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Conversion Therapy Ban Is A Minors' Rights Issue, Too
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Bennett Haselton Freelance Writer
May 04, 2017 3:04 PM ET
The U.S. Supreme Court on Monday allowed a California law to stand that banned so-called "conversion therapy" for minors – "therapy" with the stated purpose of turning gay kids straight. Many arguments against the ban have argued for parents' rights to control the treatment of their teens until they turn 18; arguments in favor of the ban have focused on the consensus among psychologists that conversion therapy doesn't work, and can have harmful side effects.
Rarely heard in these debates is an argument for the individual civil rights of the teenagers themselves: What if they just don't want to go?
Now, to the average person, this position raises alarm bells for being far outside the mainstream, but it's really just the principle of individual freedom carried to its logical conclusion. My argument is that individual freedom should be the default, unless it needs to be superseded for reasons of possible harm to oneself, or harm to others. Out of context, most people would agree with this statement – but they might waver if they thought about how it applies to the rights of minors. We let parents pick what movies their 7-year-old can watch, because 7-year-olds might harm themselves if they made that decision entirely on their own; we let parents decide whether their 16-year-old can get married, because the likelihood is so high that they'll regret it later if they make the decision without some parental guidance.
But in the case of parents who want to force their teen to get electric shocks to their junk as part of "conversion therapy" — or even just to force their teen to listen to a therapist harangue them about being gay — if the teen wants to say "fuck this" and refuse the treatment and walk out, what possibly "safety" argument could there be, for stopping the teen from making their own decision? Quite the opposite — most psychologists would agree that it's probably safer to allow the teen to quit the treatment, than to force them through it.
At this point, some would argue that as long as parents are paying for their teen's room and board, they ought to have the right to make these decisions (even including forcing a teen into conversion therapy), regardless of what is objectively beneficial. I doubt that many people believe this argument literally. If a husband is paying for his wife's room and board and other expenses, does that give him the right to force her into conversion therapy – or even to snoop through her browser history? Presumably not, so if someone believes that parents have the right to do these things, that right would have to come from something other than the fact of who's paying for what.
Some others argue that parents' right to control their children under 18 isn't a matter of costs and benefits (consequentialist ethics) so much as it is a matter of a principle that has to be followed regardless of the consequences (deontological ethics). Well, by definition you can't argue with someone's "first principles." But I'm skeptical that people really feel this way – for one thing, if you ask someone about a restriction in minors' freedoms that does make some logical sense, they would likely give you the real reason: "You can't get a driver's license at 12 because even 12-year-olds who pass the test are likely to be unsafe drivers, and there aren't a lot of benefits to letting 12-year-olds drive." But ask why a teen shouldn't have the right to refuse conversion therapy, and if the person switches to saying, "Well, that's just the way it is…" then perhaps their conviction on that point is a lot weaker.
So, if you've never thought about this position before, ask yourself if you really do believe that individual freedom should be the default, unless it has to be superseded for reasons of safety – and, if so, why that should not be the case for people under 18 as well. It's easy to come up with reasons why we don't allow 8-year-olds to play with real firearms, or allow 12-year-olds to get tattoos, but the point is that there are reasons for these rules – real reasons, in terms of self-harm and costs and benefits, not just variations of "That's just the way it is, and we've always done it that way." If you ask someone why a teen should not have the fundamental human right to refuse conversion therapy, and the best they can come up with is "That's just the way it is," perhaps that's a sign that it's an unsupportable position that society should start moving away from.
Tags : lgbt
Bennett Haselton


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WikiMili The Free Encyclopedia
Japanese occupation of Attu
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Part of the American Theater and the Pacific Theater of World War II
Four Japanese seaplanes landed at Holtz Bay, Attu Island on 7 November 1942. Photo taken by American surveillance aircraft.
7 June 1942 – 30 May 1943
Attu, Aleutian Islands, Pacific Ocean
Japanese occupation commences.
N/A Matsutoshi Hosumi
Yasuyo Yamasaki
Boshirō Hosogaya
N/A 1,140 - 2,900
1 civilian killed
46 civilians captured unknown
Aleutian Islands Campaign
1st Attu
1st Kiska
Amchitka
Komandorski Islands
2nd Attu
3rd Attu
2nd Kiska Op. Cottage
The Japanese occupation of Attu was the result of an invasion of the Aleutian Islands in Alaska during World War II. Imperial Japanese Army troops landed on 7 June 1942 the day after the invasion of Kiska. Along with the Kiska landing, it was the first time that the continental United States was invaded and occupied by a foreign power since the War of 1812, and was the second of the only two invasions of the United States during World War II. The occupation ended with the Allied victory in the Battle of Attu on 30 May 1943.
The Aleutian Islands, also called the Aleut Islands or Aleutic Islands and known before 1867 as the Catherine Archipelago, are a chain of 14 large volcanic islands and 55 smaller ones belonging to both the U.S. state of Alaska and the Russian federal subject of Kamchatka Krai. They form part of the Aleutian Arc in the Northern Pacific Ocean, occupying an area of 6,821 sq mi (17,666 km2) and extending about 1,200 mi (1,900 km) westward from the Alaska Peninsula toward the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, and mark a dividing line between the Bering Sea to the north and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Crossing longitude 180°, at which point east and west longitude end, the archipelago contains both the westernmost part of the United States by longitude and the easternmost by longitude. The westernmost U.S. island in real terms, however, is Attu Island, west of which runs the International Date Line. While nearly all the archipelago is part of Alaska and is usually considered as being in the "Alaskan Bush", at the extreme western end, the small, geologically related Commander Islands belong to Russia.
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. A state of total war emerged, directly involving more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. The major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
The Imperial Japanese Army was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor of Japan as supreme commander of the army and the navy. Later an Inspectorate General of Aviation became the third agency with oversight of the army. During wartime or national emergencies, the nominal command functions of the emperor would be centralized in an Imperial General Headquarters (IGHQ), an ad-hoc body consisting of the chief and vice chief of the Army General Staff, the Minister of the Army, the chief and vice chief of the Naval General Staff, the Inspector General of Aviation, and the Inspector General of Military Training.
In May 1942, the Japanese began near-simultaneous campaigns against Midway, and the Aleutians, thus beginning the Aleutian Islands Campaign. During the Battle of Midway, Japanese forces were repulsed in a decisive action, meanwhile, on 6 June, Japanese naval forces under Boshirō Hosogaya landed troops unopposed at Kiska and Attu islands. A force consisting of 1,140 infantry under Major Matsutoshi Hosumi took control of the island and captured Attu's population, which consisted of 45 Aleuts and two white Americans, Charles Foster Jones (1879-1942), an amateur radio operator and weather reporter, originally from St. Paris, Ohio, and his wife Etta (1879-1965), a teacher and nurse, originally from Vineland, New Jersey. [1] The village consisted of several houses around Chichagof Harbor.
Midway Atoll is a 2.4-square-mile (6.2 km2) atoll in the North Pacific Ocean at 28°12′N177°21′W. Midway is roughly equidistant between North America and Asia. Midway Atoll is an unorganized, unincorporated territory of the United States. Midway continues to be the only island in the Hawaiian archipelago that is not part of the state of Hawaii. Unlike the other Hawaiian islands, Midway observes Samoa Time, which is one hour behind the time in the state of Hawaii. For statistical purposes, Midway is grouped as one of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. The Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge, encompassing 590,991.50 acres (239,165.77 ha) of land and water in the surrounding area, is administered by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). The refuge and most of its surrounding area are part of the larger Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.
The Aleutian Islands Campaign was a military campaign conducted by the United States and Japan in the Aleutian Islands, part of the Territory of Alaska, in the American theater and the Pacific theater of World War II starting on 3 June 1942. In the only two invasions of the United States during the war, a small Japanese force occupied the islands of Attu and Kiska, where the remoteness of the islands and the challenges of weather and terrain delayed a larger U.S.-Canadian force sent to eject them for nearly a year. The islands' strategic value was their ability to control Pacific transportation routes, which is why U.S. General Billy Mitchell stated to the U.S. Congress in 1935, "I believe that in the future, whoever holds Alaska will hold the world. I think it is the most important strategic place in the world." The Japanese reasoned that control of the Aleutians would prevent a possible U.S. attack across the Northern Pacific. Similarly, the U.S. feared that the islands would be used as bases from which to carry out a full-scale aerial attack on U.S. West Coast cities like Anchorage, Seattle, Portland, or Los Angeles.
The Battle of Midway was a decisive naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II that took place between 4 and 7 June 1942, only six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea. The United States Navy under Admirals Chester Nimitz, Frank Jack Fletcher, and Raymond A. Spruance defeated an attacking fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy under Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto, Chūichi Nagumo, and Nobutake Kondō near Midway Atoll, inflicting devastating damage on the Japanese fleet that proved irreparable. Military historian John Keegan called it "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare".
The 42 Aleut inhabitants who survived the Japanese invasion were taken to a prison camp near Otaru, Hokkaido. Sixteen of them died while they were imprisoned. [2] Charles Jones was killed by the Japanese forces almost immediately after the invasion. His wife was subsequently taken to the Bund Hotel, which housed Australian Rabaul New Britain nurses who were prisoners of war from the 1942 Battle of Rabaul in Papua New Guinea, in Yokohama, Japan. Sometime later, she and the Australian nurses were taken to the Yokohama Yacht Club and kept there from 1942 to July 1944 when then moved to the old Totsuka Hospital, also in Yokohama. The hospital served as a civilian prisoner of war camp until the end of the war in August 1945. Etta Jones died in December 1965 at age 86 in Bradenton, Florida. [3]
Otaru is a city and port in Shiribeshi Subprefecture, Hokkaido, Japan, northwest of Sapporo. The city faces the Ishikari Bay, and has long served as the main port of the bay. With its many historical buildings, Otaru is a popular tourist destination. Because it is a 25-minute drive from Sapporo, it has recently grown as a bedroom community.
Hokkaido, formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is the second largest island of Japan, and the largest and northernmost prefecture. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu. The two islands are connected by the undersea railway Seikan Tunnel. The largest city on Hokkaido is its capital, Sapporo, which is also its only ordinance-designated city. About 43 km north of Hokkaido lies Sakhalin Island, Russia. To its east and north-east are the disputed Kuril Islands.
The Battle of Rabaul, also known by the Japanese as Operation R, was fought on the island of New Britain in the Australian Territory of New Guinea, in January and February 1942. It was a strategically significant defeat of Allied forces by Japan in the Pacific campaign of World War II, with the Japanese invasion force quickly overwhelming the small Australian garrison, the majority of which was either killed or captured. Hostilities on the neighbouring island of New Ireland are also usually considered to be part of the same battle. Rabaul was significant because of its proximity to the Japanese territory of the Caroline Islands, site of a major Imperial Japanese Navy base on Truk.
Attu village, occupied by the Japanese and retaken during the Battle of Attu.
After landing, the soldiers began constructing an airbase and fortifications. The nearest American forces were on Unalaska Island at Dutch Harbor and at an airbase on Adak Island. Throughout the occupation, American air and naval forces bombarded the island. Initially the Japanese intended to hold the Aleutians only until the winter of 1942; however, the occupation continued into 1943 in order to deny the Americans use of the islands. In August 1942, the garrison of Attu was moved to Kiska to help repel a suspected American attack. From August to October 1942, Attu was unoccupied until a 2,900-man force under Colonel Yasuyo Yamasaki arrived. The new garrison of Attu continued constructing the airfield and fortifications until 11 May 1943, when a 15,000 man army of American troops landed. On 12 May, I-31 was forced to surface five miles northeast of Chichagof Harbor, she was then sunk in a surface engagement with USS Edwards.
A fortification is a military construction or building designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is also used to solidify rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from the Latin fortis ("strong") and facere.
Unalaska is an island in the Fox Islands group of the Aleutian Islands in the US state of Alaska located at 53°38′N167°00′W. The island has a land area of 1,051 square miles (2,720 km2). It measures 79.4 mi (127.8 km) long and 34.7 mi (55.8 km) wide. The city of Unalaska, Alaska, covers part of the island and all of neighboring Amaknak Island where the Port of Dutch Harbor is located. The population of the island excluding Amaknak as of the 2000 census was 1,759 residents.
Dutch Harbor is a harbor on Amaknak Island in Unalaska, Alaska. It was the location of the Battle of Dutch Harbor in June 1942, and was one of the few sites, besides the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, in incorporated U.S. territory to be bombed by the Japanese during World War II.
Chichagof Harbor under attack during the Allied liberation of Attu.
Allied forces under General John L. DeWitt took control of the island on 30 May after the remaining Japanese troops conducted a massive banzai charge. American forces lost 549 killed and 1,148 wounded, another 2,100 evacuated due to weather-related injuries. During the Battle of Attu, all but 29 men of the Japanese garrison were killed. The occupation ended with an American victory and American forces deemed the half-completed airfield as not ideally situated. After building a new airfield the Americans launched bomber attacks against the Japanese home islands for the remainder of the war [4]
John Lesesne DeWitt was a general in the United States Army, best known for his vocal support of the internment of Japanese-Americans during World War II.
A banzai charge is the term used by the Allied forces to refer to Japanese human wave attacks and swarming mounted by infantry units. This term came from the Japanese cry "Tennōheika Banzai", shortened to banzai, specifically referring to a tactic used by Japanese soldiers during the Pacific War.
A bomber is a combat aircraft designed to attack ground and naval targets by dropping air-to-ground weaponry, firing torpedoes and bullets, or deploying air-launched cruise missiles.
Attu village was abandoned after the war, and surviving members of Japanese internment were moved to other islands after the war. In 2012, for the 70th anniversary of the occupation, a memorial to Attu village was dedicated at the former site of the town.
Attacks on North America during World War II
Attu is the westernmost and largest island in the Near Islands group of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, and the westernmost point of land relative to Alaska. The island became uninhabited in 2010.
Kiska is an island in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. It is about 22 miles (35 km) long and varies in width from 1.5 to 6 miles. It is part of Aleutian Islands Wilderness and as such, special permissions are required to visit it. The island has no permanent population.
Adak Island is an island near the western extent of the Andreanof Islands group of the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. Alaska's southernmost town, Adak, is located on the island. The island has a land area of 274.59 square miles (711.18 km2), measuring 33.9 miles (54.5 km) on length and 22 miles (35 km) on width, making it the 25th largest island in the United States.
The Eleventh Air Force (11 AF) is a Numbered Air Force of the United States Air Force Pacific Air Forces (PACAF). It is headquartered at Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson, Alaska.
Operation Cottage was a tactical maneuver which completed the Aleutian Islands campaign. On August 15, 1943, Allied military forces landed on Kiska Island, which had been occupied by Japanese forces since June 1942.
Castner's Cutthroats was the unofficial name for the 1st Alaskan Combat Intelligence Platoon (Provisional), also known as Alaskan Scouts. Castner's Cutthroats fought during World War II and were instrumental in defeating the Japanese during the Aleutian Islands Campaign. The unit was composed of just sixty-five men selected to perform reconnaissance missions in the Aleutian Islands during the war.
The Aleutian World War II National Historic Area is a U.S. National Historic Site on Amaknak Island in the Aleutian Island Chain of Alaska. It offers visitors a glimpse of both natural and cultural history, and traces the historic footprints of the U.S. Army Base, Fort Schwatka, located at the Ulakta Head on Mount Ballyhoo. The fort, 800 miles west of Anchorage, the nearest large urban center, was one of four coastal defense posts built to protect Dutch Harbor during World War II; Fort Schwatka is also the highest coastal battery ever constructed in the United States. Engineers designed the concrete observation posts and command stations to withstand earthquakes and 100 mph winds. Although today, many of the bunkers and wooden structures of Fort Schwatka have collapsed, the gun mounts and lookouts are among the most intact in the country.
The Battle of Dutch Harbor took place on June 3–4, 1942, when the Imperial Japanese Navy launched two aircraft carrier raids on the Dutch Harbor Naval Operating Base and U.S. Army Fort Mears at Dutch Harbor on Amaknak Island, during the Aleutian Islands Campaign of World War II. It was the first air attack by a foreign power on the continental United States and within the West Coast of the country during the war.
The Battle of Attu, which took place on 11–30 May 1943, was a battle fought between forces of the United States, aided by Canadian reconnaissance and fighter-bomber support, and Japan on Attu Island off the coast of the Territory of Alaska as part of the Aleutian Islands Campaign during the American Theater and the Pacific Theater. It was the only land battle of World War II fought on the continental United States.
The Japanese occupation of Kiska took place between 6 June 1942 and 28 July 1943 during the Aleutian Islands Campaign of the American Theater and the Pacific Theater of World War II. The Japanese occupied Kiska and nearby Attu Island in order to protect the northern flank of the Japanese Empire. Along with the Attu landing the next day, it was the first time that the continental United States was occupied by a foreign power since the War of 1812, and was one of the only two invasions of the United States during World War II.
The Japanese Occupation Site on Kiska island in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska is where the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked and occupied the island in World War II, as one of the only two invasions of the United States during the war. The Japanese built defenses and other infrastructure on the island before abandoning it in 1943 after losing the Battle of Attu. American and Canadian forces reoccupied the abandoned island, and departed the island in 1946. Now a part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge, the central portion of the island, where these military activities were concentrated, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985.
Amchitka Air Force Base is an abandoned Air Force Base located on Amchitka, in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands in southwest Alaska.
Kiska Army Airfield is an abandoned military airfield, first Japanese and then US, on Kiska island, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA.
The military history of the Aleutian Islands began almost immediately following the purchase of Alaska from the Russian Empire by the United States in 1867. Prior to the early 20th century, the Aleutian Islands were essentially ignored by the United States Armed Forces, although the islands played a small role in the Bering Sea Arbitration when a number of British and American vessels were stationed at Unalaska to enforce the arbitrators' decision. By the early 20th century, a number of war strategies examined the possibility of conflict breaking out between the Empire of Japan and the United States. While the Aleutian Islands were seen as a potential staging point for invasions by either side, this possibility was dismissed owing to the islands' dismal climate. In 1922, the Washington Naval Treaty was signed, after which the United States Navy began to take an interest in the islands. However, nothing of significance was to materialize until World War II.
Naval Air Facility Adak, was a United States Navy airport located west of Adak, on Adak Island in the U.S. state of Alaska. After its closure in 1997, it was reopened as Adak Airport. The facility was designated a National Historic Landmark for its role in World War II, although most of its elements from that period have been demolished or lie in ruins.
Shiro Kawase was a vice admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. He was a torpedo expert and his extensive experience as a commander of destroyers and destroyer formations made him more knowledgeable about the escort of convoys than most Japanese commanders of his time. He is best known for his command of the 5th Fleet during the latter stages of the Aleutians campaign in the spring and summer of 1943.
The Landing at Amchitka was the amphibious landing operation and occupation of Amchitka island by American forces during the Aleutian Islands Campaign.
↑ Mary Breu (2009) Last Letters from Attu, Alaska Northwest Books, ISBN 0882408100
↑ Chloe, John Haile (2017). Attu: The Forgotten Battle. National Park Service. pp. 32–33. ISBN 0996583734.
↑ Brian Garfield, The Thousand-Mile War: World War II in Alaska and the Aleutians
Fern Chandonnet (15 September 2007). Alaska at War, 1941-1945. University of Alaska Press. pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-1-60223-013-2.
Diane Olthuis (1 July 2006). It Happened in Alaska. Globe Pequot Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-7627-3908-0.
Paulin, Jim. "Memorial placed in Attu honoring villagers". The Bristol Bay Times. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
Mary Breu (2009). Last Letters from Attu. Alaska Northwest Books. ISBN 978-0-88240-810-1.
Mason, Rachel. "Attu, A Lost Village of the Aleutians." Alaska Park Science, Volume 10, Issue 2
The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a numeric commercial book identifier which is intended to be unique. Publishers purchase ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency.
History of Alaska
Timeline of Alaska
Russian America (1733–1867)
Department of Alaska (1867–1884)
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Recent history (1959–present)
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Countries and territories occupied by Imperial Japan during World War II
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South Pacific Mandate: Northern Marianas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Arduino serial message with unknown length How can I store the result of Serial.readBytesUntil(character, buffer, length) in a buffer while I don't know the length of the incoming message ?

A: make the buffer big enough for the message. Don't know the maximum length of the message? Use length to control the characters read, then continue reading until character encountered.
int bytesRead = Serial.readBytesUntil(character, buffer, length);

A: Here is a little code that makes use of realloc() to keep growing your buffer. You will have to free() when you're done with buf.
int length = 8;
char * buf = malloc(length);
int total_read = 0;

total_read = Serial.readBytesUntil(character, buf, length);
while(length == total_read) {
    length *= 2;
    buf = realloc(buf, length);
    // Bug in this line:
    // total_read += Serial.readBytesUntil(character, buf+total_read, length);
    // Should be
    total_read += Serial.readBytesUntil(character, buf+total_read, length-total_read);
}

*Edit: fixed a bug where readBytesUntil would have read off the end of buf by reading length bytes instead of length-total_read bytes.

A: You could create a buffer that is just smaller than the remaining RAM and use that. The call to find the remaining ram (as I've posted elsewhere) is:
int freeRam () {
  extern int __heap_start, *__brkval;
  int v;
  int fr = (int) &v - (__brkval == 0 ? (int) &__heap_start : (int) __brkval);
  Serial.print("Free ram: ");
  Serial.println(fr);
}

Regardless, you should make sure you only read into as much RAM as you actually have.

A: One answer is that when a program reads serial bytes it typically does NOT store them verbatim.  Rather, the program examines each byte and determines what action to take next.  This logic is typically implemented as Finite State Machine.
So, what does your specific serial stream represent?  Can it be analyzed in sequential chunks? For example: "0008ABCDEFGH" says that 8 chars follow the 4 character length field.  In this silly example your code would read 4 chars, then know how much space to allocate for the rest of the serial stream!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Introduction: To demonstrate a treatment paradigm for loss of sensory and motor fusion associated with severe convergence insufficiency.
Methods: Retrospective case series of 2 patients with history of convergence insufficiency producing constant diplopia of at least 2 years duration. There was no history of intracranial pathology including traumatic head injury in either patient. Neither patient had visual acuity worse than 20/20 in either eye. On initial visit, the patients showed inability to obtain or maintain sensory fusion even after correction of their deviation with prisms.
Results: Both patients had severely reduced convergence and fusional reserves with inability to obtain binocular single vision. Treatment consisted of Fresnel prism glasses and convergence exercises. Both patients achieved binocular single vision within 6 weeks and were able to fuse without Fresnel glasses. Follow-up time was 5 and 10 months.
Discussion: We report, for the first time, central fusional disruption in association with severe convergence insufficiency and the successful reversal of fusional disruption with conservative management.
Conclusion: Fusional disruption is known to occur in association with midbrain damage(1), sensory deprivation to the visual cortex(2, 3), and in the setting of an acquired strabismus(1, 3), but has not been reported previously without these risk factors. Recognition of loss of fusion in association with severe convergence insufficiency is paramount to counsel these patients and initiate appropriate treatment to reverse disruption of binocularity.
References: 1. Pratt-Johnson JA, Tillson G. Acquired central disruption of fusional amplitude. Ophthalmology. 1979;86(12):2140-2.
2. Leefkens-van den Broek MM, Wenniger-Prick LJ. Fusion loss as a result of long-standing unilateral traumatic cataract or uncorrected aphakia. Strabismus. 1995;3(2):79-84.
3. Digout LG, Awad AH. Restoration of binocular single vision after long-term fusion disruption. J AAPOS. 2003;7(3):185-9.