text:
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// <copyright file="AzureBlobEnumerator.cs" company="Microsoft">
//    Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation
// </copyright>
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------

namespace Microsoft.WindowsAzure.Storage.DataMovement.TransferEnumerators
{
    using System;
    using System.Collections.Generic;
    using System.Diagnostics;
    using System.Globalization;
    using System.Threading;
    using Microsoft.WindowsAzure.Storage.Blob;
    using Microsoft.WindowsAzure.Storage.DataMovement;

    /// <summary>
    /// Transfer enumerator for Azure blob storage.
    /// </summary>
    internal class AzureBlobEnumerator : TransferEnumeratorBase, ITransferEnumerator
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// A blob name (excluding container name) can be at most 1024 character long based on Windows Azure documentation.
        /// See <c>http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windowsazure/dd135715.aspx</c> for details.
        /// </summary>
        private const int MaxBlobNameLength = 1024;

        /// <summary>
        /// Configures how many entries to request in each ListBlobsSegmented/ListFilesAndDirectoriesSegmented call from Azure Storage.
        /// Configuring a larger number will require fewer calls to Azure Storage, but each call will take longer to complete.
        /// Maximum supported by the Azure Storage API is 5000. Anything above this is rounded down to 5000.
        /// </summary>
        internal const int ListBlobsSegmentSize = 250;

        private AzureBlobDirectoryLocation location;

        private AzureBlobListContinuationToken listContinuationToken;

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="AzureBlobEnumerator" /> class.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="location">Azure blob directory location.</param>
        public AzureBlobEnumerator(AzureBlobDirectoryLocation location)
        {
            this.location = location;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets the enumerate continulation token.
        /// </summary>
        public ListContinuationToken EnumerateContinuationToken
        {
            get
            {
                return this.listContinuationToken;
            }

            set
            {
                Debug.Assert(value is AzureBlobListContinuationToken);
                this.listContinuationToken = value as AzureBlobListContinuationToken;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether include blob snapshots when enumerating blobs.
        /// </summary>
        public bool IncludeSnapshots
        {
            get;
            set;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Enumerates the blobs present in the storage location referenced by this object.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="cancellationToken">CancellationToken to cancel the method.</param>
        /// <returns>Enumerable list of TransferEntry objects found in the storage location referenced by this object.</returns>
        public IEnumerable<TransferEntry> EnumerateLocation(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
        {
            Utils.CheckCancellation(cancellationToken);

            string filePattern = this.SearchPattern ?? string.Empty;

            // Exceed-limit-length patterns surely match no files.
            int maxFileNameLength = this.GetMaxFileNameLength();
            if (filePattern.Length > maxFileNameLength)
            {
                yield break;
            }

            CloudBlobContainer container = this.location.BlobDirectory.Container;
            BlobRequestOptions requestOptions = Transfer_RequestOptions.DefaultBlobRequestOptions;
            BlobContinuationToken continuationToken = (this.listContinuationToken == null ? null : this.listContinuationToken.BlobContinuationToken);
            bool passedContinuationToken = (this.listContinuationToken == null);
            string dirPrefix = this.location.BlobDirectory.Prefix;
            string patternPrefix = dirPrefix + filePattern;

            do
            {
                BlobResultSegment resultSegment = null;

                ErrorEntry errorEntry = null;

                Utils.CheckCancellation(cancellationToken);
                try
                {
                    // TODO: Currently keep it to be a sync call here. We may need to change this to be async and cancellable in the future.
                    resultSegment = container.ListBlobsSegmented(
                        patternPrefix,
                        true,
                        BlobListingDetails.Snapshots,
                        ListBlobsSegmentSize,
                        continuationToken,
                        requestOptions,
                        null);
                }
                catch (Exception ex)
                {
                    string errorMessage = string.Format(
                        CultureInfo.CurrentCulture,
                        Resources.FailedToEnumerateDirectory,
                        this.location.BlobDirectory.Uri.AbsoluteUri,
                        filePattern);

                    TransferException exception =
                        new TransferException(TransferErrorCode.FailToEnumerateDirectory, errorMessage, ex);
                    errorEntry = new ErrorEntry(exception);
                }

                if (null != errorEntry)
                {
                    // Just return an error entry if we cannot access the container
                    yield return errorEntry;

                    // TODO: What should we do if some entries have been listed successfully?
                    yield break;
                }

                foreach (IListBlobItem blobItem in resultSegment.Results)
                {
                    Utils.CheckCancellation(cancellationToken);
                    CloudBlob blob = blobItem as CloudBlob;

                    if (null != blob)
                    {
                        if (!this.IncludeSnapshots && blob.SnapshotTime.HasValue)
                        {
                            continue;
                        }

                        if (!passedContinuationToken)
                        {
                            int compareResult = string.Compare(this.listContinuationToken.BlobName, blob.Name, StringComparison.Ordinal);
                            if (compareResult < 0)
                            {
                                passedContinuationToken = true;
                            }
                            else if (0 == compareResult)
                            {
                                if (IsSnapshotTimeEarlier(this.listContinuationToken.SnapshotTime, blob.SnapshotTime))
                                {
                                    passedContinuationToken = true;
                                }
                            }

                            if (!passedContinuationToken)
                            {
                                continue;
                            }
                        }

                        // TODO: currrently not support search for files with prefix specified without considering sub-directory.
                        bool returnItOrNot = this.Recursive ?
                            blob.Name.StartsWith(patternPrefix, StringComparison.Ordinal) :
                            blob.Name.Equals(patternPrefix, StringComparison.Ordinal);

                        if (returnItOrNot)
                        {
                            yield return new AzureBlobEntry(
                                blob.Name.Remove(0, dirPrefix.Length),
                                blob,
                                new AzureBlobListContinuationToken(continuationToken, blob.Name, blob.SnapshotTime));
                        }
                    }
                }

                continuationToken = resultSegment.ContinuationToken;
            }
            while (continuationToken != null);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Blob service returns snapshots from the ordest to the newest and the base blob is the last one.
        /// This method is to check whether the first one is returned before the second one.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="first">Snapshot time of the first blob.</param>
        /// <param name="second">Snapshot time of the second blob.</param>
        /// <returns>
        /// True: when the first one should be returned before the second one,
        /// which means that the first one has a snapshot time and it's earlier that the second one's.
        /// Otherwise false.
        /// </returns>
        private static bool IsSnapshotTimeEarlier(DateTimeOffset? first, DateTimeOffset? second)
        {
            return !first.HasValue ? false : !second.HasValue ? true : DateTimeOffset.Compare(first.Value, second.Value) < 0;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the maximum file name length of any blob relative to this objects storage location.
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>Maximum file name length in bytes.</returns>
        private int GetMaxFileNameLength()
        {
            return MaxBlobNameLength - this.location.BlobDirectory.Prefix.Length;
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Home Strata Governance Can an owner assign their powers and duties to a tenant?
Yes. Under section 147 of the Strata Property Act, an owner may assign some or all of their powers or duties to their tenant (except for the landlord's responsibility for fines and costs of remedying a contravention of the bylaws or rules).
the time period during which the assignment is effective (ie. the start date and the end date).
Also note that if a landlord has entered into a long-term lease of three or more years with a tenant, section 148 of the Strata Property Act automatically assigns many of the owner's rights to the tenant if certain conditions are met.
It is important that any assignment of powers or duties include both the effective date when the assignment starts and when the assignment ends. If an owner attempts to use his or her powers after assigning them to a tenant, this can cause significant confusion for the tenant and the strata corporation.
Assignments of owners rights to tenants are more common where an owner wants a tenant to participate in strata corporation governance, as simple voting proxies allow an owner to have a tenant vote on his or her behalf without giving up any power to the tenant.


text:
Q: When does creating a file upload field by Javascript fail? In a webpage I'm making I'd like to give people the option to upload several files at once. I'd like to make it in such a way that as soon as a file upload field is filled, another one is created beneath it.
Now, there's no problem in attaching myself to onchange and creating a new field by Javascript, but I seem to remember one problem about this: In some browser (I think it was some version of IE) file upload fields created with Javascript didn't work. They appeared, you could select files, but they never got uploaded. The only way to make a file upload field work was to render it in the original HTML (thus workarounds with iframes were born).
Now, that was some time ago and I can't remember which version of IE it was (or if it was IE at all). Also searching in google and SO yields no results - it fact, in several places it is suggested to create such fields by JS. So - did I just dream this, or is this an actual problem? If it is, then for which browsers?

A: Take a look at SWFUpload. It's a small JavaScript and Flash file upload framework that might make your job a little easier. They have a number of examples, including multiple file uploads, at http://demo.swfupload.org/v220/index.htm.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Sealy is one of the biggest and well-known names in mattresses. Their brand is synonymous with comfort and quality, and their products are some of the most reliable and trustworthy in the market. Sealy's signature Posturepedic line of mattresses has gained worldwide recognition for it's comfort, support, and value while their classic mattresses have been an industry staple for over 130 years.


We hope you can find what you need here. We always effort to show a picture with HD resolution or at least with perfect images. Fantastico Il Balcone Romeo E Giulietta Hotel Speciali Davanti Al Dove Dichiar Suo Amore can be beneficial inspiration for those who seek an image according specific categories; you can find it in this site. Finally all pictures we have been displayed in this site will inspire you all..


Asheboro, N.C.-based Randolph Hospital has entered into a management services agreement with Greensboro, N.C.-based Cone Health, effective June 1. Under the management agreement, Randolph Hospital will remain independently owned and governed by its current board of directors.
"We have long-standing partnerships with providers and other organizations, including Cone Health. With the approval of a bold strategic plan last summer and the continuing rapid transformation of the healthcare industry, it is clear that an even deeper partnership with a larger health system is the most effective way for Randolph to be the health system we want and need to be for the people we serve, long into the future," said Mac Pugh, chairman of Randolph's board of directors.
The management services agreement will enable Randolph Hospital to leverage Cone Health's size, scale, best practices and expertise while still maintaining local ownership and board governance.


text:
namespace LiteCppDB
{
	QueryLess::QueryLess(const QueryLess& src) noexcept
	{
		this->mEquals = src.mEquals;
		this->mValue = src.mValue;
	}

	QueryLess& QueryLess::operator=(const QueryLess& rhs) noexcept
	{
		if (this == &rhs)
		{
			return *this;
		}

		this->mEquals = rhs.mEquals;
		this->mValue = rhs.mValue;
		return *this;
	}

	QueryLess::QueryLess(const QueryLess&& src) noexcept
	{
		this->mEquals = src.mEquals;
		this->mValue = src.mValue;
	}

	QueryLess& QueryLess::operator=(QueryLess&& rhs) noexcept
	{
		if (this == &rhs)
		{
			return *this;
		}

		this->mEquals = rhs.mEquals;
		this->mValue = rhs.mValue;
		return *this;
	}

	QueryLess::QueryLess(std::string field, BsonValue value, bool equals) noexcept
	{
		this->mEquals = false;
	}

	std::vector<IndexNode> QueryLess::ExecuteIndex(IndexService indexer, CollectionIndex index) noexcept
	{
		return std::vector<IndexNode>();
	}
}


text:
The difference between the UAW and AIG
Conor Clarke
Why did the government require that automobile companies adjust their compensation contracts downward, but not AIG? The question has come up a lot. Ezra Klein says:
The reason for this is haste rather than malice: The AIG bailout was a rapid effort to avert economic collapse. It was meant to address insolvency, not labor costs.
I think that's true, but here's another question: Even if the government had all the time in the world, how on earth would it have negotiated labor costs with AIG? (Assuming that the contracts had already in place, as I believe they were when the first AIG bailout was announced.) AIG's financial products unit isn't unionized, so who would have done the collective bargaining?
I was talking about this issue earlier today with Matt Yglesias, and we agreed (at least I think we agreed) that there there would have been a collective action problem: It might be perfectly rational for AIG as a whole to adjust its compensation downward in exchange for bailout funds or the avoidance of public ire or whatever. But it would not be rational for each individual employee of AIG do reopen his or her contract. So how would the compensation adjustments have worked?
Conor Clarke is the editor, with Michael Kinsley, of Creative Capitalism. He was previously a fellow at The Atlantic and an editor at The Guardian.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
home > boy names > isidore
Isidore - Meaning of Isidore
What does Isidore mean?
Isidore
[ 3 syll. i-si-do-re, is-id-ore ] The baby boy name Isidore is sometimes used as a girl name. Its pronunciation is IHZ-ih-DowR in English or iy-Ziy-DOWR in French †. Isidore is largely used in the English and French languages, and its origin is Old Greek. The name is of the meaning gift of Isis. It is from the elements 'doron' meaning gift ; 'Isis'. The name is derived from Isidoros (Old Greek), which is from the Greek 'doron' and the Egyptian Isis, the name of an Egyptian goddess celebrated as the ideal mother and wife; she was also the wife and sister of Osiris and the mother of Horus. The name was popular with early Christians despite its pagan associations. It was borne by Saint Isidore of Seville (560-636), one of the great scholars of the early Middle Ages. It was often taken as the Christianized equivalent of the Jewish Isaiah then, but by the late Middle Ages, the name came to be perceived mainly as a Jewish name. The name was adopted by English speakers from the 19th century. The name Isidora (English, German, and Italian) is the female equivalent of Isidore.
Isidore is a widely used name; it has 34 variants that are used in English and other languages. Variants used in English include Cedro, Cidro, Esidor, Esidore, Isador (used in German as well), Isadore, Isidoros, Isidorus, Issee, Issey, Issi, Issie, Isydro, Ixidor, Izador, Izadore, Izidor, Izidore, Izidro, Izydro, Izzee, Izzey, and Izzi. Other English variants include the short form Ysidro, and the pet forms Dory, Issy, Izzie, and Izzy.
Foreign variants of Isidore include Isadoro (Spanish), Isidor (German), Isidoro (Italian), Isidro (Spanish), Isodore (French), and Izydor (Polish).
See also the related categories, christians (missionary), gift (wise), greek, equivalent, french, egyptian, goddess, jewish, and pagan.
Isidore is uncommon as a baby name for boys. At the modest height of its usage in 1914, 0.023% of baby boys were given the name Isidore. Its ranking then was #380. The baby name has since markedly fallen in popularity, and is now of infrequent use. Within all boy names in its group, Isidore was nonetheless the most popular in 2018. Isidore has in the past century been predominantly given to baby boys.
Baby names that sound like Isidore include Isador, Isadore, Isidor, Isidro, Isodore, Isydro, Izador, Izydor, Ysidro, Isadoro, Isidoro, and Ixidor.
† Pronunciation for Isidore: IH as in "it (IH.T)" ; Z as in "zoo (Z.UW)" ; D as in "day (D.EY)" ; OW as in "oak (OW.K)" ; R as in "race (R.EY.S)" ; IY as in "eat (IY.T)"
Baby Name Explorer (Mid-sized) - 54 namesBaby Name Explorer (Minimized) - 18 names
Isidore Popularity Charts


text:
Q: Why do you save recursive call result in variable? i'm trying learn dfs and saw this code below.
def recursive_dfs(v, discovered=[]):
discovered.append(v)
for w in graph[v]:
    if not w in discovered:
        discovered = recursive_dfs(w, discovered)
return discovered

I dont understand why we have to save recursive call return value like this discovered = recursive_dfs(w, discovered)?


text:
Tag Archives: Richard Chartrand
American Imperialism is an Enemy of Humanity – Richard Chartrand – Le Bonnet Des Patriotes – March 17th, 2018
2018, American Imperialism is an Enemy of Humanity, Le Bonnet Des Patriotes, Richard Chartrand
American imperialism has been one of the greatest enemies of humanity for at least a century. It is the principal vector of ultraliberal globalization on the planetary scale that leads to the pillaging of resources from Third World countries by multinationals as well as the extreme exploitation that is inflicted on their working class in sweatshops. In close and firm alliance with international Zionism, American imperialism seeks to mercilessly subjugate the peoples who fight for their national independence and progressively destroy nations and cultures for the benefit of a world standardized and dominated by Anglo-Saxon civilization.
More recently this year the 11th anniversary of the September 11th attacks took place. Of course it was a tragedy that cost around 3,000 people their lives, without counting the wounded and we must sympathize with their fate. That said, the cortege of lamentations in the media in the service of the globalist oligarchy that followed these attacks is perfectly revolting and hypocritical. The official version of these events in far from being convincing and credible and can only sow doubt in our minds. It is quite legitimate to ask who profited from this crime. But as soon as people question the official version of the September 11th attacks, the fatherlandless and globalist defenders of the capitalist system raise their voices in a chorus to treat us as conspiracy theorists, anti-Semites, paranoiac minds, etc. Their will to intimidate is more than evident, as we risk sowing doubts in the population and thus undermining the immense and disproportionate power they exercise on people's consciousnesses.
These moralizing spirits, who continually dwell on the same refrain of Islamist terrorism, become silent however before the acts of state terrorism perpetrated by the Western powers for over a century. The list is very long and we can start with the intensive Anglo-American bombings of Germany during the Second World War, which notably lead to the destruction of the city of Dresden. Hundreds of thousands of German civilians died for the goal of provoking the German government's total capitulation. But of these were "collateral" victims and the Germans were on the "bad side" during this global conflict and represented "the supreme evil," they deserved their fate! The German people were literally brought to their knees for the real or supposed crimes that the National Socialist regime was accused of, while the American, British, and Soviet allies perpetrated a panoply of crimes and had hands covered in blood. There was also the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, Suharto's coup in Indonesia in 1965 and Pinochet's coup in Chile in 1973, both financed and orchestrated by the CIA, the Vietnam War, the invasion of Panama in 1989 which caused the death of more than 3,000 people, etc. Closer to our time, there are the Israeli bombardments of the Palestinian territories and Lebanon, the invasion of Afghanistan, of Iraq, and of Libya last year. All these wars and imperialist attacks have caused a death toll infinitely higher than the September 11th attacks without exciting the indignation of the media controlled by the globalist oligarchy. Always the same double standard! The lives of American and Israeli civilians have more value than the lives of the inhabitants of countries whose leaders somehow oppose the hegemony of the American-Zionist empire, whether its the Palestinians, the Iraqis, the Libyans, the Syrians, etc.
Following the destruction of the World Trade Center towers, the Zionist American ruling elite played the sympathy card among global public opinion and used it to stir bellicose and militarist fever to the maximum in order to unleash war against Afghanistan, allegedly in order to flush out Osama Bin Laden and overturn the Taliban regime in the name of the "liberation of women." Many American patriots instantly recognized the influence of the pro-Israel lobby in this push for war. There has been, and there still is, a real desire on the part of the neo-conservatives in the Bush administration, and now in the Obama administration, to reinforce the position of the Zionist state in the Middle East to the detriment of the Arab, Iranian, and other regimes who want to retain their national independence against the American-Zionist empire. The convergence of views between American imperialism and international Zionism has reached an extreme point and it alarms American patriots who wish that their government devoted itself to domestic problems rather than play planetary gendarme.
Immediately after the war in Afghanistan, the Zionist neo-conservatives launched the assault against the Ba'athist and socialist Iraq of Saddam Hussein under false pretexts which would precipitate this country into the greatest chaos and atrocious civil war. They even concluded alliances with the Islamists they pretended to combat! Saddam Hussein, despite all that one could criticize him for, was a secular, patriotic, and socialist leader and his government included women and Christians. The opposition movement to this war was extremely large with millions of people in the streets, including a demonstration of 200,000 people in the streets of Montréal in March 2003, one of the largest political demonstrations in the history of Québec and Canada! That but didn't prevent the destruction of Iraqi sovereignty and the shameful pillage of this country's natural resources by the globalist oligarchy. The war in Libya was conducted under the pretext of overthrowing a dictator, Muammar Gaddafi, and lead once again to chaos and the pillage of the natural resources that abounded in this country.
Yet there exist glimmers of hope which are far from negligible. Socialist Cuba still proudly resists the American desire to overthrow its government in order to restore the reign of exploiters and bandits and the Venezuela of Nicolas Maduro represents a thorn in the foot of the United States which has always considered Latin America as its hunting preserve. At this moment the Ba'athist and socialist Syria of Bashar Al-Assad has been at the center of current events for a year due to the civil war encouraged and supported by NATO with the goal of overthrowing his government and replacing it with a clique entirely devoted to and subject to American-Israeli hegemony in the Middle East. The existence of the Québec independence movement disturbs American imperialism, which sees it as a factor of destabilization in North America. In the 1970s, the Yankee oligarchy brandished the specter of a Cuba of the North if Québec separated. That's what explains the constant desire of the Parti Québécois to reassure American investors about the consequences of Québec's independence, but this concern is far from shared by all Québécois patriots, who instead see American imperialism as an adversary in their struggle for national and social emancipation. In short, there are many resistances facing the attacks and imperialist diktats of the New World Order and social nationalists have the duty to support them with the goal of promoting the fall of the globalized and countryless capitalism. This is how we can construct a political, economic, and social system based on social nationalism, the only alternative to globalist chaos and the progressive destruction of nations and national identities.
Source:http://www.lebonnetdespatriotes.net/lbdp/index.php/dossierslbdp/la-parole-a-nos-lecteurs/item/18503-limp%C3%A9rialisme-am%C3%A9ricain-est-un-ennemi-de-lhumanit%C3%A9
Patriotism and Socialism – Richard Chartrand – Nazbol Québec
Hoxha, Mao, NazBol Québec, Patriotism and Socialism, Québec, Richard Chartrand, Stalin, Tito
An article that I wrote a few years ago on the necessity of combining socialism with love of country, which bemoans the fact that a large part of the Québécois left is mired in anti-nationalism primarily.
Patriotism and Socialism
How can socialism be compatible with patriotism? If we rely on a certain part of what they generally call "the left," they are two antagonistic terms and any idea of making a synthesis between them is rejected off hand. Patriotic pride is often a taboo subject among the people of the left who in some cases do not hesitate to indiscriminately throw the epithets of racists, xenophobes, even fascists at the heads of those who claim it. According to a well known anarchist movement in Québec, the UCL (Union Communiste Libertaire), nationalism or patriotism divides the working class and tends to create sentiments of solidarity between the bourgeois and the workers within the same nation1. The workers do not have a country is their most recent watchword! As if from the start the workers aren't born within a determined nation! The working class is certainly international, in the sense that it exists in every country, but each worker comes into the world in a country with a particular language and culture.
More often the anarchists and other currents of the "left" serve us the catchphrase of the necessity of a world without borders where workers live in fraternity, love without limits, and where all national and ethnic conflicts would disappear like magic! Certainly conflicts between nations and countries are not a positive element in international political life and often generate innumerable tragedies and disasters. That said, the disappearance of borders is by no means a panacea to avoid these types of murderous and devastating conflicts. On the contrary, it could even favor inter-ethnic wars, as there would be no more barriers to prevent or at least rein in an army from invading a neighboring territory. We can very well be proud patriots while supporting peoples and workers in the struggle everywhere in the world. A rational and thoughtful patriotism does not prevent international and internationalist solidarity.
We must not forget that capitalism, as the union leader Michel Chartrand said so well, is a system without a country2. The capitalists promote brutal and merciless ultraliberal globalization, which tramples the different cultures and national identities as much as the rights and social benefits strenuously won by the working class. They do everything lower our working and living conditions through destructive standardization. Contrary to certain myths propagated by so-called "internationalist" militants, the bosses are not particularity attached to patriotic sentiments and the defense of the fatherland, though they sometimes use it in order to give themselves a facade of respectability with the workers of their nation. They often do it in order to tear sacrifices from the producers of wealth, by affirming in a totally deceiving and demagogic manner that "the national interest" requires concessions in order to "save" the economy of the country against its competitors.
In the case of Québec, the national capitalists if we can so call them, never distinguished themselves in their support for national independence nor in the fight for the defense of French language and culture. During the two referendums, in 1980 and 1995, the principal employers' organizations, including the Conseil du Patronat du Québec, called to vote No. The bosses who were recognized for their nationalist convictions, like Claude Béland of Mouvement Desjardins and the late Pierre Péladeau of Québécor, remained rather silent during the referendum campaign of 1995. The Québécois independence movements were and still are always much more supported by the unions, popular groups, feminists groups, it is those groups who are at the forefront of mobilizations for independence and the defense of French language and culture and have been since the 1960s. There have been different socialist movements in history that supported the national liberation struggle of the Québécois people, including the Parti Communiste du Canada Français lead by the unionist Henri Gagnon, the Rassemblement pour Indépendance Nationale (RIN), the Front de Libération Populaire (FLP), Mouvement Socialiste, the Parti Marxiste-Leniniste du Québec, and Québec Solidaire, even if the pro-independence and socialist discourse of that body seems tepid to many. The Coalition against the Project of Law 103, which then became Law 115, on bridging schools in order to bypass Law 101 and thus permit Francophone and Allophone children to enroll in English school, counts in its ranks numerous unions, like the CSN (Confédération des syndicats nationaux) and the CSQ (Centrale des syndicats du Québec) and not a single employer's organization3. So it's clear that the Québécois capitalists, in their large majority, do not seek to stir up Québécois patriotic feeling and on the contrary, are very complacent in the face of rampant Anglicization, while the worker's and popular movement expresses deep concerns in this regard. The very facile affirmation that all nationalist and patriotic feeling is necessarily bourgeois is thus refuted by these examples drawn from Québécois political life.
If we take the time of analyze the socialist experiences of the 20th century, we can easily state that they were by no means totally devoid of patriotism. The great Soviet leader Josef Stalin decided to concentrate on the construction of socialism in one country, which happened to be the USSR, following the failures of the revolutions in Europe during the 1920s. He appealed to Russian patriotic sentiments during the Second World War against Nazi aggression. Stalin was the inspiration for and developer of patriotic socialism and uncompromisingly fought cosmopolitanism. The Cuban Revolution in 1959 drove the imperialist Yankee exploiters from Cuban soils and permitted the people of this country to rediscover their national dignity and pride as has been flouted for decades. Fidel Castro did not hesitate to pronounce his famous "Fatherland or death. We will win!" during a speech in Havana in 1960. We must not forget that the Cuban Revolution was initiated by M-26, a left wing national-revolutionary movement, as find find throughout Latin America. The Chinese Revolution in 1949 was the result and the crowning event of a national liberation struggle against Japanese imperialism and also against Yankee intervention since the end of the Second World War. Moreover, Mao Tse-Tung, who was the head of the Chinese Communist party during the time, had already said, "Can a Communist, who is an internationalist, be a patriot at the same time? We hold not only that he can be, but that he must be. The specific content of patriotism is determined by historical conditions… For only by fighting in defense of the motherland can we defeat the aggressors and achieve national liberation."4 ("The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" )
The cited extracts clearly demonstrate that Mao, contrary to what some people on the Québécois left say about him, did not disdain patriotism and considered it as an essential element of his political thought. As the Albanian Communist leader Enver Hoxha said so well, " Now, at the grave moments through which the Homeland was passed, facing dangers which threatened its existence, we communists would undoubtedly base ourselves firmly on the rich patriotic and fighting traditions of our people, on their tendency and readiness to unite in the fight for freedom.5" ("Laying the Foundations of the New Albania"). Some can respond to us by essentially saying that Québec is not a militarily occupied nation and that they only support people who face military aggression. Even if Québec is not under direct military occupation on the part of Anglo-Canadian imperialism, it is still dominated by the latter and its right of national self-determination is not recognized in practice.
The Yugoslavian revolution lead by Marshall Tito in 1945 is an excellent model of a successful national liberation struggle. Josip Broz Tito defended the independence of his country against redoubtable adversaries. He adopted socialism to the conditions of his country and played a first rate role in the movement of non-aligned countries who refused to put themselves in the service of one superpower or the other. In 1967, Tito didn't hesitate to cut off relations with Israel in solidarity with the Arab peoples.6
Since April 2014, Québec is once again under the iron rule of a liberal and resolutely federalist government, fundamentally hostile to any will to national liberation, which has implemented a draconian austerity program and budget cuts in social programs. The Parti Québécois' brief return to power between September 2012 and April 2014 was strongly disappointing. After having canceled the drastic tuition hike decreed by the Jean Charest government and unleashing the famous "Maple Spring," the PQ proceeded with budget cuts, notably to social aid, and pledged to increase childcare rates $2 in two years. Disillusionment towards the PQ combined with the fiasco of the Charter of Québécois Values lead to its electoral rout on April 7th 2014 and the PLQ's (Parti libéral du Québec) return to power. Ex-CEO of Québécor, Pierre-Karl Péladeau wanted to present himself as the savior of Parti Québécois, but hardly a year after his election to the leadership of the party, he resigned. All of this shows the dead-end of the PQ's bourgeois souverainisme and the necessity of a pro-independence and socialist alternative.
In Québec patriotism can only have meaning if it is fused with socialism and the overthrow of the capitalism. Without it we will only reproduce the Canadian system on a smaller scale and we will still face the same social and economic injustices caused by the exploitative capitalist system, without a fatherland and evermore brutal.
For the national and social liberation of Québec!
1) L'ABC de l'UCL, Brochure de l'Union Communiste Libertaire, p.6
2) Michel Chartrand is generally appreciated very much by anarchists because of his combative syndicalism. But his famous remark about the rootlessness of capitalism is always passed over in silence by them, just like they quite often minimize his patriotic activism, only speaking of syndicalist and social struggle. For anarchists, there cannot be links between the two.
3) http://www.ameriquebec.net/actualites/2010/10/15/la-coalition-contre-la-loi-103-denonce-le-baillon-5152.qc
4) "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" in Textes choisis de Mao Tsetoung, Éditions en Langues Étrangères, Pékin, 1972, pp.149-150
5) Hoxha, Enver, Quand on jettait les fondements de l'Albanie nouvelle, Institut Marx, Engels, Lénine, Staline, Toronto, 1985, p.11
6) https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito
Source: http://nazbolquebec.blogspot.ca/2012/11/patriotisme-et-socialisme.html


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國立成功大學 首頁
學生論文
標題 (降序)
標題(升序)
A fuzzy-based impulse noise detection and cancellation for real-time processing in video receivers
Wu, C. B., Liu, B. D. & Yang, J. F., 2003 六月, 於: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 52, 3, p. 780-784 5 p.
研究成果: Article › 同行評審
A fuzzy-based data transformation for feature extraction to increase classification performance with small medical data sets
Li, D. C., Liu, C. W. & Hu, S. C., 2011 五月, 於: Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. 52, 1, p. 45-52 8 p.
A Fuzzy-based Approach for Improving Accuracy of Grey Forecasting Models
Tsai, T-I., Yeh, C. W., Lin, L-S., Che-jung, C. & Li, D-C., 2020, 於: Journal of Grey System. 32, 3, p. 21-33
A fuzzy approach with required minimum decision tolerances for multi-level multi-objective decision-making problems
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A fuzzy analytic hierarchy process for the site selection of the Philippine algal industry
Ubando, A. T., Felix, C. B., Gue, I. H. V., Promentilla, M. A. B. & Culaba, A. B., 2020 一月 1, 於: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. 22, 1, p. 171-185 15 p.
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Wang, S. J., Hsu, K. C. & Lee, C. H., 2015 十一月 12, 於: Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences. 372, p. 463-469 7 p.
研究成果: Conference article › 同行評審
A further result on fault-free cycles in faulty folded hypercubes
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A further investigation of ATP-induced calcium mobilization in MDCK cells
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A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene is associated with alcohol dependence in one aboriginal group in Taiwan
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A Functional Grammar Approach to the Text Comparison of Taiwanese EMP Students and International EMP Experts for an Understanding of the EMP Writing Gap
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A functional generalized F-test for signal detection with applications to event-related potentials significance analysis
Causeur, D., Sheu, C. F., Perthame, E. & Rufini, F., 2020 三月 1, 於: Biometrics. 76, 1, p. 246-256 11 p.
A fully matched ku-band 9W PHEMT MMIC high power amplifier
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A fully matched high linearity 2-W PHEMT MMIC power amplifier for 3.5 GHz applications
Chu, C. K., Huang, H. K., Liu, H. Z., Chiu, R. J., Lin, C. H., Wang, C. C., Houng, M. P., Wang, Y. H., Hsu, C. C., Wu, W., Wu, C. L. & Chang, C. S., 2005 十月, 於: IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters. 15, 10, p. 667-669 3 p.
A fully matched 9 W compact PHEMT MMIC high power amplifier for X-band phase array radar applications
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A fully matched 8W X-band PHEMT MMIC high power amplifier
Chu, C. K., Huang, H. K., Liu, H. Z., Chiu, R. J., Lin, C. H., Wang, C. C., Wang, Y. H., Hsu, C. C., Wu, W., Wu, C. L. & Chang, C. S., 2004 十二月 1, IEEE Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Symposium; 2004 IEEE CSIC Symposium, 26th Anniversary: Compounding Your Chips in Monterey - Technical Digest 2004. p. 137-140 4 p. (Technical Digest - IEEE Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Symposium, CSIC).
A fully integrated closed-loop neuromodulation SoC with wireless power and bi-directional data telemetry for real-time human epileptic seizure control
Cheng, C. H., Tsai, P. Y., Yang, T. Y., Cheng, W. H., Yen, T. Y., Luo, Z., Qian, X. H., Chen, Z. X., Lin, T. H., Chen, W. H., Chen, W. M., Liang, S-F., Shaw, F-Z., Chang, C. S., Shih, F. Y., Hsin, Y. L., Lee, C. Y., Ker, M. D. & Wu, C. Y., 2017 八月 10, 2017 Symposium on VLSI Circuits, VLSI Circuits 2017. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., p. C44-C45 8008541
A fully integrated 8-channel closed-loop neural-prosthetic SoC for real-time epileptic seizure control
Chen, W. M., Chiueh, H., Chen, T. J., Ho, C. L., Jeng, C., Chang, S. T., Ker, M. D., Lin, C. Y., Huang, Y. C., Chou, C. W., Fan, T. Y., Cheng, M. S., Liang, S-F., Chien, T. C., Wu, S. Y., Wang, Y. L., Shaw, F-Z., Huang, Y. H., Yang, C. H., Chiou, J. C. 及其他3, Chang, C. W., Chou, L. C. & Wu, C. Y., 2013 四月 29, 2013 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, ISSCC 2013 - Digest of Technical Papers. p. 286-287 2 p. 6487737. (Digest of Technical Papers - IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference; 卷 56).
A fully integrated 8-channel closed-loop neural-prosthetic cmos soc for real-time epileptic seizure control
Chen, W. M., Chiueh, H., Chen, T. J., Ho, C. L., Jeng, C., Ker, M. D., Lin, C. Y., Huang, Y. C., Chou, C. W., Fan, T. Y., Cheng, M. S., Hsin, Y. L., Liang, S. F., Wang, Y. L., Shaw, F. Z., Huang, Y. H., Yang, C. H. & Wu, C. Y., 2014 一月, 於: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 49, 1, p. 232-247 16 p., 6637111.
A Fully Integrated 60-GHz CMOS Direct-Conversion Doppler Radar RF Sensor with Clutter Canceller for Single-Antenna Noncontact Human Vital-Signs Detection
Kuo, H. C., Lin, C. C., Yu, C. H., Lo, P. H., Lyu, J. Y., Chou, C. C. & Chuang, H. R., 2016 四月, 於: IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 64, 4, p. 1018-1028 11 p., 7434080.
A fully integrated 5 GHz low-voltage LNA using forward body bias technology
Chang, C. P., Chen, J. H. & Wang, Y. H., 2009 三月, 於: IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters. 19, 3, p. 176-178 3 p., 4796234.
A fully integrated 5.8 GHz U-NII band 0.18-μm CMOS VCO
Chu, Y. K. & Chuang, H. R., 2003 七月, 於: IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters. 13, 7, p. 287-289 3 p.
研究成果: Letter › 同行評審
A Fully-integrated 2.4/5.7 GHz Concurrent Dual-band 0.18 μM CMOS LNA for an 802.11 WLAN Direct Conversion Receiver
Huang, Q. H., Huang, D. R. & Chuang, H-R., 2004 二月 1, Microwave Journal, 47, 2, p. 76-88 13 p.
研究成果: Article
A fully integrated 16-channel closed-loop neural-prosthetic CMOS SoC with wireless power and bidirectional data telemetry for real-time efficient human epileptic seizure control
Cheng, C. H., Tsai, P. Y., Yang, T. Y., Cheng, W. H., Yen, T. Y., Luo, Z., Qian, X. H., Chen, Z. X., Lin, T. H., Chen, W. H., Chen, W. M., Liang, S. F., Shaw, F. Z., Chang, C. S., Hsin, Y. L., Lee, C. Y., Ker, M. D. & Wu, C. Y., 2018 十一月, 於: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 53, 11, p. 3314-3326 13 p., 8463542.
A fully fuzzy trajectory tracking control design for surveillance and security robots
Li, T. H. S., Chen, C. Y., Hung, H. L. & Yeh, Y. C., 2008 十二月 1, 於: Conference Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. p. 1995-2000 6 p., 4811583.
A fully dynamic multi-compartmental poroelastic system: Application to aqueductal stenosis
Chou, D., Vardakis, J. C., Guo, L., Tully, B. J. & Ventikos, Y., 2016 七月 26, 於: Journal of Biomechanics. 49, 11, p. 2306-2312 7 p.
A fully compatible CMOS-based hydrogen ion sensor using natural forming sensing membrane for urea detecting application
Juang, Y. Z., Lin, C. F., Tsai, H. H., Su, Y. K., Wang, R. L., Li, W. L. & Kung, P. C., 2009 九月, 於: Procedia Chemistry. 1, 1, p. 1067-1070 4 p.
A Fully-Automatic Segmentation of the Carpal Tunnel from Magnetic Resonance Images Based on the Convolutional Neural Network-Based Approach
Yang, T. H., Yang, C. W., Sun, Y. N. & Horng, M. H., 2021 十月, 於: Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering. 41, 5, p. 610-625 16 p.
A fully automated recurrent neural network for unknown dynamic system identification and control
Wang, J. S. & Chen, Y. P., 2006 六月, 於: IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers. 53, 6, p. 1363-1372 10 p.
A fully automated identification of coronary borders from the tree structure of coronary angiograms
Ko, C. C., Mao, C. W., Sun, Y. N. & Chang, S. H., 1995 五月, 於: International Journal of Bio-Medical Computing. 39, 2, p. 193-208 16 p.
A full-scale stability experiment on a diaphragm wall trench
Tsai, J. S., Jou, L. D. & Hsieh, H. S., 2000 一月 1, 於: Canadian Geotechnical Journal. 37, 2, p. 379-392 14 p.
A full-field heterodyne polariscope for using new image signal process
Lo, Y-L., Chih, H. W. & Yeh, C. Y., 2006 十月 31, Proceedings of the 2006 SEM Annual Conference and Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics 2006. p. 1596-1602 7 p. (Proceedings of the 2006 SEM Annual Conference and Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics 2006; 卷 3).
A full code-patterns coverage high-speed embedded ROM using dynamic virtual guardian technique
Chang, M. F., Chiou, L. Y. & Wen, K. A., 2006 二月, 於: IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 41, 2, p. 496-506 11 p.
AF-test: Adaptive-frequency scan test methodology for small-delay defects
Li, T. Y., Huang, S. Y., Hsu, H. J., Tzeng, C. W., Huang, C. T., Liou, J. J., Ma, H. P., Huang, P. C., Bor, J. C., Wu, C. W., Tien, C. C. & Wang, M., 2010 十二月 1, Proceedings - 2010 25th International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems, DFT 2010. p. 340-348 9 p. 5634926. (Proceedings - IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems).
Aftereffects following β-decay of181Hf1
Jaeger, H., Su, H-T., Gardner, J. A., Chen, I. W., Haygarth, J. C., Sommers, J. A. & Rasera, R. L., 1990 八月 1, 於: Hyperfine Interactions. 60, 1-4, p. 615-618 4 p.
A 'frozen electric-field' approach to simulate repetitively pulsed nanosecond plasma discharges and ignition of hydrogen-air mixtures
Nagaraja, S. & Yang, V., 2014 九月 24, 於: Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 47, 38, 385201.
A friendly computer interface for learning Chinese as a foreign language
Kao, S-M., 1998 一月, 於: The Proceedings of the First International Conference on Multimedia Language Education.
A friendly and intelligent human-robot interface system based on human face and hand gesture
Chang, M. S. & Chou, J-H., 2009 十一月 4, 2009 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, AIM 2009. p. 1856-1861 6 p. 5229793. (IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, AIM).
A frictional contact finite element for wheel/rail dynamic simulations
Ju, S. H., 2016 七月 1, 於: Nonlinear Dynamics. 85, 1, p. 365-374 10 p.
African American Legislators' Perceptions of Firearm Violence Prevention Legislation
Payton, E., Thompson, A., Price, J. H., Sheu, J. J. & Dake, J. A., 2015 六月 1, 於: Journal of Community Health. 40, 3, p. 439-447 9 p.
A fresh look at the risk-return tradeoff
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研究成果: Review article › 同行評審
A frequency-tracking FPGA chip for high-power ultrasound resonator
Ma, K. H., Chang, W. C. & Lee, Y. C., 2009 十二月 1, 2009 4th International Conference on Innovative Computing, Information and Control, ICICIC 2009. p. 1409-1411 3 p. 5412504. (2009 4th International Conference on Innovative Computing, Information and Control, ICICIC 2009).
A frequency domain force model with shearing and ploughing mechanisms for a generalized helical end mill
Wang, J. J. & Zheng, C. M., 2002 一月 1, Manufacturing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), p. 365-373 9 p. (ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings).
A free surface capturing method for incompressible multi-fluid flows
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A free-standing carbon nanofiber interlayer for high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries
Singhal, R., Chung, S. H., Manthiram, A. & Kalra, V., 2015 一月 1, 於: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 3, 8, p. 4530-4538 9 p.
A free radical addition-cyclization reaction of 1,6-dienes with sulfonyl chloride
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A Framework to Construct Three-Dimensional Complementary Codes for Multiuser MIMO Systems
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Dr. A. Tony Chami is Board Certified in Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine. He is a Diplomate of the American Board of Pain Medicine, American Board of Anesthesiology, American Board of Medical Examiners, and American Academy of Pain Management.
Dr. Chami earned his undergraduate degree from Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan and Medical Degree from Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. He completed post-doctoral training in Anesthesiology at the University of Michigan Medical Center and University of Illinois Hospitals. He also completed post-doctoral training at Saint John Hospital and Medical Center. Dr. Chami has served as Medical Director at Chicagoland Advanced Pain Specialists, and Interventional Pain Specialist throughout the Chicago area and in Peoria, Illinois. He has co-authored literature to advance his specialty, and has presented multiple educational talks to community and professional groups. Dr. Chami has received advanced training certification in a broad array of pain management techniques; he works with a team of other specialties to achieve the best possible outcome to relieve his patients' pain, and improve their quality of life .
Dr. Chami's primary areas of interest are spine-related pain conditions and the exciting new field of regenerative treatment to reverse degeneration in the spine and joints. He offers a wide range of pain management techniques such as image-guided epidural and selective nerve injections, facet joint treatment protocol including radiofrequency nerve ablation, disc diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, Dorsal column stimulator (pain pacemaker) implantation, complete knee and hip pain treatment protocol including radiofrequency ablation where appropriate, Kyphoplasty, and sympathetic blocks.
Dr. Christopher Green, MD is a board certified Internal Medicine Physician with his practice located in the Associated Physicians Group Alton location.
Dr. Green graduated with honors from the University of Illinois Medical School in Chicago in 1979. He did his medical internship and residency at North Carolina Memorial Hospital, University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill.
He is currently president of the Alton Medical Society, a member of the American College of Physicians, the Illinois State Medical Society and the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. He is Board certified in Internal Medicine, ECG interpretation and ACLS certified. Dr. Green has held many Medical Director positions throughout his career, including d'Adrian Nursing Home, Eunice Smith Nursing Home, BJC Home Health and Hatch extended care/subacute care.
Dr. Green is a lifelong resident of Alton IL. He graduated Marquette Catholic High School in Alton and did undergraduate studies at the University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana where he received a BA in Chemistry and a BA in Biology.
Dr. Blake received his Bachelor's degree in Radiologic Science with emphasis in diagnostic ultrasound from Southern Illinois University in Carbondale. He also completed the pre-medical accelerated science program at Scott Community College and went on to obtain his Doctor of Chiropractic from Palmer College of Chiropractic in Iowa.
He is a board certified, Musculoskeletal Diagnostic Medical Sonologist with the American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonologists with ultrasound experience from multiple medical settings. Throughout his career, Dr. Blake has delivered abdominal, surgical, OB, gynecological, neonatal brain, vascular, and musculoskeletal ultrasounds.
Dr. Jeff Davie did his undergraduate study at the University of Windsor in Ontario, Canada where he completed his prerequisite courses to enter chiropractic college. After completing his studies, he earned a Doctorate of Chiropractic at Logan College of Chiropractic in St. Louis, Missouri. Dr. Davie has also received additional training in Sports Medicine and is certified in acupuncture.
Dr. Davie specializes in the non-surgical treatment of back pain, neck pain, headache, leg and arm pain, peripheral joint problems, peripheral neuropathies, vertigo, dizziness and whiplash. As a member of Associated Physicians Group, he collaborates with the entire team of specialists to deliver comprehensive care focused on each patient's total health and wellbeing.
He is a member of the Missouri Chiropractic Association and is licensed in Missouri and Illinois and primarily serves the APG offices located in Edwardsville and Swansea.
Dr. Greg Maue did his undergraduate study at Southeast Missouri State University and graduated with a BS in Athletic Training. He received his graduate degree from Logan University in Chesterfield, MO.
Dr. Maue specializes in the non-surgical treatment of back pain, neck pain, headache, leg and arm pain, peripheral joint problems, peripheral neuropathies, vertigo, dizziness and whiplash. As a member of Associated Physicians Group, he also collaborates with the entire team of specialists to deliver comprehensive care focused on each patient's total health and wellbeing.
Dr. Maue sees patients primarily at our O'Fallon location, but visits our other metro east offices as needed.
Dr. Kyle Parrilla did his undergraduate study at Assumption College and graduated with a BS in Biology. He received his Doctor of Chiropractic degree from the University of Bridgeport College of Chiropractic.
In addition to his multiple board certifications from the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners, Dr. Parrilla also has advanced training certifications in Heartsaver First aid from the American Heart Association, clinical training in Biomechanics and Orthotics, Functional and Kinetic treatment with rehab, and training certification focused on injury prevention for youth athletes. Dr. Parilla is a member of the American Chiropractic Association and the Connecticut Chiropractic Council.
Dr. Parrilla specializes in the non-surgical treatment of back pain, neck pain, headache, leg and arm pain, peripheral joint problems, peripheral neuropathies, vertigo, dizziness and whiplash.
Dr. Parrilla sees patients primarily at our Edwardsville location, but visits our other metro east offices as needed.


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SNMREC Preferred Partner
Harnessing Gulf Stream Energy
OceanBased CEO Nasser Alshemaimry–"It's Time for Rich Nations to Help On Climate Change"
If we don't help poor countries overcome the challenges of climate change and global warming, then we are saying to them what Queen Marie Antoinette, the Queen of France said during the French Revolution: "Let Them Eat Cake!"
Read a Bahamian perspective in the New York Times: "Climate Change is Destroying My Country. The Nations Causing it Must Help."
Everyone who knows me knows that I am a serious and committed environmentalist who has dedicated the last two decades of my life to developing and promoting renewable energy. It has become evident to me during this time that rich countries, and all governments and nongovernment financial institutions must step up to the plate and help poor countries to convert to renewable energy, otherwise, we will not be able to win the battle to fight climate change and global warming.
The issue of worldwide concern for the environment and the climate change is no longer just a private one, nor a local issue or limited one, but rather an international political standardizing issue, by which the legitimacy of any country is measured. More seriously, the issue of climate change controls the economies of the world. Most civilized and wealthy countries are planning for it today.
With President Biden's appointment of John Kerry as the international envoy for climate change, it is becoming more and more clear the extent to which the Western world will go to ensure its commitment to combating global warming. Above all, there is no doubt that protecting the environment is a noble and commendable endeavor. Rather, it is a necessary duty, whether the West said it or not.
Reality is that the entire world population–not only the West, but the industrialized world (including China)–is the root cause of pollution. These wealthy nations are the ones who polluted the planet and its people much more any Third World country.
In addition, environmental protection is not an issue for the left or the right, it is for all humankind. For example, U.S. President Teddy Roosevelt, a progressive Republican, was considered the pioneer of the great American national environmental reserves.
The National Park System of the United States is the collection of physical properties owned or administered by the National Park Service. The collection includes all national parks and most national monuments, as well as several other types of protected areas of the United States.
In the Middle Eastern Arab and Islamic worlds today, Saudi Arabia is the country considered to be the most advanced in the policies of protesting the environment and clean energy. In reading a recent report of the International Energy Agency (IEA), it clearly states that the target in 2050 is zero emissions. To achieve their prescribed roadmap, the petroleum industries must be totally curbed, among other measures.
What are some aspects of this road map? The IEA has suggested immediately ceasing investments in the petroleum industry; phasing out the sale of the internal combustion engines (used for gasoline or diesel) by 2025 and selling electric, hydrogen or hybrid cars only; and shutting down electricity production facilities that run on diesel or any petroleum-based product; and starting in 2040, replacing them with stations that use sustainable energies.
A larger issue looms, however. What is the cost of developing sustainable energy, considering the experiences of renewables projects, most of which are currently being implemented in the industrialized countries? Simply, the cost of creating worldwide clean energy could be in the trillions of dollars. Thus, my concern is this: can Third World countries–especially the poor ones–bear these costs? Why didn't the IEA's roadmap mention the possibility of granting international development banks soft loans to the Third World to start the energy transition, especially after the financial and economic burdens resulting from the COVID pandemic?
Is it even possible for Third World countries to bear a new financial burden in addition to their current burdens?
In summary, yes to protecting the environment and yes to everything that serves this issue, but the unintended financial consequences must not harm poor countries.
It is high time rich countries everywhere to pitch in and help poor countries to combat climate change and global warming and not continue with the falsehood that we can fix climate change and global warming without making sure that ALL countries rich and poor fight climate change and global warming.
Any less of an effort is merely window dressing and theater.
Nasser M.N. Alshemaimry is Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of OceanBased Perpetual Energy. Read more about him here.
From Oil Wars to Gas Wars to Fossil Fuel Twilight Years . . . and Now the Dawn of Renewables!
COPYRIGHT © OceanBased, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED | Hosting & Maintenance by NetProfession


text:
Home > China Travel Guide > Zhangjiajie China Travel Guide > Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao
Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao - a natural stone bridge in Zhangjiajie
Last Update: 6th October 2020
What is Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao?
Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao is located in Yuanjiajie Scenic Area, part of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, which is part of Wulingyuan Scenic Area in Zhangjiajie. As the tallest stone bridge in Zhangjiajie, it is 350 meters high, spanning across two peaks.
Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao Fast Facts
Chinese Name: Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao (天下第一桥)
Length: 20 x meters
Things to do there: Photography, Making a wish, Hiking
Who visits: Photographers, Hikers, Adventure enthusiasts!
Time required: 1 x Hour
View Best Zhangjiajie Tours
Interested in visiting Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao during a Zhangjiajie Tour?
Wendy Wei Tours offers a variety of different packaged tours as well as custom tours including the Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao, among other attractions and destinations. To find out more, please visit our Tours page or Contact Us directly to find out more.
What to expect at Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao
With an elevation of 350 meters, Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao is some 4 meters deep, and 1- 3 meters wide. The deck is flat for visitors to walk across. Old green pine trees grow on the bridge while clouds flow around it. Steep cliffs with water-drops stand around it. Visitors hold iron railings of the bridge to look up and they will see the peaks are surrounded by clouds and fog. Look down, and visitors will find that the peaks are just like bamboo shoots and fog rise from the bottom of the deep valley.
Countless concentric locks were hung on the railings and branches around the bridge by visitors to make their wishes. Some of the locks which were hung in the trees are rising with the growth of the branches. Visitors will make their adrenaline rise upon stepping the bridge.
Best time to visit Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao
If you are planning to visit Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao for photography purposes, you can visit it around the year as it presents different stunning views in 4 seasons. Generally speaking, it is recommended that you visit it in April, May, September and October for the four months are not too hot or too cold.
How to get to Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao
Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao is part of Yuanjiajie Scenic Area in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park. When you enter National Forest Park Ticket Station you can hike to Golden Whip Stream. Then, take the shuttle bus with your pass ticket for Wulingyuan Scenic Area to the Lower Station of Bailong Elevator (白龙天梯). Take the elevator to the top of the mountain - Yuanjiajie Scenic Area. Finally, hike up to Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao. Therefore, you shall know how to get to National Forest Park Ticket Station first. Therefore, there are several options.
Rent a car from Zhangjiajie airport, Zhangjiajie Train Station or Zhangjiajie Bus Station to the National Forest Ticket Station. This is the quickest and most direct option.
Take a flight to Zhangjiajie airport from Guilin, Beijing, Chengdu, Wuhan, Xi'an and other cities. Then, rent a car to Zhangjiejie Train Station to take the shuttle bus. It takes 40 minutes drive from the station to National Park Ticket Station. Alternatively, rent a car to the ticket station.
Take a train to Zhangjiajie train station from Guangzhou, Nanning, Shenzhen, Wuchang and other cities. Then, walk to the Zhangjiajie Bus Station to take the tourists bus. It takes 40 minutes drive from the station to National Park Ticket Station. Alternatively, rent a car to the ticket station.
Additional Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao Travel Advice
As Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao is part of Wulingyuan Scenic Area which is composed of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, Suoxi Vally Nature Reserve, Tianzishan Mountain Nature Reserve, and Yangjiajie Scenic Area, visitors can enter the Tianzi Mountain Area from Tianzi Mountain Ticket Station with the pass ticket for Wulingyuan Scenic Area. The pass ticket is valid in four days from the date when you get it ( For example, if the ticket is issued at 13:00 on Monday 9th July, 2018, the ticket is valid by 13:00 on Friday 13th July, 2018). You could take a complimentary eco-friendly car with the pass ticket. With the pass ticket, you can visit all the four scenic areas mentioned above and can enter the Wulingyuan from one of five entrances at the five ticket stations.
As at 6th October 2020, admission fee which is applied between March 1st and November 30th plus the Spring Festival is as follows. Admission fee to Wulingyuan Area is 248 CNY per adult (including the insurance); Children under 1.3m (1.3m not included) and the elders above 70 years old (70 years old included) are free of charge whilst these people are charged 68 CNY per person for the eco-friendly car(including insurance); Children between 1.3m (1.3m included) and 1.5m (1.5m not included) are charged 163 CNY per person(including insurance); The elder between 60 years old (60 years old included) and 70 years old ( 70 years old not included) are charged 168 CNY per person (including insurance)
As at 6th October 2020, admission fee which is applied between December 1st and February 28th/29th is as follows. Admission fee to Wulingyuan Area is 126 CNY per adult (including the insurance). Notes: The area can be closed because of the snow in winter.
For the latest pricing information, please contact us via email (info@wendyweitours.com)
It is recommended that you take an umbrella with you when visiting the Wulingyuan Scenic Area in Zhangjiajie.
If you plan to visit the area in summer, you'd better take the sunscreen, floral water, sunglasses, band-aid and hats. Please remember to wear anti-skid hiking shoes.
During the National Day Festival of China, Spring Festival and the summer holiday, pricing for hotels and restaurants also goes up as they are the peak season in China.
The ticket offices of most scenic spots offer luggage storage service.
Be sure not to explore the areas marked with "No Passing" and "Dangerous" .
The mountain road is wet and slippery in rainy days. In addition, rain and fog can also lead to unclear sight. Thus, it is not suggested that you risk climbing the mountain in the rain.
Interested in visiting the Tian Xia Di Yi Qiao on a Tour?


text:
Father, son killed in Taylor house fire
Two people and a dog died in a house fire in Taylor on Sunday morning, officials said Monday.
Authorities said they were not releasing names because the identities of the people killed were not officially confirmed.
Josh Hicks and his father Michael Hicks were killed in the fire at their family home, according to friends.
"I'm just absolutely devastated," said Davis, who is the co-owner of Texas Beer Company in Taylor.
He said Josh Hicks worked for him and was also a musician. Michael Hicks was also an artist and made leather goods, Davis said.
The Hicks' were both well known in Taylor, said Davis. "The whole town is just kind of reeling," he said.
Taylor is in eastern Williamson County.
The Taylor Fire Department was notified at 12:59 a.m. Sunday about a house fire at 601 W. 11th Street, according to a city press release.
Firefighters were told before they arrived that people and animals could still be inside the house, the release said. When firefighters arrived, it said, the house was fully engulfed in flames.
Firefighters could not initially enter the home because of the flames. After they mostly extinguished it around 2 a.m., they were able to search part of the residence, the release said.
It said they found one of the victims and the remains of the dog. After putting out the rest of the blaze, firefighters did a longer search of the house and found the second adult victim, the release said.
Neighbors were evacuated from nearby homes, officials said, and the cause of the fire has not been determined.
The Taylor Fire Department was assisted by units from the Hutto and Round Rock fire departments.
Josh Hicks worked at the Texas Beer Company for several years, including as a bartender and in the brewery, Davis said.
"He had a fun, irreverent personality," said Davis. "He would make you smile and he was always smiling. He wouldn't blink to help somebody."
Josh Hicks often played music at the Black Sparrow Music Parlor in Taylor.
Michael Hicks was passionate about his work and supportive of the efforts people were making to bring businesses to downtown, said Davis. "He was a nice guy," said Davis.
A Gofundme has been established for the Hicks family at https://bit.ly/31pZeU7.


text:
Jonathan Keats, world's hardest-working conceptual artist
Author: Bruce Sterling. Bruce Sterling
Time of Publication: 3:40 am. 3:40 am
Jonathan Keats, world's hardest-working conceptual artist
*The guy is tireless.
SWITZERLAND OPENS WORLD'S FIRST FACTORY OPERATED BY WORKERS' BRAINWAVES
Laborers Will Control Machines With Breakthrough Computer Interfaces Developed By EPFL Neuroscience Lab – Public Invited To Lausanne Factory Opening On October 26, 2017 – Future Facilities Planned For San Francisco And Boston
October 24, 2017 – Nearly two-and-a-half centuries after James Watt launched the Industrial Revolution with the development of the steam engine, exponentially increasing the amount of power in human hands, a leading Swiss university has developed a set of powerful machines controlled by operators' brains. On October 26th, l'Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL) will put these machines to work in the first factory dedicated to the long-envisaged Cognitive Revolution.
Exploiting breakthrough technologies developed in the EPFL neuroscience laboratory of Professor José Millan, the Swiss National Science Foundation-funded factory will be located on the EPFL main campus. It will operate independently under the name Mental Work Industries.
"The factory's brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) will detect neural signals through workers' skulls," says Millan, who serves as chief scientific officer. "Algorithmic analysis of these signals will transform cognitive activity into physical action."
According to chief visionary officer (((nice title!))) Jonathon Keats, the use of these new technologies was inspired by history as much as science. "The impact of the Industrial Revolution was decidedly mixed," he asserts. "Many able bodies were put out of work because industrialization was pursued without understanding the consequences. As computers start to take the place of our minds, Mental Work technology can potentially provide a new purpose for Homo sapiens, or alternately can redefine the terms of technological engagement for our species. These machines are philosophical instruments that allow our workforce to tangibly engage what's coming so that we can all anticipate and plan more wisely."
The machines in the Mental Work facility are based on slider cranks, standard mechanisms of the Industrial Revolution, which have been computerized and coupled with state-of-the-art dry EEG headsets made by Wearable Sensing. Millan's lab in EPFL's Center for Neuroprosthetics has developed algorithms that make the machines run when operators imagine movement in their hand muscles. Unique to the Mental Work facility, the algorithms are themselves alterable by BCI, allowing workers to determine the nature of their interaction with the machines.
Everyone will be eligible for employment at the Mental Work facility through a simple online application. In order to accommodate as many workers as possible, contracts will mandate just one hour of labor per person. In that hour-long timespan – following a thirty-minute training session – operators will rotate through three levels of technological advancement. "They won't be paid," notes chief business officer Michael Mitchell. "Being ahead of the curve is its own reward."
Switzerland will be only the first of many locations for Mental Work. After debuting in EPFL's new ArtLab building, where it will operate continuously through the end of January, the facility will be reinstalled at swissnex San Francisco in collaboration with UC Berkeley, followed by swissnex Boston. Future locations under negotiation range from Shanghai to Bangalore. In each space, as Mental Workers interface with the machines, Millan will collect data that will allow his lab to further advance the interfaces. "Machines and workers will influence each other," he explains. "And the impact will be compounded as our data is shared with the BCI community."
Keats sees the impact as nothing less than human-machine co-evolution. "When people see our immaculate new factory, they may ask what we're actually making," he says. "I have a simple answer: At Mental Work, we manufacture the future."
More information: https://artlab.epfl.ch/
Tech Art


This month's featured project will leave you feeling hungry for a night out! Digital Alliance was asked to make an educational commercial for a new product called Wicked Lix.
Wicked Lix are re assorted, scrumptious, fruit bites that are infused with a variety of flavored spirits to heighten adult social experiences. Wicked Lix Fruit Shooterz® are not soaked "jungle fruit" but have that perfect balance of liquor and fruit in just one tasty bite.
In the video, Mike is confronted by an Angel and Devil who offer to help him make a decision on which flavors of Wicked Lix to buy at the grocery store.
Digital Alliance was honored to shoot a testimonial for close friend Joan Markwell as she talked about her new book, Softening the Grief: What to Say and Do to Comfort a Bereaved Mother.
This was a very emotional shoot, as Joan and one of her contributing writers, Janie Fields, talked about the death of their children, how it affected them and how they have persevered. Joan hopes that her book can help other mothers that have lost children.
This month's featured project is a showcase of innovative nitrogen generators, gas blenders and dispensing products from a leader in the beverage gas industry, Milcarb.
Digital Alliance got to see first hand the power and precision of these products, as beer, cold-brew coffee, juice and craft cocktails were all produced with Milcarb's products on-site.
This month's featured project is a highly-technical, effective piece explaining the installation process for a telemetry unit called CylConnect®.
CylConnect® is the premier remote monitoring solution for bulk gas vessels that monitors product levels in the tank and sends data and alerts to online portals so that there is no question how much product is in your tank at all times.
Cyl-Tec trusted Digital Alliance to craft this video based on its knowledge of the compressed gas industry. Instructional videos can be challenging because every aspect has to be clear to visualize and understand at the same time.
This month's featured product is a very informative and fascinating look at a world leader in the gas industry, nestled in the mountains of Helena, Montana.
McDantim, Inc. is the leading manufacturer of gas blenders throughout the entire gas industry. It is their legacy and their people that define them, and Digital Alliance was thrilled to have the opportunity to capture this story.


These drawings explore that elusive state that lies between consciousness and dreaming.
Have you ever stared at a cloud and saw shapes and images in them?
As an artist, I explore thoughts of abstracting regular, public, interior spaces on canvas.


Pale seafoam green, light blue, yellow and muted red stripes on white background. 80's era beach vibes by Harbor Breeze. Thin and soft button up perfect for warmer days or climates.
This short sleeve cotton button up is in excellent condition, Marked a size Large and a good fit for men's Small to Large frames.
For reference David is 5'10" and normally wears a mens size Large shirt and 33" waist.
Only one available in this item. All sales are considered final on vintage apparel.


text:
\section{Introduction}

\noindent Our universe is very well explained by the Standard Cosmological Model (SCM)
based on  the Hot Big-Bang theory  and the  inflationary scenario. However,
there are still some features of the universe which cannot
be understood within the SCM. One of the major unsolved problem is
the {\it cosmological constant problem}. The standard model fails to explain
why the energy density of the vacuum is 120 orders of magnitude smaller
than its value at the Planck time \cite{sami}. The problems in the SCM and
the availability of precise data from various  observations
have encouraged cosmologists to explain the observed universe
through alternative cosmological models.

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent One of the interesting alternatives is a
{\bf Power Law Cosmology}. In such a  model there is a
power law evolution of the cosmological scale factor, $a(t)
 \propto t^\alpha$. The power law evolution with $\alpha \ge 1$ has
 been discussed at length in a series of earlier articles
\cite{kolb,mann,allen}. The motivation for such a scenario comes from
the fact that it does not encounter
 flatness and the horizon problem at all. Another interesting
 feature of these models is that they easily accommodate high
 redshift objects and hence alleviate the age problem.
 These models are also purged of the fine tuning problem
\cite{dol,ford}. Such a scaling is a generic feature in a class of
 models that attempt to dynamically solve the cosmological constant problem
 \cite{mann,allen,dol,ford,wein}.

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent   A power law evolution of the cosmological scale factor
with $\alpha \approx 1$ is surprisingly an excellent fit to a
host of cosmological observations. Any model that can support such
a coasting presents itself as a falsifiable model as far as classical cosmological
tests are concerned as it exhibits distinguishable and verifiable
features. An evolution of this nature is supported by classical
cosmological tests such as the galaxy number counts
as a function of redshift  and the data on angular diameter
distance as a function of redshift \cite{kolb}. However, as these tests are
marred by evolutionary effects (e.g. mergers), they have fallen
into disfavour as reliable tests of a viable model.
With the discovery of Supernovae type Ia, SNe Ia, as reliable standard candles, the
status of the Hubble test has been elevated to that of a precision
measurement. The Hubble plot relates the magnitude of a standard
candle to its redshift in an expanding FRW universe. We demonstrated
that linear coasting cosmology
accommodates the high redshift objects while the standard model could
not \cite{abha,sethi}. Such a model is also comfortably consistent with the
gravitational lensing statistics
\cite{abha} and the primordial nucleosynthesis \cite {annu}.

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent  The plan of the paper is as follows. In Section 2, we
give the basic equations for open, closed and flat power law scenarios.
In Section 3, we
find the constraints on the cosmological parameter $\alpha$ from a joint
test of the Supernova Legacy Survey SNe Ia data set (SNLS) and the
H(z) data. The joint test is performed for open, closed and
flat power law cosmologies. The results are summarized in Section 4.

\section{Power Law Cosmology}

\noindent For a FRW metric, the line element is
\begin{equation}
ds^2=c^2dt^2-a^2(t) \left[\frac{dr^2}{1 -k r^2} + r^2(d\t^2
+\sin^2{\t}\,d\phi^2)
\right]\,\,.
\label{eq:ds}
\end{equation}

\noindent Here $k =\pm1,0$, is the curvature constant,
$t$ is the cosmic proper time and $a(t)$ is the
cosmological scale factor.

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent The expansion rate of the universe is described by a Hubble
parameter, $H(t) =
\dot{a}/a$. The present expansion rate of the universe is
defined by the {\it Hubble constant} $H_0$. Here
and subsequently the subscript 0 on a parameter refers to its present value.

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent In this paper, we study a general power law cosmology with the
scale factor given in
terms of a dimensionless parameter $\a$
\begin{equation}
a(t)= \frac{c}{H_{0}}\left(\frac{t}{t_0}\right)^{\a}\,\,.
\label{eq:a}
\end{equation}

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent In this  model, $H(t) = \alpha/t$ and $H_0=\a/t_0$.
\noindent The scale factor and the redshift at time $t$ are related to
their present values by

\begin{equation}
\frac{a_0}{a(z)} = \frac{t_0}{t} = 1+z\,\,.
\label{eq:ao/a}
\end{equation}

\noindent The present `radius' of the universe is defined as
\begin{equation}
a_0 =\frac{c}{H_{0}}\,\,.
\label{eq:a_0}
\end{equation}

\noindent The age of the universe at redshift $z$
is given as
\begin{equation}
t(z)=\frac{\a}{H_0(1+z)^{1/\a}}\,\,.
\label{eq:age}
\end{equation}
\noindent The dimensionless Hubble parameter is defined as:
\begin{equation}
E(z) \equiv \frac{H(z)}{H_0}=(1+z)^{1/\a}.
\label{eq:dimensionless_hubble}
\end{equation}

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent For the power law cosmology, the luminosity distance
between two redshifts $z_{1}$ and $z_{2}$ is
\begin{equation}
d_{\rm L}(z_{1},z_{2}) = \frac{c(1+z_{2})}{H_{0}} \,\,
\mathcal{S} \left(\frac{\a}{\a-1}\left
  \{(1+z_{2})^{\frac{\a-1}{\a}}-(1+z_{1})^{\frac{\a-1}{\a}}\right \}
  \right)\,\,.
\label{DL}
\end{equation}

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent In the limiting case, $\a \rightarrow 1$, we obtain
\begin{equation}
d_{\rm L}(z_{1},z_{2}) = \frac{c\,\,(1+z_{2})}{H_{0}}\mathcal{S}
\left[ ln(1+z_2)-ln(1+z_1)\right] \,\,.
\end{equation}

\vskip 0.3cm

\noindent Here

\begin{eqnarray}
\mathcal{S}(x) &=& \sinh(x)\,\,\mathrm{for}\,\,\, k = -1 \nonumber\\
&=& \sin(x)\,\,\mathrm{for} \,\,\,k = +1 \nonumber\\
&=& x \,\,\mathrm{for}\,\,\, k = 0 \nonumber\\
\end{eqnarray}

\section{ Observational Tests}

\subsection{Constraints from the Supernova Legacy Survey SNe Ia data
set (SNLS)}

\noindent Type Ia supernova (SNe Ia) are excellent
cosmological standard candles for estimating the apparent magnitude
$m(z)$ at peak brightness after accounting for  various corrections.
In this work we use the SNLS data set of 115 SNe Ia data points with
redshift $ z< 1$ \cite{snls}.

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent For a standard candle  of absolute magnitude M, the apparent
magnitude $m(z)$ can be expressed as:

\begin{equation}
m(z) = {\mathcal M} + 5 \,\log_{10}D_L(z)\,\,.
\end{equation}

\noindent Here $D_L(z)$ is related to the luminosity distance:
{\setlength\arraycolsep{2pt}
\begin{eqnarray}
D_L(z) & = & \frac{H_{0}}{c} d_{\rm L}(0,z) \nonumber\\
& = & (1+z)\,\,\mathcal{S}\left[\frac{\a}{\a-1}\left
  \{(1+z)^{\frac{\a-1}{\a}}-1\right \}
 \right]\,\,
\end{eqnarray}}

\noindent and
{\setlength\arraycolsep{2pt}
\begin{eqnarray}
{\mathcal M}& =& M - 5 \log_{10}h + 42.38 \,\,,
\end{eqnarray}}

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent is the ``zero point'' magnitude. We use $H_0 \,= \, h \,100
\,\mathrm {Kms^{-1}\, Mpc^{-1}}$.
\\
\\
\noindent The  distance modulus, $\mu(z)$, is defined as
\begin{equation}
\mu (z) = m(z) - M=  5 \log_{10}D_L(z) - 5 \log_{10}h + 42.38.
\end{equation}

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent The  {\it chi-square} function is defined as
\begin{equation}
\chi^{2}(h, \alpha) =
\sum_{i=1}^{115} \left [ \frac{{\mu_{exp}^{i}(h,\alpha,
    z_i)-\mu_{obs}^ i}(z_i)}
{\sigma_i} \right ]^{2},
\label{eq:SNe}
\end{equation}

\noindent where $\mu_{exp}$ is  the expected distance modulus for a
supernova at a given redshift z and $\sigma_i$ is the
error due to intrinsic
dispersion of SNe Ia absolute magnitude and observational
uncertainties in SNe Ia peak luminosity. These errors are assumed to
be Gaussian and uncorrelated. The observed distance
modulus, $\mu_{obs}$,  is given by the supernovae data set.

\subsection{Constraints from H(z) data}

\noindent Simon, Verde and Jimenez (2005) used differential ages of passively
evolving galaxies to determine the Hubble parameter as a function of
redshift, $H(z)$ \cite{svj}. They use a sample of absolute
ages of 32
galaxies taken from the Gemini Deep Deep Survey (GDDS) and the archival
data to obtain 9 data points of $H(z)$ with  $0.09 \le z \le 1.75$.
The Hubble parameter and the differential age of the universe, dz/dt,
are linked by the equation:
\begin{equation}
H(z) = -{1 \over {1 +z}}{dz \over dt}.
\end{equation}
The details of the method for calculating the dz/dt from the absolute
age is given by Simon, Verde and Jimenez (2005) \cite{svj}.

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent The $H(z)$ for power law cosmology is given by:
$$
E(z) \equiv \frac{H(z)}{H_0}=(1+z)^{1/\a}.
$$
\noindent In order to put bounds on the model parameter, $\alpha$,
we define the quantity:
 \begin{equation}
\chi^2 (h,\alpha)= \,\sum_{i=1}^9 { \left ( H_{exp}(z_i,\alpha,h) -
  H_{obs}(z_i) \right)^2 \over {\sigma_i^2}}
\label{eq:Hz}
\end{equation}

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent Where $H_{exp}$ is the expected value of the Hubble constant
in the power law cosmology, $H_{obs}$ is the observed value and
$\sigma_i$ is
the corresponding $1\,\sigma$ uncertainty in the
measurement.

\subsection{Joint Test: SNe Ia + H(z)}

\noindent We find the constraints on the cosmological
parameter $\alpha$ from the joint test of SNe Ia and H(z) data sets.
In this joint test we define the quantity

\begin{equation}
\chi^2_{\mathrm{joint}} = \chi^2_{\mathrm{SNe}} + \chi^2_{\mathrm{H(z)}},
\end{equation}

\noindent where $\chi^2_{SNe}$ is given by Eq.(\ref{eq:SNe}) and
$\chi^2_{H(z)}$ by Eq.(\ref{eq:Hz}).

\vskip 0.3 cm
\noindent Considering $h$ to be a nuisance parameter, we
marginalize over $h$ to obtain the
probability distribution function defined as:

$$ L( \alpha) = \int \, e^{-\chi^2_{\mathrm{joint}}(h,\,\,\alpha)/2}\,P(h)\,\,
dh.$$

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent Here $P(h)$ is the prior probability  function for $h$ which
we assume to be Gaussian:

$$P(h) = {1 \over {\sqrt{2\pi} \sigma_{h}}} \,\,\exp[-\frac{1}{2} \,\,\frac{(h-
h_{obs})^2}{\sigma_{h}^{2}}],
$$

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent  where $h_{obs}$ is the value of $h$ (and $\sigma_h$ is the error
in it) as suggested by independent observations. In this paper, we
also study the effect of different priors on the result. We use two
set of priors:
\vskip 0.3cm

\noindent (i) {\bf Set A:} $ h_{obs}\,\,=\, 0.68 \pm 0.04$ as obtained from
the median statistics analysis of 461
measurements of $H_0$ \cite{chen}.

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent (ii) {\bf Set B:} $h_{obs}\,\, =\,0.77 \pm 0.04$ as
suggested by the Chandra  X - ray  Observatory results \cite{cxo}.

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent The best fit model parameter is obtained by minimizing the
modified $\chi^2$ (obtained after marginalization over h) :

\begin{equation}
\chi^2 = -2 \ln L(\alpha)
\end{equation}

\noindent We performed the joint analysis for open, closed and
flat power law cosmologies.
The best fit value of $\alpha$ and the constraints on it seem to be
independent of the choice of prior in all the three models. The
result obtained with both the priors are summarised in Table 1. The
joint analysis also shows that the best fit scenario is an open model with
$\a_{min} = 1.31^{+0.06}_{-0.05}$.

\begin{table}

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l l r}\hline\hline
{\bf Closed} & {\bf Flat} & {\bf Open} \\
\hline
\hline
&& \\
{\bf Set A Prior}&&\\
&& \\
$\chi^2_{\nu}= 1.51$ & $\chi^2_{\nu}= 1.28$ & $\chi^2_{\nu}=1.15$\\
& & \\
$\a_{min} = 2.28^{+0.23}_{-0.19}$ &
$\a_{min} = 1.62^{+0.10}_{-0.09}$ & $\a_{min} = 1.31^{+0.06}_{-0.05}$ \\
& & \\
&&\\
{\bf Set B Prior} & &\\
&& \\
$\chi^2_{\nu}= 1.53$ & $\chi^2_{\nu}= 1.30$ & $\chi^2_{\nu}=1.17$ \\
& & \\
$\a_{min} = 2.28^{+0.23}_{-0.19}$ &
$\a_{min} = 1.62^{+0.10}_{-0.09}$ & $\a_{min} = 1.31^{+0.06}_{-0.05}$\\
& & \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{The best fit value of $\a$  and $\chi^2_{\nu}
  = \chi^2_{min} /( \mathrm {degree\,\, of \,\, freedom})$ for
the three models.}

\end{center}

\end{table}

\section{Summary}

\noindent In this paper, we study observational constraints on the power law
cosmology, $a(t) \, \propto t^{\alpha}$. This model of the universe
has very interesting features which makes it unique when compared to
the other models of the universe. Firstly, for  $ \alpha \ge 1$ it
does not encounter the horizon, flatness and age
problem \cite{kolb, mann, allen}. Secondly, such an evolution is a
 characteristic feature of
models that dynamically solve the
cosmological constant problem. Statistically this model may be
preferred over other models as we have to fit only one parameter,
$\alpha$.

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent  In the work presented here, we use the joint test, which uses
the SNLS data and H(z) data, to put constraints on the parameter
$\alpha$. To begin with, we work with all the three models - closed,
flat and open and put constraints on $\alpha$ in these three cosmologies.
The results on the cosmological test are summarized in Table 1. Fig. 1-3
show variation of $\chi^2$ with $\alpha$ for the three models ( with
set B prior). We also mark the
parametric space allowed at 90\% CL in the figures.
We make the following observations:

\noindent $\bullet$ For the three models under consideration,
the value of $\chi^{2}_{\nu}$, the best fit value of $\alpha$
and the constraints on it seem to be independent of the choice of prior.
\vskip 0.2cm
\noindent $\bullet$ The joint test favours an open power law cosmology
with $\a_{min} = 1.31^{+0.06}_{-0.05}$. As can be seen in Table 1, $\chi^2_{\nu}$
is minimum for an open power law cosmology.

\vskip 0.2cm
\noindent$\bullet$ The joint analysis does not rule out flat and closed power law  cosmologies.
However, we do observe that the
constraints on $\alpha$ are tighter for an open model.

\vskip 0.2cm
\noindent $\bullet$ The joint analysis rules out linear coasting ($\alpha = 1$)
in all the three cosmologies even at  90 \% CL. (see Fig.1, Fig.2 and Fig.3).

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent These observations match the conclusions
of Zhu et al. (2007) \cite{zhu}. They test the  power-law cosmology
against the recent measurements of the X-ray gas mass fractions
in clusters of galaxies. They conclude  that
the best fit is an  open model (with $\a_{min} = 1.14 \pm 0.05$)
though the flat and closed models can not be ruled out.

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent In the past, various observational tests have been used to put
constraints on the parameter $\alpha$ in an open power law cosmology,
such as gravitational
lensing, Old High Redshift Galaxies (OHRG), SNe Ia and X-ray gas mass
fractions in galaxy
clusters. Constraints obtained from the other tests along with the
constraints obtained from the SNe Ia data and H(z) data are summarized
in Table 2. The interest in an open power law cosmology
is on  account of the fact that a whole class of dilaton
gravity models that dynamically solve the cosmological constant rely
on a vanishingly small effective gravitational constant in the early
universe \cite{wein, meetu}. This gives an open FRW model for any
reasonable equation of state of matter.

\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent We observe that the joint analysis of SNLS and
H(z) data favours an open power law cosmology with $\alpha > 1$.
We further observe that the joint  analysis (SNLS + H(z)) done in
this letter rules out the Einstein-de Sitter universe ($\a = 2/3$).
\vskip 0.3cm
\noindent
Since the joint test of SNLS and
H(z) data presented in this work favours an open
power law cosmology, for the sake of completeness we find bounds
on $\alpha$ in open model separately using the SNLS data and the H(z) data.
We once again marginalize over $h$ to
find $\chi^2_{\nu}$ and the best fit values using each test. We find that:

\vskip 0.2cm
\noindent {\bf 1.} {\bf Constraints from SNLS data:} For set A prior, we get
the best fit value $\alpha = 1.421_{-0.07}^{+0.08}$
with  $\chi^2_{\nu} =  1.07$
With  set B, we get the same constraints on the parameter
$\alpha$ as obtained from set A but  with  $\chi^2_{\nu} =
1.09$. We find that the constraints on $\alpha$ do not depend upon the
choice of the prior.
We, therefore, conclude that the SNLS data favours $\alpha > 1$
(best fit value being $\alpha = 1.42^{+0.08}_{-0.07}$ ). This observational data rules out
linear coasting cosmology ($ \alpha = 1$) even at at $2 \sigma$
level.

\vskip 0.2cm
\noindent {\bf 2.} {\bf Constraints from H(z) data:} We find that the
H(z) data provides tight constraints on the model parameter $\alpha$.
With set A prior we obtain best fit value
$\alpha = 1.02_{-0.06}^{+0.09}$ with  $\chi^2_{\nu} =  0.834$.
With set B prior we get  the best fit value as
$\alpha = 1.07_{-0.09}^{+0.11}$ with  $\chi^2_{\nu} =
1.06$. We observe that for this test the constraints on $\alpha$
weakly depend upon the choice of priors. The H(z) data, however,
strongly favours linear coasting cosmology with the best fit value.

\vskip 0.2cm
\noindent We summarize: An open  power law cosmology with $\alpha >
1$ is in excellent agreement with the present day observations.
This makes it an attractive alternative. In fact, the possibility
of an open  linear coasting model as a viable model cannot be ruled
out (as suggested by the H(z) data). Concordance of the power-law cosmology
with CMB anisotropy measurement is a major area to be explored.
There are large numbers of surveys that are ongoing or have been
proposed. With the flood of new data (and the possibility that the
observational
techniques will be improved), the task ahead is to find  models
of the universe that can explain these observations. It will be
interesting to investigate how the future observations will change the
constraints on $\alpha$.

\begin{table}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l l r}\hline\hline
Method &  Reference & $\a$  \\
\hline
\hline
Lensing Statistics &  & \\
& & \\
(i) $n_{\rm L}$ & Dev et al.\,\cite{abha} &  $1.09 \pm 0.3$ \\
(ii) Likelihood &Dev et al.\,\cite{abha}  & $1.13^{+0.4}_{-0.3}$\\
\hspace{0.5cm} Analysis  &  &   \\
& & \\
OHRG & Dev et al.\,\cite{abha} & $\ge 0.8$ \\
& & \\
SNe Ia (Gold sample)  & Sethi et. al \,\cite{sethi} & $1.001$ \\
& & \\
Old Quasar & Sethi et. al.\,\cite{sethi} & $\ge 0.85$\\
& & \\
Galaxy Clusters & Zhu et. al.\,\cite{zhu} &$ 1.14 \pm 0.05$ \\
&&\\
SNe Ia (SNLS)& This Letter & $1.42^{+0.08}_{-0.07}$\\
&&\\
H(z) data & This Letter & $1.07^{+0.11}_{-0.09}$ \\
&& \\
SNe Ia + H(z) data & This Letter & $1.31^{+0.06}_{-0.05}$ \\
&& \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Constraints on $\a$ from various cosmological tests in an open
  power law cosmology model.}
\label{T2}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\section*{Acknowledgments}

\noindent A. Dev $\&$ D. Jain thank Amitabha
 Mukherjee and Shobhit Mahajan for providing  the facilities to carry out the research
 work.

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