Daily flights from the UK to Mombasa.
Transfers to all our Watamu, North and South coast hotels from Moi international airport (Mombasa) are included in the package price.
British citizens require a visa for Kenya and Tanzania which can be obtained prior to travel or easily on arrival. Current cost is approx US$50. Please visit www.kenyahighcommission.net for more information.
Kenyan Schillings are preffered and you can change money at the airport or your Nairobi hotels or use the local cash points to get cash out. Change some bills into small denominations to facilitate easy tipping where you feel necessary.
With its intoxicating mix of cultures, utterly paradisiacal beaches and majestic wildlife, there's truly nowhere quite like the Kenyan coastal gem, Mombasa.
Holidays to Mombasa are perfect for every kind of holidayer, whether you're after a simple sun, sea and sand escape or if you're seeking to explore a city unlike any you've ever been to before.
Beach bums – Mombasa is home to some of Africa's most spectacular, pristine stretches of coastline. Culture and history junkies, you'll never want to leave the winding streets of Mombasa Town. Party animal? It's got amazing clubs where you can dance the night away. Families, Mombasa safari tours are totally unforgettable.
The beaches in Mombasa are a huge draw. Couples, you'll love stunning Bamburi Beach, located on the North Coast. Its tranquility is unrivalled and the soft sands and calm waters offer a dreamy setting for a romantic getaway.
Families and sporty types should head to the palm-fringed Shanzu Beach, for unrivalled water sports and luxury resorts, or Nyali Beach, which is not only a super-relaxing stretch of beach, but fantastic for surfing, too.
Both the most developed and one of the most beautiful beaches in Mombasa, Diani Beach, is incredibly popular with holidayers, but still remains peaceful. Diani is famous for its coral reefs, underwater sandbars and some brilliant water sports. Stay right on the waterfront at the Leopard Beach Resort and Spa, with access to scuba diving lessons and kayaking along the beachfront.
If you can tear yourself away from the beach resorts, Mombasa boasts some truly stunning natural sights. Take an overnight Mombasa safari excursion from Papillon Lagoon Reef Hotel to the Ngutuni Wildlife Conservancy, where you might be lucky enough to spot lions, cheetahs, elephants, buffalo and more. After all, when in Mombasa, a safari is a must.
Holidays to Mombasa would be incomplete without a visit to Haller Park, home to a game sanctuary, reptile park and crocodile pens, as well as a giraffe viewing platform and the Nguuni Wildlife Sanctuary. The the ultimate day out for the nature lover, whether solo adventurer or adventurous family. You won't want to leave.
Take a trip in a glass-bottom boat at the Mombasa Marine National Park, or dive the MV Dania shipwreck – the park is home to a huge variety of spectacularly colourful marine species, from starfish to turtles and a number of fascinating migratory birds. The park itself is picture perfect, with swaying palms framing the crystal clear, turquoise ocean.
With its unique blend of Indian, Arabian and African culture, Mombasa is truly unlike anywhere else on Earth. Explore the Arab architecture and historic buildings in Mombasa town, and head to the 1600's Italian-designed Fort Jesus and wander the onsite museum. The UNESCO World Heritage Site's yellow-orange hue against the blue skies is a sight to behold, and you could spend hours exploring the ruins.
If you can, sail by Dhow to Wasini Island and spend some time exploring the ancient Swahili ruins and local villages. Snorkeling is available here, but whether you swim or sail, you might be lucky enough to spot some dolphins!
With such a blend of cultures, it's no wonder that the food in Mombasa is as varied as it is delicious. But what to try?
Dine on the freshest of fresh seafood at Tangaezi restaurant at Baobab Beach Resort; serving up Italian cuisine à la carte. Two words — unbelievably good.
Cool down with a pint of Tusker beer, Kenya's refreshing fave. After all, what better accompaniment to Mombasa beach holidays than an ice-cold beer?
To sample some of the best Indian food going in Mombasa, Shehnai Restaurant is a no-brainer. Serving up unforgettable traditional Mughal cuisine, Shehnai is a favourite amongst locals and tourists alike. Be sure to sample the barbecued paneer, but whatever you choose you'll be thinking about it for weeks.
Looking to treat yourself? We should think so too! There's no better way to indulge than with one of our luxury Mombasa holidays. Enjoy a round of golf at the Nyali Golf & Country Club, at Voyager Beach Resort, which also boasts a kids' club and fun pool, making it the perfect resort for families, too. If you're in it for the relaxation, unwind with a hot stone massage or frangipani body nourish wrap at The Maisha Spa at Serena Beach Hotel.
Art fanatics, in March, The Kenyan National Museum hosts the three-day East African Arts Festival, which showcases the art, architecture and artifacts created by East African artists. Don't miss it.
November: The streets come alive with parades, Kenyan dancing, live music and other festivities, all in celebration of Mombasa Carnival. Want a real insight into Mombasa's rich culture? This is it.
If Mombasa holidays weren't on your radar before, we're willing to bet they are now!
Browse our Mombasa holiday deals and hotels, as well as our Mombasa safari tours. Let us take care of all the planning, so all that's left for you is, you know, the relaxing holiday part. Don't forget to pack the suncream!


A dirty egg will thus go bad faster than an egg that was never dirty. If the washing process draws live bacteria into the interior of the eggs, the eggs go bad as quickly as �... 5/01/2015�� GTA 5 Next Gen - How To Become A Animal! (Easter Egg)-----Thanks For Watching. If You Did Enjoy My Video All I Want Is One Like A Comment And If Your Not Then To Subscribe!
Each egg candler, for eggs offered for sale, shall obtain a certification from the Department of Agriculture at no cost, after demonstrating to the satisfaction of the department his/her capability and qualifications as an egg candler.... 5/01/2015�� GTA 5 Next Gen - How To Become A Animal! (Easter Egg)-----Thanks For Watching. If You Did Enjoy My Video All I Want Is One Like A Comment And If Your Not Then To Subscribe!
POULTRir GRADING MANUAL INTRODUCTION This manual is a guide to the uniform application of the United States Classes, Standards, and Grades of Poultry.
Believed to be at least 68 years old, the seabird has returned home to her nesting ground in Midway Atoll, a tiny, isolated island in the Pacific Ocean, to lay yet another egg.
5/01/2015�� GTA 5 Next Gen - How To Become A Animal! (Easter Egg)-----Thanks For Watching. If You Did Enjoy My Video All I Want Is One Like A Comment And If Your Not Then To Subscribe!
You will receive a gift card, an invitation to social events to stay connected with other donors and also offer you a bonus for referring friends to become an egg donor. In addition you will get a free physical exam, you will find out about your ovarian reserve.


text:
Home Tags Posts tagged with "alcohol consumption"
Jason Molina dead: alt-rock musician dies from organ failure owing to alcohol consumption at the age of 39
Alt-rock musician Jason Molina, known for his work with Magnolia Electric Co and Songs:Ohia, has died aged 39, from organ failure owing to alcohol consumption.
A prolific and respected cornerstone of US alt-rock for nearly two decades, Jason Molina had been suffering health problems for some time.
In 2011 the musician's family had appealed to fans for contributions towards his treatment, in the wake of him cancelling tours.
In May 2012, Jason Molina told fans: "Treatment is good, getting to deal with a lot of things that even the music didn't want to. I have not given up because you, my friends, have not given up on me. I do still need your support however that takes shape, good vibes are worth more than you might think."
Jason Molina was best known for his work fronting the bands Songs:Ohia and Magnolia Electric Co, with whom he recorded a total of 15 studio albums between 1997 and 2009, in addition to three under his own name and one with Will Johnson. His most recent album was 2012's solo album Autumn Bird Songs.
Jason Molina has died aged 39, from organ failure owing to alcohol consumption
Jason Molina was closely associated with the label Secretly Canadian, which has become an indie powerhouse recently thanks to the success of Bon Iver.The label paid tribute: "Jason is the cornerstone of Secretly Canadian. Without him there would be no us – plain and simple. His singular, stirring body of work is the foundation upon which all else has been constructed. After hearing and falling in love with the mysterious voice on his debut single Soul in early 1996, we approached him about releasing a single on our newly formed label. For some reason he said yes. We drove from Indiana to New York to meet him in person and he handed us what would become the first of many JMo master tapes. And with the Songs:Ohia One Pronunciation of Glory 7in we were given a voice as a label."
Steve Albini, who worked several times as producer with Jason Molina, also paid tribute: "I loved hearing Jason Molina sing. He was a genius at turning a phrase and making it into something more than the words in it. Jason was almost supernaturally prolific, and several times I watched him write an album's worth of songs in a weekend, recording them on the spot. Much of his recorded output with Magnolia Electric Co is the evidence of him and the band playing his songs for the very first time. It's amazing, really, that it was any good at all, much less so touching and fully realized. Jason was a unique talent and I will miss him. My heart goes out to all his friends and family, all of you I've met have been good people who did well by Jason."
[youtube -YRU_uPdT7M]
Reducing alcohol intake to just half a unit a day saves lives
British scientists suggest that about 4,600 lives in England could be saved by reducing alcohol intake to just half a unit a day.
The Oxford University report warned that alcohol consumption is a risk factor for many chronic diseases.
The government recommends that men drink no more than three to four units per day and women no more than two to three.
But the current guidelines are "not compatible with optimum protection of public health", the researchers said.
Ill health linked to alcohol is estimated to cost the NHS in England £3.3 billion ($5 billion) every year.
British scientists suggest that about 4,600 lives in England could be saved by reducing alcohol intake to just half a unit a day
The Oxford University team used data from the 2006 General Household Survey looking at weekly drinking patterns of 15,000 adults in England.
The researchers used a mathematical model to study death rates from 11 illnesses known to be linked to long-term alcohol use, the British Medical Journal reported.
These included coronary heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes, cirrhosis of the liver, epilepsy and five cancers.
Dr. Melanie Nichols, lead author of the paper, said: "Over 4,000 deaths from cancer, heart disease, stroke and liver disease in England could be prevented if drinkers reduced their average level of alcohol consumption to half a unit per person per day – a level much lower than current UK government recommendations.
"Half a unit of alcohol is as little as a quarter of a glass of wine, or a quarter of a pint."
But the researchers said they were not trying to lecture people, just give them the information so they could make an informed decision.
They added there was a widespread belief that alcohol protects against heart disease.
Alcohol Concern chief executive Eric Appleby said that government guidelines must offer the public a realistic way of reducing the risks associated with drinking.
"As alcoholic drinks have started to vary in strength we use 'units' to measure alcohol intake but it can be very difficult for people to understand what this means in practical terms."
But Henry Ashworth, chief executive of the Portman Group, which also represents UK drinks producers, said: "78% of people in the UK drink within recommended low risk guidelines – as set by the chief medical officers.
"Drastically cutting everyone's consumption to half a unit a day (i.e. one large glass of wine a week) is not the way to reduce harms in the smaller groups who are misusing alcohol and need specific and targeted help".
Chelsea Hess is suing a bar for not checking her ID and preventing drunken car crash
Chelsea Hess, a woman from South Carolina who was left paralyzed after a car crash following a night of underage drinking two years ago is suing now the bar for not checking her ID.
Chelsea Hess, now 22, argues a barman should have asked her to show her ID when she ordered drinks at a bar in 2009.
Despite being a year under the legal age to drink, Chelsea Hess spent several hours at Jock's Sport Grill in Bluffton, South Carolina, where she drank with friends and played billiards.
When Chelsea Hess left the premises at 1:00 a.m. and was driving home her car ran off the road.
Chelsea Hess was left paralyzed after a car crash following a night of underage drinking two years ago
Officials say Chelsea Hess, who was not wearing a seat belt, was over the legal drink drive limit.
The woman was ejected from the vehicle and hurled 20 ft suffering catastrophic injuries that left her as a paraplegic.
According to the lawsuit, Chelsea Hess claims the bartender should have asked if she was old enough to buy alcohol or if she was drunk when she was in the bar.
"The bartender failed to attempt to ascertain whether or not plaintiff was already impaired by alcohol consumption when she purchased the alcoholic beverage and made sale to plaintiff even though she was unable to legally purchase the alcoholic beverage, and notwithstanding the possibility that she was already impaired by alcohol consumption," according to the complaint obtained by the Courthouse News Service.
Chelsea Hess has also sued the Department of Transportation and the town of Bluffton and Beaufort County claiming they had failed to properly maintain the road where she crashed.
The lawsuit says the wheels of her 2000 Mitsubishi car "suddenly dropped off into a large unmaintained area on the shoulder of Alljoj Road, which caused plaintiff to lose control of her vehicle and causing her to roll the vehicle off the side of the road".
In its response to the lawsuit, Schubert Place LLC, operator of Jock's Sport Grill, denied Chelsea Hess's claims.
They said Chelsea Hess was responsible for her injuries due to her acts of "negligence, recklessness, willfulness and gross negligence".
The South Carolina Department of Transportation also blamed Chelsea Hess, saying the accident occurred due to a number of events for which she bore responsibility, including driving while intoxicated and failing to keep her under control.
Chelsea Hess is now seeking punitive damages that could run into millions and cover the cost of her round-the-clock health care.
Alibaba buys 18% stake in Weibo for $586 million
China's biggest e-commerce group Alibaba has bought an 18% stake in Weibo, China's largest Twitter-like service, as it looks to …Read More »
Katie Holmes' play Dead Accounts gets early Broadway exit
Katie Holmes' play Dead Accounts is to close on January 6th, after less than six weeks on Broadway. Theresa Rebeck's …Read More »
Holly Petraeus helped Paula Broadwell to write David Petraeus biography
Paula Broadwell spent hours interviewing Holly Petraeus, former CIA Director's wife, about the couple's relationship while she was secretly carrying …Read More »
Sonia Rykiel Dies in Paris Aged 86
Queen of Knitwear Sonia Rykiel died on August 25 at the age of 86. The French fashion designer had been …Read More »
Abu Qatada cleared of terrorism offences by Jordan court
Abu Qatada has been found not guilty of terrorism offences by a court in Jordan. A panel of civilian judges …Read More »

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Yokohama Threeway
And Other Small Shames
Peering into life's cringe-worthy moments, best-selling author Beth Lisick excavates territory that most would rather ignore. Funny, odd, deeply personal, yet somehow universal, these are the kind of memories that haunt us all, the small awful moments of shame and humiliation that we'd rather forget than relive.
Beth Lisick has made a career of opening her life to her readers in all of its messy, smart hilarity, but this type of story doesn't usually find its way into a memoir. With her trademark humor and sly intelligence, writing in short flashes the way these episodes tend to pop up in memory, Lisick recounts her most embarrassing moments with gusto. From a trick she played on a neighbor thirty years ago to what she accidentally blurted out at last night's dinner party, she explores the bad judgments and free-floating regrets that keep her up at night, and the result is a daring, candid and wickedly funny collection of embarrassment embraced, the triumph of humor and perspective over everyday mortification.
Writer, performer and independent film actress Beth Lisick is the author of the New York Times best-selling comic memoir Everybody Into the Pool and the gonzo self-help manifesto Helping Me Help Myself.
Praise for Yokohama Threeway:
"The ultimate joyride for those of us who enjoy cringe-worthy embarrassment, genuine pathos, and an overdosing amount of schadenfreude."—Michael Ian Black
"This book is f*****g great."—Kathleen Hanna, of Bikini Kill and The Julie Ruin
"A strangely touching and engaging portrait of the artist as a young screwup."—Booklist
"Yokohama Threeway blends the funny and the painful into an elixir more closely resembling cough medicine than soda pop—a little bitter, made up of strange ingredients, not real pretty, but necessary if you want to get better. In the end, you are happy you took it, even if it leaves a funky aftertaste."—World Literature Today
"Speaking as someone who hates everything, I love this book."—James Greer, musician & author of The Failure
"Hilarious, heartbreaking, compassionate, pitch perfect, utterly original."—Joyce Maynard, author of After Her and Labor Day
"A laugh-out-loud series of short, revelatory confessions propelled by curiosity and an acute desire to experience the world. It is not now and perhaps never will be quite in vogue for people to share their shames, but Lisick does it with aplomb and even exuberance."—Evan Karp, SF Weekly
"Beth Lisick's new essay collection Yokohama Threeway made me laugh out loud more than anything else I have read all year, she is a master at sharing her life experiences with self-deprecating yet honest humor."—David Gutowski, Largehearted Boy
"Beth Lisick, divulges the most embarrassing moments in a series of short essays dripping with wicked humor."—7x7 Magazine
City Lights Publishers
Perseus Books, LLC
More Books by Beth Lisick
Everybody into the Pool
Helping Me Help Myself
This Too Can Be Yours
Dated Emcees
Rad American Women A-Z
Nochita
Cha-Ching!
Sister Spit


text:
Eine elektrische Gitarre (auch Elektro-Gitarre, E-Gitarre oder Stromgitarre genannt) ist eine für elektrische Tonabnahme entwickelte Gitarre. Sie setzt im Gegensatz zur akustischen Gitarre nicht primär auf einen akustischen Klangkörper zur Verstärkung der Saitenschwingungen. Dadurch können andere Bauformen erreicht werden, die vielen E-Gitarren unter anderem eine besonders leichte Bespielbarkeit verleihen. Ein weiterer Vorteil ist die Vielfalt an erzeugbaren Klängen, die mittels Gitarrenverstärkern und Effektgeräten erzeugt werden können.

Die Entwicklung der E-Gitarre wurde von dem Wunsch getrieben, dem Instrument eine größere Lautstärke zu verschaffen. Das wurde notwendig, da sich die Gitarristen im Jazz, insbesondere in der Bigband, mit rein akustischen Instrumenten nur schlecht gegen Bläser oder auch nur ein einzelnes Klavier durchsetzen konnten. So entwickelte sich die E-Gitarre stufenweise aus der bekannten akustischen Gitarre. Deshalb wird unter dem Begriff E-Gitarre im weiteren Sinne die gesamte Bandbreite von akustischen (Jazz-)Gitarren mit angebautem Tonabnehmer auf der einen Seite und Gitarren ohne Resonanzkörper auf der anderen Seite verstanden. Zwischen diesen beiden Extremen gibt es zahlreiche Mischformen, die sich bis heute gehalten haben und die meistens als "halbakustische" E-Gitarren oder Halbresonanzgitarren bezeichnet werden (z. B. Gibson ES-335).

Aufbau

Der Korpus einer E-Gitarre besteht meistens aus massivem Holz (Solidbody). Selten werden auch andere Materialien wie unterschiedliche Kunststoffe verwendet, die auch mit Kohlenstofffasern verstärkt sein können. Es gibt aber auch E-Gitarren mit einem der akustischen Gitarre ähnlichen Hohlkörper sowie Mischformen (Halbresonanzgitarre, "Semi-acoustic"). Das verwendete Material, die Beschaffenheit des Materials und die Form des Klangkörpers spielen, anders als die Tonabnehmer und deren Schaltung, nur eine geringe Rolle für den Klang der E-Gitarre.

Auch in konstruktiven Details gibt es verschiedene Ausprägungen, die einen massiven Einfluss auf das Klangbild der Gitarre haben. So ist z. B. zu unterscheiden zwischen verschiedenen Methoden, den Hals mit dem Korpus zu verbinden. Die gebräuchlichsten Methoden sind das Verschrauben und das Verleimen. Beim Verschrauben wird der Hals in eine entsprechende Fräsung des Korpus eingelassen und mit meist vier durch eine Metall-Unterlegplatte geführten Holzschrauben mit dem Korpus verbunden. Es gibt allerdings auch Konstruktionen mit drei oder fünf Schrauben und mit einzelnen Unterlegscheiben oder Hülsen. Beim Verleimen wird der Hals meist wesentlich weiter in den Korpus eingesetzt und fest damit verleimt. Bei einigen Modellen besteht der Hals auch aus einem durchgehenden Block, und es werden nur noch die Korpushälften angeleimt.

Auch bei der verwendeten Hardware (siehe Mechanik), also z. B. den Stimmmechaniken oder dem Steg (speziell bei der E-Gitarre Bridge genannt), gibt es stark unterschiedliche Ausprägungen, die durch Bauweise und verwendetes Material den Klang des Instruments beeinflussen.

Eine elektrische Gitarre hat in der Regel sechs Saiten, es gibt aber auch Modelle mit sieben, acht (z. B. Ibanez RG-2228 GK), neun und zwölf Saiten.  Eine weitere Form ist eine E-Gitarre mit zwei Hälsen mit je sechs Saiten beziehungsweise mit sechs und zwölf Saiten.

E-Gitarren haben in der Regel 21, 22 oder (als "double-octave") 24 Bünde, die dabei helfen, die Saite beim Greifen zu verkürzen, um beim Anschlagen einen bestimmten Ton zu erzeugen. Jedes Bundstäbchen entspricht dabei einem Halbtonschritt. Es existieren auch Sonderanfertigungen mit bis zu 36 Bünden (K. K. Downing, Judas Priest). Es gibt verschiedene Halslängen und -breiten, die Mensur beträgt üblicherweise 628 mm (Gibson Les Paul) oder 648 mm (Fender Stratocaster).

Der Frequenzbereich der Grundtöne einer sechssaitigen, 24-bündigen Gitarre in Standardstimmung E-A-d-g-h-e' reicht von 82,4 bis 1318,5 Hz. Daneben gibt es noch weitere Gitarrenstimmungen, welche das Instrument für unterschiedliche Aufgaben anpassen.

Tonabnehmer

Die Saitenschwingungen bei elektrischen Gitarren werden über elektro-magnetische Tonabnehmer (englisch: pickup) abgenommen und elektronisch verstärkt wiedergegeben. Bei den Tonabnehmern unterscheidet man im Wesentlichen die Bauformen Single Coil und Humbucker.
Das bis heute vorherrschende Prinzip der Abnahme der elektrischen Signale geht auf die 1930er Jahre zurück: Dauermagnete werden direkt unterhalb der schwingenden Saiten aus Stahllegierungen montiert. Diese sind mit einer Spule umwickelt. Schwingungen der Saiten führen zu Störungen des Magnetfeldes, die wiederum durch Induktion eine elektrische Wechselspannung in der Spule hervorrufen. Dieses schwache Signal wird einem Verstärker zugeleitet. Bei einer E-Gitarre handelt es sich insofern um ein elektrisches, nicht aber ein elektronisches Musikinstrument. Schwingungen, die durch das Korpusmaterial und den Hals laufen, beeinflussen wiederum die Schwingung der Saite, daher hat das verwendete Holz (oder gegebenenfalls anderes Material) auch einen gewissen Einfluss auf den Klang.

Elektrik
Um den Klang zu variieren, haben viele E-Gitarren mehrere Tonabnehmer und Wahlschalter, um zwischen diesen hin- und herschalten zu können und auch um Kombinationen zwischen den einzelnen Tonabnehmern herzustellen. Die Tonabnehmer können oft zusätzlich in der abzugebenden Spannung und damit Ausgangslautstärke durch ein Potentiometer und einen Höhensteller, das Ton-Potentiometer, beeinflusst werden. Bei den weitaus meisten E-Gitarren, namentlich bei hochwertigen Markenprodukten, sind die Möglichkeiten der Klangbeeinflussung allerdings ausgesprochen beschränkt. Faktisch wird lediglich mit dem Klangregler die Wirkung eines parallel zum Tonabnehmer geschalteten Kondensators reguliert, wodurch dem Klang mehr oder weniger viel Höhenanteil genommen werden kann – die Gitarre klingt also je nach Einstellung dumpfer. Mehr Möglichkeiten bieten aktive Klangregler, mit denen die Klangvielfalt des Instrumentes gesteigert werden kann. Aktiven Tonabnehmern werden neben den erwähnten positiven auch negative Klangeigenschaften nachgesagt – beispielsweise dass sie unverzerrt steril klingen. Ein Nachteil bei aktiver Elektronik ist, dass die Gitarre eine eigene Spannungsquelle (in der Regel eine Batterie) benötigt. Einige Modelle werden auch mit Piezo-Tonabnehmern ausgestattet, um den Klang einer akustischen Gitarre nachzuahmen; so zum Beispiel seit Anfang der 1990er-Jahre die meisten Modelle des US-amerikanischen Herstellers Parker Guitars.

Seit Einführung des MIDI-Standards Mitte der 1980er Jahre wurden Systeme entwickelt, mit denen die einzelnen Saitenschwingungen einer Gitarre in Echtzeit in MIDI-Signale umgewandelt werden. Durch diese "MIDIfizierung" der Gitarrensignale ist eine Steuerung von Klangerzeugern möglich, die MIDI-Befehle verarbeiten können. Eine Gitarre kann so Klänge von Synthesizern, Drumcomputern oder Samplern spielen. Im Gegensatz zum Gitarrensynthesizer wird dabei das Audiosignal der Tonabnehmer nicht für die Klangerzeugung benutzt.

Des Weiteren gibt es sogenannte Modelling-Gitarren, bei denen die Schwingung der Saiten über einen Piezo-Tonabnehmer erfasst wird und mittels eines Computers der Klang diverser Gitarrenmodelle imitiert wird.
Die Firma Line 6, die auch Modellingverstärker baut, ist Vorreiter und zurzeit Marktführer dieser Technologie.

Typen

Die E-Gitarre hat drei Grundtypen, diese unterscheiden sich am auffälligsten in ihrer Bauweise: Es gibt Gitarren mit einem Hohlraum, die je nach Höhe der Zargen (Seitenwände) als Halb- oder Vollresonanz-Gitarren bezeichnet werden, und sogenannte Solidbodys, die aus einem oder mehreren miteinander verleimten massiven Holzklötzen bestehen.

Die berühmtesten und am meisten verbreiteten E-Gitarren sind die Stratocaster (1954) von Fender und die Gibson Les Paul (1952) der Firma Gibson. Andere Modelle sind die Fender Telecaster (1950) und die Gibson SG (1961). Alle diese Modelle werden bis heute hergestellt.

Die Fender Stratocaster verfügt über zwei Cutaways, also Einbuchtungen am Halsansatz des Korpus, die die Bespielbarkeit der höheren Lagen ermöglichen sollen, und drei Single-Coil-Tonabnehmer. Die Gibson Les Paul hat nur einen Cutaway und ist mit zwei Humbucker-Tonabnehmern bestückt. Neben den unterschiedlichen Tonabnehmern sorgen auch grundlegende Unterschiede in Konstruktion und Holzauswahl dafür, dass diese Modelle sich auch in ihrem Klang deutlich unterscheiden. Die Les Paul erzeugt einen warmen, vollen Ton, während die Stratocaster einen schärferen, durchsichtigeren Ton abgibt.

Es gibt weitere Bauformen und E-Gitarren mit besonderen, auf den Musikstil zugeschnittenen Formen (z. B. die Flying V in Pfeilform, die Gibson Explorer, Jackson "Randy Rhoads" oder die noch extremeren Modelle von B.C. Rich). Im Groben beziehen sich allerdings die meisten – auch neueren – Modelle auf die klassischen Bauweisen der Stratocaster bzw. Les Paul.

Einen Schritt weg von der klassischen Bauform gehen die mikrotonalen E-Gitarren, wie sie von Firmen wie Eastwood, Yamaha und anderen produziert werden. Diese Bauform ermöglicht nicht nur das Spielen der westlichen Tonleitern, sondern auch die aus dem arabischen, persischsprachigen und indischen Raum. Zusätzlich zu den üblichen Halbtonschritten, die durch die Bundstäbe markiert werden, besitzen mikrotonale E-Gitarren weitere Bundstäbe, die Vierteltonschritte ermöglichen. Musiker wie King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard und Steve Vai nutzen diese Bauform für neue, experimentelle Ausdrucksformen im Spielen der E-Gitarre.

Mechanik

Als Stimmmechanik oder einfach Mechanik bezeichnet man die drehbaren Elemente am Kopf der Gitarre, mit denen die Saiten "aufgewickelt" und gestimmt werden (siehe auch Wirbel). Die Mechanik bei E-Gitarren (und Westerngitarren) ist wegen der starken Spannung der Stahlsaiten vorzugsweise aus Metall – im Gegensatz zu klassischen Konzertgitarren mit Nylonsaiten. Bei Gitarrenmodellen mit Kopfplatte in "Stratocaster"-Manier sind alle Elemente hintereinander auf einer Seite der Kopfplatte angeordnet. Diese Anordnung wird durch die schräge Form des Kopfes möglich und bewirkt – von vorne betrachtet – eine gerade Saitenführung, die prinzipiell weniger zu Verstimmungen tendiert. Meistens werden aber für die hohen Saiten noch Saitenniederhalter benötigt, damit die Saiten einen gewissen Auflagedruck am Sattel haben. Bei Gitarren im "Les-Paul"-Stil befinden sich – genau wie bei akustischen Gitarren – jeweils drei Elemente auf einer Seite. Die Kopfplatte ist dabei meist nach hinten abgewinkelt und die Saiten werden vom Sattel aus sowohl nach hinten als auch zur Seite abgewinkelt zu den Mechaniken geführt. Bei einigen Gitarrenmodellen – wie z. B. von den Firmen Paul Reed Smith oder MusicMan – finden sich auch Abwandlungen oder Mischformen dieser beiden Bauformen. Bekannte Hersteller von Mechaniken sind z. B. Schaller, Grover, Kluson und Gotoh.

Tremolo

Viele E-Gitarrentypen verfügen über eine mechanische Vorrichtung zur Tonhöhenvariation (Vibrato), die – strenggenommen unzutreffend – als Tremolo (eigentlich Lautstärkevariation) bezeichnet wird. Je nach Gitarrentyp gibt es unterschiedliche Tremolosysteme (z. B. Bigsby oder Floyd Rose). Die Tonhöhenveränderungen werden durch das Erschlaffen oder Spannen der Saiten ermöglicht, das durch einen Hebel (umgangssprachlich "Whammy Bar" oder "Jammerhaken") am Steg gesteuert wird. Die Saiten werden sozusagen vorübergehend kontrolliert verstimmt.

Verstärker

Das Musikinstrument E-Gitarre besteht bei genauerer Betrachtung aus dem eigentlichen Instrument und dem Gitarrenverstärker, da dieser einen erheblichen Anteil an der Klangformung hat. Augenfällig wird das anhand des Klangs, der bei der Übersteuerung von Röhrenverstärkern erzeugt wird. Die in die Übersteuerung getriebenen Röhren erzeugen einen singenden, lebendigen Ton, der die moderne Popularmusik geprägt hat. Übersteuerung (oder auch Verzerrung) wurde in den Anfangstagen der elektrischen Gitarrenverstärker als unerwünschter Effekt angesehen. Die Hersteller versuchten daher mit allen Mitteln, Übersteuerung zu vermeiden, um dem damals vorherrschenden, unverzerrten Klangideal des Gitarrentons zu entsprechen. Verzerrung konnte in jenen Tagen nur dadurch erzielt werden, dass Verstärker unter Volllast betrieben wurden (Endstufenverzerrung). Es ist heute schwer zu sagen, ob Gitarristen absichtlich lauter spielten, um Verzerrung zu erreichen, oder ob sie die Vorteile eines verzerrten Tons entdeckten, weil sie lauter spielen mussten. Fakt ist, dass sich der neue Sound durchsetzte und auch die Hersteller von Gitarrenverstärkern auf den neuen Bedarf reagierten, allen voran der britische Hersteller Marshall, indem sie die Übersteuerung bereits in der Vorverstärkerstufe ermöglichten. Dadurch wurde Verzerrung auch bei geringeren Lautstärken möglich. Beide Arten der Übersteuerung (Vor- bzw. Endstufenübersteuerung) wirken sich unterschiedlich auf den Gitarrenton aus. Wegen der Vorzüge der dynamisch agierenden Endstufenübersteuerung gibt es auch heute noch Gitarristen, die mit voll aufgedrehten Verstärkern spielen. Seit den 1960er Jahren gibt es Effektgeräte (Verzerrer) auf Halbleiterbasis, die den Klang übersteuerter Elektronenröhren nachempfinden. Dennoch ist bis dato das Lager der Puristen vorherrschend, nach deren Ansicht ein "echter" Vollröhrenverstärker in der musikalischen Darbietung bislang nicht übertroffen wurde. Dass dennoch eine relativ große Anzahl von Gitarrenverstärkern auf Halbleiterbasis verkauft wird, liegt an den geringeren Kosten dieser Bauweise. In den letzten Jahren werden auch immer mehr "digitale" Gitarrenverstärker entwickelt, die den Klang mittels eines digitalen Signalprozessors und Software erzeugen. Dadurch ist es möglich, den Klang von vielen Gitarrenverstärkern mit einem einzigen Gerät zu realisieren ("Amp Modeling") sowie virtuelle Effektgeräte beliebig zu kombinieren.

Ein gegenläufiger Trend in der Gitarristenszene entsteht durch viele neue Firmen, die Vollröhrenverstärker in kleinen Stückzahlen und oft handgefertigt herstellen. Diese Verstärker werden oft mit eher schwacher Leistung angeboten (1 Watt, 6 Watt, 15 Watt) um den "echten" Sound eines Vollröhrenverstärkers auch bei geringeren Lautstärken zu erzielen. Sie sind meist sehr einfach aufgebaut, erlauben jedoch eine große Klangvielfalt, da sie den Betrieb unterschiedlicher Röhrentypen ermöglichen, womit sie die Klangcharakteristik verschiedenster Modelle zu erzeugen imstande sind (bspw. sog. "British Sound" mit EL34-Typen (Marshall) oder EL84 (Vox) oder "American Sound" mit 6L6-Röhren (Fender)).

Signalübertragung und elektroakustische Klangcharakteristik

Während für den Klang einer Akustikgitarre vor allem die mechanische Bauweise und die verwendeten Materialien entscheidend sind, gibt es bei einer E-Gitarre auch über den Tonabnehmer hinaus zusätzliche elektroakustische Komponenten, die einen großen Einfluss auf den Klang haben:

Die Signalübertragung über ein Gitarrenkabel unterliegt den Gesetzmäßigkeiten der NF-Übertragung. Der Übertragungsweg ist asymmetrisch aufgebaut, wobei der Innenleiter zur äußeren Abschirmung eine messbare Kapazität aufweist. Gemäß Ersatzschaltbild für NF-Übertragungen wirkt das Gitarrenkabel damit auch klangbeeinflussend. Die Induktivität des Gitarrenkabels ist aufgrund des eingeschränkten Frequenzspektrums sowie der extrem niedrigen Werte zu vernachlässigen, weswegen eine frequenzabhängige Dämpfung durch den kapazitiven Blindwiderstand die vornehmliche Klangbeeinflussung darstellt. Bei einem 10-Meter-Kabel für die Bühne kann die Dämpfung für ein typisches Gitarrenkabel bereits −2 dB bei 5 kHz betragen.

Beispielrechnung

An einem Bright-Eingang mit 220 kΩ Eingangswiderstand ergibt sich zusammen mit der Kabelkapazität gemäß der Regeln für Parallelschaltung von Impedanzen eine gesamte Scheinimpedanz von 31 kΩ. Zusammen mit einem üblichen Ausgangswiderstand des Pickups von 8 kΩ ergibt sich durch das Kabel bei 5 kHz ein Spannungsverlust von ca. 20 %, was einem Leistungsverlust von −2 dB entspricht.

Umstritten hingegen ist der Einfluss der Laufrichtung eines Kabels auf den Klang. Es lässt sich zwar rechnerisch nachweisen, dass bei einer Ausdifferenzierung des Ersatzschaltbilds als unendlich lange Reihenschaltung fertigungsbedingte Kapazitätsschwankungen der jeweiligen Teilstrecken zu minimalen Klangdifferenzen führen. Allerdings werden diese im Allgemeinen als nicht hörbar erachtet. Umgehen kann man die Klangartefakte eines langen Kabels durch die Verwendung eines digitalen Senders, der je nach Qualität und Modell eine Übertragung ohne hörbare Verluste oder Klangveränderungen ermöglicht. Ein weiterer Vorteil des Senders ist die galvanische Entkopplung vom Masse-Pol des Verstärkers zum Pickup als induktiven Tongenerator.

Der Gitarrenverstärker selbst wird in der Regel nicht nach Hi-Fi-Gesichtspunkten oder mit der Vorgabe der Klangneutralität designt. Vielmehr haben alle bekannten Gitarrenverstärker auch ohne Effekte und Übersteuerung einen bewussten Klangcharakter. Je nach Modell betont dieser die definierten Obertöne einer E-Gitarre oder das Tief/Mitten-Fundament, um dem Sound mehr Druck zu geben. Auch wirkt die Eingangsimpedanz des Verstärkers zusammen mit Kabel und Tonabnehmer klangbeeinflussend, weswegen einige E-Gitarren mit manchen Verstärkermodellen besser harmonieren als mit anderen. Der Verstärker ist gerade im Rock-Bereich als charakteristischer Bestandteil der Klangerzeugung zu verstehen, weswegen sich in der Vergangenheit auch viele Modifikationen bestimmter Modelle etabliert haben, um einen bestimmten Sound zu erzielen.

Auch die Lautsprecherbox (Cabinet) ist nicht klangneutral, sondern klangformend. Zum Einsatz kommen in der Regel großflächige Tief/Mitten-Lautsprecher, die höhendämpfend sind und gerade bei Übersteuerung die kratzenden Frequenzen unterdrücken. Die Lautsprecher sind hart aufgehängt, um Eigenschwingungen zu reduzieren, Gehäusevolumen einzusparen und Resonanzfrequenzen nach oben zu schieben. Bekannte Vertreter sind zum Beispiel Celestion. Durch die Zusammenschaltung mehrerer Lautsprecher pro Cabinet entstehen charakteristische mechanische Resonanzen, die bei hohen Lautstärken und durch die Signalabnahme per Mikrofon ebenfalls mit klangbestimmend sind.

Gitarreneffekte

Unter Gitarreneffekten versteht man in der Regel die Wirkung von elektronischen Schaltungen, die das Gitarrensignal verändern. Zum Teil findet man sie in die Verstärker integriert. Vielfach treten sie auch in Form sogenannter "Bodentreter" oder Pedale auf, aber auch komplexe 19″-Effekt-Prozessoren werden hierbei genutzt. Genutzt werden hier neben Lautstärke (Booster) und Frequenzgang (Equalizer) beeinflussenden Effekten vor allem nichtlinear verzerrende Effekte, wie Overdrive, Fuzz oder Distortion, andere wie Nachhall, Sustain oder Echo, weiterhin Modulationseffekte wie Wah-Wah, Chorus, Flanger, Vibrato oder Phaser und viele mehr. Ab Ende der 1960er Jahre wurden die Gitarrensignale häufig auch durch Analogsynthesizer moduliert. Beispiele sind der Moog-Synthesizer oder Geräte von KORG oder Oberheim.

Neben den ausschließlich elektronisch erzeugten Effekten werden auch Geräte eingesetzt, die die Stahlsaiten der Gitarre mit elektromagnetischen Aktoren zum Schwingen bringen. Damit kann die Saitenschwingung bis hin zur Dauerschwingung verlängert werden, weshalb solche Geräte als Sustainer bezeichnet werden. Ein weiterer Effekt ist die gezielte Verstärkung der Obertöne der Saitenschwingung.

Es gibt drei Ausführungsformen: Fernandes-Sustainer und Sustainiac sind fest in die Gitarre eingebaut. Der E-Bow wird in der Hand gehalten. Ferner gibt es eine ortsfeste Ausführung auf einem Mikrofonstativ (Vibesware Guitar Resonator).

Geschichte

Die Entwicklung der elektrischen Gitarre begann um 1920, als man nach Möglichkeiten suchte, die Gitarre als Instrument in Musikgruppen lauter und durchsetzungsfähiger zu machen. Aufgrund ihrer im Vergleich zu Blasinstrumenten geringen Lautstärke war die Gitarre in größeren Musikgruppen auf eine Rolle als reines Rhythmusinstrument festgelegt. Die Zeit der großen Unterhaltungsorchester und Big Bands und auch die damalige Aufnahmetechnik forderten die Instrumentenbauer heraus, lautere Gitarren mit größerem Klangvolumen zu bauen. Erste Methoden, um dieses zu erreichen, waren die Vergrößerung des Korpus akustischer Instrumente und in den 1920er-Jahren die Entwicklung der Resonatorgitarre. Etwa 1930 hatte sich herausgestellt, dass das Ziel nur durch elektrische Verstärkung des Klangs zu erreichen war. Diese Methode hatte aber auch Gegner, die eine Verwahrlosung der Musik prophezeiten. Die elektrischen Gitarren hielten zuerst im Country-, Jazz- und Blues-Bereich Einzug.

Bereits 1923 experimentierte Lloyd Loar, seit 1919 leitender Ingenieur in der Entwicklungsabteilung von Gibson, mit den ersten elektrischen Tonabnehmern. Er erfand einen Sensor, der die Schwingungen der Decke eines Saiteninstrumentes aufnehmen konnte und in ein elektrisches Signal umwandelte. Dieser Tonabnehmer wurde von Loar zuerst mit einem Kontrabass erprobt. Da diese Sensoren unpraktisch zu handhaben waren, und zudem die Firmenleitung von Gibson dieser Entwicklung skeptisch bis ablehnend gegenüberstand, konnten sie sich nicht am Markt durchsetzen.

1931 entwickelte George Beauchamp zusammen mit Adolph Rickenbacher (später Adolph Rickenbacker, Gründer der Firma Rickenbacker) einen Tonabnehmer, der sich die Saitenschwingung von Stahlsaiten direkt zunutze machte. Dieser Tonabnehmer basierte auf dem Prinzip der Induktion: Um einen Magnetkern wurde eine Spule gewickelt. Bewegten sich nun die Metallsaiten im Feld dieses Magneten, wurde es verändert, wodurch in der Spule eine Spannung induziert wurde. Das Grundprinzip, auf dem auch heutige Pickups noch basieren, war erfunden. Zunächst bestand der Tonabnehmer noch aus zwei Hufeisenmagneten, durch die die Saiten hindurchgeführt wurden. Rickenbacker baute ihn in eine Lap-Steel-Gitarre ein, die aus einem einzigen Stück Holz gearbeitet war. Wegen ihrer charakteristischen Form mit kleinem, kreisrundem Korpus wurde sie Rickenbacker Frying Pan ("Rickenbacker-Bratpfanne") genannt. Spätere Versionen dieser Gitarre waren sogar ganz aus Aluminium. Das US-Patent für seine musikalische Bratpfanne sandte Beauchamp 1932 ein, das zweite für eine überarbeitete Version wurde 1934 eingereicht. Obwohl die Gitarre bereits erfolgreich auf dem Markt war, stellte das Patentamt die Frage, ob man das Gerät überhaupt benutzen könne. Um das zu beweisen, schickte Adolph Rickenbacker mehrere Gitarristen zu dem zuständigen Patentamt in Washington D.C., um den Sachbearbeitern ein Ständchen zu spielen. Nach langen Verzögerungen erhielt er das Patent 1937. Inzwischen hatten auch andere Hersteller elektrische Gitarren entwickelt.

Das erste regulär zu spielende Gitarrenmodell war die 1932 ebenfalls von Rickenbacker vorgestellte Electro Spanish. Das Instrument hatte denselben Tonabnehmer wie die "Frying Pan". Über den Markterfolg dieses Modells ist nichts bekannt. Das erste wirtschaftlich erfolgreiche Gitarrenmodell mit elektrischem Tonabnehmer in Serienfertigung war die 1936 vorgestellte ES-150 der Firma Gibson, in die auch die Erfahrung des Gitarristen Alvino Rey einflossen. Im Prinzip war die ES-150 eine Jazz-Gitarre mit in die Decke eingelassenem Tonabnehmer. "ES" steht hierbei für Electric Spanish und war nicht so sehr auf die Verwandtschaft mit der klassischen "spanischen" Gitarre bezogen, sondern auf die gegriffene Spielweise in Abgrenzung zur Lap-Steel-Gitarre. Die Zahl "150" stand für den damaligen offiziellen Verkaufspreis von 150 Dollar inklusive Gitarrenverstärker und Kabel. In Deutschland gehörten in den 40er-Jahren die Gitarrenbauer Wenzel und Roger Rossmeisl zu den Pionieren auf dem Gebiet elektrifizierter Jazz- und Hawaiigitarren.

1941 ging Lester William Polfus (alias Les Paul) einen weiteren Schritt in Richtung moderner E-Gitarren: Er zersägte den Korpus einer akustischen Gitarre der Länge nach in zwei Teile und fügte in der Mitte einen massiven Holzklotz ein. Dieses Instrument erhielt den Namen "The Log" ("der Klotz"). Von diesem Instrument war es nur noch ein kleiner Schritt zu den Solidbody-Gitarren mit massivem Korpus. Mit diesen wurden vor allem die oft störenden Rückkopplungen bisheriger E-Gitarren reduziert. Außerdem wurde ein länger anhaltendes Schwingen (Sustain) der Saiten erreicht.

Die erste E-Gitarre mit teilweise massivem Korpus wurde 1948 von Paul Bigsby auf Anregung des Country-Musikers Merle Travis hergestellt. Diese Bigsby/Travis-Gitarre besaß einen Singlecoil-Pickup in Stegposition, einen durchgehenden Hals und eine Kopfplatte mit sechs in Reihe montierten Mechaniken. Bigsby, der sich insbesondere mit seinen Vibratosystemen einen Namen machte, stellte verschiedene Versionen dieser Gitarre in kleiner Stückzahl bis in die 1960er Jahre her.

Inspiriert von Bigsby/Travis Gitarre brachte Leo Fender 1950 unter dem Namen Esquire, noch mit lediglich einem Pick-Up und ohne Halsspannstab, seine erste E-Gitarre auf den Markt. Dieses nach mehreren Namenswechseln Telecaster genannte Instrument war die erste in Massenfertigung hergestellte E-Gitarre. Die ersten Esquire-Modelle verfügten über keinen Hals-Spannstab (Trussrod), wodurch sich der Hals verbog, da die Saiten einen gewissen Zug entwickeln. Der Hals war einfach auszutauschen, jedoch hatte dieses Konzept keinen Erfolg und so baute Leo Fender letztendlich doch Halsstäbe ein und verkaufte ab Ende 1950 die nun "Broadcaster" genannte und um einen zweiten Pick-Up versehene Gitarre. Die nach einem Rechtsstreit mit Gretsch kurzzeitig ohne Namen (Nocaster) und ab Sommer 1951 final Fender Telecaster genannte Gitarre ist seitdem als Original und von einer inzwischen unüberschaubaren Reihe von anderen Herstellern als Kopie erhältlich.

Die 1954 von Fender auf den Markt gebrachte Stratocaster war eine der ersten Gitarren, die über einen Tremolohebel verfügte. Aufgrund einer Namens- und Sinnverwechslung von Vibrato und Tremolo durch Leo Fender wurde das ursprünglich für Vibratos vorgesehene System am 10. April 1956 von ihm unter dem Namen Synchronized tremolo zum Patent angemeldet.

Ibanez und Steve Vai entwickelten 1987 eine siebensaitige E-Gitarre (Universe), die 1990 auf den Markt kam. Die zunächst mit einer hohen A-Saite versehene Gitarre bereitete später mit einer tiefen H-Saite dem Nu-Metal den Weg. 2003 brachte Line 6 mit der Variax erstmals eine E-Gitarre auf den Markt, die verschiedene bekannte E-Gitarrenmodelle und Akustikgitarren simuliert. Heute gibt es die ausgefallensten Versionen von E-Gitarren, wie zum Beispiel E-Gitarren mit zwei Hälsen oder eine Gitarre, die den Tonumfang von E-Bass und E-Gitarre in einem Instrument enthält und seit 2007 gibt es die E-Gitarre, die sich selbst stimmt. Im Jahr 2007 brachte Ibanez mit der Ibanez RG2228 die erste in Serie produzierte achtsaitige E-Gitarre auf den Markt. Heute spielen zahlreiche Metal-Gitarristen wie Tosin Abasi, Fredrik Thordendal oder Dino Cazares achtsaitige Gitarren.

Wegweisende Gitarristen
Genannt werden hier Personen, die durch Entwicklungen oder persönliches Wirken um die E-Gitarre, diese im technischen oder auch im spielerischen Sinne nachhaltig geprägt und vorangetrieben haben.

 Charlie Christian war ab 1936 durch sein Solo- und Melodiespiel in den Bands von Benny Goodman maßgeblich für die Weiterentwicklung der E-Gitarre vom reinen Begleitinstrument zum vollwertigen Soloinstrument verantwortlich.
 Lester William Polfus alias Les Paul war ein Pionier der Entwicklung hin zur Solidbody-E-Gitarre und moderner Aufnahmetechniken.
 Leo Fender entwickelte Anfang der 1950er-Jahre die nach ihm benannten E-Gitarren und E-Bässe mit massivem Korpus (Solidbody) und ist einer der Pioniere in der Geschichte des Gitarrenbaus.
 Muddy Waters etablierte Ende 1940er-Jahre die E-Gitarre als dominierendes Instrument im Chicago Blues.
 B. B. King, war eine der letzten afro-amerikanischen Blues-Legenden, beeinflusste unter anderem Eric Clapton und Angus Young.
 Chuck Berry schuf einige der bekanntesten Gitarren-Riffs der Rockmusik (zum Beispiel Roll Over Beethoven und Johnny B. Goode).
 Jimi Hendrix entwickelte die Spieltechnik in vielfältiger Hinsicht weiter und verwendete auch Rückkopplung. Er spielte als erster die für ihren klassischen Rocksound legendär gewordene Kombination aus Fender Stratocaster und Marshall-Verstärker.
 Jimmy Page (Ex-Yardbirds), von Led Zeppelin ebnete der Rockmusik den Weg mit Stücken wie Stairway to Heaven und Whole Lotta Love. Er setzte verschiedene Saitenstimmungen oder einen Geigenbogen für Soundexperimente ein.
 Eric Clapton (Ex-Yardbirds) ist bekannt für sein langsames Vibrato
 Jeff Beck (Ex-Yardbirds) alias "The Strat Cat". Er ist bekannt für experimentelles Spiel, insbesondere mit dem Tremolohebel, und erhielt einen Grammy unter anderem für "Best Rock Instrumental Performance".
 Pete Townshend (The Who) experimentierte mit Feedback, machte den Powerchord salonfähig und entwickelte in Zusammenarbeit mit Jim Marshall den Marshall-Stack.
 Keith Richards benutzt häufig offene Stimmungen. Die Offene G-Stimmung, bei der die Gitarre von Richards nur mit fünf Saiten bespannt ist (er verzichtet auf die tiefe E-Saite), ist zu einem seiner Markenzeichen geworden. Wegen seiner markanten Gitarren-Riffs in dieser Stimmung hat Richards unter Kollegen den Spitznamen "The Human Riff" ("das menschliche Riff").
 Duane Allman (Allman Brothers) legte auf dem Livealbum At Fillmore East eine große Auswahl an Slidegitarren-Licks an.
 Rory Gallagher (Ex-The Taste) stach in den 1970er-Jahren durch seine Spielweise mit dem Bottleneck und durch seine Slide-Soli heraus.
 Peter Frampton durch seinen innovativen Einsatz der Talkbox (zum Beispiel im Lied Show Me the Way).
 Brian May (Queen) baute in den 1960er Jahren zusammen mit seinem Vater seine als Red Special bekannte Gitarre. Dabei verwendete er zum Beispiel die Klinge eines Brotmessers, Holz aus einem alten Kamin, Stricknadeln und Motorrad-Ventilfedern. Noch heute ist die Red Special seine Hauptgitarre, mittlerweile spielt er jedoch gelegentlich auch auf Nachbauten dieses Instruments.
 David Gilmour (Pink Floyd) ist bekannt durch klare Klänge, Bending und gezielten Einsatz von Delay.
 Mark Knopfler erschuf mit seinem Fingerstyle eine unverwechselbare Klangfarbe, dreht oft den Lautstärkeregler seiner Gitarre erst nach Anschlag der Saite auf (wodurch der Ton aus dem Nichts zu kommen scheint) und komponierte Gitarrenriffs wie in Money for Nothing (Dire Straits).
 Edward Van Halen (Van Halen) machte das Tapping populär. Als einer der ersten baute er einen Klemmsattel (Locking-System) an die Kopfplatte seiner Stratocaster. Der D-Tuner an den Tremolos von Floyd Rose gilt als seine Entwicklung. Bekannt sind auch seine Modifikationen an Tonabnehmern, wie zum Beispiel ein Tauchbad in heißem Wachs zur Verringerung der Mikrofonie.
 Joe Satriani hat für fast ausschließliche Instrumentalmusik mehrere Grammy-Nominierungen bekommen sowie mehrere Millionen Alben verkauft und zählt durch seine herausragende Spieltechnik zu den einflussreichsten Gitarristen der Gegenwart.
 Steve Vai entwickelte mit der Ibanez Universe die erste siebensaitige Gitarre, die in Serie produziert wurde. Außerdem ist auch die von ihm entwickelte JEM-Serie seit 1987 im Ibanez-Repertoire. Vai entwickelte des Weiteren mit anderen Firmen Tonabnehmer, Verstärker und Wah-Wah-Pedale nach seinen persönlichen Vorstellungen.

Literatur
 Tony Bacon: Gitarrenklassiker. Alle Modelle und Hersteller. Premio, Münster 2007, ISBN 978-3-86706-050-9.
 Christoph Reiß: Guitar Recording. Wizoo Publishing, Bremen 2010, ISBN 978-3-934903-75-3 (mit CD).
 John Schneider: The Contemporary Guitar (= The new Instrumentation. Bd. 5). University of California Press, Berkeley CA u. a. 1985, ISBN 0-520-04048-1 (umfassende Darstellung von akustischer und elektrischer Gitarre, einschließlich Notation, Spieltechniken und Repertoire; bezieht sich in erster Linie auf Neue Musik).
 Helmuth Lemme: Pickups, Potis & Co – Das Innenleben von E-Gitarre und Bass. PPVMEDIEN, Bergkirchen 2018, ISBN 978-3-95512-121-1.
 Hugo Pinksterboer: Pocket-Info: E-Gitarre und E-Bass. Schott.
 Manfred Zollner: Physik der Elektrogitarre.  (Forschungsdokumentation, PDF-Download möglich).

Weblinks

 Elektrogitarre
 Gitarrenelektronik
 Gitarreneffekte
 E-Gitarre – Know-how, Tipps und Tricks

Einzelnachweise

Gitarrenart
Elektrophon

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A Nation Must Think Before it Acts Syria between Russia and the US: Is There a Path to Peace?
Recently returned from a trip to Kuwait, U.S. Army Colonel Robert E. Hamilton is a Black Sea Fellow at FPRI. His current assignment is as a professor in the Department of National Security and Strategy at the U.S. Army War College. He has served as a strategic war planner and country desk officer at U.S. Central Command, as the Chief of Regional Engagement for Combined Forces Command-Afghanistan, and as the Chief of the Office of Defense Cooperation at the U.S. Embassy in Georgia and as the Deputy Chief of the Security Assistance Office at the U.S. Embassy in Pakistan. Colonel Hamilton was a U.S. Army War College fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, DC, where he authored several articles on the war between Russia and Georgia and the security situation in the former Soviet Union. Colonel Hamilton holds a PhD in International Relations from the University of Virginia.


text:
news Transportation Company cars Company cars
Acco seeks European unity for company car scheme
By Ben Jones	 1st December 2009 12:00 am 6th April 2017 11:00 am
Office supplies firm Acco is to standardise its company car policy across Europe to streamline the benefit and improve its green credentials.
Each of the 15 European countries in which it operates, including France, Germany, Italy and several in eastern Europe, previously ran its own scheme, often with several providers and varying policies.
Acco's new standard offering will use just two providers. Its company-owned car scheme will be gradually transformed into a mix of a grey fleet, with the company paying a fixed mileage allowance to employees using their own cars on business; and leasing arrangements.
The changes were communicated to its 435 UK staff in September via workshops.
The first company car driver will switch to the new scheme in January. Others will follow as their fleet contracts expire and it will be rolled out to 765 workers in the rest of Europe in February.
Claire Targonski, Acco's European compensation and benefits manager, said most UK staff would have switched to the new scheme by 2011.
"Our policy was out of date and we wanted a greener element. We have reduced the number of bands [of cars] for people to choose from and have stopped people trading up [to less-efficient cars], because it goes against what we are trying to achieve."
Click here for more articles on company cars and fleet
Interview with John Fitzgerald, senior reward consultant, pensions and benefits at Aegon
3rd December 2009 3:26 pm 3rd November 2015 6:16 pm
Special report 2009: Tender process requires careful preparation
3rd December 2009 11:08 am 3rd November 2015 6:16 pm
New analysis: Gender pay gap still hard to bridge
Buyer's guide to benefits consultants (December 2009)
Using a broker will aid procurement


In March, Lighthouse Publishing participated in REACH 2019, a two-day biennial event sponsored by Faith Builders Educational Programs. REACH helps conservative Anabaptist ministries connect with each other and with churches and individuals who are interested in supporting them. 52 ministries were represented and over 2,000 people attended.
We were impressed with the scale and variety of the work that is being done all over the world. The opportunities to support the Lord's work are nearly unlimited, and many of these missions need staff and funding. It is truly inspiring to see how much is being accomplished through the generosity of Christian believers.
In the larger perspective, it is clear that our work at Lighthouse Publishing is a tiny segment in the great panorama of God's work across the world today. This ministry to the prison population of our country is made possible by your heart of compassion.
We were blessed to hear firsthand comments about how Loaves & Fishes is being used in the prisons. We heard both from chaplains who are delivering the magazines into solitary confinement cells and from an ex-inmate who was blessed by seeing the magazine on a literature rack.
We also met several folks who were looking for material to use in prison ministry. A wide variety of workshops made the event more than worthwhile.
Since 2014, Lighthouse Publishing has operated as a ministry of Burning Bush Mennonite Church. Major decisions are made at our church's business meetings and daily operations are overseen and routine decisions are made by our board chairman and treasurer.
We recently concluded that Lighthouse Publishing could benefit from additional oversight and accountability. Eleven men from six different churches have agreed to join an advisory board, which will meet annually and receive routine financial and operational updates during the year. The purpose of the board is to provide accountability, counsel, and non-binding recommendations for the ministry.
In March we had the first advisory board meeting at our facility, where we introduced the new board members to the ministry's operations. We enjoyed getting acquainted and look forward to the encouragement, advice, and help that the board can bring us going forward. We are thankful for the men that have volunteered their time to bless us in this way.
We are happy to announce that the content creation and design stages for our next magazine issue are complete. The order is at the printer, and we should have 128,000 magazines in our warehouse by April 29. We hope to process the mailing in the first week of May.
We have about $24,000 on hand which will cover the printing and part of the shipping cost. We will need to raise an additional $6,000-8000,000 by the beginning of May in order to fully fund the shipping expense.
Thanks to everyone who has given to make the upcoming issue possible. May God bless you for your kindness. We are excited about getting another issue of Loaves & Fishes into the hands of our readers.
On December 20, we processed the bulk mailing of the third issue of Loaves & Fishes for 2018. Around 20 volunteers from local churches helped with the mailing project. 117,000 copies were mailed out to bulk distributors, and about 2,500 to single subscribers. The cost of printing and mailing was about 24¢ per copy. We also ordered 10,000 extra copies for inventory, which we keep on hand to send out immediately to new subscribers.
The theme of our next issue is goodness, a fruit of the Spirit listed in Galatians 5. According to Vine's Expository Dictionary of NT Words, goodness is not simply a quality, but indicates goodness in action. It is expressed in righteous deeds, showing itself in grace, tenderness, and compassion. Please pray that we can inspire our readers to embrace and practice the goodness of Jesus.
In this newsletter we've included a financial statement for 2018, and we are again grateful that God has provided the resources for this ministry through your generosity. The cost of printing the next issue is projected to be around $21,000, and postage about $9,500. At this time we have $8,000 on hand toward the next issue. We hope to be able to order the printing of issue 39 by mid-April.
Gift Bags for Texas Prisoners!
specifically written for those who are in prison. The magazine was a huge hit last year, so we decided to see if we could make it happen again this year. In past years, we have given away books or small devotionals, but Loaves & Fishes provides a variety of articles written with the folks inside in mind.
Occasionally, as we process inmate requests or writings, we research the situation of an inmate. Many of them have been featured in news stories and information about their crimes is public.
Putting the pieces together, we find lives that are steeped in tragedy, often from childhood. Bad decisions compounded with bad circumstances create situations so complex and sad that a good resolution seems impossible for both the criminal and victim.
Our goal is to bring the love and power of Jesus to these situations. It is an overwhelming task, but tools such as the Loaves & Fishes magazine make the task more doable.


Schena Roofing offers an easy, hassle-free resource to keep roof system information up- to-date and at the fingertips of busy facility managers. Our exclusive customer portal provides the ability to report and track service calls online. It automatically updates whenever there is any activity on the roof(s). It transmits and stores video footage of roof activity, inspections, and progress. OneSource tracks invoices, budget, expenditures, service, inspections and much more.
Schena OneSource is ideal for any facility manager who wants and needs access to all roof information in one convenient location. It is simple and easy to navigate. Typical training sessions are on-site and take less than 1 hour. To learn more, or request a demonstration, contact us today.


As Low As to From £3 on Selected Tools and Essentials at National Trust Online Shop Discount Now!
Follow the National Trust Online Shop by Facebook or Twitter is a good way to obtain information about discount, sales, and promotions of the National Trust Online Shop if you don't want to miss any discount codes or sales.
How do I use my National Trust Online Shop discount code?
Once everything has loaded all you need to do is click the 'go to National Trust Online Shop' button which will forward you straight over to the National Trust Online Shop website.
When you are there at National Trust Online Shop, it's only a matter of choosing your perfect items or your favorite service and adding them into your basket.
Certainly, National Trust Online Shop will give you a message or email with a link to track the parcel when your parcel leaves from the warehouse of National Trust Online Shop.
Is PayPal accepted by National Trust Online Shop to make payment?
Yes, most credit and debit cards as well as PayPal is accepted by National Trust Online Shop to make payment.
Who wants to save on National Trust Online Shop?Welcome to Vouchersdiscount, who wants to save on National Trust Online Shop for every purchase , start save from National Trust Online Shop right here with us, Vouchersdiscount offers National Trust Online Shop discount codes, promotional codes and voucher codes. Behind our huge offer of promotions with National Trust Online Shop discount codes or voucher codes hides a large team of diligent editors, who are looking for new and great National Trust Online Shopdiscount codes & offers for you all day long. We find, check and show every National Trust Online Shop voucher code for UK.
Take a look from Vouchersdiscount voucher page and get a free voucher code for your order in advance. Get one of Vouchersdiscount free National Trust Online Shop voucher codes before ordering your favorite products at a discounted price from National Trust Online Shop. You can also find out about current National Trust Online Shop discount offers at Vouchersdiscount and receive further valuable tips on saving.


On Tue, 29 Jan 2002 19:32:49 +0000 (UTC), "Sunny Ouyang"
>Set the password authentication first in the preferences!"
>don't know where is config file.  So I couldn't set SystemAuth=Yes.
You don't login when using the ntserver protocol!
Simply set the protocol details and make your connection.


text:
Ban This Book. It's Entirely Far Too Silly!
Grammar Free in the UK: The Lockdown Letter is a book of very silly letters sent to, and with funny replies from, some of the UK's biggest punk bands. We ask co-author Dave Philpott WTF he was thinking!
The noble pun dates back, so they say, to Egyptian times, and William Shakespeare himself used over 3,000 of them – so, approximately half as many as the average NOFX album. From band names like the Dead Kennedys and Minor Threat to the lyrics of Snuff and The Vandals, puns and other forms of wordplay have long been a staple of punk rock.
Now, adding to this noble lineage is Grammar Free in the UK: The Lockdown Letters. It's a new book of deliberately obtuse missives sent to, and with replies from, the likes of Cock Sparrer, Subhumans, Angelic Upstarts, Vice Squad, Peter and The Test Tube Babies, GBH, Gang of Four and Sham 69.
Beki Bondage doesn't work for the Vice Squad
It was written during lockdown by pseudonymous duo Derek and Dave Philpott, who delight in picking up on glaring lyrical errors, completely getting the wrong end of the stick and totally misunderstanding the meaning of 'poetic license.
Or, as Graeme Douglas from Eddie and the Hot Rods, put it: "Half-baked questions to half-pissed lyricists about half-dumb songs – what's not to half like?"
Grammar Free in the UK was also designed by the real Viki Vortex with Cock Sparrer/Argy Bargy's Daryl Smith overseeing art direction and a portion of the proceeds from each sale will be donated to a punk-worthy charity.
With copies of the book currently flying off the shelves, Punktuation (clearly no strangers to a good pun ourselves) spoke to Dave Philpott.
Kev Nixon from Anti-Pasti @AntiPastiPunk received his copy of "Grammar Free In The U.K." and decided this is the best place for it…
Grammar-free in the UK follows your first two books, Dear Mr Pop Star and Dear Mr Kershaw: A Pensioner Writes, so you've clearly got form in this area – what was your original inspiration?
Dave: It started as an idea to make us laugh. We'd pick out inconsistencies in lyrics (or just deliberately misunderstand them) and construct a narrative between ourselves. Eventually, we had enough of them to make a small website. It just so happened that a fan said that they could hook us up with the artist and see if they would be happy to perhaps reply to us.
Once we got that first retort it was a real buzz, and after this word started spreading. Roadies, friends of roadies, the bass player's first cousin twice removed, anyone with a connection got in touch and offered their help.
Suddenly it became a community and the website, once really aimed at a few people, went global. We immediately thought about how good this would be if we could make a book out of it.
Why did you turn your attention to UK punks for the new book?
Dave: I've always found the punks to be really good folk, amiable, friendly and with a cracking sense of humour. They completely get us and what we do and are not afraid of taking the piddle out of themselves.
Sadly, this has been a very poor time for the music industry and so I think a lot of the artists were looking for something to get involved with. Although the letters were completely free to read, we realised that many punks don't 'do' Facebook and so we published 'Grammar Free…' with the idea that we could give something back, make a donation to charity, avoid big corporations like Amazon and instead concentrate on independent book and record shops.
Independent book and record shops Like All Ages Records in Camden Town, London are stocking the book.
There's so much detail in each of the letters, what's your writing process?
Dave: We're trying to give a sense that they've been dashed off, but actually the process is quite intense. We sort of find a punchline first and then move backwards from that point in order to construct the run up to it.
We like the slow burn – the reader wondering where we're going with all this and then it all comes together and ties up at the end. There are 'Easter Eggs' included in there for fans. We'll drop in a reference to lyrics, perhaps the title of an obscure song or a B-side, just to keep them on their feet. So, in answer to your question: absolutely blooming ages.
How have the legends of UK punk you've been writing to responded to your correspondence?
Dave: Before we start a letter, we will speak to the artist … then it's up to them how they reply. They can respond politely or tear us to bits if they wish. It's all good sport, and they and us are completely in on the joke. Some of them tell us to 'Eff off' and we think that's hilarious.
We get surprised all the time because we don't know what we're going to get back!
So, if you think a punk rocker is a comfortable seat, Groan Day is a dad joke's favourite band or that all the best songs are in the key of anarch-E, then this is the perfect book for you.
Don't click on this link to buy the book
More Grammar Free In The UK…
For more punk news check these out…
Death Tour Release Suitably Destructive D*E*S*T*R*O*Y Music Video
Blink-182's Mark Hoppus Confirms His Battle With Cancer
Windmill Brixton launches a support initiative for unsigned musicians.
"New Festival, Punk In The Park Announces Denver Show
Book Review: In Defense of Ska
Authority Zero Drop 8th Studio Album
Have Blink-182 gone even more pop than punk?


Why not book some time on the water to hone your skills on your own board? Build your confidence, get to grips with new kit or alternatively work on a specific technique or learn a new skill. One of our Instructors will sail with you or remain close-by coaching you from a powerboat. Please call us for a discussion of your exact requirements.


text:
Belvidere School is a coeducational secondary school located in the Belvidere area of Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. Belvidere draws 11- to 16-year-olds mainly from the surrounding areas of Monkmoor, Belvidere, Underdale, Abbey Forgate and Cherry Orchard. It is sited in grounds bordering open fields down to the River Severn The school performs well in local school sport competitions.

The school became a Technology College in 2003, specialising in Technology, Science and Mathematics. In 2008 it received a second speciality as a Training School.

Previously a community school administered by Shropshire Council, in January 2019 Belvidere School converted to academy status. The school is now sponsored by the Central Shropshire Academy Trust.

Notable former pupils
Jonathan Anders (cricketer, born 1971)
William Davies (cricketer, born 1972)
Billy Jones (footballer, born 1987)

References

External links
Belvidere School official website

Schools in Shrewsbury
Secondary schools in Shropshire
Academies in Shropshire


Blockchain Technology Applications tZERO – Alternative Trading System Security Token ICO Exchange? Alternative ICO Cryptocurrency Token Guide.
2004-06-18 · Coinbase Takes Steps Toward Becoming an Alternative Trading System. Regulation. Coinbase Takes Steps Toward Becoming an Alternative Trading System.
Alternative Trading Systems (ATSs) are SEC-regulated electronic trading systems that match orders for buyers and sellers of securities.
Stock Exchange Alternative Trading System listed as SEATS. Stock Exchange Alternative Trading System - How is Stock Exchange Alternative Trading System abbreviated?
© Alternative trading system adalah Binary Option | Alternative trading system adalah Best binary options.


The beach and backdrop at Puerto Rico, Gran Canaria.
My most recent trip was to The Canary Islands, more specifically Gran Canaria to fish with Roger Burston who runs Reel Escape Sport Fishing Charters based at Puerto Rico. Easily reached with around a four hour direct charter flights from pretty much any UK or European regional airport, The Canary Islands have long been a popular destination with holiday makers from all over Europe. Consequently you will find a massive tourist infrastructure with a huge range of accommodations to cover all budgets, and near guaranteed sunshine.
The sport fishing fleet based at Puerto Rico, Gran Canaria, 'Reel Time' sits second from right.
I've been aware of various sport fishing operations throughout The Canary Islands for some time, though I thought mostly these concentrated on short tourist trips, and that the few billfish I had heard about were little more than lucky catches. My understanding was that the only serious sport fishing was based on the island of La Gomera, how wrong I was. Roger runs two excellent big game boats, both equipped with the highest quality Shimano Tiagra reels and rods.
Boats are equipped with quality Shimano Tiagra reels.
Big blue marlin are caught off Gran Canaria, along with La Gomera and other islands.
To give you an idea of just how prolific this fishery can be, a recent Billfish Report rated The Canaries as being the 10th best location anywhere to catch your first marlin, many of which average over 500lb. Last year Rogers boats caught 24 blues, biggest fish 350kg and 14 white marlin, along with a lot of tuna. Local commercial fishermen have landed fish well in excess of the I.G.F.A world record. The women's 50lb class record Atlantic blue marlin was caught off Gran Canaria on August 9th 1986, and weighed 802lb, and both the mens 6lb and 8lb class records are held by fish caught off La Gomera. Further, both mens 80lb and 130lb class records for bigeye tuna, 392lb and 363lb respectively were caught off Gran Canaria, with the women's 20lb class record, 173lb, being caught at La Gomera. Numerous I.G.F.A Atlantic spearfish records have been caught off Gran Canaria and La Gomera.
A selection of marlin lures.
Not surprisingly I was eagerly looking forward to my first trip to Gran Canaria, especially as it was scheduled for mid-August, prime marlin season. I was looking forward to four action packed days out on the water, but if you travel to fish occasionally you must expect the weather and local conditions to completely disrupt your plans, and this was that trip. Very strong north-westerly winds resulted in day one being cancelled, and even though we managed to fish the remaining three days, often conditions were very rough. Choppy seas aside, the biggest problem was that the water temperature was several degrees below what is ideal for marlin fishing. 22˚c is regarded as being the minimum suitable for marlin, with 24˚c being the magic number. During my trip the warmest water we found off Gran Canaria was 21.8˚c, and all the time I was there only one white marlin was caught on another boat. A little over 100 miles away at La Gomera however the water was warmer, and the fishing excellent. One boat, we heard, had released over 20 blue marlin in 8 days fishing. I guess I'll have to go back!
Package trips trips to Gran Canaria including flights and accommodation to fish with Reel Escape Sport Fishing Charters can be booked through Anglers World Holidays. This really is one destination offering serious blue water fishing a relatively short hop from Europe, along with plenty to do for all of the family. For more information Tel: 01246 221717.


text:
Crowdfunding May Be The Best Way To Fund Your Green Tech Company Post-Brexit
In a time when VCs are holding back, the SEC's new finance rules (Title III) could help boost clean tech deals.
By Kate L. HarrisonAuthor and entrepreneur@kate_l_harrison
Recently, the Dow Jones Industrial Average in the United States fell more than 610 points shortly after Brexit vote in the UK hit the news. This caused experts to speculate that investing in U.S. businesses could decline due to perceived marketplace volatility. However, while the stock markets may be shaken, it appears that crowdfunding shares may actually be strong despite Brexit. This is especially true of crowdfunding (CF) investments in Green Tech and Clean Tech.
In the last quarter of 2015, venture capitalists (VCs) invested just a fraction in clean tech as compared to what they gave other early-stage deals. Fortunately, the SEC recently approved new finance rules (Title III) allowing more investors to engage in clean tech deals. This rule change will allow this sector to raise more capital without traditional VC and bank funding. The question is, can the new rules come to rescue despite the current economic climate?
Ron Miller is the CEO of StartEngine, a company whose platform provides access to capital for small businesses and startups looking for alternative sources. The following is an excerpt of my interview with him for Inc.com:
Kate Harrison: Why is crowdfund investing an important alternative for green tech startups over traditional finance?
Ron Miller: Crowdfunding is a perfect match for green tech as these investors are motivated to invest in bringing new technologies and innovations into the market. They understand that green tech in all of its various forms addresses major threats to the planet. Accordingly, people investing via equity crowdfunding achieve their personal as well as their financial goals by helping to create a more sustainable world.
Harrison: Can you give us an example of a clean tech company that raised capital through CF and why you feel they were successful?
Miller: One clear example is Elio Motors, a clean tech car company that raised nearly $17 million from mostly non-accredited investors through the StartEngine platform. The vision of Paul Elio, the founder, was to significantly reduce carbon emissions by producing a vehicle that gets 84 miles to a gallon of gas. The real impact of this product is that at a projected retail price of $6,800 per vehicle, a large number of aging high emission vehicles could easily and economically be replaced. This is in contrast to Tesla, which may reduce carbon emissions, but at its current price point, will never sell enough vehicles to make a meaningfully impact the environment. Elio Motors however, is likely to achieve the goal of meaningful reduction of carbon emissions on a broad scale. By 2025, Elio Motors will help consumers save 8 billion gallons of gas and reduce CO2 emissions by 160 billion pounds.
Harrison: What are the benefits of the new crowfunding rules that green tech startups need to be aware of?
Miller: Green tech companies are particularly well positioned to take advantage of the new equity crowdfunding rules. One main advantage is that the founders of these companies have the freedom to set their own terms, such as the value of the company, how much they want to raise, and the minimum investment per investor. What is even more important to a green tech company is that raising capital via CF results in the creation of a virtual army of brand ambassadors. These investors can help a startup green tech company promote their products and services widely in the marketplace.
Harrison: In your opinion, will Brexit impact US investing in startups and potentially impact green tech investing as well?
Miller: As a general proposition, investing via equity crowdfunding and in startups is loosely correlated to stock market and traditional equities market investing. Meaning, whatever broader equity markets are doing is going to have some impact on investment in startups. However, many people investing under the new crowdfunding rules are motivated because they believe in a company and its value in making the world a better place. They also believe in the founder's ability to execute. So in contrast to traditional investors who are driven solely by hoped-for financial returns, investing in startups -- and green tech in particular -- is likely to be minimally impacted, if at all, by Brexit.
Harrison: Why do you think VCs still struggle with investing in green tech companies at the same level they invest in other ventures?
Miller: Green tech has yet to create the kind of returns that are required by traditional and VC investment paradigms. It's common knowledge that VCs lose far more often than they win. Accordingly, in order for VCs to be sustainable, they require significantly outsized returns in relatively short periods of time. And while some green techs may be able to achieve that result, there are probably more that do not. Green tech is more of a long term investment opportunity than a "quick-buck" investment arena.
Harrison: Any other comments or advice you would like to share?
Miller: Early indications show that the volatility of shares of stock purchased under the new equity CF rules is substantially lower than in the broader markets. As an example, Elio Motors shares, which were originally purchased for $12, were trading in the $18-21 range prior to the Brexit vote. Shortly after, even though broader indices dropped significantly, shares of Elio continued to trade on the OTC market in the same $18-21 range they have been trading in for months. Looks like now's a good time to go green!
Published on: Sep 22, 2016


I don't go a week without needing to explain this to someone, given how much genealogy research I still do. As such, I figure I need to share these visual aids unashamedly, and often.
Posted in genealogy.Tagged cousin, genealogy, once removed, related, second, third, uncle.


Chile shipped US$75.4 billion worth of goods around the globe in 2018, up by 0.4% since 2014 and up by 8.9% from 2017 to 2018.
$24.5 billion or 32.5% of its overall exports.
$10.6 billion or 14.1% of its overall exports.
$6.8 billion or 9.1% of its overall exports.
$4.4 billion or 5.8% of its overall exports.
$3.4 billion or 4.6% of its overall exports.
$1.7 billion or 2.2% of its overall exports.
$1.6 billion or 2.1% of its overall exports.
$1.5 billion or 2% of its overall exports.
$1.3 billion or 1.8% of its overall exports.


at the system requirements before downloading the Mac Onow Leopard Free Download trial mac os x snow leopard download full version free version offline installer setup so that either they satisfy your computer system or not. Setup File Name: mac_os_x_install_dvd_g, file Size:.43 GB, compatibility: 64-bit (x64) and 32-bit (x86 setup Type: Offline Installer. Mac OS.6 Snow Leopard has some new and some enhanced features which has expanded the technical capabilities of the operating system. Mac Onow Leopard Free Download.6.8 disk image iso clean rip. Download Mac Oavericks which is great success. You can Extract the File Using WinRAR or WinZip. New programming framework like OpenCL has been created which has enabled the developers to use graphic cards in their applications. Below are some noticeable features which youll experience after Mac Onow Leopard free download. But, there are a couple interesting new features which will surely attract users. . Features of Mac Onow Leopard. Here are the simple steps to download this tool. You can also get, mAC Oion.7.5 dmg. MAc Onow Leopard has some new and some enhanced features which has expanded the technical capabilities of the operating system. System RAM:.00. Snow Leopard Torrents are available on hundreds of websites online. Mac Onow Leopard Free Download. Labeled 10A380, the beta program is believed to pack small UI improvements and the 64-bit goodness it has to offer you. Mac Oountain Lion is another great choice for advanced features. Download Mac Oosemite which is latest so far. User interface has also been refined. Compatibility mac os x snow leopard download full version free Architecture: 32 Bit (x86) / 64 Bit (x64). Hard Disk Space: 7GB of free space required. Have an attractive user interface. Instructions: Burn to a dual layer DVD using a mac with disk utility go to U tube to learn how to mments/questions list below. Safari 4 also makes Snow Leopard a greater choice as it never lets your browser to be the crash and closing tabs. It is the full offline installer standalone setup direct single click download. In 1 year, Apples vast developer community managed to boost all Leopards core characteristics, but also make minor alterations to maximize performance. We mentioned all latest new features of Mac Onow Leopard below. Mac OS.6 Snow Leopard Free Download DMG.6.3 Clean Rip. E doesn't use them on any core products -only FOR 2010 macbook PRO 15inch i7 -others beware!
Mac Onow Leopard has many enhancements compared to the previous releases. The very first thing Mac users must know about is that there mac os x snow leopard download full version free is nothing in Snow Leopard that is likely to get you scrambling to update. Apple provides additional information about eligibility and the specific end date with the promo on June. HackerOffice, for anyone that wants to hackintosh a Dell optiplex gx620 this is the perfect guide that will you up and running to the latest. Mac Onow Leopard Free Download, mac OS, intel Core 2 Duo. Before you start Mac Onow Leopard free download. Builtin crash system mac os x snow leopard download full version free for Safari, click on below button to start Mac Onow Leopard Free Download, make sure your PC meets minimum system requirements. Dmg For use to reinstall your macs operating system This is a clean rip using disk utility untouched No serial needed as App 6, it finally supports Microsoft Exchange Server.
Mac most hilarious deleted iphone apps OS, mac Onow Leopard Overview, new programming framework OpenCL introduced. You can also get 00 GB Mac Onow Leopard Free Download You can download the Mac Onow Leopard Free Download by clicking on single link download button. Setup File Name, the attention of OS, one mega change brought in the latest update is the addition of programming framework like OpenCL which has enabled the developers to use graphics cards in their applications.
Quick Look and Cover Flow also introduced.It is very simple and easy use and has an attractive user interface which is really helpful to learn the usage of Mac Onow Leopard more quickly.The iChat feature is introduced with the more good quality of Video and Audio.
Software Full Name: Mac Onow Leopard Install DVD.6.3.It is marked as a major release because many of the features were enhanced and few new features were introduced in the desktop.Safari 4 now has built in crash system which can prevent the browser from crashing due to plugins.S seventh major release is the Mac Onow Leopard for the Macintosh Computers.


text:
Review: Birds desperate to get in / Review of 'Rare Birds in Britain and Ireland' By J. N. Dymond, PA Fraser and S. JM Gantlett
By Phyllida Brown
'Rare Birds in Britain and Ireland' By J. N. Dymond, PA Fraser and S.
JM Gantlett, Poyser, pp 366, Pounds sterling 19
YOU DO NOT need to be a twitcher – the type of birdwatcher who will
drive 200 kilometres to see a great bustard or a rose-breasted grosbeak
– to enjoy this reference book. Not only does it list every sighting of
more than 300 species of rare birds in Britain between 1958 and 1985, it
also raises a number of questions about changes in the patterns of their
migration.
Take the white-billed diver, Gavia adamsii, for example. This bird breeds
in the Arctic and there are 79 records of it reaching Britain in the 28-year
period that the book covers, 50 of these since 1975. The authors suggest
that, in this case, the increase cannot be blamed entirely on the new popularity
of birdwatching. They speculate that 'the reported slight shift of the Gulf
Stream in recent years and the consequent slight fall in sea temperature
to the north of the British Isles' could have brought more of the divers,
and other Arctic species, south to winter in British waters.
Meanwhile the little egret, Egretta garzetta, is slowly invading southern
Britain from France. During the 1980s, the authors tell us, pairs of the
bird have performed their courting displays in East Anglia and 'the first
breeding in Britain may not be far away'.
It is tantalising to read this sort of assertion. What about the effects
of global warming or sunspot activity on migrant birds? The book does not
set out to answer these questions, but it generates plenty of curiosity.
Researchers need to find out much more about how changing climates and weather
systems affect the migration of birds: this compilation of data at least
provides a starting point.
On a lighter note, the book will also appeal to the sort of person who,
although city-bound, likes to listen to the shipping forecast as a kind
of reassurance that Cape Wrath and Valencia Island are still there. Not
that the book mentions the shipping forecast; but it does revel in the same
sort of detail of place and time. For example, of the rustic bunting, Emberiza
rustica, it says: 'One ringed on Fair Isle, Shetland, on 12 June 1963 was
recovered on the island of Chios, Greece, on 15 October 1963.'
Every species has maps showing the distribution of sightings in spring
and autumn, as well as histograms to show you at a glance when it appeared
most frequently.
Some of the illustrations are disappointing. They are all rather small
and all in black and white; you could not use the pictures to identify the
birds although the written descriptions are precise.
The book has one likeable idiosyncrasy: for several perfectly good reasons,
the authors have chosen to stick to the old, pre-1974 names for counties.
Most people will delight in this, but young readers will have to keep looking
back to the crib sheet at the beginning to find out where Clackmannanshire,
Rutland and Flint are.


text:
Jerry Wade Band
A view of JWB Members
Jerry Wade, Acoustic Guitarist, Singer Songwriter
Influences: Too many to list!
History / Background: A Native of Woodbridge Virginia, with nearly 150 shows per year over the past several years, affording him a solid fan base. With multiple venue sell-out shows and many national act opening opportunities including Tyler Farr, Justin Moore, Frankie Ballard, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Kentucky Headhunters, John Michael Montgomery, Eric Paslay,, Marshall Tucker Band, Jerry is also a Country Show Down finalist and Nashville recording artist. Jerry has recently released an EP of originals "Only In The Country" available on iTunes, Google Play and many other online outlets and streaming media sites worldwide.
Dan Wright, Bass Guitarist / Singer
Influences: Lynyrd Skynyrd, AC/DC, Foghat, Bob Seger, John Cougar Melencamp, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Hank Williams Sr., Hank Jr., Travis Tritt, Garth Brooks and many more.
History / Background: Hailing from Michigan, played music in the Mississippi gulf coast area, Florida, and now Virginia. Learned how to play guitar by watching his father, around the age of 10 was introduced to the bass guitar. He has been playing the bass as a primary instrument since. 'I always strive to have a great time entertaining and will probably die behind a microphone and a guitar strapped across my shoulders'. In addition, Dan is an Air Force vet of 8 years currently living near Lake Anna VA.
Linda (Lin) Shay, Lead Guitarist / Singer Songwriter
Influences: Jennifer Batten,Greg Howe, Martin Taylor, Tony Macalpine, Andy Timmons, Kiko Loureiro, John Jorgenson, Brent Mason and so many more.
History / Background: Linda taught guitar lessons at Riff Raff Music and Todd Guitar's Etc., Competed in the Gospel Music Association taking 2nd place in the band competition, recorded a couple of albums with Ric Cori and 24 Wet Feet, opened up for Jennifer Batten as a solo artist, participated in the all-female blues revue playing saxophone and played in various cover bands ranging in multiple styles such as Metal, Gypsy Jazz, Gospel, Classic Rock and Country. 'I Always enjoy learning and listening to other musicians'
Buddy Dulaney, Percussionist
Influences: Gene Krupa, Mike Botts, Paul Riddle, John Bonham, Ray Charles, Stevie Ray Vaughan, and Marshall Tucker Band among others.
History / Background: Buddy was raised in Southern Maryland along with 9 brothers and sisters but has lived most of his adult life in Virginia. He learned to play drums and other percussion instruments in his middle and high school bands. After a 33-year career in public service, he has returned to his musical roots and once again enjoys making music with good friends.
Kyle (Hurricane) Byrd, Lead Guitarist / Singer
Influences: Great guitarists - from roots players like Duane Allman, Dickie Betts, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Warren Haynes, Brent Mason, Vince Gill, Jimmy Page, Joe Walsh, Jimi Hendrix, Roger McGuinn, Rick Derringer, James Burton, Mike Campbell, Michael Landau, George Harrison, and Eric Clapton to progressive players like Alan Holdsworth and Steve Howe to record producers like George Martin, Tom Dowd, Eddie Offord, Alan Parsons, Todd Rundgren, Quincy Jones, and Brian Wilson.
History / Background: Grew up in Southwest Virginia with a love of 1960s and 1970s rock. Was originally mesmerized by the rhythm tracks and started playing bass at age 14.
Graduated to playing guitar while in college working in rock and jazz groups. Has continued to play guitar and bass with over 40 years playing thousands of jobs from a wide range of venues including regional concerts. Over the years, has developed a love of all types of music, but enjoy playing rhythmic and melodic music fused with smooth vocal harmonies. 'My goal is to always bring a high-quality audio and performance experience to a live audience'
(c) Jerry Wade Band 2013