text:
Illinois Highway Transp. Co. v. Hantel
People v. Galvin
The controlling factor in that case was that the defendant offered his services to the public "without any…
Twardy v. Northwest Airlines
" A "common carrier "is one who undertakes for the public to transport from place to place such persons as…
Full title:Illinois Highway Transportation Company, Appellant, v. Walter Hantel et…
Court:Appellate Court of Illinois, Third District
Date published: Apr 12, 1944
323 Ill. App. 364 (Ill. App. Ct. 1944)
55 N.E.2d 710
Appellate Court of Illinois, Third District
In Hantel, the defendant transported a group of Caterpillar employees between various pickup points and the Caterpillar plant.
Summary of this case from Doe v. Rockdale School District No. 84
Gen. No. 9,426.
Opinion filed April 12, 1944. Opinion modified and rehearing denied July 6, 1944.
1. AUTOMOBILES AND MOTOR VEHICLES, § 12.9 — private contract carriers as not required to have certificates of convenience and necessity. Defendant bus owners, who did not have certificates of convenience and necessity issued by Illinois Commerce Commission and who were sued by bus company, which was operating as common carrier under certificates of that character, for temporary and permanent injunctions against their allegedly unlawful competition with plaintiff, held, under evidence which showed defendants operated their busses under specific contractual arrangements with employees of one certain manufacturing plant and carried only such employees, that defendants were private carriers who did not carry passengers indiscriminately, and that they were not required to have certificates of convenience and necessity, with result that dissolution of temporary injunction issued against them was proper.
See Callaghan's Illinois Digest, same topic and section number.
2. CARRIERS, § 1fn_ — "common carrier" defined. Weight and trend of authority in Illinois holds that "common carrier" is one who undertakes for public to transport from place to place such persons or goods of such persons as choose to employ him for hire.
3. AUTOMOBILES AND MOTOR VEHICLES, § 12,9fn_ — private contract carriers as entitled to protection against unlawful invasion of their rights. While bus owners who have procured certificates of convenience and necessity as public utilities and common carriers upon streets and highways of Illinois are entitled to protection and redress against unlawful competition, it is equally true that private carriers who operate by special contractual arrangements in serving individual patrons under circumstances which do not require procuring of certificate of convenience and necessity are entitled to like protection in exercise and enjoyment of their lawful rights and privileges and are equally entitled to recover damages sustained as proximate result of unlawful invasion and interference with exercise of such lawful rights.
4. AUTOMOBILES AND MOTOR VEHICLES, § 12.9fn_ — propriety of allowance of damages and solicitors' fees on dissolution of temporary injunction against private contract carriers. Where temporary injunction against allegedly unlawful competition by defendant bus owners, who did not have and, being private contract carriers, were not required to procure from Illinois Commerce Commission certificates of convenience and necessity, with plaintiff bus company, which was common carrier and which was operating under certificates issued by Commission, was properly dissolved, held that, under facts in evidence, allowance of damages to defendants and amount allowed were amply sustained by legal and competent evidence and were proper, and also that allowance to defendants, for solicitors' services in procuring injunctions dissolution, of reasonable solicitors' fees after evidence heard in relation thereto and order fixing same by court was both proper and reasonable.
Appeal by plaintiff from the Circuit Court of Tazewell county; the Hon. JOHN T. CULBERTSON, JR., Judge, presiding. Heard in this court at the February term, 1944. Affirmed. Opinion filed April 12, 1944. Opinion modified and rehearing denied July 6, 1944.
GEORGE Z. BARNES and CLYDE, R. BIRKETT, both of Peoria, for appellant.
HOMER B. HARRIS, of Lincoln, and SHELTON McGRATH, of Peoria, for appellees.
MR. JUSTICE RIESS delivered the opinion of the court.
Plaintiff, Illinois Highway Transportation Company, a corporation, has appealed from certain decretal orders of the circuit court of Tazewell county, wherein a temporary injunction previously granted against defendants appellees, Walter Hantel, Victor Sandel and M.A. Kirkhart was dissolved; damages and solicitors' fees were awarded to the defendants and the plaintiff's complaint was dismissed for want of equity.
On March 5, 1942, the plaintiff, a public utility company operating certain motor bus lines under Certificates of Convenience and Necessity previously granted by the Illinois Commerce Commission, filed a suit in equity wherein it was charged that the defendants were unlawfully operating motor busses as public utilities and as carriers of passengers for hire without a Certificate of Convenience and Necessity over a part of the route designated in plaintiff's certificates, in competition with and to the financial injury of the plaintiff. The verified complaint sought both a temporary and a permanent injunction restraining the defendants from continuing such operation of motor bus service and prayed for the recovery of alleged damages. A temporary injunction without notice or hearing was issued upon an interlocutory order of the chancellor, followed by motions in the nature of demurrers by the defendants to dissolve the same, which motions were overruled and the defendants then filed separate answers denying that they were unlawfully operating as public utilities or as carriers of passengers indiscriminately for hire requiring such certificates but averring that they operated as private carriers under contractual arrangements with two groups of employees of the Caterpillar Tractor Company between the homes of said employees in Lincoln and certain intervening points, to and from the manufacturing plant of said company in East Peoria, Illinois, where such workmen were severally employed on one of three daily eight hour shifts in War work by the Tractor Company which was engaged in the manufacture of necessary war materials.
The case was referred to the master in chancery to take and report the testimony with findings and conclusions of law and fact and to recommend form of decree. The testimony of witnesses of the respective parties was duly heard and the master's report with findings, conclusions and recommendations was filed with the court, together with objections to certain findings and conclusions of the master which had been filed by the plaintiff and overruled by the master and stood as exceptions before the court. The exceptions were heard and overruled by the chancellor; the report of the master was approved and the temporary injunction was dissolved. Suggestions of damages were filed by the defendants and evidence was heard thereon upon reference to the master, duly reported to the court, and damages were assessed by the court together with solicitors' fees for alleged services of defendants' counsel in procuring a dissolution of the temporary injunction.
Plaintiff assigned errors on the part of the trial court in approving the findings of the master in chancery that the busses owned and operated by appellees were not subject to the jurisdiction of the Illinois Commerce Commission under the provisions of the Illinois Public Utilities Act, and in overruling the plaintiff's exceptions to such findings; in approving the master's findings "that the bus lines owned and operated by the appellees were operated as private and not as public or common carriers, and in overruling appellant's exceptions to such finding"; in refusing to grant a permanent injunction as prayed and in dismissing plaintiff's complaint for want of equity; in dissolving the temporary injunction and in assessing damages against the plaintiff in favor of the defendants, asserting that such damages were not supported by the evidence; error in overruling each and all of plaintiff's exceptions to the original and supplemental reports of the master in chancery, asserting that the decree was contrary to the law and the evidence.
As to some of the material facts, there is no conflict, while there is a material conflict in the evidence concerning arrangements for and services rendered and furnished in the operation of the two motor busses by the respective defendants under certain purported verbal and subsequently written contractual arrangements between the defendants and said respective groups of employees of the Caterpillar Tractor Company, which employed approximately 16,000 workers. It appears in substance from the findings of the master in chancery as approved by the court, which we deem to be in accord with the greater weight of the evidence, that employees of the Tractor Company were obliged to travel to and from their daily work during one of. the three eight hour shifts or periods of employment at said plant, beginning at approximately 8 a. m., 4 p. m., and midnight of each week day or Sunday on which the respective employees were obliged to report for duty. It further appears that numerous employees of said Tractor Company resided at various places and were obliged to reach their daily place of employment and to return to their respective homes by such means of conveyance as were available to them; that in December 1941, when America entered the World War, a tire rationing program of the National Government was put into effect, prior to which time many of the war workers who so resided in Lincoln or intervening points between that city and the Caterpillar plant at East Peoria had either used their own cars or shared with others in the use of automobiles in going to and from their work. It further appears that under the emergency which had thus arisen, they then sought to make other suitable arrangements for such necessary transportation and means of conveyance and that at such time no schedule of any public utility met or had suitably arranged to adequately meet their necessary requirements for travel between their various homes and said place of employment. The plaintiff utility company had operated a certificated motor bus line as a public or common carrier of passengers for hire between Peoria, East Peoria and Pekin, Illinois, since 1927. On March 18, 1941, an additional certificate was granted extending its route from Peoria through Pekin to Lincoln and Decatur, Illinois and intervening points along said route, and it procured valuable additional equipment and busses and maintained a regular rate and time schedule for the use of the public in general including a number of employees of the Tractor Company who lived along portions of its travel route.
Following the tire and gas rationing orders, a number of said workers residing at Lincoln held group conferences or meetings for the purpose of procuring or arranging for transportation to meet the necessities of the existing emergency. Some of them discussed their problem with the Chamber of Commerce, the local Defense Co-ordinator, the Interurban Railroad Company operating between East Peoria and Lincoln, a Lincoln taxicab company, and some of them also called upon the plaintiff company at its office in Lincoln. Their spokesman was told in substance by the agent of the plaintiff company that if they procured seventy-five or more daily passengers, they would be given a rate of seventy-five cents per round trip per passenger on a weekly ticket basis of $4.60, with no alternative refund for traveling a less number of days per week nor for any subsequent use of the tickets and that necessary bus transportation would then be provided. A list was circulated by one of the men named Claude McAllister who was at that time able to procure only twenty-four signers and he testified that he therefore did not return to the Company's office. The men caused an item or announcement to be placed in the local daily newspaper at Lincoln which was printed without charge to them requesting employees of the Tractor Company who were interested in the above transportation to call at the newspaper office and sign a paper, to which forty-eight signatures were then obtained prior to February 12. No further negotiations between the men and the plaintiff company were had. The former did not return to the company office but thereupon sought other means of transportation. Part of the group of employees discussed the question of furnishing bus service to meet their necessities with defendant Walter Hantel, who agreed to procure a bus and furnish conveyance to war workers employed at the Caterpillar plant who might wish to join their group, at the price of sixty-five cents per round trip per person or $3.90 per week on the basis of three round trips per day and for sixty cents per round trip per person if the number of daily employees so joining in said arrangement exceeded sixty passengers per day, with refunds on weekly tickets for days not traveled. A lesser rate was so arranged for the workers who lived at intervening points nearer to the plant at East Peoria, including those not located on the route traveled by plaintiff company. The busses were to leave from in front of the City Hall in Lincoln and pass along a route, which would substantially shorten the distance to the Tractor plant and also pick up those employees who joined in the arrangement at the three intervening stops or villages not located on the route of the plaintiff company. Some of the employees were delivered at the main entrance and the remainder continued on to the parking lot on the premises of the Tractor Company. Some of the men began work as much as 15 or 20 minutes before the hour and some continued work for that length of time after the approximate hour of each of the shifts on which they were employed, and the busses were to remain there for such length of time as was necessary to protect the employees against the weather, and to arrive in time or remain until all the men reached or left their said place of employment on the different shifts, regardless of the length of time such service would require. No provision was made for carrying any other passengers than said employees, who were identified by badges which they wore and some also by the shoes required by the Tractor Company, while many of the men were personally known to the bus drivers. Daily or weekly round trip tickets were furnished and sold to each of them as above indicated. A similar arrangement to that of the Hantel group was made between another group of said war workers and the defendants Sandel and Kirkhart, who operated their bus as copartners. Two International school type busses were purchased; one by Hantel for $3,024, being a twenty-eight passenger bus and another by Sandel and Kirkhart for $2,500, being a forty passenger bus. Two tiers of the seats were removed from the rear and the remainder so spaced as to allow ample room between the seats to thereby better accommodate travel by the employee passengers. A notice or announcement to Caterpillar workers of the time and place when the busses would leave Lincoln was inserted in one issue of the Lincoln daily newspaper by each owner, which notice the bus owner testified to having been published to invite or notify the men entering the arrangement in lieu of personal or telephone notices to each of them, and only one notice was so given by each owner. No schedule was carried in any advertisement to the general public nor were the above notices directed to the public in general. No reference was made therein to any person but employees of the Caterpillar Company. Before using his bus, Hantel caused the following inscription to be placed or painted upon the exterior of his bus; "Walter Hantel, Caterpillar men only." The Kirkhart-Sandel bus bore the inscription "Bee-Line Bus Service, Caterpillar workers Only." Liability insurance was procured and carried by each of the defendants. The operation of the two busses was begun by the respective defendants pursuant to the above verbal agreement and arrangements on February 18, 1942, and the busses continued to make the three round trips daily for the ensuing two weeks, when the temporary restraining order of the court was served upon them and was continued in effect for forty-two days at which time it was dissolved and was followed by the subsequent action and orders of the chancellor hereinabove recited. It clearly appears from the greater weight of the testimony that no passengers other than the respective groups of employees with whom the defendants had negotiated and other employees who might expressly join in that arrangement were either invited or permitted to ride upon the above busses aside from three or four individuals who rode one trip only to the tractor plant on the busses without charge while seeking employment there, according to the testimony of the defendants, and it also appears from the master's approved report of testimony and from the evidence that passengers were neither indiscriminately given transportation nor was the public in general invited or permitted to travel on the above busses.
Reference was made in the testimony of the defendants to advance trips made by them to Springfield where they had consulted George W. Anderson, Superintendent of Motor Vehicles of the Illinois Commerce Commission, as to whether or not they would be required to obtain Certificates of Convenience and Necessity and that they were advised that if the bus service consisted of transportation of the particular group of individuals under some private contractual arrangement with the operator, and if the service is not to be made available for general public use, the operation was not subject to any regulation either of the Commission or other State departments. Objection to this proof was made and sustained by the master as hearsay and as immaterial upon the questions as to whether or not they were legally required to take out such certificates as public utilities or as carriers of passengers indiscriminately for hire in furnishing the transportation in question. The statement was permitted to stand in the record as tending only to show the good faith of the defendants in seeking such information.
On behalf of the defendants, all of them testified, together with their drivers and the witness McAllister and another employee group leader and Caterpillar worker named Kavelman. For the plaintiff, aside from the exhibits offered and admitted, the officers or agents of the Company at Lincoln and Peoria testified, together with two of the passengers who rode upon the busses as applicants for employment at the Caterpillar plant and contended that they had paid for their tickets, which was denied by the defendants. These witnesses were subsequently employed by the plaintiff company and were so employed at the time they testified. Certain witnesses also testified as to time and rate schedules, costs of operation of the busses and service furnished by plaintiff and defendants, and on the question of damages and solicitors' fees. We cannot herein detail all of the testimony of record in controversy relating to the operation of the busses on each of these daily trips and the number of passengers concerning whom extended direct and cross-examination of witnesses was had, but from carefully reading and considering the entire record, we are satisfied that in the finding of facts which were material to the issues herein, the master's report and the decree of the chancellor confirming the same were in accord with the greater weight of the evidence, and we further find and hold that the master did not err in his recommendation nor the court in its decree finding under the particular facts and circumstances disclosed by the evidence that the respective defendants were not operating as public or common carriers or as public utilities who would be required to procure Certificates of Convenience and Necessity from the Illinois Commerce Commission, but were operating as private carriers under specific contractual arrangements with the particular group of employees to whom they furnished such transportation, and that the written agreements signed by the respective parties and offered in evidence, although signed subsequent to the filing of the suit by the plaintiff, confirmed in substance the oral agreements and arrangements previously entered into by the parties and in no way prejudiced the rights of plaintiff, who was seeking by its suit to obtain not only the continuation of the temporary but also a permanent injunction restraining all future operations by the defendants.
In the appellant's brief, it is said that "The question at issue in this case is whether the bus lines were operated as private carriers, which were not subject to regulation by the Illinois Commerce Commission, or as public utilities," and that the court erred in holding "that the bus lines owned and operated by the appellees were operated as private, and not as public or common carriers."
Concerning the second of the foregoing questions or contentions of the appellant, which also constitutes its second specific assignment of error, the rule applies that when the plaintiff affirms and the defendant denies that the defendant is operating as a common carrier, the question becomes a controverted question of fact to be determined by a consideration of the evidence by the trial court. Rathbun v. Ocean Accident Guarantee Corp., Ltd., 299 Ill. 562, 132 N.E. 754; Bare v. American Forwarding Co., 242 Ill. 298, 89 N.E. 1021; Hinchliffe v. Wenig Teaming Co., 274 Ill. 417, 113 N.E. 707; Beatrice Creamery Co. v. Fisher, 291 Ill. App. 495-498, 10 N.E.2d 220.
The weight and trend of authority in Illinois holds that a common carrier is one who undertakes for the public to transport from place to place such persons or the goods of such persons as choose to employ him for hire. Transformer Corp. of America v. Hinchcliff, 279 Ill. App. 152; Rathbun v. Ocean Acc. Guar. Corp., Ltd., supra; McCusker v. Curtiss Wright Flying Service, Inc., 269 Ill. App. 502; Beatrice Creamery Co. v. Fisher, supra.
Concerning the further question and first assignment by the appellant of error on the part of the chancellor below in holding under the factual situation presented that the busses operated by appellees were of a class not subject to the jurisdiction of the Illinois Commerce Commission under the provisions of the Illinois Utilities Act, the statute (sec. 55a, par. 57, Public Utilities Act, ch. 111 2/3, Ill. Rev. Stat. 1943 [Jones Ill. Stats. Ann. 112.077]) relating to the operation of motor vehicles "along or upon any public street or highway in this state" applies to the "carriage of passengers for hire, indiscriminately accepting and discharging such persons as may offer themselves for transportation, along the course on which such vehicle is operated. . . ." One of the recognized tests to be applied to the prevailing facts is whether or not the carrier serves all of the public alike, who apply to him for carriage. This distinction is thoroughly discussed in the case of Rathbun v. Ocean Acc. Guar. Corp., Ltd., supra, and the authorities cited therein. In the case of Austin Bros. Transfer Co. v. Bloom, 316 Ill. 435, 147 N.E. 387 a discussion of the distinction between private carriers and public or common carriers and what constitutes a public utility is set forth in succinct language. There, the question of whether or not a taxicab operator could lawfully furnish service to all members of the public who applied along a fixed route between Centralia and Sandoval, Illinois, in competition with a duly certified company, without first having procured a Certificate of Convenience and Necessity from the Illinois Commerce Commission, was before the court. It was there said, in paraphrasing part of the language of the applicable statute before the court, that "The term 'public utility' includes every person who now or hereafter may own, control, operate or manage within the State, directly or indirectly for public use, any plant, equipment or property used or to be used for or in connection with the transportation of persons between points within the State," citing section 10 of the Public Utilities Act, supra, and the case of State Public Utilities Commission v. Bartonville Bus Line, 290 Ill. 574, 125 N.E. 373. It is further said that "The question whether a person, company or corporation is owning, operating or controlling a public utility is one that necessarily depends upon the special facts connected with the management, operation or control of such business. ( Public Utilities Com. v. Noble, 275 Ill. 121.) Whether a given business or industry is a public utility depends upon the public character of the business or service rendered, which makes its regulation a matter of public consequence and concern because it affects the whole community. ( Public Utilities Com. v. Monarch Refrigerating Co., 267 Ill. 528) ." Concerning private and common carriers, it is there said that "Private carriers, as ordinarily defined, are those who, without being engaged in such business as a public employment, undertake to deliver goods or passengers for hire or reward. A common carrier of passengers has been defined as one who undertakes for hire to carry all persons indifferently who may apply for passage so long as there is room and there is no legal excuse for refusal, and accordingly jitney bus proprietors, owners of stage coaches, hacks and omnibuses have generally been held to be common carriers. This is so because in their business they serve all the public alike who apply to them for carriage, so long as they have room, and they are held common carriers regardless of the fact whether they operate in cities or from town to town or from city to city, so long as they maintain their status as public carriers, carrying all who apply and refusing none unless they have no room or for some other legal reason may refuse. ( Rathbun v. Ocean Accident Corp., 299 Ill. 562.)"
Plaintiff cites in support of its contention the case of South Suburban Motor Coach Co. v. Levin, 269 Ill. App. 323 . There, the busses in question were driven up to the curb in front of the Sherman Hotel in Chicago. Defendant would stand upon the sidewalk and sell tickets to anyone who might desire to become a passenger to and from a dog race track and occasionally the defendant would also pick up passengers enroute to the track. Tickets were kept on sale by a ticket agent in the hotel and the service was publicly announced in the hotel lobby. The nature of this service to the public in general in competition with an existing public utility was therefore held to place the defendant in that class of cases wherein a complainant operator of a public utility is entitled to a decree enjoining the individual who, without authority of law, operates a similar utility which competes with and injures his business. The court, at page 333, stated that "We are not unaware that in order that the property owned by a person should be affected by a public use all persons must have an equal right to the service ( State Public Utilities Commission v. Noble, 275 Ill. 121) and that it is the right of public use rather than the extent to which an instrumentality is in effective use that determines whether or not it is a public utility. However, the uncontradicted evidence shows that the public without any particular discrimination was invited to avail itself of the service provided by defendant and that the contracts for carrying these persons were not in any sense private contracts. We hold that defendant in operating his business acted as a public carrier and is therefore subject to the laws and rules regulating and governing such instrumentalities." The case of Austin Bros. Transfer Co. v. Bloom, supra, is then cited in support of the court's conclusion. We think the distinction between that class of cases and the instant case is clear. Here, the service was not offered to the public indiscriminately nor did they pick up all passengers who applied at any terminal point or along the route but confined this service to the individual employees with whom specific arrangements were made for going to and from their places of employment at certain stated hours when such individual's service was required; thus acting, under the particular facts and circumstances disclosed herein as this court and the chancellor below viewed them, as a private carrier and neither as a common carrier nor as a public utility requiring a Certificate of Convenience and Necessity from the State Commerce Commission. The type of school busses as used herein by the defendants bore inscriptions indicating their traffic restrictions and were similar in make and service to those in general use throughout the State in transporting groups of students from their homes to the various schools, and to a considerable extent in general use by groups of workers under the present emergency which exists on account of the World War in which we are now engaged and in the furtherance of which unusual and extraordinary demands for service by private carriers, as well as increased and unprecedented demands upon all public carriers has arisen.
The contractual arrangements of the defendants as such private carriers, although providing for definite starting and stopping points, rates and times of furnishing such restricted transportation to its individual contract patrons and not "indiscriminately" as expressly provided in the language of the Public Utilities Act cited, supra, did not render the defendants subject to the jurisdiction of the Commerce Commission as public utilities or otherwise, and the Commerce Commission, in so ruling and so advising the defendants, properly held under the circumstances detailed in their opinion and likewise appearing in the evidence and so found by the chancellor below, that the defendants were not operating under their jurisdiction nor required to procure Certificates of Convenience and Necessity.
While those who have procured Certificates of Convenience and Necessity as public utilities and common carriers upon the streets and highways of this State are entitled to protection and redress against unlawful competition, it is equally true that private carriers who operate by special contractual arrangements in serving individual patrons under circumstances which do not require the procurement of such Certificate of Convenience and Necessity are entitled to like protection in the exercise and enjoyment of their lawful rights and privileges and are equally entitled to recover damages sustained as a proximate result of the unlawful invasion of and interference with the exercise of such lawful rights.
To the further contention of the appellant Company that the court erred in allowing solicitors' fees to the defendants for services performed in procuring the dissolution of the temporary injunction, it need only be said that although the first motion in the nature of a demurrer to dissolve the temporary injunction was denied and the necessity for factual proof arose under the answers which required reference of the case to the master in chancery, followed by a second motion to dissolve the temporary order based upon due proof of such facts, does not preclude the court, in the exercise of its sound discretion, from allowing reasonable solicitors' fees to the defendants for services actually rendered in procuring the dissolution of the temporary order which prevented the defendants from continuing the lawful pursuit of their business until the case was finally disposed of, nor upon suggestion of damages by the defendants which required a reference to the master for factual proof in relation thereto, followed by the allowance of damages shown to have been sustained by thus preventing the operation of the defendants' business during the forty-two day period that the temporary restraining order continued in force. Much testimony was heard before the master and court in relation thereto and the question of the propriety of allowing damages to the defendants under the evidence, together with reasonable solicitors' fees, in the procurement of the dissolution of the temporary restraining order, appear to this court to have been properly submitted to the chancellor below. Under the facts in evidence, without specifically reciting or analyzing the same, it appears to this court that the allowance of damages and the amount so allowed were amply sustained by legal and competent evidence and were properly allowed by the court. We further find and hold that the allowance to the defendants of reasonable solicitors' fees after evidence heard in relation thereto and the order fixing the same by the court was both proper and reasonable and that the chancellor committed no error therein.
Finding no reversible error in the record, the decretal orders of the circuit court of Tazewell county will be affirmed.
In Illinois Highway Transp. Co. v. Hantel, 323 Ill. App. 364, 55 N.E.2d 710 the court was presented with the situation where during the wartime gas rationing era, factory workers from one factory made specific contractual arrangements for bus transportation between their homes and their common factory destination.
Summary of this case from People v. Galvin


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text:
HomenewsTelecommunications training key to sector development
Telecommunications training key to sector development
Posted by:	admin
With the allocation of approximately G$10M for the technological training of Guyanese, the Ministry of Public Telecommunications has been collaborating with several agencies to conduct training sessions for people of all ages across the nation. The Ministry's Industry and Innovation Department (IID) is the unit overseeing the training and outreaches.
One of the robots that was built at the STEM Guyana one-day training workshop
The Industry & Innovation Department, in collaboration with the NGOs CAFRA and 'Virtuous Women on a Mission' from the Linden community, facilitated a computer literacy workshop for grassroots organizations at the Linden Technical Institute from January 29 to February 2.
The Information Communication Technology (ICT) training was to better equipped members with the technical skills needed to manage their businesses, strengthen the organisation's advocacy, and assist in their personal lives. The areas covered included Utilizing Social Media, the Web and other tools for Advocacy. Volunteer course facilitators included Dr. Rosh Khan from the Master Class Institute, Akola Thompson of Help and Shelter, and Sade Barrow-Brown represented Intellect Storm Incorporated.
Then from February 1 to 3, the Ministry collaborated with STEM Guyana on a series of certification workshops for teachers and technology leaders interested in establishing technology clubs in their communities. The one-day training workshop in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics (STEM) and Robotics, were aimed at equipping them with requisite skills to become Tech Coaches.
Elenie Andre of the Cacique Foundation
They learnt how to organise, raise funds, lead a Technology Club, the basics of building and programming robots, and the fundamentals of Scratch Programming. When they become certified coaches, they will be expected to create clubs and prepare teams for competition in the scheduled Scratch and Robotics nationwide contests.
Karen Abrams of STEM Guyana explained that winners of the competition will then form a national league to compete internationally, and she announced that a second round of training will be held in March. "We hope to launch the league in March so we expect teams to be competing in NDCs within regions," she said
The participants all agreed that the training programme was interesting and said they are anticipating sharing their new knowledge with their students in their communities.
Alicia Rakim, Lusignan/Good Hope Learning Centre said she and her team of two were thrilled to be part of the training, "It's awesome; it facilitates brainstorming, problem-solving and analyzing information." Rakim added that her centre plans to launch a STEM club soon. She also noted that the Club intends to apply science and technology to solve issues at the local level to transform the community for the better.
Abdullah Sookram, of the Guyana Deaf Association
Abdullah Sookram, a representative of the Deaf Association of Guyana said he was quite impressed with the amount of work they did during the training exercise. He opined that with the correct technological skills, they will be able to train other persons with disabilities, for school, for social and other purposes.
Michael Clemson, a teacher of the Three Miles Secondary School , Bartica noted that the training will definitely stimulate students' interest in computers, and opined that the newly trained coaches will have another stream of information to share with students and community.
This outreach was part of the Ministry of Public Telecommunications (MoPT) endeavour to better incorporate technology and STEM into communities across the country. Basic and intermediate level computer training, ICT Hubs, technological training, and basic computer knowledge are some of the key areas that the IID unit is primarily responsible for.
Source: DPI – Zanneel Williams
CAFRA Deaf Association of Guyana Help and Shelter Industry and Innovation Department (IID) Intellect Storm Incorporated Master Class Institute MoPT Robotics STEM STEM Guyana Tech Coaches Virtuous Women on a Mission

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
using namespace std;

namespace FLIVR
{
	class MultiVolumeRenderer
	{
	public:
		MultiVolumeRenderer();
		MultiVolumeRenderer(MultiVolumeRenderer&);
		virtual ~MultiVolumeRenderer();

		//mode and sampling rate
		void set_mode(TextureRenderer::RenderMode mode);
		void set_sampling_rate(double rate);
		void set_interactive_rate(double irate);
		void set_interactive_mode(bool mode);
		void set_adaptive(bool b);
		int get_slice_num();

		//manages volume renderers for rendering
		void add_vr(VolumeRenderer* vr);
		void clear_vr();
		int get_vr_num();

		void draw(bool draw_wireframe_p,
			bool interactive_mode_p,
			bool orthographic_p,
			double zoom, bool intp);

		void draw_wireframe(bool orthographic_p);
		void draw_volume(bool interactive_mode_p, bool orthographic_p, double zoom, bool intp);

		double num_slices_to_rate(int slices);

		//depth peeling
		int get_depth_peel() {return depth_peel_;}
		void set_depth_peel(int dp) {depth_peel_ = dp;}

		//blend slices
		bool get_blend_slices() {return blend_slices_;}
		void set_blend_slices(bool bs) {blend_slices_ = bs;}

		//resize fbo texture
		void resize();

		//set noise reduction
		void SetNoiseRed(bool nd) {noise_red_ = nd;}
		bool GetNoiseRed() {return noise_red_;}

		//colormap mode
		void set_colormap_mode(int mode) {colormap_mode_ = mode;}
		void set_colormap_mode_single();

		//soft threshold
		static void set_soft_threshold(double val) {sw_ = val;}

	private:
		//volume renderer list
		vector<VolumeRenderer*> vr_list_;

		//mode and quality control
		TextureRenderer::RenderMode mode_;
		int depth_peel_;
		bool hiqual_;
		int blend_num_bits_;
		bool blend_slices_;

		//blend frame buffers
		bool blend_framebuffer_resize_;
		GLuint blend_framebuffer_;
		GLuint blend_tex_id_;
		//2nd buffer for multiple filtering
		bool filter_buffer_resize_;
		GLuint filter_buffer_;
		GLuint filter_tex_id_;

		//scale factor
		bool noise_red_;
		double sfactor_;
		double filter_size_min_;
		//double filter_size_max_;
		double filter_size_shp_;

		//bounding box of all volumes
		BBox bbox_;
		//total resolution
		Vector res_;

		//sample rate etc
		bool imode_;
		bool adaptive_;
		double irate_;
		double sampling_rate_;
		int num_slices_;

		//light position
		Vector light_pos_;

		//colormap mode
		int colormap_mode_;//0-normal; 1-rainbow; 2-depth
		int colormap_;
		int colormap_proj_;

		//soft threshold
		static double sw_;

		GLuint m_slices_vbo, m_slices_ibo, m_slices_vao;
		void draw_polygons_vol(
			vector<float>& vertex,
			vector<uint32_t>& index,
			vector<uint32_t>& size,
			bool fog,
			Ray &view_ray,
			ShaderProgram *shader,
			int bi, bool orthographic_p,
			int w, int h, bool intp,
			int quota_bricks_chan);

		//find out combined bricks in interactive mode
		vector<TextureBrick*> *get_combined_bricks(
			Point& center, Ray& view, bool is_orthographic = false);
	};

} // End namespace FLIVR

#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


If your dream is to become a substance abuse counselor in Maryland you've chosen an excellent field. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) the projected job growth for counselors in Maryland is expected to be 30 percent in the next 10 years, which is much higher than the national projection of 23 percent. That means you'll be in high demand once you earn your licensure so now is the perfect time to plan your career.
The average median wage for counselors in Maryland is $43,920, which is higher than the national average of $41,070. The highest 10 percent which typically represents those with higher education and more experience is $65,080.
In Maryland you must have an Associate's degree before you begin training as a substance abuse counselor. Because half of all counselors hold a Master's degree you should make that your long-term goal. Since licensure requires a combination of education and experience with careful planning you can move through the ranks of licensure while in school and apply for the highest license soon after graduating with your Master's.
Substance abuse counselors are overseen by the Board of Professional Counselors and Therapists, which is a division of the Maryland Department of Health.
Maryland has one training credential and three levels of licensure as well as a fourth certification for supervisors. Once you earn your Associate's degree you can become an Alcohol and Drug Trainee and begin accumulating experience hours under a certified supervisor. As you earn your higher degrees and gain more experience you can become certified as a Certified Supervised Counselor – Alcohol and Drug (CSC-AD), Certified Associate Counselor – Alcohol and Drug (CAC-AD), Licensed Graduate Alcohol and Drug Counselor (LGADC), and Licensed Clinical Alcohol and Drug Counselor (LCADC), respectively.
Maryland is unique in that it requires alcohol and drug counselors to pass both an addiction counseling exam and a state law exam. This law exam is a test specifically for counselors and not the extensive exam given to prospective attorneys. You should become familiar with each type of licensure and its requirements before enrolling in college so you can meet the educational standards needed to apply for each certification.
Educational requirements are quite strident and only specific studies are accepted. All credits must be from an accredited institution so you should verify credits are transferable and accepted by the Board before enrolling. You'll need a working knowledge of the credential application testing process and also need to understand what clinical supervision is so your work experience is accepted by the Board when you're ready to apply for each exam.
Once you earn your credential you'll be required to renew it in a timely manner and in the interim you're required to take specific continuing education coursework. You should plan to join one or more professional organizations as soon as you enroll in college so you can stay abreast of your chosen profession.
To become an ADT you must hold at least an Associate's degree in a health and human services field which includes one credit hour in the ethics of alcohol and drug counseling or an equivalent degree as approved by the Board. You'll also need the name and credentials of your prospective supervisor before becoming an ADT. Your ADT credential must be renewed every two years and you may hold the credential for a total of six years.
A CSC-AD must have the same education as an ADT as well as specific coursework, 1,000 hours of supervised experience, and a completed internship before they can apply to take the National Certified Addiction Counselor, Level I (NCAC I) exam and the Maryland law exam.
CAC-AD must hold a bachelor's degree or higher in a health and human services counseling field or a related field approved by the Board. You'll also need to complete an internship, specific coursework, and 2,000 hours of substance abuse counseling experience under a certified supervisor and three years total experience before you can apply to take the NCAC II exam and the Maryland law exam.
To become a LCADC you'll need a master's degree with 60 semester hours or a Doctorate with 90 semester hours in the human services field. You'll also need to take specific coursework, three total years of experience, and at least 2,000 hours of supervised clinical experience before you can apply to take the Masters Addiction Counseling (MAC) of the National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) and the Maryland law exam.
LGADC is a certification given to those who have earned their degree and are working on their post-master's supervised practice requirements.
Before enrolling you should cross reference your school's courses with the required coursework for each level of certification. For example, your associate's degree should include one semester hour of ethics of alcohol and drug counseling so you can qualify as a ADT as soon as you have a potential supervisor. Your Bachelor's program should include an internship as approved by the Board as well as 30 semester hours of counseling coursework so you can qualify to test for your CSC-AD.
Your student advisor, clinical supervisor, or mentor can help you organize your degree semester plans and help you keep abreast of the coursework needed at each level.
The Maryland State Board of Professional Counselors and Therapists is regulated by the Maryland Professional Counselors and Therapists Act. The Board acts as the licensing authority for professional counselors and therapists. They certify qualified candidates and provide licensing and renewal services, along with monitoring continuing education requirements. Complaints about violations of state regulations are investigated here, and disciplinary action is also the Board's responsibility. In Maryland, this Board is required to submit an annual report to the Governor.
Once your application is approved the Board will notify you of the place, date, and time of your exams. The professional exam is given by NAADAC and the Maryland Law Test is given twice a month at the Board office in Baltimore.


The Peddler Show rolls into town March 22nd-24th featuring a brand new show custom built just for Amarillo! Be inspired as you shop from an exclusive selection of talented designers, artisans, creators and craftsmen from all over the country. Find unique merchandise for your home, health, wardrobe, and family all at the Amarillo Civic Center! Come experience THE Perfect Street of Shops created just for Amarillo!


text:
You are here: Home / About Berkeley ME / Make a Gift
There are many ways you can make a meaningful investment in Mechanical Engineering at Berkeley, and advance our mission of creating knowledge, educating leaders and serving society. However you choose to support the department, your gift — of any size — will make a significant impact. You can opt for a giving method that perfectly suits your interest and level of giving:
> Big Give
Seize the moment on March 12, 2020!
> Etcheverry Hall Renovation Fund
To continue the promise, possibilities, and excellence of the world-renowned Mechanical Engineering Department, a strategic renewal plan has been designed to maintain Etcheverry Hall's vitality in the 21st century. The plan will modernize classrooms and integrate up-to-date teaching technologies. Laboratories will be enhanced to promote interdisciplinary exchange that will speed the development of new solutions.
> Mechanical Engineering Fund
This fund provides vital support for the department's world-class instructional and research programs, and for other high-priority strategic initiatives as determined by the chair of the department.
> The Sedman-Packard Scholarship
The Sedman-Packard Scholarship was founded to support students transferring from junior college to UC Berkeley.
> Iain Finnie Fellowship Fund
The Ian Finnie Fellowship Fund is an endowment, the payout of which supports high-achieving graduate students in the Department of Mechanical Engineering. Preference is given to those studying material behavior and the application of material behavior to design.
> John V. Wehausen Memorial Endowment
The John V. Wehausen Memorial Endowment provides support for graduate students pursuing the study of fluid mechanics in the broad areas of surface or submerged marine vehicles, ocean-engineering systems and ocean energy alternatives. Focal subjects can be surface waves, hydromechanics, and theoretical/experimental methods for rational analysis of fluid mechanics. A strong preference is given to those majoring in Mechanical Engineering.
> The David A. Dornfeld Graduate Fellowship
An endowment, the payout of which will be used to provide support for high-achieving graduate students in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley.
> The Professor Lawrence M. Grossman Memorial Scholarship
This fund is a current use fund, pending endowment, to provide support for undergraduate scholarships at the University of California, Berkeley, with a preference for students enrolled in the Department of Mechanical Engineering.
Thank you for your consideration, and we appreciate your support!
Policy on Research, Unrestricted & Endowment Gifts:
The Department will apply a 5% fee to cover administrative expenses for gifts that support individual faculty members or specific ME graduate programs.
About Berkeley ME
MEng Employer Breakfast
January 29, 2020, 8:30–10:30 a.m.
Pauley Ballroom Martin Luther King Jr. Student Union
Electrons Dynamics Control in Femtosecond Laser Micro/Nanofabrication
January 29, 2020, 4–5 p.m.
3110 Etcheverry Hall
Professor Lan Jiang, Changjiang Distinguished Professor; Beijing Institute of Technology
SURF Summer Research Scholarships Info Session
9 Durant Hall
Sean Burns, Director, Office of Undergraduate Research and Scholarships


I started photographing and interviewing California's farm workers in 1960, inspired by an interview of Bard McAllister, a Quaker community organizer that I heard on KPFA-FM, Berkeley. He said that conditions had changed little in the fields and camps since the great documentary photographers Dorothea Lange, Hansel Meith, and others had photographed in the 30s. I decided to follow in their footsteps and traveled the San Joaquin and Salinas valleys documenting farm worker life and work with my cameras and tape recorder.
I didn't realize until much later how my family history inspired my work. My dad was born in a dugout in Indian Territory before Oklahoma became a state. My mother grew up on a hardscrabble cattle ranch. They endured the Great Depression working hard to keep us afloat. At the time, I thought I was drawn to my work in the sixties out of a sense of social justice, but I was also attracted from a place very deep inside myself. My roots too were in the soil and I loved to grow things. I could easily identify with the people I was photographing.
I'd walk into a field or orchard and introduce myself with my "good intentions". "I think you folks are getting a raw deal. I'd like to photograph you so people in the city will know that and do something about it." I had faith that people hearing farm workers describing their life and work and seeing my photos would be inspired to action. I was especially moved by the children, not just the miserable babes, but also the ones with remarkable dignity and grace, the ones playing inventively in the fields or around their shacks and camps. Show them to the world and surely there'll be a response.
At the end of the first year, I took my work to Dorothea Lange, who told me, "This is my family album!" She loaned me a 35mm Contax and gave me a gift to cover film and expenses. I took at least five thousand photographs and recorded many hours of interviews, covering cultivation and harvest work, corporate agribusiness, farm worker communities, migrant camps, and unionization campaigns by the AFL-CIO Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee and then the United Farm Workers, led by Cesar Chavez.
In 1966 my work culminated in a major and controversial multi-media show at the deYoung Museum, San Francisco—the original Don't Cry for Me Babey. The Museum Board cancelled it as "too political" but restored it when I threatened a city-wide storefront exhibition to protest censorship.


text:
Novalesa (piemontiul Novalèisa , franko-provenszál dialektusban Nonalésa, ) egy 554 lakosú település Torino megyében.

A Cenischia-völgyben fekszik, a Susa-völgy szomszédságában, és a Susa- és Sangone-völgyi Hegyi Közösség tagja.

Látványosságok
A legfontosabb látnivaló Novalesaban az apátság, a Santo Stefano templom, valamint a Rio Claretto folyó és a Marderello patak vízesései.

A Novalesai Apátság
Az apátságot a 8. században alapították. Épületei között kiemelkedő a 18. századi templom, amelyet egy korábbi, a római korból származó templom alapjaira emeltek. A templom freskói  közül a legfontosabb a Santo Stefano (Szent István) megkövezését ábrázoló alkotás. Az apátságot ma bencések kezelik. Az apátság gazdag könyvtárát megemlíti Umberto Eco "A rózsa neve" című regényében.

Testvérvárosok
  Le Monêtier-les-Bains, Franciaország

Jegyzetek

Források
http://www.comune.novalesa.to.it/

Torino megye települései

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Steve's earned a rep as one of the best comics around... Started touring in 1980 and has kept audiences laughing ever since.
Comic Relief producer, Bob Zmuda: "One of the funniest I've worked with."
Appearances on: The Tonight show with both Carson & Leno and on Letterman.. Led to Showtime (Laff-off Winner), HBO and on almost every standup show out there. Over 100.
Corporate shows include: IBM - AMEX - Pizza Hut - The Red Cross - Minnesota Twins - Miller Beer - Toyota - Texas Instruments - Wayne Dalton Corporation - Nicholas-Flick Golf, Honeywell and many more.
Seasoned: Steve headlines country clubs, casinos and private parties of all kinds: birthdays, anniversaries, fund raisers, weddings, bar mitzvahs and holiday shows. He can mc, customize material and work the crowd.
Steve's also done numerous 12 Step events over the years ie. Yukaholics (LA) and many more.
Steve's worked with: Leno, Seinfeld, Ray Romano, Drew Carey, Ellen, Roseanne, Dennis Miller, Bill Maher and many more.
Tours include: Natalie Cole & Gladys Knight... Cruise lines: NCL, Royal Caribbean, Oceania and Regent. Vegas casinos : the MGM, The Red Rock, The Golden Nugget. Atlantic city: the Borgata, Resorts, The Sands and The Trop. Connecticut, Tahoe, Reno, Palm Springs and many Indian casinos.
Routines On: traveling, newlyweds, marriage, dating, cruises, europe, la, sports, fishing, restaurants, his family, his ex, getting engaged, birthdays and being a class clown. When you hire steve, you'll hear more and be glad you did.
Steve consented to be a star on ABC's extreme makeover: 'Who knew ABC stood for 'a bigger chin?' 'My worst fear? They cancel the show in the middle of my surgery.' This led to appearances on Larry King Live, ABC News and The Bob & Tom show.
Steve's been on numerous sitcoms and in movies, ie. The beloved hit film 'Roxanne' (as Ralston, one of the funny firemen) with Steve Martin... And about 50 national commercials.
Mittle-math: Steve's honed his skills over 25 years, thousands of shows and millions of laughs. Let's talk and see how we can make your occasion a great one with lots of funny memories. Steve will definitely add laughs.


finally craving some Food TV. The first few days of a flu have me mindlessly watching and reading mysteries. The thought of food... well... not front of mind. I had recorded a Jamie's Meals in Minutes where he made a quick version of Spaghetti Bolognese. He actually added a dash of balsamic vinegar!
a hunt from my archives for easy pastas included Bucantini Bolognese from 2008 (to inspire everyone to take part in the Presto Pasta Night Roundup I was hosting.
And in the time it took to boil the water and cook the fettuccine, my awesome Bolognese was perfect!
So I'm sharing it with Tandy of Lavender & Lime, hosting Presto Pasta Night for the third time! Send your entries to lavenderandlimeblog (at) gmail (dot) com and ruth (at) 4everykitchen (dot) com by Thursday to join the party yourself.
I know I'm on the mend when I start craving comfort foods (okay...any food) as well. This pasta looks great! So glad to hear you're feeling better!
That looks great! I'm glad you're feeling better - it always feels like forever when you're sick.
sounds like perfect get better soon food!
Nothing better than pasta for that feel better moment!
I'm much better - thanks all for the good wishes. I have to say, this is my new fave quick & easy bolognese - sick or not!


Established in 1978 we offer a personal service for the accounting needs of varied clients. We are registered members in practice with the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants.
Considerable experience in property, editor for the DTI (BERR) Research Councils "A finance Handbook", international experience with Unilever; Robert Neil has many years accounting experience with small and large organisations in the private and public sectors.
Tim is a highly experienced practising accountant specialising in accounts preparation and taxation, including personal tax, capital gains, compliance and corporation tax for all types of business.
Extensive IT experience with Oracle and TAS books and Sage, international work with Unilever; Geoff's accounting work includes assisting and bridging the needs of IT and application software suppliers and the finance and user departments.
Hugh has been a consultant since 1978. He is an experienced auditor with varied experience in accounting having worked for a firm which is now part of the big four. He has extensive business experience with particular interests in property and agriculture.
Varied accountancy experience in retailing, estate agency, property and office facilities.


We can customize all your required PCBs, Such as single or double sided board,Multilayer boards,Flexible printed circuits,rigid-flexible board,HDI,High TG Multilayer,Heavy Copper,Gold Finger,Blind Buried Holes PCB,Impedance PCB and LED PCB Assembly.
What is the Metal Core PCB (MCPCB) ?
MCPCB divided into:Single&Double Layer,COB LED PCB,Double Sided and Multilayers.
What is Difference between PCB and PCBA ?
PCB and PCBA are both very important component and more and more vital for industrial.
PCBA is the pcb obtaining after all printing solder paste on the PCB and mounting various components.
What is the multilayer PCB Design?
Multilayer pcb with quick turn service within 24 hours and one-stop services.
PCB rapid prototyping service through PCBCart can save time Efficiently and money for a long time.
PCB has a long history of development printed circuit technology goes further.
PCB design and PCB prototypes with quick turn service within 24 hours in China.
What is the PCB Manufacturing Process?
There are brief introduction of pcb manufacturing process about 20 pcb fabrication steps.
We have been providing "Many Variety and quick turn" PCB service.


text:
DP3322 | Neoclassical Growth and Commodity Trade
Marco Maffezzoli
Alejandro Cuñat
F10, F40, O40
international trade, Heckscher-Ohlin, economic growth, convergence, Simulation
International Trade and Regional Economics
We construct and numerically solve a dynamic Heckscher-Ohlin model in which the initial distribution of production factors in the world makes worldwide factor price equalization impossible, and leads countries to group in two diversification cones. We study the dynamics of income per capita and factor prices. Our results suggest that the Ramsey model under complete specialization overcomes several shortcomings of its autarky and factor price equalization counterparts. In comparison with the autarky model, for example, it can produce similar transitional dynamics and account for important cross-sectional differences in the levels and growth rates of income per capita while generating much smaller rental-rate differentials across countries. Moreover, it does not necessarily yield convergence in levels for identically parameterized economies. All in all, the Ramsey/Complete Specialization model seems to provide a better benchmark from which to depart when studying the dynamic behaviour of countries and cross-sectional differences in income per capita levels and growth rates.


text:
Why is Blackjack such a popular casino game?
Casinos are becoming more and more popular, in particular, online casinos. Part of the reason for this is that you can log in and play anytime, anywhere.
By Brian J. Stone
Casinos are becoming more and more popular, in particular, online casinos. Part of the reason for this is that you can log in and play anytime, anywhere. But one of the key reasons is that online casinos can offer a much larger selection of games. With that said, one of the classic games which remains popular to this day is Blackjack.
You'd be hard pressed to find a casino which doesn't have an abundance of Blackjack tables, such is the popularity of the game. What you will learn by playing casino Blackjack is that even those games that seem simple to begin with can have more layers to them.
Let's take a look at why Blackjack is such a popular casino game.
First and foremost, the fact that the game is easy to play helps it appeal to the masses. It's harder to draw people into something that's complicated, meaning its simplicity gives it the edge over some of the other casino games.
For those who don't know the rules of Blackjack, the aim is to beat the dealer's hand without going over 21, using a maximum of five cards and a minimum of two.
Speed is the key
Another appealing element of Blackjack is that it is a fast-paced game, meaning players can get more rounds in than other casino games. Even if one round takes longer than normal, it won't be as long as a round in a game like Texas Hold'em Poker.
Favourable odds
Unlike most other casino cards games, in Blackjack there is a low house edge. What this means is that the house has less of an advantage over the players. And if you feel like you're more likely to win at a game, it becomes more appealing to you. Players come back time and time again knowing that their best shot of winning against the house is in Blackjack.
Unlike in most other games, where, once the bet is made, the player is powerless to determine the result, Blackjack keeps the player involved for the remainder of the round. Even after the cards are dealt, the player has decisions to make regarding the hand itself. They can choose to hit, stand, or, if they have two of the same value cards, split.
A game to socialise
It's simplicity and the fact that everyone at the table is playing against the house means that Blackjack is a very social game. While a game like Poker is player versus player and can be more competitive than fun, Blackjack is more light-hearted. The players can interact with each other more freely, and can build some unlikely friendships.
Doesn't require too much tactical thinking
Unless you're a die-hard Blackjack player, you're unlikely to employ too much in the way of tactics when playing Blackjack. The simple rules mean that you can casually play without needing to delve further into the rules of the game.
For those who wish to become more advanced in playing Blackjack, they can read the rules in further detail, and learn about splitting your cards and doubling down.


The Accounting Group, LLC, was founded based on the principal that quality, relationships, and outstanding customer service is still prevalent in the business world. We have 20 years of accounting experience servicing clients from various industries.
We can help you analyze your personal and business goals so that you can experience better time management and financial gain.
We continue to be committed to excellence, integrity, and personal attention to each and every client. We look forward to being your accounting resolution.
You free up your time to work on your business.
You generally pay less than a "in-house" employee.
You allow someone else to see what you are doing in your business and offer possible ideas for improvement.
We are located in Riverside, CA. We service clients at our office locally and virtually throughout the United States using e-mail, cloud based accounting, document collection and management software, and video conferencing.
We are experts in the fields of accounting, bookkeeping, tax, and business formation.
What separates us from the rest is our commitment to our clients to always be available, and staying current with the ever-changing business landscape.
Our team is committed to providing outstanding services to our clients with integrity, professionalism, quality, and responsiveness no matter how small or large the project is. We are available to our clients 7 days a week.


Nerdy Thirty-Something – A geek who's married to a geek & geeks out on more than she should.
For other work I've done about freelancing, blogging and social media (for starters) go to my pro site.
Grab a Spot for the Loving Film Screening Here!
Love my personal posts? You'll enjoy following me on my administrative consultant and freelance writing site!


text:
Błękit anilinowy, błękit bawełniany, błękit metylowy – organiczny związek chemiczny, barwnik stosowany do wybarwiania preparatów biologicznych. Barwnik ten barwi mniej lub bardziej bezbarwne elementy, np. zarodniki hialinowe, przez co zwiększa kontrast i ułatwia obserwację. Używany najczęściej w roztworze kwasu mlekowego.

Używany też czasem w formie roztworu wodnego w proporcji 1:1000. Do dobrego wybarwienia w temperaturze pokojowej potrzeba wielu godzin lub kilku dni. Dla szybkiego uzyskania efektu preparat podgrzewa się (do zagotowania).

Zobacz też
 laktofenol

Przypisy

Aminy aromatyczne
Barwniki stosowane do wybarwiania preparatów biologicznych
Barwniki trifenylometanowe
Benzenosulfoniany
Organiczne sole sodu


I have been teaching at Hillcrest High since 2006. During that time, I have taught AP English Literature, Advanced English 12, Advanced English 11, American Studies, English 11, Advanced English 10, English 10, and English 9. I also taught as an adjunct instructor at The University of Alabama for three years, teaching EN 101 First-Year Composition, EN 210 Survey of American Literature II, and CSE 455 Adolescent Literature.


The high standard of quality and the attention to detail that Handmacher give to all their footwear is also a key feature of the brand's luxury accessories. This green leather belt from Handmacher is handcrafted in Europe and made from soft, supple calfskin with a smooth finish.
This green leather belt has a width of 35mm, ensuring that it will fit through all standard belt loops to make a stylish and refined statement with many different looks. Although black and brown are the most popular colours for leather belts, the muted dark green of this elegant belt makes it a good choice for men who prefer a less conventional colour palette. It would be perfect with both formal or casual outfits and can be used to add a subtle hint of colour to more neutral shades. Pair this green leather belt with a light tan suit or wear it to belt green or brown corduroy trousers or classic blue jeans.
The belt has a large, square buckle made from polished silver chrome. It has a keeper clasp in the same polished metal that is formed in the shape of a large letter 'H,' giving a subtle designer touch. The green leather belt comes in its own natural fabric drawstring bag to protect it from scratches and dirt and the bag is printed with the Handmacher logo.
The premium materials and the traditional methods used to craft this green leather belt make it durable and ensure that it will last for many years. It is made from 100% real leather calfskin that is handcrafted in Europe, with painstakingly crafted stitching and perfectly finished seams. This green leather belt will co-ordinate with many of the other premium products in the Handmacher range. These include shoes, boots, bags and satchels, all of which can be delivered worldwide with free shipping.


text:
Home Games GTA 6: When Should We Expect It?
GTA 6: When Should We Expect It?
Juana Rivers January 25, 2019 0 Comment
GTA 5 was definitely the most successful video game ever, but given the fact that is almost six years old, it would be nice if a new title of the GTA series would follow soon.
Is there any news on GTA 6?
Until now, Rockstar has been completely quiet about GTA 6 or any other plans that it might have for future projects. In the last couple of years, we've seen some rumors circulating on the internet about a certain game, supposedly called "Agent". Apparently it was in the developing process at Rockstar North and its action was supposed to take place during the Cold War.
We've even seen some leaked concept art from this "Agent" game in 2017. Sadly, the trademark of the game was officially abandoned by the US Patent and Trademark Office in November last year. This obviously means that we will not really see this game in the future.
Rockstar could be working on developing GTA 6
When it comes to GTA 6, the studio hasn't made any public announcements so far. So we don't really know if Rockstar is working on a new GTA title or maybe on something completely different. But most of us believe that GTA 6 is in the development process, as it would only make sense.
GTA 5 was and still is a huge success, and especially GTA Online, so it is only normal to expect a new title from Rockstar. We cannot deny, of course, the fact that the developer certainly has the means and money to create something completely different, so a totally new game might be on its way, who knows? Still, no matter what the studio is working on, we still hope that GTA 6 is part of its plans and is being currently developed.
Previous leaks have suggested that Rockstar is constantly working on the development of GTA 6, but nothing new came to the surface lately. We hope that some new details will follow soon in the not so distant future.
Juana Rivers
Juana loves to cover the tech and gaming industry, she always stays on the first row of CES conference and reports live from there.
GTA 6 Rockstar Rockstar Games
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Facebook introduces Account Center, a central location for managing Facebook, Messenger and Instagram integrations
YouTube Music "borrows" one of Spotify's best features
Huawei Mate 40 Pro detected in the hands of a user, comes with major changes
© 2018 Miami Morning Star


This version of the program will output a record when a station keys up and then another record when the station unkeys. I've done this so that the user doesn't get overwhelmed with all of the meta data that is produced.
You'll need to review the Yaesu Digital Communication Standards document to understand what the different fields mean.
1. Download the program from this link: YSFMonitor K9EQ 2018-04-30.
2. Create a directory on your Windows PC and unzip this folder into that directory.
1. Open a command box (type cmd) and change to the directory in which you installed the software.
2. Check the program: Type VSFRX.exe -v. It should respond with the version number.
3. User Device Manager to determine the com port of your DV4mini.
Note that the frequency must be entered as 9 digits.
5. A log file will be created in the same directory as the program.


text:
Ireland Ready To Take On Japan
Danny D	 June 22, 2017
The June doubleheader between Japan and Ireland is all set to kick off in Shizuoka. This will be a prelude to the World Cup pool rival clash that the two teams will be having during the 2019 Rugby World Cup. Ireland is looking to make a good meal out of these two games against Japan. The game at Shizuoka will be the first meeting between the two teams after a span of 12 years. There is a lot at stake in the doubleheader and both teams are aware of that.
The coach of the Irish team, Joe Schmidt, has brought in quite a bit of change to the team. He has changed six players in the team that earned a 55-19 victory over the USA last weekend. This gives Luke McGrath, Andrew Conway, Dan Leavy and Rory Scannell their first starts during the game on June 17.
The man of the match performer in the tour opener, Keith Earls, will be shifting got the left wing in order to make space for Conway. Tickets are still available on www.liverugbytickets.co.uk for both this Tour and the upcomig Autumn internationals, before all heads turn back to the Six Nations once more.
Schmidt is looking to test the play of his players as he is making a lot of changes in the team. Twelve players of the match day squad have just had five caps or less and this will be a big test for each and every Irish player. The Japanese team is a well-drilled unit and is playing at home.
Schmidt said that he has been forced to carry out so many changes to the team as there are some regular players who have been sidelined with injuries. Those rested players would have given more experience and guidance to the squad. But, this is a very good chance for the other players to step in and prove their mettle. This game will show who all can adapt to the game and the conditions the fastest.


Is a business management career in your future?
Or maybe you are thinking of just choosing a training course or two that will help you develop into a better manager?
A public university campus or practical web based school surely provides a few good teaching programs and classes in business management.
For those who are currently employed as a department manager, advancing your education is an excellent means to increase your comprehension of the operation of operating your work team. Receiving your four-year or graduate diploma on the web is a potent choice for those who are presently employed and need a higher measure of course planning flexibility.
A well-run business can't succeed all by itself. It requires more than one solid manager to prepare and run a productive organization, in addition to acquiring and managing the best people.
Sound executives are able to promote their products or services and offer first-rate customer care. But most importantly, strong managers realize that their best people are the key assets in the business, without them, the organization would not be successful.
Proper leadership courses present the required steps to properly oversee staff members as well as the related dynamics of working along with your workers.
You can certainly work on achieving your bachelor's or master's degree, or you could only attend a class or two. Either selection should assist you and your career.


2. Keep your relationship with God strong.
3. Read the Scriptures, meditate on them as your day goes on.
4. Enjoy noticing God's activity around you.
5. Regularly tell others about God's work in your life.
7. Review them as part of your devotional life.
9. Read and comment on evangelism blogs.
11. Share your evangelism stories with others.
12. Join an evangelism coaching group that meets regularly to review conversations.
14. Pray regularly. Notice the people around you and pray for them.
15. Practice explaining the gospel clearly and simply.


FilmStruck: Can you ever forgive me?
Friend, Romans, cinephiles, lend me your ears. I am here not to praise FilmStruck but to bury it. This is not a popular opinion. The near consensus after the announced plans to shutter the movie streaming service, three weeks ago, was one of mourning. For good reason: It's an exclusive source for many foreign, classic and independent films, including The Criterion Collection.
And since the announcement I'm reminded of how sad I'll be if I never see many of its films, or see them again. Because that truly is the power of great films. You want to see them more than once.
Two examples: I was saddened to realize that most of the wonderfully innovative films by auteur Mike Leagh, including my favorite, Life Is Sweet, are not available for streaming elsewhere. Nor is the film that introduced me to writer / director Nichole Hoffcenner, Walking and Talking (and also to the performances of two fresh-faced unknowns whose names you may recognize, Catherine Keener and Liev Schreiber).
And — Oh no! — There goes my chance to rewatch the wonderful performances and grungy farce that made Withnail and I an art house masterpiece. I'm especially grateful to that film for introducing me to Richard E. Grant (left in the still, with a Trumpian-length necktie).
I'm tormented by these losses, and the FOMO of all the other classics in the archive. When I subscribed to FilmStruck (and I did subscribe, for a full year, twice), those films I listed were just three in my watchlist of over 100.
So I'm grieving. But why haven't I joined the chorus of people chiding FilmStruck's owners for making a terrible decision? Because I think, although preventable, this service's money losses led to a logical decision.
Not that they're off the hook. Far from it.
I handed FilmStruck a stack of ones (well, virtually … over 100 of them), twice, yet I never got to stream a single film of theirs to conclusion.
Also, when I would return, to see if I could complete a film that was cut short due to the dreaded buffering "progress wheel," the film would start at the beginning.
It's simplistic to say that the owners of FilmStruck, Turner Classic Movies, are being mean. It's more accurate to say they have been, since the beginning, extremely negligent, which has led to the red ink they're now using as their excuse to close the project.
By refusing to upgrade their streaming service when they received my — and I'm sure many other — detailed emails explaining how I was cancelling because they needed to fix their technology, they proved themselves not so much art-haters as tech-newbies.
FilmStruck, for its retrograde user experience, deserves to be in the same ash heap of tech history as Blockbuster and MySpace. We can only hope the films can one day rise phoenix-like, so I can get my Withnail fix.


You can earn a 5% commission by selling Pathway to Destiny: Songs of Healing and Contemplation on your website. It's easy to get started - we will give you example code. After you're set-up, your website can earn you money while you work, play or even sleep! You should start right now!


KABUL, Afghanistan (AP) — Islamic State militants attacked Afghan soldiers guarding a military academy in the capital on Monday, killing at least 11 troops and wounding 16.
The attack, which began before dawn and continued well past daybreak, was the latest in a wave of relentless violence in Kabul this month unleashed by the Taliban and the rival Islamic State group that has killed scores and left hundreds wounded.
Afghan Defense Ministry spokesman Dawlat Waziri said a suicide bomber struck the military unit guarding the academy, setting off a gunbattle. Two of the attackers were killed in the gunbattle, two detonated their suicide vests and one was arrested by the troops, he said.
The Islamic State affiliate in Afghanistan, which calls itself Khorasan Province, claimed the attack in a statement carried by its Aamaq news agency, saying its fighters targeted the academy.
The academy, known as Marshal Fahim National Defense University, is sometimes called "Sandhurst in the Sand" — a reference to the British academy. Named after Mohammed Fahim, the country's late vice president and a military commander of the Northern Alliance that fought the Taliban, the academy was inaugurated in 2013 after British forces oversaw the development of its officers' school and its training program.
The academy was also the site where the highest-ranking U.S. military officer to be killed in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq lost his life, in August 2014. Army Maj Gen. Harold J. Greene, then deputy commander of the transition force in the country, was shot and killed by an Afghan soldier in a so-called "insider attack" that was later claimed by the Taliban.
The same academy was also attacked in October last year by a suicide bomber who killed 15 officers. The attacker was on foot and detonated his suicide vest as the on-duty officers were leaving the facility. That attack was also claimed by the Taliban.
Both the Taliban and IS have stepped up attacks in recent weeks, in what analysts say is a campaign of violence intended to undermine the U.S.-backed government.
Masoom Stanekzai, the head of Afghanistan's intelligence service, said five suspects have been arrested for their involvement in the hotel attack. A sixth suspect had fled the country, he said. He also said that four people have been arrested in connection with Saturday's ambulance attack.
They also raise questions about Trump's strategy for winning America's longest war, which was announced in August but has changed little on the ground. That strategy was based on ramping up military pressure on the Taliban to eventually force them into peace talks with the government.
The Taliban have been waging an insurgency since they were driven from power by U.S. and Afghan forces after the Sept. 11 attacks. In recent years, they have seized districts across the country and carried out near-daily attacks, mainly targeting Afghan security forces and the U.S.-backed government. They say they are open to direct peace talks with the United States, something Washington has long rejected.
Associated Press writers Maamoun Youssef in Cairo and Patrick Quinn in Beirut contributed to this report.


CELLnTEC exhibits at the Annual SCRM Meeting 2018 in Bern, Switzerland, December 7, 2018.
CELLnTEC exhibits at the 5th International Placenta Stem Cell Society IPLASS Meeting, held in Bern, Switzerland, September 6 – 7, 2018.
CELLnTEC exhibits at the 3D Cell Culture 2018 conference in Freiburg, Germany, 5 – 7 June 2018.


text:
The exercise by Qatar of the option for 12 additional Rafale becomes effective
Saint-Cloud, 27 March 2018 – The exercise of the option for the purchase of 12 additional Rafale fighters for Qatar comes into effect today.
This option was exercised on 7 December 2017 at Doha in the presence of the President of the French Republic, Mr. Emmanuel Macron, and his Highness Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani.
It followed the contract signed on 4 May 2015 between the State of Qatar and Dassault Aviation for the acquisition of 24 Rafale aircraft.
Once these two batches have been delivered, the Qatar Emiri Air Force will operate 36 Rafale fighters.
Dassault Aviation and its partners thank the Qatari Authorities for having given them this renewed opportunity to comfort 40 years of outstanding cooperation between the French aviation industry and the Qatar Emiri Air Force.
About Dassault Aviation :
With over 10,000 military and civil aircraft delivered in more than 90 countries over the last century, Dassault Aviation has built up expertise recognized worldwide in the design, development, sale and support of all types of aircraft, ranging from the Rafale fighter, to the high-end Falcon family of business jets and military drones. In 2017, Dassault Aviation reported revenues of €4.8 billion. The company has 11,400 employees.
https://www.dassault-aviation.com/en/
Twitter : @Dassault_OnAir
For high-definition photos:
http://mediaprophoto.dassault-aviation.com/
For high-definition videos:
http://mediaprovideo.dassault-aviation.com/
© Dassault Aviation – M. Alleaume
Press release " The exercise by Qatar of the option for 12 additional Rafale becomes effective"
Communiqué de presse "Entrée en vigueur de la levée d'option de 12 Rafale supplémentaires pour le Qatar"
Defense Communication
Nathalie Bakhos
nathalie.bakhos@dassault-aviation.fr
Back to the press kits
Dassault Aviation and Nawraj for Lebanon
Read the press kit	+1
Dassault Aviation Rolls Out Falcon 6X
Falcon 6X rollout


Darkness Forever! Between the Lines in Hamburg and Oslo!
As architects of one of the best rock albums made in the 1990s -- 1998's Apocalypse Dudes, a hypercharged blast of Alice Cooper darkness, Dictators edge, Poison Idea aggression, and stunning, hypnotic musicianship -- Norway's Turbonegro called it quits prematurely, shortly after concluding its European tour of that year. In fact, this album documents the band's final show, in Oslo, Norway, on December 18, 1998. Having developed a wildly cult-like following -- owing not only to the band's homocentric attitudes (one part A Clockwork Orange, the other part Tom of Finland denim and sailor hats) but also to its increasingly more articulate punk rock & roll (especially the fleet fingers of guitarist Euroboy) -- Turbonegro was poised for a massive breakthrough. Darkness Forever is quite a document of this band's abilities in the live arena. In the punk rock realm, a recording with this much limber-limbed groove, musicianship, poise, and professionalism hasn't been seen since Black Flag's Who's Got the 10½? in 1986. Indeed, it proved quite disappointing when vocalist Hank Von Helvete had a mental collapse in Italy during the same year, and was committed to psychiatric care. Disappointing primarily because rock & roll lost one of its most surefooted contenders. Either way, Darkness Forever catalogs the choice cuts stylishly, deftly, and with power and fury. Euroboy's guitar positively sizzles, and the rest of the band is in fine form, jamming and adding frills not found on the studio albums.


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As a outcome you may must spend more time for a higher intensity workout to lose all that trans-fat from the body to get the end result you anticipate and it isn't efficient method to do the exercise. I do my own diet and have a couple of suggestions that ought to assist almost anybody excited about eating for health or for competition. Aesthetic World has a lot data for you to read and study from so get browsing the web site, joining our Facebook Group and enjoy the results.


text:
Friday, July 15, 2011 at 9:26 am
Primary Election Results from LaRue County
Straley Alley in Mt. Sherman has a new name
Public Safety Issues Receive Legislative Attention
Fiscal court approves paving projects
Road Plan Update
The Kentucky State Police is accepting applications for its next cadet class. Interested applicants should visit www.kentuckystate police.org and click on the Career Opportunities, Recruitment Home and How To Become A Kentucky State Trooper links.
Information at the site includes an outline of the application process, a list of minimum requirements and disqualifications, a downloadable application form with a list of supporting documents required, a downloadable study guide for the written test and a list of the following testing dates, times and locations:
Sept. 9 – 9 a.m., Indiana Wesleyan University, Florence. Application deadline is Sept. 2
Sept. 17 – 9 a.m., University of Louisville. Application deadline is Sept. 9.
Sept. 21 – 9 a.m., Eastern Kentucky University, Funderburk Building, Richmond. Application deadline is Sept. 14.
Sept. 27 – 9 a.m., Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green. Application deadline is Sept. 20.
Oct. 15 – 9 a.m., Morehead State University, Morehead. Application deadline is Oct. 7.
Oct. 22 – 9 a.m., Murray State University, Murray. Application deadline is Oct. 14.
Oct. 29 – 9 a.m., Eastern Kentucky University, Funderburk Building, Richmond. Application deadline is Oct. 21.
If more information is needed after visiting the website, applicants can call toll-free 1-866-360-3165 between 8 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. Monday through Friday or leave a message any other time.
All application materials must be completed and returned to the KSP Recruitment Branch at 919 Versailles Road, Frankfort, KY 40601 by the application deadline. The next cadet class is scheduled to begin in May 2012.


We're still trying to figure out why Thai restaurants in America offer chopstix.
Now a lot of Westerners don't try to eat with chopstix even in a Chinese restaurant. We have to persuade the servers in our favorite Szechwan restaurant that we really do want chopstix like the Chinese diners there. But we have also become accustomed to eating without knife, fork and spoon when we go for Thai cuisine. And the staff is pleased to accommodate us.
Turns out we are not eating like Thais themselves eat. Their custom appears to be eating with a fork and spoon, the fork in the left hand as a scoop or pusher and the spoon in the right hand for cutting and anything else you care to do with your food. This is not as easy as it sounds, since we righties aren't used to manipulating a fork that way.
But, from now on, it's utensils all the way.