer scene look tame by comparison, and Baseball Bat Man's fighting style is delightfully unique, given what a generic weapon he's using.
But the car chase. I don't think I've ever seen a better mix of inventive combat and almost miraculous cinematography. I don't know if you've seen that video of how they managed to get a camera from outside the car to inside of it, to outside it again, in a single shot, but if you haven't, you should get that in your eyes too, but when you see it, remember that this movie was made for less than five million dollars. I feel that's worth repeating there. Less than five million dollars. That's less than the price of five minutes of Batman v Superman's joyless, drab, uninteresting runtime, and look what they did with it. Redefined the action genre and created a slew of action scenes upon which you could base an entire semester of Film School. Oh, wait, and there's also that one fight in the nightclub with Prakoso. That's really good as well.
Now, obviously, I was being facetious earlier. This isn't just a simple shill. I'm not just telling you to see these movies because they're excellent. I mean, they are, and you absolutely should, but that's not the point. The point is that these movies aren't just good, they're important. They're a near-flawless demonstration of just how cinematic action should be done. They are a series that knows exactly what it wants to do, and then proceeds to do all of these things with such intricate precision as to make them seem effortless. I don't believe I've seen a set of films quite as essential and ground-breaking as these for a long damned time, and I can only hope the upcoming sequel lives up to their frankly immense promise.
Do you love the Raid films? Let us know in the comments below.


text:
\section{Introduction}

We report results from studies of helium poisoning of a 16-anode
photomultiplier tube (PMT), model R5900-00-M16 (M16), manufactured
by Hamamatsu Photonics. This work was motivated by the need to
better evaluate the lifetime of the MINOS Far
detector~\cite{MINOS_Proposal,MINOS_TDR,Lang:2001rw}
which employed about 1,600 of these PMTs~\cite{M16-1600}.

The MINOS Far detector was in continuous operation since its
completion in the Summer of 2003 until Summer 2016~\cite{1st-MINOS-PRL}.
Initially, the detector recorded cosmic ray data, and since
the beginning of 2005, MINOS commenced its beam operations using
the NuMI neutrino beam at Fermilab.

The MINOS Far detector~\cite{Lang:2001rw} was installed
in a cavern of the Soudan Underground Laboratory
located about \unit[705]{m} underground.
This shielding  of 2,070 meter-water-equivalent
from cosmic rays results in low muon flux
of about \unit[0.5]{Hz} in the entire \unit[5.4]{kton} detector.
The rates in the M16 PMTs are dominated by
natural radioactivity (gammas) interacting in the scintillator and
the spontaneous emission of light from wavelength-shifting
fibers, as reported earlier~\cite{wls-fiber}.
Because of these relatively low
rates of about \unit[1-2]{kHz} per PMT, mainly due to single
photoelectron pulses, and stable environmental conditions
underground, we had expected a long mean lifetime for the M16
photomultipliers employed by MINOS.

However, a neighboring experimental hall in the Soudan
laboratory housed the CDMS-II experiment which
searched for cold dark matter and which employed
a cryogenic helium system~\cite{CDMS-2}.
During routine operations of CDMS-II, the concentration of helium in
the MINOS cavern was about \unit[60]{ppm}, but jumped to about
\unit[2000]{ppm} during initial liquid helium transfers in
the CDMS-II hall.  This can be compared to the concentration of helium
in the earth's atmosphere near the earth's surface which in detail
depends on location but generally is at the level of about \unit[5-6]{ppm}.
As it is well established, in addition to high rate or current operations,
the principal factors affecting the aging  of most of
photomultiplier tubes is the helium poisoning (i.e., contamination
of the PMT vacuum by helium atoms which can permeate from
the atmosphere).
Though CDMS-II installed later its own venting system for
helium handling, the proximity of large amounts
of this gas elevated our concerns  regarding the lifetime
of the MINOS PMTs and directly inspired the tests reported here.

Performance of a PMT depends, among other factors,
 on the quality of vacuum inside
the tube. Residual molecules or atoms trapped inside a tube
may be ionized in collisions with (photo)electrons. Such
scatterings decrease the electron energy and the effective
collection efficiency of the first dynode of a PMT.
Positive ions resulting from these collisions can
be accelerated toward the cathode where their
impact may lead to secondary electron emission and the onset
of an additional and time-correlated dynode amplification
chain, observed as after-pulsing.
The probability of the ionization of the residual gas depends
primarily on the gas density, the electron energy,
and the distance which photoelectrons travel between a photocathode
and the first dynode, or between the dynodes.
These processes, generally, decrease an average
PMT gain and increase the noise due to after-pulses.

In our studies, we immersed an M16 PMT in helium for about four
months, and periodically monitored the PMT dark noise using
a digital oscilloscope. We analyzed the time and amplitude
structures of recorded waveforms.  Our results include
studies of the change of the PMT gain and the  after-pulsing
probability as a function of the cumulative exposure time
to helium.

In sections 2 and 3  we describe the experimental
setup and present our main findings. In section 4 we provide simple
estimates for  probability and timing of after-pulses in M16 PMTs.
In section 5 we briefly discuss our results.

\section{Experimental setup and data sets}

The experimental setup, shown in Figure~\ref{fig:M16-helium-setup}, comprised five main components:
an M16 PMT with its custom-designed printed-circuit base, a steel container enclosing
the helium and the PMT, a dark box, a digital oscilloscope,
and a desktop computer which acquired data from the
oscilloscope using LabView~\cite{LabView}.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{M16-HelumTest_2019-08-13_98.JPG}
\hskip0.25in
\includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{M16-HelumTest_2019-08-13_95.JPG}
\caption{The main part of the experiment -- the helium vessel --  is shown on the left.
The photomultiplier faced helium through a sealed opening in the top flange of vessel.}
\label{fig:M16-helium-setup}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[b]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[bb=700 0 1770 1850,width=.39\textwidth]
{2_3Dlow1.jpg}
\caption{A picture of a M16 PMT with a base. The tube has dimensions
of \unit[24]{mm} $\times$ \unit[24]{mm} $\times$ \unit[20]{mm} and
the casing is made out of a metal alloy called KOVAR.
Helium can permeate into the tube
primarily through the photocathode window \unit{0.8}{mm}-thick,
made out of borosilicate glass and the epoxy sealing pins for dynodes.
In the picture we marked pixel
numbers in accordance with the factory's numbering scheme
which was also used in MINOS.}
\label{fig:M16}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

M16 PMT has a compact, almost cubical shape of dimensions
\unit[24]{mm} $\times$ \unit[24]{mm} $\times$ \unit[20]{mm}.
Figure~\ref{fig:M16} shows a close-up photograph of such
a PMT with an attached base, which serves
as a dynode voltage divider and an anode signals router~\cite{M16-1600}.
The square front window is \unit{0.8}{mm}-thick and made out
of borosilicate glass.  All other sides of the M16 casing
are made of KOVAR, a metal alloy
with a small coefficient of thermal expansion~\cite{Hamamatsu-private}.
The M16 dynode and anode pins protrude from the back of
the tube through insulated epoxy-sealed holes.

For our tests we selected a tube with a low dark noise rate and
a high gain of about $2 \times 10^7$, achieved at negative \unit[1000]{V},
the maximum photocathode potential recommended by the manufacturer.
At such a high gain,
pulses due to single photoelectrons are easily detected by
a digital oscilloscope~\cite{LeCroy}.
The insulated PMT (the KOVAR casing is at the same
potential as the photocathode) was installed facing inward
 and sealed in the lid of a small steel container.
The back (i.e., pin) side of the tube with a mounted base was
outside of the helium atmosphere.
The steel container had an inlet and an outlet
for the helium flow and was placed in a dark box.
Special care was taken to assure that all gas
and signal connections did not compromise the light-tightness
of the dark box. Pure helium was flowed at \unit[10-20]{cc/min}
and resulted in about 100 volume exchanges per day.
Due to the gas flow, the pressure of helium in the container
was only slightly above the atmospheric pressure.

The compact architecture of the M16 PMT, thus short
electron and ion drift distances, led us to
expect relatively short (\unit[10-100]{ns}) time
separation between dark noise pulses and their
helium after-pulses. This guided us to study waveforms
triggered by single photoelectrons due to the thermionic
(dark) noise from the photocathode.
We decided against the use of an external
light source since most light sources produce pulses lasting
tens of nanoseconds which would obscure or conceal
a significant part of the after-pulsing.

We connected individual anodes directly to a digital oscilloscope
which was controlled by a specially designed LabView Virtual Instrument
application  running on MS Windows 2000.
The oscilloscope was configured in a self-triggered
mode with a threshold set to \unit[-12]{mV}
and a maximum sampling rate of \unit{4}{GS/s}.
This allowed the readout of waveforms with a \unit[500]{ns}-wide
time window with the trigger time positioned at 20\% of
the scale (i.e., at \unit[100]{ns}). It took about \unit[0.2-0.3]{s}
to acquire a single waveform. The internal dead-time of the oscilloscope
was about \unit[10]{ms}. The dark rates of individual anodes varied
from 3 to \unit{13}{Hz}.

We conducted the tests over a period of about four months
(141 days)
in the course of which the tube was continuously immersed in helium.
During  the first two weeks of the test, the data (individual
pixel waveforms) were taken every day.
After this initial period, the waveforms were collected
once every 10-20 days.
The data acquisition took \unit[3-4]{hrs} per channel.

Each data acquisition session resulted in
80,000 waveforms  recorded for pixels 4, 5, 9, 13, and 16
(for some checks we also acquired 150,000 waveforms
for pixels 13 and 16).
The total number of acquired waveforms was constrained by
the acquisition time and available disk space. During our tests,
we monitored the high voltage (set to \unit{-1000}{V}),
and checked the temperature in the laboratory, which
stayed constant at $21 \pm 1 ^\circ$C, except toward the
end of the testing period when the temperature was a couple
of degrees lower due to more frequent automatic
air-conditioning.

\section{Main results}

The main objective of the data analysis was to characterize
the time and amplitude structure of each acquired waveform.
Figure~\ref{fig:waveforms} shows four examples of waveforms
in our data.
A single waveform comprises 2000 time bins spanning \unit[500]{ns}
(i.e., individual bins in a waveform are \unit[250]{ps} long)
with a voltage value for each bin.
Each waveform is time and date-stamped.
The time resolution of the oscilloscope allowed to resolve
near or overlapping pulses, as it is illustrated in the bottom-left
panel of Figure~\ref{fig:waveforms}.
The majority of the pulses have a width of about \unit[4-8]{ns}.
A typical waveform with an after-pulse has a second pulse, as shown
for example in
the top-right panel of Figure~\ref{fig:waveforms}. We have also
observed more complex waveform structures,
as shown in the bottom-right panel of Figure~\ref{fig:waveforms}.

We applied a straightforward procedure to locate and measure
characteristics of pulses in each waveform. In our algorithm,
a pulse in a waveform was identified by a monotonic voltage
change as a function of bin number denoting time.
The time bin with the maximum value of the voltage
(i.e., the pulse amplitude) marks the time coordinate
(position) of the pulse. At the peak amplitude,
the sign of the voltage gradient reverses.
Occasionally, the oscilloscope registered waveforms triggered
by RF noise. Those were identified as waveforms with
a large number of peaks due to sinusoidal RF pulses.
We validated the
performance of the pulse reconstruction algorithm by
visual scanning a significant portion of data.

\begin{figure}[b]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics
width=.49\textwidth]
{fig_2_typical_single_pulse_waveform.jpg}
\includegraphics
width=.49\textwidth]
{fig_2_typical_two_pulses_waveform.jpg}
\includegraphics
width=.49\textwidth]
{fig_2_two_merged_pulses_waveform.jpg}
\includegraphics
width=.49\textwidth]
{fig_2_five_pulses_waveform.jpg}
\caption{Examples of various waveforms.
Top-left: A typical waveform with one peak due to a single photoelectron.
Bottom-left: An example of two overlapping single photoelectron pulses
(note the difference in the time scale of this plot).
Top-right: A typical waveform with an after-pulse.
Bottom-right: A rare waveform with five after-pulses
($\ll$ 1\% of all waveforms were of this type).}
\label{fig:waveforms}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

To minimize the effect of noise, we decided to express
the magnitude of the pulse amplitude as the pulse charge,
$Q$, calculated as the area under the pulse:
$Q=\frac{1}{R}\int_{t_1}^{t_2}V~dt$, where $R = 50~\Omega$.
The time-limits of this integral (summation in practice)
are defined by points (bins)
close to the voltage baseline (ground) for which the pulse
amplitude gradient changes sign or becomes zero.

\subsection{Probability of after-pulsing of the M16 }

The probability of after-pulsing was taken as a fraction of waveforms
with multiple pulses for each data set, after
removing waveforms with the RF noise, as discussed above.
In Figure~\ref{fig:fraction-of-2-pulses} we plot the fraction of
waveforms with two pulses as a function of the exposure time to helium.
Pixels 4, 13 and 16 in the M16 PMT are all corner pixels.
They are slightly larger in area and are more sensitive
to a fringe electric field.
Pixels 5 and 9 are neighboring edge pixels.
Although we observe a clear growth of after-pulsing with time,
both the relative and the absolute increase of after-pulsing
with time depends on the pixel.
These differences between pixels are not well understood.
We found no correlations between dynamic characteristics
(like a gain and a dark noise rate) of individual  pixels
with the trends displayed in
Figure~\ref{fig:fraction-of-2-pulses}.

As Figure~\ref{fig:fraction-of-2-pulses} indicates, the after-pulsing
was present at the start of our tests at the level of 2-4\%
and must be attributed to the initial contamination of the PMT vacuum.
The probability of after-pulsing grew with the exposure time to
helium. For a corner pixel 4, the increase was about 4\%,
and for the edge pixels 5 and 9 the increase was about 1\% .

\begin{figure}[b]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]
{figure_3_a.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]
{figure_3_b.pdf}
\caption{Probability of after-pulsing.
Left: A fraction (in percent) of waveforms with two pulses as
a function of the exposure time to helium.
Right: A distribution of fractions (in percent) of waveforms
with more than two pulses.
The three superposed distributions were obtained using
data taken about two months apart (i.e., at the beginning,
in the middle, and at the end of our tests).}
\label{fig:fraction-of-2-pulses}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Gains and widths of single pulses}

We analyzed the gains and widths of pulses in single-pulse
waveforms (i.e., waveforms with no visible after-pulsing).
The PMT gain was calculated from the integrated charge
of single photoelectron pulses. The gain was examined
as a function of the time exposure to helium.
The top panel of Figure~\ref{fig:pix-4-gain-vs-time} shows two
superposed distributions of the integrated charge for waveforms
with a single pulse. The two histograms are for data taken about
four months apart (i.e., at the beginning and at the end
of our tests). All tested pixels yielded distributions with very
similar features, thus,
here and in other plots we present results for pixel \#4,
unless otherwise stated.

The sharp cut-off on the left side of both distributions
in Figure~\ref{fig:pix-4-gain-vs-time}
reflects the setting of the trigger threshold on the oscilloscope.
The left (sharp) peak is due to those photolectrons which
suffered only partial amplification through the dynode chain,
typically missing the first dynode, as we identified
in our earlier studies~\cite{M16-1600}. The broad peak,
centered around the charge value $Q \approx 3$~pC, is due to
a single photoelectron. The position of this peak
measures directly the gain of the pixel. The value $G$ of
the gain is simply given by
$ G = Q/e \approx 3\times 10^{-12}~[{\rm C}] /
1.602\times 10^{-19}~[{\rm C}]  \approx 1.9 \times 10^{7}$.

In the bottom panel of Figure~\ref{fig:pix-4-gain-vs-time},
we display the mean charge of a single photoelectron
pulse as a function of exposure time to helium.
The value of each mean was determined by a Gaussian fit
performed on each of the 27 data sets collected over
the four-month period of our tests. Two examples of
such fits are displayed in the top panel of
Figure~\ref{fig:pix-4-gain-vs-time}.
As the data exhibit, the change of gain over
the period of four months is small, on the order
of 5-10\%, and consistent with the expected
aging of M16 PMTs~\cite{M16-1600}. The down
trend for the last two data acquisition periods,
persistent in several plots,  we attribute
to the change of temperature in our laboratory
which was about  $2-3^\circ$C lower
than previously mentioned due to automatic
air conditioning which was
beyond our control.

Figure~\ref{fig:pix-4-width-vs-time} shows  the widths
of the single photoelectron pulses for the waveforms
with a single pulse. We use the full-width-at-half-maximum
(FWHM), expressed in nanoseconds, as a measure of the width
of a pulse. The data show little change over the four-month
period of our tests. As indicated above, the last two points
were taken at lower laboratory temperature.

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{figure_4_a.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]{figure_4_b.pdf}
\caption{Gain change as a function of the exposure time
to helium. Left:
Distributions of the integrated charge
(in picocoulombs) of a single photoelectron pulse for
waveforms with only one pulse (i.e., without after-pulsing).
The two histograms are for the data taken about four months
apart, at the beginning and at the end of our tests.
The position of the peak was initially at $3.12\pm0.02$~pC,
and it moved to $2.73\pm0.02$~pC after 139 days in helium.
Right: The mean integrated charge of a single photoelectron
pulse, determined by fitting histograms as illustrated
in the top plot, performed on each of the 27 data sets
collected over four months.}
\label{fig:pix-4-gain-vs-time}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[h]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]
{figure_5_a.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]
{figure_5_b.pdf}
\caption{ Width change of single photoelectron pulses.
Left: A distribution of the FWHM (in nanoseconds) of pulses
for waveforms with a single pulse. The histogram is for
the data taken at the beginning of our tests
and is representative of all the data throughout our tests.
Right: The average FWHM of pulses in waveforms with a single
pulse as function of the exposure time to helium.
}
\label{fig:pix-4-width-vs-time}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Gains and widths of after-pulses}

The after-pulses were defined as all pulses following the first
pulse within the \unit{400}{ns} time window of read out waveforms.
Our algorithm was able to clearly identify such waveforms.
We first examined the gains of pulses for waveforms with exactly
two pulses.
In the top panel of Figure~\ref{fig:pix-4-charge-of-1st-and-2nd}
we compare distributions of the pulse charge for the first (in time)
and the second pulse within the \unit{400}{ns} time window.
We then compared gains of pulses for waveforms with exactly
three pulses. The distributions of the pulse charges for
the three pulses are displayed in the bottom panel of
Figure~\ref{fig:pix-4-charge-of-1st-and-2nd}.

We note that the data clearly indicate that the gains of
all pulses  (i.e., the gain of the first pulse
in a waveform, and the gains of the after-pulses),
are very similar and do not change with the exposure time to helium.
Figure~\ref{fig:pix-4-width-of-1st-and-2nd} shows similar comparisons
for the pulse widths for waveforms with after-pulses.

We conclude that all pulses in the waveforms with multiple
pulses are similar, although the distributions show that
the first pulse in such waveforms carries a little more charge
than after-pulses, as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:pix-4-width-of-1st-and-2nd}.
This may be a result of the complexity
of the ionization process of helium (or other residual gases)
which occasionally may produce two ionization electrons.
In such a rare event, an after-pulse would be preceded by
two almost simultaneous electrons initiating a dynode
cascade identified as the first pulse.

The mean charge
of all pulses is about \unit{3}{pC} (i.e., the gain of about
$1.9\times 10^{7}$) and their average widths (FWHM) remained almost
constant during the four-month exposure to helium. The observed
variations with time are consistent with the expected aging
of M16 PMTs observed previously~\cite{M16-1600}.

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]
{figure_6_a.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]
{figure_6_b.pdf}
\caption{Gains of after-pulses.
Left: Superposed distributions of charges of
the first and the second pulse
for the waveforms with two pulses.
The first pulse has a peak at $3.21\pm0.01$~pC
and the second is at $3.08\pm0.01$~pC.
Right: Superposed distributions of charges
of the first, the second, and
the third pulse for the waveforms with three pulses.
The second  pulse has a peak at $3.04\pm0.03$~pC
and the third is at $3.02\pm0.05$~pC.
These distributions were obtained using all waveforms collected
over the entire four-month data-taking period.
}
\label{fig:pix-4-charge-of-1st-and-2nd}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]
{figure_7_a.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]
{figure_7_b.pdf}
\caption{Widths of after-pulses.
Left: Superposed distributions of the FWHM for the first and
the second pulse for the waveforms with two pulses.
Right: Superposed distributions of the FWHM for the first,
the second, and the third pulse for the waveforms with three pulses.
These distributions were obtained using all waveforms collected
over the entire four-month data-taking period.
}
\label{fig:pix-4-width-of-1st-and-2nd}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Time structure of the M16 after-pulsing }

We then investigated the time structure of waveforms
with after-pulses. In the top panel of
Figure~\ref{fig:pix-4-time-separation} we display the time separation
 between pulse 1 and 2 in waveforms with two pulses.
The superposed distributions were obtained using three data sets
taken two months apart  (i.e., at the beginning, in the middle,
and at the end of our tests).
In the bottom panel of
Figure~\ref{fig:pix-4-time-separation} we compare
the time separation between pulse 1 and 2 with the
time separation  between pulse 2 and 3 in waveforms
with three pulses. These distributions
exhibit similar, althought not the same,
time characteristics.

The histograms in Figure~\ref{fig:pix-4-time-separation}
show after-pulsing time structure
with two distinct maxima.
As our estimates in section 4 indicate,
the first peak, at about \unit{10-70}{ns},
is most likely due to after-pulsing caused by helium ionized between
the photocathode and the first dynode. This is because
helium ions require about \unit{30}{ns} to accelerate across
the distance between the first dynode and the photocathode.
The origin of the second broad peak at \unit{150-400}{ns}
with a long right shoulder is more speculative.
We believe that it is due to after-pulses generated by helium
ions produced ``deeper'' in the dynode channel
(i.e., ``below'' the first dynode) or in the peripheral
electric field between dynodes.
Some fraction of them may
be due to heavier ions. As Figure~\ref{fig:pix-4-time-separation} shows,
all these features become more prominent with the increasing exposure
time to helium (i.e., the higher helium poisoning of the PMT).

The distributions of the charge carried by the first and the second
pulse for pulses separated by either less or more than \unit[100]{ns},
summarized in Figure~\ref{fig:pix-4-gain-various-times},
tend to support the idea of different location of the helium
ionization.

\begin{figure}[b]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]
{figure_8_a.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]
{figure_8_b.pdf}
\caption{Time separation between pulses.
Left: The time period separating two pulses in waveforms with two pulses.
The three superposed distributions
were obtained using data taken about two months apart
(i.e., at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of our tests).
Right: The time separation between pulse 1 and 2, and between pulse
2 and 3, in waveforms with three pulses.
These distributions were obtained using all waveforms collected
over the entire four-month data-taking period.
}
\label{fig:pix-4-time-separation}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[b]
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]
{figure_9_a.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=.49\textwidth]
{figure_9_b.pdf}
\caption{Left: Superposed distributions of the charges in
the first peak for waveforms in which the after-pulse
is separated from the first (trigger) peak by less
than \unit{100}{ns} or seprated by time between
100 to \unit{400}{ns}.
The first pulse in the  \unit{0-100}{ns} pulse category
has a peak at $3.29\pm0.01$~pC
and  for the 100 to \unit{400}{ns} category the
peak is at $2.72\pm0.04$~pC.
Right: Superposed distributions of the charge in
the second pulse for the same pulse categories.
The second pulse in the  \unit{0-100}{ns} pulse category
has a peak at $3.00\pm0.02$~pC
and  for the 100 to \unit{400}{ns} category the
peak is at $3.06\pm0.01$~pC.
These distributions were obtained using all waveforms collected
over the entire four-month data-taking period.
}
\label{fig:pix-4-gain-various-times}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Phenomenological estimates of the helium poisoning of M16}

In this section we present simple calculations
related to the observed after-pulsing due to helium poisoning.
Because the exact material properties and the internal
dimensions of the M16 PMTs constitute proprietary
information, we limit our considerations to
``back of the envelope'' arguments.

We first estimate the helium permeation rate into the M16 PMT
in our setup. We then use the electron-helium ionization
cross-section to find the probability for after-pulsing.
Finally, we estimate the most probable time of after-pulses
due to helium ionization.

Probability of after-pulsing depends on a mean-free-path
for ionization by photoelectrons ejected from a photocathode, and
the distance and voltage between the photocathode and the first dynode.
For simplicity, the first dynode and the photocathode are treated
as infinite conducting parallel plates.

\subsection{Helium permeation in M16 PMTs}

In our calculations we neglect permeation of helium
through the metal walls of the M16. However, helium permeates
easily through most glasses due to a small size
and high mobility of helium atoms. In the following estimates
of the the helium permeation through the front window
of the M16 we also ignored the thin layer of
photocathode~\cite{proprietary}.

The rate of permeation depends on the specific glass
material, its thickness, the gradient of the helium partial
pressure between the two sides of the glass barrier, and
the ambient temperature, as given by a steady-state
form of Fick's law~\cite{Fick-law}:
$$
{{dV} \over {dt}} = {{K \cdot A} \over {D}}\cdot \Delta P,
$$
where $dV$ is a volume of helium at $STP$ which permeates
through the surface of area $A$ through a barrier of
thickness $D$ in time $dt$. $\Delta P$ is the gradient of
the partial pressure of helium and
$K$ is the permeation constant which
depends on the barrier material.

The value of $K$ for borosilicate glass~\cite{M16-glass}
can be found in two comprehensive compilations~\cite{shelby,altemose}:
$$
K = 4.8\times e^{-Q/RT_g}\left[ {\rm {{~cm^3} \cdot mm
\over { s \cdot cm^2  \cdot (cm ~Hg)}} }\right]
$$
where for the M16 glass the activation energy $Q=$~\unit[7,930]{cal/mol},
the gas temperature $T_g=$~\unit[294.15]{K}, and the gas constant
$R=$~\unit[1.986]{cal/mol $\cdot$ K}.
These values give
$$
K = 6.1 \times 10^{-13} \left[ {\rm {{~cm^3} \cdot mm
\over { s \cdot cm^2  \cdot (cm ~Hg)}} }\right]
$$
For the M16 PMT, $A \approx 5.76 ~{\rm cm^2}$, $D = 0.8 {\rm mm}$, and
$\Delta P \approx 76 ~{\rm cm~Hg}$, hence
$
{{~dV} \over {~dt}} = 3.34 \times 10^{-10} {\rm cm^3 / s}.
$
The volume of permeated helium after one day of exposure to
pure helium gas at an atmospheric pressure ($\Delta P ~ \approx ~101~kPa$), is:
$
V_{He}({\rm 1 ~day}) =3.34 \times 10^{-10} {\rm ~[cm^3/s]
\times 24 \times 3600 ~{\rm [s]} } \approx 2.88 \times 10^{-5} ~{\rm cm^3}.
$
We estimate the gas volume of the M16 tube to be about \unit[10]{cm$^3$}, thus
after one day, the partial pressure of helium inside the tube is (at STP):
$$
P_{He}(1~day) = {V_{He}(1~day)  \over V_{tube}} \times 101 {\rm ~[kPa]}
\approx 0.29 {\rm ~Pa}.
$$
This corresponds to $N_{He}({\rm 1~day}) \approx 7.75 \times 10^{14}$ helium atoms
penetrating through the glass window of the M16 PMT in one day. Thus, we expect
that at the end of our tests, which lasted four months, the number of
helium atoms which permeated into the tube to be
$N_{He}{\rm (120~days)} \approx 9.3\times 10^{16}$,
which corresponds to the partial helium
pressure inside the M16 PMT of $P_{He}{\rm (120~days)} \approx 35 {\rm ~Pa}$.
We will use these results to estimate the effective
mean-free-path for helium ionization and the probability of
the after-pulsing.

\subsection{Ionization of helium atoms in M16 PMTs}

The total ionization cross-section of helium atoms depends on
the energy of the impacting electron and is well measured
for a wide range of energies, as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:he-ion}
which was reproduced from references~\cite{Triangles} and
\cite{Circles}. The cross-section for
a single-electron ionization is essentially zero below
\unit[25]{eV} and then grows rapidly reaching a maximum at
about \unit[120]{eV}; it decreases slowly as the energy of
an impacting electron increases. The ionization
probability is most significant at an energy of about
\unit[80-120]{eV}.

\begin{figure}[b]
\centerline
{\includegraphics[width=.79\textwidth]{figure_10_a.pdf}}
\caption{ The total ionization cross-section of a helium
atom by electrons as a function of the electron energy.
The plot is reproduced from ~\cite{Triangles} (triangles) and from
~\cite{Circles} (circles). The two distinct sets of data
are for a single-electron ionization (higher set of points) and
a double-electron ionization (lower set of points). }
\label{fig:he-ion}
\end{figure}

Photoelectrons are accelerated inside
the PMT in the electric field between the photocathode
and subsequent dynodes. In our tests we used a standard
MINOS M16 base with the 12-stage voltage divider which
has the photocathode to anode voltage ratios of
2.4-2.4-2.4-1.0-1.0-1.0-1.0-1.0-1.0-1.0-1.2-2.4.
The nominal high voltage values in MINOS were set
to achieve a gain of about $1\times10^6$, which can
be reached for most PMTs at \unit{700-900}{V}~\cite{M16-1600}.
In our helium poisoning tests, however, we used the
maximum recommended high voltage of \unit[1000]{V} to
maximize the PMT gain, the photoelectron collection efficiency,
and the cross-section for helium ionization.
For such a setting the voltage difference between
the photocathode and the first dynode, $\Delta V_{1}$ is
$
\Delta V_{1} = {R_{1} \over R_{total}} \times 1000 ~{\rm [V]} =
{2.4 \over 17.8} \times 1000 ~{\rm [V]} = 135 ~{\rm V}.
$
We considered changing the voltage divider ratios
but decided against it since a modified base would significantly
alter operational characteristics of the tube (otherwise
extensively studied earlier~\cite{M16-1600}).
A photoelectron is accelerated in the electric field given by
$E = \Delta V_{1} / d$, where $d \approx 1.5 ~{\rm mm}$
is the distance from the photocathode to the first dynode.
\footnote{The exact value of this distance is not known to us
since this is proprietary information.
Here, we provide our best estimate.}

The cross-section for ionization grows as the photoelectron gains
energy as it approaches the first dynode.
The mean-free-path for helium ionization, $\lambda_{He}^{ion}$,
is given by:
$$
\lambda_{He}^{ion} = {1 \over {n_{He} \cdot \sigma_{He}^{ion}}} =
{1 \over {N_{He}/V_{tube} \cdot \sigma_{He}^{ion}}},
$$
where $n_{He}$ is the density of helium atoms in the tube,
and $\sigma_{He}^{ion}$ is the cross-section for helium ionization.
For our estimates we take somewhat arbitrarily
$ \sigma_{He}^{ion} = 3\times 10^{-17}~{\rm cm^2} $
and the estimated earlier value for $N_{He}$, after one day
in the helium atmosphere we calculate
$ \lambda_{He}^{ion}({\rm 1~day}) \approx 430 ~{\rm cm} $,
and after the four-month exposure to helium
$ \lambda_{He}^{ion}({\rm 120~days}) \approx 3.6 ~{\rm cm}$.

\subsection{Estimate of the probability of M6 after-pulsing}

Most after-pulsing is caused by positive helium ions
drifting to the photocathode, scattering off it, and causing
additional photoelectron emission. Thus, the density
of helium ions is closely coupled to the probability of
after-pulsing. The ionization probability of helium atoms
inside M16 is proportional to the ratio
of the electron path-length between the photocathode and
the first dynode to the mean-free-path for helium ionization,
$ \lambda_{He}^{ion}$. The sharp rise of
$\sigma_{He}^{ion}$ with energy means that the ionization process
is more likely to occur {\it near} the first dynode, where
photoelectrons are sufficiently energetic.
We can {\it crudely} estimate the ionization probability
by assuming the {\it effective } path-length to be about
$ {1\over 3} d = 0.5 ${mm}.
Thus, after one day in helium, the ionization probability,
$P_{{\rm 1~day}}$,  is given by
$P_{{\rm 1~day}} = 0.05~{\rm cm}/430~{\rm cm}
\approx 1.2\times 10^{-4} = 0.012\%$,
while for 120 days
$P_{{\rm 120~days}} = 0.05~{\rm mm}/3.6~{\rm cm}
\approx 0.014 = 1.4\%$.
In our simple model, we equate this ionization probability
with the probability of after-pulsing.

\subsection{Timing of after-pulses}\label{section-time}

As discussed above, the ionization of helium occurs when a photoelectron
has sufficiently high energy, which for the M16 PMT  occurs near the first
dynode.  The helium ion is then accelerated to the photocathode and may become
the source of a secondary electron. Its travel time determines the time
separation between the initial (helium ionizing) photoelectron
and an electron ejected by an impact of a helium ion with the photocathode.
This time can be roughly estimated by the time-of-flight of a helium ion
along a straight line through the distance between the photocathode
and the first dynode:
$$
t = \sqrt{ {2d \over a} }= \sqrt{ {2 d m_{He} } \over {{\Delta V_1 \over d} e}}
= d \sqrt{ {2 m_{He} } \over {{\Delta V_1  e}}} = 27 {\rm~ns},
$$
where $d = 1.5~{\rm mm}$, $\Delta V_1 = 135~{\rm V}$,  and $a$ are a distance,
voltage, and an acceleration of a helium ion between the photocathode and
the first dynode, $m_{He}$ is its mass, and $e$ is a unit of an electric charge.
In reality, the timing of helium ions will depend on the actual shape and
strength of the electric field, and  the place where the helium atom
was ionized, so the time separation of the
after-pulsing would be smeared around this average value.

\section{Discussion}

The presented estimate of the probability and
timing of after-pulses roughly agrees with main features
of the recorded data. The probability of after-pulsing
increased with the exposure time to helium
by about 1 to 4\%, depending on the pixel.  A significant
fraction of after-pulses is attributed to the initial residual
contamination of the M16 vacuum.

The time separation of observed after-pulses is consistent with
the process of helium ionization by photoelectrons. The ionization
can occur either between the first dynode and the photocathode
or deeper in the dynode channel structure of the M16.
Only after the photoelectrons gain sufficient energy and are close to
the first dynode does the ionization cross-section become significant.
In the M16 PMT this effectively reduces the mean-free-path for
an electron to ionize helium atoms.

We believe that the observed resilience to helium permeation
and the low probability of after-pulsing are due to the M16
compact dynode structure housed in a metal casing which
operates at a negative potential of the photocathode.
The electron energies achieved through the acceleration
in the electric fields inside an M16 PMT are relatively
small. This is because they depend on the voltage differences
between dynodes which for the specific M16 voltage divider
used by MINOS and the maximal operating HV of \unit{1000}{V}
range from \unit{56}{V} to \unit[135]{V}. Short
distances that electrons travel inside the tube and low voltage
differences give the low probability of after-pulses as compared
to larger photomultipliers with higher accelerating potentials,
as for example studied in reference~\cite{other-studies}.

We studied after-pulses related
only to dark noise single photoelectron pulses. Since signal
light levels in MINOS are of the order of several to few tens of
photoelectrons, our results are relevant to the MINOS detectors
(although MINOS PMTs operated at a lower gain)
but may not be for applications with significantly larger signals.

\section{Conclusions}

We have studied the effects of helium poisoning
of R5900-00-M16 PMTs which were employed in the MINOS
Far detector. A photomultiplier tube was immersed in
pure helium atmosphere for about four months
and its response was monitored using a digital oscilloscope.
During this time, the PMT showed a slow increase
in the probability of after-pulsing but its main performance
characteristics degraded only slightly. The observed decrease
of gain by a few percent is consistent with a typical aging
of such PMTs~\cite{M16-1600}.

In our tests, the primary pulses were caused by dark noise
single photoelectrons. We observed that the probability of
after-pulsing grew linearly with the PMT exposure time to
helium, and that the primary pulses and the associated
after-pulses have similar gains and widths.  We conclude that
our data indicate that this type of PMTs exhibits
resilient response to helium poisoning.

We thank Yuji Yoshizawa and Wayne Stehle of Hamamatsu
Photonics for providing PMTs for our tests and
furnishing additional technical information and assistance.
This work was supported in part by
DOE grant DE-FG03-93ER40757.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Home Hear Me Out Meet Our LGBTQ Columnists
Meet Our LGBTQ Columnists
by Shepherd Express Staff
For the past several years, "Hear Me Out," the Shepherd Express' LGBTQ section, has included two weekly columns "Dear Ruthie" and "My LGBTQ POV," both written by familiar names in the community. Ruthie is a beloved entertainer and organizer of events in the LGBTQ community who served as Grand Marshal in the Pride Parade and is now hosting her own web series, "Camp Wannakiki." "POV's" Paul Masterson is a long-time contributor to the Milwaukee media and has served on the boards of Milwaukee Pride, Gay Athletic Milwaukee Metro Association (GAMMA), the Milwaukee Gay Arts Center and other local organizations.
As part of our expanded coverage of LGBTQ issues, the Shepherd Express will add two new columns to be published in rotation. This week, Nov. 8, marks the debut of "I Like It Like That" by Carmen Murguia. A respected poet and activist, Murguia is the recipient of PrideFest Milwaukee's Stonewall Leadership Award, a Milwaukee County Art Futures Fellowship Award and the Charles D. Productions, Inc. HIV/AIDS Minority Communities Outreach Award. The following week, Nov. 15, Christopher Walton will introduce his column, "Black, Blue and Rainbow." His activism on behalf of progressive political candidates led to his current position as chairman of the Democratic Party of Milwaukee County, the first openly LGBTQ person to hold that office.
Our four LGBTQ columnists will provide our readers with a uniquely broad perspective on issues facing the community.
LGBTQ/Hear Me Out is proudly sponsored by UW Credit Union. We believe that being your authentic self and respecting everyone strengthens all of us.


Darling is well-known for its wild flowers in springtime, celebrated by the Wildflowershow in September and the RockingtheDaisies Music festival in October.
Driving up North to the Cederbergen region or visiting the birds in Lamberts Bay is well worth spending the day.
There are also several private game reserves in the area, such as Buffelsfontein Game Nature Reserve.


As we've talked about before on Candida-Solutions, the level of Candida bacterium in your body can definitely be impacted by exercise. Various exercises work for optimal health in many ways and this is the case for those prone to recurring yeast infections as well. In terms of using exercise as a weapon against candida, rebounding could be the perfect exercise to help you and can help with many health benefits as well.
Rebounding is a cellular type of exercise that cleanses the cells and strengthens the body's immune system. It involves exercising on a mini trampoline, also known as a rebounder. The act of jumping can cleanse the lymph nodes and cause perspiration, which can also have a cleansing effect. It also gets your heart rate up and gets oxygen through your body, which creates an alkaline environment. Because candida thrives in an acidic environment, it's ideal to get yourself to an alkaline state.
Rebounders can be very inexpensive and start at about $20.00. Very high-end models sell for hundreds of dollars but you might be interested in a higher end model for optimal results. There are models that have pedometers on board to tell you about your caloric burn as well as ones that have optional stability bars so even if you've been sedentary or are elderly or otherwise handicapped, you can still benefit from using a trampoline to help you in your quest to get healthy and fight off candida.
Gentle bouncing is a great way to get started and it helps you tone and burn calories as a low impact aerobic exercise. Once you've gotten comfortable with your stability you can increase your activity with jogging, jumping jacks and by exercising with hand, wrist and ankle weights.
Start by bouncing for a minimum of five minutes per day and this can help you see quick changes in your health and wellness. Just five to ten minutes a day of rebounding could substantially increase your body's ability to successfully reduce candida bacteria production.
Candida infections that are recurring will diminish with a change in your lifestyle that includes exercise, healthy eating and knowledge about the candida triggers in your body. Learning about triggers and cures for yourself is a learning experience but one that can benefit your health in ways above and beyond fighting yeast infections.


text:
Distichophyllum heterophyllum är en bladmossart som beskrevs av Jean Édouard Gabriel Narcisse Paris 1896. Distichophyllum heterophyllum ingår i släktet Distichophyllum och familjen Hookeriaceae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Egentliga bladmossor
heterophyllum


text:
Sally Bradley
Sally Bradley is an associate in the Corporate Department and a member of the Private Equity, Mergers & Acquisitions and Sports Law Groups. Sally has a broad corporate practice advising private and public companies, sports organizations, investment banks and issuers on a variety of matters, including mergers and acquisitions, initial public offerings, board governance and various debt and equity offerings.
Sally's experience includes representing a number of private equity firms, the Pac-12 Conference and LA 2028 in their significant transactional matters.
Prior to law school, Sally provided strategic business, legislative and communications advice to Fortune 50 companies in order to achieve their goals in Washington, DC. She began her career in the office of U.S. Senator Debbie Stabenow and has worked on campaigns in Pennsylvania and South Carolina.
University of California, Los Angeles, School of Law, J.D., 2013
Entertainment, Media & Intellectual Property Law Specialization
The University of Texas at Austin, B.A., 2003
Admissions & Qualifications : California
What types of cases Attorney Sally Bradley & Proskauer Rose LLP can handle?
Proskauer Rose LLP can handle cases related to laws concerning Corporate, Mergers & Acquisitions. We manually verify each attorney's practice areas before approving their profiles and reviews on our website.
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Proskauer Rose LLP is located at 2029 Century Park E #2400, Los Angeles, CA 90067, USA. You can reach out to Proskauer Rose LLP using their phone line 310.284.4545. You can also check their website proskauer.com or email them at [email protected].
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Sally Bradley lawyer charges are specific to each case. However, they work with contingency fees and its ranges from $$ to $$$. They also provide free consultation [and no obligation quotes] if you are interested to hire.
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Travis Brashears


text:
From Burmese Dissident to Mystifying Politician
Foreign Minister and State Counselor Aung San Suu Kyi in Naypyitaw, Burma, June 28. PHOTO: EUROPEAN PRESSPHOTO AGENCY
By Shirin Ebadi
Why won't my fellow Nobelist Aung San Suu Kyi help a Muslim minority?
In advance of a United Nations envoy's visit to the country, Burmese officials in June instructed U.N. officials to refer to Burma's Muslim minority as "people who believe in Islam in Rakhine state." This is the latest chapter in what has become a tragic campaign to reassure Buddhist nationalists that the government will continue to oppress the Rohingya—even to the point of denying them their name and citizenship in Burma.
Sadly, this campaign is being led by Nobel peace laureate Aung San Suu Kyi.
After decades of defiant activism, house arrest and unimaginable personal sacrifice, Ms. Suu Kyi is finally in a position to bring democracy to her country. Ms. Suu Kyi's party won Burma's national elections in November 2015, and this spring, in addition to being named foreign minister, she was appointed state counselor, the de facto prime minister. The new title effectively gives her the power to run Burma.
I'm sure it is a responsibility that my fellow Nobel peace laureate—a woman who was under house arrest off and on for more than two decades—takes very seriously. Yet those of us who spoke up for Aung San Suu Kyi those many years when her human rights were being violated—including His Holiness the Dalai Lama and Archbishop Desmond Tutu—are deeply pained that she won't extend the same respect for human rights to Burma's more than one million Rohingya.
Like thousands of human-rights defenders around the world, we have also called upon Burma to respect the rights of other political prisoners and minorities in Burma—including the Karen, the Shan and the Chin. Global human-rights organizations, along with courageous grass roots organizations in Burma, have documented how the Burmese military and state have suppressed these minorities through religious persecution, killings, rape, disappearances, torture and other crimes against humanity.
After at least 100 Rohingya were killed during 2012 riots and clashes with Buddhists in Rakhine state, we spoke out publicly to help Burma's Muslim minority.
As a Muslim woman, I feel it is my particular responsibility to ring the alarm bells about the Burmese government's campaign against the Rohingya. Burma has long denied the Rohingya the recognition and basic rights, like access to education and freedom of movement, that citizenship would afford. Since the riots, more than 140,000 Rohingya have been forced into refugee camps, and many of them now live in conditions much resembling concentration camps. Tens of thousands have risked losing their lives to make the dangerous journey by sea in overcrowded boats to leave Rakhine state.
The Buddhist majority in Burma—even many seasoned democracy activists—seem to see no contradiction in their call for democracy and the cruel and inhumane treatment of the Rohingya. This includes Aung San Suu Kyi.
This is grimly ironic, given that her supporters—including me—have for many years defiantly rejected the word Myanmar, the name assigned to the country by the autocratic military that ran the country since 1962. We respected the fact that Ms. Suu Kyi and her followers called themselves Burmese, and the country Burma.
So how can Ms. Suu Kyi now turn her back on the Rohingya?
I have paid a high price in my life advocating for freedom, including defending the rights of the Bah'ai, a religious minority, in Iran. Since 2009, I have been forced to live outside of Iran—and have lost not only my home but also my marriage and many friends. But I strongly believe there is no other way to live. Up until recently, I thought that Ms. Suu Kyi and I shared this conviction.
In May, Ms. Suu Kyi's party announced that she will head up a committee dedicated to promoting peace and development in Rakhine state. The announcement said the committee—which reportedly will include 27 members of the new cabinet—will "coordinate" the activities of U.N. agencies and international nongovernmental organizations in that state.
This looks suspiciously more like an effort to further tighten her government's authoritarian control over the region than a response to a human-rights crisis. Let's hope not. I'll be the first to applaud if my sister Nobel peace laureate bravely ignores the internal pressure to dehumanize the Rohingya and instead stands up for their rights.
Ms. Ebadi, the author of "Until We Are Free: My Fight for Human Rights in Iran" (Random House, 2016) and a co-founder of the Nobel Women's Initiative, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2003.


text: Q: Is it possible to access SD card images or directories from python raspberry pi/ ubuntu I'm populating my SD card with photos and I want to access this photo by raspberry pi's python where my mobile device is connected to respberry pi.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


kindly advise which is the compatible pad to use with SRAM GUIDE RE caliper, mounted on ebike.
Our product code: OBE-DA05CG, OBE-DA05DG, OBE-DA05SG, OBE-DA05TG & OBE-DA05VG are compatible for SRAM Code: Guide R, RS, RSC, RE, Code (new model), 4 Pistons.
What my colleague mentioned above was for SRAM Code.
Please see link - http://www.discobrakes.com/?s=0&t=0&c=2&p=1640.


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Hank Williams Jr. has about 6 TV show credits. The first TV show to feature him was The Simpsons in 1999, which he voiced a character on. Hank Williams Jr. has appeared on 5 other TV shows. He appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live in 2006. Most recently, Hank Williams Jr. performed on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in 2016. Some of his other recent TV credits include CBS This Morning, in 2016, and The View, in 2011.


SunHarvest Solar only sources the highest industry-rated solar panels when designing and engineering our solar energy systems. We select every product based on the certainty it will provide our customers with the best performance at an affordable price. It is a top priority of SunHarvest Solar to source American manufactured solar equipment whenever possible.


But this weekend as most NFL teams played enter the final quarter of the regular season, the Steelers� hopes are virtually impossible.
At 6-7, the Steelers are not yet officially eliminated. Yet.
Beside their overall record, their 4-6 record in conference play and 1-4 mark in AFC North games puts them at a disadvantage in most tie-breaking categories.
With six playoff spots available in the AFC, the Steelers are behind nine teams in the chase.
For them to miraculously get in as a wild card, several things have to happen. Foremost is the Steelers snapping a five-game losing skid and winning their last three games.
The Chargers (9-3), who lead the AFC West by virtue of a seven-game winning streak, would have to lose their last four.
The Broncos (8-4) would have to lose at least three of their last four.
The Jaguars (7-5) would have to lose at least three of their last four.
The Dolphins (6-6) would have to lose at least two games, including their season finale against the Steelers.
The Ravens (6-6) would have to lose their last two games, at Pittsburgh and at Oakland.
The Jets (6-6) would have to lose their last game, at home against Cincinnati.
All that AND the Steelers winning out.


text:
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A deep, ingrained tradition of excellence is what customers will get with Homes by DeSantis, a family-run business whose storied legacy has continually passed down through successive generations in their craft as home builders and in the quality of their immaculately-made houses.
This home builder creates first-class communities as well as world-class commercial and corporate real estates through an uncompromising commitment to greatness and their iron-clad mission statement. Homes by DeSantis is dedicated to creating value for their customers and serving as a progressive, customer-focused home builder that offers competitive pricing, unparalleled craftsmanship, and impeccable design.
Whether an executive townhome, a condominium suite or a luxury single-family residence, every home made by this developer is constructed with premium materials, the most meticulous workmanship, and thoughtful consideration towards today's value-conscious buyers. A combination of quality materials and superior design is seamlessly incorporated with customer upgrades to create a customized home unique to every family that resides within it.
This distinguished housing developer has built thousands of homes throughout the Hamilton, Halton, and Niagara regions for nearly sixty years, earning them a high reputation among their clients, some of whom are satisfied repeat customers and investors.
"We're now getting third generation buyers," admitted Gabriel DeSantis, the company's current president and son of founder Peter DeSantis who built his first house in 1959. "It's very humbling. But it also means that we're doing something right."
A top-notch customer service represents this developer's high commitment to customer service, providing dedicated care and support for clients at every step of the home buying process; from their first visit to a sales office, through design studio appointments, through construction, and all the way to after their move-in, this home developer makes customer service its highest priority.
But it's not just their satisfied customer base that have noticed this exemplary home developer. This developer has been recognized for their excellence in the home building industry, winning industry awards almost every year since 1980 when they were recognized as "Builder of the Year" by the Hamilton Halton Home Builders Association (HHHBA). More recently, this developer had the distinction of being
The Grand Prize Winner of the 2018 EIFS Council of Canada Architectural Design Awards
Winning the 2017 Most Outstanding Mid-Rise Building (HHHBA)
The Gold Prize at the 2016 CHCH Business Excellence Award.
These impressive accolades only serve to highlight the resplendent design and construction of this developer's high-quality homes, many of which themselves are award recipients. These include the AquaBlu Lakeshore Condos and the Aquazul Waterfront Condominiums, two adjacent developments that are as well-built as they are highly-esteemed. Both of these projects have respectively won for Most Outstanding Mid-Rise, earning high praise even from public officials like Mayor Bob Bentley who was quoted as saying, "It's changed the landscape of Grimsby."
Although not every home can win awards, this developer is sure to craft every one of its homes with unrivaled precision and care. Every residence made by this developer is equipped with standard features and finishes that include: Smart Tech that allows for smartphone control of computerized home features, integrated USB port in kitchens for easy charging, premium ceramic tiles, step-in showers, modern plank laminate floors, breakfast bars, premium cabinetry, and modern floating vanities.
This developer's commitment extends far beyond customer service and a dedication to great craftsmanship. Because a home stretches past its four walls, this home developer is committed to preserving the natural environment by incorporating environmentally-sensitive planning to energy-efficient home design as part of its overall business strategy.
Not just that, Homes by DeSantis is proud to support the local community. From sponsorships of grassroots community sports teams to local charities, this home developer has been involved in such organisations as West Lincoln Community Care, West Lincoln Memorial Hospital Foundation, Ronald McDonald House Hamilton, Dr. Bob Kemp Hospice, Gillian's Place, Relay for Life - Canadian Cancer Society, Ancaster Heritage Days, and Princess Margaret Hospital.
This developer's commitment to the community, reached a milestone in 2012 when DeSantis became the first home builder in the Hamilton region to build a home, along with the help of their suppliers and contractors, for Habitat for Humanity.
Lincoln Square is a multi-phase housing development located in Beamsville, Ontario that has won numerous awards such as the 2014 Project of the Year (HHHBA). The latest phase, a collection of 44 Smart Townhomes called Centreville Towns, joins the development's previous phases Lincoln Square, Fiera, and Centre Square.
Myst Urban Towns by the Lake
This sublime collection of townhomes located on the shores of Stoney Creek are located within close proximity to nearby neighbourhood amenities, and is situated within close range of the future Confederation GO Train Station.
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This multiple award-winning condominium development has earned high praise for its clean lines and simple aesthetics, creating an elegant enclave of urban living down by the lake.
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