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Hugh Aynesworth: Refusing a Conspiracy is his Life's Work
Written by James DiEugenio
Jim DiEugenio examines Dallas journalist Hugh Aynesworth and his role in covering up conspiracy in the JFK assassination.
Hugh Aynesworth
At the time of the assassination, Hugh Aynesworth was a reporter for the Dallas Morning News. He has maintained that on November 22, 1963 he was in Dealey Plaza and a witness to the assassination --- although there is no photograph that reveals such. At times, he has also maintained he was at the scene where Tippit was shot --- although it is difficult to locate a time for his being there. He has also stated that he was at the Texas Theater where Oswald was arrested --- although, again, no film or photo attests to this. Further, he has written that he was in the basement of the Dallas Police Department when Oswald was killed by Jack Ruby. Like Priscilla Johnson, Aynesworth soon decided to make his career out of this event. As we shall see, it is quite clear that he made up his mind immediately about Oswald's guilt. Long before the Warren Report was issued. In fact, he tried to influence their verdict.
On July 21, 1964 Aynesworth's name surfaced in the newspapers in Dallas in a column by his friend Holmes Alexander. Alexander implied that Aynesworth did not trust Earl Warren and therefore was conducting his own investigation of the Kennedy murder. He was ready to reveal that the FBI knew Oswald was a potential assassin and blew their assignment. He also had talked to Marina Oswald and she had told him that Oswald had also threatened to kill Richard Nixon. Alexander goes on to say that these kinds of incidents show the mind of a killer at work. That "of a hard-driven, politically radical Leftist which is emerging from the small amount of news put out by the Warren Commission. If the full report follows the expected line, Oswald will be shown as a homicidal maniac." Holmes concludes his piece with a warning: If the Commission's verdict "jibes with that of Aynesworth's independent research, credibility will be added to its findings. If [it] does not there will be some explaining to do." Clearly, Aynesworth contributed mightily to the article, had decided Oswald had done it even before the Commission had revealed its evidence, and was bent on destroying its credibility if it differed from his opinion.
The story about Marina and Nixon was so farfetched that not even the Warren Commission bought into it (Warren Report pp. 187-188). It has been demolished by many authors; most notably Peter Scott who notes that to believe it, Marina had to have locked Oswald in the bathroom to keep him from committing this murderous act; yet the bathroom locked from the inside. Also, as the Commission noted in the pages above, Nixon was not in Dallas until several months after the alleged incident. Further, there was no announcement in any local newspaper that Nixon was going to be in Dallas at this time period --- April of 1963. Since Aynesworth was quite close to Marina at this time (he actually bragged to some friends that he was sleeping with her) it may be that he foisted the quite incredible story on her in his attempt to portray Oswald as the Leftist, homicidal maniac he related to Holmes Alexander.
Aynesworth was also out to profit personally from the tragedy. In late June of 1964, Oswald's alleged diary from his Russian days appeared in Aynesworth's newspaper with a commentary by the reporter. Two weeks later it also appeared in U. S. News and World Report. An FBI investigation followed to see how this material leaked into the press. In declassified documents, it appears that the diary was pilfered from the Dallas Police archives by the notorious assistant DA Bill Alexander and then given to his friend Aynesworth. Aynesworth then put it on the market to other magazines including Newsweek. It eventually ended up in Life magazine also. Alexander, Aynesworth and the reporter's wife Paula split thousands of dollars. Oswald's widow was paid later by Life since, originally, Aynesworth had illegally cut her out of the deal. In another FBI report of July 7th, it also appears that Aynesworth was using the so-called diary for career advancement purposes. A source told the Bureau that part of the deal with Newsweek was that Aynesworth was to become their Dallas correspondent. As the Bureau noted, Aynesworth did become their Dallas stringer afterward. (It is interesting to note here that the "diary" has been shown to have been not a real diary at all. That is, it was not recorded on a daily basis but rather in two or three sittings.)
Right after this, in August of 1964, another trademark of Aynseworth's Kennedy career appeared: his penchant to attack and ridicule anyone who disagreed with him. Aynesworth published a review of Joachim Joesten's early book on the case entitled Oswald: Assassin or Fall Guy. The review is not really a review at all, it is just a string of invective directed at the author for believing such silly notions that Oswald could have been innocent and that he could have been an agent of the FBI and/or CIA. When rumors circulated that Oswald had been an FBI informant, which he apparently was, Aynesworth went to work discrediting them saying that it was all a joke he had made up --- even though he was not the source of the quite specific information.
In December of 1966, Aynesworth surfaced again on the Kennedy case. At this time Life was doing its ill-fated reinvestigation of the murder led by Holland McCombs and Richard Billings. Somehow, probably through McCombs who was a good friend of Clay Shaw, Aynesworth was a part of this investigation. Aynesworth began informing on the intricacies of the probe to the FBI. For instance on December 12th, Aynesworth informed the Bureau that they had discovered a man who connected Oswald with Ruby. Aynesworth turned over a copy of this report to the FBI. He also then told the Bureau that Mark Lane was a homosexual and had to drop his political career because of these allegations. At the end of the interview Aynesworth "specifically requested" his identity and his sources not be disclosed outside the Bureau.
Billings' investigation eventually and perhaps inevitably ran into the initial stages of the secret probe being conducted by District Attorney Jim Garrison. And because a mutual acquaintance of Billings and Garrison, David Chandler, was involved, Aynesworth was one of the first people to discover what Garrison was doing. The unsuspecting Garrison actually granted the duplicitous reporter an interview in his home. After the interview, Aynesworth wrote a note to McCombs that they should not let the DA know they were playing "both sides." Recall, this was the first time they had met face to face! So much for a modicum of objectivity.
Almost immediately Aynesworth set out to smear Garrison in the national press, to obstruct him by cooperating with law enforcement agencies who were opposed to the DA, and to defeat him in court by extending his services to Shaw's lawyers. All of the above is readily provable today as it had not been before the releases of the ARRB. It would not be hyperbole to write that no other reporter in recorded history had as much to do in opposing a DA both covertly and overtly as Aynesworth did in New Orleans from 1967-71. Especially when one extends Aynesworth's actions to connect with his two allies in this effort, namely James Phelan and the late Walter Sheridan. (Significantly, when the ARRB requested the files of Sheridan on the 1967 NBC special he produced, Sheridan's family sent them to NBC. And the network refused to turn them over.) Aynesworth's actions are too lengthy to be discussed here but they are recorded in detail in Probe Magazine (Vol. 4 No. 4) and also in the book The Assassinations: Probe Magazine on JFK, MLK, RFK, and Malcolm X (pp. 24-29). Aynesworth published an attack on Garrison in Newsweek on May 15, 1967 (about a week after Phelan's broadside had appeared in The Saturday Evening Post.) The "report" was clearly a venomous hatchet job that had one aim: to stigmatize Garrison and, by doing that, to neutralize his investigation by turning the public's attention away from his discoveries and toward the controversy being manufactured by Aynesworth, Phelan, and NBC's special which was to follow the next month. The article depicted Garrison as a modern day Robespierre whose investigation had bribed witnesses into making false claims, whose staff had threatened to murder a witness, and finally that Garrison was so possessed he held the entire city in thrall by terrorist tactics.
We have seen how Aynesworth informed on the Billings investigation with the FBI. On the Garrison case, he extended his reach. Before his article was printed, he forwarded a copy to George Christian who was press secretary for the White House. But not before he had called him and discussed his inflammatory and deceitful article. The actual telegram he sent is interesting in revealing his psychology. He tells Christian that he is informing because he is aware of what Garrison is up to. What, in Aynesworth's view, is he up to? He is trying "to make it seem that the FBI and CIA are involved in the JFK plot." But further, "he can ---and probably will --- do untold damage to this nation's image throughout the world." Finally, he tells Christian that although Garrison wants the government to defy him or to pressure a halt to his probe, that is not what they should do, "for that is exactly what Garrison wants." Of course, he again asked that his role be kept a secret. These last two assertions imply that Aynesworth would serve as the intermediary to obstruct Garrison clandestinely while claiming to be a reporter so that the government could keep its hands clean as he did their dirty work for them.
Further insight into Aynesworth's peculiar psychology came in an interview in 1979 on KERA, the Dallas PBS affiliate. He said there, "I'm not saying there wasn't a conspiracy. I know most people in this country believe there was a conspiracy. I just refuse to accept it and that's my life's work." In other words, what the facts are do not really matter to him. It's keeping the lid on a conspiracy to commit homicide that matters. (Wouldn't it have been interesting if Jennings would have confronted Aynesworth with that statement and asked him to explain his view of journalism in light of it?)
By the 1990's Aynesworth's role had been so exposed to those in the know that he couldn't appear at research conferences. So he did not show up at them himself --- as he may have, for surveillance purposes, earlier. Instead he arranged other conferences to eclipse them, as he did in 1993 for the 30th anniversary of the assassination. At this one in Dallas, someone asked him this: Had he ever cooperated with the government on a story prior to its publication? He denied it of course. Then the questioner read him the Christian memo quoted above.
Why couldn't Jennings do the same?
Last modified on Saturday, 08 October 2016 16:41
WARREN DEFENDERS
GARRISON INVESTIGATION
James DiEugenio
One of the most respected researchers and writers on the political assassinations of the 1960s, Jim DiEugenio is the author of two books, Destiny Betrayed (1992/2012) and The JFK Assassination: The Evidence Today (2018), co-author of The Assassinations, and co-edited Probe Magazine (1993-2000). See "About Us" for a fuller bio.
Permindex, CMC Documents
More in this category: « Ed Butler: Expert in Propaganda and Psychological Warfare The Two-Brain Memorandum »


text:
Laura Davies wins Spanish Women's Open for 76th worldwide victory
BENAHAVIS, Spain – English star Laura Davies won the Spanish Women's Open on Sunday for her 76th worldwide victory, closing with an even-par 71 for a two-stroke victory over American Christina Kim, England's Rebecca Hudson and Australia's Frances Bondad.
Davies, also a winner this year on the Ladies European Tour in New Zealand, Germany and Austria, finished at 11 under after opening with rounds of 65 and 66 on the Flamingos course. She overcame a quadruple-bogey 8 on the 13th, rallying with birdies on Nos. 14 and 15 to take a two-stroke lead.
At 46 years, 11 months, 14 days, the four-time major champion broke her own record as the oldest winner in Ladies European Tour history. She has 43 LET victories, 20 LPGA Tour titles and 13 other tour victories.
Kim shot a 65, and Hudson and Bondad had 67s.
(This version CORRECTS APNewsNow. Replaces headlines to correct to 76th victory.)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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HAPPY KWANZAA - "Imani"(FAITH). It's the New Year and kick it off with a BANG! We will talk LIVE with the winner from THE GRAND SHOWCASE FINALE of The Performance Lab - Ms. Bobbi Yarbrough and The man behind the Performance Lab - Mr. Curtis Von. Also, we will here from our Business Card Bingo Winner - Emily Burr of Evangelistictools.com - "Advertising For Jesus".


Autotroopers are the rank and file of the Cybertron Defense Police Command. In times of war they can be brought directly under the auspices of the office of the Magnus. Once selected for service, an Autobot goes through a remolding process into a uniform trooper shell, an antebellum model built for endurance and reliability, created by specialist Fisitron. Long megacycles of training make them a potent force against those on the wrong side of the law.
Availability: This figure was available in 3-packs exclusively at Botcon 2011 in 2011.
Additional Versions of Autotrooper: There are no additional versions of this figure.
Recolors: This mold was recolored from Botcon 2011 Animated Fisitron (2011).
Remolds: This figure was remolded from Cybertron Mode Autobot Ratchet (2010) and Animated Ironhide (2010).
Name Reuses: The name Autotrooper was never reassigned.


text:
const constants = {
  animationDuration: '1.75s',
  animationEasing: 'ease-in-out',
};

export default constants;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Here's what PayPal's first VC investor likes now in fintech
BlueRun Ventures
Feb 26, 2019 · 9 min read
Feb 25, 2019, 11:17am PST Updated: Feb 25, 2019, 11:39am PST
Jonathan Ebinger, who was the first institutional investor in what became PayPal, talked to the Business Journal about current fintech startups and growing concerns over privacy.
Jonathan Ebinger of BlueRun Ventures has a long view on investing in fintech, having been the first venture capitalist to back what became PayPal Holdings Inc.
He talked to the Business Journal recently about that and about growing concerns around how consumer data is being used. The following Q&A has been edited for length and clarity.
Your firm has been around a long time, hasn't it?
Yes, we've been around since 1999. We invest generally in the Series A stage, although that is becoming more and more ill-defined as a category. We like to invest in companies which are working on real-time systems to displace outdated decisioning and processes.
That opens up quite a wide range of business opportunities, so we try to focus on three in particular. We focus on financial technologies. We focus on healthcare. Then more broadly we focus on mobility. Those three areas have served us well for the past 18 to 20 years.
You were the first institutional investor in what became PayPal, right?
We were the first investors in a company called Confinity, which had a product called PayPal. We led the Series A round for Confinity and that led to a merger into X.com, and ended up becoming PayPal. We wrote a check for about a little over $1 million in that first round and that sent us on our way.
We have continued to invest in other companies from those founders, including a few of Max Levchin's companies over the years, and we've had some limited partner relationships with them as well. It's been a long and really productive relationship over the last 20 years.
What has been the biggest change you've seen in fintech and what is the biggest opportunity that you see in that space?
The biggest change I'm seeing is that banks — which at one time were fully integrated as savings and loans — have been really separated. You no longer need to only use a bank for your deposits.
Consumers and businesses have been chasing yields since the 1970s when the money market accounts came out. It has become much more institutionalized and more front of mind amongst depositors. Obviously, we're in a low-interest environment right now, but that may be changing. So I think you're just going to see an even further move away from what were considered safe areas to put your money.
Deposits used to drive lending but banks no longer need deposits in a bank to generate dollars to be lent out to small businesses and businesses. There are other sources of capital for lenders now. You no longer need to go to a bank. I think that, overall, is the single largest change in financial services. Banking is the largest of the financial services and when you separate the almost psychological link between savings and lending, that opens up a wide range of business opportunities.
We've been investing in that, I think, relatively successfully for the last 20 years or so. More recently, it's really accelerated.
Give me an example.
We've invested in a modern version of PayPal. It's a company called PayStand, which is effectively doing real-time payments for businesses. It is just mind-blowing how much commerce is still being done via purchase orders and paper checks between businesses. We see a huge opportunity there and we're going after that right now. PayStand is effectively creating private rails to immediately transfer money between businesses and free up working capital.
We remember well that 10 years ago, a lack of access to working capital was really the cause of the global financial crisis. To the extent that we can move cash and receivables more quickly to the suppliers, we think we can really stay ahead of any existential risks to companies and the economy overall by making sure that capital can move more quickly than it traditionally does between businesses.
There was a lot of talk of blockchain disrupting a lot of the types of things you're talking about. Have you invested in that? How do you view all of that?
Some of our companies use blockchain. It's not front and center with their sales pitch to customers, though. Customers don't really care or particularly want their money to be moving through what they consider cryptocurrencies and blockchain.
It's just something that you really don't need to use when you're simply dealing in fiat currencies. If you're using U.S. currencies, for example, you don't really need to trouble yourself with that. With PayStand, specifically, it's not in the sales pitch to the customer because it just creates additional confusion. Blockchain is really more of just a back-office functionality for them.
Give me another example of what you are investing in.
One of the other things that we're doing with the decoupling of the lending from the banks is we also invested in a company called Kabbage, which you may be familiar with. It's one of the leaders in small business lending.
They do just exactly that. They found alternative sources of capital for lending, which can therefore be used for a more efficacious and speedy route to capital for small businesses. Again, we don't need to be a bank to do that, which is really liberating.
When you start thinking about capital as something that a business can manage on their own and drop the veil of secrecy behind a bank, you can look at companies like Kabbage and these other companies. They say, "Let me manage your cash position overall for the company. If you have excess cash, let me invest that for you. Let me deposit that for you. If you need cash, let's put a short-term loan in. Let's smooth out these ups and downs, and through predictive analytics, we can solve in advance."
It's not a mystery that you have payroll on the 15th and the 30th. We know that there's a cash need coming, and if we can predict that and say, "Hey, it looks like you're going to be $1,800 short. How would you like to take a short-term loan out?That would be a great idea." Because you know that receivables are coming in a few days later. Versus having to go through a payday lender or something like that, that is much more using technology to make banking less of an opaque process, but more of an integrated partner in your business.
The number of early-stage deals, the area you focus on, has been going down in recent quarters even though the amount being invested is up. What do you attribute that to? Has that affected what you do at all?
I've seen that data as well. We're a small fund and we don't have a whole lot of trouble investing. We're doing eight to 10 deals a year. We're a small fish in a big sea. We don't really bend to the macro trends so much.
We do see that some series A pricing is going up. But I think a lot of that is just nomenclature inflation. We've done some seed rounds, which before would have been the size of a Series A. We put $1.5 million into Coupa when we led its Series A about 10 years ago and they have since gone public. Today, $1.5 million would be a small seed round. It's kind of the equivalent of grade inflation. Seed rounds are being done at the size of what used to be an A round. A's are now becoming the size of B's. It happens in school. It happens in venture, I guess.
It looked like your last fund raised less money than previous ones. Why?
Our funds are usually in the $150 million range, give or take $10 million or $20 million dollars. We have a small group of LPs and we have a pretty regular cadence with them. We go out every three years or so to raise a new fund. Whether it's$130 million or $150 million, it doesn't really matter too much.
All that really means is we're going to end up going out a quarter earlier or a quarter later to raise the next funds. We have about a dozen LPs and we have long-term relationships with foundations and state pensions and so forth. I didn't really give it a whole lot of thought, honestly.
Because of the length of time that you've been involved in the fund, you have seen a couple of dips in the economy and people have been predicting for a long time now that we're going to see another one.
Eventually, they're going to be right
How does that affect what you do? Did it have an impact on what you did right after the dot-com bubble burst and then the financial crisis 10 years or so ago?
Well, I think that, indirectly, some of the companies that we invested in were in reaction to the financial crisis. For example, we invested in Kabbage in 2010. The company was founded in '09, when companies were having working capital problems. I wouldn't say the financial crisis itself impacted our firm or our interest in getting out or putting money into early-stage companies. But it presented a different kind of company to invest in.
We're in these companies a long time, as you know. The average hold period is seven or eight years. I don't know what the economy is going to look like when it comes time to exit these businesses. A lot of Monday morning quarterbacking is written about how the best companies are created in recession and so forth. I think you can find what you're looking for in those kind of stats. I think there are plenty of good companies created during bull markets as well.
What would be a good example of what you have invested in, beyond fintech?
One is Human API in San Mateo. It is banking on the same thesis that I mentioned earlier with regard to using real-time systems to replace outdated processes. The name is actually quite descriptive of what Human API does. It is an API to collect all of your personal data on the health side. This isn't the scary sort of system you're reading about so often in the papers today. It aggregates the data on an opt-in basis to provide it to insurance companies that you're looking to get a policy from.
What we do with Human API is we provide underwriters with an ability to look at your life longitudinally. Like, this is how many days of exercise and this is what I'm eating.
Whatever data that is connected to you that you're willing to share can all be used for better underwriting. You see the same sort of things in car insurance. If you let the drivers track their miles and their average speed, you can use that for better underwriting for auto insurance.
That gets into an area that a lot of folks are getting more concerned about, isn't it — businesses using private consumer data?
I think what you're really seeing in reality, versus what may be covered in terms of privacy, are two different things. We see this on the business side and also on the consumer side. If the data is being used in ways that clearly are transparently explained and provide a clear benefit to the consumer, they're happy to share it for their own benefit.
There is an implicit value exchange, which is happening with these businesses, whether it's Gmail reading your mail to give you targeted advertising or Facebook going through your activity to give you more targeted messaging or targeted campaigns. I think most people understand that you can't get something for nothing.
Whether or not we're going to be getting a data dividend, like Gov. Newsom asked for, or not, I think is yet to be seen. We definitely are making sure that our companies are transparently disclosing what data is being captured and for what it's being used for.
But in terms of whether all of this is actually impacting our investing decisions, the answer to that is no.
You can now establish a trust relationship in real time today and share data and we really think that that is a trend that is not going backwards. We're excited about it and I think the current focus on this is important. But I think it will ultimately lead to, hopefully, a better understanding from the consumer of how their data is used. Thinking that it's going to stop, I think, is a mistake.
Cromwell Schubarth TechFlash Editor
Silicon Valley Business Journal
BRV Signals
News, observations and thoughts from the Bluerun Ventures network.
Blue Run Ventures
We help entrepreneurs build companies that transform industries.


Introducing our new Asia Regional Director!
Pictured above, our new Asia Regional Director - Shreya Bhatt!
Earlier this quarter, Jay Evans transitioned out of his role as Asia Regional Director. Jay had been with Medic Mobile since 2013 and it was under his leadership that set up our Asia Regional office in Kathmandu. Over the next four years, our Asia office grew from a staff of three to seventeen and we developed partnerships in India, Nepal, and Indonesia. Most notably, Jay led our team as we negotiated a partnership with the Ministry of Health in Nepal, laying the groundwork for scale and sustained impact in the region.
While we are sad to see Jay go, we are delighted to announce that Shreya Bhatt has since stepped in as our new Asia Regional Director. Since Shreya joined Medic in 2013, she has been key to Medic's success in Asia, previously supporting our team as India Program Manager and Director of Special Projects. In her previous roles, she provided essential partnerships and programmatic direction to the region.


text:
Office of the Governor > News > Press Releases > 2018 Press Releases > Gov. Justice orders all United States and West Virginia State flags to be flown at half-staff IMMEDIATELY until sunset on Monday, February 19, 2018 as a sign of respect for the school shooting victims in Parkland, FL.
Gov. Justice orders all United States and West Virginia State flags to be flown at half-staff IMMEDIATELY until sunset on Monday, February 19, 2018 as a sign of respect for the school shooting victims in Parkland, FL.
CHARLESTON, WV - Governor Jim Justice has issued a proclamation in accordance with President Donald J. Trump's proclamation ordering that all United States and West Virginia State flags on all State-owned facilities throughout the state be displayed at half-staff IMMEDIATELY until sunset on Monday, February 19, 2018 as a sign of respect for the school shooting victims in Parkland, FL.


text:
By Petty Officer 1st Class Gregory Johnson
500 participating in disaster response exercise
Pacific Partnership 2019 Mission Commander Capt. Randy Van Rossum shakes hands with Royal Navy Capt. Paddy Allen, director of mission, during an all-hands call aboard the Military Sealift Command expeditionary fast transport USNS Brunswick (T-EPF 6) prior to the Brunswick's departure. Pacific Partnership, now in its 14th iteration, is the largest annual multinational humanitarian assistance and disaster relief preparedness mission conducted in the Indo-Pacific. Each year, the mission team works collectively with host and partner nations to enhance regional interoperability and disaster response capabilities, increase security and stability in the region, and foster new and enduring friendships in the Indo-Pacific. U.S. Navy photo by Mass Communication Specialist 3rd Class Chanel L. Turner
The U.S. Navy will join allied and partner nation forces for the 14th Pacific Partnership mission, scheduled to begin March 4.
This annual maritime operation will help improve disaster response preparedness, resiliency and capacity while enhancing partnerships with participating nations and civilian humanitarian organizations throughout the Indo-Pacific. Pacific Partnership is the largest annual, multilateral disaster response preparedness mission conducted in the Indo-Pacific.
This year's mission will be led by Commander, Destroyer Squadron 1, embarked in the expeditionary transport ships USNS Brunswick (T-EPF 6) and USNS Fall River (T-EPF 4).
It will include more than 500 military and civilian personnel from Australia, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Peru, the Philippines, South Korea, Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United States. "Pacific Partnership is about building trust and sharing knowledge," said Rear Adm. Joey Tynch, commander, Task Force 73, the executive agent for Pacific Partnership 2019. "This mission shows that the U.S., our partners and hosts are working together to making this region better prepared for disaster response." Experts in the fields of engineering, medicine and disaster response will partner with each host country to conduct civic-action projects, community health exchanges, medical symposiums and disaster response training activities. Engagements between Pacific Partnership participants and host nations are intended to improve capacity, enhance regional partnerships and increase multilateral cooperation for disaster preparedness. "Pacific Partnership brings nations together to prepare in calm to respond in crisis," said Capt. Randy Van Rossum, commodore, Destroyer Squadron 1, the mission commander for Pacific Partnership 2019. "Our mission team, made up of servicemembers and volunteers from around the world, reflects this enduring commitment to the region." Pacific Partnership began in response to one of the world's most catastrophic natural disasters, the December 2004 tsunami that devastated parts of South and Southeast Asia. The mission has evolved over the years from emphasis on direct care to an operation focused on enhancing partnerships through host nation subject matter expert and civil-military exchanges. Pacific Partnership 2019 will have several distinctions from previous iterations: . This year's mission will be conducted from aboard two expeditionary fast transport ships, which provide rapid intra-theater transport and have the capability to conduct relief operations in small or damaged ports. . This year's planning and activities reflect the region's interest in building Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster Relief capability and strengthening resilience. . This is the second year a multinational command-and-control structure will be used, consisting of a director of mission from the United Kingdom and mission chief staff officer from Australia. . Pacific Partnership will continue to leverage the U.S. National Action Plan on Women, Peace and Security (WPS), a plan backed by Executive Order 13595 and UN Security Council Resolution 1325. Integration of WPS into Pacific Partnership yields opportunities to engage with partner nations on the topics of gender integration and gender perspectives, as well as preparedness in dealing with vulnerable populations (women, children, elderly and disabled) during and in the aftermath of crises.
Pentagon urged: build defense posts in Palau, Yap, Tinian
Underwater search begins to locate missing airmen from WWII; list shows 43 soldiers remain unaccount
US intercepts ICBM target with destroyer-launched SM-3 Block IIA missile


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text:
layout: docs
title: Customize
description: Learn how to theme, customize, and extend Bootstrap with Sass, a boatload of global options, an expansive color system, and more.
group: customize
toc: false
aliases: "/docs/5.0/customize/"
sections:
  - title: Sass
    description: Utilize our source Sass files to take advantage of variables, maps, mixins, and functions.
  - title: Options
    description: Customize Bootstrap with built-in variables to easily toggle global CSS preferences.
  - title: Color
    description: Learn about and customize the color systems that support the entire toolkit.
  - title: Components
    description: Learn how we build nearly all our components responsively and with base and modifier classes.
  - title: CSS variables
    description: Use Bootstrap's CSS custom properties for fast and forward-looking design and development.
  - title: Optimize
    description: Keep your projects lean, responsive, and maintainable so you can deliver the best experience.
---

## Overview

There are multiple ways to customize Bootstrap. Your best path can depend on your project, the complexity of your build tools, the version of Bootstrap you're using, browser support, and more.

Our two preferred methods are:

1. Using Bootstrap [via package manager]({{< docsref "/getting-started/download#package-managers" >}}) so you can use and extend our source files.
2. Using Bootstrap's compiled distribution files or the [Bootstrap CDN]({{< docsref "/getting-started/download#bootstrapcdn" >}}) so you can add onto or override Bootstrap's styles.

While we cannot go into details here on how to use every package manager, we can give some guidance on [using Bootstrap with your own Sass compiler]({{< docsref "/customize/sass" >}}).

For those who want to use the distribution files, review the [getting started page]({{< docsref "/getting-started/introduction" >}}) for how to include those files and an example HTML page. From there, consult the docs for the layout, components, and behaviors you'd like to use.

As you familiarize yourself with Bootstrap, continue exploring this section for more details on how to utilize our global options, making use of and changing our color system, how we build our components, how to use our growing list of CSS custom properties, and how to optimize your code when building with Bootstrap.


The financial crisis, now called the Great Recession, is fading from the minds of Americans, but many households are still feeling its effects. People reaching retirement age thought they were set until the investment market crashed, wiping out much of their retirement fund. Many have recovered, but for some the timing was disastrous.
Others, for any number of reasons, reached retirement age without enough of a nest egg and now find themselves low on money. None of this was helped by the decision to not have a COLA (Cost of Living Adjustment) raising Social Security payments, three years ago.
If you or a loved one does not have enough money to meet basic needs, you need to know about programs that can help. When the most immediate needs have been filled, it also makes sense to stand back and think about next steps.
Let's start with the programs you may already know.
Social Security. Throughout your working years you paid into Social Security. The average retiree receives about $1,404 in benefits as of 2018. If your spouse passed away or you're disabled, you may qualify for benefits, too. For many, Social Security is the cornerstone of their income, but it's not meant to be the primary income source.
Medicare. You paid into Medicare during your working years, just as you did with Social Security. You should be receiving Part A benefits at zero cost (see Medicare 101: Do You Need All 4 Parts? ). Part D, better known as the prescription coverage has a low income subsidy called Extra Help (see below).
Medicaid. Medicaid, not Medicare, is where you go if you need assistance with medical costs. The program provides coverage if you're "aged, blind, and disabled," providing you are under certain income limits. You can receive Medicare and Medicaid benefits at the same time. See Medicaid Vs. Medicare.
Food Stamps. Seniors are eligible for the food stamp program, also call the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP.) Go to the SNAP website to learn more.
Supplemental Security Income. SSI is not Social Security. Instead, it's a public assistance program that provides aid to the aged and/or disabled. You can learn more about eligibility and how to apply at the Social Security website.
The first place to go is Benefitscheckup.org. This is a website sponsored by the National Council on Aging that includes information on more than 1,700 public and private assistance programs for adults over 55, including nutrition, legal, housing and education. Simply complete the short form and the site will list any programs that may apply to you.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services sponsors eldercare, a website similar to the above. Enter your city or zip code and the site returns local assistance programs available to you.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture administers The Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP). Similar to food stamps, this program is available to seniors at least 60 years old and is administered at the state level. More information is here.
Tax Relief. Seniors may be eligible for tax relief—often property or real estate taxes, vehicle license fees, and solid waste fees. Certain income caps may apply and each state has varying laws and eligibility requirements.
You may also apply for a federal tax credit if you fall below certain income limits. See IRS publication 524 for more information.
Legal Services. Many attorneys and practices will provide legal services to seniors for free or at a discounted rate. Look at the AARP attorney search tool to find people in your area.
Job Training. The United States Department of Labor administers The Senior Community Service Employment Program (SCSEP), a program that provides training and part-time job placement for seniors under certain income limits. Jobs pay minimum wage but serve as a way to provide training that may lead to a better job in the future. Learn more about this program here. Also see The Best Jobs For Retirees and Impact Of Continuing To Work In Retirement.
Housing Vouchers. The Housing Choice Voucher Program (HCVP) offers assistance for anybody living in certain properties run by local public housing agencies. Vouchers are income based and often have a long waiting list (2 to 5 years). For more information contact your local government office.
Help with Utilities. Many utilities companies around the nation provide assistance programs to senior who can't afford to pay their utility bills. Contact your utility company and ask if it has an assistance program.
Spending less isn't just about government or private programs, and you can build in a lot of fun. You now have time to smell the roses and even grow some – in your own garden or a community garden, if your town has one. Along with vegetables, of course. You can get four meals for the price of one chicken, or one chicken dinner out, if you cook it yourself. It's worth polishing your cooking skills or learning some new ones.
If you live near a university, you have time to go to the free concerts every music student has to give in order to graduate. That's a lot of music. Some volunteer programs include lunch for the volunteers – and they're a good way to meet new people in your community, even if you didn't move after you retired.
The best exercise, if you can manage it, is walking, and all you need are adequate shoes. Speaking of which, look into the Silver Sneakers fitness programs, sponsored through many Medicare health plans in more than 11,000 locations.
As a senior, you're surrounded by discounts, including many you probably don't know about. See No COLA Raise? Discounts to Help Seniors Budget.
And if you haven't done so already, take true control of your retirement finances. If you're married, make sure both spouses are involved; one of you will probably have to take the primary role at some point. It's important to discuss everything thoroughly, especially when money is tight and you don't have much room to recover from mistakes. See 5 Ways To Stretch Your Retirement Budget.
This is also the time to discuss whether you plan to stay where you are or relocate to a smaller home or less expensive community. The factors to consider are too numerous to list, but try to discuss them as fully and early in your retirement as possible. And read Avoid the Downsides of Downsizing In Retirement.
With a little bit of digging, retirees can find a host of programs designed to assist with living expenses. Many of these programs are administered by your state or local government. Contact the appropriate government offices for more information or go to their websites. And remember, if your computer's not working well, many public libraries have extensive computer facilities and staff trained to help you learn about new equipment.


Keep your pet's teeth and gums clean and healthy.
- No taste, color or smell.
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Note: Most pets accept Liquid Oral Care right away. If not, try adding ᄐ capful per 8 ounces of water the first few days until your pet fully accepts.
my very picky cat could not taste this product when diluted! she hasn't had any problems with her mouth in months, this product is super helpful to help maintain oral health.


text:
The Love Of Time – Watches Blog
Nomos Tangente Update Watch Won The European Product Design Award
Posted on 12. September 2013 by admin
Three awards in one year-Tangente neomatik 41 Update watch from NOMOS Glashütte has been awarded with honors from watchmaking and design.
(Glashütte / Berlin, August 2019) Official news: NOMOS Glashütte is proud to announce that the Tangente Update has been awarded the Gold Medal-this watch has just won the European Product Design Award (ePDA). Since its first launch last year, Tangente Update has become the best-selling watch style-following the Geneva Grand Haute Horlogerie Award for its best technology and watchmaking award for the best challenge watch award, and the iF Design Award After the success, it is now recognized by the third international award.
NOMOS's iconic style: Since its launch 25 years ago, Tangente's simple design, angular shapes and highly recognizable fonts have always made it a favorite best-selling watch, and Tangente neomatik 41Update is going through the era After the evolution, the upgraded style was introduced. This classic watch has a diameter of less than 41 millimeters and a significant increase in size, but the outline is still extremely slim. The date ring surrounds the dial and is paired with two red markers to show the current date-an interesting design ingenuity and practical functions. This type of calendar display is innovative and unique to the NOMOS Glashütte brand.
The European Product Design Award (ePDA) is awarded annually by an independent jury of design experts to recognize products that are beautifully designed and make life easier; its selection criteria include innovative performance, aesthetics, functionality and sustainability .
Military Watch Take You To Appreciate The Gun Smoke Of Gun Forest Bullet Rain
Every man has a military complex. In this harmonious era, let the military watch show you the smoke of gunfire, and wear them to start the mighty tough guy road.
Why choose a military watch?
Military products represent that all indicators are made according to strict rules. The models are generally more precise and have military characteristics. The models are sturdy and suitable for wearing in various environments. At the same time, the military watch's design is rugged, and men's wear is more tough. The military watches mentioned in this article are military style watches, some are modified versions based on the standard military watch, some are cooperation models of the watch factory and the army, and some are replica designs specially designed by the watch factory based on previous models. . Cypress BR01 COMPASS Compass Military Watch
For urban white-collar workers who want to dress themselves tougher, the Bell & Ross Compass Limited Military Watch is the best choice. This dial, inspired by the navigation compass, shows the sense of technology and war. , Even a very handsome man wearing it is domineering and exposed. $ 59,500
Hublot Big Bang Commando Bang
表 The watch case and strap are made of Nomex's professional man-made fibers and ceramic materials. They are fireproof and temperature resistant. Huber President Biver boldly accepted the design inspiration of netizens and developed a new battlefield watch. The white camouflage strap, white, green, and black camouflage dial and the same tone adjustable strap fully demonstrate its wild temperament. Most people can't hold it. ¥ 128,600 Panerai LUMINOR 1950 47mm 3-Day Power Reserve Watch
In the 1930s and 1940s, Radiomir and Luminor were the names of two different luminous materials. In watches specially designed for Italian Navy commandos, Panerai uses these luminous materials to improve the watch's readability at night and underwater. This watch first adopted the design that evolved from the Radiomir to the Luminor case that year. 47mm diameter polished stainless steel case, but with the signature round pillow-shaped lines that Radiomir still has today. $ 71,800
IWC TOP GUN Miramar Chronograph
The surface of the ceramic case is carefully modified to give a shiny metallic gray tone. Beige hands and minute rings and a rough green fabric strap also emphasize its unique style. The watch is also equipped with a minute outer ring and a smaller hour inner ring. This original design originated from precision watches in the 1930s and 1940s, when accurate minutes and seconds were the key to determining the flight position. ¥ 96,600 Jiajia
Master Diver Series Professional diving watch This watch cooperates with the American elite underwater combat unit-the seal unit. After exceptionally rigorous testing by SEAL forces, superior performance and durability are the goals of this watch. Whether it's underwater or on land, it's a watch that showcases superb craftsmanship. It is the best choice for the man who pursues the ultimate. $ 114,000
Breitling Aviation Astronaut Watch
This new limited edition of 1962 pieces of aviation chronograph astronaut watch was born to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the legend. It has both elegant and tough appearance. The black dial is paired with a small silver dial. The dial pattern is created on a sterling silver chassis using extremely fine enamel technology, which shines brightly, showing unmatched brightness and legibility. The bottom of the case is exquisitely engraved with the 'Aurora No. 7' mission medal, and it is especially engraved with the Celsius / Fahrenheit conversion scale to pay tribute to the classic design of the Breitling Aviation Chronograph. ¥ 79,600 Hamilton Khaki Navy Pioneer
The former naval sailing timer showed unparalleled accuracy and was hailed as 'the perfect timer with zero error' by the Naval Observatory. This Navy Pioneer Limited Edition continues the glorious tradition, is reliable and practical, and pays tribute to the brand's 120th anniversary. $ 20,850
Trieste Chronograph
43mm titanium case, lightweight and convenient for hiking. All design parameters are military standards, with a temperature resistance of minus 40 ° C, a 7500Gs impact test, a magnetic resistance of 12000A / m, and a super high pressure resistance (water resistance) of 600 meters. $ 28,400
Vickers Sabre ALPNACH Mechanical Chronograph
The Swiss Air Force Alpine Helicopter Base is named and inspired by the Alpnach mechanical chronograph watch of the famous twin rotor Puma AS 532 helicopter. It is Victorinox Swiss Army's most imaginative chronograph watch to date. $ 17,600
Tissot T-TOUCH series watch
This watch has an automatic demagnetization function to ensure the accurate movement of the watch during military operations; the ultra-light titanium case has high loss prevention characteristics; it can meet your weather forecast, altitude with a touch of the mirror Height, compass, automatic demagnetization, dual alarm, thermometer and other requirements. $ 8,550
The Case Movement Is Integrated Into The World's Thinnest Mechanical Watch
Posted on 8. September 2013 by admin
Neither the movement nor the case, the two merge into one. Piaget brings us a brand new watch experience. The world's thinnest mechanical watch, PiagetAltiplano 38mm900P, integrates the manual-winding movement and case components into a whole, only 3.65 mm thick. Piaget Piaget, who is well versed in the production of ultra-thin watches, witnessed the brand's superb technology for more than half a century with Altiplano 38mm900P, creating another brilliant achievement in the field of ultra-thin watches, perfectly showing the advantages of Piaget's two integrated watchmaking workshops . Piaget watchmaking masters, watchmaking craftsmen and designers work together in the brand's fine watchmaking factories and watchmaking workshops to breathe life into this precise and reliable masterpiece. To celebrate the 140th anniversary of Piaget Piaget, the brand specially launched this new Piaget Altiplano 38mm900P ultra-thin watch that rewrites the future of ultra-thin premium watches. The watch design showcases advanced and innovative technology, and is specially named 900P to commemorate Piaget's first ultra-thin hand-wound movement, 9P, introduced in 1957. The 9P movement is only 2 mm thick, successfully establishing Piaget's position in the ultra-thin watchmaking field. In 1960, Piaget set a new record with the 12P movement, which was only 2.3 mm thick, making it the world's thinnest automatic winding movement at the time. Since then, the brand has successively refreshed the ultra-thin records of many manual and automatic winding movements, and some are equipped with complex functions. Among them, the best include the world's thinnest manual winding rectangular tourbillon movement 600P, and among the same type of movement The thinnest automatic winding movement 1208P and so on.
Outstanding ultra-thin movement tradition
Piaget's fine watchmaking workshop will continue its love for slim movements. Of the 35 movements developed and manufactured by the brand, up to 23 are ultra-thin movements, of which 12 have been rewritten in the past few years. The record of ultra-thin movements has become an important part of the brand's existing watch series. Each movement is an outstanding achievement, marking the outstanding craftsmanship of the brand over the years. This exquisite craftsmanship has enabled Piaget to create countless extraordinary watches and continue to expand the limits of craftsmanship and introduce new ones. Piaget's masterpieces of watches are not only known for their extreme slimness, but also for the purpose of each watch and every decision of the watch factory. These 23 ultra-thin movements have witnessed the brand successfully managing these two challenges. Since the launch date, they have continued to produce and have not overshadowed the aftershocks. Among them, the durable 430P movement is the most widely produced ultra-thin movement in the world. Thin hand-wound movement.
The perfect integration of the skills of the two integrated watchmaking workshops
Making ultra-thin movements is a long-lasting test. From the first draft, designers need to remove all unnecessary parts while maintaining the function, aesthetics and durability of the movement. Streamline structure. Only a few watch factories design movements in this way, and only a few of them can independently develop and manufacture movements and cases under the strict supervision of brand designers, and Piaget is one of them. A watchmaking workshop that can reach this initiative. PiagetAltiplano 38mm900P combines the case and the movement design into one, not only has become the world's thinnest mechanical watch, and with the brand's two own watchmaking workshops, this initiative has been successfully created: the watchmaking workshop in LaCôteaux Fées specializes in making machines The watchmaking workshop in Plan-les-Ouates is specialized in the production of watch cases. The technology of the two watchmaking workshops is closely combined by PiagetAltiplano 38mm900P into a single case with exposed case components, inside and outside. Naturally designed movement.
The production process of this ultra-thin masterpiece took a full three years. The master watchmaker, case craftsman and designer cooperated in every stage of research and development, production, adjustment and retouching, which led to the birth of PiagetAltiplano38mm900P. In the process, each of the technical and aesthetic decisions affects each other and the lips and teeth are interdependent. PiagetAltiplano38mm900P's 145 parts are all reduced to the smallest size. The smallest part is only slightly thicker than the diameter of the hair. Some gears are thinner to only 0.12 mm (the thickness of the classic movement is 0.20 mm). The gap between the parts also needs to be carefully calculated. During the design, the position of each part is delicately arranged, with an accuracy of one hundredth of a millimeter, so that the fixed parts and the moving parts are perfectly joined to ensure that the moving parts can move smoothly, thereby ensuring the machine. The core operates smoothly.
The mystery of the thinnest mechanical watch ever
The mystery of this ultra-thin watch is actually buried in the structure of the case: the case back is also the main plate of the movement, the movement and the case are integrated, and the mechanical parts are directly mounted on the case. Such a complicated structure means that the movement of the movement needs to be turned upside down. The bridge is mounted on the side close to the dial. In order to enhance the aesthetics, the bridge design is exposed. In order to further reduce the space of a few millimeters, Piaget has also compressed the entire movement and the pointer installation system as much as possible, and the thickness is thinner than the balance wheel, so that the hour and minute hands can be displayed eccentrically, implementing the classic design features of the PiagetAltiplano series. The watch also sees the operation of the entire gear set, allowing users to pry into the secrets of such ultra-thin watch masterpieces and high-tech movements. Piaget has developed a floating barrel for this narrow movement, which is suspended on a single bridge on the side of the dial, as opposed to the traditional movement of fixing the barrel to the main splint. The Piaget Altiplano 38mm900P watch is cleverly designed and has a power reserve of up to 48 hours without affecting the performance of the movement.
Patented technology under application, pushing the limits of reliability
When the watch is under extreme stress, such as in water, the glass or crystal mirror is slightly deformed. For ordinary watches, this physical phenomenon has little effect, but if the situation occurs on ultra-thin watches, because the space inside the watch is extremely small, the glass may be pressed against the pointer when it is deformed under pressure, resulting in mechanical failure. The core stops working. In order to prevent this problem from appearing on ultra-thin watches, Piaget has devised a revolutionary device (patent pending) that breaks the limit of the reliability of ultra-thin watches. Instead of fixing the hands on the bridge, it fixes them below. , Vacate the space between the minute wheel and the crystal mirror surface, even if the crystal mirror surface is deformed by pressure, it will not directly press on the pointer (because the pointer is installed behind the bridge), it will only press the gear set, which will not affect the machine. Core operating frequency.
Unmatched retouch
Piaget insists that while thinning ultra-thin watch parts, it will never sacrifice the accuracy of the watch, nor will it compromise the finish of the watch. PiagetAltiplano 38mm900P was born with this conviction. Even if some of the 145 parts of the watch are hidden inside, the craftsman still carefully polishes and polishes each part, showing the most advanced watchmaking tradition with long-time manual techniques. Ultra-thin watch parts are thin and precise, and the finishing work is more sophisticated than ordinary watch parts.
At the same time, the case back that also serves as the main splint is polished and sandblasted, and the gears are alternately retouched with solar radiation or annular corrugated matte polishing. The open-cut design sees through the sophisticated mechanical mechanism of the movement. The bridge is treated with chamfering and sun-radiated matte finish. After black coating, it forms an elegant contrast with the white gold case. The rose gold model uses carbon gray mechanical parts, while the same white gold inlaid gem model is set with 78 diamonds on the bezel, which shines brightly. The dedicated power correction system is engraved with the Piaget initial 'P' mark, highlighting the brand identity in a harmonious and delicate masterpiece of high-end watches.
Extraordinary fine jewelry watch
Piaget has pioneered ultra-thin movements since the early 1960s, and has created countless extraordinary styles over the years, demonstrating the brand's exquisite fine watchmaking technology and fine jewelry craftsmanship. Watch and jewelry setting is a rigorous craftsmanship. Craftsmen need to overcome many difficulties. The challenge of mounting on ultra-thin watches is even more daunting. The reason is that it is limited by the slim contour and the ultra-thin case. The design allows only extremely small tolerances, while only very limited space is available for gem setting. The Piaget Altiplano 38mm900P jewelry watch, which is only 5.65 mm thick, is set with a total of 4.71 carats of diamonds, setting a new record for the world's thinnest jewelry watch. 304 diamonds have different cutting effects. The bezel is made of rectangular cut diamonds, the lugs and the front side are set with round diamonds, and the dial is decorated with 33 rectangular cut diamonds. Piaget set diamonds on the bridge screws and gear trains, pushing jewelry watches to another level. Even the folding buckle of the crocodile leather strap can be seen in the delicate gem setting. The overall retouching effect is gorgeous, never neglecting the smallest details, making a magnificent watch exquisite like an artwork.
The vast Altiplano
Altiplano is Spanish, which means 'plateau'. It is located in the middle of the Andes and spans more than 1,500 kilometers. It is one of the highest living areas in the world, with an average altitude of 3,650 meters. The Altiplano area has been blown by strong winds for a long time, the vegetation is sparse, and the horizon is vast. Under the desert plateau, it is a treasure trove of natural resources, burying a lot of mineral resources such as gold, silver and copper. Piaget not only based on Altiplano's vast landscape, designed a simple and modern high-tech Altiplano series, but also injected another treasure into the watch: mechanically equipped in a simple and modern design, such as the time scale on the eccentric dial with single row and double Lines are alternately displayed, presenting a timeless classic aesthetic in a contemporary way. The case of the new PiagetAltiplano 38mm900P watch is made of 18K white gold, with a simple appearance and outstanding internal structure, which makes people love at first sight and even forget that it is the world's thinnest mechanical watch. Altiplano 38mm900P has no negative Altiplano name, showing popularity …
A Unique Experience See How Roger Dubuy Subverts The Concept Of Time
From November 23rd to 26th, in the 'underground parking lot' of Beijing SKP, a unique and priceless experience kicked off, with Roger Dubuis and Lamborghini , This extraordinary combination of the extraordinary Swiss watch brand and the galloping Italian Lamborghini Squadra Corse sports team launched in such a highly disruptive scene. When the vision of the engineer meets the extraordinary creativity of the watchmaker, everything is so natural.
Roger Dubuis uniquely chose to host this event in the 'underground parking lot'. The 'underground parking lot', which is carefully decorated and has a unique atmosphere, presents the unique surprise brought by the brand. The event venue was also equipped with a subversive display of imitation piston watches, a spectacular Lamborghini racing lineup, and even a watchmaker who was present at the scene.
Roger Dubuis CEO Jean-Marc Pontroué
In addition, Duan Yihong and actor Liu Kaiwei who just won the 30th Tokyo Film Best Actor Award this year also attended the opening ceremony to support Roger Dubuis' new watch.
Excalibur Aventador S rose gold watch
Excalibur Spider Pirelli pure white watches and Excalibur Aventador S rose gold watches debuted at the event. Two fascinating and magnificent timepieces are a new interpretation of Roger Dubuis's classic Excalibur King series. Both were born with the help of partners: Pirelli, which embodies a 'perfect fit', and carries 'excellent machinery, gallop' Lamborghini-both are iconic brands with bold visions, disruptive design and extreme research and development strategies. Roger Dubuis's extraordinary creativity is once again reflected in various strong and strange contrasts.
In addition, guests at this event will have a chance to experience an exclusive racing experience at Beijing Golden Port International Circuit. Roger Dubuis' strategic partner FFF Racing Team will take guests to experience the car 'drift' and ride Speed on the track in a car driven by a professional driver.
Summary: Roger Dubuis' 'interstellar cutout' concept has become the most important core concept of the brand in recent years. I also interviewed Gregory Bruttin, Roger Dubuis movement research and development director at the scene. He said that in the future At least, in the next three years, the 'interstellar cutout' of the King series will be the most important focus of the brand, because it has been recognized by consumers. And this means that there will be more King Series watches to meet watch friends at SIHH next year, let us wait and see.
35 Million! A New Record For Rolex Auctions Is Born
On May 13, 2017, local time, the auction house of Fine Arts and Bacs & Russo held the fifth Geneva Watch Auction: FIVE.
The 93rd lot of this auction is the unique Ref.6062 'Bao Dai'. After eight minutes of bidding, this timepiece was finally sold for 5,066,000 Swiss francs (equivalent to approximately RMB 35.08 million), setting a Rolex auction. new record.
After months of anticipation, watch fans from all over the world gathered together to witness this historical moment in the auction hall of the Geneva Reserve Hotel.
Ref. 6062 'Bao Dai' is regarded by collectors as one of the most valuable and worthy Rolex watches. This is a three-calendar moon phase gold watch. There are only three Ref.6062s in the same version (black dial, diamond hour markers), and 'Bao Dai' is the only one with diamonds set at the even hour markers. .
The original owner of this watch is the last emperor of Vietnam, Bao Dai. When this watch appeared on the market in 2002, Filix was sold at a record price, making it (at that time) the most expensive Rolex timepiece at auction. At that time, the auction price was $ 235,000, in other words, the value of this watch has increased 21 times 15 years later.
Chinese Tourbillon Watches The Highest Level Of Chinese Watchmaking Industry
Parmigiani Launches Stunning New Wooden Tourbillon Music Watch
The Luxury Watch Generation Is More Expensive Than The First Generation, But The Price Of Mark Has Dropped
Baoper And Fairmont Le Montreux Palace Host Michelin-starred Chef Danny Garcia's Gourmet Feast
Introduction To Iwc Portofino Chronograph
© The Love Of Time – Watches Blog . All rights reserved.


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Il Museo archeologico nazionale Gianfilippo Carettoni di Cassino è situato lungo la ss. 149 che dal centro urbano conduce a Montecassino. L'edificio è stato costruito a ridosso delle mura dell'antica Casinum, centro di remota origine, e dell'area archeologica, in posizione sovrastante l'anfiteatro e presso la cosiddetta Porta Campana, venuta alla luce solo successivamente alla realizzazione del museo stesso.

Dal dicembre 2014 il Ministero per i beni e le attività culturali lo gestisce tramite il Polo museale del Lazio, nel dicembre 2019 divenuto Direzione regionale Musei.

Storia
La prima pietra per la costruzione della struttura che accoglie il museo archeologico è stata posta il 15 marzo del 1966 in occasione del diciottesimo anniversario della distruzione di Cassino avvenuta durante la seconda guerra mondiale.
I lavori di edificazione subirono notevoli ritardi e furono ultimati solo verso la fine degli anni settanta, l'inaugurazione del museo è avvenuta nel 1979.
Il 2003 è un anno importante: il 12 dicembre il museo viene intitolato a Gianfilippo Carettoni, archeologo al quale si devono importanti e fondamentali studi su Casinum, oltre a quelli realizzati alla fine del 700 da Don Flavio Della Marra e all'inizio del 900 da Luigi Pigorini.
Gianfilippo Carettoni ha legato il suo nome alla riscoperta e valorizzazione del teatro romano di Cassino: gli scavi da lui effettuati e gli studi pubblicati ne fanno un benemerito per la città laziale.

Dal 2021 è direttore del Museo Archeologico Nazionale "G. Carettoni" e dell'Area Archeologica di Casinum, Marco Musmeci .

Struttura del museo
Il museo si sviluppa su una superficie di 500 m² organizzata in tre sale e un lapidarium al piano inferiore. Già nel giardino è esposta una raccolta di frammenti architettonici, per lo più pertinenti a sepolcri, e di epigrafi.

Ingresso
All'entrata osserviamo materiali lapidei e reperti di epoca preistorica e risalenti alla protostoria.
Per i primi abbiamo un'ara in calcare con epigrafe dedicatoria proveniente e un fusto liscio di colonna in marmo policromo dal teatro di Cassino ascrivibile all'età augustea.

Vetrina a banco
Mostra vasetti miniaturistici con datazione che va dal IX al VII secolo a. C., rinvenuti ad Aquino, a Villa S. Lucia-S. Scolastica e a Pietra Panetta.
Da Cassino, presso la Località Folcara, proviene un frammento di molare d'elefante, databile al paleolitico.

Prima sala (ottagona)

La sala contiene materiale risalente alla preistoria e alla protostoria, oltre ai reperti di epoca romana provenienti dalla necropoli di Campo di Porro, e la statua dell'eroe, anch'essa di epoca romana.
Ai due lati dell'entrata troviamo una colonnina marmorea scanalata e un fusto di colonnina in marmo bigio.

Prima vetrina
Presenta i rinvenimenti provenienti dalla necropoli di Campo di Porro. La necropoli è stata individuata in località Campo di Porro, a pochi chilometri dalle mura di Casinum. L'area sepolcrale è di età romana, collocabile dal I al II secolo a. C.
Primo Ripiano: bronzo (monete; un ardiglione; chiodi; una pinzetta; un anello; aghi; una campanella, forse pendaglio; una lastrina); ferro (un coltello; chiodi; diversi elementi e strumenti); ceramica (un frammento; balsamari; una fuseruola); argento (una moneta); osso (uno spillone); vetro (balsamari); una gemma incisa con volto di Ercole; una castone di anello; brocchette in impasto.
Secondo Ripiano: un'anfora frammentaria; diverse olle in impasto; coperchi di olla; una ciotola in terra sigillata italica; una coppa.
Terzo Ripiano: sono esposti due scheletri di fanciullo rinvenuti nella tomba 9, entrambi collocabili al II-III secolo d. C.

Seconda vetrina
Contiene i rinvenimenti dal sepolcreto di Casinum: necropoli volsca dell'età del ferro che sarà poi utilizzata anche dai romani, individuata da Gianfilippo Carettoni in una zona relativamente pianeggiante situata a ridosso dell'area archeologica. Sono state recuperate sedici sepolture di cui cinque sono femminili, sette maschili, una di infante, le altre non sono definibili per la scarsezza del materiale. I resti dei corredi funerari rinvenuti permettono di datare il sepolcreto a un periodo compreso tra la fine dell'VIII e il VI secolo a. C. La vetrina contiene poi rinvenimenti da luoghi vicini a Cassino: Villa S. Lucia-S. Scolastica, S. Vittore del Lazio-Colle Radicosa, Aquino, S. Biagio Saracinisco-Ominimorti. Tali resti appartengono alle età della preistoria e della protostoria.
Primo Ripiano: espone i corredi funerari delle tombe 1-2-3-4-5, sono fibule in bronzo; vaghi (perle) a forma di goccia in ambra; una borchietta (ornamento di velo o abito) in bronzo; lame di ferro; armille in bronzo; anelli in bronzo; un raschiatoio in selce; resti di vaso in impasto. È presentata anche un'anfora in impasto con decorazione incisa, proveniente da Villa S. Lucia-S. Scolastica.
Secondo Ripiano: contiene i corredi delle tombe 6 e 7 del sepolcreto di Casinum. Abbiamo: bronzo (fibule; armille; elementi di cintura; pendagli a bulla circolare; pendagli ad ancora; una catenella di anellini concatenati tra loro; una punta di lancia e un anellino); pendagli a bulla romboidale in ferro; vaghi di collana in pasta vitrea e vaghi di collana in ambra; una lama frammentaria di un coltello; una tazza carenata.
Terzo Ripiano: contiene reperti rinvenuti a S. Vittore del Lazio-Colle Radicosa (materiale d'abitato dell'età del ferro, IX-VIII secolo a. C.); Aquino (industria litica, Paleolitico Superiore); Villa S. Lucia-S. Scolastica (frammenti di bacile bronzeo, VII secolo a. C.; lama di ossidiana, età neolitica; materiale d'abitato dell'età del ferro, IX-VIII secolo a. C.; industria litica, Paleolitico Superiore e Paleolitico Medio); S. Biagio Saracinisco-Ominimorti (materiale d'abitato dell'età del ferro, IX-VIII secolo a. C.).

Vetrina a banco
Esibisce il calco del Lapis Satricanus. Osserviamo, poi, la cosiddetta Arma Samnitium, che appartiene al corredo dei metalli, recuperata a S. Biagio Saracinisco. Si tratta di una spada con fodero saldati insieme ad elementi di giavellotto di datazione ascrivibile al IV-III secolo a. C.

Terza vetrina
Presenta i resti rinvenuti presso il sepolcreto di Casinum.
Primo Ripiano: espone i resti dei corredi delle tombe 8-9-10-11, con fibule; fermatrecce; una brocchetta; elementi in bronzo; tazze con impasto bruno; una scodella; pendagli d'ambra; vaghi di pasta vitrea; una catenella; un'olla in impasto rossastro; frammenti di vaso in impasto.
Secondo Ripiano: contiene i reperti dai corredi delle tombe 12-13-14-16 con fibule in bronzo; un elemento bronzeo, forse pendaglio; resti di scheletro; una lama di coltello in ferro; una scodella monoansata; un anello e due spirali in bronzo; un elemento di fibbia di cinturone; un'ascia in ferro; un'anforetta in impasto bruno scuro; frammenti di tazza; un piccolo pendaglio in osso.
Terzo Ripiano: contiene i resti del corredo della tomba 15, con schegge di selci; un'ascia in ferro; una corta spada in ferro; piccoli anelli; un pendaglio in bronzo; fibule.

Quarta vetrina

Primo Ripiano: espone il materiale proveniente da S. Biagio Saracinisco-Ominimorti, risalente ad un periodo di V-IV secolo a. C., con metalli (un cinturone sannita in bronzo; punte a giavellotto in ferro); reperti ceramici; una scodella; una coppa con piede. Osserviamo poi un rinvenimento proveniente dalla stipe di Mèfete di Aquinum, tale stipe è una delle tante dedicata a questa divinità italica, legata alla presenza di acque terapeutiche, diffuse nell'Italia centro-meridionale. L'oggetto in questione è un frammento del labbro di un vaso di marmo con iscrizione destrorsa in lingua osca a Iunoni Puplunai, Giunone Pupluma, databile al III secolo a. C.
Secondo Ripiano: espone materiale proveniente dalla necropoli volsca di Satricum, con olle; un kantharos; anforette; scodelle a vernice nera; coppette; brocchette; un kylik a vernice nera; un pelike a vernice nera; una tazza a vernice nera.
Terzo Ripiano: mostra materiale sporadico dal sepolcreto di Casinum, con vasi e frammenti di vasi; diverso materiale bronzeo (una fibula, una punta di lancia, anelli, frammenti); schegge silicee; un'anforetta.

Statua dell'eroe

La statua è stata rinvenuta da Gianfilippo Carettoni durante gli scavi del teatro nel 1936, all'interno del pozzo grande della scena. Nel 1938 l'eccezionale reperto venne portato al Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli. Nel 2002 il calco dell'eroe è stato esposto presso il nostro Museo Archeologico e solo nell'aprile 2013 l'originale è rientrato a Cassino, in occasione dei Campionati Nazionali Universitari.
La statua è databile alla fine della Repubblica romana, alla seconda metà del I secolo a.C.
È in marmo pentelico, al momento dello scavo solo il torso era in ottimo stato, mentre gli altri frammenti furono trovati ad una certa distanza da esso sparsi all'interno e all'esterno della scena.
Dopo la ricomposizione l'immagine rappresenta un uomo in nudità eroica in atteggiamento di riposo e distacco dall'impresa appena compiuta. L'atteggiamento è quello di un uomo nel pieno della sua virilità, dai tratti energici e risoluti evidenziati dalle profonde rughe, dagli occhi incassati nelle orbite e dalla bocca dal taglio fermo. La tipologia del volto, dalla fisionomia fortemente personalizzata, è ottenuta con un modellato che si distingue da quello del corpo, più morbido e sfumato, per i tratti decisi della caratterizzazione di ogni particolare della testa. L'intenzione di creare un ritratto personalizzato su di un corpo atletico di derivazione greca riporta al gusto neoattico tipico della fine della Repubblica romana, periodo in cui numerosi esempi attestano il ricorso a modelli derivati dalle opere degli artisti greci. Probabilmente, nel caso dell'eroe, si tratta di un membro della famiglia della gens Ummidia che annovera importanti personaggi quali Gaio Ummidio Durmio Quadrato e sua figlia Ummidia Quadratilla.

Seconda sala
Sono esposti i materiali architettonici, scultorei e ceramici provenienti dall'area archeologica di Cassino, in più i reperti dalla necropoli di Casinum e dalla necropoli di Aquinum.

Materiali disposti in sala (da sinistra)
Capitelli ionici: due capitelli a quattro facce in stucco bianco, rinvenuti presso il mausoleo di Ummidia Quadratilla e databili alla seconda metà del II secolo a. C.
Una lastra di rivestimento in calcare con decorazioni a girali: proveniente dalla necropoli di Casinum, è databile alla seconda metà del I secolo a. C.
Due are funerarie in calcare.
Tre frammenti di cornici curvilinee: provengono dal teatro di Casinum, sono in marmo lunense ed hanno modanature decorate con anthemion, astragalo, motivo a squame, dentelli, kyma lesbio, databili all'età augustea.

Materiali disposti sul tavolo centrale
Un frammento di fusto di colonna, proveniente dal teatro di Casinum, è in marmo pavonazzetto e databile all'età augustea.
Una testa marmorea di Atena: di provenienza ignota, e databile al periodo che va dal I secolo a. C. al II secolo d. C.
Un frammento di cornice curvilinea, proviene dal teatro di Casinum, è in marmo lunense con modanature decorate, ed è databile all'età augustea.
Tre capitelli provenienti da Cassino, databili all'età imperiale: il primo è stato rilavorato e reimpiegato come base di elemento angolare per la chiesa Madre di Cassino.

Letto funerario dalla necropoli di Aquinum

La sala offre reperti dei corredi e il letto in osso provenienti dalla necropoli di Aquinum.
Dalla necropoli è emerso un consistente corredo e nella vetrina a banco è esposta una parte di questi materiali. Questi oggetti consentono di datare l'inizio della necropoli tra la fine del III e l'inizio del II secolo a. C., con una frequentazione ininterrotta fino all'inizio del I secolo a. C.
Tra i rinvenimenti dalla necropoli c'è un letto in osso, che è stato scoperto sul lato di fondo della tomba 6 insieme ad altri elementi, è stata, infatti, ipotizzata la presenza di una cassettina con decorazioni in osso e metallo e, forse, un piccolo sgabello, sempre in osso, di cui sono stati trovati dei resti.
Il letto funerario, composto da 4 fulcra, 2 sponde ricavate sui lati lunghi del manufatto e le gambe, risulta completo nella sua ricostruzione.
Notiamo una struttura slanciata e una decorazione ad altorilievo dei cilindri delle gambe e bassorilievo dei fulcra.
Le gambe erano costituite da una struttura lignea con anima in ferro e decorata da elementi in osso modulari; la parte figurativa in altorilievo propone sul lato estremo figure femminili alate, sul lato interno erme con teste femminili e/o di putti.
I fulcra erano rivestiti sulle due facce laterali da lastrine sagomate e decorate in bassorilievo, nel culmen teste di cigno che portano nel becco un fagotto, nel campo centrale centauri accovacciati con pisside in una mano, nei medaglioni teste maschili di profilo.
Le sponde erano decorate da elementi convessi, ricorrenti al centro, e da cornici laterali.
Il letto era probabilmente ricoperto da una lamina d'oro (tracce di doratura e foglie sulla capigliatura, panneggi delle vesti e ala).

Terza sala

Vi sono raccolti materiali architettonici, scultorei, epigrafici e ceramici provenienti dal teatro e dall'area archeologica di Cassino, oltre che da località vicine.

Materiali disposti in sala (da sinistra)
Due frammenti di fusto liscio di colonna, in marmo africano, dal teatro, di età augustea.
Un'ara cilindrica in calcare decorata con ghirlande a rilievo sostenute da bucrani, proviene da Via Panoramica sulla s. s. Montecassino ed è databile alla prima metà del I secolo a. C.
Un coperchio di cinerario in calcare ad omphalos, decorato con un tralcio d'edera, proviene da Cassino, località ignota, ed è databile al I secolo a. C.
Un elemento di forma quadrangolare, proveniente dalla chiesa di S. Maria del Riparo di Cassino, e databile in età augustea.
Un elemento di macina, proveniente dal teatro.
Due frammenti in calcare di fregio d' ordine dorico a triglifi alternati a metope, rinvenuti in contrada Foresta a Cervaro, databili al I secolo a. C.

Materiali disposti sul tavolo centrale
Sono esposti rinvenimenti provenienti dal teatro, databili all'età augustea: un frammento di torso in marmo bigio pertinente ad una statuetta rappresentante un cavallo nell'atto di impennarsi; un frammento di lastra marmorea in marmo bianco decorato a motivi floreali; frammenti di statua in marmo bianco; una base triangolare di candelabro in marmo pentelico (su ognuno dei lati c'è un oggetto dionisiaco); un frammento di fusto liscio di colonna in alabastro listato.
Da provenienza ignota e databili tra il I e il II secolo a. C. vi sono una porzione di rilievo funerario in marmo bianco, rappresentante il busto di due defunti.
Dall'area archeologica proviene una statua femminile con chitone in marmo bianco del II secolo d. C.

Griglia
Espone iscrizioni e reperti lapidei in marmo provenienti dal teatro e da zone limitrofe, databili dal II secolo a. C. al III secolo d. C.

Prima vetrina
Primo ripiano: mostra esemplari di testine marmoree e un frammento di mano scoperti nel teatro, sono databili tra la fine del I secolo a. C. e il II secolo d. C.
Secondo ripiano: espone ceramiche provenienti dall'area archeologica. Abbiamo coppe, piatti e coperchi in ceramica a vernice nera databili tra il IV e il II secolo a. C. Seguono alcuni frammenti del III-II secolo a. C. Infine osserviamo alcuni esemplari di coppe e tazze in ceramica sigillata italica, in terra sigillata tardo italica e terra sigillata chiara africana, databili tra il I e il VII secolo d. C.
Terzo ripiano: espone anfore e frammenti di anfore rinvenuti in area archeologica e databili tra il III secolo a. C. e il II secolo d. C.

Vaso con segni zodiacali

Si tratta di un manufatto in marmo bianco, proveniente da Aquinum e databile al II secolo d. C. Le pareti sono lisce, la fascia centrale è decorata con la raffigurazione dei segni dello zodiaco, nella sequenza canonica, tuttavia non è rappresentato il segno dei pesci. I segni zodiacali sono di dimensioni differenti e posti a distanze diverse l'uno dall'altro.

Seconda vetrina
Primo ripiano: mostra ceramica da mensa e da fuoco di uso quotidiano, gli esemplari provengono dall'area archeologica e sono databili tra il III secolo a. C. e il V secolo d. C. (un tegame; coppe; un frammento di bacino; boccalini e brocche per liquori; coperchi per pentole; balsamari usati per contenere profumi; frammenti di anfore, anse e frammenti di anse; fuseruole; fittili interpretati come lucerne, candelieri o tappi di anfore).
Secondo ripiano: espone materiali provenienti dal sepolcreto di Cassino e dal Ninfeo Ponari, databili tra il III secolo a. C. e il II secolo d. C., con antefisse fittili e frammenti di antefissa; lastre fittili e frammenti di lastre fittili e in marmo rosso; un gocciolatoio; una maschera fittile; pesi da telaio; frammenti di pavimento e mosaico; frammenti di un mattone e di decorazione marmorea; un corno in bronzo con tracce di lamina in oro pertinente ad una statua; un frammento di alabastro; un piccolo animale in terracotta; testine; una mascherina.
Terzo ripiano: sempre dal sepolcreto di Cassino e dall'area archeologica abbiamo fistulae acquarie fittili e plumbee, un frammento di tubatura fittile, mattoncini circolari per suspensurae.

Lapidarium

Durante i lavori di costruzione del museo sono stati individuati resti di strutture murarie e ambienti che testimoniano una storia edilizia plurisecolare dell'area. Ad una prima fase, inquadrabile in età repubblicana, appartengono alcuni tratti di mura in opus quadratum di calcare travertinoso. Ad una seconda fase, riconducibile forse all'età tardo-repubblicana, appartengono le strutture in opus caementicium.
Il Lapidarium è costituito da due ambienti nei quali sono esposti materiali lapidei molti dei quali contengono testi epigrafici. Si tratta per lo più di iscrizioni dedicatorie che menzionano nomi e cognomi di famiglie rinomate durante la repubblica e l'Impero romano.

Area archeologica
L'area comprende i resti dell'antica Casinum: il popolamento della città comincia in epoca preistorica ma abbiamo tracce precise soltanto a partire dalla protostoria. Casinum risulta essere popolata prima dai volsci, poi dai sanniti, e passa sotto il dominio romano a partire dal III secolo a. C.
L'area prevede un percorso attraverso il quale si osservano le mura megalitiche, la Porta Campana, le sostruzioni, l'anfiteatro, il cosiddetto mausoleo di Ummidia Quadratilla, il teatro, il ninfeo, passando per più tratti su strada basolata.

Mura megalitiche

Le mura megalitiche sono costruzioni avvolte in un affascinante alone di mistero e Casinum ne possiede tre diverse cinte: le prime due muraglie sono identificabili come costruzioni preromane e databili al V-IV secolo a. C., il terzo anello è sicuramente più tardo.
Un ampio circuito murario racchiude l'antica città romana, si tratta di poderose mura in opera poligonale con un percorso di circa 4,5 km. La cinta abbracciava un'area più vasta di quella effettivamente urbanizzata, andando a raggiungere la cima di Montecassino e lo sperone roccioso di Rocca Janula.
Un'altra cinta di mura in opera poligonale circonda Montecassino, essa è raccordata, come già esposto, al circuito della città.
All'interno del circuito dell'acropoli sono visibili i resti di un terzo anello, che si trova al di sotto dell'abbazia, anch'esso in opera poligonale, con funzione di sostruzione degli edifici preesistenti.

Porte di accesso, strada basolata e sostruzioni

L'ingresso alla città era assicurato da almeno due porte: provenendo da Roma si entrava nell'abitato attraverso la cosiddetta Porta Romana, che si apriva sul lato sud-ovest della cinta muraria in opera poligonale e, dopo aver attraversato longitudinalmente l'abitato, se ne usciva attraverso la cosiddetta Porta Campana, che si trovava sul lato nord-est. Di Porta Romana non resta traccia, cosa che invece abbiamo per la Porta Campana.
La strada basolata era in calcare bianco, classificata come via Latina Nuova, proseguiva all'interno della città e usciva dalla porta Campana. Un tracciato esterno alle mura si collegava alla precedente, il lastricato è perfettamente conservato ed è delimitato ai lati da un basso marciapiede, i visibili solchi lasciati dalle ruote dei carri attestano un'intensa e prolungata frequentazione di questo accesso alla città.
La strada lastricata extraurbana costeggia brevi tronconi delle mura e due grosse sostruzioni di terrazzamento al pendio. La prima sostruzione, molto restaurata, presenta una fronte lunga più di 15 m, con 14 nicchie e due bracci ortogonali che si interrano progressivamente nel pendio. Proseguendo lungo la strada si incontra la seconda imponente sostruzione, lunga 33,45 m. Anche questa è articolata in tre bracci: alle spalle di quello frontale c'è la solita sequenza di nicchie di scarico.

Anfiteatro

L'anfiteatro è situato all'esterno dell'area urbana di Casinum, a ridosso delle mura poligonali. La scelta di questa posizione è dovuta, forse, all'assenza di altre aree edificabili all'interno della città o forse perché costruito in un terreno di proprietà della probabile finanziatrice dell'opera: la matrona Ummidia Quadratilla. Tale posizione, comunque, consentiva sia agli abitanti di Casinum sia alla popolazione del contado una piena e comoda fruibilità del monumento. L'anfiteatro venne costruito vicino alla necropoli di Casinum, nell'area dell'anfiteatro c'era, con tutta probabilità, un'appendice della suddetta necropoli che dovette essere eliminata proprio per la costruzione dell'edificio, forse per una scelta di natura politica.
L'edificio ospitava circa 4000-4200 spettatori per un totale di 12 gradinate.
La costruzione dell'anfiteatro sarebbe da collocare in un periodo precedente a quello riferibile a Ummidia Quadratilla, e ascrivibile alla tarda età augustea o comunque all'età giulio-claudia.
L'anfiteatro ha una pianta ellittica, nel suo asse maggiore misura m 85, nel suo asse minore m 69, nel punto di massima altezza raggiunge i m 18, è realizzato in opus reticulatum.
Il muro perimetrale, oltre che dai fornici, è interrotto nella sua linearità da una sequenza di blocchi parallelepipedi che servivano da appoggio ai pali di sostegno del velarium.
Alla sommità delle gradinate nella parte nord ovest, sull'asse minore dell'ellissi, ci sono tre piccoli ambienti a pianta rettangolare, tre palchi. Quello centrale è il tribunal: una sorta di piccolo vano coperto a uso per le autorità.

Mausoleo di Ummidia Quadratilla

L'edificio noto come mausoleo di Ummidia Quadratilla è stato concepito in epoca romana alla metà del I secolo d. C. come mausoleo monumentale. Alla fine dell'XI secolo venne trasformato in chiesa dedicata a S. Nicola da Teodebaldo. Caduto in successivo abbandono, venne nuovamente ristrutturato per volere dell'abate Diodato alla fine del XVII secolo e dedicato al Crocifisso. I restauri seguenti hanno riportato alla luce le strutture del mausoleo, pesantemente danneggiato dai bombardamenti del secondo conflitto mondiale, azzerando quasi completamente le fasi medievali e tardo seicentesche della chiesa.
L'edificio si trova all'interno dell'area urbana di Casinum, immediatamente a ridosso della linea delle mura, appena a valle del teatro.
La tomba è realizzata con una struttura in opus quadratum che è probabilmente contemporanea alla fodera esterna in opus latericium e opera mista caratterizzata da specchiature in reticolato di calcare fra ricorsi in mattoni.
Ummidia Quadratilla Asconia Secunda apparteneva alla famiglia degli Ummidi Quadrati ed era figlia di Gaio Ummidio Durmio Quadrato.
La tomba di Ummidia Quadratilla è organizzata su due livelli. Quello superiore, corrispondente al podio, è quasi scomparso del tutto, ne resta solo il tamburo (architettura) ottagonale in blocchi lapidei. Il livello inferiore corrisponde alla cella vera e propria, parzialmente ipogea, realizzata in opera quadrata di blocchi di calcare.

Teatro

Il teatro romano, noto fin dal XVIII secolo, venne scavato da Gianfilippo Carettoni a nome della Soprintendenza della Antichità della Campania rappresentata dal professore Amedeo Maiuri.
Il teatro subì diverse distruzioni per i bombardamenti che colpirono Cassino durante la seconda guerra mondiale, e dopo la guerra fu anche depredato.
Nel 1956 è iniziata la prima vera operazione di restauro, per mano dell'architetto Giulio Jacopi della Soprintendenza di Napoli, tale lavoro ha riguardato le strutture fuori terra sia nell'area della scena e nel coronamento, sia nelle sostruzioni della cavea e della gradinate, le quali vennero completamente ricostruite in stile.
Successivamente, è stata realizzata una grande operazione di recupero del monumento, sono stati attuati espropri e abbattimenti delle costruzioni interessate, è stato costruito un parcheggio.
Nel biennio 2000/2001 ci sono stati nuovi interventi di restauro e scavi diretti dall'architetto Silvano Tanzilli, lavori che hanno interessato l'area dei portici post scaenam e la parte terminale est che concludeva il commesso teatrale, a ridosso della strada basolata.
Le caratteristiche tecniche collocano la sua datazione in età augustea.
La cavea era divisa da uno stretto passaggio/corridoio (praecinctio) in due settori distinti (moeniana), superiore (summa cavea) e inferiore (ima cavea). I gradini erano divisi, attraverso strette scale, a loro volta in 4 sezioni (cunei), intagliate nei blocchi. Il meniano superiore era coronato da una galleria semi-anulare voltata (crypta), oggi in gran parte perduta.
La scena ha una pianta rettangolare, nel muro di fondo (frons scaenae), ancora parzialmente conservato, si aprivano le classiche tre porte attraverso le quali entravano ed uscivano gli attori nel teatro antico: la regia al centro e le hospitalia ai lati.
La parte posteriore della scena era caratterizzata dalla fronte continua del muro con paramento in opus reticulatum e dalle brevi rampe di accesso alle tre porte inquadrate da semicolonne di calcare.
Dagli ultimi scavi sul teatro è emerso che esisteva sui tre lati della piazza retrostante la scena un portico a doppia campata, mentre sul lato ovest, a ridosso della scena, un portico ad una sola campata con pilastri e colonne, del quale si conservano lo stilobate e la canaletta esterna (visibile anche sul lato sud).

Ninfeo Ponari

Il Ninfeo Ponari si trova nella zona mediana dell'antica Casinum, sulla fascia longitudinale a monte del sistema urbanistico dell'antica città e ne occupa uno dei quadranti settentrionali. In questa zona, caratterizzata da una certa pendenza, trovavano collocazione le principali domus della città romana.
L'edificio è databile al I secolo a. C., ma le decorazioni arrivano fino al II secolo d. C.
Il ninfeo risulta semi-incassato nel terreno e coperto da una volta a botte a sesto ribassato, presenta una pianta rettangolare, chiuso su tre lati e completamente aperto su quello frontale. Le tre pareti sono movimentate dalla presenza di nove nicchie (tre per ogni parete) a pianta rettangolare e copertura piana.
L'edificio si apriva con una sorta di stretto atrio, da intendere come parte integrante dell'edificio stesso. Tale atrio è a pianta quasi quadrata, delimitato da pareti laterali scandite verticalmente in facciata da lesene, completamente scoperto e arricchito, al centro, da una piccola vasca a pianta quadrata.
Il pavimento è decorato con un mosaico a scaglie marmoree (scutulatum).
Le pareti del ninfeo rivelano tracce dell'esistenza di due fasi decorative. La prima fase decorativa è detta a "mosaico rustico", realizzata con tesserine di blu egiziano, frammentini di calcare, forme di vetro policromo e conchiglie di vario tipo (tellina, cardium, murex brandaris, ecc.). La seconda fase decorativa parietale è più tarda, testimonia una ristrutturazione del complesso in età imperiale e consiste in una decorazione a intonaco dipinto.
Interessante è osservare gli ornamenti dell'atrio che precede il ninfeo, le pareti hanno la stessa successione delle due fasi descritte precedentemente.
La pavimentazione dell'avancorpo, in mosaico monocromatico, è assai lontana dalla raffinatezza di quella dello spazio interno. Lo spazio centrale dell'ambiente è occupato da una vasca di compluvio foderata in marmo bianco venato, fiancheggiata sui lati lunghi da lastre di marmi mischi probabilmente di reimpiego e dalla disposizione irregolare. Il resto dello spazio è pavimentato in mosaico bianco a tessere medio-grandi in calcare.

Note

Bibliografia
Museo

Area archeologica

Voci correlate
Cassino
Montecassino

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Cassino
Cassino
Musei statali italiani
Cassino
Musei di Cassino

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