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Preparation of enantiomers using high pressure technologies
Paul Thorey, 2010, doktorska disertacija
Opis: The study of two different methods of obtaining chiral alcohols is proposed herein. The requirement of the relatively new paradigm of green chemistry associated with clean technologies such as biocatalysis or non-conventional solvents, dense gases, was focused at. Indeed, the two methods of production of chiral alcohols were: - the conversion of acetophenone into (R)-1-phenylethanol in dense gases catalysed by Lactobacillus brevis alcohol dehydrogenase and its coenzyme, NADP/H; - the resolution of (±)-trans-1,2-cyclohexanediol by cocrystal formation with tartaric acid followed by supercritical extraction. In both cases high enantiopurities were achieved (ee>99%).
Ključne besede: High-pressure technologies, enantiomers, green chemistry, R-1-phenylethanol, Lactobacillus brevis, alcohol dehydrogenase, NADP, liquid propane, enzyme deactivation, resolution, trans-1, 2-cyclohexanediol, tartaric acid, cocrystal, supercritical carbon dioxide, extraction, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry
Objavljeno: 02.02.2011; Ogledov: 2004; Prenosov: 64
Enzyme-catalyzed reactions in different types of high-pressure enzymatic reactors
Mateja Primožič, Maja Leitgeb, Muzafera Paljevac, Željko Knez, 2006, izvirni znanstveni članek
Opis: The enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of carboxy-methyl cellulose (CMC) was performed in three different types of reactors; in a batch stirred-tank reactor (BSTR) operating at atmospheric pressure, in a high-pressure batch stirred-tank reactor (HP BSTR) and in a high-pressure continuous tubular-membrane reactor (HP CTMR). In the high-pressure reactors aqueous SC C02 was used as the reaction medium. The aim of our research was optimization of the reaction parameters for reaction performance. All the reactions were catalyzed by cellulase from Humicola insolens. Glucose production in the high-pressure batch stirred-tank reactor was faster than in the BSTR at atmospheric pressure. The optimal temperature for the reaction performed in the BSTR at atmospheric pressure was 30°C, while the optimal temperature for the reaction performed in SC C02 was 32°C. The influence of the application of tubular ceramic membranes in the high-pressure reaction system was studied on the model reaction of CMC hydrolysis at atmospheric pressure and in SC C02. The reaction was catalyzed by cellulase from Humicola insolens covalently linked to the surface of the ceramic membrane. The hydrolysis of CMC in SC C02 and at atmospheric pressure was performed for a long time period. The reaction carried out in SC C02 was more productive than the reaction performed at atmospheric pressure.
Ključne besede: chemical processing, enzymatic reaction, cellulase, supercritical carbon dioxide, high-pressure batch reactor, high-pressure membrane reactor
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Densities of [alpha]-tocopherol + supercritical carbon dioxide mixtures
Darja Pečar, Valter Doleček, 2007, izvirni znanstveni članek
Ključne besede: tocopherol, volumetric properties, densities, supercritical carbon dioxide
Objavljeno: 31.05.2012; Ogledov: 831; Prenosov: 7
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Supercritical fluids as solvents for enzymatic reactions
Maja Leitgeb, Mateja Primožič, Željko Knez, 2007, pregledni znanstveni članek
Opis: Enzymes may act in different solvent systems. Water as the solvent in vivo may be replaced partially or mostly with other solvents, such as micro-emulsions, organic solvents, reversed micelles, ionic liquids and supercritical fluids (SCFs).Several types of enzymatic reactions were performed in SCFs. Influence of SCFs on enzyme stability and activity is presented on different examples; on different reaction systems (hydrolysis, transesterification...) and on the use of non-immobilized (Subtilisin carlsberg, Aspergillus niger...) as well as immobilized enzymes. Several types of high-pressure enzymatic reactors (batch-, stirred-tank-, extractive semibatch-, recirculating batch-, semicontinuous flow-, continuous packed-bed-, and continuous-membrane reactors) have been used for the performance of enzymatic reactions. In the studies on stability of biocatalysts in a high-pressure batch-stirred tank reactor changes in biocatalysts activity due to pressurization/depressurization steps were observed. Interesting alternative to overcome this inconvenience is the use of the high-pressure continuous membrane reactors, where just single compression and expansion step is necessary.
Ključne besede: enzymatic reactions, supercritical carbon dioxide, high-pressure, enzyme stability, high-pressure reactors
Densities of [beta]-carotene-supercritical carbon dioxide mixtures
Ključne besede: carotene, volumetric properties, densities, supercritical carbon dioxide
Objavljeno: 31.05.2012; Ogledov: 676; Prenosov: 12
Measurement and modeling of the CO2 solubility in poly(ethylene glycol) of different molecular weights
Elena Markočič, Mojca Škerget, Željko Knez, 2008, izvirni znanstveni članek
Opis: The solubility of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) in solid (298 K) and melted (323 K) poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), in the pressure range (7 to 25) MPa, was measured using a magnetic suspension balance. The phase behavior of the CO2 + PEG system was modeled by using the Sanchez-Lacombe equation of state (EOS) and statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT). The results show a good solubility of CO2 in polymer and a good accuracy of the thermodynamic models in describing the phase equilibrium of the working system. The experimental data are also in good agreement with the solubility values previously described in the literature, obtained by employing different experimental techniques.
Ključne besede: polyetylene glycol, different molecular weights, carbon dioxide
Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of (R,S)-1-phenylethanol in SC $CO_2$ and in SC $CO_2$/ionic liquid systems
Muzafera Paljevac, Željko Knez, Maja Leitgeb, 2009, izvirni znanstveni članek
Opis: Commercial immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) was successfully applied to catalyzing the transesterification of (R,S)-1-phenylethanol in supercritical carbon dioxide and in supercritical carbon dioxide/ionic liquid biphasic system. Firstly, the variables affecting the performance of CALB in transesterification reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide, such as CALB concentration, temperature and pressure, were studied. An increase in the conversion and in the reaction rate was observed as the CALB/substrate ratio, temperature and pressure, were increased from 4.3 to 19.9, from 40 °C to 80 °C and from 8 MPa to 10 MPa, respectively. Further increase in temperature from 80 °C to 120 °C and pressure from 10 MPa to 30 MPa resulted in lower conversion and lower initial reaction rate. Furthermore, different vinyl esters were used as acyl donors for CALB-catalyzed transesterification of (R,S)-1-phenylethanol in supercritical carbon dioxide. The highest initial reaction rate was attained with vinyl butyrate, although 50% conversion was attained faster when vinyl acetate was used as acyl donor. Secondly, in transesterification of (R,S)-1-phenylethanol, performed in supercritical carbon dioxide/ionic liquid biphasic system, influence of concentration of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [bmim][BF$_4$] was studied. The addition of 50 mmol (70% w/w reaction mixture) of [bmim][BF$_4$] to the reaction system gave the best result in terms of transesterification rate.
Ključne besede: candida antarctica lipase B, transesterification, (R, S)-1-phenylethanol, ionic liquids, vinyl acetate, supercritical carbon dioxide
Chemical composition of Juniperus communis L. fruits supercritical CO2 extracts: dependence on pressure and extraction time
Branislava Barjaktarović, Milan Sovilj, Željko Knez, 2005, izvirni znanstveni članek
Opis: Ground fruits of the common juniper (Juniperus communis L), with a particle size range from 0.2500.400 mm, forming a bed of around 20.00 +/- 0.05 g, were extracted with supercritical CO2 at pressures of 80,90, and 100 bars and at a temperature of 40 De. The total amount of extractable substances or global yield (mass of extract/mass of raw material) for the supercritical fluid extraction process varled from 0.65 to 4.00"10 (wt). At each Investigated pressure, supercriticaI CO2 extract fractions collected In successive time intervals over the course of the extraction were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization (GO-FIO) and mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). More than 200 constituents were detected In the extracts, and the contents of 50 compounds were reported in the work. Dependence of the percentage yields of monoterpene, sesquiterpene, oxygenated monoterpene, and oxygenated sesquiterpene hydrocarbon groups on the extraction time was investigated, and conditions that favored the yielding of each terpene groups were emphasized. At all pressures, monoterpene hydrocarbons were almost completely extracted from the berries in the first 0.6 h. It was possible to extract oxygenated monoterpenes at 100 bar in 0.5 h and at 90 bar in 1.2 h. Contrary to that, during an extraction period of 4 h at 80 bar, it was possible to extract only 75% of the maximum yielded value of oxygenated monoterpene at 100 bar. Intensive extraction of sesquiterpenes could be by no means avoided at any pressure, but at the beginning of the process (the first 0.5 h) at 80 bar, they were extracted about a and 3 times slower than at 100 and 90 bar, respectively. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes were yielded at fast, constant extraction rates at 100 and 90 bar In 1.2 and 3 h, respectively. This initial fast extraction period was consequently foIlowed by much slower extraction of oxygenated sesquiterpenes.
Ključne besede: chemical processing, high pressure technology, CO2, supercritical fluid extraction, pressure, extraction time, Juniperus communis, oxygenated terpenes, juniper berry oil, carbon dioxide
Use of a stable carbon isotope to assess the efficiency of a drinking water treatment method with CO[sub]2
Mojca Poberžnik, Albrecht Leis, Aleksandra Lobnik, 2012, izvirni znanstveni članek
Opis: CO2 gas with a special isotopic signature (?13C = -35.2% vs. VPDB) was used as a marker to evaluate the efficiency of a drinking water treatment method and the effect of an ultrasonic (US) stirrer. This treatment was developed to prevent precipitation and corrosion effects in water-supply systems. The research work was performed using a laboratory-scale pilot plant that was filled with tap water. The stable isotope analyses of ?13C-DIC (Dissolved Inorganic Carbon) in the water samples indicated that the maximum content of added CO2 gas in DIC was in the range of 35 to 45%. The use of the US stirrer during the entire experiment decreased the method's overall efficiency by 10%, due to degassing at a late stage of the experiment but accelerated the dissolution process in the early experimental stage.
Ključne besede: 13C stable isotope, carbon dioxide, carbonate equilibrium, corrosion, drinking water, limestone
Vapor-liquid equilibrium of binary CO2-organic solvent systems (ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, ortho-xylene, meta-xylene, para-xylene)
Željko Knez, Mojca Škerget, Ljiljana Ilić, Christoph Lütge, 2008, izvirni znanstveni članek
Opis: High pressure vapor-liquid phase equilibrium data (P-T-x-y) for the binary mixtures of organic solvent (ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene) with CO2 have been measured at temperatures 313.2, 333.2, 353.2 K and pressures from 1 to 14 MPa using a static-analytic method. For the systemsethanol-CO2 and tetrahydrofuran-CO2, the experimental data at 313.2 and333.2 K are in a good agreement with literature data. The experimental results have been correlated by the Peng-Robinson equation of state in combination with van der Waals one fluid mixing rule with two adjustable parameters.
Ključne besede: chemical processing, high pressure technology, carbon dioxide, ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, xylene, vapor-liquid equilibrium, experimental data, PR equation of state


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Temporal theory, Causality, Fixed points in time
Fixed point in time
Close Encounter With a Dalek - Doctor Who - The Waters of Mars - BBC
The Tenth Doctor consoles Adelaide Brooke, telling her about her role in human history; even the Daleks didn't dare tamper with fixed points. (TV: The Waters of Mars)
Fixed points in time, or temporal nexuses, (AUDIO: Forever Fallen) were moments in the space-time continuum at which events were set in stone and could never, ever be changed, no matter what, with dire consequences if such a thing happened.
The Time Lords knew which points in time were "fixed", (TV: The Fires of Pompeii) which the Ninth Doctor described as a maddening experience. (TV: The Parting of the Ways) This was called the "burden of the Time Lords" by the Tenth Doctor, who attempted to explain to Donna why he couldn't prevent Vesuvius from erupting or save the people of Pompeii. On this occasion, the Doctor learned that they could save at least some people, (TV: The Fires of Pompeii) a thought which they kept close to heart, into their life as the Twelfth Doctor. (TV: The Girl Who Died)
If one learned about one's own future in detail (e.g. manner of death), that would become a fixed point (TV: The Angels Take Manhattan, AUDIO: The Vardan Invasion of Mirth) as the probability waveform collapsed. (AUDIO: Daybreak, The Vardan Invasion of Mirth) It was at this point dangerous to tamper. (AUDIO: Daybreak) Not even the Daleks, a race which slaughtered and conquered and changed bits of history with impunity, dared to tamper with fixed points, understanding the danger of doing so. (TV: The Waters of Mars)
Time Lords could also create fixed points via direct intervention, using their abilities to freeze a probability into a certainty. (PROSE: The Gallifrey Chronicles) Fixed points were easier to create around still points in time. (TV: The Wedding of River Song)
Though meddlers in fixed time could become trapped in a paradox forever, (AUDIO: The Vardan Invasion of Mirth) some cases showed that history could safely resume as it had before, as long as a different cause, one sufficiently similar to the original, could bring about the same consequence. (AUDIO: Daybreak; TV: Father's Day, The Waters of Mars) As the First Doctor explained, one change could start unravelling the fabric of time, but given the right circumstances, time "[could] often knit itself back together again, until that change might never have occurred". He claimed it generally took eons for this process to reach completion. (AUDIO: Daybreak)
When River Song interfered with a fixed point, it caused time and space to collapse, creating around her a world with time in disarray, housed within a bubble of time. (TV: The Wedding of River Song, COMIC: The Doctor and the Nurse) Conversely, in some cases, a betrayal might come from someone different, (AUDIO: Daybreak) or a fixed death might take place at around the same time but in a new setting, (TV: The Waters of Mars, Father's Day) without ultimately damaging the fabric of time (TV: Father's Day) or altering the course of history. (TV: The Waters of Mars, AUDIO: Daybreak)
Definition Edit
Fixed points were events and/or individuals who had such long-standing impacts on the timeline that no one, not even Time Lords, dared interfere with their natural progression. The Doctor, free to interfere in alien invasions and save planets in most cases, could neither interfere nor interact with these fixed points, out of fear of damaging reality. Fixed points could be flexible and did not have to happen exactly the way they had in the original timeline but meddling with one could potentially result in reality falling apart. Were a fixed point to be interfered with, time would often find a way to make the timeline continue with minimal changes.
For example. when the Tenth Doctor saved Adelaide Brooke and two of her crew, Brooke (to whom the Doctor had confided the nature of fixed points, and more specifically, why her death was one) committed suicide to preserve the timeline with minimal changes. Because of the survival of the other two crew members, the events that occurred on Bowie Base One were revealed to the public. Adelaide was hailed as a hero for stopping the viral menace, which did not happen in the original timeline, but this and her death ensured that she would be an inspiration to her descendants. On this occasion, the Doctor had been able to bend a fixed point. However, he risked the safety of the whole of reality in the process even though he had not truly broken it because of Adelaide's sacrifice. Adelaide was confronted by a Dalek as a child, but it recognised her as a fixed point in time and left instead of killing her, inspiring her to pursue it into space and become that fixed point. (TV: The Waters of Mars)
The Eleventh Doctor was fated to die at Lake Silencio, meaning he had to die there, or more precisely, that the universe needed to believe that he had died there. That didn't stop others from attempting to kill him, however, as when Gantok prepared to kill him in revenge for being beaten at live chess, the Doctor was saved from being shot by his non-destined killer by a trap hole that fed Gantok to the ravenous skulls of the Headless Monks.
However if one actually broke a fixed point in time, as when River Song refused to kill the Doctor, time would freeze and collapse; reality would "die". If this happened whoever had broken the fixed point had to make physical contact with the person who was also a main part of it. In other words, when River shot the Doctor at Lake Silencio, the fixed point in time was focused entirely on just the two of them and time was still in flux all around them, explaining why the Doctor couldn't get time started again by touching either Amy Pond or Rory Williams, who had also been at Lake Silencio. If the Doctor and River touched each other - or kissed as they did at their wedding - time would start moving again. River is the only known person to change a fixed point to such a degree that the whole of reality was put in danger.
With a "still point in time" such as Lake Silencio, it was easier to create a fixed point in time. (TV: The Wedding of River Song) One known way to actually create a fixed point in time was by writing events down after they had occurred. If someone read about events that were going to happen to them in the future then the events had to happen the way they had been written (or at least happen in a manner that would eventually lead to someone writing about them as they had been read), because a fixed point would have been be created. Time was still in flux as long as the reader had not read about their own future. (TV: The Angels Take Manhattan) At the same time, once someone became aware of their future history by reading about it, such a future was guaranteed to happen while the subjects did nothing to actively avoid that future; when the Fifth Doctor learned that he and Turlough were destined to meet the British Imperial Spacefleet on the Moon in 1878 after reading a diary about the expedition written after the fact, he noted that so long as he and Turlough walked towards the expedition's ships once they reached the park they could basically leave it up to chance when they met the expedition as such an encounter was predicted. (PROSE: Imperial Moon)
Although such events had to play out as they were read, the original author's interpretations of such events were not always true. The Doctor had seen records of his "death" at Lake Silencio, but as it turned out, the Silence simply assumed that the fixed point at Lake Silencio meant that the Doctor would die, never realising that he could actually fake his death instead. The Doctor did turn up for his "death", just as he was destined to do, but he had "dressed for the occasion" and was safely inside the Teselecta at the time. This allowed him to survive his encounter with River at Lake Silencio, thus outwitting the Silence, (TV: The Wedding of River Song) and fooling almost the whole universe into thinking he was dead. (TV: The Angels Take Manhattan) Fixed points in time only became such when they were fully recorded, which caused concern for the Eighth Doctor when he learned of the destruction of a hospital ship named after the home planet of its head, as the destroyed ship could have been the Traken, belonging to his old companion Nyssa. However, because he hadn't definitively learned that the lost ship was the Traken, the Doctor was able to go back in time by a few months and go undercover on the Traken as Nyssa's assistant, Doctor Foster, preventing a Time Lord agent from destroying the Traken while able to affirm that he hadn't changed anything he knew for a fact. (AUDIO: A Heart on Both Sides) For the same reason, the Doctor was able to save Bruno Werner from his apparent suicide because Werner had written a note describing his intention to throw himself into a river but nobody had actually found his body, the Doctor instead finding Werner as he prepared to drown himself and taking him forward in time a few days to a point after his apparent death. (AUDIO: Fairytale of Salzburg)
The Time Lords had records of all — or at least a good number of — fixed points in time and space. They were even aware of the fixed point at Lake Silencio as far back as the time of the Eighth Doctor, despite this event taking place only after Gallifrey's destruction, which allowed River Song to infiltrate a conspiracy led by Padrac that was intending to destroy the universe to ensure Gallifrey's survival, as their records included River's apparent assassination of a future Doctor. (AUDIO: Songs of Love)
Jack Harkness was a unique fixed point in time and space who was made immortal by the Bad Wolf. The Ninth Doctor sensed that Jack was a fixed point immediately after his first resurrection and fled before Jack could catch up to them. The Tenth Doctor described Jack as "wrong" and, as such, even the TARDIS reacted to his presence; when Jack clung onto the outside of it, it tried to shake him off by travelling to the end of the universe. (TV: Utopia)
It should be noted that the First Doctor held to a much stricter definition of fixed points, once telling his companion Barbara Wright that "not one line" of history could ever be tampered with, (TV: The Aztecs) although he had recently had extensive interaction with historical figures such as Marco Polo. (TV: Marco Polo) Indeed, Barbara herself noted that, despite those warnings, "We've made a difference everywhere we've gone." The Doctor explained this inconsistency by clarifying that only once a waveform had collapsed did it become risky to interfere. In other words, not all events were yet set in stone; much else remained unknown. (AUDIO: Daybreak)
When he was later given a chance to alter a timeline where human society was virtually falling apart in 2006 due to the actions of the Machine in 1966, the First Doctor once again admitted to Barbara that they actually changed history every time they left the TARDIS. This helped Barbara understand that he preferred to avoid bigger changes to history due to the risk of making things too complicated, while also inspiring the Doctor to change key events now and defeat the Machine later in his own lifetime. (TV: The War Machines, PROSE: The Time Travellers)
Notable fixed points Edit
For reasons unknown to Time Lords, a mammoth that fell on and killed a Cro-Magnon became a fixed point. Videos of the event were played for young Time Lords "as a sort of learning experience." (PROSE: Keeping up with the Joneses)
During the Last Great Time War, the planet Arcking was itself a fixed point in time. (AUDIO: The Good Master)
Julius Caesar crossing the Rubicon with his troops was a fixed point in history. (COMIC: Crossing the Rubicon)
As claimed by a projection of the Second Doctor within the T'keyn Nexus, (COMIC: Dead Man's Hand) the Great Fire of Rome, which the First Doctor was partially responsible for, was a fixed point in time. (TV: The Romans)
Vesuvius erupts. (TV: The Fires of Pompeii)
The destruction of Pompeii by the Vesuvius volcano was a fixed point in time. Initially the Tenth Doctor refused to interfere because Pompeii's destruction was fixed in time, explaining to Donna Noble that fixed points must always happen and can't be changed even if they are caused by aliens such as the Pyroviles as the two had believed. To his horror, the Doctor eventually realised that he created the fixed point by causing Vesuvius to erupt to destroy the Pyroviles. With a terrible choice before him, Pompeii or the world, the Doctor hesitated despite knowing it was fixed as he'd kill 20,000 people, but Donna took part of the burden upon herself by helping him push the lever that created the event. The Doctor refused to interfere further, believing that with history back on track they had done "enough". However, Donna convinced him to save "someone" and he saved the family that had aided them in discovering the alien plot. (TV: The Fires of Pompeii) This would later inspire the Twelfth Doctor to always look for a way to bypass time, as well as discovering why he took the form of Caecilius. (TV: The Girl Who Died)
In Nicaea in 325, the Fifth Doctor alluded to a fixed point when he warned Erimem against interfering in Arius' clash with the Council of Nicaea which would decide the future of the Catholic Church, stating:
History is tough and most changes we can make are swallowed up in the vastness of the whole but there are certain moments, certain events that shape history to such an extent that if they're changed everything that follows must change. This is one of those moments.The Fifth Doctor [src]
The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains was a fixed point in time, although the Thirteenth Doctor was forced to get involved in the battle to ensure that the Tenctrama would not make the battle worse. (PROSE: Combat Magicks)
The works of Michelangelo, Raphael and Caravaggio were fixed points. (AUDIO: Fallen Angels)
The Sixth Doctor later claimed the Mary Celeste was a fixed point. (AUDIO: The First Sontarans)
The London Beer Flood on 17 October 1814 was a fixed point. (COMIC: The Doctor and the Nurse)
The Fifth Doctor was unable to stop the Peterloo Massacre on 16 August 1819 because it was a fixed point in time. (AUDIO: The Peterloo Massacre)
The Tenth Doctor also interfered with a fixed point in time shortly before or after the previous event, by saving the life of Emily Winter, a film actress in 1920s-era Hollywood. He was put on trial by the Shadow Proclamation for this. (COMIC: Fugitive)
While the Doctor was not against assisting friendly forces in a limited capacity, or dealing with isolated incidents, (TV: The Empty Child / The Doctor Dances, et al) the overall events of the Second World War were considered fixed points to the extent that the Doctor could not support Winston Churchill's use of Daleks to accelerate Allied victory (TV: Victory of the Daleks) or Mels' attempt to go back to a point prior to the war and kill Adolf Hitler (although a brief encounter with the dictator was unavoidable). (TV: Let's Kill Hitler) When Ace attempted to kill Hitler during an encounter in 1923, the Seventh Doctor interrupted her efforts, explaining that Hitler's removal could create a power vacuum where a more competent commander took control of the Nazis, preferring the known element of Hitler to the risk that some more dangerous leader could take over in his absence. (PROSE: Timewyrm: Exodus)
While fixed points could not be altered, some details could be 'tweaked' if handled carefully. An example of this was Doctor Sean Calvin, who was destined to be discredited and essentially exiled for his failed plan to create an army of androids and a mind-control system to take over his home colony. Even after the Seventh Doctor convinced Calvin not to go through with the plan to take over the world, Calvin was eventually forced to use his equipment to save his planet from an alien invasion, resulting in a journalist learning about his original scheme and forcing Calvin to go into unofficial exile. However, the Doctor mused that his real goal was to ensure that Calvin's daughter, Odessa, was left with a positive example to follow, the Doctor departing with faith that Calvin's final words to his daughter would help her strive to be better and inspire others to do the same, her father's example helping her to recognise that people could not be defined by their mistakes no matter how great those mistakes were. (AUDIO: Forever Fallen)
Implied by the Ninth Doctor to be a fixed point was the death of Pete Tyler on 7 November 1987. Rose Tyler saved his life and the paradox allowed the invasion of Reapers. The timeline returned to normal with the Reapers gone when Pete realised what had happened and ran out in front of the car that should have killed him. The only thing changed in the new timeline was where he died, that the driver of the car which struck him stopped and someone (Rose) was with him when he died. (TV: Father's Day)
When Mark Whitaker was manipulated by the Weeping Angels into attempting to save his wife, Rebecca Whitaker, from the accident that killed her, the Doctor stated that her death had to remain, although he referred to it as a complex event in time and space rather than a fixed one. This was because Mark and Rebecca's relationship had been facilitated by Mark going back in time in the first place: teenage Mark wouldn't have even met Rebecca had he not [literally] bumped into the Doctor, who was taking an older Mark back to his true time, for example. By preventing Rebecca's death, Mark would risk erasing their whole relationship, as erasing her death would eliminate his need to go back in time and thus create a complex tangle of space-time. (PROSE: Touched by an Angel)
The Eleventh Doctor appearing to die at Lake Silencio, on 22 April 2011, was a notable fixed point in time. (TV: The Wedding of River Song)
The Doctor's apparent death in his eleventh incarnation was a fixed point in time arranged by the Silence. The Kovarian Chapter arranged for the event to occur in Utah, at Lake Silencio, on 22 April 2011 at 5:02 pm, a still point in time. When River Song tried to prevent this, an alternate timeline was created where all of time occurred at the same time and it was always 22 April 2011, at 5:02 pm. The Doctor set things right by kissing River, shorting out the time differential between them and making events revert to the moment when she was supposed to kill him. It was later shown that the fixed point was actually not his death and the Doctor who had "died" was actually the Teselecta - with the Doctor himself safely inside. (TV: The Impossible Astronaut, The Wedding of River Song)
The Doctor warned Amy Pond about creating fixed time by reading a book which chronicled their adventures; they attempted to get around this by using the chapter titles when needing to use the book to obtain Rory Williams' whereabouts, only for the Doctor to read the last chapter title, "Amelia's Last Farewell", resulting in Amy's departure becoming a fixed point. The Doctor immediately became fixated in changing history to prevent this from happening, such as demanding that River Song get her hand free from a Weeping Angel's grip without breaking her wrist, but was ultimately unsuccessful. As Amy prepared to allow a Weeping Angel to send her back in time to be with her husband, he warned her that in doing so she'd be creating a fixed point in time and he could never see her again. Wanting to be with Rory more than the Doctor, Amy didn't listen and let the Angel send her back. (TV: The Angels Take Manhattan)
Amy once encountered an agent of the Sentinels of History who caused the London Beer Flood, since it was part of destiny and a fixed point that was meant to happen. When Amy saved a woman who had originally drowned in the flood, she realised that the flood itself was fixed, but not the resulting deaths, since time and space did not begin collapsing. (COMIC: The Doctor and the Nurse)
According to the General, the death of Clara Oswald was an established historical event and could not be altered. Due to this, despite being extracted from her time stream the moment before her death, Clara had to eventually return to Gallifrey and die. (TV: Hell Bent)
The death of explorer Adelaide Brooke was one of the few times the Doctor, then in his tenth incarnation, intentionally interfered with a fixed point. His rationale was that, as the last surviving Time Lord, the Laws of Time were his to command. In the end, Brooke committed suicide, allowing the timeline to unfold with only minor changes. (TV: The Waters of Mars)
The destruction of Ockora in 2204 by use of the G-bomb was a fixed point. When the Second Doctor became involved in these events, he delayed the destruction of Ockara by several hours to try and rescue his companion Zoe Heriot from a Selachian prison and convince Commander Wayne Redfern of the Triumph to negotiate for peace, hoping that convincing the Selachian Supreme Leader to withdraw in the hope that the Selachians choosing to remain isolated from the rest of the universe after 2204 would result in the same consequences for the rest of the universe as would have unfolded if Ockora had been destroyed. However, after the Selachians learned of the G-bomb, it was launched when the Supreme Leader and forty Selachian soldiers tried to take the ship. This platoon escaped the planet's destruction and boarded the Triumph, killing everyone on the ship with the goal of taking it back to Earth, before the other G-bomb was set off by the sacrifice of Professor Laura Mulholland, leading to the formation of another black hole. The Doctor considered the formation of another black hole an acceptably small change. (PROSE: The Final Sanction)
In a parallel universe, the Eleventh Doctor noted that the Battle of Wolf 359 was a fixed point in time. (COMIC: Assimilation²)
Jack Harkness became a fixed point in time after his resurrection by Rose Tyler, which caused him to become immortal. (TV: Utopia) Jack temporarily lost his immortality due to Miracle Day, but regained it alongside Rex Matheson when mortality was restored to the rest of the world. (TV: The New World, The Blood Line) Jack remained a fixed point when John Hart used distilled rift energy to rob Jack of his immortality and transfer it to himself. This ultimately resulted in the negation of the alternate timeline John had created as the universe died when Jack did. John became aware of this beforehand as stars appeared closer than they should have as a result of time and space contracting. Once Jack ultimately expired, John found that everyone in his reality bar himself had vanished. (AUDIO: The Death of Captain Jack)
The death of Danny Pink by being hit by a car became a fixed point in time. His girlfriend Clara Oswald tried to blackmail the Twelfth Doctor into going back and saving Danny, but the Doctor warned that doing so would create a paradox. (TV: Dark Water)
When the Tenth Doctor first met River Song, in order to save everyone in the Library the Tenth Doctor was initially going to sacrifice himself, only for River to knock him out and restrain him so she could sacrifice herself in his place, telling him that if he died there all of their other meetings would never have happened. When he claimed time can be rewritten, she told him that that couldn't be; though no mention of fixed points is made, it's implied that because of River's interaction with his future selves that his survival during this encounter was a fixed point. (TV: Forest of the Dead)
Time in flux Edit
The opposite of fixed points was time in flux. At these points time could change completely.
The Time Lord Marnal explained that, despite the Time Lords' web of time giving the universe structure, most events were in constant flux with other possibilities. It was for this reason the Time Lords established their non-interference policy, merely projecting their observations of reality on the universe instead of creating fixed-points by interacting with the different probabilities. (PROSE: The Gallifrey Chronicles)
Flux points were relatively insignificant (on a universal scale) events that could be altered with relatively little to no consequence. The Doctor often meddled at these moments. (TV: The Christmas Invasion, PROSE: I Am a Dalek) When the Tenth Doctor first met Martha Jones, he told her that "Crossing into established events is strictly forbidden ... except for cheap tricks." (TV: Smith and Jones)
After seeing the end of humanity on Ember, Vislor Turlough asked the Fifth Doctor why he bothered to "stop and get involved" if fate was cast in stone, the Doctor explained:
Only the broad strokes have been laid down. Its in the moments between the ticks of the clock where life truly thrives, where we can make a difference.The Fifth Doctor [src]
The Fifth Doctor noted that bifurcation points, where history could continue on its original course or an alternate timeline could be created, could result in new timelines or erase the old ones if handled improperly, with Time Lords and similar races having the ability to influence whether a new worldline should come into being or history simply continue as it was. When faced with the prospect of creating a new timeline where the British Empire expanded into space in 1878, however, the Doctor chose to preserve the status quo with the aid of Kamelion, feeling that Victorian Britain wasn't socially ready for space travel. (PROSE: Imperial Moon)
Fluxing points Edit
1966 was in flux, as discovered by the First Doctor when it was revealed that WOTAN was supposed to conquer Earth (PROSE: The Time Travellers) instead of being defeated by the Doctor. (TV: The War Machines)
The Third Doctor noted that some locations in space and time were temporal probability nexuses, where multiple strands of causality are exposed and weak, with the result that the smallest alteration to events in these locations can produce aberrant loops of existence or even new alternate timelines, where time would normally be able to resist and absorb minor changes. Events on the island of Salutua occurred on such a nexus point, made weaker by the Doctor's time bridge, resulting in an alternate timeline being created where Nancy Norton worked with Brokk to conquer the world, until the Doctor and UNIT were able to travel back and undo her rise to power. (PROSE: The Eye of the Giant)
The destruction of Sir Reginald Styles's house as he was preparing for a vital peace conference in 1972 created a new timeline where the Daleks conquered Earth ahead of their previous invasion. However, realising that this timeline was a temporal paradox caused by the resistance from the Daleks' future travelling into the past and setting off a bomb to try and prevent the conference taking place without realising that it was already happening, the Third Doctor and Jo Grant were able to go back in time and prevent it going off. (TV: Day of the Daleks)
Sarah Jane Smith was shown an alternative timeline where the Earth of 1980 was a barren wasteland by the Fourth Doctor, who explained 1911 was in flux because of the threat of Sutekh, noting that history could be altered on that kind of scale when dealing with a being of Sutekh's immense power. (TV: Pyramids of Mars)
"From start to finish", the year 1961 was noted by the War Doctor to be in flux. This was partly the reason the Time Lords installed a quantum shield to protect Earth against potential Dalek incursions during the Last Great Time War. Nevertheless, the Dalek Time Strategist enacted a plot to break through the shield using a human agent whom was sent to East Berlin with a Shadow Vortex, proceeding to exterminate all life in a bid to disrupt and ultimately wipe out the Doctor's existence through the elimination of his Earth allies. The resulting invasion was averted by the War Doctor, who shifted its events to an alternate timeline where Lara was banished. (AUDIO: The Shadow Vortex)
The Ninth Doctor explained to Rose Tyler when she said that he couldn't give dead human corpses to the Gelth, as she knew for a fact that dead bodies weren't walking around in 1869: time was in flux, changing every second and her "cosy little world can be rewritten like that". (TV: The Unquiet Dead)
The year 200,000 was supposed to be the Fourth Great and Bountiful Human Empire, but due to first the Jagrafess and then Daleks that had fallen through time from the Last Great Time War, it was stunted and then fell apart. Instead of it being a great empire with great advances, technology was backwards due to the Jagrafess. The Ninth Doctor believed he had fixed it by getting rid of the Jagrafess, but the Daleks took over from behind the scenes, causing civilisation to get even worse while they rebuilt. Eventually, when the Doctor returned in the year 200,100, the Daleks attacked, devastating the Earth before they were destroyed by Rose Tyler as the Bad Wolf. (TV: The Long Game, Bad Wolf, The Parting of the Ways)
Although the Ninth Doctor told Rose that Harriet Jones would serve three successive terms as British Prime Minister, (TV: World War Three) he himself would, in his next incarnation, cause her political downfall after she took extreme measures against alien threats, (TV: The Christmas Invasion) leading to her losing the title of Prime Minister to Harold Saxon. (TV: The Sound of Drums) She died the following year at the hands of the Daleks during their invasion of Earth. (TV: The Stolen Earth)
When Edward VII, along with Balmoral Castle, vanished into thin air, the Tenth Doctor explained that with him gone, the whole future of the royal family was threatened and there would be no George V, George VI, Elizabeth II, Charles III and Camilla, William V and so on. (PROSE: Revenge of the Judoon)
When the Tenth Doctor and Donna Noble were chasing Reverend Golightly to save Agatha Christie, the Doctor explained that Agatha could die and any books past her sixth would disappear. The Doctor specifically told Donna that "time is in flux; for all we know, this is the night Agatha Christie loses her life and history gets changed." (TV: The Unicorn and the Wasp)
After they saw Frank Openshaw exterminated by a Dalek, Rose Tyler and the Tenth Doctor meddled in history for him so that he met his wife Sandra years earlier than in the original timeline. (PROSE: I Am a Dalek)
In 2020, when a drilling operation in Cwmtaff disturbed a Silurian civilisation, the Eleventh Doctor told Amy Pond, Nasreen Chaudhry and Eldane that this encounter could lead to either a peaceful relationship or a devastating war. The Doctor called the event an opportunity. (TV: Cold Blood)
At one point, the Korven altered the history of Earth (which they had previously invaded in 2480), causing part of it to be controlled by the corrupt, totalitarian Department. (TV: The Eclipse of the Korven)
The Trickster created an alternate timeline where Sarah Jane Smith died as a child. (TV: Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane?)
The Eleventh Doctor was forced to visit his own tomb on the planet Trenzalore by the Great Intelligence where he died in battle among millions. His tomb was his own TARDIS amidst a massive battlefield graveyard. (TV: The Name of the Doctor) Later, the Doctor travelled to a Trenzalore of a more recent era where the planet was a human world with a farming community which he defended during the centuries-long Siege of Trenzalore from many enemies. The Doctor was unable to change his future at first, but thanks to the Time Lords he was able to change the future he saw by regenerating into the Twelfth Doctor rather than dying after the Time Lords gifted him with a new regeneration cycle. (TV: The Time of the Doctor)
When robotic Knights crashed in 1190, Sherwood Forest, they accidentally began altering the course of history. The Knights allied with and modified the Sheriff into a cyborg, promising him the use of their numbers and skyship to take over England. Clara warned Robin Hood against going to an archery contest being held by the Sheriff, but was ignored: however, the Doctor didn't warn her against this as he didn't believe what was occurring to be real. (TV: Robot of Sherwood)
When it was discovered that Earth's moon was actually a giant alien egg about to hatch, it was left to humanity to decide whether to let the unborn creature live or detonate explosives to destroy it. Having confirmed that he was dealing with a moment in time that was in flux where anything could happen, the Twelfth Doctor took a more aggressive measure than his predecessor; in making humans choose, he left Clara behind until she made the decision. Had the explosives gone off, the replacement moon that the creature laid after hatching would not have existed in the future. (TV: Kill the Moon)
When the Earth of Clara Oswald's present day seemingly faced destruction at the hands of a solar flare, Clara noted to the Doctor that they had visited various future time periods of Earth and humanity. The Doctor explained that those futures would be erased if the Earth was destroyed at that point. (TV: In the Forest of the Night)
Other continuities Edit
This section needs a cleanup.
How is this relevant to this wiki?
In the Star Trek: Voyager spin-off novels, which are non-canon in the Star Trek franchise, after Admiral Kathryn Janeway is assimilated by the Borg and destroyed in battle with the Enterprise-E, it is revealed that the date of her death is a fixed point in time across all realities where she exists; it is now a fact that all versions of Kathryn Janeway must die on that specific stardate, with the only two Janeways known to have lived beyond this time- the original Janeway and a Janeway extracted from a point before Voyager entered the Delta Quadrant who was trapped in the main timeline- only surviving with the aid of the god-like Q (the 'original' Janeway actually died before being brought back to life by Q's son and Kes, and the alternate Janeway was saved by Q in the guise of a local doctor).
Retrieved from "https://tardis.fandom.com/wiki/Fixed_point_in_time?oldid=2786695"
Articles with sections in need of cleanup
Temporal theory
Fixed points in time

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Tag: Darley Military Camp
Darley Military Camp 80th Anniversary – Online Community Project 2020 Ends
Thank you to everyone who followed our Blog and Saturday Facebook interviews and articles on the Darley Military Camp. We have enjoyed bringing this history to you and reading your comments. To all of the participants, thanks for your contributions!
Today we end this project with sharing some final photos of unnamed service personnel. All courtesy of the Society's Collection.
Servicemen – Balliang Volunteer Defence Corps – 13th December 1942 – names unknown.
Three Servicemen at the Darley Military Camp – 17 November 1940 – names unknown.
Servicewoman during World War II – Name unknown.
Serviceman at the Darley Military Camp in World War II – name unknown.
Airforce Serviceman at the Bomb Dump in the Pentland Hills – name unknown.
Three Airforce Personnel at the Bomb Dump in the Pentland Hills – names unkown.
If you happen to know a person or maybe some history about the photographs, please let us know and make a comment on our Facebook page now.
Stay tuned to next Saturdays new online history project!
Adrian Oomes – A Community Remembers 2020
This week Katrina Lyle (nee Oomes) reflects on her Father's experiences as a Dutch Medical Serviceman who came to Bacchus Marsh during World war II.
As a young sergeant in the Medical Corps of the Royal Netherlands Indies Army, (KNIL) Adrian Oomes could not have imagined just how important Darley Camp was to become in shaping the direction of his life.
A photograph of Adrian Oomes in uniform during World War II. Courtesy of Katrina Lyle's Private Collection.
Born in May 1918 at Breda, in the south of the Netherlands, Adrian had completed compulsory national service prior to the German occupation of his country. Many young Dutch were keen to do their bit in the Allied war effort and when the opportunity arose following the liberation of Breda in October 1944, Adrian volunteered for military service.
While the war in Europe was in its final stages, the war against the Japanese occupation of South East Asia, including what was known as the Netherlands East Indies (NEI), had reached a critical point. The Dutch government wanted to raise a standing army of two hundred thousand, over half of whom would be sent to the East Indies.
War Facts in Brief, Melton Express (Vic. 1943 – 1954), Saturday 18 August 1945, page 3.
Courtesy of NLA, TROVE website
More Dutch Coming to Midlands: Friday 13 July 1945, Newspaper: Birmingham Daily Gazette, County: Warwickshire, England, Page: 4
The goal of Netherlands East Indies force was to join the Allies in subjugating the Japanese, and then to re-establish safety and order in the NEI under Dutch administration. While Japan officially surrendered on August 15 1945, Japanese forces continued to be active in the Indies until November that year. Many Dutch had faced years in Japanese internment camps and their safety was a priority. The Dutch government moved quickly to mobilise its military, and used Darley Camp to house and train troops as a springboard for the Indies. Dutch military personnel from the Indies had been at Darley since 1943 and had participated with the Allies in the fight against the Japanese.
Adrian arrived at Darley Camp mid 1945. Prior to that time, he was based at Wrottesley Park near Wolverhampton where the Dutch had maintained a military presence, the "Princess Irene Brigade" during WWII. As was later to happen at Bacchus Marsh, Dutch soldiers formed strong bonds with the local community. Adrian developed a keen interest in the Wolverhampton Wanderers Football Club and was thrilled when, years later, he could follow their fortunes on SBS.
On arrival at Bacchus Marsh, Adrian recalled marching in formation from the railway station, through the township, past the Express Office (where a photo was taken) and on out to Darley Camp. By 1945, Darley Camp had housed thousands of Australian and international military personnel. As Cr Con McFarlane noted in his outgoing speech as Shire President of September 1945:
"Fears that the advent of Darley Camp would have unpleasant effects on civilian life in Bacchus Marsh had proved unfounded. During the past five years soldiers of many nationalities had passed through and the town had been particularly fortunate in not having some disturbances (seen elsewhere)."
The Bacchus Marsh community had provided social and practical support for the visiting soldiers and they had reciprocated, sharing many sporting, social and significant events. The newly arrived Dutch soldiers were no exception. On the 18th of August 1945, the Express reported:
"One of the most pleasant interludes of the two holidays (VE and VP Days) was a disciplined march through Bacchus Marsh streets on Thursday by a couple of hundred singing Hollanders from Darley Camp, whose predilection for choral singing was one of the first things noticed on their arrival some weeks ago."
1945 had been a busy year in the household of Shire President Con McFarlane. Unfortunately, Mrs McFarlane was in increasingly failing health and was not able to support her husband in the many civic duties of his presidential year – which encompassed both VE Day and VP Day. His daughter Jean was sometimes called upon to accompany him to social events.
In July, Jean was one of 40 local debutantes presented at a ball hosted by the Patriotic Society with shire councillors and other notable community members in attendance. The event typifies the way in which the local community took Darley military personnel into its collective embrace. Sgt Dyball, an AWAS physical training instructress, had been invited to judge and award two prizes to the dancers. The debutantes were presented to Capt. Schram de Jong, newly arrived from Holland to command the NEI troops at Darley. The debutantes then mingled with the throng of other dancers, including the NEI troops.
HOLLANDERS SING AT DEBS'. RETURN BALL. (1945, September 1). The Express, Melton (Vic. 1943 – 1954), p. 6. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
At the end of August, the debutantes hosted a "return ball," for the ladies of the Patriotic Guild, shire officials and others who had been in attendance at the debutante ball. It was Dutch Queen Wilhelmina's birthday and directly after the debs and their partners sang God Save the King, the Dutch soldiers, including Adrian Oomes, sang the Dutch national anthem. The gesture expressed alliance between the Dutch and Australian forces. Perhaps Adrian recalled this event so vividly because it was first time that he had danced with Jean McFarlane.
Adrian and Jean did not meet again until a chance encounter in Main Street one Saturday at lunchtime. Jean found Adrian hungry and puzzled by the strange cultural practice of shops shutting promptly at 12.00 noon.
Can I help you? she asked.
I would like to buy something to eat, he replied.
A moment passed.
Oh, she said. You were that soldier.
Yes, he answered, and you were that girl.
Jean invited Adrian home for the midday meal at the McFarlane farm, just a short walk down The Avenue of Honour. In those days, midday meals were the main meal of the day, especially among farming families.
Mrs McFarlane, confined to her home and often needing extensive bed rest, was pleased to meet the young Dutchman who brought such entertaining stories from the outside world. A friendship developed between Adrian, Jean and her family.
While at Darley, the Dutch troops were "hardened" in the rugged terrain surrounding Darley Camp. All units, including the medical units, were gearing up for active conflict. By 1946, his time at Darley Camp completed, Adrian was relocated to the Dutch Headquarters in St Kilda Road. From there he joined a contingent of Dutch troops heading for Batavia (Java) in early 1947.
The Dutch had originally believed that once the Indonesian people were liberated from the Japanese, Dutch governance could resume, if not within the old colonial status quo then with a new role acceptable to the Indonesians. But it was increasingly clear that the Dutch were not fighting Japanese inspired extremists but a legitimate and evolving Indonesian nationalist movement. As the British and the French would find, the time of European colonial power in South East Asia was over. For the Dutch, the lesson was a protracted one. Political agreements punctuated by periods of fierce conflict characterised 1947-48. Adrian's role was to provide medical support and supplies and he worked directly with Dr The Bing Tjouw. He later recalled that snipers were a continual hazard as the militarily overwhelmed Indonesian nationalists had perfected a kind of guerrilla warfare.
Dr The Bing Tjouw.
Adrian and Jean wrote to each other during this time and occasional parcels of tea from the Indies would arrive at the McFarlane household. As part of the demobilization of Dutch forces, Adrian returned to Australia in 1948. The long journey to Melbourne culminated in a crowded troop train trip from Brisbane. Adrian had time to contemplate his future. Should he return to the Netherlands as his parents expected, or would he begin a new life in Australia? As the train inched along the Spencer St platform, the train's window slowly framed a waiting Jean McFarlane. Wherever his future lay, she would be a part of it.
Jean and Adrian on their wedding day at St Bernard's Catholic Church on the 16th of May 1949. Courtesy of Katrina Lyle's Private Collection.
Jean's mother lived to see the young couple engaged but passed away on Christmas Eve 1948. Jean and Adrian were married at St Bernard's Catholic Church on the 16th of May 1949.
After briefly returning to Dutch headquarters in Melbourne, Adrian began working at the Lifeguard Milk Factory. He then joined his father-in-law, Con McFarlane, on the dairy farm.
Adrian passed away on the 16th December 1997 and Jean on the 27th of February 2009. The couple had two children, Adrian and Katrina.
For comments check out our Facebook page.
Allan Comrie – Community Interviews 2020
A portrait photograph of Allan Comrie, remembering Bacchus Marsh in WWII and the Darley Military Camp.
Courtesy of Allan Comrie's Personal Collection.
Allan was born in 1940 so he was only a young kid when the Darley Military Camp was established. He remembers watching soldiers marching out to the Camp from the family farm in Raglan Street Darley. The front of the house faced onto Gisborne Road. Pat Whelan had a market garden on the Lerderderg Gorge Road and he would go with him sometimes and watch the soldiers do their training and exercises.
His cousin, Nellie Whelan married Don Wicks, an American soldier stationed out at the Darley Camp. They met at one of the Saturday night dances held at the Mechanics Hall in Bacchus Marsh during the war. In 1945 Don returned to Australia to marry Nellie and they moved to Portland Oregon USA and started their family.
Kevin Whelan, Noel Whelan, Patricia Comrie, Allan Comrie, Lorraine Whelan.
Courtesy of the Catholic Museum of Bacchus Marsh.
American Hamburgers
They returned to Bacchus Marsh and opened an authentic American style drive -in hamburger joint. Just like from the show 'Happy Days' your order was placed on trays that were fixed to the car window. It was a real hit with the locals because most hadn't seen a real hamburger before. After four or five years they decided to go back to America. Nellie is 96 years old and still lives in Portland Oregon sporting a broad American accent.
American Army Soldiers from the Darley Military Camp, during World War II.
Courtesy of John Hannah's Private Collection.
Allan remembers that compared to our Australian soldiers, the American soldiers had plenty of money. One of the locals had the lucrative taxi business transporting American soldiers back to the Camp.
Learn more about Allan's memories of when the soldiers came to Bacchus Marsh. Find out how many locals remember the Hamburger Shop. How did the local taxi service work and who made all the money? Check out our Facebook page now.
The 'STICH-IN-TIME' Club – Community Reflects 2020
Getting things Done in Bacchus Marsh in 1941
As the army personnel prepared for war at the Darley Military Camp, the local community played its part by mobilising fundraising and support on the home front.
The Weekly Times, Sat 18 October 1941, Page 7 celebrate the effort of the local Bacchus Marsh community. Courtesy of TROVE, National Library of Australia.
One endeavour included a group of industrious ladies who helped by mending clothing and other apparel for the soldiers. They called themselves – the Stich-in-Time Club.
The Stich-in-Time Club
Bacchus Marsh ladies went to the Camp regularly to mend clothing, sew on buttons and darn socks for the soldiers.
Members of the Stich-in-Time Club. Courtesy of the Bacchus Marsh and District Historical Society's Collection.
In one case, they almost completely rebuilt a pair of socks owned by a Tasmanian Private. Luckily, the local Patriotic Guild came to the rescue, with three new pairs.
The 'Stitch-In-Time' Club operated in a room at the YMCA hut at the camp, managed by Mr Cutler. To assist the ladies the ACF (Australian Comforts Fund) provided them with an electric sewing machine, electric irons and ironing boards.
Learn more about this story and who paid for the materials, who made afternoon tea, by checking out our Facebook page now.
Sergeant Winifred Emma (Wynne) Jennings – Community Interviews 2020
In April the Society received an email from Brett Jennings, the son of Winifred Emma (Wynne) Jennings, a former member of the AWAS. Unfortunately, Wynne passed away on the 30th August 2017, however, Brett and his family kindly gave permission for us to share Wynne's Australian Women's Army Services (AWAS) story.
The article (AWAS WRAAC JOURNAL, 18 July 2018, pages 37-45) is a tribute to when Australian women contributed to the Country's overall defence and freedom and it should never be forgotten.
Is AWAS for you?
A World War II recruiting poster, for the Australian Women's Army Services (AWAS).
'There's a Job For You in the A.W.A.S, the Service That Is Uniformly Smart! Join the A.W.A.S. Australian Women's Army Service'.
Printed in Australia, colour offset, linen-backed, 63 x 50 cm.
Courtesy of the Antique Reporter sold at auction in 19 August 2008.
Wynne writes about the volunteer groups in Victoria – Australian Women's Legion and WOMENS Cavalry Corps. She initially joined the Red Cross to learn first aid and home nursing. In March 1941 the director of manpower met with heads of volunteer groups, and later that year approval was given for the formation of the women's services. After the formation of AWAS in August 1942, Wynne joined on 3 September 1942 (VF391261). She served until she was discharged on 1 May 1946 – a total of 1337 days service. She also had two sisters who joined the AWAS.
MELBOURNE, VIC. 1942-11-14. SENIOR OFFICERS OF THE WOMEN'S SERVICES. LEFT TO RIGHT: GROUP OFFICER CLARE G. STEVENSON, DIRECTOR, WOMEN'S AUXILIARY AUSTRALIAN AIR FORCE (WAAAF); FIRST OFFICER ANNETTE OLDFIELD, WOMEN'S ROYAL AUSTRALIAN NAVAL SERVICE (WRANS); GROUP OFFICER M. I. LANG, MATRON-IN-CHIEF, ROYAL AUSTRALIAN AIR FORCE NURSING SERVICE (RAAFNS); MATRON J. SINCLAIR-WOOD, MATRON-IN-CHIEF, AUSTRALIAN ARMY NURSING SERVICE (AANS); VX143893 LIEUTENANT COLONEL S. H. IRVING, MBE, CONTROLLER AUSTRALIAN WOMEN'S ARMY SERVICE (AWAS); NFX12617 LIEUTENANT COLONEL K. BEST, ROYAL RED CROSS CONTROLLER, AUSTRALIAN ARMY MEDICAL WOMEN'S SERVICE.
After about three months, orders came through that she was to be transferred to the Darley Military Camp near Bacchus Marsh. She recalls the arduous journey to Bacchus Marsh and the kind local ladies who provided refreshments on their arrival.
Wynne found the surrounds to the camp pleasant with good views towards Bacchus Marsh and the closeness to the Lerdergerg Gorge.
Members of the Australian Women's Army Services (AWAS) turning up to the Darley Military Camp during World War II.
Courtesy of the John Hannah Private Collection.
"Darley became my home. Conditions were reasonably good".
Sergeant Winifred Emma (Wynne) Jennings
She vividly recalls the rigours of camp life, the washing and cleaning, and the importance of being connected to people outside the confines of the Camp.
"The ablution blocks were quite primitive. The showers had no doors so we all knew what our various bodies looked like. We had to stand on "duck boards". I presume because concrete floors get slippery, but they were great for passing on tinea".
Wynne remembers how leave was a big part of their lives while in service. Initially they were only allowed two days a month, but this was relaxed to 24 hours per week over time.
Members of the Australian Women's Army Services (AWAS) at the Darley Military Camp in August 1943.
A great deal of leave time was spent in Bacchus Marsh. There were dances and picture shows at the local theatre. Even the odd pub meal at local hotels.
"We enjoyed going to The Border Inn for a meal – the mixed grill was very popular. Six o'clock closing".
Learn more about Wynne's memories as a sergeant in the AWAS during World War 2. Find out what everyday life was like at the Darley Military Camp for a member of the AWAS. How the service women found Bacchus Marsh and interfaced with the local community. Check out our Facebook page now.
Michael Shea – Community Interviews 2020
A photograph of Michael Shea taken outside his property on Lerderderg Gorge Road, Darley, with a view of the road leading toward the Darley Military Camp.
Courtesy of Michael Shea's Private Collection.
Michael Shea was born in 1936 and was only a young kid when the Darley Military Camp was constructed, and the soldiers came to Bacchus Marsh in the 1940's.
Initially the family lived on Gisborne Road at McLeod's Flats and then moved to their farm on Lerderderg Gorge Road in 1943.
"where I still live today with my darling wife Carmel 77 years later".
Michael Shea
The soldiers march by
The Gorge Road in front of their farm became very busy, as the many soldiers marched past going to and from the town and the Camp.
The Shea family – (Left to right) Michael (aged 11), Monica, Margo and Peter.
"My brother Peter and I used to sit on our front fence watching and 'yahooing' at them. Being cheeky just as young boys of our age would be".
The local Horse hire business
He remembers how his father provided a hiring out service of the farm horses to trustworthy soldiers so that they could go into town. This turned into a thriving business for the family as word got around in the large camp. His father had to buy more horses as the demand grew.
An American Army Soldier from the Darley Military Camp riding a local horse, During World War II.
His Dad always made the soldiers pay up front and most returned the horses.
The Australian Women's Army Service (AWAS) had total enlistments of 24,026 during World War II and reached a maximum strength of 20,051 in January 1944. 679 officers were appointed, consisting of: 1 Colonel, 4 Lieutenant Colonels, 22 Majors, 93 Captains and 559 Lieutenants. After the war ended the AWAS was no longer required. Colonel Irving resigned on 31 December 1946, and the AWAS was demobilised by 30 June 1947. Courtesy of the Australian War Memorial.
An AWAS service woman at the Darley Military Camp riding a local horse, During World War II. Courtesy of the John Hannah Private Collection.
Soldiers train for combat
Michael remembers how the soldiers trained on the land behind their property at McLeod's Flat. He saw the young soldiers digging holes and practicing shooting as they quickly prepared for the battlefields in the pacific theatre of war.
"The holes were there for years later surrounded by big mounds of soil".
The derelict camp became a great place to explore with his brother Peter. He remembered the old buildings and various sized sheds. One fascinated them both – the all important long-drop toilet!
Learn more about Michael's memories of when the soldiers came to Bacchus Marsh. Find out what happened when the soldiers accidently left the farm horses tethered in front of the local pub. Check out our Facebook page now.
Jean Carboon (nee Wittick) – Community Interviews 2020
Jean Carboon (nee Wittick) born in Bacchus Marsh in 1935, reviewing her autograph book from the 1940s, remembering Bacchus Marsh in WWII and the Darley Military Camp.
Taken in January 2020.
Courtesy of Jean Carboon's Personal Collection.
Jean was only five years of age in 1940 when the Darley Military Camp was established. The family lived at 72 Gisborne Road and she had just started school at State School No. 28 in Lerderderg Street.
Supplies are short
She recalls her father meeting an American soldier Bill McKercher at Eddie Toole's petrol station. Her father invited Bill home for a meal and they became good friends.
"Bill would often come to our place for a meal when he was off duty".
Jean Carboon
The family must have made a big impression with Bill, because at the end of the war they received a box full of soap from his mother. She believed that Australians were short of soap. Jean and her sister Vera just loved the floating soap called Swan Soap.
Swan soap was introduced by the Lever Brothers Company in 1941. It was advertised as a soap that could be used in the kitchen as a hand soap or in the bathroom to bathe the baby.
Lever Brothers used the Swan brand name to sponsor several radio programs during the 1940s.
Swan Soap is no longer marketed.
Courtesy of Wikipedia and Etsy Sales.
A typical Swan Soap full-page colour magazine advertisement from the 1940s.
"Heavenly suds for everything – cause this baby-gentle floating soap is a sudsin' honey"!
Image curtesy of private eBay sale.
"Dad worked at the Darley Brick Company, where his father was the manager".
The Darley Firebrick Company was classified as an 'essential service' during World war II. The manufacture of the fire brick retorts assisted in the vitally important production of ammunition. To maintain production on the home front, women replaced men at the at the Darley Firebrick Company.
Her father could not enlist as he worked in an 'essential service'. He didn't like going to church. He felt that the congregation would have looked unkindly on men who hadn't signed up.
Throughout the war there was a shortage of petrol and work trucks operated on gas producers fired with coke. The coke collected from Stawell, facilitated the firing of the bricks. The overnight trip to collect coke was a family affair, even Sailor the dog came along for the ride.
Jean remembers the petrol shortages and the impact it had on everyone in Bacchus Marsh. Petrol-powered vehicles travelling around the town mostly belonged to the Military at the Camp and the locals rode bikes.
Soldiers come to town
Photo of Jean Carboon (nee Wittick) in her swimming outfit, taking tea in the front garden of her family home at 72 Gisborne Road in 1940. The fence in the background is where she used to stand and wave to soldiers with her autograph book.
Gisborne Road is in the background behind the front yard fence.
There were no houses opposite the home just open paddocks. Houses were built after the war using building materials from the Darley Military Camp when it was demolished.
Courtesy of Jean Carboon's Private Collection.
Jean remembers standing at the front fence waving and calling to the men in uniform marching past along Gisborne Road. She asked the US soldiers for their autographs as they walked by the family home. Soldiers who signed her book were from all over America: Virginia, St. Louis, New York, Maryland, Nevada, Oklahoma, Ohio, Denver Colorado and Chicago. Many of the soldier's left little messages in her book as well.
"To little Jean. Good luck from an American soldier. We're hoping to be home by Christmas. It's a swell place. I love it here and united we stand".
Myron Kaypner
Image of Myron Thomas Kapner's U.S. Army WWII draft card.
It was identified from a signature in an autograph book owned by Jean Carboon (nee Wittick). He signed it when he was stationed at the Darley Military Camp, Bacchus Marsh, Victoria, Australia.
Courtesy of Ancestry.com
"Oliver L. Jenkins from Wheeling, USA wrote: July 13th 1942 is when I would like the war to stop". "That was the day of my 7th birthday".
World War II Ends 1945
Jean recalls being chosen to ring the school bell, the day the war ended. The bell was in the big Gum tree near the school's entrance.
"I sang out the war is over, the war is over! The teachers told us we could all go home for the day".
Learn more about Jean's war time experiences. Find out how the war impacted on the manufacturer of Fire Bricks, operation of work vehicles and the number of American soldiers who signed her autograph book. Check out our Facebook page now.
Ruby Barnes (nee Manly) – Community Stories 2020
This week's story comes from a letter written by the late Ruby Barnes in 2016 from her home in Texas to her relative Barbara Manly.
A Tough Start
Ruby was the seventh child in a family of ten. She had seven brothers and two sisters. Her mother also took in two young orphan brothers, Bob and Tom Wilson. Her father died when she was young and she spent most of her early years helping her Mother run a dairy farm with her sisters. Balancing time between school and work was a challenge and often homework was completed by candle light or oil lamp.
Sunday School was held in the Rowsley Hall next door to the family home. After completing eighth grade, Ruby commenced work like so many other girls at that time. She undertook a number of local jobs until she was lured to Melbourne. That didn't stop her from returning to Bacchus Marsh on weekends for the Saturday dances and helping out on the farm.
The Americans come to Bacchus Marsh
Two unnamed American soldiers stationed at Darley Military Camp, walk down Main Street Bacchus Marsh.
Taken During World War II (1939-1945).
Courtesy of Bacchus Marsh and District Historical Society Inc.
When the American Army came to Darley Camp they were regular visitors to the local dances. This often led to invites to visit the farm and escape the riggers of military training and camp life. Private Harold Barnes of the US Army, became a regular visitor to the farm and quickly grew fond of the family, the farm life and Ruby.
"He helped Mum on the farm and was teaching her to cook American food! Then he would join us at the dances if he was on leave, so we four were on the farm at weekends".
Ruby Barnes
Cupid at Work
The arrival of hundreds of single young American soldiers had an immediate impact on the local community. Cupid was at work – the result leading to a number of loving and lasting relationships.
An excerpt from the article titled Bacchus Marsh Surrenders – US Troops Here that was published in the Melton Express on Saturday 21 March 1942 on page 1.
Courtesy of TROVE.
"Harold seemed interested in me, so we were married in Bacchus Marsh one September day".
The Rowsley Correspondent's weekly review provides a detailed obituary for Sapper Leonard Moser. A World War I soldier (V18092), along with an update on the shearing season. At the end it announces the kitchen tea that will be held in the Rowsley Hall on Saturday the 26 September 1942. The purpose of the occasion being to celebrate Miss Ruby Manly's marriage to Private Barnes of the US Army.
Published in the Melton Express on Saturday 19 September 1942 on page 3.
Public notice announcing the kitchen tea in the Rowsley Hall on Saturday the 26 September 1942 for Mrs. Barnes (nee Ruby Manly).
Published in the Melton Express Saturday 19 September 1942 on page 2.
Ruby and Harold's lives became fairly disjointed after their marriage. Harold moved interstate and then finally to the Islands with the American Army. During this turmoil, Ruby worked various jobs and gave birth to their first child.
The Move to America
In February 1945, Ruby and their son John began the long journey from Rowsley to Kansas, USA, via Sydney and New York. Harold thankfully survived the war and re-joined his family. The family expanded over the years and settled on a farm in Texas.
"I have had a wonderful life, have four sons John, Tom, Robert and James who lives on our old farm in Texas, where I worked for 37 years…. A great life".
The Barnes family on their rocking chairs at their farm in Texas, USA. Left to Right: James, Ruby, Robert, Tom and John. Courtesy of Ruby Barnes' Private Collection.
Read the complete story of Ruby's experiences as the bride of an American soldier – Rowsley to Texas. Check out our Facebook page now.
Kenneth (Ken) Lewis – Community Interviews 2020
A portrait photograph of Ken Lewis, remembering Bacchus Marsh during World War II and the Darley Military Camp.
Courtesy of Ken Lewis' Personal Collection.
Ken Lewis recalls when the family moved to Bacchus marsh from East Brunswick. This was when his father was appointed the new Minister of the Presbyterian Church in Gisborne Road, during World War II. Mrs Daphne and the Rev. George William Lewis along with their family lived in the manse at St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Bacchus Marsh, between 1940 – 1948.
Photograph of the Lewis Family taken at Bacchus Marsh in 1946-1947 by Jack Cox (?) Photography, Bacchus Marsh.
Front Row (left to Right): Rev. William G. Lewis, Murray M. Lewis, Mrs. Daphne M. Lewis.
Back row (left to right): John O. Lewis, Margaret Lewis, William D. Lewis, Kenneth L. Lewis
Courtesy of Ken Lewis' Private Collection.
"I had two older brothers and a younger sister and brother. It was a new and exciting experience for us to come to Bacchus Marsh".
Ken Lewis
Ken remembers when the Darley Military Camp was built and the hundreds of Australian troops that marched in after its completion. He recalls the impact the numerous soldiers had on the quiet little town. Learn how the church and his family opened their arms to the soldiers far from home. How they forged lasting friendships with service men and women from America through to the Netherland East Indies .
"I remember when some of the American troops nicknamed it 'Backward Marsh'. It used to have a friendly village atmosphere; I hope it still does".
Local Community prepares for the worst
Like many of the religious leaders within the local community, Rev. William G. Lewis was a notable participant in the War effort on the home front. Local newspapers document not only his strong spiritual leadership for the service men and women far from home.
St Andrew's Church Anniversary Article from the Melton Express from Saturday 27 November 1943 on page 1.
The Rev. W. G. Lewis leads the celebrations of the 93rd Anniversary of St. Andrew's Church at Bacchus Marsh.
Sergeant Lindsay and John Lewis, AC2 (Aircraftman Second Class), RAAF, joined the activities by speaking to the future of the church.
It also captures his participation in important communal activities, such as the local Air Observers, where his name is listed along with many other notable locals.
The weekly Air Observers' Roster for Bacchus Marsh, published in the Melton Express on Saturday 18 March 1944 on page 6.
The Rev. W. G. Lewis volunteered as an Air Observer and was regularly rostered on the Friday No. 3 shift (11a.m. to 1.p.m.).
The Rev. Fathers Gavan Duffy and Murphy also performed the same shift on the Thursday.
Off to Fight
Inevitably, once their training was complete, the service man and women would leave for the war zones. Ken recalls the familiar faces marching down Gisborne Road to the railway station. He would ride his bike to Maddingley Park where the troops would be at ease, enjoying refreshments prepared by the CWA ladies, before leaving by the train.
Soldiers from the Darley Military Camp participating in a Sports Day at Maddingley Park, Bacchus Marsh, during World War II. Australian soldiers march past onlookers in the old pavilion. Courtesy of the John Hannah Private Collection.
"What a great debt we owe to those men and women who trained at Darley Camp before sailing away overseas to the fronts of battle, some never to return home. We will remember them".
Read about Ken's experiences, the soldier's letters, photographs and autograph book that bring back vivid memories of those days. Check out our Facebook page now.