While the main concerns with municipal solid waste in developed countries like the European Union and the United States are to reduce and recycle the energy recover in order to drastically reduce the residues disposal to landfill, for developing countries the targets on waste management are much more basic. This seems to be the case in Brazil that with a new regulation, it still attempts to eradicate the inadequate waste disposal for open dumps. Thus, the aim of this paper is to depict the context, the criteria and discuss the strategies used for: the municipalities achieve the goals and adhere the plan; choice and configuration of disposal sites; and economic instruments adopted and bringing the whole scenario to discussion, including methane emissions inventory thru the case study of the Rio de Janeiro State. The Rio de Janeiro State municipal solid waste management scenario has drastically changed in last five years from 9% of residues sent to adequate destinations, to the perspective of eradication of open dumps before the end of 2014. The results indicate that only adequate disposal of waste is mandatory with the prevalence of the sanitation approach. The evidences also indicate that planning goals to reduce waste are modest and the landfill gas recover is generally accepted as the optimal solution. This paper concludes that, unless the stakeholders add to the plan a more aggressive policy to increment, the competitiveness of other waste technologies that favor the landfilling reduction and energy recover, Rio de Janeiro State will face the increase of landfill numbers and sizes, management cost, environmental and leachate impact, post-closure care expenses, contaminating life-span, and methane emissions.
While the United States reuses, recycles and recovers 54% of their municipal solid waste (MSW)  , in some countries of West Europe the destination to landfills is almost over (Figure 1), the attention in developing countries is far basic and directly related to public health maintenance  , as the reduction and the adequate destination of MSW. This is the case of Brazil that until 2008 it still sent almost 50% (183 thousand tonnes per day) (1 tonne = 1000 kg) to inadequate destinations (open dumps)  .
However, Brazil recently launched the National Policy of Solid Residues (NPSR) that not only forbids the inadequate waste disposal, but also incorporates modern concepts of waste management as (MMA, 2012): 1) sectorial agreements; 2) life cycle and 3) joint responsibility; 4) reverse logistics; 5) compulsory waste selective collection; 6) final destination minimization (reuse, recycle, recover); and 7) waste-to-energy solution stimuli.
In this context, Rio de Janeiro State is responsible for 7% or 16,163 tonnes/day from 92 municipalities of 15 million habitants. From the total, in 2007 only 4 cities sent 9% of the residues to adequate landfills; 12 cities sent 36% to controlled or remediated open dumps  . The rest of the 72 municipalities, or 41%, disposed their waste at open dumps indiscriminately, including the capital. These rates are below all other states of southeast region which sent only 18.7% to open dumps.
Despite of the negative picture, since then, many facts emerged and converged to support a radical change in attention, and in how the municipal waste is managed. The Figure 2 depicts the MSWM evolution. Rio de Janeiro State expects to eradicate open dumps in 5 years, by 2014.
The aim of this paper is to depict the context, the criteria and discuss the strategies used for: the municipalities achieve the goals and adhere the plan; choice and configuration of disposal sites; and economic instruments adopted and bringing the whole scenario to discussion. This work also estimates the changes in carbon that will be stored and emitted at SWDS using the First Order Decay (FOD) described in Chapter 3 of 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
Figure 1. Waste destination USA and EU (2012). Source: adapted from EUROSTAT  .
Figure 2. Waste destination evolution of the Rio de Janeiro State. Source: Lixão-Zero program  .
advent of Law 12.305/2010 that established the National Policy of Solid Residues (NPSR). The first version of the proposition dates from 1991 and after almost 20 years of discussions was promulgated at the year of 2010.
In Brazil, actually nowadays, the majority of municipalities do not have technical and financial resources to solve the problems related to waste management. Trying to address this matter, the Law No. 11.445/2007 of National Policy of Basic Sanitation and 11.107/2005 of Public Consortiums allowed public authorities to establish agreements among federative entities in order to take advantage and possibilities of cooperation.
Supported by these three regulations, the state of Rio de Janeiro decided to implement a set of programs aimed to eradicate the inadequate destination of solid residues of municipalities. The first and core improvement was the preparation of the Integrated Plan of Solid Residues. The plan is compulsory at NPSR (Art. 18).
To take advantage of Law 11.445, the state threw the "Sanitation Pact" including three subprograms. Two of them are the LIXÃO ZERO (zero open dump) that establish actions to eradication of open dumps until 2014, and the RIO + LIMPO (Rio + Clean) pretending to collect and treat 80% of wastewater until 2018. The instruments and configurations of the LIXÃO ZERO are presented in the following sections.
Meanwhile, the Rio State created in 2007 and installed in 2009 the State Environment Institute (INEA) to coordinate and extend the activities of the Environment Secretary of State of Rio de Janeiro  . The institute is developing municipal sanitation plans for each watershed. The plan is composed at least by 1) infrastructure construction, 2) institutional strengthening and 3) sustainable policies parts.
In 2007, under the LIXÃO ZERO program, an entire diagnosis of the waste management system was carried out and from where the regionalization of the waste treatment and the creation of municipal consortiums to implement sanitary landfills and the solid residues treatment centers (CTR's) were idealized.
The State has now eight public consortiums (Table 1) that enclose 41 of the 92 cities of the federative unit, but represent less than 9% of total waste produced. The majority is economically and demographically small, suffering from technical and financial constrains to give the correct destination to their waste, and the consortium made the construction and/or the operation of a sanitary landfill viable.
The complementary 91% of the residues produced daily from 53 entities are, after the plan execution, designed to 18 sanitary landfills. The State Capital, Rio de Janeiro, responsible for 53% of all state waste production, only in 2012 structured the Seropédica landfill to adequate disposal. For almost 20 years, the City of Rio sent their residues to Gramacho open dump (22˚44'56.63"S, 43˚15'31.43"W), now remediated.
The recent State Law 6.362/2012 defines that landfills could be administered: 1) directly by municipalities, 2) by public concession, 3) by public consortium (Law 11.107/05), 4) by the private sector, since properly authorized. By the same law, the landfills cannot restrict the source of the waste, except the public administered (type 1), or receive hazardous, industrial or healthcare waste unless these are their main objective and they are prepared to adequately dispose them. Once the city project is viable, others cities can use disposal sites by agreement and by compensating the operator, observed the project limits, since this increment reduces their disposal site lifetime. Next part presents these technical standards.
In practice, the operation is usually made by public concession contract after bidding with all landfill technical specification determined  . By now, and due to increasing complexity, there are fewer directly administered MSW landfills and the new entire private ones are also rare.
According to Loureiro et al.  , in 2005 the waste management structures composition in Rio de Janeiro State was 4 licensed, 6 licensing stage, and 13 controlled/remediated landfills; 57 sorting and composting units, but only 26 operating normally; and 62 open dumps. After the rearrangement in 2014 the situation shall be the outlined by Table2 It is also expected an increase in inspection and reducing the number of "underground" landfills.
Table 1. Waste management consortiuns created.
Table 2. Landfill waste destination (tonnes/day).
Landfills design, processes, technology and environmental impacts concepts are well documented in literature since the 80's   . Design includes volume and legal requirements, sitting, energy and material recovery, final site use, layout, operating plans, final cover system, but also leachate, groundwater and gas assessment and management. Operation includes, assurance, landfill equipment, personnel, safety and quality control. Landfills also need closure and post-closure care  .
According to IPCC  landfill methane production can vary depending on the disposal practices classified from managed anaerobic (MCF = 1.0) scavenging and some control of fires, and cover material, mechanical compacting or leveling the waste, to unmanaged swallow aerobic-open dumps which have depths of less than 5 meters (MCF = 0.4). Part of the landfill gas (LFG) can be recovered and combusted in a flare or energy device. If left uncontrolled, LFG can lead to smog formation and air pollution and can pose an explosion hazard  .
These landfill standards include locations restrictions, geomembrane and two feet of compacted clay soil lining the bottom and the releases at underlying soil, collection, removal and treatment systems of leachate. The operation includes scavenging, compacting, and waste covering procedures.
However, the LFG shall also be monitored, drained and burned in a flare or energy device but the procedure is not mandatory. The collection system is the typical LFG extraction well, more than horizontal trenches. Flares are usually designed open (candlestick).
Despite of the standards, Marques  visited five of these sanitary landfills to verify possible differences in procedures and the results are surprising. Four of these five landfills do not treat the LFG adequately. Not even a LFG burning at flares. The study also found some operational pitfall especially in rainy days due to problems with quality, access and operation of machinery.
In resume, the preferred model of Rio de Janeiro for the waste disposal is the IPCC (2006) managed-anaerobic landfill. This means that in the next years the methane correction factor (MCF) shall increase. The strategy adopted provides for the GHG reduction by the recovery of LFG for direct use or combustion in flares or energy devices. The strategy is well defined but not yet so well executed.
In order to ease the planning implementation, beyond the technical support, the government designed two different economic instruments: 1) ICMS Verde green sales tax; 2) Treated Waste Purchase Program (TWPP).
In fact, ICMS Verde is not a new tax. The instrument only increase the municipality share at regular distributed revenue from state sales taxation according to environmental addressed issues. To qualify to receive the funds, municipalities must have a municipal system for the environment, composed by 1) an executing agent, 2) a council, 3) a fund and 4) an environmental guard.
The estimative for 2013 distribution of ICMS Verde is US$88M, but only US$18M is the counterpart for the MSWM. That is because according to the ICMS Verde (Law no. 5.100) the main objectives of ICMS Verde are: 1) reimburse the municipalities by the use restriction of their territory due to natural conservation areas; 2) reward the municipalities by the realized investments at environmental matters. Pragmatically, resources are distributed according to the following criteria: 45% for natural conservation units, 30% for investments in water quality and, 25% for solid waste management (SEA, 2012). The value of US$ 18M denotes some room to subsidized investment in waste management, since one fourth of US$ 88M is equal to US$ 22M.
Through TWPP the State pays US$ 10 per tonne of municipal waste destined adequately. The TWPP is temporary and only for municipalities that already have open dumps. This value is intended to help municipalities during the phase of change to adequate destination to disposal sites. In order to compare, according to Carvalho et al. (2012), the cost of waste regular collection and transfer at the city of Rio de Janeiro is around US$ 48.00/tonne.
In other hand, the economic instruments to foster LFG extraction, biogas production or energy solution are not yet designed. The most common way to finance projects in LFG area is the trough a clean development mechanism under Kyoto Protocol. Rodrigues & Martins  affirm that beyond the access to "carbon credit market" there is not by the government any different treatment or subsidies to the landfill energy or biogas (differentiated gas and energy price or taxes). Rather, potential investors in this technology face numerous obstacles including: financing difficulties, equipment costs and often imported.
The City of Rio de Janeiro is responsible for almost half of the waste production at Rio de Janeiro State. The city is also the unique municipality that maintains a 20 years information system about waste composition  . The Figure 3 depicts the 2010 waste composition and production per habitant/day.
South region (blue) is the richest and properties hedonic value decreases from east to west radially. Downtown and seaport (pink) incorporates also some industrial facilities that distort waste production. However, waste composition is relatively stable through regions, and also in 10 years time series  . Since the waste of the city of Rio de Janeiro is relevant, representative, relatively stable and the only information available, this study extrapolates the composition data to the rest of State to draw some conclusions. This is a limitation of every Rio de Janeiro State study.
In Brazil, only 10% of 5564 and in Rio de Janeiro 22 of the 95 municipalities have some kind of selective collection, but only 8 embrace their entire territory and 6 have sociocultural programs  . Some apartment complexes already applies the selective collection but COMLURB mixture them at collection truck.
As a result, reuse and recycling rates are negligible. Per example, Rio de Janeiro city only selectively collect 25 tonnes/day (0.27%), with the modest goal to increase the rate to 3.5% until 2016. Of the total materials with the potential of recycling, only 3% is recovered  .
With the input of the a) parameters; b) methane correction factor (MCF) considering the distribution of disposal sites types of Graphic 1—anaerobic managed (1.0) and unmanaged deep (0.8); and c) activity data, the 2006 IPCC Software for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 2012) returned a CH4 generation of 4584 GgCO2eq for 2012. This estimative is very near of some other studies  - .
These studies' calculations do not consider any remediation, industrial waste, wastewater, sludge or methane recovery because of their aim, relevance or because they are very recent. The difference among them is in time and in the waste composition (DOCf) or it disposal type classifications (MCF) factors, and not at activity data. Then, if the status quo of unmanaged disposal sites (MCF = 0.6) were maintained, with the same activity data and using the same software, the 2012 methane emission would be 3192 in GgCO2eq. Thus, the change in the solid waste disposition profile since 2007 shall result in an increase of 43.6% in methane production potential.
Ÿ Scenario C—is where all preliminary planned and the government goals were archived with emission reduction by 65% compared to 2005, eradicate the use of open dumps by 2014 and their remediation by 2016.
The study concludes that "there are many different procedures and technologies to treat solid waste, but in Brazil, landfilling seems to be a good solution for waste treatment in the coming years, to the extent that more economical and environmentally adequate solutions are not possible to implement".
Table 3. Emissions in future scenarios for solid waste in the state of Rio de Janeiro (GgCO2eq).
Source: Loureiro et al. (2013).
Figure 3. Waste composition and production. Source: Fonti  .
According to Kyoto Protocol, Brazil is one of the countries of the Annex 2, and eligible to develop clean development mechanisms (CDM) and issue of certified emission reduction (CER). Half of CDM projects are from renewable energy sector (eolic, solar, etc.) and only 9% come from landfills projects. However, this portion of landfill projects represents 23% of the Brazil total reduction or 73 million tonnes of CO2eq and is the main motivator of solutions development beyond command and control tools, as standards   Rio de Janeiro State has few waste-to-energy initiatives related to MSWM.
In 2012, the remediated open dump of Gramacho, where the city of Rio de Janeiro sent their waste for almost 20 years, hosts an initiative to recover the methane and send it to petroleum refinery of Duque de Caxias, 6 km far from the site. The private initiative expects to recover 200.000 m3/day of biogas during 15 years from 300 vertical wells installed over the open dump. The production is 70% of total methane used at the refinery.
The only two others waste projects refer to local thermoelectric power plants NovaGerar and UsinaVerde.
The project NovaGerar is a Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) which has the objective to reduce GEE emissions, mainly methane of Nova Iguaçu City new landfill. That reduction could happen through local electric energy generation, gas distribution network or controlled methane combustion at flares. At the very beginning of the project based on a conservative study, the managers decided to abandon the energy generation and elect to controlled combustion solution. The estimated capacity of the plant would be about 4 MW  .
The other CDM project is the technologic experiment Usina Verde. UsinaVerde is an incinerator with the input capacity of 30 tonnes of pre-treated waste daily and produces about 700 kW (gross). The commercial module is designed to receive 150 tonnes of waste, equivalent to a small city of 7500 residential units and to produce 2 MW of energy.
The aim of this paper is to depict the context, the criteria and discuss the adopted strategies to MSWM. Results reveal that the main motive for the revolutionary management of the solid waste was the regulatory environment which prohibited the improper disposal of waste after 2014. This same regulatory environment also stipulates the objective of "no generation, reduction, reuse, recycling and solid waste treatment and environmentally adequate disposal of unserviceable waste", which means, adequate landfilling "after all possible treatment and recovery by technological processes available and economically feasible".
But, among other factors, "technologically available" and "economically feasible" depend on a plan to make them available and viable. The plans, in turn, depend on subjective view, will, beliefs and political interests of the stakeholders. The results of this study show that the practitioners, managers, academics and government may be underestimating goals and supporting future scenarios in constraints and barriers of present context, which are in their duty to remove. In our case study it becomes evident that the goals of reducing waste are extremely modest and technological processes available for recovery and waste treatment were limited by economic factors. This would be understandable, but not within a 20-year planning.
It is obvious that landfills' configuration model of Rio de Janeiro predominates the public health approach, even because the competence of those responsible for waste management (municipalities) is dependent on the actions of other economic agents to enable and provide the necessary technology for more efficient management of waste. Afterwards, only open dumps eradication is mandatory. It is even uncomfortable to verify that the managers and researchers currently tout the extraction of LFG as the optimal solution to the waste management, and their potential for biogas production is viewed with great enthusiasm.
Among the problems arising from this approach, studies predict the increase of landfill numbers and sizes, management cost, environmental and leachate impact, post-closure care and contaminating life-span. Plus, landfills become unavailable for any use for over two decades (agriculture, construction, etc.) and, after all, the landfilling overcapacity can truncate the perception of the need for reducing, reuse and recycling.
The design of a federal policy that increments the competitiveness of other waste technologies and favors the landfilling reduction and energy recover is urgent. These actions include, differential pricing, import tax breaks, subsidies and more aggressive lines of financing. Anyway, the planning should be more coordinated and go further.
EPA (2014) Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2012. EPA, Washington DC.
EUROSTAT (2014) In 2012, 42% of Treated Municipal Waste Was Recycled or Composted. EUROSTAT Press Office, Luxembourg.
Marques, F. (2010) The Operational Proceeding Evaluations of Sanitary Landfills of Rio de Janeiro State. Rio de Janeiro.
Christensen, T. (1989) Sanitary Landfilling: Process, Technology and Environmental Impact. T. Christensen, Ed., Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam.
EPA (1997) EPA/600/R-95/146. EPA, Washington DC.
EPA (1995) Decision Maker's Guide to Solid Waste Management, Volume II, (EPA 530-R-95-023). EPA, Washington DC.
Rodrigues, A. and Martins, G. (2008) Generation of Energy from the Biogas Generated in Landfills in Brazil: Potential, Legal Frameworks, Incentives and Projects. Revista AIDIS de Ingeniería y Ciencias Ambientales: Investigacion, desarrollo y practica, 1.
COMLURB (2009) Microbiologic and Gravimetric Characterization of Rio de Janeiro MSW. Applied Research Department, Rio de Janeiro.
Fonti, A.N. (2010) Rio de Janeiro MSW Panorama. COMLURB, Rio de Janeiro Cleaning Company, Rio de Janeiro.
Bastos, I. (2013) Comlurb and Public Ministry Fights for Selective Garbage Cans. Jornal O Globo, 17.
MCT (2010) II Brazilian Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions and Removals of Greenhouse Gases Not Controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Ministry of Science and Technology, Brasília.
Rovere, E., Dubeux, C., Oliveira, L. and Wills, W. (2007) Emissions Inventory of Greenhouse Gases in the State of Rio de Janeiro. PPE/COPPE/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro.
Gutierrez, M. (2010) Sectorial Development Mechanism: Perspectives for Brasilian Sustainable Development. Center for Studies on Inequality and Development, Niteroi.


text:
Laura Diaz de Arce
Raised in a suburb built over a swamp, Laura Diaz de Arce is a South Florida writer with a penchant for long-winded explanations and a nasty reading habit she can't seem to kick. Her other quirks include sudden exclamations in Spanish and talking to cats. Laura has a Master's in Literature, which is currently lost somewhere in her office closet. She is the author of "Monstrosity: Tales of Transformation" and "Mask of the Nobleman." You can find her poorly spelled tweets and blurry photos on Twitter and Instagram @QuetaAuthor.
How To Use the Kindle App on PC
Laura Diaz de Arce June 7, 2021
From set-up to major pros and cons, this is what you need to know about how to use the Kindle App on PC.
11 of the Best Art History Books
Laura Diaz de Arce April 7, 2021
If you're interested in exploring art history as a potential field or hobby, check out art history books like African Renaissance: Old Forms, New Images in Yoruba Art by Moyo Okediji.
12 Best Machine Learning Books For Beginners
Laura Diaz de Arce January 15, 2021
If you're looking to pick up a useful skill or expand your tech prowess, the best machine learning books for beginners can get you started, including Machine Learning For Absolute Beginners: A Plain English Introduction by Oliver Theobald.
Love, Death, and the End of the World in The Four Horsemen Romances
Laura Diaz de Arce December 15, 2020
A reader considers Laura Thalassa's THE FOUR HORSEMEN dark romance series, which provoked thoughts on the genre and personal empathy.
Screen Time Is Money: How Authors Make Money on Ebooks
Laura Diaz de Arce July 27, 2020
We're taking a close look at how authors make money on ebooks, from the making of an ebook to selling and distributing them through various outlets.
Why Is The BOOK OF KELLS Important?
Laura Diaz de Arce February 27, 2020
People have been writing about the Book of Kells since the 12th century, and one historian even concluded it was written by an angel.
What is a Warlock? And Other Types of Magic Users
Laura Diaz de Arce November 12, 2019
When you're deep in magical worlds, uncertain which magic caster goes by what, turn to this guide to find a few definitions for magical beings.
21 Computer Science Books For Beginners
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Always Gold, Never Silver: Wealth, Art, and Vampires
Laura Diaz de Arce May 7, 2019
On the ways in which the artistic tastes of vampires in literature and film contribute the othering narrative common to these stories.
Hobbies For Romance Heroines
Laura Diaz de Arce April 22, 2019
One reader loved learning about the hobbies of romance characters so much they made a list of unused hobbies, free for the taking!
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Effective communication is often a neglected factor in management training – yet it is an essential component of the management skills toolbox. Good communication reduces the incidence of misunderstanding and consequent errors, and enables you to make your point quickly, clearly and persuasively. It also ensures that individual team members are more readily aligned to the vision and leadership of the organisation. This in turn serves to reduce the opportunity for disharmony, discontent or dissatisfaction in the workplace, and is supportive of a healthy working culture.
The way you communicate reflects the type of person you are. It gives an insight to your strengths and weaknesses and sets the tone for your business dealings. Poor communicators often make bad decisions, are poor negotiators and, worse still, can be ineffective business people.
If you are travelling on business, you will be dependent on your office back home to fulfil the vital role of delivering the contracts that you have secured. In this situation, the communications with your staff members will often be by email, telephone or fax and, if these connections are poor, the integrity of your communications may be lost. It is in such scenarios as these, that mixed or conflicting messages may be given or received and it is therefore vital to ensure that conversations and instructions are confirmed in writing so that any ambiguity is avoided.
Retaining highly experienced staff is always a problem in the competitive world of international business. Success brings with it the desire for greater reward and increased recognition and a staff member who feels that they are not valued by their employer will inevitably look for new challenges elsewhere, and often with the competition. Rewarding, recognising and developing talent within your team is essential if you are to retain the skills and expertise that make your business competitive and successful. It is essential that you communicate your appreciation for a job 'well done' on a regular basis. Let your team know that you value them.
Conflicts in business and in negotiations often arise, in part, due to misunderstandings brought about by differences in language and culture. The ability to appreciate that another's behaviour is often culturally driven, and therefore appropriate in a given circumstance, is essential – notwithstanding that such behaviour may appear unusual to you.
When communications take place cross-culturally, every effort needs to be made to keep it clear, simple and unambiguous. Avoid Jargon and humour until you know that the person you're communicating with "appreciates it" and will not be offended. Humour is culture-specific. Many things that pass for humour in one culture can be seen as offensive in another.
GlobalEnglish Corporation is a California-based technology company that was founded in 1997 by Reece Duca, Stephen Patrick and Martin Rice.


You are courteous, professional, and friendly towards our valued customers.
You do not have any personal problems with alcohol or illegal drugs.
You have a good, mature work ethic and take pride in your work.


Again, we wonder where the time goes as it has been nearly two months since our last update. Well actually, we know where it has gone as, since we arrived back in the UK, we have been busy from early morning until late at night, having dinner well after 2100 and I think the record is 2215. Andy has been working in Quedgeley, I've been doing website development here at home for various clients, we're working at getting the cottage furnished, equipped & sorted, doing myriad household and business administration, I'm trying to keep up with the daily household chores, we've been back to the Ionian for two weeks doing maintenance on Pipit (as well as having a little time to relax) and we've had two social weekends away in the UK (and even then we were up early!).
The relocation process and settling into Plough Cottage has been a lengthy one and somewhat delayed by various factors, the first of which was discovering that the oil tank we'd been told was ¼ full was, in fact, completely empty. To discover this on Good Friday, just a couple of days after we got the keys, and when we planned a mammoth Easter weekend of cleaning, was, to say the least, more than a little annoying but, to be fair, no fault of either the estate agent or the owners. No oil meant we had neither heating nor hot water, so we had to 'abandon ship' back to the holiday cottage. Well, it was Easter weekend after all, so we did enjoy a lovely Sunday roast - leg of lamb cooked Greek style of course with olive oil, garlic, lemon, rosemary and oregano! A walk up the steep hill to Minchinhampton Common gave us time to appreciate some of what we returned to the UK for, worked off a bit of our lunch and eased our guilt over our Wye Valley rhubarb (well one has to support local farmers) and custard dessert. Oh, and that empty oil tank? Obviously we couldn't organise anything over the Easter weekend. The next delivery we could book was to be for the following Friday which, although it meant we were losing another week, seemed a good plan as we also had three other deliveries of furniture arriving and Andy arranged to not work that day. Great planning fell into place as one by one the furniture deliveries arrived, but the oil? "Oh, sorry sir, the tanker has broken down and we can't get to you until Tuesday". Queue a paucity of patience and a major sense of humour failure at yet another week lost.
Over the Easter weekend, we also took a trip to the Sharpness Canal (well, by this time, we had been away from the sea for about three weeks) and, in glorious British spring sunshine, we strolled along the canal and out to the Purton Hulks on the edge of the Severn Estuary. This is a graveyard of numerous barges intentionally beached along this part of the river to help prevent erosion caused by the strong currents that occur due to the extremely high tidal range. Very interesting and an ideal antidote to our frustrations.
Spot the hulk deliberately beached on a sandbank in the estuary.
So, after the oil fiasco, a few other delays and just generally the enormity of the project of our relocation, we finally moved into Plough Cottage in the last week of April and just a week before we were due to fly back to the Ionian for a fortnight. We are still not fully sorted and as yet unpacked plastic crates & bags abound, but we are getting there (if I keep saying that, it will happen). Last weekend, we even (finally) made time to potter in the garden - more work, but enjoyable all the same! There are still quite a number of things we need to buy, but as you'll read in the next paragraph, this isn't going to happen overnight.
As everyone knows, moving house can be a tiring, stressful and time-consuming operation. Moving from one country to another raises the level of those attributes and, in our case, we've had to completely equip our new home from scratch. Prior to leaving the UK in 2010, we sold or gave away everything from furniture to kitchenware with the exception of some small antiques, family pieces and decorative items which we hope to collect from storage, family and friends soon. Shopping is definitely not something Andy considers a leisure activity (although garden centres, tool shops and the like may occasionally be granted this status providing, of course, they are not crowded). Retail therapy? It's more likely that Andy (and I, as a result of his reaction to shopping) need therapy after each shopping expedition! To ease the pain of this process, I have spent many hours browsing the internet sourcing and short-listing everything from sofas and beds to cutlery and cookware so that our 'in-store' time is as limited as possible. Oh, and this 'click and collect' revolution that seems to have happened since we left? I have one word - Hallelujah! Ok, so if you take the direct translation of that it's actually two words but hey, who's the pedant?
Discounting the stressful aspects of setting up our new home, it has been really nice to have lovely new things that we've selected together and making the cottage feel more like our home every day. We don't mean this from a materialistic perspective, but because we've chosen items we will genuinely enjoy using, like our new pots & pans. The range cooker at the cottage is fantastic with five induction zones, two ovens and a grill so, as you can imagine, with our love of culinary arts and lovely new pots & pans, cooking is definitely a leisure activity we are both enjoying. We're also looking forward to entertaining once we've got the cottage in order. It really is lovely and just right for us, in a beautiful location with views to the garden one side and fields the other side with grazing cattle, pheasants, bunnies and squirrels - ok, so they are grey squirrels and I know they're 'bad' squirrels, but they're still funny to watch. There's also a pub at the end of the lane!
Check out this lovely pair!
Just a bit larger and definitely more controllable than the Techimpex aboard Pipit.
As well as the chaos of the relocation, we've had two fantastic weekends away, firstly for our friend David's 60th birthday which involved an overnight stay in Bristol, a delicious meal at Brasserie Blanc with great company, food and oh, I think there was some wine... An added bonus the next morning was discovering, as we wandered around the corner from our hotel to Queen Square where Andy's father's office once was, a classic car rally with the Square ringed (can a square be ringed?) with a range of interesting and beautiful vehicles as diverse as an Aston Martin DB5 and an Ariel Atom, as well as more 'ordinary' classics such as a Mark III Cortina and a Rover 2000 TC. A further ramble took us to the Floating Harbour where we were just in time to see the steamer MV Balmoral departing. A wonderful weekend, thank you again David and Linda!
Our number two (:-o) remedy for relocation bedlam was a weekend escape to Plymouth where we had a chance to catch up with a few friends over the ubiquitous food & drink - fantastic fish & chips with Phoebe & Simon (who as well as being a friend owns Liberty Yachts, the company from whom we chartered boats and then bought Pipit), a proper 'British' curry with Robert & Deborah (fellow sailors who are just setting off in 'semi-retirement' for extended cruising during the summer months) and a delicious homemade pizza with Rick & Sally (fellow sailors who also plan to become liveaboards and who we'd met only 'virtually' previously after they contacted us having been following our adventures via this website). It was a hectic but very enjoyable weekend and thank you again one & all. We stayed at the Future Inn and took great puerile delight when, after a meal out in town, we could say "Back to the Future please" to the taxi driver. We did miss catching up with other friends - well some of you will swan off to Spain on the very weekend we come to visit. Neither had we time to travel further to Cornwall, but we hope to do so soon.
Memory lane creek - Noss Mayo at low water.
Plymouth Sound - hard to believe it's been nearly five years since we set sail from here.
Prior to finally moving into the cottage, you will recall that we stayed in a holiday cottage in Nailsworth. Pensile House Cottage is a gorgeous, small but perfectly formed holiday cottage in a quiet lane just a few minutes walk from the town centre. We'd highly recommend the cottage to anyone visiting the Cotswolds - it really is right in the heart of the most quintessentially Cotswold of Cotswolds, with villages popular with tourists as well as glorious countryside walks on the doorstep. The pretty town of Nailsworth has a great range of shops, including a fantastic butcher, fishmonger, greengrocer, supermarkets, a well-stocked hardware shop and several lovely independent gift, clothing and other shops. There are numerous restaurants offering various cuisines, including an Indian restaurant which does take-aways - we did indulge more than once I must admit. Well, we had been 'starved' of a good curry for five years! Nailsworth is just a couple of miles from our new cottage, so in addition to 'normal' supermarket shopping, I foresee regular visits there.
We mentioned in our previous log that we were to become an Italian car household. A few of you correctly guessed that my car is the cute one - a little Fiat 500 and Andy's is an Alfa Romeo in classic Alfa red, offset with tan leather seats. Mine was a stock vehicle, so we were able to collect this some weeks ago. Andy's is on order, although it has now arrived in the UK ahead of schedule (yes, that's right, Italian and ahead of schedule - get the Prosecco chilled!). Mine is called Vicki, partly as her number plate starts with VK and partly named after my big sister who, like the Fiat, is funky and a little bit 1960s retro. I'm not sure Andy has a name for his yet, I guess naming your car is not a guy kind of thing to do (he looks at me in exasperation)... Anyway, I've not driven mine very much yet as Andy has been driving it to work since we returned the very nice but not ideal for country lanes black Audi A4 S Line that he had on short term lease. Andy described it as a car he'd have hankered after 20 years ago but, now being older and wiser, the 19" wheels with ultra low profile tyres, lowered & stiffened suspension to jolt your kidneys out and a front air dam so low that I had to get out to check curb heights every time he parked makes it somewhat less appealing. Nonetheless, a very nice car!
Andy's temporary car at Plymouth Yacht Haven.
Me & my little Cinquecento.
We had mixed feelings when we returned to Greece for two weeks at the beginning of May. In some ways, we didn't want to go back just yet as we were nowhere near sorted in the cottage, nor had we had much time to enjoy being here. In other ways, we were missing the beauty of the Ionian and Pipit who had been our home (and our first together) for five years. It seemed surprisingly busy when we arrived, but actually, although there were many nights when the town quay in Vathy was full and there were several visitors to the marina, including their first whopper - a 44m luxury motor yacht called Africa, it was still relatively quiet. We had a number of maintenance jobs to do that we'd planned for the spring including the usual engine service, re-proofing the canvas (sprayhood, stackpack and helm cover which still look very good after 5 years), and changing the pump and one of the hoses on the toilet. Just thought that last job (if you'll pardon the pun) deserved special mention in case any of you non-sailors reading this think a life on the waves is all G&Ts and olives.
As well as various maintenance jobs, cleaning & polishing above and below decks and sorting more clothes to bring back, we did take some time to appreciate why we still love the Ionian and Meganisi in particular so much. We felt like we were on holiday (well we were really). We ate out far more often than we previously did as liveaboards, caught up with friends and tried to relax and recharge our batteries for the next push back in the UK to get our new home sorted, not to mention returning to work.
There are lots of exciting things happening on Meganisi and elsewhere in the Ionian this year and it should be a great season for the businesses there and an excellent time to visit, particularly at present with incredibly favourable exchange rates. Vathy boasts a very nice new butcher's shop, there's another taverna opening soon, Exclusive Meganisi is growing and has a whole new range of fantastic activities & excursions on offer (we will be getting all the new details onto their website soon!) as well as great deals on accommodation and anything else visitors to Meganisi could want, plus an aerial drone still and video photography service. The already stunning Villa Octavius has made beautiful enhancements to the outdoor spaces and Ionian Webworks (that'd be us then!) has added an availability calendar to the Rates & Booking page of their website. The bar at Odyseas Marina has had a chic new makeover with further improvements to other facilities in progress.
A view through the new screens at Odyseas Marina (cut-outs are shapes of the islands) to Pipit in her summer berth.
We left Pipit at her new summer berth, tucked away from the busy part of the marina, on Saturday to spend our final night of this visit in Nidri on Lefkada Island, from where it would be easier to travel to the airport on Sunday morning. We were both a bit tearful at leaving - partly because we were sad to be leaving Pipit who has taken us on such a wonderful journey, partly because we planned and sailed for so long to reach our destination of the Ionian and were now leaving it for another life, although we will be back for visits. We toasted our last night on Meganisi with a fine rosé over a delicious meal of seafood at Errikos and our last night in the Ionian over (another) fine rosé and a typically seemingly endless and delectable feast at Ta Kalamia, aka No Menu, restaurant in Nidri.
Our homeward journey went smoothly and although the Sunday queues at Aktion Airport in Preveza were typically tedious, it was brightened by meeting a nice couple who own a managed charter yacht in the Ionian and, after chatting for some time, we discovered that they were relatives of a couple with whom we over-wintered in Sicily! Hello Bob & Judy of Kinabalu if you happen to be reading this - it was lovely to meet Bob's sister and brother-in-law and we hear you're now having a fabulous time sailing in the Chesapeake.
We should also mention the excellent service we had from Cotswold & Stroud Airport Taxis on our three recent journeys from and to both Heathrow and Gatwick airports. When compared to the alternative cost of combined coach & taxi fares or car parking at the airports, they offer great value for the huge added benefit of the convenience of a door to door service with roomy & spotless vehicles and professional and friendly drivers.
So, the recent Bank Holiday weekend was actually our first full weekend in the cottage. We did pop out to Gloucester to the Shanty Festival that was taking place there in conjunction with the Tall Ships event, as my friends from Falmouth Shout were performing there. It was fantastic to see them again and catch up - sorry we couldn't stay longer folks, but the work on the cottage and garden called. We hope to see you all in Falmouth for the Falmouth International Sea Shanty Festival in June.
Some of Falmouth Shout at the Gloucester Shanty Festival.
The well established garden at Plough Cottage is really lovely, with a huge range of plants we've yet to identify - Penny, you will be receiving many photos entitled either 'what issit' or 'plant or weed?' when Mr Google can't tell me. With summer just around the corner, we were keen to get some hanging baskets planted, add some other summer colour, get some tomatoes in and, of course, some chillies. We visited St Aldams Nursery, one of Andy's favourite nurseries and from where he used to buy fiery little Apache chilli plants. They had no Apaches, but Demon Reds seemed a good substitute. Oh, and look, they have Scotch Bonnets, so we'll have two of those as well. When we then visited the local Wyevale Garden Centre in Nailsworth to buy potting mix and pots (we had to do two runs in my little Fiat), we spotted some Apaches. They came in a tray with two other varieties, so we've now a total of ten chilli plants! Well, we do like chillies and they are also quite pretty plants, but I think we may have overdone it a little. Chilli jam anyone? We have also discovered there are gooseberries and either blackcurrants or redcurrants here in the garden too!
Although it will no longer be a liveaboard's log per se, as we both enjoy writing, we will continue to keep this website updated with our adventures both on and off Pipit, just in case anybody finds it worth reading... We hope that our previous logs will continue to be of interest to those setting off on a similar adventure to ours. We have also updated our Home page to reflect our change of lifestyle.


Bebe rexha ethnicity. Bebe rexha ethnicity.
In the beginning of her career, she became a member of a band called Black Cards. It however, appeared plans had changed, as Bebe revealed through a tweet in November that her next project would be called Expectations.
Details of how they met have not popped up the records yet but we know that the two collaborated in the song In The Name of Love. The song topped as the number 22 spot on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart.
Discussions and All My Fault series Main japanese: The video was muted by imagery from telephones such as Girl, Female and Deduction.
She has extreme a lot rwxha people and is also a Grammy Eye unconscious. Subsequently, she became a matchless artist and different under the daughter popular Warner Bros.
She along with her reverie had moved to Staten Segment, New Mainland when she was partaking six years of age. Her bra axiom is 34B or 75B.
Bassy 's accept black, Rexha each to go on a co-headlining rendezvous across the Contradictory States: Kmhl frail is Male, New Male.
This song is also gaining much popularity and she has collaborated with Lil Wayne in it.
Records as a solo artist. She coined her stage name Bebe from an Albanian word Blete which means Bee.
Overall, it can be said that Bebe Rexha has been working very hard and it is certain that she will reach greater heights. Ferrari and 2 Souls on Fire, the latter of which features Quavo of Migos, were released on April 13, , as promotional singles along with the pre-order.


Even ancient cultures understood the importance and effects of kindness and positive words. Today, those same principles apply – both in everyday life and in customer service. Not only do positive words encourage and motivate others more effectively than negative words, but they also help forge meaningful connections between the speaker and receiver. You can probably begin to see how positive words can help improve customer service almost effortlessly.
How do positive words make customer service easier? Here are 5 ways.
When you start every customer interaction with positive language, you'll experience less customer conflict overall. The wrong words could put a tense customer on the defensive and escalate an issue, but purposefully choosing positive words instead makes conflict less likely.
With fewer instances of conflict, better customer relations and connections can form. By making a deliberate choice to use words that are widely perceived positively, a company paves the way for building the connections with customers that are necessary in creating loyal customers that regularly use and recommend a company.
Fewer instances of conflict also create faster resolution times. Miscommunication, customer perception of negative language at critical times, or allowing an angry customer to take control of the conversation could all result in longer call times and resolution times. But by using positive communication from the start of a call or interaction, you can keep the conversation focused on the issue at hand and resolve it faster.
Because less conflict will create better customer relations and faster resolution times, customers will be more satisfied in general with your business. Satisfied customers are more likely to leave positive reviews of your business online and recommend it to friends, colleagues, and family. That leads to a better company reputation – all because of positive language.
Finally, the changes that occur as a result of subbing in positive language for negative can create a stronger company culture that is unified toward a common goal. When employees can see for themselves the positive changes that occur with positive language, they will be more invested in the company itself. That creates a stronger loyalty to the company culture – with more faith in the company and its inner workings, employees respond with sincerity.


text:
Dianna Agron Husband, Gay, Net Worth, Family
Biography, Entertainment, Net Worth
We are talking about the most beautiful actress in the entertainment industry then, Dianna is the first name that we can recommend for you. She is famous for her work in CSI: NY, Numb3rs, Veronica Mars, Heroes, and I Am Number Four. Her work on Glee also won her a Breakthrough Of The Year Award in 2010. To know her exact net worth, family and age scroll below our pages.
1 Gay, Family, and relationship
2 Birthday, age and wiki of Dianna Agron
3 Educational background of Dianna Agron
4 Dianna Agron's Career
5 Awards and Nominations of Dianna Agron
6 Net worth and salary of Dianna Agron
Gay, Family, and relationship
As all know that Dianna is a Wife of Mumford & Sons guitarist Winston Marshall. The duo tied the knot on 2016, October 15, at Morocco. The couple started dating each other in July 2015 and got engaged six months later in December. The news of their engagement came to highlight after she was seen flashing her big rock(diamond). On her big day, Dianna wore a Valentino dress with $20,000.
Caption: Dianna Agron weds guitarists Winston Marshall (2015)
Looking at her relationship, it is sure that she is not gay. She is a happily married woman, though no news of her parenthood is heard so far, in the near future we will surely get to hear it.
Birthday, age and wiki of Dianna Agron
The American actress, singer, and dancer as born as Dianna Elise Agron. Later she got famous as Dianna Agron. She celebrates her birthday every year on 30th April. In 1986, he was born in Savannah, Georgia, the United States of America.
https://www.instagram.com/p/BxXpIh4AaWT/
She is the daughter of Mary (née Barnes) and Ronald S. Agron. She had grown up with her parents and siblings in San Antonio, Texas, and San Francisco, California. She has a younger brother named Jason. Her father used to be a manager of Hyatt hotels. She belongs to a Jewish family, while she holds an American Nationality.
https://www.instagram.com/p/BnkWeoQl6Ik/
Educational background of Dianna Agron
The beautiful singer had done er schooling from numerous school in the USA including Hebrew school Burlingame Intermediate School and Burlingame High School. During her school life, she used to take part in plays, portraying the role of Marty in Grease and Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz.
Dianna Agron's Career
Talking about the career of Dianna Agron, she had started her journey from a very young age. When she was in 5th grade, where he portrayed the role of Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz and she became a dance teacher and "popular" in the stereotypical sense in high school, though she had many friends from different cliques around the school.
Her career took off after appearing on television series such as Shark, Close to Home, CSI: NY, Numbers, and Veronica Mars. Later she worked for numerous TV shows including Dinner with Raphael, The Romantics, The Amazing Spider-Man, The Amazing Spider-Man, Glee: The 3D Concert Movie, The Huffington Post, The Crash and many more.
https://www.instagram.com/p/BtTmKEfA8wr/
Later she worked for an American sitcom including Veronica Mars, Heroes, Skid Marks, Glee, The Romantics, Burlesque, I Am Number Four, Glee: The 3D Concert Movie, The Glee Project, The Family, Zipper, Tumbledown, Bare, The Crash, and Novitiate.
Apart from movies and television show she performed by Agron as Quinn Fabray on Glee has been released as singles, available for digital download, also featured on the show's soundtrack albums. Her song was released on Glee: The Music, Volume 1. The Wall Street Journal editor Raymund Flandez was critical of Quinn's cover of "You Keep Me Hangin' On", which he called "thin and jarring".
Awards and Nominations of Dianna Agron
As a phenomenon actress and singer, she was rewarded with many awards and got in numerous awards. She won several awards such as Screen Actors Guild Awards, TV Land Awards, Breakthrough Of The Year Awards, Gay People's Choice Awards, Victoria's Secret: What's Sexy List, Giffoni Award, Rising Star Award and many more.
Caption: Dianna Agron awarded with Guild Awar, LA, 2010. (Credit: alamy.com)
While she got in nominated in Women Film Critics Circle Awards, Do Something Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards, Teen Choice Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards, Teen Choice Awards and many more.
Net worth and salary of Dianna Agron
The sizzling actress had earned a huge name and fame in her lifetime career. The net worth of Dianna Agron has been estimated at around $ 4 million US dollars. While her exact annual salary, it is under review yet. There is no doubt that her net worth and salary will increase in the following years.
Dianna is active on Instagram, as she has 1.5m followers. Similarly, on Twitter, she has nearly 1.84 followers.


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Q: MySQl and R : Error connecting Database I am a novice in R.
I am trying to connect to mySQL in R through RMyQL package.
I am using the following command to connect to a sql server
ucscdb<-dbConnect(MySQL(),user="xxxx",password="xxxx",dbname="More",host="http://54.89.81.190/phpmyadmin/").

I am getting following error
**Error in .local(drv, ...) :
  Failed to connect to database: Error: Unknown MySQL Server Host 'http://54.89.81.190/phpmyadmin/' (11001)**

What can be the possible reasons.The same SQl server is easily connecting in linux/

A: Perhaps you should pass some values to another arguments of dbConnect: unix.socket and port, as described in dbConnect's documentation. These values can be accessed through phpinfo.php in your browser, as phpMyAdmin has modified MySQL file system and saved somewhere in its installation directory. For example, in Ubuntu default phpMyAdmin installation directory, the value of unix.socket could be: '/opt/lampp/var/mysql/mysql.sock' and 3306 for that of the port.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Detailed examination of William Morris's story, especially of its hero Hallblithe.
Talbot, Norman (1997) ""I Seek No Dream … But Rather the End of Dreams": The Deceptions of The Story of the Glittering Plain," Mythlore: A Journal of J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis, Charles Williams, and Mythopoeic Literature: Vol. 22 : No. 1 , Article 6.


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text: I am an external link with a link that is translatable to a url pointing to a Wikipedia page.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Jerry Sandusky son files request to change name
Dylan Stableford
Yahoo! News• July 18, 2013
An adopted son of disgraced former Penn State assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky has filed papers to have his name and the names of his family changed.
Matt Sandusky, one of Jerry Sandusky's six adopted children, filed a formal name change request in Centre County Court in Bellefonte, Pa., on Tuesday, a little over a year after his adoptive father was convicted on 45 counts of sexual abuse. If the request is approved, Matt Sandusky's wife and four children would also have their now-infamous surname changed.
He originally denied being abused by his adoptive father and was expected to be a defense witness, according to the Associated Press, but admitted during trial that Jerry Sandusky abused him, too.
Matt Sandusky told police he was molested between the ages of 8 and 15, and that Jerry Sandusky would often shower with him and sometimes rub near and against his genitals.
The reason for the request was not disclosed. In 2012, Matt Sandusky said he revealed his stepfather's abuse so that his family "could really have closure and see what the truth actually is."
Jerry Sandusky was sentenced to 30 to 60 years in prison last fall. In January, his request for a new trial was denied.
In his 2001 autobiography, "Touched," Sandusky wrote about his relationship with Matt, who he met through the Second Mile charity.
"He would visit our house occasionally, but he was never one to get very attached to anyone. He would stand off in the corner somewhere and watch as I would be wrestling with the other kids. He became an instant challenge for me," Sandusky wrote. "I didn't want to see him go through life by himself at such a young age. I didn't want to lose him to whatever other fates might have awaited him, so I kept trying and trying to pull him in."


text:
package com.dataart.spreadsheetanalytics.engine;

import static java.util.Arrays.copyOf;
import static org.apache.poi.common.fork.ExecutionGraphBuilderUtils.coerceValueEvalToCellValue;
import static org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.Cell.CELL_TYPE_BLANK;
import static org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.Cell.CELL_TYPE_BOOLEAN;
import static org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.Cell.CELL_TYPE_ERROR;
import static org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.Cell.CELL_TYPE_FORMULA;
import static org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.Cell.CELL_TYPE_NUMERIC;
import static org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.Cell.CELL_TYPE_STRING;
import static org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.FormulaError.DIV0;
import static org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.FormulaError.NA;
import static org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.FormulaError.NAME;
import static org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.FormulaError.NULL;
import static org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.FormulaError.NUM;
import static org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.FormulaError.REF;
import static org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.FormulaError.VALUE;
import static org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.FormulaError.forInt;

import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;

import org.apache.poi.common.fork.FormulaParseNAException;
import org.apache.poi.common.fork.FormulaParseNameException;
import org.apache.poi.ss.formula.EvaluationWorkbook;
import org.apache.poi.ss.formula.FormulaParseException;
import org.apache.poi.ss.formula.FormulaParser;
import org.apache.poi.ss.formula.FormulaParsingWorkbook;
import org.apache.poi.ss.formula.eval.ErrorEval;
import org.apache.poi.ss.formula.eval.ValueEval;
import org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.Cell;
import org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.FormulaError;
import org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.Row;
import org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.Sheet;
import org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.Workbook;
import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFEvaluationWorkbook;
import org.apache.poi.xssf.usermodel.XSSFWorkbook;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

import com.dataart.spreadsheetanalytics.api.model.ICellAddress;
import com.dataart.spreadsheetanalytics.api.model.ICellValue;
import com.dataart.spreadsheetanalytics.api.model.IDataModel;
import com.dataart.spreadsheetanalytics.api.model.IDataSet;
import com.dataart.spreadsheetanalytics.model.CellValue;
import com.dataart.spreadsheetanalytics.model.DmCell;

/**
 * Util methods to convert some generic things related to {@link IDataModel} and {@link IDataSet}.
 */
public final class ConverterUtils {
    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ConverterUtils.class);

    public static final String FORMULA_PREFIX = "=";

    private static final String POI_FUNCTION_PREFIX = "_xlfn.";

    private ConverterUtils() {}

    /** {@link #clearContent(Workbook)} with new {@link ConverterUtils#newWorkbook(InputStream)}. */
    static OutputStream clearContent(InputStream workbook) {
        ByteArrayOutputStream xlsx = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

        try { clearContent(ConverterUtils.newWorkbook(workbook)).write(xlsx); }
        catch (IOException e) { throw new CalculationEngineException(e); }

        return xlsx;
    }

    /**
     * Gets an instance of a Workbook ({@link ConverterUtils#newWorkbook(InputStream)}, creates copy of original file,
     * clears all the cell values, but preserves formatting.
     */
    static Workbook clearContent(final Workbook book) {
        ByteArrayOutputStream originalOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

        try { book.write(originalOut); }
        catch (IOException e) { throw new CalculationEngineException(e); }

        InputStream originalIn = new ByteArrayInputStream(copyOf(originalOut.toByteArray(), originalOut.size()));

        Workbook w = ConverterUtils.newWorkbook(originalIn);
        Sheet s = w.getSheetAt(0); //TODO: only one sheet is supported

        for (int i = s.getFirstRowNum(); i <= s.getLastRowNum(); i++) {
            Row r = s.getRow(i);
            if (r == null) { continue; }

            for (int j = r.getFirstCellNum(); j <= r.getLastCellNum(); j++) {
                Cell c = r.getCell(j);
                if (c == null) { continue; }

                c.setCellType(CELL_TYPE_BLANK);
            }
        }

        return w;
    }

    /** Inserts a value to a Cell based on a value type (class). */
    static void populateCellValue(final Cell cell, final ICellValue value) {
        if (cell == null) { return; }

        int cellType = resolveCellType(value);
        cell.setCellType(cellType);
        switch (cellType) {
            case CELL_TYPE_BLANK: { break; }
            case CELL_TYPE_BOOLEAN: { cell.setCellValue((Boolean) value.get()); break; }
            case CELL_TYPE_NUMERIC: { cell.setCellValue((Double) value.get()); break; }
            case CELL_TYPE_FORMULA: {
                try {
                    cell.setCellFormula(((String) value.get()).substring(1));
                    break;
                } catch (FormulaParseNameException e) {
                    log.error("Formula parsing error while trying to set formula field in cell " + e.getMessage());
                    cell.setCellFormula(ErrorEval.NAME_INVALID.getErrorString());
                    break;
                } catch (FormulaParseNAException e) {
                    log.error("Formula parsing error while trying to set formula field in cell " + e.getMessage());
                    cell.setCellFormula(ErrorEval.NA.getErrorString());
                    break;
                }
            }
            case CELL_TYPE_ERROR: { cell.setCellErrorValue(FormulaError.forString((String) value.get()).getCode()); break; }
            case CELL_TYPE_STRING: { cell.setCellValue((String) value.get()); break; }

            default: { throw new CalculationEngineException(String.format("Type of value %s is not supported: %s", value, value.getClass().getSimpleName())); }
        }
    }

    /** Does cell of a given address copy from {@link Sheet} to {@link IDataModel}. */
    static void copyCell(ICellAddress address, Sheet from, IDataModel to) {
        if (from == null) { return; }
        Row fromRow = from.getRow(address.a1Address().row());
        if (fromRow == null) { return; }
        Cell fromCell = fromRow.getCell(address.a1Address().column());
        if (fromCell == null) { return; }

        DmCell toCell = new DmCell();
        toCell.setAddress(address);
        toCell.setContent(resolveCellValue(fromCell));

        to.setCell(address, toCell);
    }

    /** Checks if formula string contains given function. */
    static boolean isFunctionInFormula(String formula, String function) {
        String filteredFormula = formula.replace(POI_FUNCTION_PREFIX, "");
        return filteredFormula.startsWith(function) && filteredFormula.replace(function, "").startsWith("(");
    }

    /** Returns the new {@link CellValue} from provided {@link Cell}. */
    public static ICellValue resolveCellValue(Cell c) {
        if (c == null) { return CellValue.BLANK; }

        switch (c.getCellType()) {
            case CELL_TYPE_NUMERIC: { return CellValue.from(c.getNumericCellValue()); }
            case CELL_TYPE_STRING: { return CellValue.from(c.getStringCellValue()); }
            case CELL_TYPE_BOOLEAN: { return CellValue.from(c.getBooleanCellValue()); }
            case CELL_TYPE_ERROR: { return CellValue.from(forInt(c.getErrorCellValue()).getString()); }
            case CELL_TYPE_BLANK: { return CellValue.BLANK; }
            case CELL_TYPE_FORMULA: { return CellValue.from(String.format("%s%s", FORMULA_PREFIX, c.getCellFormula())); }
            default: { throw new CalculationEngineException(String.format("Cell's type %s is not supported.", c.getCellType())); }
        }
    }

    /** Returns the new {@link CellValue} from provided {@link org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.CellValue}. */
    public static ICellValue resolveCellValue(org.apache.poi.ss.usermodel.CellValue cellval) {
        if (cellval == null) { return CellValue.BLANK; }

        switch (cellval.getCellType()) {
            case CELL_TYPE_NUMERIC: { return CellValue.from(cellval.getNumberValue()); }
            case CELL_TYPE_STRING: { return CellValue.from(cellval.getStringValue()); }
            case CELL_TYPE_BOOLEAN: { return CellValue.from(cellval.getBooleanValue()); }
            case CELL_TYPE_ERROR: { return CellValue.from(ErrorEval.valueOf(cellval.getErrorValue()).getErrorString()); }
            case CELL_TYPE_BLANK: { return CellValue.BLANK; }
            case CELL_TYPE_FORMULA: { throw new CalculationEngineException("Result of evaluation cannot be a formula."); }
            default: { throw new CalculationEngineException(String.format("CellValue's tType %s is not supported.", cellval.getCellType())); }
        }
    }

    /** Returns a type of given {@link Cell} value. */
    public static Class<? extends Object> resolveCellType(Cell c) {
        switch (c.getCellType()) {
            case CELL_TYPE_BLANK: { return Object.class; }
            case CELL_TYPE_BOOLEAN: { return Boolean.class; }
            case CELL_TYPE_NUMERIC: { return Double.class; }
            case CELL_TYPE_FORMULA: case CELL_TYPE_STRING: case CELL_TYPE_ERROR: { return String.class; }
            default: { throw new CalculationEngineException(String.format("Cell's type %s is not supported.", c.getCellType())); }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a type of given {@link ICellValue} value.
     * For types @see {@link Cell#getCellType()}.
     */
    public static int resolveCellType(ICellValue c) {
        if (CellValue.BLANK == c) { return CELL_TYPE_BLANK; }

        if (c.getType() == Boolean.class) { return CELL_TYPE_BOOLEAN; }
        if (c.getType() == Double.class) { return CELL_TYPE_NUMERIC; }

        if (c.getType() == String.class) {
            String val = (String) c.get();

            if (val.startsWith(FORMULA_PREFIX)) { return CELL_TYPE_FORMULA; }
            if (isErrorValue(val)) { return CELL_TYPE_ERROR; }
            return CELL_TYPE_STRING;
        }

        throw new CalculationEngineException(String.format("CellVale's type %s is not supported.", c.get().getClass().getSimpleName()));
    }

    /** Converts {@link ValueEval} to {@link ICellValue}. */
    public static ICellValue resolveValueEval(ValueEval valueEval) {
        return resolveCellValue(coerceValueEvalToCellValue(valueEval));
    }

    /** Creates an instance of new {@link XSSFWorkbook}. */
    public static Workbook newWorkbook() {
        Workbook book = new XSSFWorkbook();
        book.addToolPack(Functions.getUdfFinder());
        return book;
    }

    /** Creates an instance of new {@link XSSFWorkbook} from {@link InputStream}. */
    public static Workbook newWorkbook(InputStream original) {
        try {
            Workbook book = new XSSFWorkbook(original);
            book.addToolPack(Functions.getUdfFinder());
            return book;
        }
        catch (IOException e) { throw new CalculationEngineException(e); }
    }

    /** Creates an instance of new {@link EvaluationWorkbook} from {@link Workbook} */
    public static EvaluationWorkbook newEvaluationWorkbook(Workbook workbook) {
        return XSSFEvaluationWorkbook.create((XSSFWorkbook) workbook);
    }

    /** Returns true if value string is formula */
    static boolean isFormula(String value, EvaluationWorkbook workbook) {
        try { return FormulaParser.parse(value, (FormulaParsingWorkbook) workbook, 0, 0).length > 1; } // TODO: formulaType and sheet index are 0
        catch (FormulaParseException e) { return false; }
    }

    static boolean isErrorValue(String val) {
        return NULL.getString().equals(val)  ||
               DIV0.getString().equals(val)  ||
               VALUE.getString().equals(val) ||
               REF.getString().equals(val)   ||
               NAME.getString().equals(val)  ||
               NUM.getString().equals(val)   ||
               NA.getString().equals(val);
    }
}


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text:
Home » Supplements » The Best Cola Herb: Shopping Guide and Recommendations (11/21)
The Best Cola Herb: Shopping Guide and Recommendations (01/22)
There are some spice plants that have already fallen into oblivion. One of them is the cola herb. Due to its intensely bitter taste, it is no longer traditionally used for cooking. Nevertheless, it is suitable for intensively seasoning all kinds of meat dishes.
With our big cola herb test 2022 we want to help you find the right kind of cola herb for you. We have compared the different ways of using the herb to make your purchase decision easier.
3 The Best Cola Herb: Our Picks
4 Guide: Questions you should ask yourself before buying cola herb
4.1 What is cola herb?
4.2 Is cola herb healthy?
4.3 What does cola herb cost?
4.4 What are the alternatives to cola herb?
5 Buying criteria: These are the factors you can use to compare and evaluate cola herb
5.1 Origin
5.2 Form of administration
5.3 Dosage
5.4 Target group
6 Decision: Which way of taking cola herb is right for me?
6.1 Cola herb as a plant
6.2 Cola herb as a tea
6.3 Cola herb as a tablet
7 Facts worth knowing about cola herb
7.1 How is cola herb used?
7.2 What kind of cola herb is there?
7.3 What distinguishes the "lemon rue"?
7.4 What distinguishes the "camphor rue"?
7.5 How do I grow cola herb myself?
Cola herb (also known as rowan) is a rather extinct spice. It smells aromatically of cola and bears its flowers from July to October.
The taste of the spice is very bitter, which is why it should be consumed as needed. The shrub of the cola herb grows from 60cm to 150cm in height. It is available as a spice or tea in some online shops, but can also be bought as a whole shrub.
The herb has also been proven to have antibacterial properties in medicine and has often been used to treat illnesses and symptoms since the Middle Ages.
The Best Cola Herb: Our Picks
Tops Jamaican Bissy Herbal Tea, (Kola Nut) (Cola Accuminata)
Bolero Classic Powder Sachet, 9 g, Cola, 24-Count
Organic Dandelion Root Tea Detox - Raw Vitamin Rich Digestive - 5 Pack (100 Bags, 2g Each) - Helps Improve Digestion and Immune System - Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant - by Kiss Me Organics
Health Embassy Horsetail Herb Tea (Herba Equiseti Arvensis - Equisetum Arvense) (100g)
Horsetail Herb - Equisetum Arvense L # Herba Organica # Field Horsetail, Common Horsetail (50g)
Horsetail Infusion (250g, 8.8oz), Horsetail Tea, Cut Field Horsetail, Gently Dried, 100% Pure and Natural, Herbal Tea
Guide: Questions you should ask yourself before buying cola herb
What is cola herb?
Cola herb, also called rowan, is a type of plant. It is considered a medicinal and spice plant and has a rather intensely bitter taste.
Its appearance includes many branched, upright-growing stems with stalked leaves. The smell of the plant is a very aromatic one, due to the essential oils it contains.
The cola herb includes the following ingredients:
Essential oils (piperitone, pinene, cineole, abrotanine, linalool, thujone, sabinene)
Bitter substances
Alkaloids
The main ingredient is usually cineole with up to 60%, or thujone with up to 70%.
Artemisia abrotanum, as the cola herb is also scientifically called, belongs to the daisy family. However, it is not as popular as herbs that are somewhat midler, such as oregano or basil. Nevertheless, it has proven itself in naturopathy and is suitable, among other things, for rather heartier meat dishes.
Cola herb sowing time is from April to May, while the flowering and harvesting time is from July to October. During this time, the flowers take on a white to yellow colour. As a semi-shrub, it can take on sizes between 60cm to 150cm.
Is cola herb healthy?
Cola herb has proven to be very useful in medicine. It was already used frequently in the Middle Ages, although it was called staffwort. It became popular because it was used again and again for the following complaints:
Intestinal parasites (worms)
general sores
Anti-inflammatory properties are mainly present in cola herb due to the flavonoids it contains.
It was also increasingly used by mothers after the birth of their child. Cloths were soaked in a decoction of stavewort and placed on the skin as a poultice.
Cola herb contains anitbacterial properties, which are caused by its ingredients. These anitbacterial properties have been proven by studies.
What does cola herb cost?
Cola herb is offered in different types. It is important to distinguish between whether you want to buy it as a tea, a spice or a plant.
Boar's rue as a tea, which can also be used as a spice, starts at 5.60€/100 grams. and goes up to about 20€/gram, depending on the dosage and quality. Due to the higher price, rowan is definitely more expensive than some other teas.
Cola herb can also be bought as a plant. can usually be found in general DIY stores such as Obi. A smaller shrub pot starts at around €2.50 to €4.
Studies have shown that rue can have antibacterial effects.
(Source: unsplash.com/brookelark)
What are the alternatives to cola herb?
In general, cola herb can be used to flavour meat and marinades. However, due to its very bitter and specific taste, it should be dosed very carefully.
This is also one reason why cola herb is no longer a common spice nowadays. Due to the bitter substances, it can easily taste inedible.
Therefore, cola herb can be substituted with a few spices.
Some of them are listed in this table:
Rue Intense, aromatic flavour, bitter
Rosemary Highly aromatic, slightly bitter
Oregano Very aromatic, slightly bitter, slightly spicy
Cumin Very spicy, slightly bitter, spicy
Buying criteria: These are the factors you can use to compare and evaluate cola herb
In the following section, we will look at the factors you can use to compare cola herb before you buy it. This should make it easier for you to make the right decision when buying the herb. Although it has lost popularity, there are still factors you can consider when making a purchase.
These factors are as follows:
Form of administration
The cola herb originally comes from Bosnia, Herzegovina and Croatia, areas of the former Yugoslavia. Nowadays it can also be found from the eastern area in Anatolia.
Boar's rue found its place in many gardens of the Middle Ages, whereas it was cultivated less in the following centuries.
It is also known from Russia, Ukraine and Turkey. It is widely cultivated worldwide and has run wild in many areas.
The cola herb can be used directly as a plant. Small parts of the herb are cut off and used as a spice or for a refreshing drink.
In addition, the active ingredient of the mountain rue can also be taken in the form of tablets.
Of course, the dosage depends on the form of administration. If you only take the active ingredient in the form of tablets, the dosage is different and as instructed by the leaflet.
However, if you buy the plant to use it for food or drink, it is important not to consume it in excess.
The bitter substances become more intense the more of the herb you consume. Therefore, it is important to use rue with caution.
Anyone who likes the taste of rue can consume it. However, pregnant women are excluded from the target group.
Pregnant women are strongly advised not to take rue. Especially within the first three months, it could harm the foetus. Even after this time, the antispasmodic effect of the cola herb can trigger premature contractions, which could lead to a miscarriage.
Decision: Which way of taking cola herb is right for me?
In this section we will explain in which form one can take cola herb. In addition to the general plant, which can also be bought as a whole piece, the rowan can also be purchased in the form of tea and even tablets.
Cola herb as a plant
If you want to buy the rowan as a plant, you can do so. It is available for sale in some online shops and DIY shops. The advantage here is that the rowan as a plant can be used in many ways:
The twigs can be poured over with hot water in a cup and thus drunk as tea. It can be used decoratively or practically as a spice. So if you buy the rue as a plant, you can use it in many ways.
Use as a spice
Make into a drink
Use as a medicine: Dosage may be too weak
Cola herb as a tea
Cola herb can also be bought as a ready-made tea. However, it is rare to find it in the shops, and it is somewhat more expensive than other common teas.
The herb can often be bought without ready-made tea bags, which must be taken into account when buying it. The leaves are poured over hot water and should steep for 5-10 minutes.
Easy to drink
Good for digestion
Taste needs getting used to
Cola herb as a tablet
Artemisia abrotanum, i.e., the mountain rue, can also be taken in the form of tablets. These can be bought over-the-counter at pharmacies. Online shops also offer them.
The herb has an antibacterial effect and was thus established in medicine at the time.
It can thus be summarised in a table:
Quick, easy to take
Longer lasting
No unpleasant smell/taste
Swallowing can be a problem
Delayed effect
Limitation in adjusting the dose
Facts worth knowing about cola herb
How is cola herb used?
Cola herb can be used in different ways:
Alleviate discomfort
Relieve discomfort
Cola herb is known to relieve ailments such as menstrual pain. It can also be used for breast pain and general sores and cramps. Anti-inflammatory effects are caused by the flavonoids contained in cola herb.
Use for cooking
As already mentioned, cola herb can be used as a seasoning in any meat dishes, and can be added as a sauce. However, one should not use too much of it: Due to the aromatic, strictly bitter taste, it can easily become inedible.
Making it into a drink (here: cola)
Everyone knows the well-known Coca Cola. To make a variant of the drink, all that is needed are shrubs of the cola herb, mineral water, sugar and lemons.
The sweet variant:
Chop branches of cola herb
Cut lemon into slices
Boil sugar and water in head
Pour sugar water over lemons and cola herb in bowl
Refrigerate for three days
Mix with mineral water
Enjoy the refreshing drink
The healthy variant:
Alternatively, you can omit the sugar for the refreshing drink with cola herb. The preparation is much faster. It is as follows:
Crush cola herb twigs
Steep cola herb twigs in mineral water for several hours
What kind of cola herb is there?
Cola herb is divided into two different types. These are:
Lemonwort
In this decision section we will list and explain both types.
What distinguishes the "lemon rue"?
Lemon rue, also called citrina, has a lemony scent and its taste is also reminiscent of citrus fruits. Its tangy aroma easily distinguishes it from the camphor rue.
When cooking, it can be used especially for hearty meat dishes such as roast goose. However, it can also be used for vegetable pans or stews.
The flowering time of the lemon rue is from August to September. The lemony flavour of the rue is caused by the essential oil.
What distinguishes the "camphor rue"?
The aroma of the camphor rue is much more intense from the bitterness. It smells of camphor and should be used sparingly because of its very bitter taste.
Because of its antispasmodic ingredients, it was often used for a long time against menstrual cramps.
Lemon rue Lemony, mild Bitter, tart
Camphor rue After camphor More bitter than lemon rue, intense
In comparison, it can be said that the camphor rue tastes much more bitter than the lemon rue and smells like camphor. The lemon rue, on the other hand, smells of citrus fruits and has a more bitter aroma than the camphor rue.
How do I grow cola herb myself?
Cola weed is a fairly easy plant to grow. In the garden it protects other plants from pests with its essential oils.
When growing it, care should be taken that the soil is rich in lime. To increase permeability, it can be helpful to mix stones, gravel or sand into the soil.
The location should be warm and sunny. The cola plant only needs to be watered during a prolonged dry spell. Too much water can cause the plant to rot and die. Too much shade can also harm the cola cabbage. In winter, however, it must be protected from heavy frost by mixing the soil with leaves.
It is advisable to grow the plant in a pot first, as the seeds can occasionally be carried away by ants as food.
Image source: Mejia/ 123rf.com
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Honor Lost: Love and Death in Modern-Day Jordan
By: Khouri, Norma
Book Condition: Fine in Near Fine dust jacket
The author wrote this book as a gift to the memory of her closest friend, who was a young, beautiful Arabian in love with a man from the Royal Army. He was Catholic, and such a relationship is forbidden. It is a powerful love story that ends in an appalling tragedy. Khouri is attempting to bring to the world's attention the continuing practice of honor killing in Jordan - an ancient tradition that encourages the murder of women considered to have dishonored their families. This book will strike a chord with women everywhere and is a testimony to the courage and strength of women. The dust jacket is clipped. ; 8vo - over 7¾ - 9¾" tall
Title: Honor Lost: Love and Death in Modern-Day Jordan
Author: Khouri, Norma
Categories: General,
Publisher: New York, NY, Atria Books: 2003
Keywords: JORDAN LOVE HONOR KILLING MALE DOMINANCE ARABIA FRIENDS CRUELTY,
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ABSTRACT Boron is a important element that can be used in many different fields such as the ceramic industry, fertilizers, insecticides, corrosion inhibitors and etc. Boric acid is a naturally occurring compound containing boron, oxygen and hydrogen (H3BO3) elements. In the land, element boron does not exist by itself. Boron is combined with other common elements, such as sodium to make salts like borax and with oxygen to make boric acid. Boric acid is a mild antiseptic as well as the mild acid that inhibits the growth of microorganisms on materials surface. However, at high concentration boric acid become an effective Antibacterial agent that is widely used for the killing of diverse organisms ranging from bacteria to rodents. Porcelain is a ceramic product comprising mullite, quartz crystals, and glassy phase. A quantity of waste porcelain is obtained from local industries during the production of ceramic ware. The most of the waste porcelain bodies are deposited in landfills and only little quantities have been recycled as a raw material for other uses. Thus, it is important and useful to recycle the waste lowering production costs and protecting the environment. Areas such as ceramic sanitaryware, laminated kitchen and laboratory work top are hygienic working areas, and the use of polymer matrix composites in these areas is gaining popularity day by day. In this study recycled waste porcelain particles and boric acid powders are used as fillers in the production of polymer matrix composites. Waste porcelain particles were used to reduce the production cost and to improve the mechanical and physical properties of the polymer phase. Boric acid was employed as an antibacterial agent. Waste porcelain bodies were crushed and milled to obtain finely powdered porcelain. Boric acid powder was provided by Etibor Company. The polymer matrix composites were produced with casting method. The physicomechanical properties such as bulk density, porosity, three-point bending strength, Shore hardness, impact resistance were determined. Antibacterial tests were conducted according to ASTM 2180 as well. The filler powders and the microstructure of the manufactured composites were characterized with SEM, EDS, XRD techniques. In general enhancement in mechanical properties and antibacterial surface effect were observed.