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1917 Leon Trotsky Books History
Our Neighbors and My First School
Odessa: My Family and My School
Books and Early Conflicts
Country and Town
My First Revolutionary Organization
My First Prisons
My First Exile
My First Escape
An Immigrant for the First Time
The Party Congress and the Split
The Return to Russia
Trial, Exile, Escape
My Second Foreign Exile: German Socialism
Preparing for a New Revolution
The Beginning or The War
Paris and Zimmerwald
My Expulsion From France
Through Spain
In A Concentration Camp
In Petrograd
Concerning Slanderers
From July to October
The Deciding Night
Trotskyism in 1917
Negotiations at Brest-Litovsk
A Month at Sviyazhsh
The Defense of Petrograd
The Military Opposition
Disagreements Over War Strategy
The Transition to the New Economic Policy, and My Relations With Lenin
Lenin's Illness
The Conspiracy of the Epigones
Lenin's Death and the Shift of Power
The Last Period of Struggle Within the Party
The Deportation
The Planet Without a Visa
I was often asked, and even now I still am asked: "How could you lose power?" In most instances, the question covers a naive conception of letting some material object slip from one's hands, as if losing power were the same thing as losing a watch or a notebook. But as a matter of fact, when the revolutionaries who directed the seizure of power begin at a certain stage to lose it, whether peacefully or through catastrophe, the fact in itself signifies either a decline in the influence of certain ideas and moods in the governing revolutionary circles, or the decline of revolutionary mood in the masses themselves. Or it may be both at the same time. The leading groups of the party that emerged from underground were inspired by the revolutionary tendencies which the leaders of the first period of the revolution were able to formulate clearly and to carry out completely and successfully in practice. It was exactly. Thus that made them the leaders of the party, and, through the party, leaders of the working class, and, through the working class, leaders of the country. It was thus that certain individuals had concentrated power in their hands. But the ideas of the first period of the revolution were imperceptibly losing their influence in the consciousness of the party stratum that held the direct power over the country.
In the country itself, processes were shaping themselves that one may sum up under the general name of reaction. These extended, in varying degree, to the working class as well, including even its party. The stratum that made up the apparatus of power developed its own independent aims and tried to subordinate the revolution to them. A division began to reveal itself between the leaders who expressed the historical line of the class and could see beyond the apparatus, and the apparatus itself – a huge, cumbrous, heterogeneous thing that easily sucked in the average communist. At first this division was more psychological than political in character. Yesterday was still too fresh in mind, the slogans of October had not had time to vanish from the memory, and the authority of the leaders of the first period was still strong. But under cover of the traditional forms, a different psychology was developing. The international prospects were growing dim. The everyday routine was completely absorbing the people. New methods, instead of serving the old aims, were creating new ones and, most of all, a new psychology. In the eyes of many, the temporary situation began to seem the ultimate goal. A new type was being evolved.
In the final analysis, revolutionaries are made of the same social stuff as other people. But they must have had certain very different personal qualities to enable the historical process to separate them from the rest into a distinct group. Association with one another, theoretical work, the struggle under a definite banner, collective discipline, the hardening under the fire of danger, these things gradually shape the revolutionary type. It would be perfectly legitimate to speak of the psychological type of the Bolshevik in contrast, for example, to that of the Menshevik. An eye sufficiently experienced could tell a Bolshevik from a Menshevik even by his outward appearance, with only a slight percentage of error.
This doesn't mean, however, that a Bolshevik was always and in everything a Bolshevik. To absorb a certain philosophic out look into one's flesh and blood, to make it dominate one's consciousness, and to co-ordinate with it one's sensory world is given not to every one but to only a few. In the working masses, a substitute is found in the class instinct, which in critical periods attains a high degree of sensitiveness. But there are many revolutionaries in the party and the state who come from the masses but have long since broken away from them, and who, because of their position, are placed in a separate and distinct class. Their class instinct has evaporated. On the other hand, they lack the theoretical stability and outlook to envisage the process in its entirety. Their psychology retains many unprotected surfaces, which, with the change of circumstances, expose them to the easy penetration of foreign and hostile ideological influences. In the days of the underground struggle, of the uprisings, and the civil war, people of this type were merely soldiers of the party. Their minds had only one string, and that sounded in harmony with the party tuning-fork. But when the tension relaxed and the nomads of the revolutions passed on to settled living, the traits of the man in the street, the sympathies and tastes of self-satisfied officials, revived in them.
Quite frequently I heard isolated remarks of Kalinin, Voroshilov, Stalin or Rykov with alarm. Where does this come from? – I asked myself – from what well does it gush? When I came to a meeting and found groups engaged in conversation, often they would stop when they saw me. There was nothing directed against me in those conversations, nothing opposed to the principles of the party. But they showed an attitude of moral relaxation, of self-content and triviality. People began to feel an urge to pour out these new moods upon each other – moods in which the element of philistine gossip came to have a very prominent place. Heretofore they had realized the impropriety of this sort of thing not only in Lenin's or my presence but even with one another. On occasions when vulgarity showed itself – for example, on the part of Stalin – Lenin, without even lifting his head from his papers, would look around as if trying to find some one else who was repelled by the remark. In such cases, a swift glance, or an intonation in the voice was enough to reveal indisputably to both of us our solidarity in these psychological appraisals.
If I took no part in the amusements that were becoming more and more common in the lives of the new governing stratum, it was not for moral reasons, but because I hated to inflict such boredom on myself. The visiting at each other's homes, the assiduous attendance at the ballet, the drinking-parties at which people who were absent were pulled to pieces, had no attraction for me. The new ruling group felt that I did not fit in with this way of living, and they did not even try to win me over. It was for this very reason that many group conversations would stop the moment I appeared, and those engaged in them would cut them short with a certain shamefacedness and a slight bitterness toward me. This was, if you like, a definite indication that I had begun to lose power.
I am here limiting myself to the psychological aspect of the matter, and disregarding its social basis, that is, the changes in the anatomy of the revolutionary society. In the final reckoning, it is, of course, these latter changes that decide. But in actual life it is their psychological reflection that one encounters directly. The inner events were developing rather slowly, facilitating the molecular processes of the transformation of the upper stratum, and leaving no opening for contrasting the two irreconcilable positions before the masses. One must add that the new moods were for a long time, and still are, disguised by traditional formulas. This made it all the more difficult to determine how far the process of metabolism had gone. The Thermidor conspiracy at the end of the eighteenth century, prepared for by the preceding course of the revolution, broke out with a single blow and assumed the shape of a sanguinary finale. Our Thermidor was long drawn out. The guillotine found its substitute – at least for a while – in intrigue. The falsifying of the past, systematized on the conveyer plan, became a weapon for the ideological re arming of the official party. Lenin's illness and the expectation of his return to the leadership made the temporary situation indefinite, and it lasted, with an interval, for over two years. If the revolution had been in the ascendancy, the delay would have played into the hands of the opposition. But the revolution on the international scale was suffering one defeat after another, and the delay accordingly played into the hands of the national reformism by automatically strengthening the Stalin bureaucracy against me and my political friends.
The out-and-out philistine, ignorant, and simply stupid baiting of the theory of permanent revolution grew from just these psychological sources. Gossiping over a bottle of wine or re turning from the ballet, one smug official would say to another:
"He can think of nothing but permanent revolution." The accusations of unsociability, of individualism, of aristocratism, were closely connected with this particular mood. The sentiment of "Not all and always for the revolution, but something for oneself as well," was translated as "Down with permanent revolution." The revolt against the exacting theoretical demands of Marxism and the exacting political demands of the revolution gradually assumed, in the eyes of these people, the form of a struggle against "Trotskyism." Under this banner, the liberation of the philistine in the Bolshevik was proceeding. It was because of this that I lost power, and it was this that determined the form which this loss took.
I have said before that Lenin, from his deathbed, was preparing a blow at Stalin and his allies, Dzerzhinsky and Ordzhonikidze. Lenin valued Dzerzhinsky highly. The estrangement began when Dzerzhinsky realized that Lenin did not think him capable of directing economic work. It was this that threw Dzerzhinsky into Stalin's arms, and then Lenin decided to strike at him as one of Stalin's supports. As for Ordzhonikidze, Lenin wanted to expel him from the party for his ways of a governor-general. Lenin's note promising the Georgian Bolsheviks his full support against Stalin, Dzherzhinsky, and Ordzhonikidze was addressed to Mdivani. The fates of the four reveal most vividiy the sweeping change in the party engineered by the Stalin faction. After Lenin's death, Dzerzhinsky was put at the head of the Supreme Economic Council, that is, in charge of all state industries. Ordzhonikidze, who had been slated for expulsion, has been made the head of the Central Control Commission. Stalin not only has remained the general secretary, contrary to Lenin's wish, but has been given unheard-of powers by the apparatus. Finally, Budu Mdivani, whom Lenin supported against Stalin, is now in the Tobolsk prison. A similar "regrouping" has been effected in the entire directing personnel of the party and in all the parties of the International, without exception. The epoch of the epigones is separated from that of Lenin not only by a gulf of ideas, but also by a sweeping overturn in the organization of the party.
Stalin has been the chief instrument in carrying out this overturn. He is gifted with practicality, a strong will, and persistence in carrying out his aims. His political horizon is restricted, his theoretical equipment primitive. His work of compilation, The Foundations of Leninism, in which he made an attempt to pay tribute to the theoretical traditions of the party, is full of sophomoric errors. His ignorance of foreign languages compels him to follow the political life of other countries at second-hand. His mind is stubbornly empirical, and devoid of creative imagination. To the leading group of the party (in the wide. circles he was not known at all) he always seemed a man destined to play second and third fiddle. And the fact that to-day he is playing first is not so much a summing-up of the man as it is of this transitional period of political backsliding in the country. Helvetius said it long ago: "Every period has its great men, and if these are lacking, it invents them." Stalinism is above all else the automatic work of the impersonal apparatus on the decline of the revolution.
Lenin died on January 21, 1924. Death was for him merely a deliverance from physical and moral suffering. He must have felt it intolerably humiliating to be so utterly helpless, and especially to lose his power of speech while he was still fully conscious. He grew unable to endure the patronizing tone of the doctors, their banal jokes and their false encouragements. While he was still able to speak, he casually put test questions to the doctors, caught them unawares in contradictions, insisted on additional explanations, and dipped into the medical books himself. In this case as in everything else, he was striving most of all for clarity. The only medical man he could endure was Fyodor Alexandrovich Guetier. A good physician and a good man, unsullied by the traits of a courtier, Guetier was attached to Lenin and Krupskaya by a genuine affection. During the period when Lenin would not allow any other doctor to come near him, Guetier continued to visit him. Guetier was also a close friend and house-physician to my family during all the years of the revolution. Thanks to him, we always had most trustworthy and intelligent reports on the condition of Vladimir Ilyich, to supplement and correct the impersonal official bulletins.
More than once, I asked Guetier whether Lenin's intellect would retain its power in case of recovery. Guetier answered me in this strain: the tendency to fatigue would increase, there would not be the former clarity in work, but a virtuoso would remain a virtuoso. In the interval between the first and second strokes, this prediction was confirmed to the letter. Toward the end of the meetings of the Politbureau, Lenin gave one the impression of being a hopelessly tired man. All the muscles of his face sagged, the gleam went out of his eyes, and even his formidable forehead seemed to shrink, while his shoulders drooped heavily. The expression of his face and of his entire figure might have been summed up in a word: tired. At such ghastly moments, Lenin seemed to me a doomed man. But with a good night's sleep he would recover his power of thought. The articles written in the interval between his two strokes hold their own with his best work. The fluid of the source was the same, but the flow was growing less. Even after the second stroke, Guetier did not take away all hope. But his reports continued to grow more pessimistic. The illness dragged on. Without malice or mercy, the blind forces of nature were sinking the great sick man into a state of impotence from which there was no way out. Lenin could not and should not have lived on as an invalid. But still we did not abandon hope for his recovery.
In the meantime, my own indisposition lingered on. "At the insistence of the doctors," writes N.I. Sedova, "L.D. was moved to the country. There Guetier visited the sick man, for whom he had a tender regard. Politics did not interest him, but he suffered deeply for us without knowing how to express his sympathy. The persecution of L.D. caught him unprepared. He did not understand it, and was waiting and worrying. At Archangelskoye, he spoke to me excitedly about the necessity of taking L.D. to Sukhum. In the end, we decided to take the step. The journey, which was long in itself – via Baku, Tiflis, and Batum – was made still longer by the snowdrifts that covered the tracks. But the travelling had a soothing effect. The farther we went from Moscow, the more we broke away from the depression that we had found there of late. But in spite of it all, I still had the feeling that I was accompanying a very sick man. The uncertainty tried one 's patience: what sort of life would there be at Sukhum? Would we have enemies or friends about us there?"
January 21 found us at the station in TiFlis, on our way to Sukhum. I was sitting with my wife in the working half of my car, with the high temperature that was the usual thing at that time. There was a knock on the door, and my faithful assistant, Syermuks, who was accompanying me to Sukhum, entered. From his manner as he walked in, from his livid-gray face as he handed me a sheet of paper, looking past me with glassy eyes, I sensed a catastrophe. It was the decoded telegram from Stalin telling me that Lenin had died. I passed it to my wife; she had already guessed it.
The Tiflis authorities soon received a similar telegram. The news of Lenin's death was spreading in ever-widening rings. I got the Kremlin on the direct wire. In answer to my inquiry, I was told: "The funeral will be on Saturday, you can't get back in time, and so we advise you to continue your treatment." Accordingly, I had no choice. As a matter of fact, the funeral did not take place until Sunday, and I could easily have reached Moscow by then. Incredible as it may appear, I was even deceived about the date of the funeral. The conspirators surmised correctly that I would never think of verifying it, and later on they could always find an explanation. I must recall the fact that the news of Lenin's first illness was not communicated to me until the third day. This was a system. The object was to "gain time."
The Tiflis comrades came to demand that I write on Lenin's death at once. But I knew only one urgent desire-and that was to be alone. I could not stretch my hand to lift my pen. The brief text of the Moscow telegram was still resounding in my head. Those who gathered at the train waited for a response. They were right. The train was held up for half an hour, and I wrote the farewell lines: "Lenin has gone. Lenin is no more." The few handwritten pages were transmitted to the direct wire.
"We arrived quite broken down," writes my wife. "It was the first time we had seen Sukhum. The mimosa were in full bloom – they are plentiful there. Magnificent palms. Camellias. It was January; in Moscow the cold was bitter. The Abhazians greeted us on our arrival in a friendly manner. In the dining-room of the rest-house, there were two portraits on the wall, one – draped in black – of Vladimir Ilyich, the other of L.D. We felt like taking the latter one down, but thought it would look too demonstrative."
At Sukhum I spent long days lying on the balcony facing the sea. Although it was January, the sun was warm and bright. Between the balcony and the glittering sea there were huge palms. With the constant sensation of running a temperature were mingled thoughts of Lenin's death. In my mind I went through all the stages of my life: my meetings with Lenin, our disagreements, polemics, our renewed friendliness, our fellowship of work. Individual episodes emerged with the vividness of a dream. Gradually all of it began to assume increasingly sharp outlines. With amazing clarity I saw those "disciples" who were true to their master in the little things, and not in the big. As I breathed the sea air in, I assimilated with my whole being the assurance of my historical rightness in opposition to the epigones.
January 27, 1924. Over the palms and the sea reigned silence, sparking under the blue canopy. Suddenly it was pierced by salvos of artillery. The cannonading was going on somewhere below, on the seashore. It was Sukhum's salute to the leader who at that hour was being buried in Moscow. I thought of him and of the woman who had been his life-companion for so many years, receiving through him her impressions of the world. Now she was burying him, and must inevitably feel lonely among the grieving millions around her – grieving, but not as she was grieving. I thought of Nadyezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya. I wanted to speak a word of greeting, of sympathy, of endearment to her from where I was. But I could not bring myself to do it. Words seemed much too light in the face of what had happened. I was afraid that they would only sound conventional. And so I was shaken with gratitude when I received a letter a few days later from Nadyezhda Konstantinovna. This is how it read:
" Dear LEV DAVYDOVICH,
I write to tell you that about a month before his death, as he was looking through your book, Vladimir Ilyich stopped at the place where you sum up Marx and Lenin, and asked me to read it over again to him; he listened very attentively, and then looked it over again himself. And here is another thing I want to tell you. The attitude of V.I. toward you at the time when you came to us in London from Siberia has not changed until his death. I wish you, Lev Davydovich, strength and health, and I embrace you warmly.
N. KRUPSKAYA."
In the book which Vladimir Ilyich was looking over before his death, I compared Lenin with Marx. I knew only too well Lenin's attitude toward Marx, an attitude made up of a disciple's grateful love and of the pathos of distance. The relationship between master and disciple became, in the course of history, the relationship of the theoretical precursor and the first realizer. In my article I did away with the traditional pathos of distance. Marx and Lenin, so closely linked historically and yet so different, were to me the two unsurpassable summits of man's spiritual power. And I rejoiced at the thought that Lenin had read my lines about him attentively a short time before he died, and probably with emotion, since for him, as for me, the Marx scale was the most titanic for measuring human personality.
And with emotion I now read Krupskaya's letter. She took two extreme points in my connection with Lenin – the October day in 1902 when, after escaping from Siberia, I had raised Lenin from his hard London bed early in the morning, and the end of December, 1923, when Lenin had twice read my appreciation of his lifework. Between these two points there had passed two decades – at first joint work, then bitter factional struggle, then joint work again on a higher historical foundation. In Hegel's phrase: thesis, antithesis, synthesis. And now Krupskaya bore witness that Lenin's attitude toward me, despite the protracted period of antithesis, remained the "London" one; that is, one of warm support and friendly sympathy, but now on a higher historical plane. Even if there were nothing else, all the folios of the dissemblers could not outweigh in the judgment of history this little note written by Krupskaya a few days after Lenin's death.
"Considerably delayed by the snow, the newspapers began to bring us the memorial speeches, obituaries, and articles. Our friends were expecting L.D. to come to Moscow, and thought that he would cut short his trip in order to return, since no one imagined that Stalin's telegram had cut off his return. I remember my son's letter, received at Sukhum. He was terribly shocked by Lenin's death, and though suffering from a cold, with a temperature of 104, he went in his not very warm coat to the Hall of Columns to pay his last respects, and waited, waited, and waited with impatience for our arrival. One could feel in his letter his bitter bewilderment and diffident reproach." This again is quoted from my wife's notes.
A delegation of the Central Committee composed of Tomsky, Frunze, Pyatakov, and Gusyev came to me at Sukhum to coordinate with me in making changes in the personnel of the war department. This was sheer farce. The renewal of the personnel in the war department had for some time been going on at full speed behind my back, and now it was simply a matter of observing the proprieties.
The first blow in the war department fell on Sklyansky. He was the first to bear Stalin's revenge for the latter's reverses before Tsaritsin, his failure on the southern front, and his adventure before Lvov. Intrigue reared high its serpentine head. To uproot Sklyansky – and me in the future – an ambitious but talentless intriguer named Unschlicht had been installed in the war department a few months before. Skiyansky was dismissed and Frunze, who was in command of the armies in the Ukraine, was appointed in his place. Frunze was a serious person. His authority in the party, due to his sentence of hard-labor in Siberia in the past, was higher than the more recent authority of Sklyansky. Furthermore, he had revealed an indisputable talent for military leadership during the war. But as a military administrator, he was far inferior to Sklyansky. He was too apt to be carried away by abstract schemes; he was a poor judge of character; and he succumbed easily to the influence of experts, especially those of the second order.
But I must finish Sklyansky's story. With that rudeness characteristic of Stalin, without even being consulted about it, he was transferred to economic work. Dzerzhinsky, who was glad to get rid of Unschiicht, his deputy at the GPU, and secure for industry such a first-class administrator as Sklyansky, put him in charge of the cloth trust. With a shrug of his shoulders, Sklyansky plunged into his new work. A few months later he decided to visit the United States, to look about, study, and buy machinery. Before he left he called on me to say good-by and to ask my advice. We had worked hand in hand during the years of civil war. But our talk had usually been about troop units, military rules, speeding up the graduation of officers, supplies of copper and aluminum for military plants, uniforms and food, rather than about the party. We were both too busy for that. After Lenin was taken ill, when the plots of the epigones began to force their way into the war department, I refrained from discussing party matters, particularly with the military staff. The situation was very indefinite, the differences were then only be ginning to crop up, and the forming of factions in the army concealed many dangers. Later on I was ill myself. At that meeting with Sklyansky in the summer of 1925, when I was no longer in charge of the war department, we talked over almost everything.
"Tell me," Sklyansky asked, "what is Stalin?"
Sklyansky knew Stalin well enough himself. He wanted my definition of Stalin and my explanation of his success. I thought for a minute.
"Stalin," I said, "is the outstanding mediocrity in the party." This definition then shaped itself for me for the first time in its full import, psychological as well as social. By the expression on Sklyansky's face, I saw at once that I had helped my questioner to touch on something significant.
"You know," he said, "it is amazing how, during this last period, the mean, the self-satisfied mediocrity is pushing itself into every sphere. And all of it finds in Stalin its leader. Where does it all come from?"
"This is the reaction after the great social and psychological strain of the first years of revolution. A victorious counter-revolution may develop its great men. But its first stage, the Thermidor, demands mediocrities who can't see farther than their noses. Their strength lies in their political blindness, like the mill-horse that thinks that he is moving up when really he is only pushing down the belt-wheel. A horse that sees is incapable of doing the work."
In that conversation I realized for the first time with absolute clarity the problem of the Thermidor – with, I might even say, a sort of physical conviction. I agreed with Sklyansky to return to the subject after he got back from America. Not many weeks later a cable informed us that Sklyansky had been drowned in some American lake while boating. Life is inexhaustible in its cruel inventions.
The urn with Sklyansky's ashes was brought back to Moscow. Every one was sure that it would be immured in the Kremlin wall in the Red Square, which had become the Pantheon of the revolution. But the secretariat of the Central Committee decided to bury Sklyansky outside of the city. Sklyansky's farewell visit to me had apparently been noted and taken into account. The hatred extended to the burial-urn. The belittling of Sklyansky was part of the general fight against the leadership that had insured victory in the civil war. I do not think that Sklyansky alive was interested in the matter of where he was to be buried. But the decision of the Central Committee took on a character of personal and political meanness. Throwing aside my sense of repulsion, I called Molotov. But the decision could not be altered. History has yet to pass its verdict on it.
In the autumn of 1924, my temperature again began to mount. By that time, another discussion had blazed up, brought about this time from above in accordance with some pre-arranged plan. In Leningrad, in Moscow, and in the provinces, hundreds and thousands of preliminary secret conferences had been held to prepare the so-called "discussion," to prepare, that is, a systematic and well-organized baiting, now directed not at the opposition but at me personally. When the secret preparations were over, at a signal from the Pravda a campaign against Trotskyism burst forth simultaneously on all platforms, in all pages and columns, in every crack and corner. It was a majestic spectacle of its kind. The slander was like a volcanic eruption. It was a great shock to the large mass of the party. I lay in bed with a temperature, and remained silent. Press and orators did nothing but expose Trotskyism, although no one knew exactly what it meant. Day after day they served up incidents from the past, polemical excerpts from Lenin's articles of twenty years' standing, confusing, falsifying and mutilating them, and in general presenting them as if everything had happened just the day before. No one could understand anything of all this. If it had really been true, then Lenin must have been aware of it. But was there not the October revolution after all that? Was there not the civil war after the revolution? Had not Trotsky worked together with Lenin in creating the Communist International? Were not Trotsky's portraits hanging everywhere next to those of Lenin? But slander poured forth in a cold lava stream. It pressed down automatically on the consciousness, and was even more devastating to the will.
The attitude toward Lenin as a revolutionary leader gave way to an attitude like that toward the head of an ecclesiastital hierarchy. Against my protests, a mausoleum was built on the Red Square, a monument unbecoming and offensive to the revolutionary consciousness. The official books about Lenin evolved into similar mausoleums. His ideas were cut up into quotations for hypocritical sermons. His embalmed corpse was used as a weapon against the living Lenin – and against Trotsky. The masses were stunned, puzzled, and overawed. Thanks to its sheer bulk, the campaign of ignorant lies took on political potency. It overwhelmed, oppressed, and demoralized the masses. The party found itself condemned to silence. A regime was established that was nothing less than a dictatorship of the apparatus over the party. In other words, the party was ceasing to be a party.
In the morning, papers were brought to me in bed. I looked over the cable reports, and the titles and signatures of the articles. I knew those men well enough; I knew their inner thoughts, what they were capable of saying and what they had been ordered to say. In the majority of cases, they were men already exhausted by the revolution. Some were simply narrow-minded fanatics who had let themselves be deceived. Others were young "careerists" in a hurry to prove how invaluable they were. All of them contradicted each other and themselves. But the slander kept up incessantly in the newspapers: it howled and shrieked, drowning its contradictions and superficiality in its own noise. It succeeded by sheer volume alone.
"The second attack of L.D.'s illness," writes N.I. Sedova, "coincided with a monstrous campaign of persecution against him, which we felt as keenly as if we had been suffering from the most malignant disease. The pages of the Pravda seemed endless, and every line of the paper, even every word, a lie. L.D. kept silent. But what it cost him to maintain that silence! Friends called to see him during the day and often at night. I remember that some one once asked him if he had read that day's paper. He replied that he no longer read the newspapers. And it is true that he only took them up in his hands, ran his eyes over them, and then threw them aside. It seemed as if it were enough for him merely to look at them to know all that they contained. He knew only too well the cooks who had made the dish, and the same dish every day, to boot. To read the papers at that time was exactly, he would say, like pushing a funnel brush into one's own throat. It might have been possible to force himself to read them if L.D. had decided to reply. But he remained silent. His cold lingered on, thanks to his critical nervous condition. He looked pale and thin. In the family we avoided talking about the persecution, and yet we could talk of nothing else. I remember how I felt when I went to my work every day at the Commissariat of Education; it was like running a gauntlet. But never once did any one permit himself an unpleasant insinuation. Side by side with the inimical silence of the small ruling group, there was unquestionable sympathy from most of my colleagues. The life of the party seemed to be split in half: the inner, hidden life and the outward life for show only, and the two lives were in absolute contradiction to each other. Only a few brave souls ventured to reveal what was latent in the minds and hearts of most of those who concealed their sympathies under a 'monolithic' vote."
My letter to Chiedze against Lenin was published during this period. This episode, dating back to April, 1913, grew out of the fact that the official Bolshevik newspaper then published in St. Petersburg had appropriated the title of my Viennese publication, The Pravda – a Labor Paper. This led to one of those sharp conflicts so frequent in the lives of the foreign exiles. In a letter written to Chiedze, who at one time stood between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, I gave vent to my indignation at the Bolshevik centre and at Lenin. Two or three weeks later, I would undoubtedly have subjected my letter to a strict censor's revision; a year or two later still it would have seemed a curiosity in my own eyes. But that letter was to have a peculiar destiny. It was intercepted on its way by the Police Department. It rested in the police archives until the October revolution, when it went to the Institute of History of the Communist party. Lenin was well aware of this letter; in his eyes, as in mine, it was simply "the snows of yesteryear" and nothing more. A good many letters of various kinds had been written during the years of foreign exile! In 1924, the epigones disinterred the letter from the archives and flung it at the party, three-quarters of which at that time consisted of new members. It was no accident that the time chosen for this was the months immediately following Lenin's death. This condition was doubly essential. In the first place, Lenin could no longer rise to call these gentlemen by their right names, and in the second place, the masses of the people were torn with grief over the death of their leader. With no idea of the yesterdays of the party, the people read Trotsky's hostile remarks about Lenin and were stunned. It is true that the remarks had been made twelve years before, but chronology was disregarded in the face of the naked quotations. The use that the epigones made of my letter to Chiedze is one of the greatest frauds in the world's history. The forged documents of the French reactionaries in the Dreyfus case are as nothing compared to the political forgery perpetrated by Stalin and his associates.
Slander becomes a force only when it meets some historical demand. There must have been some shift, I reasoned, in social relations or in the political mood, if slander could find such an endless market. It is necessary to analyze the content of this slander. As I lay in bed, I had plenty of time to do so. From what does this accusation of Trotsky's wishing "to rob the peasant" derive – that formula which the reactionary agrarians, the Christian socialists, and the Fascists always direct against socialists and against communists in particular? Whence this bitter baiting of the Marxist idea of permanent revolution, this national bragging which promises to build its own socialism? What sections of the people make demands for such reactionary vulgarity? And lastly, how and why this lowering of the theoretical level, this retrogression to political stupidity? Lying in bed, I went over my old articles, and my eyes fell on these lines written in 1909, at the peak of the reactionary regime under Stolypin:
"When the curve of historical development rises, public thinking becomes more penetrating, braver and more ingenious. It grasps facts on the wing, and on the wing links them with the thread of generalization ... But when the political curve indi cates a drop, public thinking succumbs to stupidity. The price less gift of political generalization vanishes somewhere without leaving even a trace. Stupidity grows in insolence, and, baring its teeth, heaps insulting mockery on every attempt at a serious generalization. Feeling that it is in command of the field, it be gins to resort to its own means."
One of its most important means is slander.
I say to myself that we are passing through a period of re action. A political shifting of the classes is going on, as well as a change in class-consciousness. After the great effort, there is the recoil. How far will it go? Certainly not back to its starting-point. But no one can indicate the line in advance. The struggle of the inner forces will determine that. First, one must understand what is happening. The deep molecular processes of reaction are emerging to the surface. They have as their object the eradicating, or at least the weakening, of the dependence of the public consciousness on the ideas, slogans and living figures of October. That is the meaning of what is now taking place. So let us not become too subjective, or quarrel or feel put out with history for conducting its affairs in such involved and tangled ways. To understand what is happening is already to half insure the victory.
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June 18, 2020 July 24, 2020 Agnes Robinson Waterloo Public Library Reading Lists
Imagine Your Story: Spellbinding Chapter Books
Dragons, mermaids, and fairies — oh my! Imagine your story this summer with these magical and mystical chapter books for juvenile readers. These picks will take you to another world, whether you're reading them on your own, or with the help from a friend or family member.
These picks are available via Curbside Pickup and digitally through the Libby app. Enjoy!
Twilight Hauntings (Enchanter's Child #1) by Angie Sage
Alex has a set of Enchanted cards. When she flutters her fingers above them, something magical happens: the cards come alive and create moving pictures of what is now and what is yet to come. But Enchantment is illegal in the city of Luma, and those who practice it are imprisoned forever in the Vaults—dark dungeons deep below the city. When Alex is betrayed by her foster sister Zerra, she knows she is in great danger. With the help of her little foster brother, Louie, she makes a daring escape. But Alex discovers she is not safe outside Luma either. Here lurk deadly Hauntings that seek out those who practice magic: Enchanters and their children. But why do the Hauntings haunt Alex?
Place a Hold | Read with Libby | Listen with Libby
The Wizenard Series: Training Camp by Kobe Bryant and Wesley King
Magic doesn't seem possible for the West Bottom Badgers. They're the lowest-ranked basketball team in their league, and they live in the poorest neighborhood in Dren. Nobody expects them to succeed at anything. Plus, every kid on the team has secret struggles of his own. When a new coach named Professor Wizenard arrives on the first day of training camp, the Badgers can't explain the magical-seeming things they see and hear. Every player experiences unique and strange visions―visions that challenge everything they thought they knew about basketball, and about their lives and their secrets off the court. To survive the increasingly intense ordeals of training, the Badgers will need to take unimaginable risks, learn to trust their teammates, and confront the darkness within themselves.
The Dark Hills Divide (The Land of Elyon #1) by Patrick Carman
The Dark Hills Divide introduces readers to Alexa Daley, who annually visits the town of Bridewell. Alexa is curious about what lies beyond the massive ramparts that surround the city and the walled roads that link Bridewell to nearby towns; soon after town leader Thomas Warvold passes away, Alexa finds herself outside the walls, acquires a stone with remarkable powers, and discovers that she's meant to stop a potential war from occurring.
The Train to Impossible Places by P. G. Bell
The Impossible Postal Express is no ordinary train. It's a troll-operated delivery service that runs everywhere from ocean-bottom shipwrecks, to Trollville, to space. But when this impossible train comes roaring through Suzy's living room, her world turns upside down. After sneaking on board, Suzy suddenly finds herself Deputy Post Master aboard the train, and faced with her first delivery―to the evil Lady Crepuscula. Then, the package itself begs Suzy not to deliver him. A talking snow globe, Frederick has information Crepuscula could use to take over the entire Union of Impossible Places. But when protecting Frederick means putting her friends in danger, Suzy has to make a difficult choice―with the fate of the entire Union at stake.
Place a Hold | Listen with Libby
The Wishing Spell (Land of Stories #1) by Chris Colfer
Alex and Conner Bailey's world is about to change, in this fast-paced adventure that uniquely combines our modern day world with the enchanting realm of classic fairy tales. Through the mysterious powers of a cherished book of stories, the twins leave their world behind and find themselves in a foreign land full of wonder and magic where they come face-to-face with the fairy tale characters they grew up reading about. But after a series of encounters with witches, wolves, goblins, and trolls alike, getting back home is going to be harder than they thought.
Aru Shah and the End of Time (Pandava Quartet #1) by Roshani Chokshi
Aru Shah has a tendency to stretch the truth in order to fit in at school. While her classmates are jetting off to exotic locales, she'll be spending her autumn break at home, in the Museum of Ancient Indian Art and Culture, waiting for her mom to return from her latest archeological trip. Is it any wonder that Aru makes up stories about being royalty, traveling to Paris, and having a chauffeur? One day, three schoolmates show up at Aru's doorstep to catch her in a lie. They don't believe her claim that the museum's Lamp of Bharata is cursed, and they dare Aru to prove it. But lighting the lamp has dire consequences. Her classmates and beloved mother are frozen in time, and it's up to Aru to save them.
How to Train Your Dragon by Cressida Cowell
Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III is a truly extraordinary Viking hero known throughout Vikingdom as "the Dragon Whisperer"…but it wasn't always so. Travel back to the days when the mighty warrior was just a boy, the quiet and thoughtful son of the Chief of the Hairy Hooligans. Can Hiccup capture a dragon and train it without being torn limb from limb? Join the adventure as the small boy finds a better way to train his dragon and become a hero!
Out of this wild night, a strange visitor comes to the Murry house and beckons Meg, her brother Charles Wallace, and their friend Calvin O'Keefe on a most dangerous and extraordinary adventure—one that will threaten their lives and our universe.
Winner of the 1963 Newbery Medal, A Wrinkle in Time is the first book in Madeleine L'Engle's classic Time Quintet.
Place a Hold | Read with Libby | Listen with Libby | Watch the Movie
Sky Raiders (Five Kingdoms #1) by Brandon Mull
On Halloween below a haunted house, Cole Randolph wanted to have fun (and maybe get to know Jenna Hunt a little better). But he dives after friends whisked away to The Outskirts. The five kingdoms lie in between – wakefulness and dreaming, reality and imagination, life and death. Some people are born there. Some find their way there from other worlds. And once people are in the Outskirts, they find it very hard to leave. With the magic of the Outskirts starting to unravel, Cole and an unusual girl named Mira must rescue his friends, set things right in the Outskirts, and hopefully find his way back home…before his existence is forgotten.
The Bookwanderers by Anna James
A magical adventure to delight the imagination. Tilly has lived above her grandparents' bookshop ever since her mother disappeared shortly after she was born. Like the rest of her family, Tilly loves nothing more than to escape into the pages of her favorite stories. One day Tilly realizes that classic children's characters are appearing in the shop through the magic of `book wandering' – crossing over from the page into real life. With the help of Anne of Green Gables and Alice in Wonderland, Tilly is determined to solve the mystery of what happened to her mother all those years ago, so she bravely steps into the unknown, unsure of what adventure lies ahead and what dangers she may face.
The Collectors by Jacqueline West
Van has always been an outsider. Most people don't notice him. But he notices them. And he notices the small trinkets they drop, or lose, or throw away—that's why his collection is full of treasures. Then one day, Van notices a girl stealing pennies from a fountain, and everything changes. He follows the girl, Pebble, and uncovers an underground world full of wishes and the people who collect them. Apparently not all wishes are good and even good wishes often have unintended consequences—and the Collectors have made it their duty to protect us. But they aren't the only ones who have their eyes on the world's wishes—and they may not be the good guys, after all.
Place a Hold | Read with Libby
All book descriptions were borrowed from Goodreads.com.
Tagged chapter books, children, juvenile, juvenile fiction, Summer Reading
Published by Agnes Robinson Waterloo Public Library
View all posts by Agnes Robinson Waterloo Public Library
Imagine Your Story: Fantastic Fiction for Adults
What to Read (Picture Book Edition): Independence Day 2020

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
De Samtgemeinde Elm-Asse is een samenwerkingsverband in de Duitse deelstaat Nedersaksen. De Samtgemeinde is op 1 januari 2015 ontstaan uit de fusie van de Samtgemeinden Schöppenstedt en Asse. Bestuurszetel is de stad Schöppenstedt. Elm-Asse telt 18.893 inwoners (stand 2012) op een oppervlakte van 213,37 km².

Geschiedenis
Eind 2011 ondertekenden de fusiepartners een verdrag tot samenvoeging van beide Samtgemeinden. Reden voor de fusie was de zwakke financiële situatie van de Samtgemeinden. De raden van beide Samtgemeinden stemden in november 2013 in met de fusie.

Deelnemende gemeenten

Bron
 Hauptsatzung der Samtgemeinde Elm-Asse

Referenties

Samtgemeinde in Nedersaksen

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
ASARUM CANADENSE
COLTSFOOT, CANADA SNAKEROOT, BLACK SNAKEROOT, WILD GINGER, INDIAN GINGER
Description: Natural Order, Aristolochiaceae. Stem subterranean, as a dark-brown, creeping rhizoma, several inches long, an eighth of an inch in diameter, with numerous fibers, brittle. Leaves two, on long petioles, kidney-shaped, three to six inches wide, soft-pubescent, thin, growing very closely together from the rhizoma. Flower solitary, rising between the two leaf- stalks; peduncle hairy, short, pendulous, often concealed under the decaying leaves about; no corolla; calyx regular, bell-shaped, limb three-parted, lobes long-acute and widely spreading, very woolly, brown-purple inside. Stamens on unequal filaments, tips extended as awns beyond the anthers, slender, united with the base of the style. Stigmas six, radiating, thick, uniting into a single style. Ovary with the calyx wholly adherent. April to May.
Indigenous to America, growing in moist woods and shady places. The root is strongly aromatic, with a warming and slightly bitter taste; pleasant to most persons, but disagreeable and nauseating to some. It yields a small quantity of a fragrant essential oil; and a resinous material that is slightly terebinthinate in smell. Alcohol eliminates all. its active powers, and water nearly all of them. Boiling injures it.
Properties and Uses: This root is one of the positive aromatics, stimulating and relaxing, rather prompt in diffusiveness, and somewhat tonic. Its influence is expended largely through the circulation and nerves, both of which it arouses and sustains. Through these channels it warms and invigorates the surface, and secures a favorable perspiration. in languid conditions; but this soon subsides, and is followed by an increased warmth of the skin and a little dryness. These facts make it objectionable in all cases where the skin is already dry and hot; and it should not be used indiscriminately as a diaphoretic. It is best for recent colds, and such functional suppressions as follow colds; for scarlet fever, small-pox, typhoid fever and pneumonia, when the languor is considerable; and for suppressed menstruation. It exerts a direct influence upon the uterus, which is of value in suppressions of an atonic and congested character; and as a promptly stimulating parturient, when the pains become feeble from nervous fatigue, it probably has few superiors. For such purposes, I frequently combine it with the more permanent caulophyllum. S. B. Dodd, M..D. of Ohio, informs me that he uses an infusion of it, in small and frequent doses, for all uterine hemorrhages of a passive character, (including menorrhagia,) with the happiest results–securing very prompt uterine contraction and a warm surface. It stimulates the pulmonary vessels, and increases expectoration; for which purposes it may be used in old or languid coughs. Also good in colic and painful menstruation. Large draughts of it will soon nauseate; and their close repetition will usually incite vomiting of the stimulating character–emptying the stomach, and leaving the skin warm and dry. It may be combined with tonics, or used alone in cold infusion, for excessive and cold perspiration. It is not suitable in cases of acute sensitiveness of the stomach, bowels, or uterus, nor in any active inflammation. The powder is a good stimulating snuff in catarrh; and it stimulates the contraction of small blood vessels in a favorable manner, when applied locally in hemorrhages. Dose, five to fifteen grains of the powder.
Pharmaceutical Preparations: I. Infusion. Although water does not obtain all its virtues, the warm infusion is the favorite mode of employing it. Two drachms of the powder to a pint of boiling water; macerated in a close vessel for half an hour; given in doses of from one to four tablespoonfuls every thirty minutes or oftener. II. Tincture. An ounce of the root to a pint of 50 percent alcohol; used in doses of half a drachm to a drachm, every hour or two. It is an ingredient in the Compound Tincture of Lobelia.. It is many times added in small portions to tonic- expectorant and tonic-emmenagogue preparations.
The Asarum Europaeum, or asarabacca, is similar to the above; but is much more prompt as an emetic, and not unfrequently induces catharsis. A warm infusion has been used in neuralgia and rheumatism. A drachm will usually induce vomiting.


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LSD lysergic acid diethylamide is a synthetic chemical, made from a substance found in ergot, which is a fungus that infects rye grain. LSD belongs to a group of drugs known as psychedelics. When small doses are taken, it can produce mild changes in perception, mood and thought. Larger doses may produce visual hallucinations and distortions of space and time.
Lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly known as LSD, is an illegal drug that alters the senses and cause hallucinations. It was first synthesized in by a Swiss chemist, Albert Hofman, to treat respiratory depression. InHofman accidentally discovered its hallucinogenic properties when he absorbed some through his skin.
Over the next 15 yearsLSD was used as an anesthetic and to support psychoanalysis. The counterculture of the s led to it being used for recreational purposes.
What is lsd?
Its popularity has decreased since the s. LSD is an illegal, semi-synthetic drug that combines natural and man-made substances. It is derived from ergot, a fungus that grows on certain grains, and a non-organic chemical called diethylamide. It stimulates serotonin production in the cortex and deep structures of the brain, by activating serotonin receptors.
Harmful effects of lsd
These receptors help visualize and interpret the real world. The additional serotonin allows more stimuli to be processed that usual. Normally, the brain filters out irrelevant stimuli, but with LSD this is not the case. These alterations appear as hallucinations.
Lsd's effects on your brain
Sensations seem real, but they are created by the mind. The perceptions can involve one or more of the five senses. It can also cause blending of the senses, known as synesthesia. LSD can trigger a range of perceptual changes, often relating to vision, touch, emotions and thinking.
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Visual effects include brightened, vivid colors, blurred vision, distorted shapes and colors of objects and faces, and halos of light. Mood changes can lead to a sense of euphoria, bliss, peacefulness, dreaminess, and heightened awareness, or despair, anxietyand confusion. There may be rapid mood swings.
Impact on thinking can lead to a distorted perception of time, either fast or slow, accelerated thoughts, unusual insight or terrifying thoughts, and a sense of transcendence. LSD is colorless and odorless. It is taken orally as capsules, pills, sugar cubes, chewing gum, or liquid drops transferred to colorful blotter paper. Recreational dosage averages between 25 to 80 micrograms mcg. Physical stimulation resulting from LSD use causes the pupils to dilate, and blood pressureheart rate, and temperature to rise.
Other short-term effects include :. However, it primarily affects the mind with visual distortions and sensory hallucinations and illusions. It is similar to psychosis, and the person cannot escape from it.
Effects of lsd
There may be extreme fear, paranoia, a separation from self, and the person may believe that they are dying or in hell. It can also trigger panic attackspsychotic episodes, disturbing anxiety, paranoia, pain, and a feeling of dying or going insane. Severe or life-threatening physical effects are only likely to occur at doses above mcg, but the psychological effects can lead to unusual and risky behavior, potentially resulting in ificant injury and death. As users have no control over the purity of the drug, it is difficult to predict the effect on the body and the mind.
How does it feel to take acid (lsd)
Tolerance, or a need to increase the dose to achieve the desired response, happens quickly. If a specific dose is taken every day for 3 consecutive days, by the third day no reaction will occur. LSD is not physically addictive, so physical withdrawal symptoms do not occur after stopping use, but psychological addiction can develop. One of the dangers is that LSD can trigger a long-term psychotic state or induce schizophrenia in susceptible individuals. Flashbacks, also known as hallucinogen persisting perception disorder HPPDand severe disorientation can happen after only one dose.
The production and sale of LSD are illegal in many countries, but some people have called for it to be reclassified. They argue it could be useful for research purposes and for developing clinical applications. Inresearchers proposed using single doses of the naturally occurring hallucinogen, psilocybin, alongside psychotherapy to reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer.
The 29 patients who took the dose experienced lower rates of depression and anxiety for up to 7 weeks, compared with a control group.
No serious cardiac or other adverse effects were observed in these patients, and none of the participants experienced prolonged psychosis or hallucinogen persisting perpetual disorder HPPD. Hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder HPPD is a condition involving visual disturbances and flashbacks. They can affect a person's quality of…. Antidepressants may cause 'emotional blunting. Two new studies…. Psilocybin, a magic mushroom compound, may succeed where other anti-depression treatments have failed; the drug may 'reset' the brain, new research….
DMT is a hallucinogenic and psychedelic drug that occurs naturally in many plants and animals. It is also known as the spirit molecule due to the…. Scientists have made a discovery that explains why 'acid trips' last for so long when LSD molecules are cleared from the bloodstream in a couple of…. The effects and hazards of LSD. Medically reviewed by Timothy J. Legg, Ph. What is LSD? Share on Pinterest LSD is purchased in caps, and only a small amount is required for the effects to take root.
Effects on perception.
Other short-term effects. Long-term effects. Share on Pinterest LSD use can lead to long-term mental health problems such as schizophrenia or a psychotic state. Should LSD be reclassified?
Latest news Diet may help alleviate some symptoms of bipolar disorder. WHO recommends malaria vaccine for at risk children. Statin use associated with type 2 diabetes progression.
Medical Myths: 15 breast cancer misconceptions. Related Coverage. What is hallucinogen-persisting perception disorder?
Magic mushrooms: Treating depression without dulling emotions Antidepressants may cause 'emotional blunting. Magic mushroom compound may treat severe depression Psilocybin, a magic mushroom compound, may succeed where other anti-depression treatments have failed; the drug may 'reset' the brain, new research…. Everything you need to know about DMT.
The experience of taking LSD is called tripping.
You may begin to feel the effects of one tab of acid within 20 to 90 minutes of ingesting the drug.
Actively scan device characteristics for identification.
Dulci
LSD stands for lysergic acid diethylamide.
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Q: Handling fragment back stack with Navigation Drawer I am implementing navigation drawer and works well. So i am calling fragment on navigation drawer click and it is also working and further more i am calling another fragment from Home page fragment and maintain the back stack for every fragment but the problem is back press from the child fragment i can't go to Home page  fragment and just exited from application. I don't want this. What i want Click on
Navigation Drawer->HomePageFragment->AnotherChild Fragment(On List Item click of HomePageFragment)

but on back pressed without going to Homepage fragment its directly exit with application. Here is my code: (In Fragment Activity with Navigation Drawer)
class SlideitemListener implements ListView.OnItemClickListener {
    @Override
    public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View view, int position,
            long id) {

        updateDisplay(position);
    }

}

private void updateDisplay(int position) {
    Fragment fragment = null;
    switch (position) {
    case 0:
        fragment = new ScheduleFragment();
        break;
    case 1:
        fragment = new Result_Fragment();
        break;
    case 2:
        fragment = new Live_Match_Fragment();
        break;
    case 3:
        // fragment = new Live_Match_Fragment();
        break;

    case 4:
        fragment = new Team_Fragment();
        break;
    default:
        break;
    }

    if (fragment != null) {

        fragmentManager = getFragmentManager();
        fragmentManager.popBackStackImmediate("0", 0);
        int count = fragmentManager.getBackStackEntryCount();
        FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction = fragmentManager
                .beginTransaction();
        fragmentTransaction.replace(R.id.frame_container, fragment)
                .setTransition(FragmentTransaction.TRANSIT_FRAGMENT_OPEN)
                .addToBackStack(String.valueOf(count)).commit();
        Log.e("Count in Activiy", ""+count);

        // update selected item and title, then close the drawer
        setTitle(menutitles[position]);
        mDrawerLayout.closeDrawer(mDrawerList);
    } else {
        // error in creating fragment
        Log.e("MainActivity", "Error in creating fragment");
    }

}

Now in BackPressed() in FragmentActivity.
@Override
public void onBackPressed() {
    if (fragmentManager.getBackStackEntryCount() <= 1) {
        finish();

        return;
    }
    super.onBackPressed();
}

Now calling another child fragment from HomePage fragment on Listview item click.
 team_lv.setOnItemClickListener(new OnItemClickListener() {

        @Override
        public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> arg0, View arg1, int arg2,
                long arg3) {
            // TODO Auto-generated method stub
            TeamDetailFragment myDetailFragment = new TeamDetailFragment();
            FragmentManager fragmentManager = getFragmentManager();
            int count = fragmentManager.getBackStackEntryCount();
            Log.e("Count in Fragment", "" + count);
            FragmentTransaction fragmentTransaction = fragmentManager
                    .beginTransaction();
            fragmentTransaction
                    .replace(R.id.frame_container, myDetailFragment)
                    .setTransition(
                            FragmentTransaction.TRANSIT_FRAGMENT_OPEN)
                    .addToBackStack(String.valueOf(count)).commit();

        }
    });

So anybody knows then help me. Help will be appreciate.

A: There is an issue with nested fragments in android
https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=40323
Android doesn't handle back press well if transactions were in nested fragments.
To surpass this i am using the following fix inside My Activity
@Override
public void onBackPressed() {
    // If the fragment exists and has some back-stack entry
    if (myFragment != null && myFragment.getChildFragmentManager().getBackStackEntryCount() > 0) {
        // Get the fragment fragment manager - and pop the backstack
        myFragment.getChildFragmentManager().popBackStack();
    }
    // Else, nothing in the direct fragment back stack
    else {
        // Let super handle the back press
        super.onBackPressed();
    }
}

A: I've solved in the following way:
1st solution
@Override
public void onBackPressed() {
    FragmentManager fragmentManager = getFragmentManager();
    int backCount = fragmentManager.getBackStackEntryCount();

    if(backCount > 1) {
        super.onBackPressed();
    } else {
        finish();
    }
}

2nd solution
@Override
public void onBackStackChanged() {
    FragmentManager fragmentManager = getFragmentManager();
    int backCount = fragmentManager.getBackStackEntryCount();

    if(backCount == 0) {
        finish();
    }
}

These allow you to exploit the Android stack when you replace your fragment:
FragmentManager fragmentManager = getFragmentManager();
fragmentManager.beginTransaction().replace(R.id.content_frame, yourFragment)
    .addToBackStack(null).commit();

A: When you press back button inside your fragment onBackPressed() method of your activity will be called if you have declared that..So handling back button for fragments within navigation drawer can be one in this way..
MainActvity
     public static boolean isMainActivityShown ;
     public static boolean isFragment1Shown=false ;
     public static boolean isFragment2Shown=false ;
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        isMainActivityShown=true  //inside onCreate method put isMainActivityShown true
.
.
.

 {
               Fragment currentFragment = new Fragment1();
               isMainActivityShown=false;   //when moving to fragment1
               isFragment1Shown=true;
               frgManager = getFragmentManager();
               frgManager.beginTransaction().replace(R.id.content_frame, currentFragment)
                                        .commit();
 }
.
.
}

  @Override
        public void onBackPressed() {

            if(isMainActivityShown)
            {
                finish();
            }
            else if(isFragment1Shown)
            {
               //write the code to handle back button when you are in Fragment1
            }
           else if(isFragment2Shown)
            {  //When you are in Fragment 2 pressing back button will move to fragment1
                Fragment currentFragment = new Fragment1();
                isFragment2Shown=false;
                isFragment1Shown=true;

                FragmentManager frgManager;
                frgManager = getFragmentManager();
                frgManager.beginTransaction().replace(R.id.content_frame, currentFragment)
                        .commit();
            }

            }

Fragment1
Fragment currentFragment = new Fragment2();
MainActivity.isFragment1Shown=false;
MainActivity.isFragment2Shown=true;
frgManager = getFragmentManager();
frgManager.beginTransaction().replace(R.id.content_frame, currentFragment)
                                    .commit();

A: Now you can replace finish() for fragmentManager.popBackStack(), method of android.support.v4.app.FragmentManager

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


"At Rutgers University in New Jersey, 7,600 panels convert sunlight into electricity, saving some $200,000 in energy costs this year in the biggest solar-power experiment at a US college.
Yingli Green Energy Holding Co, China's second-largest solar-panel maker, supplied the $10 million project. Yingli is one of several Chinese manufacturers that have slashed costs to reduce global prices for solar modules by about 50 percent in two years. The drive made them more affordable for buyers from Rutgers to Wal-Mart Stores Inc, the biggest US retailer.
"It's all about economics," said Chief Executive Officer Al Bucknam of SunDurance Energy, the South Plainfield, New Jersey installer that picked Yingli over Western competitors on price and helped sell the deal to Rutgers as a money-saver.
'The vast factories of Asia will drive prices down, just as they did with consumer electronics,' said Jenny Chase, head of solar energy analysis for New Energy Finance, the London- based research firm owned by Bloomberg LP."
In another story in the same issue of China Daily ….
"Beijing – Economic recovery has partly caused the country's air quality to fall in the first half of the year, the first such fall since 2005, figures from environmental authorities showed on Monday.
'It was the first time for these cities to record a fall in the number of days with good air quality and a rise in the concentration of inhalable particles since 2005,' ministry spokesman Tao Detian said.
That means the country is still facing 'a grave situation in fighting pollution', he said.
The ministry's report also warned that China is still faced with "severe challenges" in pollution control, as a nationwide sampling on water supply found that more than one-quarter of the country's surface water was contaminated.
Environmental monitoring authorities found 26.4 percent of the country's surface water samples at levels IV and V, good for only industrial use and farm irrigation, the ministry reported.
China classifies water quality into six levels, ranging from level I, which is good for drinking, to level VI, which is too polluted for any purpose.
The ministry's latest report said 189 cities out of the 443 cities monitored also suffered from acid rain in the first half of this year."
So the folks at Rutgers feel good about their clean energy and it is affordable because it was manufactured in China at discount prices. Chinese pollution is up in no small part because they bring about those low costs by ignoring the environmental regulations American and European manufacturers have to follow.
So how is the planet helped when we merely shift pollution from the US to China? I can clearly see how American manufacturing and the American economy is harmed by shifting all of this wealth to China, but from where I sit it looks to me as though the planet has not been helped at all – we have merely enabled the folks at Rutgers to feel good about pretending to have help the planet .. and they get to feel good at the expense of US manufacturing and the economic well being of our children and grand-children.
You cannot be a sincere environmentalist and at the same time be a supporter of offshore outsourcing to countries with no regard for the environment. All you can be is a feel-good environmentalist, concerned with appearances but unwilling to step up to the tough issues involved in making a real contribution to the environment.
It really is not about environmentalism at Rutgers, it is about MONEY.
It's not commonly known but there are trace rare earth metals required in solar panels. Because of environmental concerns, mines for these have virtually all been closed except for China. As a result, China has a corner on the market for these scarce metals and recently placed very strict controls over their export. The effect is to gradually choke off the possibility of solar panel manufacturing anywhere else.
The point is well taken. We may delude ourselves into feeling good about how green we are even though the global impact continues to deteriorate. Until there are enforcable global standards for environmental impact/reporting and companies take a much more holistic look from a total life-cycle assesment perspective, we are kidding ourselves about being green. And that goes for carbon footprint calculations as well.
Compounding this for solar panels is the impact of market manipulation at the international level which further skews the picture.
The funny thing is that even the money doesn't make sense … I spent $10M today to save $200K per year … somewhere after 50 years (ignoring little things like the present value of money) I will have finally paid my investment back.
Taking into account the present value of money and maintenance on the system, I think you get to the point where you NEVER pay it back.
But this is what these environmentalist are all about … we should all pay more for electricity … it's good for us.
Show me: our conventional electricity is cheap because many of the costs are externalized. If there were some formula to account for those costs and incorporate them into the price we pay for electricity I think we would find solar to be very competitive.
The massive government subsides needed to make solar energy economically possible for the average consumer are well known. What are the costs of coal, oil and nuke powered energies you think are hidden from my monthly electric bill that would offset those subsidies?
If "it's all about economics," let's see some adult-level ROI analysis from Rutgers. $200K annual savings on a $10MM investment would not be very impressive, even if the life of the asset were infinite. Maybe this is a partial-year number? Even $400K on $10MM isn't an acceptable ROI. And the savings calculation almost certainly includes government subsidies.
Re Dean's comment, add *natural gas* to Bill's question about "What are the costs of coal, oil and nuke powered energies you think are hidden from my monthly electric bill"…there is actually very little oil used for electrical generation in the U.S., but an increasing % of nat gas.
For Rutgers, it is definitely all about money. They may not have a good ROI as those of us in business calculate it, but they will make tons of money off the gov't subsidies and handouts because they "went green." How much of the 10 mil do you think Rutgers actually paid? I bet they didn't fork over more than 20% of the total.
Of course it's about money – if it was really about the environment, these initiatives would have been done long ago.


This 2019 Ford Explorer XLT is a real winner with features like a backup sensor, push button start, backup camera, parking assistance, braking assist, hill start assist, stability control, traction control, anti-lock brakes, and dual airbags. It has a 6 Cylinder engine. We're offering a great deal on this one at $46,185. This safe and reliable SUV AWD has a crash test rating of 5 out of 5 stars! For a good-looking vehicle from the inside out, this car features a timeless black exterior along with an ebony interior. Interested? Don't let it slip away! Call today for a test drive. Our motto - Where Friends Send Friends!!! Come visit our showroom today. We are located at 885 Hagerty Drive, Fremont, OH, 43420. Is this the car you've been looking for? Contact Debby at (419) 334-9751 or by e-mail at debbyg@advantagefordlincolnsales.com.


Congratulations are in order for Brandon Hurd who won our Signature Sweepstakes competition on Facebook. Brandon's creation, The Big D, features pepperoni, Italian sausage, breakfast bacon, green and white onions, garlic, and bell pepper. Brandon won FREE PIZZA FOR A YEAR! Thanks to all who entered, voted, dreamed big, and ate well!
Our Signature Sweepstakes Finalists have been announced! Vote for your favorite on our Facebook timeline. Winner by popular vote will be announced on February 19. Winner receives free pizza for a year!
i Fratelli would like to invite our FANS to design our next Signature Pizza. Submit your entry on our Facebook page. (Hint: Creatively named pizzas will have an edge over the competition!) We will announce the finalists on February 12 to allow the public to vote for a winner. The lucky winner will enjoy FREE PIZZA for a YEAR (26 pizzas).
• Free Pizza for a Year (26 complimentary pizza cards).
b. Representatives and/or agents (including advertising & promotion) of i Fratelli.
c. By virtue of an entry to the Contest, Participants signify their acceptance and agreement to all terms & conditions set out here.
b) Participants will be asked to vote for their favorite photos posted on iFratelli Facebook Fan Page.
c) Public posting period will be Jan 26-Feb 9 at 3:15 pm CST.
d) i Fratelli will choose contest finalists, who will be announced on Feb 12.
e) The public voting period will be Feb 13- Feb 18.
f) The winner will be announced February 19, 2016.
5. Only the Participant(s) that fulfill the contest mechanism stated above shall be eligible to win the prize(s). Incomplete entries and/or Participants that fail to fulfill the Contest Mechanism will automatically be disqualified from the Contest without prior notice.
6. There is ONLY one winner for this Contest.
7. The winner(s) will be selected by Facebook fans, only. No correspondence will be entertained.
8. Selected winner will be contacted, at any time deemed appropriate by the Organizer, via email.
10. Winner's name will also be announced online on the i Fratelli Blog, Facebook Fan Page and Twitter account.
11. The Organizer (including its respective employees, staff and agents) shall be held harmless and shall not be liable for any loss (including loss of opportunity and consequential loss arising therewith) and/or any damage suffered by any winner in connection with the Contest.
12. The prize is not exchangeable and/or transferable. Failure to accept prize by winner when required to do so shall constitute a rejection by such winner and the Organizer reserves its right to award the prize to another winner. Organizer reserves its rights to change the prize without any prior notice.
13. The winner is bound by the terms and conditions that come with the prize.
14. The Prize will be delivered in the form of complimentary pizza cards and may be redeemed at i Fratelli's discretion.
15. The Organizer reserves its rights to publish or display materials or information, including but not limited to the names and photographs of all Participants for marketing, advertising and publicity purposes in any manner it deems appropriate. The Organizer further reserves its right to use any personal data of Participants in any manner and/or for any purpose it deems fit and participant is deemed to consent to such use with no monetary payment.
The Organizer reserves the right to disqualify any submission for any reason based on the Organizer's criteria with regard to taste and appropriateness.16. The Organizer reserves its right to cancel, terminate or suspend the Contest with or without any prior notice and reason. For the avoidance of doubt, cancellation, termination or suspension by the Organizer shall not entitle the Participants to any claim or compensation against the Organizer for any and all losses or damages suffered or incurred as a direct or indirect result of the act of cancellation, termination or suspension.
17. The terms and conditions herein shall prevail over any inconsistent terms, conditions, provisions or representations contained in any other promotional or advertising materials for the Contest.
18. The Organizer reserves its right to vary, delete or add to any of these Terms and Conditions and/or substitute or replace the gifts from time to time without any prior notice.
19. By participating in the Contest, it is deemed that the Participants agrees to be bound by the terms and subject to the conditions herein set out upon submission of entry. The decisions of the Organizer in relation to every aspect of the Contest including but not limited to the type of prize and winner shall be deemed final and conclusive under any circumstance and no complaint from any participants will be entertained.
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Today, for our Featured Ebay Auctions, we take a look at one of the nearly forgotten toys of the 80's. M.U.S.C.L.E. was a line of very tiny, single colored, wrestling figures. The best thing about this vintage line is it extremely affordable to collect. Check out some of the auctions below.


Pamela Geller is such a ridiculous person. Just as her dear friend Ms. Gabriel. I can't understand how can people be so disgusting, ignorant and racist. Everything for a little moments of fame, I guess. Their lives must be really sad, as these ladies can't find something that worths to do for America, instead of spreading hate.
I wish all those who knee jerk claim that muslims don't do enough to distance themselves from violent offenders, would read this article. As there is no good action, by any muslim any where, that is not subject to suspicion, attack, or paranoid reactions: all in the name of Freedom.


text:
AC Milan President Discusses Delays To New Stadium Project
It has been over 1,000 days since the project was launched and barely any progress.
By Muqaddam Malik Apr 6, 2022, 8:30pm CEST
Share All sharing options for: AC Milan President Discusses Delays To New Stadium Project
Photo by Claudio Lavenia/AC Milan via Getty Images
AC Milan's President Paolo Scaroni discussed the stadium project on Radio24 via Sempre Milan:
Do Milan and Inter continue to have the same vision?
"Milan and Inter have the same vision because they have the same ambitions, first and foremost to have a leading role in European football. The stadium is a fundamental ingredient, if not the most important, to be successful.
"It is incredible that a city like Milano does not have an avant-garde stadium as happens in other European cities. I understand the nostalgic, but Milano must be an avant-garde city."
Have you given yourself a deadline?
"What I think was missing is that this project has remained the project of Milan and Inter and not of the Council of Milan. There is still something only for the two clubs and instead it is not so, it is a project for Milan.
"One of the reasons for which we look outside Milano is because we will marry the project with the shortest realisation times, we urgently need to have a new stadium. I want to remember that San Siro is iconic because Milan and Inter have played there.
"If the stadium is famous in the world it is thanks to the two clubs. If the two teams go to play somewhere else, that place will become famous thanks to Milan and Inter."
What is the current situation of the stadium?
"I have been informed about the public debate. The times can be shortened for the public debate and I hope it can happen in Milan as well. We will proceed to give all the elements for the public debate to the Municipality.
"I want to remind you that the clubs with which Milan and Inter play in Europe they have stadium revenues that are three times our own. We cannot think of competing against those who have too much higher income than ours. When you have a new stadium, the number of spectators increases by 50%. For us, the economic sustainability of the club is essential."


Since Game of Thrones aired its season seven finale in August 2017, we've been getting tiny bits of information here and there about what we can expect when the smash series returns for the very last time for its eighth and final season. Now, in addition to an explosive teaser, HBO has announced that Game of Thrones's final season will premiere in April 2019.
Ok, so maybe that's still months away, but at least HBO has kept their promise that it will return in the first half of 2019. The excitement—and now the countdown—is real.