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Home » News » Africa » Escalating Proxy War In Africa
Escalating Proxy War In Africa
By Crossed Crocodiles | February 9, 2012 at 1:46 am | 2 comments | Africa, International Solidarity, Kenya, News, Nigeria, Somalia, Sudan
[T]he United States must employ its soft power to persuade African nations to work with it. The time to do so is now, before China's inroads in African states become insurmountable. If the United States is to secure its resource needs from Africa in the future, it must be prepared to employ all elements of hard and soft power to meet the demands of future proxy conflict on the continent.
This passage comes from the Recommendations at the end of the paper Bipolarity, Proxy Wars, and the Rise of China (PDF) by Mark O. Yeisley, Lieutenant Colonel, USAF published in Strategic Studies Quarterly. The paper lays out the expectation of increasing proxy war in Africa. He anticipates decades of proxy wars with China on the African continent, using African soldiers, over African resources.
… proxy conflicts are those in which great-power hostilities are expressed through client states rather than between great powers themselves. These proxy conflicts occur between nations that disagree over specific issues but do not wish to engage in direct conflict …
From an earlier discussion comes this definition of proxy war:
Within the military realm, the terms proxy and surrogate are largely interchangeable. … a surrogate force is defined as an organization that serves the needs or interests of a secondary actor—the sponsor—by employing military power in place of the sponsor's own forces. Implicit within this definition is the requirement for the sponsor to fund, equip, train, or otherwise support the surrogate. (Discussed in Obama's African Rifles – Partners/Surrogates/Proxies)
Proxy war means real death and real suffering by other than the principal parties. Here is cartoonist Amin Amir on Kenya's war against the Somali people. It is also true that Kenyan soldiers are injured and dying in the Kenyan invasion of Somalia.
In his paper Lt. Col Yeisley describes how the Soviet US bipolar power balance led to proxy war on many continents from the end of WWII until the 1990s. He points out that China is the most likely threat to current American global hegemony, and suggests that proxy wars over resources in Africa are a likely future scenario. He points out that any of the BRIC, Brazil, Russia, India, and China, states may become great powers, but China is in the lead on that road at present.
He does not discuss the fact that the new wave of proxy wars in Africa have already begun, with Libya and Somalia being two of the most obvious current examples. These wars are partly maneuvering against China, but are also simply using and exacerbating conflicts to manipulate countries for the use of their resources.
The most likely challenger to US hegemony to emerge, at least in the foreseeable future, is China. Only China is close to possessing sufficient economic might leveraged into military spending and growth to soon rival the United States. It may well become the second great-power state in a new bipolar international regime.
… While direct conflict is indeed a possibility, it remains remote. A more likely outcome is subnational conflict as the United States and China engage in proxy wars over resource access in Africa. These conflicts will place great demands on all US instruments of power as involvement in foreign internal defense, particularly counterinsurgency operations in Africa, trends upward. Bipolarity and renewed proxy conflict will require rethinking of long-term national and military strategies now focused primarily on large-scale interstate wars. This will impact defense acquisition and military doctrine as US strategic focus shifts from conventional conflict to more low-end operations.
Yeisley describes how the Cold War:
… increased the incidence of subnational proxy conflict via two complementary mechanisms. It provided the superpowers a means to achieve geostrategic goals without the risk of nuclear war while also providing groups within client states the means to achieve their goals, through violence if necessary.
What it means is that other people fight and die, real fighting, real death, so that the manipulating powers can compete and acquire without suffering at home.
Yeisley also discusses:
Why did the United States and the USSR engage in Cold War proxy conflict? Realists of the period warned against doing so—involvement in
third-world conflicts was detrimental to US interests and did not enhance the all-important balance of power.
… impressions of power were just as important as military equality; this resulted in strategies that depended on perceptions of a balance of power as much as the balance itself. Thus, US policy treated any Soviet gains as a threat that had to be countered in a zero-sum realpolitik game.
Cold War proxy conflicts usually took the form of aid provided to either insurgent forces or to those of the state—cash transfers, provision of weapons/technology, and advisory or combat support.
The rising incidence of subnational conflict during the Cold War and its decline in the current era were thus influenced by superpower policy decisions to pursue strategic goals by proxy within client states to avoid the high costs of nuclear war.
From Yeisley's conclusion:
It is likely China will achieve economic and then military parity with the United States in the next two decades. … But why would China's rising necessarily lead to geostrategic competition with the United States, and where would this most likely occur? Unlike the Cold War, access to strategic resources rather than ideology would lie at the heart of future US-Sino competition, and the new "great game" will most likely be played in Africa.
Africa is home to a wealth of mineral and energy resources, much of which still remains largely unexploited. Seven African states possess huge endowments of oil, and four of these have equally substantial amounts of natural gas. Africa also enjoys large deposits of bauxite (used to make aluminum), copper, lead, nickel, zinc, and iron ore, all of which are imported and highly desired by China.
Of primary interest is open access to Africa's significant deposits of oil and other energy resources.
Africa is thus a vital foreign interest for the Chinese and must be for the United States; access to its mineral and petroleum wealth is crucial to the survival of each. Although the US and Chinese economies are tightly interconnected, the nonrenewable nature of these assets means competition will remain a zero-sum game. Nearly all African states have been independent entities for less than 50 years; consolidating robust domestic state institutions and stable governments remains problematic. Studies have shown that weak governments are often prime targets for civil conflicts that prove costly to control. Many African nations possess both strategic resources and weak regimes, making them vulnerable to internal conflict and thus valuable candidates for assistance from China or the United States to help settle their domestic grievances. With access to African resources of vital strategic interest to each side, competition could likely occur by proxy via diplomatic, economic, or military assistance to one (or both) of the parties involved.
The asymmetric nature of future conflict over African resources means defense acquisition must therefore focus on equipping and training military as well as civilian foreign internal defense teams. Both military and civilian doctrine must be altered to allow robust and effective interagency actions to meet the challenges of proxy conflict that will span the continuum of war from security forces assistance, counterinsurgency, information, and combat operations to peace enforcement and postconflict stability efforts.
While the United States should not reduce current preparations for conventional war-fighting dominance, prudence dictates that it also prepares for future proxy conflict management in Africa.
Yeisley's paper is not a policy document, it is more predictive analysis, as the disclaimer states:
The views and opinions expressed or implied in the SSQ are those of the authors and should not be construed as carrying the official sanction of the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, Air Education and Training Command, Air University, or other agencies or departments of the US government.
The Pentagon is way out in front of this paper. The US Africa Command is already in place and already actively engaged in proxy war on the African continent, in Somalia, in Libya, in the Great Lakes regions, and in a less overt manner in a number of other countries. About a year ago General Hogg from AFRICOM was soliciting Ghana to participate in proxy war in Ivory Coast.
Yeisley tells us that China has 4,000 military personnel in Sudan to protect its interests in energy and mineral investments there; it also owns 40 percent of the Greater Nile Oil Production Company.
Lt. Col. Yeisley's paper may not be a policy statement, but increased proxy war waged by the United States in Africa is already underway and already US policy.
Both African leaders and opposition groups can see what the United States is doing in both Africa and the Middle East. Many already have a gleam in their eyes aiming to be the next dictator of choice or favored freedom fighters. At the same time many Africans are profoundly offended by the manipulative violence sponsored by the US and its European allies. This was most recently expressed at the African Union summit January 2012, when Jean Ping failed to secure the necessary 2/3 votes to continue as AU Commission Chairperson, even after his opposition withdrew from the contest. Delegates were particularly troubled by his role in the Libya debacle and many saw him as a tool of French policy.
Sudan, its oil, land, and other resources is currently a major target of the interest of the US and its Africa Command. Proxy war is being funded and underway. Regarding South Sudan, Uganda, the Eastern DRC and other countries in the Great Lakes region:
… this whole area is prime real estate where the fierce battle between China and the Americans/Europeans plays out, centered on oil and minerals, all part of the Great 21st Century African Resource War. (from Obama, the king of Africa)
Sudan has long been the focus of the United States interest. The US promoted the separation of north and south, and pushed forward the referendum that separated the two into two different countries.
President Obama would have you believe that 100 elite U.S. Special Forces soldiers are running around in the African Bush looking for what's left of the Lord's Resistance Army. … The real target is South Sudan, where the United States is setting the stage for an African proxy oil war with China. … The Green Berets are in central Africa to coordinate military operations by Washington's African clients. … The United States and Europe can no longer compete economically with China in Africa, and must now resort to raw force, through African puppet armies.
Reporter Thomas C. Mountain … points out in a recent article that the United States pays the salaries of South Sudan's army, and also pays the costs of the thousands of United Nations so-called "peacekeepers" who have been sent to South Sudan to help contain the ethnic violence. Those UN peacekeepers are mostly soldiers from Ethiopia, a U.S. client state that, along with Kenya and Uganda, is waging a proxy war under U.S. sponsorship in Somalia. The Ethiopians worked very closely with U.S. Special Forces, right down to the company level, in the 2006 invasion of Somalia.
Now, in the heart of central Africa where South Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Congo, and the Central African Republic meet – all of them U.S. client states – the U.S. needs its own Special Forces units in place to coordinate its puppet African armies, and to keep all of them focused on the larger mission … to destabilize northern Sudan and China's oil operations, there. (from Coming Soon: Obama's Big Move in Central Africa)
Dyncorp had a State Department contract to train the SPLA back in 2007, which may still be in effect or renewed since then. Mountain tells us, the:
US pays the salaries for the Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA, the national army of South Sudan), over $100 million in 2011 alone. Does a country really have independence when a foreign power pays its army's salaries? Whose orders is the army really going to follow?
And now comes word that the Obama regime presently occupying the White House in the USA is planning on "selling" advanced weaponry to the SPLA. As every day hundreds of children in South Sudan die from lack of clean drinking water, food, shelter and medical care the USA's answer is to provide jet fighters and bombers, the better to see Sudanese kill Sudanese.
What this is all about is the Sudanese oil fields in the Abeye region, basically right on the border between Sudan and South Sudan. The Sudanese oil fields are the only majority owned and controlled Chinese developed oil fields in Africa.
The "USA/UN" plan is supposed to see up to 10,000 Ethiopian military personnel under cover of a UN "peacekeeper" mandate take up stations around the Abeye oil fields, the better to one day control that oil.
The one thing that should be expected is a continuing "crisis management" policy by the USA in South Sudan, as in create a crisis and then manage the murder and mayhem the better to exploit the wealth of the land, or if necessary, at least deny it to your enemy.
US AFRICOM Commander General Carter Ham (in gray camo, next to the man in the light blue shirt) in South Sudan August 26, 2011. South Sudan officially became independent in July 2011.
Mountain also says that:
In mid 2011 South Sudanese officials were reported to have said that the USA had told them they didn't need oil money to survive, they could depend on western aid. A fore teller of things to come?
This sounds like the message the US was telling African countries immediately post independence in the late 1950s and 1960s, shorter version: Don't worry, you don't need to grow your own food or produce your own goods, trust us, we'll take care of you. We all know how well that worked. Those African leaders who tried to steer a truly independent course faced western hostility, coups, and assassination, Nkrumah, Lumumba, Sekou Toure, Amilcar Cabral, Thomas Sankara, among others.
The African continent is a big place. There is US interest in proxy conflict in a number of other locations around the continent as well. An ongoing focus of US attention is Nigeria, with its huge oil reserves. The US Department of Homeland Security just declared Nigeria's insurgent terrorists, Boko Haram, a threat to the US homeland, Boko Haram: Emerging Threat to the US Homeland PDF. This opens the way to increased military interference (partnering) in Nigeria and its neighbors.
AFRICA ENDEAVOR 2011 NIGERIA - ABUJA, NIGERIA – Marine Forces Africa's Sgt. Ryan Kish teaches ECOWAS Combat Forces Signal Squadron soldiers to properly set up and operate a Broadband Global Area Network (BGAN) satellite system as part of the train up to US Africa Command's Africa Endeavor 2011 communications exercise which is taking place simultaneously in Banjul, The Gambia; ECOWAS in Abuja, Niger and the AU in Addis Abba, Ethiopia, 12 July 2011. (AFRICOM photo by Lt. Col. Steven Lamb)
You can view more pictures of AFRICOM activities all around the coasts of Africa in AFRICOM Along the Coasts and In the Creeks.
We have seen the devastation to lives, countries and economies that proxy war has created in Africa. In the beginning of this century it looked like Africa might be able to put that behind. Conflicts decreased. There was a surge in conflict in the 1990s, followed by a cessation between 2002 and 2006. With the decrease in violence, African economies began to take off. Chinese investment has been a great help, although one cannot always regard it as benign. African economies are growing a lot faster than either the United States or Europe at present. More war could put a stop to all that.
A 2007 Human Security Brief:
… describes and analyses the extraordinary, but largely unnoticed, positive change in sub-Saharan Africa's security landscape. After a surge of conflicts in the 1990s, the number of conflicts being waged in the region more than halved between 1999 and 2006; the combat toll dropped by 98 percent.
° There has been a major decline in the scope and intensity of conflicts.
° Refugee numbers have shrunk substantially.
° The share of global humanitarian assistance going to Africa doubled between 1999 and 2006—from 23 percent to 46 percent
Between 2002 and 2006 the number of campaigns of organized violence against civilians fell by two-thirds. (Human security in Africa)
We know the effect of proxy war, of training and equipping client militaries.
From Congressional testimony by the Africa Faith and Justice Network, in July 2008:
The 'train and equip' idea is not new. In fact, it has a very bad history in Africa – a history that harkens back to the proxy wars of the Cold War and U.S. support for illegitimate or corrupt regimes.
In the 1980's, the U.S. spent $500 million to train and equip Samuel Doe in Liberia. According to a report from the U.S. Army's Strategic Studies Institute, "every armed group that plundered Liberia over the past 25 years had its core in these U.S.-trained Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) soldiers. There is thus a fear that when the United States withdraws support for its security sector reform program and funding for the AFL, Liberia will be sitting on a time bomb; a well-trained and armed force of elite soldiers who are used to good pay and conditions of service, which may be impossible for the government of Liberia to sustain on its own."
AFRICOM's value as a structure for legitimizing African armies should therefore be called into serious question.
That train and equip disaster continues to play out. Former fighters who needed jobs, experienced in the brutalities of the Liberian civil war, headed to Ivory Coast after the 2011 elections to work as mercenaries in the conflict there.
Escalating proxy wars in Africa will ultimately damage the United States. Proxy war will cut the United States off from the friends and resources it badly needs. Unfortunately the US does not seem to understand how much it needs friends.
http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100000295462641 Gara Pierre-David Takpara
Attention, chers
compatriotes Africains !!! Cherchez les dessous et faites circuler le
message. C´est important. Je préfère m´affronter
contre un voleur de la maison/du quartier qu´un sorcier du village.
Jean Ping est en
train de conduire l´Afrique dans l´enfer total. Arrêtons Jean Ping, le
président de la commission de l´U.A, avant qu´il nous livre.
Chassons Jean Ping
de l´Afrique. Ce type est dangereux… Affaire à suivre!
Please note,
fellow Africans! Search following and circulate the message.
This is important. I prefer to face against a thief in
the house / neighbourhood as a witch of the village.
Jean Ping is
currently leading Africa in total hell. Stop Jean Ping, chairman
of the AU commission, before he delivers us.
Jean Ping hunt in Africa. This
guy is dangerous … Stay tuned!


As we prepare for our expedition to the Amazon, we are doing a few camera tests in order to find the best option for our documentary film production. This is a short video test using the slow motion function on the Panasonic GH4. One hour shooting and one hour editing. All shot with the Panasonic GH4 and the Canon 70-200mm 2.8L Lens. I also used the Canon Extender 2x and the Vello Adapter EF to MFT giving me about a 800mm (crop factor + 2x Extender).


text:
import Ember from 'ember';
import config from './config/environment';

var Router = Ember.Router.extend({
  location: config.locationType
});

Router.map(function() {
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  this.route('fixed');
  this.route('removable-columns');
  this.route('sort-array-controller');
  this.route('sort-computed');
});

export default Router;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
2. Simulations performed
a. Convective simulations
b. Neutral simulations
3. Results from convective simulations
4. Results from neutral simulations
5. Effects in an inversion region
Bretherton, C. S., and Coauthors, 1999: An intercomparison of radiatively driven entrainment and turbulence in a smoke cloud, as simulated by different numerical models. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,125, 391–423.
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Leonard, B. P., M. K. MacVean, and A. P. Lock, 1993: Positivity-preserving numerical schemes for multidimensional advection. NASA Tech. Memo. 106055 (ICOMP-93-05), 62 pp.
Margolin, L. G., P. K. Smolarkiewicz, and Z. Sorbjan, 1999: Large-eddy simulations of convective boundary layers using nonoscillatory differencing. Physica D.,133, 390–397.
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——, and D. J. Thomson, 1987: Large eddy simulation of the neutral-static-stability planetary boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,113 413–443.
——, and ——, 1992: Stochastic backscatter in large-eddy simulations of boundary layers. J. Fluid Mech.,242, 51–78.
——, and A. R. Brown, 1999: On subgrid models and filter operations in large-eddy simulations. J. Atmos. Sci.,56, 2101–2114.
Piacsek, S. A., and G. P. Williams, 1970: Conservation properties of convection difference schemes. J. Comput. Phys.,6, 392–405.
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Horizontal grid spacing (Δx,y) and subgrid length scale (λ0) of the main simulations. (a) Convective simulations, (b) neutral simulations. "U" in a simulation name indicates that that simulation used the monotone "ULTIMATE" advection scheme of Leonard et al. (1993)
Normalized one-dimensional w spectra at z/zi = 0.7. The spectra have been taken in the x direction, and kx is the wavenumber (=1/wavelength). The straight line indicates the −⅔ slope that is expected in an inertial subrange. (a) Simulations A14, B14, C14, D14, E14, and E14U; (b) simulations A14U, B14U, C14U, D14U, E14U, and E14; (c) simulations C00U, C02U, C04U, C07U, and C14U. The shaded region in (a) shows the range of results obtained in four successive averaging periods of 4000 s from simulation C14 and is shown to give an idea of the statistical reliability of the results
Normalized total kinetic budgets. Here, A is the term in the budget resulting from the nonlinear term in the momentum equation, B is the buoyancy production, P is the pressure transport term, and ϵSG is the dissipation due to the subgrid model. (a) Simulation B14, (b) simulation B14U. The crosses in (b) show an estimated profile of total dissipation in B14U, obtained as described in the text
(a) Normalized vertically averaged terms in the total kinetic energy budgets from simulations with λ0 = 14.4 m. Solid lines: BA, averaged buoyancy production; dotted lines: ϵASG, averaged subgrid dissipation; dashed lines: AA, averaged effect of advective terms. Crosses and heavy lines: simulations using centered differences; squares and light lines: simulations using monotone advection. (b) Ratio of vertically averaged numerical dissipation to vertically averaged total dissipation for all convective simulations using the monotone advection scheme. Crosses: simulations using grid C; squares: simulations using λ0 = 14 m; Triangle: simulation E25U
Near-surface mean potential temperature profiles (adjusted so that all have value zero at 100 m). (a) Simulations A14, B14, C14, D14, E14, and F14; (b) simulations A14U, B14U, C14U, D14U, and E14U; (c) simulations C14U, C07U, C04U, C02U, and C00U; (d) simulations A00U, B00U, C00U, and D00U
Normalized one-dimensional w spectra at 20 (solid), 40, 80, 160, and 320 m (long dashes). (a) D14, (b) D00U
Normalized one-dimensional w spectra at 20 (solid), 40, 80, 160, and 320 m (long dashes) from the neutral simulations with λ0 = 8 m
Normalized velocity profiles from the neutral simulations. The crosses indicate a logarithmic profile
Time series of inversion height for four simulations of the Bretherton et al. (1999) smoke cloud case (see text for details)
The Effects of Numerical Dissipation in Large Eddy Simulations
A. R. Brown1, M. K. MacVean1, and P. J. Mason1
1 The Met. Office, Bracknell, Berkshire, United Kingdom
https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<3337:TEONDI>2.0.CO;2
Large eddy simulations sometimes use monotone advection schemes. Such schemes are dissipative, and the effective subgrid model then becomes the combined effect of the intended model and of the numerical dissipation. The impacts on simulation reliability are examined for the cases of dry convective and neutral planetary boundary layers. In general it is found that the results in the well-resolved flow interior are insensitive to the details of the advection scheme. However, unsatisfactory results may be obtained if numerical dissipation dominates where the flow becomes less well resolved as the surface is approached.
Corresponding author address: Dr. Andrew Brown, The Met. Office, London Road, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG12 2SZ, United Kingdom.
Email: arbrown@meto.gov.uk
A large eddy simulation is based on the concept that the Navier–Stokes equations have been subject to a filter operation. Scales larger than the filter are explicitly represented in the numerical simulation, while a model is used to parametrize the effects of the smaller scales. This parametrization might best be called the "subfilter model," but the term "subgrid model" is almost universally used and has been adopted here.
Mason and Brown (1999) (hereafter referred to as MB99) carried out a detailed study of the filtering process in large eddy simulations through examination of the resolved velocity spectra in a series of high-resolution simulations of the dry convective boundary layer in which the basic length scale of the subgrid model (λ0) and the numerical grid spacing used (Δx,y) were varied independently. They found that for fixed λ0, almost identical velocity spectra in the flow interior were obtained from all simulations with Cs = λ0/Δx,y ≳ 0.32, that is, as long as the numerical grid was fine enough, the results obtained were independent of that grid. The steep falloff in the spectra was therefore associated with the filter being applied by the subgrid model and being independent of the numerical mesh, consistent with the ideas of Mason and Callen (1986). Smaller values of Cs were shown to lead to results that diverged from the high-resolution limit and were associated with finite difference errors. Spectral behavior in the near-surface region was also examined. Here obtaining spectra in which a steep falloff (or filtering) occurred at the same scale at all heights was regarded as evidence for successful operation of the subgrid model.
The study of MB99 exclusively used the Piacsek and Williams (1970) form of the nonlinear advection terms, which is centered in space. This numerical procedure (used in conjunction with a leapfrog time-marching scheme) ensures conservation of energy and scalar variance, and so dissipation in the MB99 study was entirely due to the subgrid model. However, particularly when performing large eddy simulations of cloudy boundary layers, it is common practice to use monotone advection schemes (at least on the scalar variables) in order to avoid problems associated with spurious under- and overshoots. When such schemes are used, dissipation from the resolved scales occurs both through the action of the subgrid model and through the numerics. The purpose of the present study is to extend the work of MB99 to consider the effects of using schemes that lead to this numerical dissipation. A similar study has recently been performed by Margolin et al. (1999). Both convective and neutral dry boundary layers will be considered here. In each case, a range of simulations will be described in which different fractions of the total dissipation were performed by the subgrid model and by the numerical scheme. Effects on the simulated spectra will be examined and any impacts on the overall reliability of the simulations will be noted. The implications of the results for simulations of cloudy boundary layers which have strong capping inversions are also considered (section 5).
The basic model used in the present study is that described in MB99. The subgrid model is the stability dependent version of the Smagorinsky (1963) model that is documented in Brown et al. (1994). However, as well as performing simulations using the standard nondissipative (centered difference) formulation, parallel runs were performed in which the advection scheme (for all variables) was replaced with the ULTIMATE QUICKEST scheme of Leonard et al. (1993). This is a third-order upwind scheme in which a flux limiter eliminates spurious under- or overshoots. It is just one example of a monotone scheme, but others should give qualitatively similar results.
The convective and neutral simulations performed will now be described in turn.
The convective case studied is the same as that used in MB99. Each simulation was initialized with the potential temperature (θ) constant at 300 K from the surface up to z = 1000 m, and then increasing linearly at 0.003 K m−1 until the domain top at 3000 m. The wind components were set to zero. A small perturbation (±0.5 K) was applied to the potential temperature at the lowest model level to initiate turbulence, and a heat flux (〈w′θ′〉0) of 0.06 K m s−1 was imposed at the no-slip surface (roughness length set to 0.1 m).
The horizontal domain is a square of side 4000 m. Six different numerical grids have been employed (as in MB99), with Δx,y varying between 125 m in grid A (the coarsest) and 17 m in grid F (the finest). In all cases the vertical resolution is at least as good as that in the horizontal. All simulations were run for 10000 s, with turbulence statistics averaged over the horizontal domain and over the last 4000 s in each case. The resulting boundary layer depth (zi, defined to be equal to the height of the heat flux minimum) is close to 1000 m in each case, with values of the convective velocity scale, w*, of around 1.25 m s−1.
A summary of the runs performed can be found in Table 1. The naming convention has been chosen so that the grid resolution (from A to F) and the value of λ0 used can be immediately ascertained. The letter "U" at the end of the name indicates that a simulation used the ULTIMATE QUICKEST advection scheme. Some of the same information is also shown pictorially in Fig. 1a in order to highlight the main comparisons that can be made.
Moving along the horizontal line from A14 to E14 in Fig. 1a shows the effect of varying the grid spacing with fixed subgrid length scale while using nondissipative numerics, exactly as in MB99. The series A14U to E14U exactly parallels A14 to E14, but uses the dissipative ULTIMATE QUICKEST advection scheme. Hence the impact of using such a scheme can be assessed across a range of numerical resolutions: Cs = 0.12 in A14 and A14U to Cs = 0.46 in E14 and E14U. Point F14 obtained a higher values of Cs by further reducing the grid spacing with fixed subgrid length scale, but in order to show the high Cs limit with monotone advection more cheaply, E25U was performed with the same grid as in E14U but increased λ0.
When using nondissipative numerics, MB99 showed that the use of small values of Cs (≲0.16) could lead to a buildup of energy close to the grid scale. These are precisely the conditions in which the use of a dissipative numerical scheme might be expected to have most effect. In order to study the behavior of simulations using such a scheme in the small Cs limit, another series of runs was performed (shown dotted in Fig. 1a) in which λ0 was reduced at fixed grid spacing. The runs C14U, C07U, C04U, and C02U have Cs values of 0.23, 0.12, 0.06, and 0.03, respectively, and C00U is the extreme case in which λ0 = 0, that is, the subgrid model is entirely switched off and all dissipation is performed by the numerical scheme. Finally, comparison of A00U, B00U, C00U, and D00U shows the resolution dependence of the results in this "no subgrid model" limit.
The neutral simulations performed were of flows driven by an imposed pressure gradient which, together with the value of the Coriolis parameter appropriate to 45°N, gave a geostrophic wind (G) of 10 m s−1. The surface roughness length was set to 0.1 m. The initial wind profiles were geostrophic and small perturbations were applied to the vertical velocity field in order to initiate turbulence. The simulations were run for 100000 s, with turbulence statistics averaged over the last 30000 s in each case.
In all cases the domain measured 4800 m (in the geostrophic wind direction) by 3200 m (in the cross wind direction) by 5000 m (in the vertical). Given an expected Ekman layer depth of around 1500 m, this domain size is consistent with that recommended by Mason and Thomson (1987). Three different numerical grids have been used, X, Y, and Z, with a horizontal spacings of 100, 53, and 26 m, respectively. The vertical resolution is at least as good as the horizontal and is finer close to the surface where the grids are refined. Once again simulations have been performed with and without the monotone advection scheme, and with various values of λ0, as shown in Table 1 and Fig. 1b.
Figure 2 shows normalized one-dimensional vertical velocity spectra at z/zi = 0.7 from some of the convective simulations. The spectra have been taken in the x direction and averaged over the y direction and over time. The results from simulations A14, B14, C14, D14, and E14 in Fig. 2 are those that were presented and discussed in MB99. Those from E14 (Cs = 0.46) and D14 (Cs = 0.32) are very similar to each other, and to those from F14 (Cs = 0.81, not shown). This is consistent with the filter being determined by the subgrid model and the results being independent of the grid as long as Cs is large enough. As Cs is reduced finite difference errors make the results less satisfactory with a buildup of energy close to the grid scale and, in A14 (Cs = 0.12), a statistically significant loss of variance at larger scales.
The effects of using a monotone advection scheme are now considered. In the well-resolved limit (large Cs) there is little energy close to the grid scale even in the absence of a monotone advection scheme, and so relatively little dissipation occurs through the numerical scheme and the results are similar to those obtained using centered differences. This is illustrated in Figs. 2a and 2b, which show the very similar vertical velocity spectra obtained in E14 and E14U. As Cs is reduced (by increasing the grid spacing at fixed λ0) the differences between the monotone advection and centered difference solutions become more marked. Numerical dissipation by the monotone advection scheme becomes progressively more important and prevents any buildup of energy close to the grid scale (so that the effective filter scale becomes proportional to the grid scale). In some respects this is clearly beneficial, and A14U is a more satisfactory solution than A14, not showing the same loss of variance at larger scales. However, it will be shown later in this paper that relying on dissipation by a monotone advection scheme to compensate for the use of too small a value of Cs may not be successful in all cases. Figure 2c compares spectra from simulations with a fixed grid and varying λ0. As λ0 is reduced the results converge toward the limiting case of C00U in which the subgrid model is turned off. Cases C02U and C04U give solutions close to that of C00U, while C07U and C14U show a steeper spectral falloff as the subgrid model takes increasing significance.
Figure 3 shows the total kinetic energy budgets (normalized by w3*/zi where w* is the convective velocity scale) for simulations B14 and B14U. All terms have been calculated consistently with the model's actual finite difference formulation so that exact, consistent budgets can be calculated both for the centered difference and for the monotone advection simulations. Term A is that resulting from the nonlinear advection term in the momentum equations. For B14, with its nondissipative numerics, this is exactly the turbulent transport term that has a vertically averaged value of zero. Here P is the pressure transport term and B and ϵSG are the buoyancy production and subgrid dissipation terms, respectively. The profiles of B and P from B14U are similar to those from B14, although with some minor differences close to the surface and to the inversion. However, the magnitude of ϵSG is reduced relative to that in B14 as a significant fraction of the total dissipation is now performed through the monotone advection scheme (vertically averaged value of A now negative). If a turbulent transport term is diagnosed consistent with a centered difference formulation, then the difference between A and this estimate of the transport provides an approximate profile of the numerical dissipation. The crosses in Fig. 3b show the sum of this estimated numerical dissipation and the diagnosed subgrid dissipation for simulation B14U, and this total dissipation profile can be seen to be broadly similar to that of ϵSG from B14.
The profiles of buoyancy production and pressure transport from the other simulations are similar to those from B14 and B14U and so are not shown here. Figure 4a confirms that the vertically averaged buoyancy production [BA = (1/zi) ∫zi0B dz] is almost constant across the centered difference simulations with λ0 = 14.4 m (A14 to F14), and that it is little changed in the simulations using the monotone advection scheme (A14U to E14U). This plot also quantifies the partition between dissipation due to the subgrid model and dissipation due to the model numerics. For the centered difference simulations the average of term A is zero and there is no numerical dissipation, so the averaged buoyancy production is entirely balanced by the averaged subgrid dissipation (ϵASG). For the monotone advection simulations the numerical dissipation (ϵANUM ≡ AA) increases while the subgrid dissipation decreases as the grid spacing becomes coarser (with the sum of the two balancing the near-constant buoyancy production). The fraction of the total dissipation (ϵATOT) performed by the numerical scheme is shown as a function of Cs in Fig. 4b, with results plotted for all of the convective runs using monotone advection. The form is as expected, with ϵANUM/ϵATOT = 1 at Cs = 0 and asymptoting to zero as Cs becomes large. The commonly used value of Cs = 0.23 gives ϵANUM/ϵATOT ≃ 0.45, although it is stressed that this value is not expected to be universal. In fact, the exact form of the curve of ϵANUM/ϵATOT against Cs will be dependent on the details of the monotone advection scheme used, and it will also be dependent on the flow type and on the value of λ0 if the simulation does not resolve well into the inertial subrange.
The preceding paragraphs have highlighted the effects on the simulated spectra and energy budgets of using different resolutions and values of subgrid length scale, and of changing between nondissipative and dissipative advection schemes. However, it should be emphasized that many of the turbulence statistics (e.g., variance and flux profiles) are robust across these changes. Only simulation A14 (nondissipative numerics and a low value of Cs leading to a buildup of energy close to the grid scale) shows velocity variance profiles that are clearly unsatisfactory. In the interior of the convective boundary layer case chosen in this series of simulations, the spectral peak is reasonably well resolved and it appears that the most critical requirement is simply that there should be enough dissipation (be it through the subgrid model or the numerical scheme) to prevent a buildup of energy close to the grid scale. These findings are consistent with those of Margolin et al. (1999). However, close to a boundary (surface or inversion) the turbulence will inevitably be less well resolved, and examination of statistics in these regions may provide a more discriminating test of the performance of a model. As an example, the mean potential temperature profiles obtained in a number of the simulations are now examined.
Figure 5a shows the potential temperature profiles from simulations A14, B14, C14, D14, E14, and F14 (adjusted to have the same value at 100 m in order to highlight any differences in the surface layer). In spite of the varying resolutions (both horizontal and vertical), it is encouraging that all of the simulations can be seen to follow approximately the same curve. The slight differences that do occur close to the surface are probably associated with the presence of finite difference errors in the less well resolved simulations (A14, B14, and C14). The use of a monotone advection scheme prevents buildup of energy near the grid scale, and the mean potential temperature profiles from A14U, B14U, C14U, D14U, and E14U (Fig. 5b) are all virtually identical to those from the better-resolved simulations using centered differences (D14, E14, and F14). Hence it appears that, as in the flow interior, dissipation from a monotone advection scheme may in some respects compensate for the use of a low value of Cs (=0.12 in A14 and A14U). However, less satisfactory effects are seen when Cs is reduced still further (by reducing λ0). Figure 5c shows potential temperature profiles from C14U, C07U, C04U, C02U, and C00U (Cs values of 0.23, 0.12, 0.06, 0.03, and 0.00, respectively). As Cs is reduced there is a significant warming at the lowest model level, reaching around 0.5 K in the limiting case of C00U in which the subgrid model has been turned off. At the same time there is a slight cooling higher up in the simulated surface layers. That these profiles are unreliable can be seen in Fig. 5d, which shows the solutions obtained in A00U, B00U, C00U, and D00U. These simulations differ only in their resolution (all having the subgrid model switched off), and yet there is no sign of convergence of the solutions, with the height at which the large potential temperature gradient occurs in each case clearly being controlled by the height of the lowest model grid level.
The reason for the unsatisfactory sensitivity to resolution of the profiles obtained when using a monotone advection scheme without a subgrid model is almost certainly that there can be no subgrid flux and so the buoyancy flux has to be 100% resolved at the first model level. The simulation can only achieve the required resolved flux by having more resolved variance at low levels, which in turn can only be achieved by having a more unstable mean temperature profile. To illustrate the differences in low-level resolved variance, Fig. 6 shows one-dimensional vertical velocity spectra at 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 m from simulations D14 and D00U (averaged across the domain but not over time). Those from D14 (and from D14U, not shown, which are almost identical) show, at all levels, a sharp falloff in spectral energy at small scales. The results from D00U remain satisfactory in as much as there is no buildup of energy at the grid scale, but the increase in resolved variance close to the surface is clear. As Cs is increased above zero, the fraction of the total flux that has to be resolved at the first model level becomes smaller (e.g., ≅0.25 at z = 20 m in D14, which has Cs = 0.32), reducing the need for a spuriously large unstable temperature gradient and leading to the largely resolution independent results shown in Figs. 5a and 5b.
The results from the neutral simulations illustrate many of the same points found in the analysis of the convective simulations. However, they are presented as well in order to show more dramatically the sensitivity to subgrid model and numerical scheme that can be encountered in regions where the turbulence is not well resolved. The extra sensitivity in this case arises because the shear production of turbulence itself depends strongly on the simulated mean and turbulent fields (whereas in the convective case, the buoyancy production was effectively imposed through the choice of surface heat flux). The convective case would be expected to show an increased sensitivity if the surface temperature (rather than the heat flux) were fixed in value.
The comparison of the results of the neutral simulations using a fixed subgrid length scale of 8 m is considered first. Figure 7 shows instantaneous vertical velocity spectra at five different levels from these runs (normalized using the friction velocity, u*). The centered difference simulation Z08 has the finest of the three meshes (Δx,y = 26 m; Cs = 0.3), and the spectra show well-defined peaks that move, as expected, to larger scale as the distance from the surface increases. A sharp spectral falloff (at kxzi ≅ 20) due to the subgrid model is seen at all levels. The normalized mean velocity profile from this simulation is shown in Fig. 8a. It deviates from the logarithmic profile (indicated by crosses), in the semiresolved region at around 100 m where it shows excessive shear, leading to a predicted geostrophic drag coefficient, CG = u2*/G2 = 1.76 × 10−3, which is low compared to observed values (e.g., Grant 1986) of around 2 × 10−3. This failing of the Smagorinsky subgrid model is well known, and more advanced models have been developed to alleviate it [e.g., the backscatter model of Mason and Thomson (1992) and the two-part viscosity model of Sullivan et al. (1994)]. However, the results are adequate for present purposes, which seek only to demonstrate that there exists a potentially large sensitivity of large eddy simulation results in the surface layer to the numerical methods used.
The spectra from simulation Y08 (Fig. 7) (Δx,y = 53 m; Cs = 0.15) are very similar to those from Z08 over the range of scales captured by both simulations, but the buildup of energy close to the grid scale in X08 indicates that its numerical resolution (Δx,y = 100 m; Cs = 0.08) is inadequate. The resulting velocity profiles (Fig. 8a) are similar, but not identical, to those from Z08. The fact that they have moved toward a more realistic logarithmic profile should not be regarded as evidence of success, as the changes from the results of Z08 arise solely because of a less faithful representation of the continuous solution due to the use of a coarser numerical mesh. Note that these results are entirely analogous to the centered difference convective results; use of too small values of Cs led to buildup of energy close to the grid scale and small departures of the mean profiles in the surface layer from those obtained in the better resolved runs (Fig. 5a).
The effects of employing the monotone advection scheme are now examined. Figure 7 shows that its use has little effect on the spectra at Cs = 0.3 (Z08U compared to Z08), but that its impact increases as Cs decreases; the spectra from Y08U and X08U show an increasing loss of variance, with the sharp spectral falloff moving to larger scale. Interestingly, only 15% of the total kinetic energy dissipation is performed by the numerical scheme in X08U, compared with around 80% obtained in a convective simulation at the same value of Cs (Fig. 4b). This difference probably arises because the neutral simulations are not well resolved close to the surface where most of the dissipation occurs. This means that a large proportion (77% for X15; 70% for Y08) of the total dissipation due to the subgrid model is directly of the kinetic energy of the mean flow, rather than of turbulent kinetic energy. As the range of scales represented is increased (at fixed Cs), a greater proportion of the total dissipation is from the turbulent kinetic energy and, in runs using the monotone advection scheme, this leads to an increase in the relative importance of numerical dissipation (10% of the total dissipation in X15; 14% in Y08).
Although the fraction of the total dissipation performed by the numerical scheme in Z08U, Y08U, and X08U is not large, significant differences are seen between the simulated velocity profiles (Fig. 8a). Simulation Z08U (which has the finest numerical resolution of the three) has a profile similar to that obtained in the three runs using centered differences. However, as Cs is reduced, the differences from the results obtained using centered differences increase, with the simulated shear becoming progressively more excessive. The explanation for these changes is that, if the mean velocity profiles were fixed, then the effect of introducing the monotone advection scheme that removes small-scale energy would be to reduce the resolved momentum flux. However, the new total flux would not be consistent with the mean velocity profile (from momentum budget considerations), and so the simulation using the monotone advection scheme has to somehow increase the resolved and/or subgrid fluxes. Both of these can be achieved by increasing the mean shear, leading to the results shown in Fig. 8a. The same effect is seen in the series of simulations that use grid X (Fig. 8b): the simulations using monotone advection systematically show greater shear than corresponding runs using centered differences, and the differences between the results of the two schemes increase as Cs decreases. Once again these results are qualitatively the same as those of the convective simulations, the use of low Cs and monotone advection leading to increased mean gradients in the surface layer (Fig. 5c). The limiting case of switching the subgrid model off altogether (X00U) leads to completely unrealistic results in the neutral case, with no sign of a logarithmic profile (Fig. 8b) and a geostrophic drag coefficient an order of magnitude smaller than the observed value.
The present results have shown a lack of sensitivity to the details of the numerical methods and subgrid model in the well-resolved interior of the flow. However, as the surface is approached the eddy resolution becomes marginal, the fluxes (in a simulation with an explicit subgrid model) become predominantly subgrid, and the results inevitably become sensitive to the details of the subgrid model and advection scheme. Relying entirely on numerical dissipation from the advection scheme (with no explicit subgrid model) has been shown to lead to a lack of convergence of the results in this region as the resolution is increased.
The situation close to the capping inversion at the top of the boundary layer is not entirely analogous to that close to the surface due to the absence of a rigid surface and zero vertical velocity boundary condition. This means that the modeled entrainment fluxes at the boundary layer top tend to be on large scales and remain well resolved (e.g., Bretherton et al. 1999). However, the characteristic turbulence length scale will reduce close to the inversion and so the resolution of important smaller-scale motions may again become marginal. Therefore the results in this region might also be expected to become more sensitive to the choice of advection scheme and subgrid model. There is some evidence that this is the case in the convective boundary layer simulations. For example, consider A1, the ratio of the maximum magnitude of the downward total heat flux at the inversion to the magnitude of the surface heat flux. It has values of 0.14 in D14, 0.16 in D14U, and 0.18 in D00U;that is, there is a tendency toward rather larger entrainment fluxes as the numerical dissipation becomes relatively more important (although the changes are not large enough to impact significantly on the integrated buoyancy fluxes discussed in section 3).
Simulations of cloudy boundary layers might be expected to present greater difficulties for the large eddy technique, as radiative cooling at cloud top often leads to the presence of much stronger capping inversions than found in the dry case. As a simpler example of a case with a stronger inversion, boundary layers capped with radiatively active smoke or dust clouds have been extensively modelled, for example, the model intercomparison study of Bretherton et al. (1999). Here four simulations have been performed of the standard case from that study, using a horizontal resolution of 50 m and a vertical spacing of 10 m in the inversion region. Simulations D12CC, D12CU, and D12UU all used a basic subgrid length scale of 11.5 m (Cs = 0.23) and used, respectively, centered differences on both scalars and momentum, ULTIMATE on scalars and centered differences on momentum, and ULTIMATE on both scalars and momentum. D00UU used ULTIMATE on scalars and momentum and had the explicit subgrid model turned off. Time series of inversion height (defined as in Bretherton et al.) from these four simulations are shown in Fig. 9. There is clearly some spread in the modeled entrainment rates, although it is rather smaller than that found between different models in the intercomparison study. Furthermore, the results from the fully centered simulation (D12CC) should possibly be disregarded in this comparison, as the overshoots associated with the use of centered differences are quite significant at Cs = 0.23, leading to negative smoke concentrations that interact strongly with the radiation scheme. Investigation of the reasons for the remaining spread (the sense of which is opposite to that found in the convective boundary layer runs, with the use of ULTIMATE here leading to smaller entrainment rates) is beyond the scope of the present paper. The reader is referred to the study of Stevens et al. (1999), which discusses in detail the behavior of large eddy simulations in the inversion region and sensitivity to subgrid model. However, as noted by Stevens et al., very much higher resolution simulations are required in order to assess the convergence properties of the solutions obtained with different subgrid models and advection schemes. Until such time as computational resources permit such simulations to be performed, we can do no more than note that, at current resolutions, the simulated entrainment rates do show some sensitivity to the choice of advection scheme and subgrid model.
This study considers the use of an explicit subgrid model in combination with a monotone advection scheme. With a fixed length scale in the subgrid model, a previous study (MB99), which used nondissipative numerics, found that with a sufficiently fine numerical mesh the results converged and became independent of the numerical mesh. For a convective atmospheric boundary layer this convergence became evident for Cs ≳ 0.3. Here, with the additional consideration of a monotone advection scheme, the MB99 result remains unchanged, and for Cs ≳ 0.3 the choice of advection scheme has no significant influence on the results.
For smaller values of Cs the use of a monotone advection scheme has an impact and the subgrid model is now the combined effect of the intended scheme and of the numerical dissipation. It is now hard to explicitly separate the effects, although the present study shows that diagnostics consistent with energy conserving numerical forms can provide a posteriori estimates.
If the interior regions of the flow are considered separately, it is clear that when the flow is modeled well into the inertial subrange, the results are insensitive to the details of the subgrid model and to the choice of advection scheme (as long as there is enough dissipation to prevent buildup of energy at small scales). The results obtained using the monotone advection scheme alone (with no subgrid model) seem quite satisfactory and are in some respects better than those obtained using nondissipative numerics with values of Cs ≲ 0.15. It can therefore be argued that, for such regions, the use of the monotone advection scheme alone is both effective and computationally efficient. These findings are consistent with those of Margolin et al. (1999).
However, all boundary layer flows will have critical wall regions where the turbulence is not well resolved and the simulation must match to an explicitly determined near-wall behavior. In these regions the length scale in the subgrid model is linked to distance from the wall. When a monotone advection scheme is used in conjunction with small values of Cs, the simulated mean gradients have to increase in order to maintain the fluxes required for equilibrium, and the results do not converge with increasing resolution. In the case of a convective boundary layer with the surface heat flux specified, this leads to errors in surface temperature and the influence is mainly in near-surface statistics. When constant value boundary conditions are specified as in the case of a neutral static-stability planetary boundary layer with a no-slip condition for velocity, the mean gradient errors lead to flux errors that can impact on the entire flow. Results for entrainment at the top of the boundary layer have also been shown to show some sensitivity to the choice of advection scheme, although in this case it has not proved possible to demonstrate whether relying on numerical dissipation leads to less satisfactory convergence properties.
Note that all of the monotone advection simulations showed apparently satisfactory spectral rolloff at small scales. MB99 argued that this behavior is a necessary condition for successful operation of a subgrid model. However, the fact some of the simulations that met this requirement for a steep spectral falloff showed excessive mean gradients in the surface layer indicates that, while necessary, it is not a sufficient condition.
To summarize, large eddy simulation results appear to be encouragingly insensitive to the choice of advection scheme, as long as the simulation is well resolved, either numerically (high Cs) or in the sense of the filter being well into the inertial subrange. Close to the surface, the latter criterion cannot be satisfied, and this region will always be a source of some difficulty. If the dissipation remains primarily through the subgrid model (high Cs and/or nondissipative numerics) then reasonable results may still be obtained, as some progress has been made in linking the subgrid model, at least crudely, to the expected near-surface behavior (e.g., through making modifications to the length scale and through using stability functions consistent with surface-layer similarity). It is suggested that the degradation found in the results when dissipation by the numerical scheme dominates in this region occurs because there is no corresponding linkage of the scheme to the correct near-wall behavior in this case.
Citation: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 57, 19; 10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<3337:TEONDI>2.0.CO;2
Summary of main runs. Here Δx,y is the horizontal grid spacing, λ0 is the basic length scale of the subgrid model, and Cs = λ0/Δx,y. Letters "CD" indicate that a simulation used centered differences while "U" indicates that a simulation used the ULTIMATE QUICKEST advection scheme on all variables
https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/atsc/57/19/1520-0469_2000_057_3337_teondi_2.0.co_2.xml


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On a YTD basis, the county produced 9,253.18 boe/d for the company in 2021, an 89.59% increase from the same period in 2020.
All publicly announced wells data are included in this analysis, which is drawn from GlobalData's USL48 database that provides insights into oil and gas permits and wells as disclosed by state ministry sites.
GlobalData collects the latest production data and analyses the trends when it is made available for public disclosure by state ministries. Differences, if any, between the period of activity and the article date may be attributed to delays in the issuance of data.
Dimeq
Digital HSE Solutions for the Offshore Maritime Industry
Polycrest
Technical and Commercial Offshore Rig and Vessel Management Services
Oil and gas contracts awarded globally up 3% in December 2021
Midstream oil and gas contracts down 21% in December 2021
Oil and gas contracts in Asia-Pacific down 28% in Q4 2021


text:
Q: C# MQ Connect get Error 2035 but Java MQ Connect works well I wrote a  MQ 7.5 Connection routine in C# as bellow, but gets "2035" Error
using IBM.WMQ;
namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            try
            {
                MQEnvironment.Hostname = "192.168.163.63";
                MQEnvironment.Port = 1418;
                MQEnvironment.UserId = "mq";
                MQEnvironment.Password = "mq";
                MQEnvironment.Channel = "ServerChannel";

                MQQueueManager queueManager = new MQQueueManager("QueueManager1418");
            } catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
        }
            Console.ReadKey();
        }
    }
}

and at the same time/ same machine I wrote bellow JAVA MQ Connection which works well!!!
import com.ibm.mq.MQEnvironment;
import com.ibm.mq.MQQueueManager;

public class Program {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MQEnvironment.hostname = "192.168.163.63";
        MQEnvironment.port = 1418;
        MQEnvironment.userID = "mq";
        MQEnvironment.password = "mq";
        MQEnvironment.channel = "ServerChannel";
        try{
            MQQueueManager queueManager = new MQQueueManager("QueueManager1418");
            System.out.println("Connected");
        }catch (Exception ex){
            System.out.println(ex.getMessage());
        }
    }
}

What can I do?

A: In Java when you set MQEnvironment.userID to a value, that value is actually passed to the MQ Queue Manager as the asserted user id.
In C# when set MQEnvironment.UserId to a value, that value is not passed to the MQ Queue Manager, instead the id the C# process is running under is passed as the asserted user id.
The asserted user is what MQ will use determine what authorizations you have if it is not overridden by other configurations such as the SVRCONN channel's MCAUSER or CHLAUTH rules that map it to another id.
With your Java app you send mq as the asserted user id and this likely has the proper permissions to connect to the queue manager, for example +connect +dsp.
With your C# app you send what ever userid you are running the process as and this user id likely does not have the proper permisisons to connect to the queue manager.
This would indicate that your MQ SVRCONN channel has a blank MCAUSER and no CHLAUTH rules in place to override this value.
One way to fix this issue is by setting the SVRCONN channel's MCAUSER to mq.  This would be done with a command like ALTER CHL(ServerChannel) CHLTYPE(SVRCONN) MCAUSER('mq').  This would then override the asserted user id and MQ will always use the user id mq to determine what authorizations you have unless you have CHLAUTH rules that map it to some other user id.
If you leave it blank, then anyone can easily assert any user id.  If you did not disable CHLAUTH and did not change any of the default CHLAUTH rules on a new MQ 7.1 or later queue manager, then user ids with MQ Administrator authority would be blocked from connecting by default.  If you did disable CHLAUTH or removed the rule which blocks user ids with MQ Administrator authority, then anyone can just assert a user id with MQ Administrator authority.
I would suggest that you read more on MQ security to decide how you want to further secure your MQ Queue managers.  If you have further questions please post them as new questions on Stackoverflow using the tag ibm-mq which is monitored by many people with MQ knowledge (Some even from IBM).
You can view many good MQ security related presentations at T.Rob's website.
Capitalware sponsors the MQ Technical Conference each year and the prior years' sessions (many of which are MQ security related) are archived under MQTC v2.0.1.7's Sessions Page (look at the bottom under Previous MQTC Sessions).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Market Analysis by Area for November 2018: There were a total of 227 transactions and $153,815,804 in monetary volume. The average transaction price for all 18 reported areas, plus Deed Restricted transactions, was $695,543, average residential price was $744,204 and average residential PSF was $478.
Year to Date Market Analysis ( 11 months): Monetary volume in YTD 2018 totaled $1,605,600,759 with 2329 transactions: $714,933 average transaction price, $747,983 average residential price and average residential PSF $470.
Market Snapshot for Years 2018 vs 2017: Average Indicators for $: Single Family +5%, Multi- Family +10% and Vacant Land +13%. Median Indicators for Single Family +7%, Multi- Family +9% and Vacant Land +17%.
Market Analysis % Change 2018: Monetary volume ($153,815,804) in November 2018 was up 1% from November 2017. Transactions (227) were down 1% from November 2017. YTD 2018 monetary volume is up 7% from YTD 2017, and transactions are down 2% YTD 2018 compared to YTD 2017.
Residential Cost Analysis: Residential volume in November had 185 transactions with $137,677,700 gross volume. There were 40 properties that sold for $1M and above in November. The most active price points were between $300K-$400K with 36 transactions. There were 59 Single Family, 126 Multi-Family and 19 Vacant Land transactions.
Average Price History by Type 2018: Average price for residential Single Family: $1,175,439, Multi- Family: $542,276 and Vacant Land: $317,974.
Comparative Historical Cost Analysis YTD 2018: There were 1847 residential transactions and $1,381,524,178 gross $ volume with 349 properties selling for $1M and over. YTD 2017, there were 2010 residential transactions and $1,365,855,333 gross $ volume with 311 properties selling for over $1M. YTD 2016, there were 1921 transactions with $1,098,827,441 gross $ volume with 203 properties selling for over $1M.
Top Lender Analysis November 2018: There were 465 loans in November. 71% of purchasers closing with financing at the time of the sale, there were 95 REFI's and 208 loans were timeshare related. 29% of the real estate closings were cash transactions.
Market Highlights: Please see page 11 of the Market Analysis- You can note the higher priced sale in November in the Highlands area at $3,300,000. The top priced PSF was in the Shock Hill area at $1,032.
Foreclosures: There were no Foreclosure actions taken in November, the same at the previous year. In total, there are 68 Foreclosure actions so far in 2018.
Purchaser Profile Abstract: There were 43 upper end sales in November 2018 compared to 22 in October 2018. Our buyers for real estate transactions for 2018: Front Range demographic at 47% of our market, 22% are "local" and 30% are out of state buyers with 0% International. Please note page 17 comparing demographics of our buyers through 2013.
Land Title New Development Summary: This (page 18) shows all the new construction each month, there were 16 in November.


This entry was posted in ¦ ¦ Coaching & Support ¦ and tagged alternative wedding vows, how to attract love, how to attract marriage, how to create a positive marriage, how to create a positive relationship, how to get along with my husband, how to get along with my partner, how to love my boyfriend, how to love my partner, law of attraction and relationships, law of attraction marriage vows, law of attraction wedding vows, love and the law of attraction, love law of attraction, manifest love, manifest perfect relationship, positive marriage, positive marriage vows, positive relationship, positive wedding vows, relationships law of attraction, something different wedding vows, unique wedding vows by Liz Green.
Practice makes perfect and that is the only difference between those can and those who can't. Astral projection is a kind of out of body experience that allows the astral body to take a trip far and wide to any destination on the universe. In the course of travel, a celestial body perceives other bodies rather than the physical, etheric, psychological and spiritual bodies et cetera.The astral cord that connects it to the corporeal body throughout astral projection is stated to be forever elastic.
The key to astral projection involves knowing what it is you are doing and where you want to go while doing it.You must have complete control of what your astral body may be doing, since your thoughts control your projection experiences. While it is important for you to feel the vibrations, one should under no circumstances be alarmed.
If you've learned about the Law of Attraction (or LOA) and have found that it is doing a lot of good for you, it's natural to want to spread the news to others! If you've found yourself in this boat before, here are a couple of things to keep in mind as to why some people aren't buying into the Law of Attraction. When we explain the LOA, we are essentially telling someone that everything is basically "their fault," even if we don't use those words.
The LOA is often linked to "psychic ability," and "the spirit world." For some people, the association is just too close for comfort. It's likely that some of the people in your life are still making that "darkness journey." Know that when they are ready for the Law of Attraction they will "attract" it to themselves in a way that is meaningful to them.
If you were meant to be surrounded only by people who accepted the LOA, trust that you would be. Any doubt that you have about the LOA will be attracted back to you, so often your doubts will be reflected back through other people's words and actions.
To really wrap your mind around this concept, the next time you feel someone reject the LOA, listen to their concerns and issues-because ultimately they are telling you something about yourself. It's quite honorable to want to help others by sharing this information, but when they reject the Law of Attraction it can be discouraging. Just like you cannot help an addict who isn't ready to let go of her addiction, you cannot force someone to accept the Law of Attraction who isn't ready for it or doesn't want it. Though it can be frustrating to sit back and watch people you care about wander aimlessly in the darkness while you're carrying a map and a flashlight, please trust that they need to find their own paths. Andrea Schulman is a former high school psychology teacher and the creator of Raise Your Vibration Today, which provides free and easy Law of Attraction techniques.
Get a journal just for your Law of Attraction experiences, especially around creating more abundance, income, or money in your life.
Use anything you'd like, as long as it is specifically kept for the Law of Attraction. I prefer to do this in the back of my journal, about 5-10 pages before the end or in the last section if it is in a divided notebook. Directly underneath your goal, write down all of the things that you attract and their value so you can see everything start adding up. Every day you can also write your intentions for the day, what you are grateful for, and anything great that comes your way.
This is a really good idea as it keeps you focusing on the positive little things rather than what you have not achieved.
Yes, the Law of Attraction really works, but reflects our dominant and most practiced thoughts.
That being said, we can simultaneously be positive and believing while also maintaining a healthy degree of scepticism. I understand that I will also receive [Limitless] Abundance ezine full of free tips and business information valued at $97.
The art of astral projection is ancient in the same way as yoga or meditation and deserves respect.It is known by many different names and types.
The subconscious mind has its own agenda along with communication system.It can never ever be utilized in astral travel therefore. If you are well prepared ahead of time, you may find that you are able to astral project very quickly. It can be disheartening to put what you feel is really great information into someone's hands and have it shot down.
However, when all's said and done, it isn't your responsibility to change anyone's way of thinking. She will be available for group educational seminars and webinars starting in the summer of 2015.
This site is intended for educational and commentary purposes only, both of which are strictly protected by Free Speech.
Learn how to take your life to the next level by using this law within the confines of God's sovereignty.
Although instant manifestation may sometimes happen, our desire will manifest in the universe's timeframe rather than ours! You might find it useful to go to some group sessions which are conducted by professionals who can help you prepare for a successful astral projection and give you the help you need to make the most of the experience of astral travel.
Enlightened Consciousness is not responsible for the opinions or content written by its writers. The information on this website is not intended to replace your relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice.
These pictures have been collected from different public sources including different websites, blogs considering to be in public domain. All trademarks and registered trademarks mentioned here are the property of their respective owners and are not used here for commercial purposes.
If any one has any objection to displaying of any picture and news, it may be brought to our notice by sending message through 'contact us' page & the same will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim. Paid advertising on Enlightened Consciousness may not represent the views and opinions of this website and its contributors. By doing and condoning these kinds of things, which includes legalization homosexuality and all the sins. Otherwise, their lives are doom to face God's wrath according to the Law of attraction.
Therefore the most important work to do today is to launch a BIG CALL FOR REPENTANCE, CHANGE OF MIND, FOLLOW CHRIST AND SANCTIFICATION LIFE. Otherwise people attract the wrath of God, and they will face the wrath of God after they die or in the judgement day..
27.11.2014 at 17:50:46 Essential for everybody ?sid=ce803b43-281c-4ca5-b577-f2f147148718%40sessionmgr110&vid=5&hid=124 Chest Workout routines: - Palms huge pushups & Hand pushes maintain your.
27.11.2014 at 11:52:59 Rehabilitation changes mind perform and improves cognitive.


Adi Gillespie is one the most driven and focused individuals we've had the pleasure of meeting. He's the co-founder and creative director of Admire, a clothing brand with a focus on developing technical and functional sportswear. An expert trainer, specialising in body composition, conditioning and bodyweight strength training, Adi is a creative influencer on a compelling journey.
Having recently released his first book, Fitlab Volume One, Adi gives his audience usable insight into his diet and training regime, and how it can be incorporated into an everyday lifestyle. His passion for producing creative content has led him to accumulate over 300,000 followers across social media, making him one of the leading UK fitness experts on social.


text:
Joseph W. Hallahan,, 81
Joseph W. Hallahan, 81, of Petersham, passed away on Friday, September 16, 2011 at the Kindred Transitional Care and Rehab-The Meadows in Leicester.
Joseph was born in Worcester on June 8, 1930, son of Lawrence and Elizabeth (King) Hallahan. He is survived by two sisters, Mary King in Florida and Patricia C. Benoit of Worcester; many nieces and nephews including, Donna Benoit-Simarano, Joseph Benoit, Christine Benoit-Albin, James Benoit, John Benoit, Michael Benoit and Daniel Benoit, who he treated as if they were his own children. Joseph was predeceased by a niece, Denise Benoit and two nephews, Mark Benoit and Timothy Benoit, who he also treated as his own children.
He worked for the City of Worcester as a truck driver in the Department of Public Works, for many years before he retired. He was a member of Saint Peter's Church in Petersham, and was deeply religious and spiritual person. He was a wine and coin collector; he enjoyed growing fruit trees on his property and enjoyed the entertainment of western movies and opera.
Joseph was a calm and kind man with a gentle soul. He was always happiest when he was surrounded by his loving family.
Calling hours will be held on Tuesday Morning, September 20, from 9:30 a.m. until 10:30 a.m. in MERCADANTE FUNERAL HOME & CHAPEL, 370 Plantation Street, Worcester, followed by his Funeral Mass at 11 a.m. in Saint John's Church, 44 Temple Street, Worcester. Interment will follow in Saint John's Cemetery.


Sale-a-bration gives reason for everyone to celebrate!
Customers : Receive a free Sale-A-Bration product for every $60 purchase.
Hostesses: Receive a free Sale-A-Bration product with a $350 or more workshop, in addition to the normal hostess benefits.
Recruits: Choose any retail stamp set (a value up to $56.95) from the current catalogue when signing up during the promotion.
There is no minimum order amount required, so anyone can take advantage of this offer.
My version of the "UStamp Winter 09 SAB" project.
I am so excited that "UStamp Winter 09 SAB" started on Saturday and the first project inspired me to make this. If you have not seen or heard of UStamp click on over to here. It is not too late to start becasue it is pdf and video style so you can work at your own pace. There are chats, prizes, international dream team demonstrators and the best project planners. What are you waiting for...click on over to check it out.
So anyway, back to my project - It is a gift box with a necklace. I am giving it to my daughter wo also loves to read so I made her a matching bookmark.
I wanted to use up some of my retired paper so I have used Berry Bliss Designer Paper and coordinating cardstock but you get the idea.
Have a great day and thanks for checking in on me.
I took the opportunity to use of retired stock for these cards as I figured if I use up the old DP I could justify ordering new stock...makes sense to me!
It is a good thing I only made two of the cards on the left becasue he thought the sentiment was too personal and preferred the general "Thank You" for his cards.
These little pillow boxes have been showing up on different blogs and it was not until my friend and fellow stamper Barb and I got together last Thursday evening and played with the new "Love You Much Bundle" and the Pillow Box Die.
I really really like this die. These make fabuloue party favours. Change the designer paper from fun to formal and you have every occassion covered.
Now, I learned something but it was not until I actually assembled the little pouch. I should have used the three heart punch on the section that has the concurve sides as opposed to the concave edges. The reason being that when it is assembled you would not see the ends sticking out. I suppose I could have added a piece of adhesive but I like the idea of easy access to the chocolate...you know in case of an emergency (hee hee).
Anyway, I hope you like it, they are fun.
What does Animal Crackers and Cole have in common?
It is a lenghty story but well worth the read.
I have the priviledge to participate in a fabulous cause - Cards For A Cure and YOU can too.
The proceeds from this fundraising event will go to Pediatric Cancer Research.
I am a member of the "Simply Stars" team head by our energetic, ambitious, extremely talented, and compassionate Heather Summers.
I could not say this any better than Heather so I am lifting it completely from her blog.
"(This is a bit of a mushy post) Stampin' Up! has done so many wonderful things for me and my family over the past five years. It is an absolutely amazing company to work with, that carries beautiful product but more importantly has such caring people associated with it. I wrote to Stampin' Up! explaining that I am going to be hosting a fundrasier for Pediatric Cancer and would they be willing to support my venture with a small donation. Well, to my surpise I received a box today with hundreds of dollars of product to raffle off at our next event! How amazing is that???
Part of why I love Stampin' Up! is because it enables me to work with a group of friends in my team to raise money for so many wonderful causes. This one is particularly close to my heart.
About three years ago, I heard about an amazing little boy named Cole Petrie. He was a JK student at a local school and had been diagnosed with Stage IV Neuroblastoma in September of 2005 (4 days before he was to start school!) He was presented with a nerf football sized tumour near his right adrenal gland that had metastasized to his bone marrow being 98% packed with cancer. Cole has endured many tests, procedures and treatments in the over two years since as well as being hospitalized 170 nights in the first 1-½ years due to treatments, complications and infections. He has also been in the outpatient clinic for appointments, bloodwork, tests and transfusions about 120 times so far.
Currently, Cole is at home and they are blessed with Cole's good health while cautiously optimistic about his future. Unfortunately, a very high number of Stage IV Neuroblastoma patients relapse within 1-2 years and at this point in time that is considered having virtually no cure. Cole continues to be the sweetest, most loving boy yet with a spunky determined nature and a beautiful smile that can light up a room."
With the help of my downline (Simply Stars), friends and family my next fundraiser event will be for Pediatric Cancer. I would like to make a difference not only for Cole, but also all the boys and girls that teach us about strength, reality and perspective.
If you would like to learn more about Cole, please visit his site HERE.
We hope you can join us for an evening of fun and stamping! All proceeds will be donated to Pediatric Cancer. Cole and his family will help with dispersing the funds to areas of need.
Included in the cost are 7 Projects AND a stamp set!!!
PLUS cookies and coffee and LOTS of door prizes!
Format – come when it's convenient for you! Find your seat and stay there to make 7 projects using the brand new stamp set Animal Crackers! Enjoy beverages and snacks at your leisure. If you can't join us on February 27th, you are welcome to purchase a kit for $40 which will include all the instructions to make the projects, the necessary supplies and the stamp set!
There will be LOTS of door prizes!!!!
We will be raffling off some great stamping prizes as well. Tickets are 1 ticket/$1 OR 7 tickets/$5 OR 15 tickets/$10 dollars.
There will also be a 50/50 draw…..50% to donation and 50% to the lucky winner in their choice of Stampin' Up! product!
Please bring with you your own scissors and adhesive, if possible. This is a great event to learn how to stamp, so if this is your first time, come on out, have some fun and learn something new!
The stamp set we will be using is "Aniaml Crackers" and you will get to take home...SO CUTE!
1) plan on joining me along with Simply Stars to attend the Cards for a Cure Fundraiser and if you cannot attend, kits are available to purchase (Canadians Only).
3) I am on the Bone Marrow Registery and I challenge you to do the same. To learn more about becoming a bone marrow donor click here.
I have to say I was flattered when a friend of mine asked me to design an invitation for a special group of young ladies who attend the Upper Deck here in Tillsonburg.
The Upper Deck/YFC (Youth For Christ) is a drop in centre for youth where they can feel safe, accepted, and most of know the love of Jesus Christ.
The invitation had to be soft, feminine and special. I say "special" becasue the girls receiving these invitaitons are special although they did not think so in the beginning.
The girls complete a 10-12 week coarse where they learn to love and respect themselves. They build self confidence, self esteem and values. Upon completion of this program each young lady will be invited to a special celebration and it is a big deal. I am not sure of the all the details but I was excited about this challenge and could not wait to get to work on it.
The top card was my first sample but wished I had used ribbon to soften the look so that is how I came about the bottom sample.
Have a great day and remember to make someone feel special today.
I thought I would take a try at Kristina Werners' colour challenge #38. I have never tried a sketch/colour challenge before but when I saw the colours I thought why not. The colours spoke "happy" and "little girls" so I chose the Crazy for Cupcakes stamp set from Stampin' Up!
As I mentioned earlier in the New Year I was going to pull the theme through to the inside of the card so here it is.
The first time I saw this on Heather's blog I had to CASE (copy and share everything) it to coordinate with my daughter's bedroom.
This is so cute and just what every girl wants for her room. It has a mini cork board with little flowers push pins and a secret note compartment.
Cost: $20.00 incluedes the Little Flowers Stamp set.
I was thinking about Youth group this coming Friday and what we would stamp. Since Valentine's Day is not far off we will be making a Valentine's card for them to give to their parents along with birthday cards. These girls are a great group of enthusiasm and willingness and love to stamp. Since I donate my time and resources to the Youth at our church I thought I would use the Berry Bliss DP from the previous catalogue. I love it and can't believe I didn't use it all yet. The cards stock, designer paper and ink are all from Stampin' Up! however the stamp is from Michael's $1.50 bin. I thought this card was pretty and I am sure the youth will be happy with it as well.
Stampin' Up! has just released the retirement list of accessories which you can see below.
This list will be updated on my blog as items are sold out .
Act quickly since the Retired accessories are very limited. These items are available while supplies last or until January 18, 2009 which ever comes first.
The Inventory Blowout (up to 50% savings) starts Today - January 18, 2009 click here.