text:
Dune Scholar
Notes from National Digital Forum (NDF) Conference 2019
December 4, 2019 dunescholar Conference, Digital Humanities, Digital Technology, Feminism, Travel
National Digital Forum (NDF) Conference 2019
Te Papa Tongarewa (Wellington, New Zealand)
The 2019 NDF conference was another two days full of ideas, inspiration, challenges, and network building. The four keynote presentations were stellar as usual and provided a lot of things to think about, ranging from creating new and beautiful data visualizations, facilitating more diverse perspectives on Wikipedia, cracking the patriarchy by getting men to work with others who don't look and sound like them on media projects, and empowering people with data about the health of their homes to prevent illness and death. The other sessions offered useful information and ideas for how to educate and engage audiences in the Galleries, Libraries, Archives, and Museums (GLAM) sector. The conference hashtag was #NDFNZ and videos of the sessions are available on NDF's YouTube channel.
Day 1 – November 19, 2019
Keynote: We Are Here – Chris McDowall and Tim Denee (away)
The conference began with a keynote by Chris McDowall, co-author of We Are Here, an amazing book of data visualizations using New Zealand data. He completed his PhD on data structure and calls himself a geographer to make it easier to describe to people what he does, and he said he wanted to show us what goes on in his head as a geographer in mediating between technology and observation. In showing the audience some maps, he acknowledged that there are problems with maps, such as that they enable states and corporations to exert power at a distance. Yet there is good in these technologies and some things that can only be said through maps. He showed some examples from a predecessor book, Contemporary Atlas New Zealand: The Shapes of Our Nation by Russell Kirkpatrick, that shows the activities of three women; the one on the left is someone who gets out and moves around town a lot, while the one on the right is a widow who is largely homebound. This is a way of visualizing data that can lead to other analysis and thought about what is occurring in society.
Contemporary Atlas New Zealand: The Shapes of Our Nation
Three City Women visualization from Contemporary Atlas New Zealand: The Shapes of Our Nation by Russell Kirkpatrick
He showed the visualization of New Zealand music like a river that was very cool. He used Discogs API and built a spider program, and also relied on AudioCulture ("The noisy library of NZ music") for information. He and Gareth Shute, a music historian, spent many hours reading all the musician biographies on Audioculture, on Wikipedia, on their own websites, and then putting dates and key info in a spreadsheet.
There were various interstitial essays in his book, and he encouraged writers to set their own tone; interestingly, about half looked at drafts of content beforehand but the other half didn't and had to write just based on conversation about the content in general. At the last minute, a friend told them they should go with a matte page rather than glossy, because too much reflective light would exhaust the reader, and he is glad they went with matte for the book in the end. In terms of gathering feedback throughout the book-making, he discovered that he would receive less and feedback because people were busy, so he worked in isolation for too long before realizing that he needed feedback from people. So he changed his strategy and invited people over for a drink to get feedback without any other commitment needed and found this worked better than relying on emails.
He discussed the debate between having place names on maps or removing them. Getting rid of place names can allow the reader to see coastlines and discover mountains, etc. for themselves and let maps stand more as artistic on their own, so they are not always needed or wanted. What he wanted overall was for maps to be for everyone, so they couldn't require him to be there to explain them. There's an emotional dimension to trying to understand something that is opaque or hard, and he said he sometimes forgets how non-cartographers can find a map is 'not for them' and turn the page. He didn't want that to be readers' experience with this book. Along with that thinking, sometimes putting in something that's obvious is important, and he gave the example of the icons/silhouettes of birds in one section. They let readers jump into each map without having to decode and avoid the need for legends, which are good for reference maps but not for visualizations like in his book.
Secret Lives of Cats visualization from We Are Here
He talked about trying to find the balance in political issues and that putting the pages next to each other on birdlife and then predators like stoats and cats was one of the few minor editorializing instances. The page turning effect doesn't seem to be able to be replicated in digital, but in print, the reader can proceed from a page on birds to one on rats and then one on the Secret Lives of Cats, which shows where a group of cats in Wellington travelled through tracking devices, and this can create different emotions in the reader as they see the relationship between bird populations, for example, and the number of other animals. He said some people are delighted by the page on the Secret Lives of Cats, and think thought like oh, where's my cat, but others are disturbed.
He wants the book to be a point of conversation and dialogue and for lots of people to read it.
Tools used in making We Are Here book
There was another point about with data, not losing the trees for the forest sometimes. His example was when looking at data in Digital NZ API and finding a photo with the tags 'Maori', 'horse', 'woman', trying to visualize that didn't do the photo or the data justice. Sometimes we need to see the photo for what's important. They were able to make the book with data that was all open except for two datasets, and they used all open source software except Adobe Illustrator. They released the programming code on Github.
A Pacific Virtual Museum: Connecting device and dispersed people with taonga – Mark Crookston
Crookston discussed the Pacific Virtual Museum multi-year pilot project that is starting now and attempting to make connections via a virtual museum (see also the Pacific Libraries Network). An interesting and relevant fact is that although there are 8% Pacific people in New Zealand, they make up 36% of youth.
Keeping time: Digital dance archive adventures in North America – Rebecca Galloway
Galloway discussed her experience being at the Jacob's Pillow dance festival in Massachusetts for nine months about a decade ago. In looking to create a website to showcase dance, Director of Preservation Norton Owen thought people would rather see a hint of something that intrigues them than whole videos, so this informed the development of the project. They wanted to consider the joy of use (a la Marie Kondo), not just ease of use. The site can be considered to fall into edutainment and is a type of online museum for the dance world. It has been called "irresistible" by the Washington Post. She liked the quote from an unknown source about how the digital world has thrust us into a world of perpetual migration. Something interesting about user design was that in Canada, everyone knows a French version of something will be 25% longer than English, so UX people know to consider this. This kind of design knowledge needs to be transferred to a NZ context.
Regional ambassador showcase – Jennifer Taylor Moore and Tim Jones
They noted some of the highlights, issues, and questions raised at the NDF regional forums, including things like the issue of a lack of IT support or infrastructure at smaller sites. Questions to consider going forward include: Is NDF a training provider? Could it be? Should it be? What would a business model look like? Are there training needs that are the same over time? Do people get unconferenced out? Is networking valuable in itself?
John Mawurndjul – Jean-Pierre Chabrol and Jazz Money
Chabrol and Money are from the Museum of Contemporary Art in Sydney and discussed the John Mawurndjul exhibit "I am the old and the new", which came from a quote from the artist himself. There are over 250 independent Aboriginal groups and Torres Strait Islanders in Australia and 600 dialects, so it is not like New Zealand in terms of the ability to have things be bilingual in a straightforward way. There was a challenge in working with a contemporary artist who is internationally known and had two shows in Europe but is not a known name in Australia. The exhibit was bilingual, which was big for Australia, and the linguistic area is one of most linguistically complex places on Earth. They did their best to provide a type of 'indigenous level of safety' for the artist by doing specific things like recording him in his language and ensuring that all of the digital resources belong to him and his community. In addition, everything was directed by the artist, which sadly is not common for indigenous artists in Australia.
Bringing archives alive: Using tech to tell the stories of the past – Alison Breese
Breese is an archivist at the Dunedin City Council and recently finished a postgraduate degree on public toilets in Dunedin that has received press coverage (Otago Daily Times article; Stuff article). She wanted to use VR to make a tour of underground toilets, but this process was cumbersome and only one person could do it at a time. 3rd-year IT students from Otago Polytechnic were enlisted to create an app to do a similar thing, and photogrammetry (stitching images together) was used to stitch hundreds of images together to create a virtual model of the space.
Raranga Matihiko – Weaving digital futures – Tara Fagan
This programme at Te Papa with other partners aimed to create an "education innovation" learning environment targeted at youth who don't go to traditional GLAM sites like a museum. It wasn't about turning them into coders but showing them how to use tech for meaningful things. There were 16 hours of contact between students and facilitators, and the programme connected young people with museums in a way that they could combine social experiences and technology. Some hadn't ever been into Wellington city, even if they lived a short distance away, or hadn't ridden an elevator so found the experience completely novel. There was a principle of ako underpinning it: everyone is a teacher and a learner. The students gained digital citizen and fluency skills as well as learning about digital museums and access (e.g. copyright issues). They also weren't forced to use tech all the time; they could choose to use pen and paper or different types of tech. Students learned about possible career paths in cultural heritage ("Do you mean I could work here and care for our taonga?" "Yes!"), and everything was open source so students could use elsewhere if they had internet access. It strengthened students' self-esteem (having the two facilitators helped) and another good result was that students were returning to the museum with their family on the weekends. Fagan showed a video of the virtual whare with a voice-over by Year 9 students, who used Tilt Brush by Google and Kapwing.
CSI: Pukekawa – Digital and natural experiences in the Auckland Domain – Ruby Moore and Tom Rowlands
Moore is Land Fauna Collections Manager at Auckland Museum, and Rowlands is Learning Specialist there. They mentioned projects like Bioblitz, a 24-hour survey of biodiversity that is a big public engagement event; bird studies that have found more tui in the city; and iNaturalist – Auckland Domain Project that is online citizen science that is open and available to anyone with a device. The latter creates another connection between museum staff and the public and teaches people to record important collection information. There is a remnant patch of forest in the Auckland Domain, next to the Auckland Museum, and this was used for the CSI: Pukekawa education programme (CSI standing for Citizen Science Investigations). It enables student agency and has students doing science and engaging with scientists, it complements the new digital curriculum, and it shows the potential for collaboration between nature and digital rather than competition between them. They teach students to be digitally responsible when uploading content to the iNaturalist site, and that people from all over the world can see their photo uploads (e.g. please don't post a photo of a taxidermied penguin or Kit Harrington from Game of Thrones). An interesting observation from Moore was that her expertise was considered more legitimate by one student after it went online. She explained, "I became more real when I went through a digital medium" and that one student was only half listening to her explanation about a specimen until she uploaded it online and once he saw it there, he lit up and said "Oh, it's a such-and-such".
Museum in a box: Curiosity machines – Mandy Herrick and Tom Rowlands
They took as their challenge: how to marry 3-D objects from museums to a story or stories, and their question: how can we blow the minds of these young children? They used three components: NFC stickers, an NFC reader, and a Raspberry Pi computer. NFC uses the same technology as Snapper or transport cards and is increasingly being used in the museum environment (see The Wonderland coming to Te Papa). They interviewed youth to find out what they already know about the collection, and they thought there were 50 to 201 objects in safekeeping (when actually there are 1.5 million natural history objects and 200,000 human history artifacts, i.e. a lot more!). They decided to use the Museum in a Box created by a London-based company that was piloting them with 40 GLAM institutions around the world. This offers a layered self-guided participatory experience, akin to a micro museum. One significant question was: who would be the narrator/voice for the box? Another project in Capetown used Zulu elders to narrate.
One teacher interviewed liked that students had to use a different sense (auditory), had to listen to find out more. She suggested having an object that relates to students' culture and country that could be really special, which sounded like an advanced version of the classic 'show and tell' activity. This project provided more reach than a traditional museum exhibition. Students loved the tech and hearing from experts, and bringing many voices into classroom could reduce the boredom with having just one teacher's voice all the time. They suggested it can help to prime students beforehand but this is not essential; in a funny case, one teacher just left the box in classroom for a week and an ambitious and curious student emailed the email address on Rowlands' business card on the box with lots of questions about what the box was, signalling that this was indeed a curiosity machine for youth.
Where are all the spotted shags? – Guy Annan
This project was about the creation of 3D printed spotted shags and fake poo that were put out in the wild to try to encourage birds to create a colony (RNZ article).
So…what's the easiest way to process these 352 CD-ROMs? – Flora Feltham
This project was part of an R&D idea to compare two different machines that purported to be able to process CDs faster and more efficiently than human workers could (since this is quite manually intensive normally). It raised the question going forward: how are we going to change archival processes to deal with digital material? In the end, it was determined that the Acronova Nimbie USB Plus worked better than other machine though wasn't perfect.
Bots I have met – Paul Rowe
Possible bot limitations (remembering science fiction)
The simple yet clever title of Rowe's presentation foreshadowed a quick preview of bots being used in today's world and the overriding notion that the more accessible and open content is, the more likely it is to be seen. Rowe first made a paper-based analogy, saying that the first 'bot' he encountered was actually a choose-your-own-adventure book that takes you to different places based on your choices. Auckland Art Gallery's chat bot provides users with things like opening hours, what's on, and access to the online collection if you ask it something like "send me cake". It was built using the Facebook Messenger app. There are Twitter bots that can share content from a collection, like tweeting artworks several times a day. The Smithsonian's humanoid robot, Pepper, is a possible worry in that we're getting closer to uncanny valley. There are out of the box solutions like Chatfuel and Botsify.
The exhibition closes but the digital offspring lives on – Rachel Bush
Bush discussed how reusing exhibitions helps make the large costs for them more worth it. For example, the butterfly exhibit has been reused elsewhere. She said we need to think of new ways to reach audiences and keep exhibitions alive.
What were you using NZ Museums for today? Digging into user survey results – Emma Philpott
A Hotjar pop-up box on NZmuseums asks users "What were you using NZ Museums for today?" and has gathered 1,600 responses so far. They also have information from Google Analytics, but this wasn't telling them what people were really doing on the site. They have fortunately received few negative responses ('none of your business'), but some people have used the box to ask questions but haven't provided contact details so there's no way to actually respond to them. She encouraged the audience to ask visitors what they're doing on your website if you're not already.
The National Library and digital storage – Cynthia Wu
Wu discussed a new storage platform and two data centres in Wellington and Auckland that now provide geographic redundancy.
Creative Commons copyright licensing explained – Victoria Leachman (away) presented by Catriona McPherson
This presentation provided a helpful overview of Creative Commons licenses, which are kind of like a pre-approval. The analogy of a buss pass was used: just as you don't travel on a bus without your pass, licenses need to travel with the work they belong to. This can take the form of a credit line, icons, or a list at the end of a presentation. The CC0 one means the author is waiving all rights now and in the future, making it for public domain. Note that you can't put licenses on a public domain work, which some GLAM places are doing. Also, just because you own the physical work, doesn't mean you own the copyright.
Possible futures from the present margins: Decolonizing knowledge, decolonizing the internet – Adele Vrana and Anasuya Sengupta
Statistics on Wikipedia
This keynote by Vrana and Sengupta from Whose Knowledge? really needs to be seen and heard to be fully appreciated, as they wove facts and stories and struggles and highlights to provide a sobering look at the need to decolonize knowledge and the internet, with a focus on Wikipedia. Originally from Brazil and India, they now live in the US and UK and soon discovered what it was like to be present in a room and yet completely invisible. They are now putting technology into feminist organizing and feminist organizing into technology. They had some audience participation, asking us to chat with a neighbor about what we thought of when we saw these words:
California Gold Rush
As expected, they said what many people think of is just one perspective or even not accurate. The printing press had origins in China, Japan, and Korea; the first university was founded in Morocco in 859 CE by Fatima al-Fihri; and the California Gold Rush involved the systemic genocide of Native Americans. But in the Wikipedia article for the gold rush, for example, there is a white settler perspective that barely mentions Native Americans.
The Geographically Uneven Coverage of Wikipedia
They gave a disclaimer saying they know there are Wikipedians who are passionate about the potentialities of the site, but that we need to consider whose knowledge does this site hold? It is default, go-to place for information, including things related to cultural heritage, but it prioritizes only certain knowledge. Only a fraction of human knowledge is represented in books; most is embodied, experiential, oral, auditory, etc. They asked, what might oral knowledge mean for Wikipedia? Connecting with McDowall's earlier caveat about the problematic nature of maps, they talked about how maps are arguments.
Different Types of Knowledge
They discussed the difference between embodied (tacit) knowledge and disembodied (formal) knowledge; when you make embodied knowledge visible/recorded, it becomes disembodied and formal, e.g. a dancer performing on stage versus being recorded or interviewed talking about their performance. The information on Wikipedia is amplified by Google, as are the gaps and silences, and we are still living in the shadow of the Enlightenment.
Decolonizing Methodologies
They drew on ideas from Decolonizing Methodologies by Linda Tuhiwai Smith, who says that colonizers are okay with taking knowledge from the colonized but then reject the people who created it. They asked, what might a decolonized internet look like? The conversation is very different with women and people of color in the room than it is when there is a mainly white, mainly male, Silicon Valley crowd. Settler colonialism continues online. They said to look out for the State of the Internet's Languages Report coming out next year and check out the feminist organization, the Association for Progressive Communications.
In looking at education, they said that instead of their students writing papers, they like to do something that goes in online space, but they are warned that they have to be careful as marginalized people not to marginalize others.
They mentioned radical non-institutional GLAM sites like the People's Archive of Rural India. They recognize deep knowledges have been brutally extracted and abused so respect the rights for people to hold knowledge and choose to become open. They said they ask these questions as we dream of possible futures from the margins and beyond:
How have I benefited from colonization, racims, or the comfort of the status quo?
What from my own past do I choose to carry forward, and what should I let die?
Whose knowledge is still missing, and how can I support and honor the people who best hold these knowledges?
Questions to ask as we dream together of possible futures from the margins
There is talk of the digital divide, but offline and online are not a binary but a continuum. Often being online is seen as a binary – you are or you aren't, but for many in the world the internet is not Firefox or Chrome, it is a smartphone, Facebook, or messaging apps (e.g. Malaysia has the most messaging apps in the world). Many of the elders feel inadequate with digital technology, while young people are comfortably online.
They said discomfort has to be a second skin. If we are the designers of these technologies, we don't have to trust others; we need to be at the table and behind the computer, coding and creating. It's time to stop being the end user and be the producer. Yet in the case of Wikipedia, you need access to resources and a computer and leisure to be a Wikipedian, and who gets leisure? Another issue is that you need skills of argumentation if you get reverted or challenged, and not everyone has these or is able to use them on the site. They advised finding a Wikipedian to have in your pocket if you don't like arguing but have expertise. There are more articles on Wikipedia on Antarctica than on Africa, and one of their articles was speedy-deleted five minutes after creation despite having 11 references, showing the kind of obstacles that one can face.
They addressed that we live in a world where we're complicit with capitalism; they said that they're on Facebook because that's where their communities are, and Facebook's language rendering is really good. The difference between tech capitalism and regular financial capitalism seems to be that with tech capitalism, there is a God complex, unlike with financial capitalism, which is focused on profit. Mark Zuckerberg thinks he's making the world a better place through Facebook.
They said that they speak about Wikipedia with tough love is because if you want to have your small community known about, you have to get it up on Wikipedia. Otherwise, someone would have to visit you to learn about it, which isn't practical.
They closed the Q&A time by saying that they'd be up for an impromptu edit-a-thon, which was then scheduled to take place the following day during lunchtime for those who were interested.
Keynote: Making sense of the unfathomable: Digital Humanities for desperate times – Deb Verhoeven
Verhoeven's keynote continued the themes of feminist and decolonization criticism of the previous day, taking it to technological infrastructure and the film industry that she studies. Some challenging concepts include: How do we get ourselves out of our heads? How do we make connections based on ideas of people we don't already know or who aren't mirrors of ourselves? She discussed how we are living in a world of devastating and widening division; we are living in a closing-down world (examples include: build a wall and incarcerate people on islands, including children). To address this, we need to foster inclusion and connectivity. And these issues impact how we handle data and infrastructure. All infrastructure enables connections—that's what it does—but it is largely built for us by engineers.
She linked the discussion on infrastructure to the 16th century discovery and navigation era by the Dutch, among others, and the terms and metaphors that we still use that come from imperialism times. The questions they would ask that we can also ask regarding our infrastructure are:
Where am I going? (in the example of a link, you don't really know where it is taking you when you click on it)
What is my speed?
What is my depth? What lies beneath my feet? (fathom) (this is not being done very well with digital infrastructure)
Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theory
She mentioned the Advancing Digital Humanities: Research, Methods, Theory book and that we want to see traditional values of humanities flow through the Digital Humanities. She spoke of her work with Huni (Humanities Networked Infrastructure) and how the needs of humanities scholars differ from what is traditionally possible in digital infrastructure. For example, one can't resist or contest in most digital infrastructures; also, the ability to say NOT (this is not related to this other thing) is incredibly valuable to humanities researchers.
She then discussed her work on the Kinomatics Project, which collects and analyzes data on the creative industries. In regards to Big Data, which is often thrown around, she said if your data hasn't caused you to have an existential crisis, it's probably not Big Data; if it hasn't caused you to rethink how you see things, it's probably not Big Data. For her, Big Data has been a revelation.
Next, she showed an (unfinished) painting by Turner of a shipwreck of female convicts and children who drowned on the way to Australia (A Disaster at Sea c. 1835); Turner is asking us – Are we just spectators? Do we turn away from it or just theorize it? She discussed the plimsoll line, the loading limit line for ships, as a very creative metaphor and asked: Does patriarchy have a plimsoll line? How do we sink the S.S. Patriarchy?
Possible error for those putting together all male research teams
She showed the data on women in the film industry in Australia and said in 30 years the data had gotten worse, and that continuing to show women this data may keep them from believing they can ever be a part of the media industry. She showed network graphs and explained how the problem is that there are so many men who don't/won't work with women. When she asked what if we stopped funding these men who don't work with women, the audience clapped. She said we might think that patriarchy looks like male political leaders like presidents and prime ministers, but it actually looks like a network of men who only work with other men. This visualization is a way of seeing the contours of injustice in a new and different way. Then she brought in some stats on how many Davids/Daves there are in comparison to the number of women and humorously said that we don't have a 'diversity' problem, we have a 'Daversity' problem. Then everyone was asked to sing along to the chorus of the song "The Daves I Know".
The names of people receiving funding
Even if all of the 'gender offenders' were taken out of the network, it wouldn't solve the issue; one would have to take all men out for it to work. This means the only solution is for people in power to collaborate with people who don't look or sound like them, and their team has modelled it in the Workplace Inclusion Diversity and Gender Equity Tool (WIDGET).
Keynote: Why 'why' matters – Hīria Te Rangi
Hīria Te Rangi gave a stunning keynote on her story and her work with Whare Haurora, which develops sensors for homes to tell family members if their home is making them sick. For example, she said the sensor in the home with elderly people would be registering 9 to 13 degrees when it was almost the same outside, meaning that the house was only adding about 3 degrees of warmth, and the WHO recommendations for kaumatua or an elderly person is 21 degrees. She said we are a developed nation, yet pneumonia/respiratory illnesses are taking out people before it should be their time. A free insulation project was cancelled by the last government, even though it was successful. 60% humidity is a problem, and living in cold, damp housing is linked with anxiety and depression.
Hīria Te Rangi speaking on New Zealand housing problems
She explained how Whare Haurora was created by a bunch of nerdy ladies, who started with a prototype sensor that cost $30 and assembled the parts on kitchen tables. She eventually went to China to get manufacturing sorted. The idea is that their kits can be moved to another home once it is insulated. Every 10 minutes data is sent from the sensors in the home, and they wanted to make it accessible via PWA (Progressive Web App) offline since not all families have enough data to be constantly connected. One issue is that just showing people a jumble of numbers doesn't work since it doesn't mean anything to them; you have to tell people what it means for them and their health in an accessible way. You also have to explain how the device works and show them to alleviate concerns. The organization ensures that the whanau owns all the data and it just provides the service. This aspect is an example of the need for indigenous organizations like hers, to get things done with values intact, especially if the government isn't doing it. The data at the aggregate level can be used for nationwide benchmarking and to predict respiratory disease, but they are careful as to how data is used and have their own ethics committee toward this end. Her determination to do something about a pressing societal issue was very inspiring and illustrated how technology can be used in a very practical way to empower communities without compromising values.
A regional approach to collections: 'It's all about the baking' – David Luoni, Rosemary Jackson-Hunter, Tiffany Jenks
Project Ark in Southland was discussed as an example of how they helped put objects from a dozen of the museums in the region online and guided volunteers to be a part of the process in a meaningful way. One example was Mataura Museum, a small, 50 square-metre museum run by a group of women they affectionately called the grandmothers. They wanted to provide support for aging, volunteer-led teams and those who aren't 'digital natives', and they know that just coming in for a week or providing a user guide is often not enough. This pilot is being helped by the fact that there is a regional heritage rate in Southland ($35 + GST a year) that can fund projects like these. Each organization picked 50 objects to share online via eHive, which made it equal for everyone. When provenance and record-keeping were patchy for an object, this project helped rectify that and show what was in a museum's collection. They described helping volunteers by starting with tiny baby steps and were happy to find that within a fortnight, people were feeling more confident and had the hang of it and were even teaching others. They believe part of the success was that they were providing real work for people (perhaps versus straight training), the result is that the new standards are now the new way moving forward.
Table top seduction? How a small local library sought to implement an expensive digital tool, and not stuff it up – Reid Perkins and Wendy Horne
Perkins and Horne from Upper Hutt City Libraries used a romance analogy to discuss issues surrounding the decision to get a 'fancy' table top digital display to show off their collection. They had set up Recollect, an interactive database, years ago, but acknowledged that digitization has limitations and doesn't reach all audiences. Other attempts to engage a broader range of people included pop-up museums (e.g. "Upper Hutt in the 1960s") where images were printed out and put up on walls for people to view. They tried to create feedback loops between digital and analogue. They found that cautionary romance tales are a good metaphor for seduction by new shiny digital technology – you have to ask yourself similar questions such as Are we a good fit? Can I give it the attention it needs? They didn't want the table top display to just be another iteration of Recollect content or a glorified iPad; they wanted special curated content. They find that the closeness to community is a big advantage of smaller, less-resourced sites like theirs. Unfortunately, due to production delays and some miscommunication, they had only just received the table top display so weren't able to discuss it up and running. Some lessons learned in this process were that they would have preferred the company making it give them more hand holding and digital templates, especially since they're librarians and archivists and don't buy large tech frequently so it's unfamiliar territory. They also see a need for better project management going forward.
The making of Te Taiao Nature digital labels – Amos Mann et al
This presentation was a behind-the-scenes look at many of the pieces that went into creating the digital labels for the Te Taiao Nature exhibit at Te Papa, which features nine digital label kiosks with over 200 specimen labels and is expected to have at last a 10-year lifespan. At its heart, the digital labels were designed to answer that primary visitor question: What is that? And why is it on display? There was lots of prototyping and testing, and different team members spoke about the areas they were responsible for. For UX, they wondered how they might make it effortless for visitors to view content they don't know exists but would enjoy (e.g. a kiwi hatching from an egg). They took cues from social media and prioritized scrolling (continuation) over clicks (decision needed). They also chose to auto-load videos so people can stop if they want but don't have to keep clicking to play. For special design, they had to consider the positioning of the kiosks to be far enough away from the cases for people to be able to take them all in, and also leave a path for people to look at the objects from next to the case. For the video and photography, they used 5,300 pixels wide, high-resolution images that have lots of detail, meaning that you can actually see more detail on the kiosk than in real life because of the ability to zoom in close. For the writing, they found coming up with 60 words and a limited amount of media a challenge, and they didn't shy away from stories that were sad. Every label is bilingual; it is not a straight translation but tells the story from a Māori point of view. They positioned what they thought was the most important information at the top, with videos and sounds as you scroll and a map at bottom. The maps are not as popular but some still really like to see them for context. The team used Google Sheets to coordinate and also set up notifications for cells (e.g. the photography team would receive an email when something was ready for imaging). They now have live digital analytics from labels coming from the floor and can analyze what people are clicking on and how long they're spending on each item.
Invisible Islands: Locative media and its implications for GLAM projects – Sébastien Pierre
Spook Country
Pierre opened by mentioning Pokemon Go and the phenomenon of mobs of people forming organically at street corners, trying to catch Pikachu and other digitally-created creatures. He finds inspiration in Blast Theory, "A Machine to See With" and William Gibson's book Spook Country, which has locative art (renditions of fictional and past events only available at certain places with the right hardware).
Use of a definition from Wikipedia was justified by saying that Wikipedia is good for normative definitions. He discussed two iterations of the Invisible Islands project. The first was in Aarhus, Denmark, in 2014. The idea was to have 'islands' disconnected from internet across the city that people could access through QR codes in public spaces to act as entry points into digital, offline content. This meant there was no Google search engine to use – people had to use their eyes to find the QR codes. This has potential to be replicated elsewhere, such as putting QR codes on street art so people could see information like they would in an exhibit, or be directed away from one site to a different, interesting location. The second iteration was Les ȋles invisibles in Montreal in 2015. He moved away from the QR codes since they felt awkward to interact with. Seeing how there were layers of information in the city that already existed (e.g. construction lines spraypainted on the ground, duct tape with numbers written on it), he decided to have wavy lines with numbers spraypainted on the ground that related to events in the past and future. The blue paint and the waviness also were intended to remind viewers of rising sea levels. He advised that when space is scarce, you can consider using public space as exhibition space. One example is the Apple [AR]T walkthrough. He mentioned two recent articles of interest: "The Future of VR? Site-specific Art Installations" by Seth Porges, which discusses how technology like this could help reduce loneliness by bringing people out, and "From monologue to dialogue: Towards playable cities" by Dr. Steven Conway.
VR Ye ha! – Scott J. Burgess and Angela Jowitt
Burgess and Jowitt shared some of their journey with VR over the past year at the Puke Ariki Library. There was an overview of VR tech: Oculus Go and Quest are stand-alone headsets, platforms include Oculus, Steam VR, and Viveport Infinity. The latter has an annual subscription to 700+ titles model that they opted to go with. For Tech Week 2019, they chose three VR experiences to showcase (Dreams of Dali, Singularity, and the Blu). They needed to have ones that were largely intuitive because people would just be coming in and out and so there needed to be a low learning curve. They surveyed people who participated, and there were 102 respondents with demographics: 52% male, 48% female; 40% in age range 15 and under and a good percentage of people in the 25-54 age bracket; 42% had used VR before and 58% hadn't. Most chose the Blu, but many were able to do the other ones if there were enough time. People said they liked the immersion and interactivity and escapism (VR gives a safe way to make mistakes).
Survey responses about VR experience
They mentioned other benefits to using VR. There is the 3D Organon VR Anatomy and Medical Realities Platform that is being used in medical professionals' training. There are experiences for the deaf and disabled and for migrant women. For example, Google Earth can be used by migrant women to travel back to their home town as well as show others where they came from. It can also be used to visit and scout out places before traveling. They said that content can be created in New Zealand too; New Zealand Geographic is shooting local footage in 8K that can be used for virtual experiences.
Their story of VR being used in a school and facilitating new connections between students was a positive example of the potential of VR in education. One girl who had been in the same class as another girl for a year but never talked to her was suddenly talking to her and laughing with her as they journeyed in the virtual world. In this case, the digital was actually a portal to real-life interactions, rather than closing people off.
He Tohu VR: Taking (virtual) archives to the people – Jared Davidson and Rene Burton
The National Library New Zealand He Tohu exhibit in Wellington is a permanent exhibition with three particularly significant documents: He Whakaputanga (the Declaration of Independence), Te Tiriti o Waitangi (the Treaty of Waitangi), and Te Petihana Whakamana Pōti Wahine (the 1893 Women's Suffrage Petition). Since the documents were too fragile to travel, they decided to create a VR experience of the He Tohu exhibition and used the Unreal game engine (the promo video of the VR experience is available on YouTube). This format allows people to get closer to the documents than they could in real life with a glass cabinet in the way. In creating an educational experience for youth, they knew they wanted to contextualize the learning around the documents and have facilitation. A challenge in VR is that it is a very individual, one-on-one activity. The whole experience takes six minutes, which means the other students need to have things to do while taking turns with the VR. It can be very embodied, with students doing things like getting on the ground and trying to reach the top to look at various aspects of the documents.
Future GLAM Panel – Richard Foy, Honiana Love, Deb Verhoeven, Courtney Johnston, David Reeves, Mark Crookston, Migoto Eria
This panel featured people from a range of institutions and contexts. In discussing NDF as an organization and a conference, it was noted that there is a remarkable collegiality and a spirit of sharing that has stayed the same over the years. The inaugural meeting had similar themes to ones now, but that's because systemic issues need to be worked on over a long time period. One potential issue is that there is less said about collaboration between institutions, who have more resources, than about individuals working with an institution, and it is not fair to always ask for communities to engage with the institutions. It was noted that people care about taonga, not which institution it belongs to, and what is needed is sharing of power and mana. We should be thinking about user-centered strategies and how they view things, rather than what works for the institution. Audiences are institutional omnivores, but meanwhile the government encourages rivalry between organizations via funding models. Interestingly, institutions seem to be able to collaborate on war exhibits (or other collaborations that some people may see as 'pointless commemoration') but not anything else! Successful collaboration is work that is better together, not just done separately.
There was discussion around issues of equity and diversity. Although commercial art galleries in Australia have almost achieved gender parity, government-funded ones have not, and the government is not being held accountable for this. Some libraries don't use the Dewey Decimal System because local people want to find stuff in a way that works for them and their cultural understanding. It wouldn't make sense to have Dewey's system there. It was asked, how do we empower communities to speak for themselves and tell stories from their point of view? Even if we digitize materials, that's still us doing things from our view. It is up to boards to be leading on these kinds of issues, but boards can be weak and represent their institutions' interests rather than what they are supposed to represent: those of the communities they serve. Lip service isn't good enough; every university has a mission statement with equity, but how many of them are accountable to taking real action. It was mentioned that funding may end up benefiting individuals over the greater community, meaning the impact of receiving funding is uncertain. For example, if an institution receives funding for someone to take a te reo course, that helps that person, but it doesn't actually flow on to the community, though the hope is that it will in the long term. Regarding encouraging more Maori into the sector, it was mentioned that training models need to be changed; in one instance, getting iwi interns in has worked well because they can see what it's like to work with the collections.
archivecultural heritageculturedatadigital humanitiesgalleryGLAMinfrastructurelibrarymuseumNew Zealand
Previous Post:Notes from Science Fiction Research Association Conference 2019
Notes from Science Fiction Research Association Conference 2019
Comparisons between Naomi Alderman's The Power and the Dune Series
Notes from Gender and Education Association Conference 2018
Categories Select Category Barcamp Conference Digital Humanities Digital Technology Education Feminism Literature Science Fiction Seminar Travel
Archives Select Month December 2019 July 2019 February 2019 January 2019 December 2018 October 2017 April 2017 March 2017 December 2016 November 2016 October 2016 July 2016 June 2016 May 2016 April 2016 December 2015 November 2015 October 2015 September 2015 August 2015


Our Cella Rug is hand woven from jute and has a pleasing circular pattern. The grey and ivory flatweave rug reverses to the identical color and pattern. Cella features fringed ends. As each rug is hand woven slight variations in dyes and weave are to be expected.


How to make the ordinary taste extraordinary!
These are just a few of our suggested Oil and Balsamic pairings...The possibilities are endless! We encourage sampling of our products so you can come up with your own unique dressing or marinade.
Our Tapenades can be used for adding flavor to your favorite dish. Toss a few spoonfuls with cooked pasta, use them as a filling for omelets, as a spread on sandwiches, they are great cooked with chicken or shrimp, use them to make pizza, add them to olive oil to make an amazing marinade or salad dressing.
Lemon, Blood Orange or Lime Olive Oil...Marinate chicken, seafood or pork.
Blood Orange Olive Oil...Substitute for regular oil in your favorite brownie recipe.
Butter olive oil...Awesome on baked potatoes, vegetables or any other use instead of butter, put in a spray bottle and use on popcorn.
Tuscan Herb or Garlic Herb Olive Oil...Great on poultry and seafood. Toss with cooked pasta. Substitute for butter when making grilled cheese sandwiches. Use this when cooking omelets to add amazing flavor. Brush on Pita bread, put in a 400 degree oven for about 10 minutes, then cut into Pita chips.
Espresso or Hickory Balsamic...Brush on steaks, add a few drops to ground beef when making burgers.
Chocolate or Vanilla Balsamic...Brush on pears, peaches, bananas, and pineapples then sear on the grill.
Apricot or Vanilla Balsamic...Brush on pork when grilling. Also use with pork in crockpot, add some thinly sliced Vidalia onions, baby carrots, salt and black pepper.
Pineapple and White Raspberry Balsamic...Use with pork or ham.
Rosato or White Raspberry Balsamic...Use on a bed of fresh greens with some crumbled Feta, walnuts and fresh black pepper.
Cranberry Balsamic with Blood Orange Olive Oil...Use on roasted sweet potatoes or roasted carrots.
Thai Chili Olive Oil with Lime Olive Oil...A great marinade for chicken and pork and shrimp. Also great when drizzled over our homemade hummus.
Dark Cherry, Dark Raspberry or Blueberry Balsamic...A great marinade for meats, especially prime rib, just add salt and pepper.
Katerina's Finest Extra Virgin Greek Olive Oil and Parmesan Asiago Spread...Mix a few spoonfuls of the spread with the olive oil. This makes a great marinade and dressing. Easy grilled Chicken Caesar Salad: Marinate chicken breasts in the dressing for about 2 hours before grilling. While grilling, occasionally brush with dressing. Slice a head of Romaine lettuce in half lengthwise, brush the dressing on the cut side, then put the same side on the grill until seared. Put each half of Romaine on a plate, top with sliced chicken breast. Garnish with tomato wedges and drizzle with more dressing * Keep dressing used on raw chicken separate from rest of dressing to avoid cross contamination!


text:
Farchacarus är ett släkte av kvalster. Farchacarus ingår i familjen Heterozetidae.

Kladogram enligt Catalogue of Life:

Källor

Spindeldjur
Farchacarus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The development of modern mass media, such as newspapers, posters, photography and film, was accelerated by the war and used for propaganda purposes. For the first time, the telephone was used as a means of communicating the events of the war. Handbills posted on walls helped to spread the constantly new reports about what was happening in the war. The mass use of airborne flyers as a targeted means of psychological warfare was new. Soldiers wrote countless letters and postcards home and received just as much post from their loved ones. Keeping war diaries also quickly became popular. Books and magazines in particular were subject to systematic censorship.


Western Europe's hdPE capacity is around 5m tonne/year, against an apparent consumption of 4.8m tonne/year, says consultancy CMAI. Growth rates for 1998-2004 are forecast at around 4.7%/year. However, in 1999 domestic sales by west European producers were 8% up on the previous year as low European prices in the first half of the year kept imports at low levels. Import levels increased in the final quarter of 1999 as European prices improved and Asian sellers looked to alternative markets at a time when Chinese buying interest was low. Supply in Europe will rise significantly at the end of this year with the addition of two new plants, combined with expansions at other units, exerting downward pressure on prices.
HdPE pricing has come under pressure at the start of the year after a succession of price hikes from March last year. Producers attribute this to slow seasonal demand and some destocking of inventories built up at the end of last year. Film grades have been subject to some price erosion in February, tracking movements in ldPE and lldPE, also used in film applications, with prices quoted at DM1.88-1.93/kg. Injection moulding and blow moulding grades have generally rolled over from January and are quoted at DM1.85-1.90/kg in February. Most producers are targeting hikes of around 10pfg/kg for March with the expectation of stronger demand and higher ethylene costs in quarter two as crude and naphtha costs continue to surge.
HdPE is characterised by its high thermal resistance and strength properties. Extrusion grades are typically used for wire and cable, sheets and thermoforming while blow moulding applications and injection moulding grades are typically used for bottles and containers of varying sizes.
HdPE is produced by slurry, solution or gas phase processes, the latter being able to 'swing' between hdPE and lldPE. The traditional Ziegler-Natta and chromium catalysts have been joined by metallocene catalysts which are claimed to give improved properties. Metallocenes also allow slurry loop operators to enter the lldPE market, blurring the historical boundaries between the PEs. Bimodal processes, using twin slurry or gas phase or a combination of reactors, claim to produce resins competitive with those from metallocenes. Montell has developed a single, multizone reactor which can produce bimodal and multimodal PEs using Ziegler-Natta or single site catalysts. DuPont has granted a licence to BP Amoco for the manufacture of hdPE using iron and cobalt tridentate catalysts.
New hdPE plants are being commissioned by DSM and Elenac in Europe in the second half of this year. Elenac says its new 250 000 tonne/year hdPE plant in Wesseling, Germany, is almost mechanically complete and start-up is on track for mid-year. DSM's 300 000 tonne/year plant is Gelsenkirchen, Germany, is due slightly later in quarter three. In addition, BP Amoco is converting a 160 000 tonne/year linear low density plant (lldPE) in Grangemouth, UK, to hdPE and Borealis is debottlenecking its Stenungsund, Sweden, swing unit from 300 000 tonne/year to 420 000 tonne/year this year.
New Middle East capacity coming onstream over the coming years is also clouding the outlook for hdPE in Europe. Yanpet will commission 600 000 tonne/year in Yanbu and Kemya 150 000 tonne/year in Al Jubail later this year. Prices and margins are likely to come under pressure around the second half of the year. The situation is unlikely to improve until 2001, when demand catches up with supply.


General Service Administration to host Buyers and Sellers Workshops.
Taking place on March 6th, these workshops will provide attendees information about the purpose, benefits, and regulatory foundation of GSA's Schedules Program.
Seller attendees will learn the step by step process of obtaining a GSA contract. This presentation will also include a tutorial on how to leverage your GSA contract and maximize your exposure to federal, and even state and local, agencies.
For Buyer attendees, this workshop will help you understand the characteristics and Schedule flexibilities throughout the acquisition life-cycle, including planning, market research, and task/delivery order functions and requirements. The presentation will include an overview of GSA's eTools: GSA Advantage, GSA eBuy, and GSA eLibrary.
The 7th Annual Maritime Security East is the twenty-sixth maritime security program hosted by Homeland Security Outlook since 2011, Maritime Security West furthers a commitment to address the needs of federal, state and local agencies, law enforcement, and military to counter the challenges of securing coastlines, inland waterways, ports and critical infrastructure.
The program will be conducted in workshops, panels, and speaker sessions. This format will provide all participants the opportunity to learn and collaborate in an educational and interactive setting.
The 7th Annual Maritime Security East will showcase products, technologies and services that will support and enhance maritime security. The exhibition will consist of 30 companies that have highly relevant solutions and past performances in securing the maritime domain.


text:
"Serving those who serve in government"
Call now for a free consultation 888-351-0424
The Importance of Early Intervention
Representing Federal Employees
MSPB
Employee Investigations & Discipline
MSPB Merit Systems Protection Board
EEOC Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
OWCP Federal Workers' Compensation
Employee Investigations & Discipline Learn More
OPM Disability
Protecting federal worker rights in midst of 'distrumption'
On behalf of The Devadoss Law Firm, P.L.L.C. | Aug 31, 2017 | Employee Law
If you try to look up the word "distrumption" in the dictionary, you won't find it. That's one of the interesting things about language. It can change with the times, and right now, we think it might be argued that distrumption seems to express what is being felt throughout the federal government and its workforce. That is not a statement about the rightness or wrongness of what's happening – merely an observation of current conditions.
The array of news headlines related to this is testimony to the upheaval. Just within the Veterans Administration, there is the case of the former director of the Washington, D.C., VA Medical Center who is fighting agency findings that he "failed to provide effective leadership." At the same time, there is the case of a respected pain management doctor at a VA center in Missouri who says he's the victim of whistleblower retaliation after flagging bad opioid therapy management policies.
Workers are likely aware that federal employees and government contract workers have broad protections and rights under a variety of laws. In many cases, workers may also enjoy protective benefits resulting from collective bargaining contracts. Laws can be changed, however, as Congress showed earlier this year with the passage of the Department of Veterans Affairs Accountability and Whistleblower Protection Act. And differing interpretations of contracts can trigger significant job-threatening disputes.
As the landscape is ever changing, workers concerned about protecting their careers and their livelihoods are bound to face uncertainty when trying to determine how to protect themselves. This is where seeking the help of experienced legal counsel can help and we invite you to contact us to learn more.
Employee Discrimination (101)
Employee Disputes (111)
Employee Law (40)
Employee Rights (146)
Federal Employment Law (10)
Hostile Work Environment (6)
OPM – Disability Retirement (2)
OWCP – Federal Workers' Compensation (25)
Whistleblower Protection (18)
Delimiting EEOC rule on union reps called "outrageous and hypocritical"
Troubling survey results on discrimination for FEMA
A continuing look at whistleblowing activity: Are there clarifying standards?
Protected or unlawful: The whistleblowing line can be "blurry"
Contact UsFree Consultation
We Understand That Your Federal Career Is On The Line
Contact us to discuss your case with federal employment lawyers who know what is at stake for you. We offer a free consultation, and our fee structures are designed to meet your needs.
Dallas Law Office Map
235 Peachtree Street Northeast
Atlanta, GA 30303Phone: 404-478-7885
1629 K. Street
Washington, DC 20006Phone: 202-349-3953
Washington Law Office Map
© 2021 The Devadoss Law Firm, P.L.L.C.. All Rights Reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Esprimo P2549 was shipped with different mainboards during its lifespan. you will need to check what board ist installed. It may be D2840 or a D30xx or maybe even another one. Some later models were available not only with E8500 but even with quad Core2Duo cpus, including the Q9650.


text:
Biorobotics is an interdisciplinary science that combines the fields of biomedical engineering, cybernetics, and robotics to develop new technologies that integrate biology with mechanical systems to develop more efficient communication, alter genetic information, and create machines that imitate biological systems.

Cybernetics
Cybernetics focuses on the communication and system of living organisms and machines that can be applied and combined with multiple fields of study such as biology, mathematics, computer science, engineering, and much more.

This discipline falls under the branch of biorobotics because of its combined field of study between biological bodies and mechanical systems. Studying these two systems allow for advanced analysis on the functions and processes of each system as well as the interactions between them.

History
Cybernetic theory is a concept that has existed for centuries, dating back to the era of Plato where he applied the term to refer to the "governance of people". The term cybernetique is seen in the mid 1800s used by physicist André-Marie Ampère. The term cybernetics was popularized in the late 1940s to refer to a discipline that touched on, but was separate, from established disciplines, such as electrical engineering, mathematics, and biology.

Science
Cybernetics is often misunderstood because of the breadth of disciplines it covers. In the early 20th century, it was coined as an interdisciplinary field of study that combines biology, science, network theory, and engineering. Today, it covers all scientific fields with system related processes. The goal of cybernetics is to analyze systems and processes of any system or systems in an attempt to make them more efficient and effective.

Applications
Cybernetics is used as an umbrella term so applications extend to all systems related scientific fields such as biology, mathematics, computer science, engineering, management, psychology, sociology, art, and more. Cybernetics is used amongst several fields to discover principles of systems, adaptation of organisms, information analysis and much more.

Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering is a field that uses advances in technology to modify biological organisms. Through different methods, scientists are able to alter the genetic material of microorganisms, plants and animals to provide them with desirable traits. Genetic engineering is included in biorobotics because it uses new technologies to alter biology and change an organism's DNA for their and society's benefit.

History
Although humans have modified genetic material of animals and plants through artificial selection for millennia (such as the genetic mutations that developed teosinte into corn and wolves into dogs), genetic engineering refers to the deliberate alteration or insertion of specific genes to an organism's DNA. The first successful case of genetic engineering occurred in 1973 when Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen were able to transfer a gene with antibiotic resistance to a bacterium.

Science
There are three main techniques used in genetic engineering: The plasmid method, the vector method and the biolistic method.

Plasmid method
This technique is used mainly for microorganisms such as bacteria. Through this method, DNA molecules called plasmids are extracted from bacteria and placed in a lab where restriction enzymes break them down. As the enzymes break the molecules down, some develop a rough edge that resembles that of a staircase which is considered 'sticky' and capable of reconnecting. These 'sticky' molecules are inserted into another bacteria where they will connect to the DNA rings with the altered genetic material.

Vector method
The vector method is considered a more precise technique than the plasmid method as it involves the transfer of a specific gene instead of a whole sequence. In the vector method, a specific gene from a DNA strand is isolated through restriction enzymes in a laboratory and is inserted into a vector. Once the vector accepts the genetic code, it is inserted into the host cell where the DNA will be transferred.

Biolistic method
The biolistic method is typically used to alter the genetic material of plants. This method embeds the desired DNA with a metallic particle such as gold or tungsten in a high speed gun. The particle is then bombarded into the plant. Due to the high velocities and the vacuum generated during bombardment, the particle is able to penetrate the cell wall and inserts the new DNA into the cell.

Applications
Genetic engineering has many uses in the fields of medicine, research and agriculture. In the medical field, genetically modified bacteria are used to produce drugs such as insulin, human growth hormones and vaccines. In research, scientists genetically modify organisms to observe physical and behavioral changes to understand the function of specific genes. In agriculture, genetic engineering is extremely important as it is used by farmers to grow crops that are resistant to herbicides and to insects such as BTCorn.

Bionics
Bionics is a medical engineering field and a branch of biorobotics consisting of electrical and mechanical systems that imitate biological systems, such as prosthetics and hearing aids. It's a portmanteau that combines biology and electronics.

History
The history of bionics goes as far back in time as ancient Egypt. A prosthetic toe made out of wood and leather was found on the foot of a mummy. The time period of the mummy corpse was estimated to be from around the fifteenth century B.C. Bionics can also be witnessed in ancient Greece and Rome. Prosthetic legs and arms were made for amputee soldiers. In the early 16th century, a French military surgeon by the name of Ambroise Pare became a pioneer in the field of bionics. He was known for making various types of upper and lower prosthetics. One of his most famous prosthetics, Le Petit Lorrain, was a mechanical hand operated by catches and springs. During the early 19th century, Alessandro Volta further progressed bionics. He set the foundation for the creation of hearing aids with his experiments. He found that electrical stimulation could restore hearing by inserting an electrical implant to the saccular nerve of a patient's ear. In 1945, the National Academy of Sciences created the Artificial Limb Program, which focused on improving prosthetics since there were a large number of World War II amputee soldiers. Since this creation, prosthetic materials, computer design methods, and surgical procedures have improved, creating modern-day bionics.

Science

Prosthetics
The important components that make up modern-day prosthetics are the pylon, the socket, and the suspension system. The pylon is the internal frame of the prosthetic that is made up of metal rods or carbon-fiber composites. The socket is the part of the prosthetic that connects the prosthetic to the person's missing limb. The socket consists of a soft liner that makes the fit comfortable, but also snug enough to stay on the limb. The suspension system is important in keeping the prosthetic on the limb. The suspension system is usually a harness system made up of straps, belts or sleeves that are used to keep the limb attached.

The operation of a prosthetic could be designed in various ways. The prosthetic could be body-powered, externally-powered, or myoelectrically-powered. Body-powered prosthetics consist of cables attached to a strap or harness, which is placed on the person's functional shoulder, allowing the person to manipulate and control the prosthetic as he or she deems fit. Externally-powered prosthetics consist of motors to power the prosthetic and buttons and switches to control the prosthetic. Myoelectrically-powered prosthetics are new, advanced forms of prosthetics where electrodes are placed on the muscles above the limb. The electrodes will detect the muscle contractions and send electrical signals to the prosthetic to move the prosthetic.

Hearing aids
Four major components make up the hearing aid: the microphone, the amplifier, the receiver, and the battery. The microphone takes in outside sound, turns that sound to electrical signals, and sends those signals to the amplifier. The amplifier increases the sound and sends that sound to the receiver. The receiver changes the electrical signal back into sound and sends the sound into the ear. Hair cells in the ear will sense the vibrations from the sound, convert the vibrations into nerve signals, and send it to the brain so the sounds can become coherent to the person. The battery simply powers the hearing aid.

Applications

Cochlear Implant
Cochlear implants are a type of hearing aid for those who are deaf. Cochlear implants send electrical signals straight to the auditory nerve, the nerve responsible for sound signals, instead of just sending the signals to the ear canal like normal hearing aids.

Bone-anchored (Baha) hearing aids
These hearing aids are also used for people with severe hearing loss. Baha hearing aids attach to the bones of the middle ear to create the sound vibrations in the skull and send those vibrations to the cochlea.

Artificial sensing skin
This artificial sensing skin detects any pressure put on it and is meant for people who have lost any sense of feeling on parts of their bodies, such as diabetics with peripheral neuropathy.

Bionic eye
The bionic eye is a bioelectronic implant that restores vision for people with blindness.

Orthopedic bionics
Orthopedic bionics consist of advanced bionic limbs that use a person's neuromuscular system to control the bionic limb.

Endoscopic robotics
These robotics can remove a polyp during a colonoscopy.

See also

 Android (robot)
 Bio-inspired robotics
 Molecular machine#Biological
 Biological devices
 Biomechatronics
 Biomimetics
 Cultured neural networks
 Cyborg
 Cylon (reimagining)
 Nanobot
 Nanomedicine
 Plantoid
 Remote control animal
 Replicant
 Roborat
Technorganic

References

External links
 The BioRobotics Lab. Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University *
 Bioroïdes - A timeline of the popularization of the idea (in French)
 Harvard BioRobotics Laboratory, Harvard University
 Locomotion in Mechanical and Biological Systems (LIMBS) Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University
 BioRobotics Lab in Korea
 Laboratory of Biomedical Robotics and Biomicrosystems, Italy
 Tiny backpacks for cells (MIT News)
 Biologically Inspired Robotics Lab, Case Western Reserve University
 Bio-Robotics and Human Modeling Laboratory - Georgia Institute of Technology
 Biorobotics Laboratory at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Switzerland)
 BioRobotics Laboratory, Free University of Berlin (Germany)
 Biorobotics research group, Institute of Movement Science, CNRS/Aix-Marseille University (France)
 Center for Biorobotics, Tallinn University of Technology (Estonia)

Biopunk
Biotechnology
Cyberpunk
Cybernetics
Fictional technology
Postcyberpunk
Health care robotics
Science fiction themes
Robotics