GridMix is a benchmark for Hadoop clusters. It submits a mix of synthetic jobs, modeling a profile mined from production loads. This version of the tool will attempt to model the resource profiles of production jobs to identify bottlenecks, guide development.
Run Rumen to build a job trace in JSON format for all or select jobs.
Use GridMix with the job trace on the benchmark cluster.
Jobs submitted by GridMix have names of the form "GRIDMIXnnnnnn", where "nnnnnn" is a sequence number padded with leading zeroes.
Configuration parameters like -Dgridmix.client.submit.threads=10 and -Dgridmix.output.directory=foo as given above should be used before other GridMix parameters.
The <iopath> parameter is the working directory for GridMix. Note that this can either be on the local file-system or on HDFS, but it is highly recommended that it be the same as that for the original job mix so that GridMix puts the same load on the local file-system and HDFS respectively.
The -generate option is used to generate input data and Distributed Cache files for the synthetic jobs. It accepts standard units of size suffixes, e.g. 100g will generate 100 * 230 bytes as input data. The minimum size of input data in compressed format (128MB by default) is defined by gridmix.min.file.size. <iopath>/input is the destination directory for generated input data and/or the directory from which input data will be read. HDFS-based Distributed Cache files are generated under the distributed cache directory <iopath>/distributedCache. If some of the needed Distributed Cache files are already existing in the distributed cache directory, then only the remaining non-existing Distributed Cache files are generated when -generate option is specified.
The -users option is used to point to a users-list file (see Emulating Users and Queues).
The <trace> parameter is a path to a job trace generated by Rumen. This trace can be compressed (it must be readable using one of the compression codecs supported by the cluster) or uncompressed. Use "-" as the value of this parameter if you want to pass an uncompressed trace via the standard input-stream of GridMix.
GridMix expects certain library JARs to be present in the CLASSPATH. One simple way to run GridMix is to use hadoop jar command to run it. You also need to add the JAR of Rumen to classpath for both of client and tasks as example shown below.
The supported configuration parameters are explained in the following sections.
gridmix.output.directory The directory into which output will be written. If specified, iopath will be relative to this parameter. The submitting user must have read/write access to this directory. The user should also be mindful of any quota issues that may arise during a run. The default is "gridmix".
gridmix.client.submit.threads The number of threads submitting jobs to the cluster. This also controls how many splits will be loaded into memory at a given time, pending the submit time in the trace. Splits are pre-generated to hit submission deadlines, so particularly dense traces may want more submitting threads. However, storing splits in memory is reasonably expensive, so you should raise this cautiously. The default is 1 for the SERIAL job-submission policy (see Job Submission Policies) and one more than the number of processors on the client machine for the other policies.
gridmix.submit.multiplier The multiplier to accelerate or decelerate the submission of jobs. The time separating two jobs is multiplied by this factor. The default value is 1.0. This is a crude mechanism to size a job trace to a cluster.
gridmix.client.pending.queue.depth The depth of the queue of job descriptions awaiting split generation. The jobs read from the trace occupy a queue of this depth before being processed by the submission threads. It is unusual to configure this. The default is 5.
gridmix.gen.blocksize The block-size of generated data. The default value is 256 MiB.
gridmix.gen.bytes.per.file The maximum bytes written per file. The default value is 1 GiB.
gridmix.min.file.size The minimum size of the input files. The default limit is 128 MiB. Tweak this parameter if you see an error-message like "Found no satisfactory file" while testing GridMix with a relatively-small input data-set.
gridmix.max.total.scan The maximum size of the input files. The default limit is 100 TiB.
gridmix.task.jvm-options.enable Enables Gridmix to configure the simulated task's max heap options using the values obtained from the original task (i.e via trace).
LOADJOB A synthetic job that emulates the workload mentioned in Rumen trace. In the current version we are supporting I/O. It reproduces the I/O workload on the benchmark cluster. It does so by embedding the detailed I/O information for every map and reduce task, such as the number of bytes and records read and written, into each job's input splits. The map tasks further relay the I/O patterns of reduce tasks through the intermediate map output data.
SLEEPJOB A synthetic job where each task does *nothing* but sleep for a certain duration as observed in the production trace. The scalability of the ResourceManager is often limited by how many heartbeats it can handle every second. (Heartbeats are periodic messages sent from NodeManagers to update their status and grab new tasks from the ResourceManager.) Since a benchmark cluster is typically a fraction in size of a production cluster, the heartbeat traffic generated by the slave nodes is well below the level of the production cluster. One possible solution is to run multiple NodeManagers on each slave node. This leads to the obvious problem that the I/O workload generated by the synthetic jobs would thrash the slave nodes. Hence the need for such a job.
gridmix.job.type The value for this key can be one of LOADJOB or SLEEPJOB. The default value is LOADJOB.
gridmix.key.fraction For a LOADJOB type of job, the fraction of a record used for the data for the key. The default value is 0.1.
gridmix.sleep.maptask-only For a SLEEPJOB type of job, whether to ignore the reduce tasks for the job. The default is false.
gridmix.sleep.fake-locations For a SLEEPJOB type of job, the number of fake locations for map tasks for the job. The default is 0.
gridmix.sleep.max-map-time For a SLEEPJOB type of job, the maximum runtime for map tasks for the job in milliseconds. The default is unlimited.
gridmix.sleep.max-reduce-time For a SLEEPJOB type of job, the maximum runtime for reduce tasks for the job in milliseconds. The default is unlimited.
The thresholds TJ, TM and TR are proportional to the size of the cluster and map, reduce slots capacities respectively. In case of a cluster being *overloaded* , we throttle the job submission. In the actual calculation we also weigh each running task with its remaining work - namely, a 90% complete task is only counted as 0.1 in calculation. Finally, to avoid a very large job blocking other jobs, we limit the number of pending/waiting tasks each job can contribute.
REPLAY In this mode we replay the job traces faithfully. This mode exactly follows the time-intervals given in the actual job trace.
SERIAL In this mode we submit the next job only once the job submitted earlier is completed.
gridmix.job-submission.policy The value for this key would be one of the three: STRESS, REPLAY or SERIAL. In most of the cases the value of key would be STRESS or REPLAY. The default value is STRESS.
gridmix.throttle.jobs-to-tracker-ratio In STRESS mode, the minimum ratio of running jobs to NodeManagers in a cluster for the cluster to be considered *overloaded* . This is the threshold TJ referred to earlier. The default is 1.0.
gridmix.throttle.maps.task-to-slot-ratio In STRESS mode, the minimum ratio of pending and running map tasks (i.e. incomplete map tasks) to the number of map slots for a cluster for the cluster to be considered *overloaded* . This is the threshold TM referred to earlier. Running map tasks are counted partially. For example, a 40% complete map task is counted as 0.6 map tasks. The default is 2.0.
gridmix.throttle.reduces.task-to-slot-ratio In STRESS mode, the minimum ratio of pending and running reduce tasks (i.e. incomplete reduce tasks) to the number of reduce slots for a cluster for the cluster to be considered *overloaded* . This is the threshold TR referred to earlier. Running reduce tasks are counted partially. For example, a 30% complete reduce task is counted as 0.7 reduce tasks. The default is 2.5.
gridmix.throttle.maps.max-slot-share-per-job In STRESS mode, the maximum share of a cluster's map-slots capacity that can be counted toward a job's incomplete map tasks in overload calculation. The default is 0.1.
gridmix.throttle.reducess.max-slot-share-per-job In STRESS mode, the maximum share of a cluster's reduce-slots capacity that can be counted toward a job's incomplete reduce tasks in overload calculation. The default is 0.1.
Typical production clusters are often shared with different users and the cluster capacity is divided among different departments through job queues. Ensuring fairness among jobs from all users, honoring queue capacity allocation policies and avoiding an ill-behaving job from taking over the cluster adds significant complexity in Hadoop software. To be able to sufficiently test and discover bugs in these areas, GridMix must emulate the contentions of jobs from different users and/or submitted to different queues.
Emulating multiple queues is easy - we simply set up the benchmark cluster with the same queue configuration as the production cluster and we configure synthetic jobs so that they get submitted to the same queue as recorded in the trace. However, not all users shown in the trace have accounts on the benchmark cluster. Instead, we set up a number of testing user accounts and associate each unique user in the trace to testing users in a round-robin fashion.
gridmix.job-submission.use-queue-in-trace When set to true it uses exactly the same set of queues as those mentioned in the trace. The default value is false.
gridmix.job-submission.default-queue Specifies the default queue to which all the jobs would be submitted. If this parameter is not specified, GridMix uses the default queue defined for the submitting user on the cluster.
org.apache.hadoop.mapred.gridmix.EchoUserResolver - submits a job as the user who submitted the original job. All the users of the production cluster identified in the job trace must also have accounts on the benchmark cluster in this case.
org.apache.hadoop.mapred.gridmix.SubmitterUserResolver - submits all the jobs as current GridMix user. In this case we simply map all the users in the trace to the current GridMix user and submit the job.
org.apache.hadoop.mapred.gridmix.RoundRobinUserResolver - maps trace users to test users in a round-robin fashion. In this case we set up a number of testing user accounts and associate each unique user in the trace to testing users in a round-robin fashion.
If the parameter gridmix.user.resolve.class is set to org.apache.hadoop.mapred.gridmix.RoundRobinUserResolver, we need to define a users-list file with a list of test users. This is specified using the -users option to GridMix.
Specifying a users-list file using the -users option is mandatory when using the round-robin user-resolver. Other user-resolvers ignore this option.
For backward compatibility reasons, each line of users-list file can contain username followed by groupnames in the form username[,group]*. The groupnames will be ignored by Gridmix.
Gridmix emulates Distributed Cache load by default for LOADJOB type of jobs. This is done by precreating the needed Distributed Cache files for all the simulated jobs as part of a separate MapReduce job.
Emulation of Distributed Cache load in gridmix simulated jobs can be disabled by configuring the property gridmix.distributed-cache-emulation.enable to false. But generation of Distributed Cache data by gridmix is driven by -generate option and is independent of this configuration property.
any of the ascendant directories of the distributed cache directory i.e. <iopath>/distributedCache (including the distributed cache directory) doesn't have execute permission for others.
gridmix.job.original-job-id The job id of the original cluster's job corresponding to this simulated job.
gridmix.job.original-job-name The job name of the original cluster's job corresponding to this simulated job.
MapReduce supports data compression and decompression. Input to a MapReduce job can be compressed. Similarly, output of Map and Reduce tasks can also be compressed. Compression/Decompression emulation in GridMix is important because emulating compression/decompression will effect the CPU and Memory usage of the task. A task emulating compression/decompression will affect other tasks and daemons running on the same node.
Compression emulation is enabled if gridmix.compression-emulation.enable is set to true. By default compression emulation is enabled for jobs of type LOADJOB . With compression emulation enabled, GridMix will now generate compressed text data with a constant compression ratio. Hence a simulated GridMix job will now emulate compression/decompression using compressible text data (having a constant compression ratio), irrespective of the compression ratio observed in the actual job.
Job input data decompression: GridMix generates compressible input data when compression emulation is enabled. Based on the original job's configuration, a simulated GridMix job will use a decompressor to read the compressed input data. Currently, GridMix uses mapreduce.input.fileinputformat.inputdir to determine if the original job used compressed input data or not. If the original job's input files are uncompressed then the simulated job will read the compressed input file without using a decompressor.
Intermediate data compression and decompression: If the original job has map output compression enabled then GridMix too will enable map output compression for the simulated job. Accordingly, the reducers will use a decompressor to read the map output data.
Job output data compression: If the original job's output is compressed then GridMix too will enable job output compression for the simulated job.
gridmix.compression-emulation.enable Enables compression emulation in simulated GridMix jobs. Default is true.
With compression emulation turned on, GridMix will generate compressed input data. Hence the total size of the input data will be lesser than the expected size. Set gridmix.min.file.size to a smaller value (roughly 10% of gridmix.gen.bytes.per.file) for enabling GridMix to correctly emulate compression.
MapReduce allows users to define a job as a High-Ram job. Tasks from a High-Ram job can occupy larger fraction of memory in task processes. Emulating this behavior is important because of the following reasons.
Impact on scheduler: Scheduling of tasks from High-Ram jobs impacts the scheduling behavior as it might result into resource reservation and utilization.
Impact on the node : Since High-Ram tasks occupy larger memory, NodeManagers do some bookkeeping for allocating extra resources for these tasks. Thus this becomes a precursor for memory emulation where tasks with high memory requirements needs to be considered as a High-Ram task.
Usages of resources like CPU, physical memory, virtual memory, JVM heap etc are recorded by MapReduce using its task counters. This information is used by GridMix to emulate the resource usages in the simulated tasks. Emulating resource usages will help GridMix exert similar load on the test cluster as seen in the actual cluster.
MapReduce tasks use up resources during its entire lifetime. GridMix also tries to mimic this behavior by spanning resource usage emulation across the entire lifetime of the simulated task. Each resource to be emulated should have an emulator associated with it. Each such emulator should implement the org.apache.hadoop.mapred.gridmix.emulators.resourceusage .ResourceUsageEmulatorPlugin interface. Resource emulators in GridMix are plugins that can be configured (plugged in or out) before every run. GridMix users can configure multiple emulator plugins by passing a comma separated list of emulators as a value for the gridmix.emulators.resource-usage.plugins parameter.
Cumulative CPU usage emulator : GridMix uses the cumulative CPU usage value published by Rumen and makes sure that the total cumulative CPU usage of the simulated task is close to the value published by Rumen. GridMix can be configured to emulate cumulative CPU usage by adding org.apache.hadoop.mapred.gridmix.emulators.resourceusage .CumulativeCpuUsageEmulatorPlugin to the list of emulator plugins configured for the gridmix.emulators.resource-usage.plugins parameter. CPU usage emulator is designed in such a way that it only emulates at specific progress boundaries of the task. This interval can be configured using gridmix.emulators.resource-usage.cpu.emulation-interval. The default value for this parameter is 0.1 i.e 10%.
Total heap usage emulator : GridMix uses the total heap usage value published by Rumen and makes sure that the total heap usage of the simulated task is close to the value published by Rumen. GridMix can be configured to emulate total heap usage by adding org.apache.hadoop.mapred.gridmix.emulators.resourceusage .TotalHeapUsageEmulatorPlugin to the list of emulator plugins configured for the gridmix.emulators.resource-usage.plugins parameter. Heap usage emulator is designed in such a way that it only emulates at specific progress boundaries of the task. This interval can be configured using gridmix.emulators.resource-usage.heap.emulation-interval . The default value for this parameter is 0.1 i.e 10% progress interval.
Note that GridMix will emulate resource usages only for jobs of type LOADJOB .
Filesystem Properties - No attempt is made to match block sizes, namespace hierarchies, or any property of input, intermediate or output data other than the bytes/records consumed and emitted from a given task. This implies that some of the most heavily-used parts of the system - text processing, streaming, etc. - cannot be meaningfully tested with the current implementation.
I/O Rates - The rate at which records are consumed/emitted is assumed to be limited only by the speed of the reader/writer and constant throughout the task.
Memory Profile - No data on tasks' memory usage over time is available, though the max heap-size is retained.
Skew - The records consumed and emitted to/from a given task are assumed to follow observed averages, i.e. records will be more regular than may be seen in the wild. Each map also generates a proportional percentage of data for each reduce, so a job with unbalanced input will be flattened.
Job Failure - User code is assumed to be correct.
Job Independence - The output or outcome of one job does not affect when or whether a subsequent job will run.
There exist older versions of the GridMix tool. Issues tracking the original implementations of GridMix1, GridMix2, and GridMix3 can be found on the Apache Hadoop MapReduce JIRA. Other issues tracking the current development of GridMix can be found by searching the Apache Hadoop MapReduce JIRA.


text:
Spain's first bioLPG-powered vehicles hit the streets of Castellón
Fleets in the Community of Valencia have started using renewable LPG, which reduces the carbon footprint by up to 80% and almost completely eliminates NOx and particulate emissions. Primagas was in charge of introducing bioLPG in the Spanish market, while the first customer was Bencinas de Castellón, who has chosen this clean energy for their Autogas station.
Autos Mediterráneo, which offers transport services (including bus rental and private shuttle services) in Castellón, has already launched the first vehicles powered by renewable Autogas in the country. Currently, the company has fleets of vehicles adapted to run on bioLPG, such as Mercadona's more than 200 trucks, and multiple buses and taxis in the region.
"BioLPG does not harm the environment, that is, we are moving towards zero pollution. It is much more environmentally-friendly, and is beginning to be commercialised in Spain since September. Some commercial transport companies are already using it," said David Pereda, partner of Castellón-based Dual Fuel Solutions, expert in Autogas conversions.
The CEO of Primagas in Spain, Per Nielsen, pointed out that they continue to work to contribute to the energy transition in the country, offering a renewable alternative such as bioLPG. "This launch represents a milestone for our company in our effort to continue being a benchmark in energy sustainability in Spain," he said.
The bioLPG sold exclusively by Primagas in Spain is produced by Total, and is supplied in Spain through Primagas' parent company, SHV Energy. For more information, please visit these two links.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Championship Predictions: Norwich, Leeds and Reading to win?
By Luka Bogdanovic
This weekend might be tough for many teams as we have a lot of direct opponents facing each other once again. Championship football has been excellent this season and we still can't name any side that will certainly get a promotion. However, things can finally be clearer in relegation zone after this round. These are our predictions for this weekend in Championship.
Birmingham City vs Blackburn Rovers
Birmingham City has lost their last match against Bolton, but they will be looking to improve their form as they still have the chance of getting into play-offs. Blackburn Rovers have had an excellent season, they have proved to be the best newly promoted side, but currently they are out of form with four losses in their last four matches. This will be a tough game; both sides will look at this match as a great opportunity to get all three points, so I believe that there will be a lot of action on both sides. Birmingham City has been excellent at home this season so I expect them to create more chances.
Birmingham City to win: 2-1
Brentford vs Hull City
Both teams have been in excellent form lately, but I think that Brentford is currently in better form. Hull City has started losing points and although they have been excellent in attack, they concede far too many, especially away from home. Brentford has changed things lately and they have been in excellent form ever since. They have won four of their last five league matches and with this form they'll have to be favorites here. I expect a lot of goals as both teams are excellent in attack, with Brentford having a slightly better chance to win.
Brentford to win: 2-1
Leeds United vs Bolton Wanderers
Leeds United hasn't been in their best form lately, but they are still one of the best teams in Championship and they simply have to get all three points against Bolton Wanderers. Since he is playing out of position, Kemar Roofe hasn't scored in their last few matches. This time he should maybe start as a striker considering that Patrick Bamford hasn't really made an impact. Bolton Wanderers are one of the worst teams in the league and their away record has been awful this season, so this should be an easy win for Leeds United.
Leeds United to win: 3-0
Middlesbrough vs Queens Park Rangers
Queens Park Rangers are having far too many games in a short time. When you are in the bad form, you simply don't wish to play against Bristol City, WBA, Middlesbrough and Leeds United in a short time. For me, Middlesbrough is far from their best form, but they can be excellent at home and they have proved far too many times that one goal is good enough to get you a win. I don't this that we will see a lot of action in this one, but I expect Middlesbrough to get all three points.
Middlesbrough to win: 1-0
Millwall vs Preston North End
Millwall is one tough side to play against when it comes to their home performance, but Preston North End has been in amazing form lately, and they will be coming for a win. Millwall has just won two away games in a row, one in the FA Cup against League One side Wimbledon, and second in midweek against Derby County. You can say that they are too in good form, but they will most likely rest some players on Saturday. For me, considering their form, an away team has a better chance to win.
Preston North End to win: 1-2
Norwich City vs Bristol City
This is most likely the biggest match we'll get to see this weekend. Norwich City is currently holding the first place, while Bristol City has been the side with best form in Championship. I am definitely expecting a lot of action and a lot of goals, but it is hard to predict which team is going to win. Although I think that Bristol City can easily stay in play-offs this season, I don't think that they can get an away win against league leaders.
Norwich City to win: 3-2
Reading vs Rotherham United
Now here is the chance for Reading to put an end to Rotherham's chances of getting a survival. Reading has been a different side after the January transfer window, and although they have lost their last match, they have proved that they've made the right calls in January. Rotherham United is simply not good enough to stay in Championship, and although they have been excellent at home, their away performance has been awful. I expect Reading to take this opportunity and get a win against their direct rivals.
Reading to win: 2-0
Sheffield Wednesday vs Swansea City
Sheffield Wednesday is having three draws in a row, but there have been signs of improvement considering their performance lately. Their biggest problem has been finding a back of the net and that might be the biggest problem for both sides in this match. I simply don't expect a lot of action in this one, but I don't expect a draw neither. Swansea City has been in shaky form lately and they have won only one away game in their last five.
Sheffield Wednesday to win: 1-0
Stoke City vs Aston Villa
These two teams haven't done what everyone expected them to do this season. They are nowhere near the play-offs and they are both in awful form currently. Aston Villa is having an excellent attack, but their defence has been conceding far too many. Stoke City on the other side has a lot of problems with finding a back of the net. Both teams will certainly look at this match as a big opportunity to finally get a win, but I am not sure if any of these two sides will get all three points on Saturday.
Draw: 1-1
Wigan Athletic vs Ipswich Town
I still hope that somehow Ipswich Town can make this relegation battle more interesting, but I simply can't see them getting an away win against Wigan Athletic. Both sides have to get a win and I expect a lot of action in this one, but Wigan Athletic has been excellent at home this season and they will most certainly create more chances and try to gain more possession. Although I expect a lot of action, I don't expect a lot of goals here.
Wigan Athletic to win: 2-0
West Bromwich Albion vs Sheffield United
Another big match on Saturday will be a clash between West Bromwich Albion and Sheffield United. Both teams are looking to get direct promotion this season and these two are direct opponents. West Bromwich Albion is not in their best form, but they are playing at home and they will most certainly try to dictate the tempo of the game. Sheffield United has proven once again this season that they can compete against big sides, but I am not sure that they can get a good result against the best attack in the league.
West Bromwich Albion to win: 2-1
Nottingham Forest vs Derby County
Last game this weekend will be played on Sunday when Nottingham Forest will meet with Derby County. This one is also a big game and it is hard to predict which side will get all three points, but considering their form, Derby County is having a slightly better chance to get a win. They are still fighting for play-offs, and considering the fact that they have lost their last match against Millwall, they will have to work hard on Sunday and give their best to get all three points in order to get back in fight for play-offs.
Derby County to win: 0-1
Related Items:Birmingham City vs Blackburn Rovers, Brentford vs Hull City, Championship predictions, featured1, Leeds United vs Bolton Wanderers, Middlesbrough vs Queens Park Rangers, Millwall vs Preston North End, Norwich City vs Bristol City, Nottingham Forest vs Derby County, Reading vs Rotherham United, Sheffield Wednesday vs Swansea City, Stoke City vs Aston Villa, West Bromwich Albion vs Sheffield United, Wigan Athletic vs Ipswich Town


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Flashback Data Archive (FDA), also known as Flashback Archive (FBA), was introduced in Oracle 11g to provide long term storage of undo data, allowing undo-based flashback operations to be performed over an extended period of time. Oracle database 12c includes a number of changes that will allow FDA to reach a wider audience.
In previous releases, flashback data archive used compression features from the advanced compression option, so it could only be used with enterprise edition and the advanced compression option. In Oracle 12c, the default when creating flashback data archives is no compression, so it is available for free in all editions of the database. This new default setting has also been back-ported to 11.2.0.4, making it free in all editions that can be patched to that level.
Although FDA has always been able to track the changes to data, it was not able to provide a complete audit of the changes unless columns were present in the table to indicate who made those changes. In Oracle 12c, the contents of the contexts available from SYS_CONTEXT calls, including USERENV, can be stored along with the data changes, allowing for a complete audit of both the data changes and the user environment setting. This allows FDA to be used in place of custom audit tables within applications.
The following code creates a new tablespace and an FDA with a 1 year retention period. The FLASHBACK ARCHIVE privilege granted on the FDA to the TEST user.
Information about the FDA is displayed using the DBA_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE and DBA_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE_TS views. The following queries are available as fda.sql and fda_ts.sql.
Create a table in the test user schema and associate it with the FDA.
-- Use ALTER TABLE to associate an existing table.
Information about the FDA and the associated table is displayed using the DBA_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE_TABLES view. The following query is available as fda_tables.sql.
To make sure the context information is stored with the transaction data, we need to use the DBMS_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE.SET_CONTEXT_LEVEL procedure, passing one of the following parameter values.
TYPICAL : Only basic auditing attributes from the USERENV context are stored.
ALL : All contexts available to the user via the SYS_CONTEXT function are stored.
NONE : No context information is stored.
In this case use ALL, so we capture the USERENV and custom context values.
Remember to wait at least 15 seconds between creating the FDA associated table and committing any DML or information may be lost.
Create a custom context and management package for use in the test.
Insert and amend some data. Between each action we alter the V$SESSION.CLIENT_IDENTIFIER value and alter the value in our custom context.
Check the context information is working as expected. The following flashback version query shows the history of the data changes in the table, including the SESSION_USER value from the stored USERENV information. Stored context information is retrieved using the DBMS_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE.GET_SYS_CONTEXT function, which requires the transaction ID (XID), context namespace and parameter name. Some of the flashback version query pseudocolumns have been commented out to reduce the size of the output.
Remember, if you want to drop the table, you must first remove it from the FDA. Some of the following examples make use of this table, so delay dropping it until you have worked through them.
The DBMS_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE package contains routines to allow the history of a specified table to be exported and imported.
Check the name of the archive associated with the table of interest.
To export the history data, call the CREATE_TEMP_HISTORY_TABLE procedure, passing the owner and name of the FDA backed table whose history you want to export. A table called TEMP_HISTORY is created.
Populate the TEMP_HISTORY table with data from the archive you identified previously.
Once exported, the table can be renamed if you wish. If the data needs to be loaded into another schema, it can be transferred using any of the usual methods, for example data pump. You can also manually amend the contents to load information from alternative audit sources into the FDA.
The contents of a history table can be loaded into the FDA using the IMPORT_HISTORY procedure. The owner and name of the FDA-backed table are specified, along with the name of the history table and options for how any existing history data is handled.
temp_history_name => 'TEMP_HISTORY', -- Default Setting.
Oracle database 12c includes a new feature called database hardening, which simplifies the management of flashback data archive for groups of tables, collectively known as applications. The management of applications is done using the DBMS_FLASHBACK_ARCHIVE package.
Create the following tables, which will represent the application tables.
Create a new application using the REGISTER_APPLICATION procedure.
Add the tables to the application using the ADD_TABLE_TO_APPLICATION procedure.
The application is built, but the tables are not currently associated with the FDA as the application is not enabled.
Calling the ENABLE_APPLICATION procedure enables FDA for all the tables in the application.
Calling the DISABLE_APPLICATION procedure disables FDA for all the tables in the application.
Tables can be removed from the application (REMOVE_TABLE_FROM_APPLICATION) and the application dropped (DROP_APPLICATION) as follows.
If you are licensed for the advanced compression option in enterprise edition, you can take advantage of the OPTIMIZE DATA clause when using flashback data archive. Using optimization enables Advanced Row Compression, Advanced LOB Compression, Advanced LOB Deduplication, segment-level compression tiering, and row-level compression tiering for the specified FDA.
The following example shows how the OPTIMIZE DATA clause works.
-- Default and equivalent optimization.
Flashback data archive is now fully supported against tables using Hybrid Columnar Compression (HCC), whether on Exadata or other supported storage platforms.
Flashback data archive was not supported in multitenant environments in the initial release of Oracle database 12c. Support for multitenant environments was introduced in patchset 12.1.0.2, as described here. All the examples in this article are performed against a multitenant database.
The SYS owned tables relevant to flashback data archive are shown below.


Paco and Pilli won,Chan Li and Francisco are their CF 2 characters.
cuncurrent global topics without breaking the flow of the story.
Probably its how the americans feel when theyre traveling around the world.
I was the only one who got a full search for bombs , drugs, fruit etc.
Also I was the only mexican in the flight…….
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text:
module ch.trivadis.phoneValidator {
  exports ch.trivadis.phoneValidator.api;
  requires commonslang;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This model, sometimes referred to as an "S Ring Halter", has a double ring on each side and a single ring at the centre. The double rings give more options in placing the pole. The centre ring can be used for fixing a standing martingale/undercheck if one is used.


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We're Proud of Akufo-Addo's Recognition As African Of The Year – South Africa's President, Ramaphosa
By Isaac Mintah	 On Dec 5, 2021
The President of the Republic of South Africa, Cyril Ramaphosa, has paid glowing tribute to the President of the Republic, Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo- Addo, over his recognition by Forbes Magazine as the "African of the Year".
At a State Dinner held in honour of the visiting South African President, at Jubilee House, on Saturday, 4 th December, the South African President was full of praise for his Ghanaian counterpart for being adjudged the African of the Year by world's renowned media entity, Forbes.
President Ramaphosa extolled the virtues of President Akufo-Addo which led to Forbes awarding him the prestigious African of the Year crown.
We are proud of this recognition, Your Excellency, because it speaks of your commitment, it speaks of your creativity, your innovation, and your clear strategic vision of what should happen in your own country, as well as on our beloved African continent – he said.
President Ramaphosa also stressed that the recognition of President Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo by Forbes is about his vision for Ghana, in particular, and the African continent as a whole.
"The recognition by the magazine is about your vision, not only for Ghana but for the people of our continent as well" the South African President stated.
Not only was President Ramaphosa pleased with President Akufo-Addo's recognition as the African of the Year, but he was also impressed by the cultural heritage of the Ghanaian people.
"This morning, Your Excellency, you took me to Kumasi to show me the wonders of Ghanaian culture and spectacular traditions during the 50th Celebration of Nana Otuo Sriboe II of Juaben. I was deeply moved and impressed to see how Ghana has continued to keep true to the traditions of old, traditions that span generations and generations", the South African President said.
Continuing, President indicated that "I will go back to South Africa with vivid memories of a people who are together in the very peaceful spirit celebrating, and I was truly honoured and humbled that you did take me to see the wonders of Ghanaian culture and tradition" he said.
On his part, President Akufo-Addo thanked President Ramaphosa and his delegation for their visit to Ghana, and reiterated his confidence that the visit will deepen the ties of friendship and co-operation between the two countries and their peoples.
"For me, one of the essential pillars of our relations must be the mutual nurturing of our young people. They are the ones to inherit the legacy of our current co-operative endeavours, who should work towards preserving and further enriching it," he said.
The President continued, "With your visit, I am confident that a solid foundation for this new and mutually-beneficial co-operation has been laid, just as we have renewed our determination to work towards strengthening our common commitment to our continental organisation, the African Union".
Akufo-Addo
We'll No Longer Display Faces of Suspects – Ghana Police Service
Beach Volleyball World Championship: Nigeria Ready To Up Performance, Departs For Thailand Dec 11


Substantial, heavy downpours in the Karoo region of the Western Cape on Saturday caused both inconvenience and delight, as the bone-dry area of land finally received the rainfall it had been praying for – even if that did mean certain parts were flooded and structures were damaged.
Around 40 – 50mm was estimated to have fallen in the north-east of the province, prompting rivers to flow for the first time in years. However, these ultimately-welcome developments came at a price as roofs and power lines were blown away by strong winds in Volmoed.
Elsewhere, six people – including two children – had to be airlifted out of Meiringspoort and road closures caused chaos for travellers and locals alike. Nonetheless, with no deaths or serious injuries reported, the negatives are sure to be outweighed by the positives.
Towns like Beaufort West and the Kannaland Municipality have been relying on external water donations to keep the taps running and the regional dams operational. The Gouritz River Catchment area has just 16% of its water reserves left, and is in a worse state than at was at the height of the day zero concerns in January 2018.
But the most aesthetically pleasing footage comes from the overflow of the Grootrivier, which passes through the Karoo and services both the Floriskraal and Bellair dams. The gushing torrents of water may have caused havoc for some, but that flow of water is a heavenly sight for those who weren't sure when they'd see a raindrop again.


A road-trip can be the perfect antidote to cabin-fever, cold weather boredom and the travel bug. Whether you're setting off to visit old friends, or want to make news ones in some new places; road-tripping around Australia's many beautiful natural assets is one of the best experiences you can have.
However, we all know the high cost that fuel emissions can have on the environment, so it's important that we strive to minimise that cost, while still having a guilt-free, unforgettably fun holiday. So here's some sneaky pointers to help you gain instead of lose eco-points on your great Australian road-trip!
You might already have a hybrid car, if so – great! If not – there are still some things you can do to make sure your car is as fuel-efficient as possible throughout your trip. If you top off your oil and pump up your tyres, it can boost your car's fuel efficiency by 5% or more. This can be hugely beneficial over an entire road trip. Before you hit the road – make sure you put your car through a full service so that it's in good nick.
The more you pack into your car, the less green your car will be. Bring only what you need and skip out on the extras like extra clothing and accessories. If you have bike or surfboard racks on the top of your car and you don't plan on using them, make sure you take them off before the trip in order to decrease your car's weight and wind-resistance.
Before you hit the road, it's ideal to turn off all lights and power points in your home. If you'll be away for more than a couple of days, it's best to turn off your electricity meter until you return.
Even the way you drive can impact your fuel-emissions. Driving smoothly will mean that your car uses less fuel, while driving at a high speed can cause your engine to be less efficient. Find out more about driving green here.
Just because you're on the road, it doesn't mean you can let your guard down around single-use plastics. Make sure you pack reusable bags, fill up bottles where you can to avoid buying water bottles, say no to plastic straws and try to recycle any plastic bags you happen to gather along the way!
Camping is, of course, the eco-friendliest accommodation of them all, while it also helps you get back to nature. But, if you're after something a little lusher like a hotel, it is possible feel guilt free about it. There are plenty of green hotels all over Australia – all it takes is a little research. You can find some green accommodation options here.
Reduce food waste by planning ahead and preparing snacks and meals ahead of time so that you don't have to eat out that much on the road. This reduces your trip's footprint, but it also saves you a pretty penny. A green picnic in a park with organic food and reusable utensils will be far more enjoyable for your family than a fast-food stop over.
This is a pretty obvious one – but you should never litter, not even food items, as this can attract animals who may ingest things they shouldn't. In fact, if you're going on a holiday, do your best to try and pick up any litter you might see, especially in national parks or on beaches.
Fun Fact: Probably one of the most memorable cases of littering in Australia would have to be in 1979 when debris from NASA's space station, Skylab, fell into the small town of Esperance, WA. NASA was fined $400 by a park service official.
If you're still concerned about the environmental impact your road-trip might have, you can literally offset it! Just enter your car's make and model and the distance you'll be travelling into this online calculator and it will calculate the carbon emissions you'll produce and convert it into dollars. From there, it will give you options to donate this amount of money to different global environmental projects, from reforestation in Kenya to tree planting in the UK.
Emily Leary is a health and lifestyle writer from Sydney. She has a passion for books, journalism and animals. She's interested in renewable energy and slow-fashion.
So tell us in the comments – what are your tips for eco-friendly road trips, or where's your favourite place to go?
Great post and great website. Congrats for the work. Eco Roads Trips are very interesting for me. Regards.
Thanks for that link on driving to improve fuel economy. I love to travel, but I am very conscious of the eco footprint I am leaving.


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Seminal reactive oxygen species and total antioxidant capacity: Correlations with sperm parameters and impact on male infertility
Vidyalakshmi Subramanian, Aishwarya Ravichandran, Nivethitha Thiagarajan, Matheswari Govindarajan, Silambuchelvi Dhandayuthapani, Sujatha Suresh
DOI : https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2018.45.2.88
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Clin Exp Reprod Med > Volume 45(2); 2018 > Article
Subramanian, Ravichandran, Thiagarajan, Govindarajan, Dhandayuthapani, and Suresh: Seminal reactive oxygen species and total antioxidant capacity: Correlations with sperm parameters and impact on male infertility
Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine 2018;45(2):88-93.
Published online: June 29, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5653/cerm.2018.45.2.88
Vidyalakshmi Subramanian1, Aishwarya Ravichandran1, Nivethitha Thiagarajan1, Matheswari Govindarajan1, Silambuchelvi Dhandayuthapani2, Sujatha Suresh2
1Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore, India.
2Vamsam Fertility Center, Coimbatore, India.
Corresponding author: Vidyalakshmi Subramanian. Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641004, India.
Tel: +91-9894593378, Fax: +91-0422-2573833, vids21@gmail.com
Received December 22, 2017 Revised February 07, 2018 Accepted March 29, 2018
Copyright © 2018. The Korean Society for Reproductive Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The aim of this study was to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the seminal fluid of the male partners in couples undergoing intrauterine insemination and to evaluate correlations between these values and their semen parameters.
The study was conducted at Vamsam Fertility Center, Coimbatore, India and enrolled 110 male patients from whom semen samples were collected. ROS production was measured by a thiobarbituric acid reactive species assay, and TAC was measured by a 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical assay. The differences in the TAC and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels between the subfertile and fertile groups were analysed. Correlations between sperm parameters and TAC and MDA levels were statistically analysed, and cutoff values with respect to the controls were determined. All hypothesis tests used were two-tailed, with statistical significance assessed at the level of p<0.05.
A total of 87 subfertile and 23 fertile men were included in the study. The mean MDA level was significantly higher in the subfertile subjects than in the fertile subjects, and the mean antioxidant level was significantly lower in the subfertile subjects than in the fertile subjects. Seminal MDA levels were negatively associated with sperm concentration, motility, and morphology, whereas the opposite was seen with TAC levels.
Measurements of seminal TAC and ROS are valuable for predicting semen quality, and hence predicting the outcomes of fertility treatment.
Keywords: Male infertility; Reactive oxygen species; Sperm count; Sperm morphology; Sperm motility
Infertility has become a widespread problem in recent years. For the normal fertilization process to occur, a healthy, undamaged sperm cell is vital. Approximately one-third of infertility problems are attributed to the male partner. In order to improve the fertility rate, potential causes of damage leading to abnormal semen parameters should be evaluated. Semen analysis constitutes the initial step in screening for the male partner's contribution in an infertile couple. Extensive debate exists concerning the diagnostic and prognostic significance of semen parameters in the evaluation of male infertility, except in patients with azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia [1,2]. In couples experiencing idiopathic or unexplained infertility, routine semen analysis results in no detectable abnormalities.
Oxidative stress has been found to be one of the most prevalent causes of sperm damage, subsequently affecting fertilization [3]. Oxidative stress is a condition associated with an increased rate of sperm damage due to cellular damage to the lipids, DNA, and protein of the sperm [4,5]. Sperm cells have their own defence mechanisms to repair such damage, and when these fail, an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) occurs [5]. This has been reported to be one of the most important factors contributing to poor semen quality. Low levels of ROS are important for capacitation and several other cell signalling pathways [6]. Elevated ROS levels, in contrast, cause a cascade of events leading to lipid peroxidation [5]. This results in an increase in the level of free radicals beyond the antioxidant capacity of the seminal plasma. Antioxidant levels are highly variable across men, but during fertility treatment, seminal antioxidant levels are rarely assessed in the male partner. After an assessment of routine male and female parameters, patients are usually counselled to proceed to intracytoplasmic sperm injection or intrauterine insemination [7]. One of the best strategies to enhance the potential for fertilization is to reduce the level of ROS in the seminal plasma by oral supplementation with antioxidants. This may increase the likelihood of natural conception, thereby improving the outcome of assisted reproductive technologies [8].
The purpose of this study was to quantify malondialdehyde (MDA), one of the by-products of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the seminal plasma. Measuring the level of free radicals and total antioxidants present in the seminal plasma enables an assessment of the correlations of these values with semen parameters such as motility, concentration, and morphology, thereby helping to improve the success rate of fertility treatment. Supplementing patients with necessary antioxidants for a prescribed duration after performing the antioxidant assay may help them to improve their antioxidant capacity and maintain an appropriate balance between ROS and antioxidants. This, in turn, may help maintain the integrity of DNA, leading to an improved fertility rate in patients with male factor infertility. Hence, standardizing these assays for measuring the level of total antioxidants present in the seminal plasma and establishing cutoff values for easy reference will be useful for treating patients by targeting oxidative stress.
1. Study population
The study was approved by the Institutional Human Ethics Committee (No. 15/278). Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects whose samples were analysed in this study. A questionnaire about the participants' lifestyle and medical history was also administered. Semen samples from 87 subfertile men attending a private fertility center in Coimbatore from May 2015 to April 2016 were obtained for this analysis. Twenty-three fertile men were enrolled as controls. The mean age of the fertile subjects and subfertile subjects was 33.73± 4.64 and 33.74±5.21 years, respectively.
The study group included 26 normozoospermic male partners, 51 teratozoospermic male partners, 10 oligoteratozoospermic male partners, and 23 fertile healthy volunteers as a control group. The semen parameters were used to classify the patients into these groups following the 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines [9]. Semen samples were collected by masturbation after 3–4 days (72–96 hours) of sexual abstinence. After liquefaction, semen analysis was performed according to the 2010 WHO guidelines within 1 hour of collection to measure sperm concentration, motility, and morphology [9]. Liquefied semen was centrifuged at 300×g for 10 minutes, and the sperm pellet was washed and resuspended in phosphate-buffered saline. The seminal plasma (supernatant) was carefully removed and transferred to microfuge tubes. Aliquots of seminal plasma were frozen at −20℃ until examination.
Subjects whose partners did not conceive after a period of unprotected intercourse for more than a year were included in the study, regardless of their semen parameters. Exclusion criteria are: (1) subjects who smoked and/or consumed alcohol, (2) subjects with leukocytospermia or pyospermia, (3) subjects suffering from diabetes mellitus or tuberculosis, or who had a previous history of mumps, and (4) subjects with a known male factor anomaly, such as varicocele.
2. Thiobarbituric acid reactive species assay
ROS levels were measured using a thiobarbituric acid reactive species assay [10]. This assay measured the level of MDA, which is one of the end products of lipid peroxidation. A 0.5-mL aliquot of seminal plasma was mixed with 3 mL of 1% phosphoric acid and 1 mL of 0.6% thiobarbituric acid. The mixture was heated for 45 minutes in a water bath. Then, 4 mL of n-butanol was added and the mixture was vigorously vortexed and centrifuged at 300×g for 20 minutes. The upper organic layer was taken and absorbance was recorded at 535 nm in a ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. The values were expressed as nmol/mL. The extent of radical scavenging was calculated using the following formula:
Optical density×total volume1.56×105×Sample volume×106 nmol/mL
3. 2,2-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical assay
TAC was measured using a 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) assay [11], in which 100 µL of seminal plasma was added to 2.5 mL of DPPH solution. Then, another 2.4 mL of methanol was added, and the reaction mixture was allowed to stand in the dark at room temperature for 30 minutes. Methanol served as a blank, and DPPH in methanol without the sample served as a positive control. Following incubation, the discolouration of the purple colour was read at 515 nm in a spectrophotometer. The values were expressed as percentages. The extent of radical scavenging was calculated using the following formula, where Abscontrol and Abssample are the absorbance of the control and sample, respectively:
Percentage effect E%=Abscontrol−AbssampleAbscontrol×100
4. Statistical analysis
Data were expressed as mean±standard deviation. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to assess differences between the subfertile and fertile groups. Spearman correlation analysis was used to calculate the coefficient of correlation. All hypothesis tests used were two-tailed, and p-values<0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated to determine the cutoff values with 95% confidence intervals. All statistical tests were performed using IBM SPSS ver. 19.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
Semen samples from 110 individuals, including 87 subfertile participants (26 normozoospermic, 51 teratozoospermic, and 10 oligoteratozoospermic) and 23 fertile donors, were studied. The mean age of the fertile subjects and subfertile subjects was 33.73±4.64 years and 33.74±5.21 years, respectively. The semen parameters of both groups, including sperm concentration, motility, morphology, MDA levels, and TAC are presented in Table 1. The mean MDA level was significantly higher in the subfertile subjects (15.31±12.03 nmol/mL) than in the fertile subjects (6.10±4.94 nmol/mL). The mean antioxidant level was significantly lower in the subfertile subjects (70.07%±18.15%) than in the fertile subjects (83.05%±8.34%).
The correlations between semen parameters and seminal plasma ROS and TAC levels were examined using Spearman correlation analysis, as shown in Table 2. Unlike sperm morphology, a significant negative correlation was observed between the seminal MDA level and the percentage of sperm motility. The corresponding correlation for sperm concentration was close to significant. The presence of a negative correlation between seminal MDA levels and semen parameters meant that higher levels of MDA in the seminal plasma were associated with higher levels of abnormalities in the semen parameters. The correlations between seminal TAC levels and sperm concentration, motility, and morphology were examined. Seminal TAC levels were positively correlated with sperm concentration, motility, and morphology, but the correlations were not statistically significant.
In order to analyze the effectiveness of oxidative stress in discriminating between the fertile and subfertile patients, an ROC curve was generated with a 95% confidence interval for TAC levels, comparing the fertile controls with the subfertile participants. The results are presented in Table 3.
Cutoff values for TAC were derived through a comparison of the control group with the individual subgroups of subfertile participants, as well as through a comparison of the control group with the subfertile participants as a whole. No effective cutoff value of TAC was derived when individual subgroups were compared with the fertile controls, while a TAC value of 77.4% was determined to be an efficient discriminating value when comparing the fertile participants with the subfertile participants as a whole (Figure 1). The low specificity (7%) of oligoteratozoospermia may have been due to the very small sample size that was analysed.
Imbalances between ROS and TAC in the male reproductive tract have a major influence on the fertilization potential of sperm. Measuring and standardizing these parameters would be helpful for treating patients with antioxidant therapy in order to increase the natural conception rate. The subfertile men included in this study had lower seminal TAC levels than the fertile men. Antioxidant levels showed positive associations with sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. The lower TAC levels in subfertile men were accompanied by higher levels of free radicals. The mean MDA level was significantly higher in the subfertile subjects than in the fertile subjects; this was due to the overproduction of ROS in semen, which is associated with reduced sperm fertilizing potential [12].
Based on the ROC curve, the most suitable cutoff value for TAC levels, along with sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the curve (AUC), was obtained by comparing the control group with the subgroups of subfertile men, as well as by comparing the control group with the subfertile participants as a single group. The cutoff value that was found is important because it discriminates between fertile and subfertile patients and provides a threshold value for various semen parameters based on clinical data. Previous studies have shown sperm morphology to have a high predictive power of various semen parameters, with AUCs of 0.78 and 0.697, and the 4% cutoff value of sperm morphology showed good predictive value, as shown by an AUC of 0.782 [13]. Similarly, in our results, a significant TAC threshold value was found based on comparisons between the control and the subfertile subgroups and based on a comparison between the control group and the subfertile group as a whole. The threshold value of the TAC of semen that best discriminated between fertile and subfertile subjects was 77.4%, with an AUC of 0.732, a sensitivity of 69%, and a specificity of 58%, and we expect that these findings will have a clinical impact on screening for infertility treatment.
In addition to normal sperm concentration and other semen parameters measured in routine semen analysis, other markers are also needed to assess the fertilization potential [14]. Small amounts of ROS have been reported to be essential for the regulation of normal sperm function, but ROS have harmful effects beyond a certain level [15]. Oxidative stress develops as a result of imbalance between ROS generation and antioxidant scavenging. Morphologically abnormal spermatozoa and leukocytes are the main source of excess ROS generation in semen [15]. Activated leukocytes are capable of producing 100-fold more ROS, than nonactivated leukocytes, so sperm DNA is more prone to leukocyte-induced ROS damage in infertile men and those with abnormal semen parameters because the sperm cells in such individuals are likely to have experienced DNA damage and have a more fragile chromatin structure.
At high levels of lipid peroxidation, spermatozoa are rendered dysfunctional and their membrane function is altered. Lipid peroxidation triggers the loss of membrane integrity, causing increased cell permeability, enzyme inactivation, structural damage to DNA, and cell death [15]. Increased formation of ROS has been associated with reduced sperm motility [16]; in accordance with that study, our study also showed a significant negative correlation between sperm motility and MDA levels. Previous studies have shown ROS to be negatively correlated with semen parameters [16,17]. Similarly, in our study, we found ROS to be negatively associated with sperm parameters such as sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. This association may be explained by decreased axonemal protein phosphorylation, which leads to sperm immobilization. Moreover, it has been hypothesized that H2O2 diffuses across the membrane and inhibits the activity of enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which in turn leads to reduced availability of the cytoplasmic enzyme NADPH. As a result, oxidized glutathione and reduced glutathione accumulate, and these changes can cause a decrease in the antioxidant capacity of spermatozoa [18].
Initially, antioxidants are present in spermatozoa in a quantity capable of counteracting the free radicals that are produced such that a balance is maintained between antioxidants and ROS. On prolonged exposure, the antioxidant mechanism breaks down and an imbalance is created, due to which DNA fragmentation occurs [19]. Single-strand breaks are caused by oxidative stress. Double-strand breaks are caused due to exposure to 4-hydroxyl-2-nonenal, a major product of lipid peroxidation. The major DNA adducts found in human sperm DNA are 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and 2-ethenonucleosides, which are used as key biomarkers for DNA damage caused by oxidative stress. Such DNA damage adversely affects the outcomes of assisted reproduction techniques and natural conception [19].
In accordance with previous studies in which morphologically abnormal spermatozoa have been suggested to be a potential source of ROS, in our study, participants with teratozoospermia and oligoteratozoospermia showed elevated MDA levels. Of the three subfertile groups included in the study, the patients with oligoteratozoospermia seem to have had significantly low TAC levels and very high MDA levels. In this condition, morphologically immature or abnormal sperm cells, which are a potential source of ROS, lead to increased lipid peroxidation. The decline in sperm concentration in these patients might have been due to extended exposure to high levels of ROS produced by immature or abnormal spermatozoa. This likely resulted in damage to tubules, causing testicular atrophy, reduction in motility, and DNA damage to mature sperm cells, all of which affect fertility potential.
Exogenous antioxidant supplementation should be considered as a therapeutic measure in patients with abnormal TAC and MDA levels. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have analysed the effects of different antioxidants on sperm parameters, such as vitamin E, vitamin C (ascorbate), glutathione, and albumin. A dosage-dependent improvement in sperm quality was observed in smokers who took vitamin C orally [20]. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial reported that vitamin E supplementation significantly improved sperm motility in 60% of asthenozoospermic patients [21]. Supplementation with glutathione for 60 days in 10 infertile patients significantly reduced lipid peroxidation potential, and also led to improvement in sperm membrane characteristics [22]. A combination of antioxidants may be most useful in the treatment of male infertility in patients with elevated oxidative stress.
In conclusion, our study demonstrated that there were significant differences in the levels of ROS and TAC in the seminal plasma of subfertile and fertile participants. A significant threshold level for the TAC of semen (77.4%) was established. Supplementation with necessary antioxidants for a certain period of time after performing an antioxidant assay may help patients to improve their antioxidant capacity and maintain a balance between ROS and antioxidants. This, in turn, may help maintain the integrity of DNA, thereby improving the fertility rate in patients with male factor infertility. Hence, standardizing these assays for measuring the total level of antioxidants present in the seminal plasma and establishing a cutoff value for easy reference will facilitate the treatment of patients for oxidative stress.
The authors are grateful to the PSG Institution, Coimbatore, India for funding this work.
This work was supported by PSG Institution, Coimbatore, India.
Conflict of interest: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
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Receiver operating characteristic curve for total antioxidant capacity in subfertile men versus fertile controls. The area under the curve was 0.732.
Comparison of semen parameters, including ROS levels and TAC, between subfertile men and fertile controls
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.
ROS, reactive oxygen species; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; MDA, malondialdehyde.
a)Indicates statistical significance at p<0.05.
Correlation of semen parameters with MDA and TAC levels
MDA, malondialdehyde; TAC, total antioxidant capacity.
Results of the ROC curve analysis for TAC levels of subfertile men versus fertile controls
ROC, receiving operator characteristic; TAC, total antioxidant capacity.
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Minimum wage activists look to 2020 ballots after midterm success - The campaign for higher minimum wages originated years ago in blue cities like New York and Seattle, but it's proving pretty popular in Trump country as well. Voters in both Arkansas and Missouri, two states that went strongly for President Donald Trump in 2016, passed ballot initiatives to increase the state minimum wage during Tuesday's midterm elections. Initiatives in Florida, Nevada and North Dakota are already in the works for the presidential ballot in 2020. "Folks in Washington are bragging about how good the economy is," said Jonathan Schleifer, executive director of The Fairness Project, the Washington-based advocacy group that backed this year's measures and is leading organizing for 2020. "People don't pay their rent or put food on the table based on the stock market — it's how much money is in their paycheck." Arkansans will see a boost from its current $8.50 an hour to $11 an hour by 2021, and Missouri will raise the minimum wage from $7.85 an hour in 2018 to $12 an hour in 2023. Both measures enjoyed overwhelming support, with 68 percent of Arkansas voters and 62 percent of Missouri voters voting in favor. Minimum wage ballot initiatives have also won handily in red and purple states, such as South Dakota, Nebraska and Arizona, in the past two election cycles. Read more here.
Bloomberg - Michigan Senate Votes to Gut Minimum Wage, Sick Leave Laws: Michigan's Republican-led Senate passed bills Wednesday that would substantially scale back citizen-initiated minimum wage and paid sick leave laws that a business lobby criticized as too burdensome, setting up expected lawsuits if GOP Gov. Rick Snyder signs them into law before making way for a Democrat in January. The Senate voted 26-12, almost entirely along party lines, to advance the two bills to the Republican-controlled House, which is expected to pass them and could vote as early as next week. One measure would delay increasing the minimum wage to $12 an hour to at least 2030, instead of 2022. It would also repeal provisions to tie future increases to inflation and bring a lower wage for tipped employees in line with the wage for other workers. The current minimum wage is $9.25. Another bill would exempt employers with fewer than 50 employees from having to provide paid sick time as required under the existing law that is scheduled to take effect in March, limit the amount of annual mandatory leave at larger businesses to 36 hours, instead of 72 hours, and make other changes. To prevent the citizen initiatives from going to electorate earlier this month, where they would be much harder to change if voters had passed them, GOP legislators preemptively approved them in September so that they could alter them after the election with simple majority votes in each chamber. Read more at The Detroit News.
Bloomberg Government - $190M State, Local Tax Deduction Workaround OK'd by Michigan Senate - The Michigan Senate unanimously passed a bill that could provide up to $190 million in federal income tax relief for pass-through entities. The Nov. 29 vote for S.B. 1170 advances a proposed workaround to the $10,000 federal deduction cap that limited liability companies, S corporations, and partnerships can take on their federal returns. The cap was one of the most controversial aspects of the 2017 federal tax law (Pub. L. No. 115-97) because it frequently creates a disparity between a lower effective tax rate for corporations (now 21 percent) taxed as entities, and pass-through companies considered individuals. To beat the cap and allow unlimited state and local tax (SALT) deductions, the Michigan bill would allow pass-through entities to elect to pay state taxes at the entity level and then give owners a credit on the taxes paid by their companies. Thus, it would be revenue-neutral to Michigan, but would allow companies to maximize the SALT deduction and reduce income taxes to the federal government.
Illinois will welcome a new governor in the new year, but Governor-Elect J.B. Pritzker will likely have a short honeymoon period given the state's difficult fiscal position. Despite the tough terrain ahead, House Speaker Madigan's public support for Pritzker's stated tax priorities – including adopting a graduated income tax and taxing recreational cannabis and – signal a welcome path forward.
California: About three-fourths of almost 400 local tax measures were approved by voters. This includes sales tax increases in 11 cities in Los Angeles County and three new taxes on large tech firms.
WisPolitics - Schimel: Wedding barns need license to serve alcohol: A new informal opinion from outgoing AG Brad Schimel could threaten so-called "wedding barns," according to a conservative think tank. But Walker administration officials aren't saying whether they are planning to change their enforcement standards for the venues, which are rented out for weddings or other private events. Schimel in a letter earlier this month wrote that private events held at public sites would require the host to have an alcohol license in order to serve liquor. Current law generally doesn't allow venue owners of a "public place" to provide alcohol to guests that rent out their property without a license. But the term "public place" isn't defined in statute. The opinion comes after Rep. Rob Swearingen asked Schimel to weigh in on the legality of wedding barns and other similar venues in a letter Nov. 8. The request, he said, came as he and other members of the Leg Council Study Committee on Alcohol Beverages Enforcement reviewed law enforcement's handling of the issue. Swearingen chairs the committee. Schimel wrote in his response Nov. 16 that while statute doesn't explicitly define "public place," the surrounding context of the law shows, among other things, that it doesn't become "non-public if access is temporarily limited to invited guests."
"A broad 'private event' exception cannot be supported by the text of the statute; there is simply no portion of the statute that would support a distinction between a public place that hosts an event open to all the public, and a public place that may be rented out for a limited private event," he wrote. "The 'place,' in both circumstances, is 'public' in my view." Still, he noted his informal opinion "is not meant in any way to bind or inhibit the role of the next Attorney General," who Schimel writes "is obviously free to disagree with my position."
AG-elect Josh Kaul's campaign didn't return a request for comment. Kaul beat Schimel to win the seat by a margin of just more than 17,000 votes.
Schimel, who characterized his letter as an "informal analysis," noted he can only issue formal opinions if a legislative leader, chamber or state agency head requests it.
Swearingen applauded Schimel's take on the venues, which aren't currently licensed to sell alcohol though they still allow people to drink on the property. "Ultimately at the end of the day this was all common sense," Swearingen said in an interview today, adding Schimel's interpretation of current law is how the Rhinelander Republican "felt about it all along." Still, representatives from the Wisconsin Institute for Law and Liberty warn if the administration plans to adopt Schimel's opinion, "they should expect a fight."
Voters also legalized Arkansas sports betting this fall, though it will take several months to put the pieces in place.
In New Mexico, a tribal group is now offering NM sports betting under an existing Class III gaming compact.
New York (passed in 2013) and Connecticut (passed in July 2017): regulators have yet to draft the rules and more enabling legislation likely required for progress.
New Jersey allows legal sports betting online via mobile apps; Pennsylvania and West Virginia will soon.
Oregon state lottery believes it can authorize wagering, though there has been no legislative activity.


Rock Garden Plant Selection Guide: Sun Plants, Zone 5 - The SpruceFeb 17, 2018 . In a well-planned rock garden, the rocks and the plants work together, elevating the impact of both. Discover the best rock garden plants for full sun. . Find Out Which Plants Will Grow in Alkaline Soil. Landscaping Basics.plants that grow on rocks,Trees and shrubs grow on rocks - Technology - Groasis WaterboxxWhen we want to plant on rocks, we look for cracks. Below the Groasis . Here are a number of photos that prove that trees and shrubs grow well on rocks.
Rock Garden Plants | Drought Resistant Plants | High Country .You can plant a traditional rock garden or simply fill a tiny space with these small but colorful plants. All are easy to grow, needing only a well-drained and a.plants that grow on rocks,Plants and Flowers that will Grow Well in your Rock Garden .Directory of Plants and Flowers that grow well in Rock Gardens, with care icons for light and watering requirements, flower colors, usda zones and growing tips.
Rock crevices create a favorable environment for growing plants that would not normally survive in your zone. The plants in these pockets are kept warmer and.
Feb 17, 2018 . In a well-planned rock garden, the rocks and the plants work together, elevating the impact of both. Discover the best rock garden plants for full sun. . Find Out Which Plants Will Grow in Alkaline Soil. Landscaping Basics.
When we want to plant on rocks, we look for cracks. Below the Groasis . Here are a number of photos that prove that trees and shrubs grow well on rocks.
Thinking and Learning in Room 122: Can Plants Grow in Rocks?
Dec 4, 2013 . The students thought that plants can grow in rocks. We decided to test this idea. A small group of students were excited about this and decided.
These include the epiphytes, orchids that grow in the canopy of trees, and lithophytes, orchids that grow naturally in rocks. Epiphytes such as the moth orchids.
Rockery plants: Top 10 plants for an alpine rock garden - David .
Feb 27, 2017 . David Domoney shares his top 10 plants for a perfect alpine rock garden . Alpines in particular flourish in these spots – they grow wild in rocky,.
Apr 4, 2018 . Growing rock gardens in zone 5 begins with carefully chosen plants, and culminates with effortless beauty and ease of care. The good news is.
As there is no soil for them to get their vital nutrients from, how do they grow and survive? As much information on these type of plants would be.
304 best Rock Gardens & Ground Covers images on Pinterest .
Ideas for rock gardens and alpine gardens, including plants and ground . Garden Fragrance Galore - Dianthus 'Firewitch' - Easy to grow ground-cover for a.
These plants with colorful leaves are grown more for their foliage than the flowers. In the rock garden, the coral bells's striking variegations and pink and purple.
Some plants give up when their root systems have too many rocks to contend . Rocky and sandy soils are ideal for this hardy, low-growing, evergreen ground.
Get expert tips for adding a low-maintenance, drought-tolerant rock garden to your landscape.
Most garden centres have a limited range of rock plants and alpines, so it is worth . Most shrubs in time grow too large for smaller rock gardens, but a few are.
Rock gardens are a great way to display small plants - especially alpines - to . for a growing season before the challenge and enemy of rock plants – winter wet.
Hello,What are some plants that will thrive planted in river rock landscaping? . fabric underneath the rocks, the weeds grow quite profusely.
Plants - Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore (U.S. National Park .
Feb 27, 2018 . The smallest plants of Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore include . Park staff use native plants grown in this greenhouse to revegetate.
How To Grow Moss | Moss and Stone knows mosses are slow growing. .. The Moss Farm at Moss and Stone Gardens – Where Moss Rocks! is a.
Seeds for Exotic and Unusual Rock Garden Plants from around the World. . Purple Robe ground cover, Saxifrages grow well in containers, beds, rock gardens,.
Because lichens do not have a waxy cuticle like plants, they cannot conserve water . Having lichens growing on your rocks, trees and ground around your.


text:
Q: Makebox with text, stop text appearing on separate line I want to insert a rectangle followed by some text, e.g. if the dashes indicate the position of the rectangle, I want to achieve something like this:

---- some text

I am using an article document class.
I have tried:
\begin{color}[cmy]{0.7, 0.5, 0.3}
\noindent
\makebox[\linewidth][l]{\rule{2cm}{4pt}}
\fontsize{14}{0}\fontfamily{cmss}\selectfont\textbf{Experience}
\end{color}

This results in a blue rectangular box, but the text appears underneath, rather than adjacently. If I delete the newline between the \makebox and \fontsize lines, the text appears on the same line as the blue rectangle, but with a large amount of white space between.
Any ideas would be greatly appreciated.

A: The color environment does not exist. While \begin{color} issues no error, the effects are quite unpredictable, as you discovered.
The solution is to put the color change in the box.
Don't use explicit font size or font family settings; the abstract commands are much better. Also giving colors a name is better, as it helps in abstracting things and in getting the same color where it should.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{xcolor}

\usepackage{showframe} % just for the example

\definecolor{cventry}{cmy}{0.7, 0.5, 0.3}

\begin{document}

\section{Wrong}

The following is wrong because the \texttt{color} environment
does not exist and using \verb|\begin{color}| leads to
unexpected results

\bigskip

\begin{color}[cmy]{0.7, 0.5, 0.3}
\noindent
\makebox[\linewidth][l]{\rule{2cm}{4pt}}
\fontsize{14}{0}\fontfamily{cmss}\selectfont\textbf{Experience}
\end{color}

\section{Right}

The solution is to put everything in the box.

\bigskip

\noindent\makebox[\linewidth][l]{%
  \color{cventry}%
  \Large\sffamily
  \rule{2cm}{4pt} \textbf{Experience}%
}

\end{document}

The showframe package draws the borders of the text area; don't use it in a production version of the document.
Actually, the error is not due to the inexistent color environment, but to the fact that you put the rule in a \linewidth wide box, so the text necessarily went in the following line. But I preferred to emphasize the wrong usage of \color.

A: Put the text in the box and make the font change before:
\documentclass{article}%
\usepackage[showframe]{geometry}%
 \usepackage{xcolor}

\begin{document}

\begin{color}[cmy]{0.7, 0.5, 0.3}
  \noindent
  \fontsize{14}{0}\fontfamily{cmss}\selectfont
  \makebox[\linewidth][l]{\rule{2cm}{4pt}\textbf{Experience}}
\end{color}

\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Ohio State rises three spots to No. 2 in AP Top 25
Ohio State's steamrolling of Michigan State prompted a rise to No. 2 in the latest Associated Press Top 25 poll, released Sunday.
The 56-7 shellacking of the Spartans allowed the Buckeyes (10-1) to move up three spots in the poll.
Georgia (11-0) remains a unanimous No. 1 and can complete an unbeaten regular season by beating Georgia Tech (3-8) on Saturday.
Alabama (10-1) and Cincinnati (11-0) each dropped a spot and are ranked third and fourth, respectively.
Oregon (9-2) dropped from fourth to 11th after being dismantled 38-7 by Utah on Saturday night.
Notre Dame (10-1) is fifth, followed by Michigan. The Wolverines (10-1) host the Buckeyes on Saturday.
Oklahoma State (10-1) is seventh. Ole Miss (9-2), Baylor (9-2) and Oklahoma (10-1) round out the top 10.
Michigan State (9-2) dropped five spots to No. 12 after the loss to Ohio State.
BYU (9-2) sits in 13th, followed by Texas AM (8-3) and UTSA (11-0).
The Utes (8-3) moved up eight spots to 16th after the rout of Oregon. Iowa (9-2), Wisconsin (8-3), Houston (10-1) and Pittsburgh (9-2) filled out the top 20.
Wake Forest (9-2) is No. 21 and San Diego State (10-1) is No. 22. Louisiana (10-1), North Carolina State (8-3) and Arkansas (7-4) round out the rankings.
22nd November 2021, 08:19 GMT+11