text:
\section{Introduction}
In the last few years, there has been a considerable interest in
the study of open strings propagating in the presence
 of a background Neveu-Schwarz two-form
field $B_{\mu\nu}$, leading to a noncommutative  structure \cite{sw,dn}.
 This structure manifests in the
noncommutativity in the spacetime coordinates of D-branes,
where the end points of the open strings
are attached. Different approaches have been
adopted to obtain this result in the case of both the bosonic as well as the
fermionic superstring. A Hamiltonian operator treatment was
provided in \cite{chu} and a world sheet approach in \cite{som}. These
studies have been done in the bosonic theory. An
alternative Hamiltonian (Dirac \cite{di}) approach based on
 regarding the Boundary Conditions (BC)
as constraints was given in \cite{ard, bra}, investigations being carried
 out in both the bosonic and fermionic string theories.
 The interpretation of the BC as
primary constraints usually lead to an infinite tower
 of second class constraints
\cite{tez}, in contrast to the usual Dirac formulation of constrained
systems \cite{di, hrt}. Besides, in this approach, where one tries
to obtain non-commutativity through Dirac brackets between coordinates,
one encounters ambiguous factor like $\delta(0)$. Furthermore,
different results are obtained depending on the interpretations
of these factors \cite{ard}.

On the other hand, it has also been shown, by one of the authors,
that non-commutativity can be obtained in a more transparent manner
by modifying the cannonical Poisson bracket structure, so that it is
compatible with the boundary condition \cite{rb}. In this approach,
the boundary conditions are {\it{not}} treated as constraints.
This is similar in spirit to the treatment of Hanson, Regge and
Teitelboim \cite{hrt}, where modified PBs were
obtained for the free NG string, in the orthonormal gauge, which is
 the counterpart of the conformal gauge in the free Polyakov string.
Those studies were, however, restricted to the case of the bosonic string
and membrane only. We extend the same methodology to the superstring
in this paper.

Some other approaches to this problem have also been
discussed in \cite{zab, and}. As has been stressed in \cite{sw}, it is very important to
understand this noncommutativity from different perspectives.

We find that the super-Virasoro constraints play a crucial
role in revealing the non (anti) commutative
structure.
The paper is organized as follows: In section {\bf 2}, the RNS
superstring action in the conformal gauge
 is discussed. This also helps to fix the notations.
 In section {\bf 3}, the boundary conditions of the fermionic sector
of the superstring is given and the non-anticommutativity
 of the theory
 is revealed in the
conventional hamiltonian framework. The results are also tied up with
 the bosonic theory.
  Section {\bf 4} discusses the non (anti) commutativity in the interacting
superstring theory in the RNS formulation. The paper ends with a
 conclusion in
section {\bf 5}.

\section {Free superstring}

Let us consider the action for the free superstring, in conformal
gauge \cite{green},

\begin{eqnarray}
\label{4}
S \,=\,
{i \over 4 }
\int_{\Sigma} d^2\sigma \,d^2 \theta \Big(
{\overline D} Y^\mu D Y_\mu  \Big)\,,
\end{eqnarray}

\noindent where the superfield
 \begin{eqnarray}
Y^\mu (\sigma, \theta) \,=\,
 X^\mu (\sigma)
+ {\overline \theta}  \psi^\mu (\sigma) + \frac{1}{2}
{\overline \theta} \theta B^\mu  (\sigma)
\label{4ka}
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent unites the bosonic ($X{^\mu}(\sigma)$) and fermionic
 ($\psi^{\mu}(\sigma)$) spacetime string coordinates with
a new auxiliary bosonic field $B{^\mu}(\sigma)$.

In component form the action reads \footnote{Our conventions are:
$\rho^0 \,=\, \sigma^2 \, = \,
\pmatrix{0&-i\cr i&0\cr}\,\,\,,\,\,\,
\rho^1 \,=\, i\sigma^1 \, = \, \pmatrix{0&i\cr i&0\cr}\ $.
Our signature of the
induced world-sheet metric and target space-time metric are
$\eta^{ab} = \{-, +\}$,
 $\eta^{\mu\nu} =\{-, +, +, ...., +\}$ respectively and
  $\bar{\theta}$ is defined as
$\bar{\theta} = \theta^T\rho^0$.}

\begin{eqnarray}
\label{1}
S &=& -\frac{1}{2}
\int_{\Sigma} d^2\sigma \Big(
\eta_{\mu \nu } \partial_a X^\mu \partial^a X^\nu
\,- \,  i {\overline \psi}^\mu \rho^a \partial_ a \psi_\mu \Big)\\
 &=& S_B + S_F \,\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{1aa}
 S_B = -\frac{1}{2}\int_{\Sigma} d^2\sigma \eta_{\mu \nu }
 \partial_a X^\mu \partial^a X^\nu\, ,\quad
S_F = \frac{1}{2}\int_{\Sigma} d^2\sigma
 i {\overline \psi}^\mu \rho^a \partial_ a \psi_\mu
\end{eqnarray}
represent the decoupled bosonic and fermionic actions,
respectively. The fermions are taken to be
Majorana and we refer to the component of $\psi$  as $\psi_{\pm}$
(compatible with our conventions)
\begin{equation}
\psi^\mu \,=\, \pmatrix{\psi^\mu_{-}\cr \psi^\mu_{+}\cr}\, .
\label{3}
\end{equation}

\noindent The equal time canonical antibrackets read,
 in terms of the components of $\psi$,
\begin{eqnarray}
\{ \psi^\mu_{+} (\sigma) \,,\,\psi^\nu_{+}  (\sigma^\prime) \}_{D.B} &=&
\{ \psi^\mu_{-} (\sigma) \,,\,\psi^\nu_{-} (\sigma^\prime ) \}_{D.B}
\,\,=\,\,
 - i \eta^{\mu\nu} \delta (\sigma - \sigma^\prime )\,,
\nonumber\\
\{ \psi^\mu_{+}(\sigma)\,,\,\psi^\nu_{-}(\sigma^\prime) \}_{D.B} &=& 0\,\,.
\label{5}
\end{eqnarray}
This, along with the brackets
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{18a}
\{X^\mu(\sigma) , \Pi^\nu(\sigma^{\prime})\} =
 \eta^{\mu \nu}\delta(\sigma - \sigma^{\prime})
\end{eqnarray}
from the bosonic sector, defines the preliminary symplectic
structure of the theory ($\Pi^\mu$ is the cannonically conjugate momentum
to $X^\mu$, defined in the usual way).

Confining our attention to $S_F$ (\ref{1aa}),
we vary the action (\ref{1aa})
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{18}
\delta S_F = i \int_{\Sigma} d^2\sigma \left[ \rho^a \, \partial_a
\psi^{\mu} \, \delta \bar{\psi}_{\mu} - \partial_{\sigma}
\left(\psi^\mu_{-}\, \delta \psi_{\mu -} -
\psi^\mu_{+}\, \delta \psi_{\mu +}\right)\right]
\end{eqnarray}
to obtain the Euler-Lagrange equation for the fermionic field
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{10}
i \rho^a \partial_a \psi^{\mu} =0.
\end{eqnarray}

The total divergence term yields the necessary BC. We shall consider
its consequences in the following sections where the
preliminary (anti) brackets will be modified.
Using the standard Noether procedure \footnote{We now use the supersymmetry
transformations on-shell and hence we drop the auxilliary field
$B^{\mu}$ henceforth.}, the forms
of the supercurrent and the energy-momentum tensor (which are
constraints themselves \cite{green}) can be derived.
The expressions are:
\begin{eqnarray}
J_{a}=-\frac{1}{2}\rho^{b}\rho_{a}\psi^{\mu}\partial_{b}X_{\mu} = 0\,,
\label{17a}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
T_{ab}=\partial_{a}X^{\mu}\partial_{b}X_{\mu}
-\frac{i}{4}\bar{\psi^{\mu}}\rho_{a}\partial_{b}\psi_{\mu}
-\frac{i}{4}\bar{\psi^{\mu}}\rho_{b}\partial_{a}\psi_{\mu}
-\frac{1}{2}\eta_{ab}(\partial^{c}X^{\mu}\partial_{c}X_{\mu}+
\frac{i}{2}\bar{\psi^{\mu}}\rho^{a}\partial_{a}\psi_{\mu}) = 0\,.
\label{17b}
\end{eqnarray}
All the components of $T_{ab}$ are, however, not independent as the energy-
momentum tensor is traceless
\begin{eqnarray}
T^{a}_{\ a} = \eta^{ab}T_{ab} = 0\,,
\label{17c}
\end{eqnarray}
leaving us with only two independent components of $T_{ab}$.
These components, which are the constraints of the theory,
are given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\chi_1(\sigma) = 2T_{00} = 2T_{11} &=& \Phi_1(\sigma) + \lambda_1(\sigma)
= 0, \nonumber \\
\chi_2(\sigma) = T_{0 1} &=&
\Phi_2(\sigma) + \lambda_2(\sigma) = 0,
\label{27}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
\Phi_1(\sigma) &=&
\left(\Pi^2(\sigma) + (\partial_{\sigma}X(\sigma))^2\right), \nonumber \\
\Phi_2(\sigma) &=&
\left(\Pi(\sigma)\partial_{\sigma}X(\sigma)\right), \nonumber \\
\lambda_1(\sigma)&=&
- i \bar{\psi^{\mu}}(\sigma)\rho_{1} \partial_{\sigma} \psi_{\mu}(\sigma)
=  - i \left(\psi^{\mu}_{-}(\sigma)
\partial_{\sigma} \psi_{\mu -}(\sigma) - \psi^{\mu}_{+}(\sigma)
\partial_{\sigma} \psi_{\mu +}(\sigma)\right), \nonumber \\
\lambda_2(\sigma)&=&
- \frac{i}{2}  \bar{\psi^{\mu}}(\sigma)\rho_{0}
\partial_{\sigma} \psi_{\mu}(\sigma)
= \frac{i}{2}\left(\psi^{\mu}_{-}(\sigma)\partial_{\sigma} \psi_{\mu -}(\sigma) + \psi^{\mu}_{+}(\sigma)\partial_{\sigma} \psi_{\mu +}(\sigma)\right).
\label{27q}
\end{eqnarray}
The role of these constraints in generating those infinitesimal
diffeomorphisms which do not lead out of the conformal gauge is
well known \cite{green} and we are not going to elaborate on this.
Note that the constraints that we obtain in this paper are on-shell,
i.e. we have used the equation of motion (\ref{10})
 for the fermionic field $\psi$.
This allows us to write them down in terms of the phase-space variables
\footnote{This is in the true spirit of Dirac's classic analysis of
constrained hamiltonian dynamics \cite{di}.}
and hence they look quite different from the standard results found in
the literature \cite{green}where they are written down in
the light-cone coordinates which involves time derivatives.

From the basic brackets (\ref{5}), it is easy to generate a closed
(involutive) algebra:
\begin{eqnarray}
\{\chi_1(\sigma) , \chi_1(\sigma^{\prime})\} &=& 4 \left(
\chi_2(\sigma) + \chi_2(\sigma^{\prime})\right)\partial_{\sigma}
\delta(\sigma - \sigma^{\prime})\,,\nonumber \\
\{\chi_2(\sigma) , \chi_2(\sigma^{\prime})\} &=& \left(
\chi_2(\sigma) + \chi_2(\sigma^{\prime})\right)\partial_{\sigma}
\delta(\sigma - \sigma^{\prime})\,,\nonumber\\
\{\chi_2(\sigma) , \chi_1(\sigma^{\prime})\} &=& \left(
\chi_1(\sigma) + \chi_1(\sigma^{\prime})\right)\partial_{\sigma}
\delta(\sigma - \sigma^{\prime})\,.
\label{4200}
\end{eqnarray}
It is interesting to observe that the structure of the super
constraint algebra is exactly similar to the Bosonic theory \cite{rb}.

Coming to the super current $J_{aA}$
\footnote{$A = 1,2$ being the spinor index},
 note that it is a two component spinor. Further, since $J_{a}$
obeys the relation $\rho^a J_a = 0$, the components of $J_{0A}$ and
 $J_{1A}$ are related to each other. Hence we only deal with the
components of $J_{0A}$ or simply $J_1$ and $ J_2$.
These are \footnote{$J_1$, $ J_2$ along with $\chi_1(\sigma)$ and
$\chi_2(\sigma)$ constitutes the full set of super-Virasoro constraints}:
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma) &=& 2J_{1}(\sigma) =
(\psi^{\mu}_{-}(\sigma)\Pi_{\mu}(\sigma)
-\psi^{\mu}_{-}(\sigma)\partial_{\sigma}X_{\mu}) = 0\,, \nonumber\\
\tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma) &=& 2J_{2}(\sigma) =
(\psi^{\mu}_{+}(\sigma)\Pi_{\mu}(\sigma)
+\psi^{\mu}_{+}(\sigma)\partial_{\sigma}X_{\mu}) = 0\,.
\label{280}
\end{eqnarray}
The algebra between the above constraints read:
\begin{eqnarray}
\{\tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma) , \tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma^{\prime})\}
&=&-i(\chi_{1}(\sigma)-2\chi_{2}(\sigma))
\delta(\sigma-\sigma^{\prime})\,,\nonumber\\
\{\tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma) , \tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma^{\prime})\}
&=&-i(\chi_{1}(\sigma)+2\chi_{2}(\sigma))
\delta(\sigma-\sigma^{\prime})\,,\nonumber\\
\{\tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma) , \tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma^{\prime})\}&=&0\,.
\label{281}
\end{eqnarray}
The algebra between $\tilde J(\sigma)$ and $\chi(\sigma)$ is also given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\{\chi_{1}(\sigma) , \tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma^{\prime})\}
&=& - \left(2 \tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma) + \tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma^{\prime})\right)
\partial_{\sigma}\delta(\sigma-\sigma^{\prime})\,,\nonumber\\
\{\chi_{1}(\sigma) , \tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma^{\prime})\}
&=& \left(2 \tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma) + \tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma^{\prime})\right)
\partial_{\sigma}\delta(\sigma-\sigma^{\prime})\,,\nonumber\\
\{\chi_{2}(\sigma) , \tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma^{\prime})\}
&=& \left(\tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma) + \frac{1}{2}\tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma^{\prime})\right)\partial_{\sigma}\delta(\sigma-\sigma^{\prime})\,,\nonumber\\
\{\chi_{2}(\sigma) , \tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma^{\prime})\}
&=& \left(\tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma) + \frac{1}{2}\tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma^{\prime})\right)\partial_{\sigma}\delta(\sigma-\sigma^{\prime})\,.
\label{282}
\end{eqnarray}

\section {Boundary conditions, super-Virasoro algebra and non(anti)
commutativity}
As in the case of bosonic variables \cite{rb}, Fermionic coordinates also require careful consideration of the surface terms arising in the variation of the action (\ref{18})
\footnote{A detailed treatment of the boundary conditions is given
in \cite{green}}. Vanishing of these surface terms requires that
($\psi_{+}\delta\psi_{+} - \psi_{-}\delta\psi_{-}$) should
vanish at each end point of the open string. This is satisfied by making
$ \psi_{+} = \pm \psi_{-}$ at each end. Without loss of generality
we set
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{12}
\psi^{\mu}_{+}(0 , \tau) = \psi^{\mu}_{-}(0 , \tau).
\end{eqnarray}
The relative sign at the other end now becomes meaningful
and there are two cases to be considered. In the first case
(Ramond(R) boundary conditions)
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{6}
\psi^{\mu}_{+}(\pi , \tau) = \psi^{\mu}_{-}(\pi , \tau)
\end{eqnarray}
and in the second case (Neveu-Schwarz (NS) boundary conditions)
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{13}
\psi^{\mu}_{+}(\pi , \tau) = - \psi^{\mu}_{-}(\pi , \tau).
\end{eqnarray}
Here we will work with Ramond boundary conditions.
Combining (\ref{12}) and (\ref{6}) we can write
\begin{eqnarray}
 \Big(\psi^\mu_{+} (\tau , \sigma)  - \psi^\mu_{-}
 (\tau , \sigma)\Big)\mid_{\sigma =0,\pi} = 0\,.
\label{7}
\end{eqnarray}
\noindent The mode expansion of the components of Majorana fermion
takes the form \cite{green}
\begin{eqnarray}
\psi^{\mu}_{-}(\sigma , \tau) &=& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\sum_{n\in Z} d^{\mu}_{n}
e^{-in(\tau - \sigma )}\,, \nonumber \\
\psi^{\mu}_{+}(\sigma , \tau) &=& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\sum_{n\in Z} d^{\mu}_{n}
e^{-in(\tau + \sigma )}\,.
\label{31}
\end{eqnarray}
The above mode expansions immediately leads to
\begin{eqnarray}
\psi^{\mu}_{-}(-\sigma , \tau) &=& \psi^{\mu}_{+}(\sigma , \tau)\,,
\label{31ba}
\end{eqnarray}
which further yields, using (\ref{6}),
\begin{eqnarray}
\psi^{\mu}_{\pm}(\sigma=-\pi , \tau)
=\psi^{\mu}_{\pm}(\sigma=\pi , \tau)
\label{30h}
\end{eqnarray}
in the R-sector
\footnote{In the NS sector, we obtain a
anti-periodic boundary condition
$\psi^{\mu}_{-}(-\sigma , \tau)
=-\psi^{\mu}_{-}(\sigma , \tau)$ at $\sigma=\pi$.}.

In the bosonic sector, on the other hand, we have to enlarge the domain
of definition of the bosonic field $X^{\mu}$ as
\begin{eqnarray}
X^{\mu}(\tau , -\sigma) &=& X^{\mu}(\tau , \sigma)
\label{37}
\end{eqnarray}
so that it is an even function and satisfies Neumann BC \cite{rb}. This
is in contrast to (\ref{31ba}).
Consistent with this, we must have
\begin{eqnarray}
\Pi^{\mu}(\tau , -\sigma) &=& \Pi^{\mu}(\tau , \sigma)\,,\nonumber \\
{X^{\mu}}^{\prime}(\tau , -\sigma) &=& -{X^{\mu}}^{\prime}(\tau , \sigma)\,.
\label{37aa}
\end{eqnarray}
Now, from  (\ref{31ba}, \ref{37}, \ref{37aa}), we note that
the constraints $\chi_1(\sigma) = 0$
and $\chi_2(\sigma) = 0$ are even and odd respectively under
$\sigma \rightarrow -\sigma$. This also enables us to increase the domain
of definition of the length of the string from ($0\leq \sigma \leq \pi $)
to ($- \pi \leq \sigma \leq \pi $).

We may then write the generator of all $\tau$ and $\sigma$
reparametrization as the functional \cite{hrt}
\begin{eqnarray}
L[f] = \frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{\pi} d\sigma \{f_+(\sigma) \chi_1(\sigma)
+ 2 f_-(\sigma) \chi_2(\sigma)\}\,,
\label{32}
\end{eqnarray}
where $f_{\pm}(\sigma)=\frac{1}{2}(f(\sigma)\pm f(-\sigma))$ are by
construction even/odd function and  $f(\sigma)$ is an arbitary
differentiable function defined in the extended interval $[-\pi, \pi]$.
The above expression can be simplified to
\begin{eqnarray}
L[f] = \frac{1}{4}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi} d\sigma f(\sigma)[\{\Pi(\sigma)+
\partial_{\sigma}X(\sigma)\}^2+2i\psi^{\mu}_{+}\partial_{\sigma}
\psi_{\mu+}]
\label{33}.
\end{eqnarray}
 Coming to the generators $J_{1}$ and $J_{2}$, note that $J_{1}(-\sigma)
= J_{2}(\sigma)$ (\ref{280}). This enables us to write
 down the functional $G[g]$
\begin{eqnarray}
G[g] &=& \int_{0}^{\pi} d\sigma(g(\sigma)J_{1}(\sigma)+
g(-\sigma)J_{2}(\sigma)) \nonumber \\
&=&\int_{-\pi}^{\pi} d\sigma g(\sigma)J_{1}(\sigma)
= \int_{-\pi}^{\pi} d\sigma g(-\sigma)J_{2}(\sigma)
\label{34}
\end{eqnarray}
for any differentiable function $g(\sigma)$, defined again in the extended interval $[-\pi,\pi]$.  These functionals (\ref{33}), (\ref{34}) generate the following super Virasoro algebra:
\begin{eqnarray}
\{L[f(\sigma)] , L[g(\sigma)]\} &=& L[f(\sigma)g^{\prime}(\sigma)
- f^{\prime}(\sigma)g(\sigma)]\,,\nonumber \\
\{G[g(\sigma)] , G[h(\sigma)]\} &=& -i L[g(-\sigma)h(-\sigma)]\,, \nonumber \\
\{L[f(\sigma)] , G[g(\sigma)]\} &=& G[f(\sigma)g^{\prime}(-\sigma)
-\frac{1}{2}f^{\prime}(\sigma)g(-\sigma)]\,.
\label{34a}
\end{eqnarray}
Defining
\begin{eqnarray}
L_m = L[e^{-im\sigma}]\ \ \mathrm{and} \ \ G_n = G[e^{in\sigma}]\,,
\label{34y}
\end{eqnarray}
one can write down an equivalent form of the super-Virasoro algebra
\begin{eqnarray}
\{L_m , L_n\} &=& i (m-n) L_{m + n}\,,\nonumber \\
\{G_m , G_n\} &=& -i L_{m + n}\,,\nonumber \\
\{L_m , G_n\} &=& i \left(\frac{m}{2} - n\right)G_{m + n}\,.
\label{34b}
\end{eqnarray}
Note that we do not have a central extension here, as
the analysis is entirely classical.

Coming back to the preliminary symplectic structure, given in (\ref{5}),
 we note that the boundary conditions (\ref{7}) are not
compatible with  the brackets, although one could get the
super-Virasoro algebra (\ref{34a}) or (\ref{34b}) just by using
(\ref{5}) and (\ref{18a}).
 Hence the last of the brackets in
(\ref{5}) should be altered suitably. A simple inspection
suggests that
\begin{eqnarray}
\{\psi^\mu_{+}(\sigma)\,,\,\psi^\nu_{-}(\sigma^\prime)\}
 = -i \eta^{\mu\nu} \delta (\sigma - \sigma^\prime )\,.
\label{8}
\end{eqnarray}
Although the bracket structures (\ref{5}) and (\ref{8}) agree with \cite{godinho} (in the free case), they
can, however, not be regarded as the final ones. This is because the
 presence of the usual Dirac delta function $\delta(\sigma - \sigma^{\prime})$
implicitly implies that the finite physical range of
$\sigma \in [0 , \pi]$ for the string has not been taken into account.
Besides, it is also not compatible with (\ref{31ba}).
In \cite{rb}, the equal time commutators were
given in terms of certain combinations
($\Delta_{+}(\sigma , \sigma^{\prime})$) of periodic delta
 function\footnote{The form of the
periodic delta function is given by $\delta_{P}(x-y) = \delta_{P}(x-y+ 2\pi)
=\frac{1}{2\pi} \sum_{n\in Z}e^{in(x-y)}$ and is related to the usual
Dirac $\delta$-function as $\delta_P(x-y) =
\sum_{n\in Z}\delta(x - y + 2\pi n)$ \cite{schwinger}.}
\begin{eqnarray}
\{X^{\mu}(\tau , \sigma) ,  \Pi_{\nu}(\tau , \sigma^{\prime})
= \delta^{\mu}_{\nu} \Delta_{+}(\sigma, \sigma^{\prime})\,,
\label{00}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
\Delta_{\pm}\left(\sigma , \sigma^{\prime})
= \delta_{P}(\sigma - \sigma^{\prime})\right)
\pm\delta_{P}(\sigma + \sigma^{\prime})\,,
\label{00z}
\end{eqnarray}
 rather than an
ordinary delta function to ensure compatibility with Neumann BC
 in the bosonic sector. Basically, there one has to identify
the appropriate `` delta function " for the physical range
$[0 , \pi]$ of  $\sigma$ starting from the periodic delta function
$\delta_P(\sigma - \sigma^{\prime})$ for the extended (but finite)
range  $[-\pi , \pi]$ and make use of the even nature of the bosonic
variables $X^{\mu}$ (\ref{37}) in the extended interval.
 Furthermore, the occurence of $\delta_P(\sigma - \sigma^{\prime})$
itself was justified by the fact that a scalar field, subjected
to periodic BC in a one-dimensional box of length $2\pi$ has
$\delta_P(\sigma - \sigma^{\prime})$, rather than the usual delta
function, occuring in the basic Poisson-bracket between the scalar
field and its conjugate momentum $\Pi$.

We can essentially follow the same methodology here in the fermionic sector as $\psi^{\mu}_{\pm}(\tau , \sigma)$ also satisfy periodic
BC of period $2 \pi$ (\ref{30h}). The only difference with the
bosonic case, apart from the Grassmanian nature of the latter,
 is that, instead of their even property (\ref{37}),
the components of Majorana fermions satisfy (\ref{31ba}). As
 we shall show now that this condition is quite adequate to identify
the appropriate delta-functions for the ``physical interval"
$[0 , \pi]$.

We start by noting that the usual properties of a delta function is also
satisfied by $\delta_{P}(x)$
\begin{eqnarray}
\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}dx^{\prime}\delta_{P}(x^{\prime}-x)f(x^{\prime})=f(x)
\label{40}
\end{eqnarray}
for any periodic function $f(x)=f(x+2\pi)$ defined in the interval
 $[-\pi, \pi]$. Hence one  can immediately write down the following
expressions for $\psi^{\mu}_{-}$ and $\psi^{\mu}_{+}$:
\begin{eqnarray}
\int_{0}^{\pi}d\sigma^{\prime}\left[\delta_{P}(\sigma^{\prime} +
\sigma)\psi^{\mu}_{+}(\sigma^{\prime}) +
\delta_{P}(\sigma^{\prime}-\sigma)\psi^{\mu}_{-}(\sigma^{\prime})
\right] =\psi^{\mu}_{-}(\sigma)\,,
\label{41}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
\int_{0}^{\pi}d\sigma^{\prime}\left[\delta_{P}(\sigma^{\prime}
+ \sigma)\psi^{\mu}_{-}(\sigma^{\prime}) +
\delta_{P}(\sigma^{\prime}-\sigma)\psi^{\mu}_{+}(\sigma^{\prime})
\right] =\psi^{\mu}_{+}(\sigma)\,.
\label{42}
\end{eqnarray}
Combining the above equations and writing them in a matrix form, we get,
\begin{eqnarray}
\int_{0}^{\pi}d\sigma^{\prime}\Lambda_{AB}(\sigma, \sigma^{\prime})
\psi^{\mu}_{B}(\sigma^{\prime})=\psi^{\mu}_{A}(\sigma)\quad;\quad (A=-,+)\,,
\label{43}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\Lambda_{AB}(\sigma, \sigma^{\prime})$, defined by
\begin{equation}
 \Lambda_{AB}(\sigma, \sigma^{\prime})\,=\, \pmatrix{\delta_{P}(\sigma^{\prime}-\sigma)&\delta_{P}(\sigma^{\prime}+\sigma)\cr
\delta_{P}(\sigma^{\prime}+\sigma)&\delta_{P}(\sigma^{\prime}-\sigma)\cr}\,,
\label{44}
\end{equation}
acts like a matrix valued ``delta function"
for the two component Majorana spinor in the reduced physical interval
$[0 , \pi]$ of the string.
We therefore propose the following anti-brackets in the fermionic sector:
\begin{equation}
\{\psi^{\mu}_{A}(\sigma), \psi^{\nu}_{B}(\sigma^{\prime})\}
=-i\eta^{\mu\nu}\Lambda_{AB}(\sigma, \sigma^{\prime})\,,
\label{45}
\end{equation}
instead of (\ref{5}) which, when written down explicitly in terms of components, reads
\begin{eqnarray}
\{\psi^{\mu}_{+}(\sigma), \psi^{\nu}_{+}(\sigma^{\prime})\}
&=&\{\psi^{\mu}_{-}(\sigma), \psi^{\nu}_{-}(\sigma^{\prime})\}
=-i\eta^{\mu\nu}\delta_{P}(\sigma - \sigma^{\prime})\,,\nonumber\\
\{\psi^{\mu}_{-}(\sigma), \psi^{\nu}_{+}(\sigma^{\prime})\}
&=&-i\eta^{\mu\nu}\delta_{P}(\sigma + \sigma^{\prime})\,.
\label{46}
\end{eqnarray}
We shall now investigate the consisitency of this structure. Firstly, this
structure of the antibracket relations is completely
consistent with the boundary condition (\ref{7}). To see this explicitly,
we compute the anticommutator of $\psi_{+}(\sigma^{\prime})$ with
(\ref{7}), the left hand side of which gives
\begin{eqnarray}
-i\left(\delta_{P}(\sigma - \sigma^{\prime})-
\delta_{P}(\sigma + \sigma^{\prime})\right)|_{\sigma = 0, \pi}=
- i \Delta_{-}\left(\sigma , \sigma^{\prime})\right)|_{\sigma = 0, \pi}
= \frac{1}{\pi}\sum_{n\neq 0}
\mathrm{sin}(n\sigma^{\prime})\mathrm{sin}(n\sigma)|_{\sigma = 0, \pi}=0\,,
\label{47}
\end{eqnarray}
where the form of the periodic delta function has been used.
Not only that, as a bonus, we reproduce the modified form of (\ref{8}).
Observe the occurence of $\delta_{P}(\sigma + \sigma^{\prime})$ rather
than $\delta_{P}(\sigma - \sigma^{\prime})$ in the mixed bracket
$\{\psi_+ , \psi_-\}$, which plays a crucial role in obtaining the
following involutive algebra in the fermionic sector.
Indeed, using (\ref{45}), one can show that
\begin{eqnarray}
\{\lambda_1(\sigma) , \lambda_1(\sigma^{\prime})\} &=& 4 \left(
\lambda_2(\sigma)\partial_{\sigma}\Delta_{+}
\left(\sigma , \sigma^{\prime}\right) + \lambda_2(\sigma^{\prime})
\partial_{\sigma}\Delta_{-}\left(\sigma , \sigma^{\prime}\right)\right)\,,
\nonumber \\
\{\lambda_2(\sigma) , \lambda_2(\sigma^{\prime})\} &=&  \left(
\lambda_2(\sigma^{\prime})\partial_{\sigma}\Delta_{+}
\left(\sigma , \sigma^{\prime}\right) + \lambda_2(\sigma)
\partial_{\sigma}\Delta_{-}\left(\sigma , \sigma^{\prime}\right)\right) \,,
\nonumber \\
\{\lambda_2(\sigma) , \lambda_1(\sigma^{\prime})\} &=&  \left(
\lambda_1(\sigma) + \lambda_1(\sigma^{\prime})\right)
\partial_{\sigma}\Delta_{+}\left(\sigma , \sigma^{\prime}\right)
\label{49}
\end{eqnarray}
hold for the fermionic sector.

In order to write down the complete algebra of the super Virasoro
constraints $\chi_{1}(\sigma)$ and $\chi_{2}(\sigma)$, one must take
into account the algebra of constraints between the Bosonic variables.
Interestingly, these have exactly the same structure as the fermionic algebra
(\ref{49})
with the $\lambda$'s being replaced by $\Phi$'s
\footnote{Note that there were some errors in \cite{rb}.}, so that
the complete algebra  of the super Virasoro
constraints also have identical structures :
\begin{eqnarray}
\{\chi_1(\sigma) , \chi_1(\sigma^{\prime})\} &=& 4 \left(
\chi_2(\sigma)\partial_{\sigma}\Delta_{+}
\left(\sigma , \sigma^{\prime}\right) + \chi_2(\sigma^{\prime})
\partial_{\sigma}\Delta_{-}\left(\sigma , \sigma^{\prime}\right)\right)\,,
\nonumber \\
\{\chi_2(\sigma) , \chi_2(\sigma^{\prime})\} &=&  \left(
\chi_2(\sigma^{\prime})\partial_{\sigma}\Delta_{+}
\left(\sigma , \sigma^{\prime}\right) + \chi_2(\sigma)
\partial_{\sigma}\Delta_{-}\left(\sigma , \sigma^{\prime}\right)\right) \,,
\nonumber \\
\{\chi_2(\sigma) , \chi_1(\sigma^{\prime})\} &=&  \left(
\chi_1(\sigma) + \chi_1(\sigma^{\prime})\right)
\partial_{\sigma}\Delta_{+}\left(\sigma , \sigma^{\prime}\right)\,.
\label{49q}
\end{eqnarray}

\noindent The algebra between the constraints (\ref{280}) now gets
modified to
\begin{eqnarray}
\{\tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma) , \tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma^{\prime})\}
&=&-i(\chi_{1}(\sigma)-2\chi_{2}(\sigma))
\delta_P(\sigma-\sigma^{\prime})\,,\nonumber\\
\{\tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma) , \tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma^{\prime})\}
&=&-i(\chi_{1}(\sigma)+2\chi_{2}(\sigma))
\delta_P(\sigma-\sigma^{\prime})\,,\nonumber\\
\{\tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma) , \tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma^{\prime})\}&=&
-i(\chi_{1}(\sigma)-2\chi_{2}(\sigma))\delta_P(\sigma + \sigma^{\prime})\,.
\label{82a}
\end{eqnarray}
The algebra between $\tilde J(\sigma)$ and $\chi(\sigma)$ can now be computed
 by using the modified bracket (\ref{00}) to get
\begin{eqnarray}
\{\chi_{1}(\sigma) , \tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma^{\prime})\}
&=& - \left(2 \tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma) + \tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma^{\prime})\right)
\partial_{\sigma}\delta_P(\sigma-\sigma^{\prime}) +
\left(2 \tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma) + \tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma^{\prime})\right)
\partial_{\sigma}\delta_P(\sigma + \sigma^{\prime})\,,
\nonumber\\
\{\chi_{1}(\sigma) , \tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma^{\prime})\}
&=& \left(2 \tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma) + \tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma^{\prime})\right)
\partial_{\sigma}\delta_P(\sigma-\sigma^{\prime}) -
\left(2 \tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma) + \tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma^{\prime})\right)
\partial_{\sigma}\delta_P(\sigma + \sigma^{\prime})\,,
\nonumber\\
\{\chi_{2}(\sigma) , \tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma^{\prime})\}
&=& \left(\tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma) + \frac{1}{2}\tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma^{\prime})\right)\partial_{\sigma}\delta_P(\sigma-\sigma^{\prime}) +
\left(\tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma) + \frac{1}{2}\tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma^{\prime})\right)\partial_{\sigma}\delta_P(\sigma + \sigma^{\prime})\,,
\nonumber\\
\{\chi_{2}(\sigma) , \tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma^{\prime})\}
&=& \left(\tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma) + \frac{1}{2}\tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma^{\prime})\right)\partial_{\sigma}\delta_P(\sigma-\sigma^{\prime}) +
\left(\tilde{J}_{1}(\sigma) + \frac{1}{2}\tilde{J}_{2}(\sigma^{\prime})\right)\partial_{\sigma}\delta_P(\sigma + \sigma^{\prime})\,,\\
\label{82b}
\end{eqnarray}
which clearly displays a new structure for the super-Virasoro algebra.

As a matter of consistency, we write down the hamiltonian of the
superstring and then study the time evolution of the
$\psi_{\pm}$ modes. This follows easily from the Virasoro functional
$L[f]$ (\ref{33}) by setting $f(\sigma)=e^{im\sigma}$, which gives
\begin{eqnarray}
L_{m} = \frac{1}{4}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi} d\sigma e^{-im\sigma}[\{\Pi(\sigma)+
\partial_{\sigma}X(\sigma)\}^2+2i\psi^{\mu}_{+}\partial_{\sigma}
\psi_{\mu+}]\,.
\label{51}
\end{eqnarray}
Setting $m=0$, gives the hamiltonian
\begin{eqnarray}
H=L_{0} &=& \frac{1}{4}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi} d\sigma [\{\Pi(\sigma)+
\partial_{\sigma}X(\sigma)\}^2+2i\psi^{\mu}_{+}\partial_{\sigma}
\psi_{\mu+}]\nonumber\\
&=& \frac{1}{2}\int_{0}^{\pi} d\sigma[\Pi^2(\sigma)+
\partial_{\sigma}X(\sigma)^2+i(\psi^{\mu}_{+}(\sigma)\partial_{\sigma}
\psi_{\mu+}(\sigma)-\psi^{\mu}_{-}(\sigma)\partial_{\sigma}\psi_{\mu-}
(\sigma))]\,.
\label{52}
\end{eqnarray}
This immediately leads to
\begin{eqnarray}
\dot{\psi_{-}}(\sigma)=\{\psi_{-}(\sigma), H\}
=-\partial_{\sigma}\psi_{-}(\sigma)\quad;\quad
\dot{\psi_{+}}(\sigma)=\{\psi_{+}(\sigma), H\}
=\partial_{\sigma}\psi_{+}(\sigma)\,,
\label{52a}
\end{eqnarray}
which are precisely the equations of motion for the fermionic fields.
One can therefore regard (\ref{00}) and (\ref{46}) as the final
symplectic structure of the free superstring theory.

\section{The interacting theory :}
The action for a super string moving in the presence of
a constant background Neveu-Schwarz two form field
${\cal F}_{\mu \nu}$ is given by,
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{2}
S &=&
-{ 1 \over 2}
\int_{\Sigma} d^2\sigma \Big(
\eta_{\mu \nu } \partial_a X^\mu \partial^a X^\nu
\,+ \, \epsilon^{ab}{\cal F}_{\mu \nu} \partial_a X^\mu \partial_b X^\nu  \nonumber\\
&-& i {\overline \psi}^\mu \rho^a \partial_ a \psi_\mu
+ i {\cal F}_{\mu\nu} {\overline \psi}^\mu \rho_b \epsilon^{ab}  \partial_ a \psi^\nu
 \Big)\,.
\label{53}
\end{eqnarray}
The bosonic and fermionic sectors decouple. We
consider just the fermionic sector since the bosonic sector
was already discussed \cite{rb}. In component the fermionic sector reads
\begin{equation}
S_F \,=\,
{i \over 2}
\int_{\Sigma} d\tau d\sigma \Big(
\psi^\mu_{-}  \partial_+\, \psi_{-\,\mu }\,+\,
\psi^\mu_{+}  \partial_- \, \psi_{+\,\mu}\,
\,-\, {\cal F}_{\mu\nu} \psi^\mu_{-}  \partial_+ \, \psi^\nu_{-}
+ {\cal F}_{\mu\nu} \psi^\mu_{+}  \partial_- \, \psi^\nu_{+} \,\Big)\,.
\label{54}
\end{equation}
The minimum action principle $\delta S = 0$ leads to a volume term
that vanishes when the equations of motion hold, and also to a surface term
\begin{equation}
\label{a3}
\Big( \psi^\mu_{-} (\eta_{\mu\nu} - {\cal F}_{\mu\nu}) \delta \psi^\nu_{-}\,-\,
\psi^\mu_{+} ( \eta_{\mu\nu} +  {\cal F}_{\mu\nu}) \delta \psi^\nu_{+}
\Big)\vert_{0}^\pi\,\,=\,\,0\,\,.
\end{equation}
It is not possible to find non trivial boundary conditions
involving $\psi^{\mu}_{-}$ and $\psi^{\mu}_{+}$ that makes the above surface
term vanish.  However, the addition of a boundary term
\cite{haggi}, \cite{NL}
\begin{eqnarray}
S_{bound}=\frac{i}{2\pi\alpha^{\prime}}\int_{\Sigma}d\tau d\sigma
 \left(\cal F_{\mu\nu}\psi^{\mu}_{+}\partial_{-}\psi^{\nu}_{+}\right)
\label{550}
\end{eqnarray}
makes it possible to find a solution to the boundary condition.
Addition of this term to $S_{F}$ leads to the total action:
\begin{eqnarray}
S=\frac{-i}{4\pi\alpha^{\prime}}\int_{\Sigma}d\tau d\sigma
 \left( \psi^{\mu}_{-}E_{\nu\mu}\partial_{+}\psi^{\nu}_{-}+
\psi^{\mu}_{+}E_{\nu\mu}\partial_{-}\psi^{\nu}_{+}\right)\,,
\label{551}
\end{eqnarray}
where $E^{\mu\nu} \,=\, \eta^{\mu\nu} \,
+ {\cal F}^{\mu\nu}$.
The corresponding boundary term coming from $\delta S=0$ is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\left(\psi^{\mu}_{-}E_{\nu\mu}\delta\psi^{\nu}_{-}-
\psi^{\mu}_{+}E_{\nu\mu}\delta\psi^{\nu}_{+}\right)|_{0}^{\pi}=0.
\label{552}
\end{eqnarray}

The above condition is satisfied by the following conditions that
preserve supersymmetry \cite{pi} at the string endpoints
 $\sigma=0$ and $\sigma=\pi$:
\begin{eqnarray}
 E_{\nu\mu}\,  \psi^\nu_{+} (0,\tau)\,&=&\,
 E_{\mu\nu} \, \psi^\nu_{-} (0,\tau) \,,\nonumber \\
 E_{\nu\mu}\,  \psi^\nu_{+} (\pi,\tau ) \,&=&\,\lambda
 E_{\mu\nu} \, \psi^\nu_{-} (\pi, \tau )\,\,,
\label{55}
\end{eqnarray}
 where $\lambda = \pm 1 \,$ with
the plus sign corresponding to Ramond
boundary condition and the minus corresponding to the Neveu-Schwarz case.
Here too we work with Ramond boundary conditions.
Now the BCs are recast as
\begin{eqnarray}
 \left(E_{\nu\mu}\,  \psi^\nu_{(+)} (\sigma,\tau)\,
-\, E_{\mu\nu} \, \psi^\nu_{(-)} (\sigma,\tau)\right)
\vert_{\sigma = 0, \pi} \, = \, 0\,.
\label{56}
\end{eqnarray}
This nontrivial BC leads to a modification in the original
(naive) (\ref{5}) DBs. The $\{\psi^\mu_{(+)} (\sigma,\tau) ,
\psi^\nu_{(+)} (\sigma^{\prime},\tau)\}_{DB}$ is the same as
that of the free string (\ref{5}). We therefore make an ansatz
\begin{eqnarray}
 \{\psi^\mu_{+} (\sigma,\tau) ,
\psi^\nu_{-} (\sigma^{\prime},\tau)\}_{DB}\, = \,
C^{\mu\nu}\delta_{P}\left(\sigma + \sigma^{\prime}\right)\,.
\label{57}
\end{eqnarray}

Taking brackets between the BCs (\ref{56}) and
$\psi^\gamma_{-} (\sigma^{\prime})$  we get
\begin{eqnarray}
 E_{\nu\mu}\,  C^{\nu \gamma}
\, = \, -i \, E_{\mu\gamma}.
\label{58}
\end{eqnarray}
Solving this, we find
\begin{eqnarray}
 C^{\mu \nu}\, = \, -i \,
\left[\left(1 - {\cal F}^2\right)^{-1}\right]^{\mu \rho}\,
 E_{\rho \gamma}\, E^{\gamma \nu}.
\label{58a}
\end{eqnarray}
One can also take brackets between the BCs (\ref{56}) and
$\psi^\gamma_{+} (\sigma^{\prime})$, which yields
\begin{eqnarray}
 C^{\nu \mu}\, = \, -i \,
\left[\left(1 - {\cal F}^2\right)^{-1}\right]^{\mu \rho}\,
 E_{\gamma \rho}\, E^{\nu \gamma}.
\label{58b}
\end{eqnarray}
Although the expressions (\ref{58a}) and (\ref{58b}) look
different, they are actually the same as can be easily verified.
Finally we can write the matrix
$C = \{C^{\mu \nu}\}$ more compactly as
\begin{eqnarray}
 C \, = \, -i \,
\left[\left(1 - {\cal F}^2\right)^{-1}\left(1 + {\cal F}\right)^{2}\right].
\label{58y}
\end{eqnarray}

We therefore get the following modification:
\begin{eqnarray}
\{\psi^\mu_{+} (\sigma,\tau) ,
\psi^\nu_{-} (\sigma^{\prime},\tau)\}_{DB}\, = \,
-i\, \left[\left(1 - {\cal F}^2\right)^{-1}\right]^{\mu \rho}
\,  E_{\rho \gamma}\, E^{\gamma \nu}
\delta_{P}\left(\sigma + \sigma^{\prime}\right)\,,
\label{60}
\end{eqnarray}
which also reduces to those of \cite{godinho}, upto the
$\delta_{P}\left(\sigma + \sigma^{\prime}\right)$ factor.
Finally, note that in the limit ${\cal F}_{\mu \nu} \rightarrow 0$ (\ref{60}), the last of  (\ref{46}) is reproduced.

\section{Conclusions}
In this paper, we have derived the expressions for a non(anti)
commutative algebra for an open superstring. The interesting
thing to note that, unlike the bosonic case, we get
an anticommutative structure in the fermionic sector even for
the free superstring. Our results differ from those in \cite{godinho}
and are mathematically consistent which is reflected from the
closure of the constraint algebras. The analysis of this paper is a
direct generalisation of \cite{rb}, where only bosonic string was considered.

The origin of any modification in the usual canonical algebra
is the presence of boundary conditions. This phenomenon is quite well
known for a free scalar field subjected to periodic boundary conditions.
Besides this method was also used earlier by \cite{hrt} in the context of
Nambu-Goto formulation of the bosonic string.
We show that the same also holds true in the fermionic sector of
the conformal gauge fixed free superstring, where the boundary conditions
become periodic once we extend the domain of definition of the length
of the string from $[0, \pi]$ to $[-\pi, \pi]$.  This mathematical
trick leads to a modification where the usual Dirac delta function
gets replaced by a periodic delta function. Eventually one constructs
the appropriate ``delta function" for the physical interval $[0, \pi]$
of the string to write down the basic symplectic structure. Interestingly,
here we get a $2 \times 2$ matrix valued ``delta function" appropriate
for the two component Majorana spinor which is in contrast to the
bosonic case, where one has a single component ``delta function"
$\Delta_{+}(\sigma , \sigma^{\prime})$ satisfying Neumann boundary condition
\cite{hrt} , \cite{rb}.
This symplectic structure, interestingly, leads to a new involutive
structure for the super-Virasoro algebra at the classical level.
The corresponding quantum version and its implications are being investigated.

The same technique is adopted for the interacting case also.
Here the boundary condition is more involved and leads to
 a more general type of non(anti)-commutativity that has been observed
before. However, our results are once again different from
the existing results since we get a  periodic delta function
instead of the usual delta function, apart from the relative sign
of $\sigma , \sigma^{\prime}$. This change of relative sign indeed plays a
crucial role in the internal consistency of our analysis.
Further, the interacting results go over smoothly to the free
case once the interaction is switched off.

\section*{Acknowledgements }

This work was supported by a grant under the Indo-South African research
agreement between the department of Science and Technology, Government
of India and the South African National Research Foundation. BC would like
to thank the Institute of Theoretical Physics, Stellenbosch University
for their hospitality during the period when part of this work was
completed. FGS would like to thank the S.N.Bose National Centre For
Basic Sciences, for their hospitality in the periods that parts of this
work were completed. SG and AGH would like to thank Prof. A. P.
Balachandran for some useful discussions. The authors would also like
to thank the referee for useful comments.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
Dr. Deepak Khazanchi
Dr. Khazanchi's personal web site
Teaching and Mentoring Philosophy
Research and Development Grants/Contracts
Monographs/Books
Graduate and Undergraduate Thesis Supervision
Consulting work, Speeches, Workshops and Seminars
Institutional, Professional and Community Engagement
Achievements, Awards and Memberships
Publications in peer reviewed journals:
Owens, D. and Khazanchi, D. (2018). "Exploring the Impact of Technology Capabilities on Trust in Virtual Teams." American Journal of Business. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/AJB-04-2017-0008.
Deka, P., Deka, D., Pozehl, B., Norman, J. and Khazanchi, D. (2018), "MOVE-HF: An Internet-Based Pilot Study to Improve Adherence to Exercise in Patients with Heart Failure." European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. Aug 21. (DOI: http://10.1177/1474515118796613).
Deka, P., Pozehl, B., Norman, J. and Khazanchi, D. (2018). "Feasibility of using the Fitbit Charge HR in validating self-reported exercise diaries in a community setting in patients with heart failure." European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474515118766037).
Norris, Anthony, Gonzalez, Jose, Parry, David, Scott, Richard, Dugdale, Julie and Khazanchi, Deepak (2018). "The Role of e-Health in Disasters: A Strategy for Education, Training and Integration in Disaster Medicine", Journal of the International Society for Telemedicine and eHealth. [PDF]
Yu, X. and Khazanchi, D. (2017). "Using Embedded Mixed Methods in Studying IS Phenomenon: Risks and Practical Remedies with an Illustration." Communications of the Association for Information Systems: Vol. 41, Article 2. Available at: http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol41/iss1/2. [PDF]
Tripathi, A. and Khazanchi, D. (2016). "The Value of Crowdsourcing for Complex Problems: Comparative Evidence from Software Developed By the Crowd And Professionals." Journal of Computer Science Applications and Information Technology (JCSAIT), pp. 1-7. [PDF]
Ahuja, V. and Khazanchi, D. (2016). "Creation of a Conceptual Model for Adoption of Mobile Apps for Shopping from E-Commerce Sites–An Indian Context." Procedia Computer Science, Volume 91, 2016, Pages 609-616. ISSN 1877-0509, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.07.152.
Khazanchi, D. and Arora, V. (2016). "Evaluating Information Technology (IT) Integration Risk Prior to Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A)", ISACA Journal, Volume 1. [PDF] [Accompanying Author Blog]
Khazanchi, D. and Zigurs, I. (2012). "A Systematic Method for Discovering Effective Patterns of Virtual Project Management", The Essence-Journal of Management and Research, Volume 1, Number 1, pp. 1-18. [PDF]
Cliver, G. and Khazanchi, D. (2011, Fall). "The Global Geek: Language Training for IT Students' Study Abroad in Austria and Germany", Die Unterrichtspraxis/Teaching German, Volume 44, Issue 2, pages 140–145. Article first published online: 14 NOV 2011, DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-1221.2011.00105.x. [PDF]
Owens, D., Mitchell, A., Khazanchi, D. and Ilze Zigurs (2011, February). "An empirical investigation of virtual world projects and metaverse technology capabilities." SIGMIS Data Base for Advances in Information Systems. 42:1, pp. 74-101. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1952712.1952717. [PDF]
Mitchell, A. and Khazanchi, D. (2010, Summer). "The Importance of Buzz – Can the Presence of Online Word of Mouth Increase Product Sales?" Marketing Research, pp. 20-25. [PDF].
Arora, Pujak, Owens, Dawn and Khazanchi, D. (2010, July). "A Pattern-Based Tool for Knowledge Management in Virtual Projects." The IUP Journal of Knowledge Management, Vol. VIII, No. 3, pp. 60-80. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1653139. [PDF]
Petter, S., Khazanchi, D. and Murphy, J. and (2010, August). "A Design Science Based Evaluation Framework for Patterns." The Data Base for Advances in Information Systems. 41(3), pp. 9-26. [PDF].
Buchanan, L. and Khazanchi, D. (2010). "A PDA intervention to Sustain Smoking Cessation in Clients with Socioeconomic Vulnerability." Western Journal of Nursing Research, 32(3), pp. 281-304. [PDF].
Owens, D., Davis, A., Murphy, J., Khazanchi, D. and Zigurs, I. (2009, March-April). "Moving First Life into Second Life: Real World Opportunities for Virtual Teams and Virtual World Project Management." IT Professional (a IEEE Publication), Volume 11, Issue 2, pp. 34-41. [PDF].
Davis, A., Owens, D., Murphy, J., Khazanchi, D. and Zigurs, I. (2009, February). "Avatars, People, and Virtual Worlds: Foundations for Research in Metaverses." Journal of the Association for Information Systems, Volume 10, Issue 2 , Article 2, pp. 90-117. [PDF].
Ni, J. and Khazanchi, D. (2009, March). "Information Technology (IT) Investment Decisions Under Asymmetric Information: A Modified Rational Expectation Model." International Journal of Information Technology and Decision Making (IT&DM), Volume 8, Issue 1, pp. 55-72. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1483446. [PDF]
Murphy, J. and Khazanchi, D. (2008, Fall). "Synergistic Ideation through Pairing Participants in Facilitated Group Support Systems Sessions." American Journal of Business, Volume 23, No. 2, pp. 27-35. [PDF].
Davis, A. and Khazanchi, D. (2008, May). "An Empirical Study of Online Word of Mouth as a Predictor for Multi-product Category E-commerce Sales", Electronic Markets, Volume18, Issue 2, pp. 130-141. [PDF]
Zigurs, I. and Khazanchi, D. (2008, Spring). "From Profiles to Patterns: A New View of Task-Technology Fit." Information Systems Management, Volume 25 Issue 1, pp. 8 –13. [PDF].
Sutton, S., Khazanchi, D., Hampton, C. and Arnold, V. (2008, Special Issue). "Risk Analysis in Extended Enterprise Environments: Identification of Critical Risk Factors in B2B E-Commerce Relationships." Journal of the Association of Information Systems (JAIS), Volume 9, Issue 3/4, Article 4, pp. 151-174.[PDF].
Davis, A. and Khazanchi, D. (2007, Fall). "Does Mutual Knowledge Affect Virtual Team Performance? Theoretical Analysis and Anecdotal Evidence." American Journal of Business (AJB), Volume 22, No. 2, pp. 57-65. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D. and Zigurs, I. (2006, July-September). "Patterns for Effective Management of Virtual Projects: Theory and Evidence." International Journal of electronic Collaboration (IJeC) — Special Issue on Collaborative Project Management, Volume 2, No. 3, pp. 25-49. [PDF].
Dasgupta, P. and Khazanchi, D. (2005). "An Adaptive Decision Support System for Academic Course Scheduling Using Software Agents." International Journal of Technology in Teaching and Learning (IJTTL), Volume 1, Issue 2, 63-78. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D. (2005, Spring). "Information Technology (IT) Appropriateness: The Contingency Theory of "Fit" and IT Implementation in Small and Medium Enterprises". Journal of Computer Information Systems, Volume XLV, No. 3, pp. 88-95. [PDF]
Khazanchi, D. (2002)."Understanding and measuring corporate IS sophistication: An exploratory investigation using grounded theory." In: Cromwell, L. (Editor), Issues in Information Systems (Published by IACIS; ISBN 1529-7314), Volume III, pp. 327-333. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D. (2002, Spring/Summer). "An Empirical Analysis of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Implementation Benefits in Kentucky Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Some Implications for New IT Implementation," Journal of Small Business Strategy, Volume 13, No. 1, pp. 1-18. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D. and Munkvold, B.E. (2001, March). "Expanding the notion of relevance in IS research: A proposal and some recommendations." Communications of the Association of Information Systems (CAIS), Volume 6, Article 14, Available at URL: http://cais.isworld.org/contents.asp. [PDF]
Khazanchi, D. and S. Sutton (2001, January). "Business-to-Business electronic commerce assurance services: A framework and implications." Journal of the Association of Information Systems (JAIS) , Volume 1, Article 11, p. 1-53. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D. and Munkvold, B.E. (2000) "Is information systems a science? An inquiry into the nature of the information systems discipline." Database for Advances in Information Systems (ACM), Volume 31, Issue 3, Summer, pp. 26-44. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D. (1999). "Whither EDI? An Analysis of Emerging Trends in Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Use in Kentucky Small- to Medium-Sized Enterprises." Kentucky Journal of Economics and Business, 18, pp. 51-74. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D. (1999). "The nature and structure of impediments to EDI adoption and integration: A survey of small- to medium-sized enterprises." Journal of Failures and Lessons Learned in Information Technology Management, 3, pp. 101-100. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D., Shank M. and Conley, J. R. (1998). "The impact of voice mail technology on internal service quality," Journal of Customer Service in Marketing and Management (Since 2000 published as the Journal of Relationship Marketing), 4:4, pp. 75-106. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D. (1995) "Unethical Behavior in information systems: The gender factor." Journal of Business Ethics, 14, pp. 741-795. [PDF]
Bingi, R.P., Khazanchi, D. and Yadav, S.B. (1995, March-April) "A framework for the comparative analysis of knowledge representation techniques," Information Processing & Management, 31:2, pp. 233-247. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D. and Yadav, S.B. (1995, Spring) "A new approach to problem definition: Using information objects." Information Systems Management, 12:2, pp. 21-26. [PDF].
Havelka D. and Khazanchi, D. (1994-95, Winter), "An 'events' model for information aggregation," Journal of Computer Information Systems, XXXV:2, pp. 72-81. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D., Raghavan, V.V., and J.L. Webster (1994), "Relationship between information system project characteristics and project management activities: An empirical study." Journal of Information Technology Management, V:4, pp. 17-28. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D. (1994) "Does pedagogy make a difference?: An experimental study of unethical behavior in information systems," Journal of Computer Information Systems, XXXV:1, pp. 54-63. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D. and Yadav, S.B. (1992) "Subjective understanding in strategic decision-making: An information systems perspective," Decision Support Systems, 8, (February), pp. 55-71. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D. (1993) "A framework for evaluating support systems," Journal of Decision and Decision Support Systems (International Institute of Computing, P.R. China), 3:2, pp. 83-90.
Book Chapters:
Kumar, A., Patidar, V., Khazanchi, D., Purohit, G. and Saini, P. (2016). "An approach to improve the classification accuracy of leaf images with dorsal and ventral sides by adding directionality features with statistical feature sets." Advanced Computing and Communication Technologies (Eds.: R. K. Choudhary et al.), Springer Series on Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 452, 89-97 (ISBN: 978-981-10-1021-7). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1023-1_9.
Khazanchi, D., Munkvold, B.E. and Lazareva, A. (2015). "Towards a Contingency Theory of eLearning." In: Conway, D.F., Hillen, S., Landis, M., Schlegelmilch, M.T. & Wolcott, P. (Eds.). Digital Media in Teaching and its Added Value, Münster, Germany: Waxmann Verlag GmbH, pp. 35-51. [URL] [PDF]
Khazanchi, D. and Owens, D. (2011). "Retaining Global IT Talent." In: Lutfman, J.L., Editor (2011). Managing IT Human Resources: Considerations for Organizations and Personnel [URL], Hershey, PA: IGI Global Inc., Chapter 12, pp. 178-193.
Owens, D. and Khazanchi, D. (2009). "Software Quality Assurance." In: Kidd, T.T. (2009), Handbook of Research on Technology Project Management, Planning and Operations, Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global). [DRAFT PDF].
Khazanchi, D. and Martin, A. (2009). "Information Availability." In: Gupta, J.D. and Sharma, S. Editors (2009), Handbook of Research on Information Security and Assurance, Hershey, PA: IGI Global, Chapter XIX, pp. 230-239. [PDF].
Zigurs, I. and Khazanchi, D. (2008). "Applying Pattern Theory in the Effective Management of Virtual Projects." In: Kock, N., Editor (2008), E-Collaboration in Modern Organizations: Initiating and Managing Distributed Projects, Advances in e-Collaboration Series, Volume 2, Hershey, PA: IGI Global, Chapter VII, pp. 93-112. [PDF].
Zigurs, I., Khazanchi, D. and Mametjanov, A. (2007). "The Practice and Promise of Virtual Project Management." In: Kock, N., Editor (2007, December), Encyclopedia of E-Collaboration, Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global), ISBN: 978-1-59904-000-4, Chapter 116, pp. 1-7. [PDF]. Also published in Kisielnicki, J., Editor (2008, June), Virtual Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global), ISBN: 978-1-59904-955-7, Chapter 1.13, pp. 177-184. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D. and Zigurs, I. (2008). "Patterns for Effective Management of Virtual Projects: Theory and Evidence." Also published in Kisielnicki, J., Editor (2008, June), Virtual Technologies: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications, Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global), ISBN: 978-1-59904-955-7, Chapter 7.2, pp. 1368-1389.
Publications and presentations in peer-reviewed national and international Conferences:
Dasgupta, Prithviraj & Khazanchi, Deepak (2019). "A Unified Approach Integrating Human Shared Mental Models with Intelligent Autonomous Team Formation for Crisis Management." In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (pp. 1012–1020). Valencia, Spain: ISCRAM. [PDF]
Yu, Xiaodan & Khazanchi, Deepak (2019). "The Influence of Swift Trust on Virtual Team's Sensemaking in Crisis: A Research Model". In Z. Franco, J. J. González, & J. H. Canós (Eds.), Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (pp. 1330–1336). Valencia, Spain: ISCRAM. [PDF]
Tripathi, Abhishek and Khazanchi, Deepak (August 2018). "IS/T Leadership: A Comprehensive Review of Published Research." AMCIS 2018 Proceedings (New Orleans, LA, USA). [PDF].
Tripathi, Abhishek and Khazanchi, Deepak (May 2018). "Theoretical Trends in IS/T Leadership: A Review of Published Research." MWAIS 2018 Proceedings (St Louis, MO, USA). 16. http://aisel.aisnet.org/mwais2018/16.
Owens, Dawn; Merhout, Jeffrey W.; and Khazanchi, Deepak (May 2018). "Project Management Assurance in Agile Projects: Research in Progress" (2018). MWAIS 2018 Proceedings. 48. http://aisel.aisnet.org/mwais2018/48.
Gandhi, R., Khazanchi, D., Linzell, D., Ricks, B. and Sim, C. (May 2018). "The Hidden Crisis: Developing Smart Big Data pipelines to address Grand Challenges of Bridge Infrastructure health in the United States." Proceedings of the 15th ISCRAM Conference – Rochester, NY, USA (WiPe Paper – Open Track), pp. 1016-1021. [PDF]
Tony Norris, Dave Parry, Jose J. Gonzalez, Richard E. Scott, Julie Dugdale, Deepak Khazanchi (2017; May 21 – 24). "The Role of e-Health in Disasters: A Road Map for Education, Training and Integration in Disaster Medicine." WiPe Paper. 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (ISCRAM), Albi, France. [PDF].
Yu, Xiaodan and Khazanchi, Deepak (2017; May 21 – 24). "Studying Virtual Teams during Organizational Crisis from a Sociomaterial Perspective." WiPe paper. 14thInternational Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response And Management (ISCRAM), Albi, France. [PDF].
Arora, V. and Khazanchi, D. (2017, 10-12 August). "Sense of Virtual Place (SOVP): Conceptual Exploration and Initial Empirical Validation." Twenty-third Americas Conference on Information Systems, Boston, USA. [PDF]
Owens, D. and Khazanchi, D. (2017; 5/18-5/19). "Project Management Assurance." Midwest Association for Information Systems (MWAIS) Conference, Springfield, Il.
Link, G.J.P., Gill, J., and Khazanchi, D. (2017; 5/18-5/19). "Measuring Adoption of Open Source Software and Practices in Organizations: A Pilot Study." Midwest Association for Information Systems (MWAIS) Conference, Springfield, Il.
Cooper, Kate, McGraw, A., and Khazanchi, D. (2017). "Bioinformatics for Middle School Aged Children – Activities for Exposure to an Interdisciplinary Field. IEEE Integrated STEM Education Conference (ISEC), Princeton, NJ. [PDF]
Youn, Ik-Hyun, Khazanchi, D., Youn, Jong-Hoon, and Siu, Ka-Chun (2016). "Multidimensional Mobility Metric for Continuous Gait Monitoring Using a Single Accelerometer." HIMS'16 – The 2nd International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Systems. [PDF]
De Leoz, Gerard and Khazanchi, D. (2015). "Exploring the Influence of Trust in the Development of Transactive Memory Systems in Virtual Project Teams" (2015). MWAIS 2015 Proceedings. Paper 12. URL: http://aisel.aisnet.org/mwais2015/12.
Tripathi, A., Tahmasbi, N., Khazanchi, and Najjar, L. (2014). "Crowdsourcing Typology: A Review of IS Research and Organizations" (2014). MWAIS 2014 Proceedings. Paper 4. URL: http://aisel.aisnet.org/mwais2014/4.
Arora, V. and Khazanchi, D. (2014). "Sense of Place in Virtual Learning Environments" (2014). MWAIS 2014 Proceedings. Paper 8. [PDF].
Arora, V. and Khazanchi, D. (2014; Research in Progress). "Towards Developing a Measure for Sense of Virtual Place." Twentieth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Savannah, GA. [PDF].
Aljafari, R. and Khazanchi, D. (2013). "On the veridicality of claims in design science research." Proceeding of the 46th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, HICSS 2013; Wailea, Maui, HI, pp. 3747-3756. [PDF]
Munkvold, B., Zigurs, I. and Khazanchi, D. (2012, November 19-21). "Virtual PhD courses – A new mode of PhD Education?" NOKOBIT 2012, University of Nordland, Bodo.
Mitchell, A. and Khazanchi, D. (2012, August 9-12). "Ethical Considerations for Virtual Worlds" (July 29, 2012). AMCIS 2012 Proceedings. Paper 12. URL: http://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2012/proceedings/PerspectivesIS/12.
Hampton, C., Arnold, V., Sutton, S. and Khazanchi, D. (2012, June 28th). "Relationship Satisfaction in B2B Commerce Trading Partnerships: The countervailing effects of risk and trust". Third International Symposium on Accounting Information Systems (ISAIS), Melbourne. Presented by Steve Sutton and Vicki Arnold.
Hampton, C., Arnold, V., Sutton, S. and Khazanchi, D. (2012, June 3-5). "Relationship Satisfaction in B2B Commerce Trading Partnerships: The countervailing effects of risk and trust". 9th International Conference on Enterprise Systems, Accounting and Logistics (ICESAL) , Chania, Crete, Greece. Presented by Steve Sutton and Vicki Arnold. [PDF]
Arora, V., Khazanchi, D., Munkvold, B.E., Owens, D., Stendal, K., Tarrell, A., Wale-Kolade, A., Westin, S. and Zigurs, I. (2012, May 18-19). "Discontinuities and Best Practices in Virtual Research Collaboration." Proceedings of the 7th Annual Midwest Association for Information Systems Conference. Paper 26. http://aisel.aisnet.org/mwais2012/26.
Yu, Xiaodan, Owens, Dawn and Khazanchi, D. (2012, April 8-9). "Building Socioemotional Environments in Metaverses for Virtual Teams in Healthcare: A Conceptual Exploration." Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Health Information Science (HIS 2012), Beijing, China. Presented by Xiodan Yu. Printed in Health Information Systems Lecture Notes in Computer Science, volume 7231, pp. 4-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29361-0_3.
Munkvold, B.E., Khazanchi, D. and Zigurs, I. (2011, July 26th). "Augmenting Online Learning with Real-Time Conferencing: Experiences from an International Course." NIK NOKOBIT, Tromsø, Norway. Presented by B.E. Munkvold.
Nitin, Bansal, A. and Khazanchi, D. (2011, October 5-8). "Understanding Perceived Flaming Tendencies on Social Networking Sites: An Exploratory Study." Issues in Information Systems, Volume XII, Number 1 (51st Annual IACIS International Conference, Mobile, Alabama, USA). [PDF]
Cliver, G. E. and Khazanchi, D. (2011, January 6-9th). "The Global Geek: Language and Training for IT Students' Study Abroad in Austria and Germany". Presented at The 126th MLA Annual Convention, Los Angeles, CA. [PDF]
Owens, D. and Khazanchi, D. (2011, January 4-7th). "Best Practices for Retaining Global Information Technology Talent." Proceedings of the 44th Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences (HICSS), Kuai, Hawaii., IEEE Computer Society. [PDF]
Rahmani, C. and Khazanchi, D. (2010, August 18–20). "A Study on Defect Density of Open Source Software." 9th IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Computer and Information Science (ICIS 2010), Yamagata, Japan. [PDF].
Jumadinova, J. J. and Khazanchi, D. (2010, October 4th – 6th). "A Scientific Realist Perspective for Computer Science Inquiry" (Extended Abstract). ECAP 10 (European Computing and Philosophy – ICAP) Conference, The Technische Universität München. [PDF]. Paper was presented by Deepak Khazanchi.
Khazanchi, D. and Owens, D. (2010, April 14th). "Project Management Assurance." Infotec: The Business of Technology – Apply IT. [PDF]
Arora, V. and Khazanchi, D. (2010, May 21-22). "Sense of Place in Virtual World Learning Environments: A Conceptual Exploration." Proceedings of the Midwest Association for Information Systems Conference (MWAIS 2010), Moorhead, Minnesota. [PDF].
Yu, Xiodan and Khazanchi, D. (2009, December 15th). "Building Shared Mental Models in Global Virtual Teams: An IT Capabilities' Perspective", SIG IS Cognitive Research Exchange Workshop (IS-CORE), Phoenix, AZ.
Owens, D. and Khazanchi, D. (2009, May 22-23). "My Guild, My Team: Applying the Technology Capabilities of Massively Multiplayer Online Games to Virtual Project Teams", Proceedings of the 4th Annual Midwest Association for Information Systems Conference (MWAIS 2009), Madison, South Dakota.
Arnold, V., Hampton, C., Khazanchi, D. and Sutton, S. (2009, August 1–5). "Managing Risk in Interorganizational Relationships: Factors Influencing the Desirability of E-Commerce Assurance." American Accounting Association (AAA) Annual Meeting, New York City, New York. Also to be presented at The Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand Conference (AFAANZ 2009) conference, July 5 to 7th, 2009, Adelaide, Australia.
Abdelnasser, A., Ali, H. and Khazanchi, D. (2009, Jan 5-8). "The Role of Social Capital in the Creation of Community Wireless Networks." Proceedings of the forty-second Annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences (HICSS-42). [PDF]
Davis, A. and Khazanchi, D. (2008, June 9-11). An exploratory investigation of the development of mutual knowledge in global virtual project teams. Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS-16), Galway, Ireland.
Khazanchi, D., Murphy, John and Petter, S. (2008, May 23-24). "Guidelines for Evaluating Patterns in the IS Domain", Proceedings of the 2nd Midwest United States Association for Information Systems Conference (MWAIS08), Eau Claire, Wisconsin.
Petter, S., Khazanchi, D. and Murphy, J. (2008, May 7-9). "A Design Science Based Evaluation Framework for Patterns", In: V. Vaishnavi & R. Baskerville (Eds). Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Design Science Research in Information Systems and Technology (DESRIT 2008), May 7- 9, 2008, Atlanta, Georgia: Georgia State University.
Davis, A. and Khazanchi, D. (2007, August 9-12). The influence of online word of mouth on product sales in retail e-commerce: An empirical investigation . Proceedings of the 13th Annual Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS-13), Keystone, Colorado. [AISeL]
Murphy, J. D. and Khazanchi, D. (2007, May 18-19th). "The Effects of Pairing Participants in Facilitated Group Support Systems Sessions." Proceedings of the 2nd Midwest United States Association for Information Systems Conference (MWAIS07), Springfield, Illinois. Awarded 2nd Best Paper.
Davis, A. and Khazanchi, D. (2007, May 18-19th). "The Influence of Transactive Memory on Mutual Knowledge in Virtual Teams: A Theoretical Proposal." Proceedings of the 2nd Midwest United States Association for Information Systems Conference (MWAIS07), Springfield, Illinois.
Zigurs, I. and Khazanchi, D. (2007, May 18-19, 2007). Panel on "Transforming education in information systems and technology," the 2nd Midwest United States Association for Information Systems Conference (MWAIS 2007), Springfield, Illinois. Also participated as a panelist.
Peng, Y., Kou, G., Sabatka, A., Matza, J., Chen, Z., Khazanchi, D. and Shi, Y. (2007, May 27-30). "Application of Classification Methods to Individual Disability Income Insurance Fraud Detection", International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS 2007), Beijing, China.
Yan, Nian and Khazanchi, D. (2007, May 27-30). "Concept Level Web Search via Semantic Clustering". International Conference on Computational Science (ICCS 2007), Beijing, China.
Khazanchi, D. and Zigurs, I. (2007, January 3-7). "An Assessment Framework for Developing and Using Patterns for the Effective Management of Virtual Projects." Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-40). [PDF]
Arnold, V., Hampton, C., Khazanchi, D. and Sutton, S. (2006; September 7-8th). "Risk Analysis in Extended Enterprise Environments: Identification of Critical Risk Factors in B2b E-Commerce Relationships". Proceedings of the Fourth Annual CABIT (Center for Advancing Business through Information Technology) Symposium, Phoenix, AZ, http://symposium.cabit.wpcarey.asu.edu.
Ni, Jinlan and Khazanchi, D. (2006; November 18-21). "Asymmetric Information and New IT Investment", Proceedings of the Decision Sciences Institute's 37th Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX. [PDF]
Peng, Y., Kou, G., Sabatka, A., Chen, Z., Khazanchi, D. and Shi, Y. (2006, October 25-27th). "Application of Clustering Methods to Health Insurance Fraud Detection", Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Services Systems and Services Management (ICSSSM06), Université de Technologie de Troyes, France (http://www.utt.fr/fr/index.html).
Martin, A. and Khazanchi, D. (2006, August 4-6th). "Information Availability and Security Policy". Proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS 2006), Acapulco, Mexico. [PDF]
Tarmizi, H., Khazanchi, D. and Noteboom, C. (2006, May 5-6th). "Electronic Medical Records: Barriers to Adoption and Diffusion." Proceedings of the 1st Midwest United States Association for Information Systems Conference (MWAIS06), Grand Rapids, Michigan. [PDF]
Davis, A. and Khazanchi, D. (2006, May 5-6th). "Mutual Knowledge and its Impact on Virtual Team Performance." Proceedings of the 1st Midwest United States Association for Information Systems Conference (MWAIS06), Grand Rapids, Michigan.
V. Arnold, C. Hampton, D. Khazanchi and S.G. Sutton (2005, August 7-10th). "B2B E-Commerce Assurance: The Influence of Partner Risk on Assurance Desirability & Relationship Satisfaction." American Accounting Association (AAA) Annual Meeting, San Francisco, California.
Khazanchi, D. and Zigurs, I. (2005,May 21st). "Patterns of Virtual Projects", PMI Project Management Research Programme Working Session", Edinburgh, Scotland, UK (part of the PMI Global Congress-EMEA). [Reported in July 2005 PMI Newsletter].
Arnold, C. Hampton, D. Khazanchi and S.G. Sutton (2004, November 5-6th). "B2B E-Commerce Assurance: The Influence of Partner Risks On Continuous Assurance Desirability & Relationship Satisfaction." The Eighth Rutgers Continuous Auditing & Reporting Symposium, Newark (Presented by Steve Sutton).
Arnold, V., Hampton, C., D. Khazanchi and S.G. Sutton. (2004, August 8-11th). "Risk Analysis in an Extended Enterprise Environment: Identification of Key Risk Factors in B2B E-Commerce Relationships." American Accounting Association (AAA) Annual Meeting, Orlando, Florida. Presented by Arnold and Sutton.
Khazanchi, D. and Munkvold, B.E. (2003, January 6-9). "On the Rhetoric and Relevance of IS Research Paradigms: A Conceptual Framework and Some Propositions". Proceedings of the 36th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-36), Big Island, Hawaii, pp. 252b. [PDF]
V. Arnold, C. Hampton, D. Khazanchi and S.G. Sutton. (2003, October 31-Nov 1). "Risk Analysis in an Extended Enterprise Environment: Identification of Key Risk Factors in B2B E-Commerce Relationships (Presented under the title: Invited Research Reports: IIA Study on B2B Risks)." University of Waterloo Symposium on Information Systems Assurance, Toronto, Canada. Paper was presented by Arnold and Sutton.
Khazanchi, Deepak and Shen, Yide (2003, June 27th-July 1st). "A Comprehensive Theoretical Framework for Internal Auditor Participation/Involvement in the Systems Development Process." Presented to the Accounting Information Systems Educator Association (AISEA) Annual Meeting, Copper, Colorado.
Khazanchi, D. (2003, February 20-22). "ERP Systems and Communicative Action: Discussant Comments." Presented to the 10th Annual Accounting Information Systems (AIS) Research Symposium, Scottsdale, Arizona.
Arnold, V., Hampton, C., Khazanchi, D., and Sutton, S.G. (2002, November 22-23). "Risk Analysis in B2B E-Business Relationships: A Model for Continuous Monitoring and Assurance in Partnering Relationships". Fifth Continuous Assurance Symposium, Rutgers Business School.
Khazanchi, D. (2002, October 2-5)."Understanding and measuring corporate IS sophistication: An exploratory investigation using grounded theory." Presented at the International Association for Computer Information Systems (IACIS) meeting, Ft Lauderdale, Florida. Conferred the 2002 Best Research Paper award by the IACIS Executive Board.
De Groot, J., Dufner, D. and Khazanchi, D. (2002, April 4-5). "Enhancers and Inhibitors of Groupware Supported Asynchronous Collaboration: A Grounded Theory Pilot Study." Proceedings of the ISOneWorld conference, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
Khazanchi, D. (2001). "Achieving corporate strategy through successful projects—A multiple case study of alignment between firm strategy and project initiatives". Invited presentation at the Kristiansand International Workshop on Information Systems Research (KIWISR), August 10-11, Kristiansand, Norway.
Khazanchi, D. (2001). "Whither IS? A Scientific Realist Viewpoint," Invited presentation to the Kristiansand International Workshop on Information Systems Research (KIWISR), August 10-11, Kristiansand, Norway. [PDF]
Havelka, D. and Khazanchi, D. (2001). "Electronic Commerce Application Development: A comparison of User and IT Professional Perspectives." Proceedings of the Seventh Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), Boston, August 2-5, pp. 576-578. [PDF]
Khazanchi, D. (2001). "An empirical investigation of IT appropriateness: The example of EDI implementation in small- to medium-sized enterprises." Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of The Decision Sciences Institute, Chihuahua, Mexico, July 8-11.
Khazanchi, D. (2001). Invited panelist–"Panel on Electronic Commerce Instruction for Accountants," American Accounting Association Midwest Regional Meeting , St. Louis, Mo, April 5-7th.
Khazanchi, D. (1999). "An analysis of the benefits of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) implementation in Kentucky small- to medium-sized enterprises (SME)." Presented at the Kentucky Economics Association annual meeting, October 8th, Lexington, KY.
Khazanchi, D. (1999) "Ten commandments for managing information technology (IT) projects: Some key best practices." Presented at the POMS-INDIA Conference , December 21-24, Indian Institute of Delhi, New Delhi, India.
Khazanchi, D. (1999) "The structure of impediments to EDI adoption and integration: A Survey of Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises," Proceedings of the International Decision Sciences Institute (IDSI) Conference, July 4-7, Athens, Greece , pp. 1100-1102 (New technologies publications; ISBN 0-9667118-1-5).[PDF]
Khazanchi, D. and Munkvold, B.E. (1999). "Is Information Systems a Science?" Proceedings of the 4th United Kingdom Academy for Information Systems (UKAIS) Conference, April 7-9, University of York, United Kingdom, pp. 1-12 (McGraw-Hill International; ISBN 0 07 709558 8).
Bingi, R.P. and Khazanchi, D. (1998). "An instrument to measure the effectiveness of IS development groups," Proceedings of the Midwest Business Administration Association, Chicago, Illinois, (March 25-27). This paper was awarded the 1998 distinguished paper award by the SAIS (Society for the Advancement of Information Systems). [PDF]
Khazanchi, D. (1997). "Panel on undergraduate IS curriculum structure and content for the coming millennium," Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Association for Information Systems Americas Conference, Indianapolis, Indiana, (August 16-18) pp. 1013-1014.
Bingi, R.P. and Khazanchi, D. (1996) "The effectiveness of systems development groups in the systems analysis phase," Proceedings of the 27th Annual Decision Science Institute National Meeting, Orlando, Florida, (November 24-26) pp. 698-700.
Khazanchi, D. (1996) "A philosophical framework for the validation of IS concepts," Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Association for Information Systems Americas Conference, Phoenix, Arizona, (August 16-18) pp. 755-757. [PDF]
Bingi, R.P. and Khazanchi, D. (1996) "Successful assimilation of information systems in small businesses: The importance of needs definition," Small Business & Entrepreneurship Track: Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Midwest Business Administration Association Meeting, Chicago, (March 13-15) pp. 10-15.
Khazanchi, D. (1995) "Spoke" enterprises: A preliminary assessment of expectations and performance of EDI," Proceedings of the 25th Annual Decision Sciences Institute Meeting, Boston, MA, (November 22-25) pp. 880-882.
Havelka, D. and Khazanchi, D. (1992) "An information-oriented conceptual model for the computer-aided decision process: Some implications for DSS design," Proceedings (abstracts) of the International Society for Decision Support Systems (ISDSS) meeting, Ulm, Germany, (June 22-25) pp. 49-851.
Havelka, D. and Khazanchi, D. (1992) "An 'events' model for information aggregation: Implications for systems design and future research," Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Decision Sciences Institute Meeting San Francisco, CA, (November 22-24) pp. 34.
Khazanchi, D. (1991) "Evaluating decision support systems: A dialectical perspective," Proceedings of the twenty-fourth Annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences (HICSS-24), IEEE Computing Society Press, III, pp. 90-97. [PDF] [URL]
Other Publications (Editor-reviewed journals, editorials, trade magazines, online magazines, newspaper op-eds, etc.):
Khazanchi, D. (2016, April 7th). "How India's colleges under-prepare students when it comes to competing for the jobs of the future" Times of India (Editorials).
Khazanchi, D. (2016, Feb 16th). "IT talent gap offers opportunities." Omaha World Herald (Midland Voices), p. 5B.
Khazanchi, D. (2012). "IT integration risks associated with mergers and acquisitions (m&a)." Taking Stock – The International Management Institute's Financial review (3rd edition), New Delhi, India, pp. 14-15. [PDF]
Khazanchi, D. and Petter, S. (2010, October-December). "Improving IT Project Outcomes by Considering Alternative Perspectives [URL]." (Guest Editorial Preface to Special Section). International Journal of IT Project Management (IJITPM) , 1:4, pp. i-ii.
Khazanchi, D. and Munkvold, B.E. (2006, April), "The Rhetoric and Relevance of IS Research Paradigms: Conceptual Foundations and Empirical Evidence ." Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1666273.
Khazanchi, D. and Zigurs, I. (2007, March 1st). "A Systematic Method for Discovering Effective Patterns of Virtual Project Management." Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1012080.
L. Xiao, M. Subramaniam, J. Goedert, D. Khazanchi, and J. Shockley (September 2009), "Attracting the Next Generation: A Multi-dimensional Simulation Framework for Construction Education," Available at URL: http://fiatech.org/active-projects/59-attracting-the-next-generation-element-8.html?start=7. Last Retrieved: 15th October 2009. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D., Ludwig, A. and Fowler, Z. (2009, October 1-3). "Using Technology and Total Physical Response to Teach Foreign Language and Culture." Global Studies Conference, Omaha, NE.
Khazanchi, D., Maher, A. and Kelly, B. (2009, October 1-3). "Using Second Life for Global Curriculum Development." Global Studies Conference, Omaha, NE.
Khazanchi, D. and Reich, B.H. (2008, October). "Achieving IT project success through control, measurement, managing expectations, and top management support," (Guest Editorial), International Journal of Project Management (IJPM). Volume 26, Issue 7 , pp. 699
Davis, A., Khazanchi, D., Murphy, J., Owens, D., & Zigurs, I. (2008). "Challenges and lessons learned from virtual world research," Midwest Association for Information System (MWAIS) Newsletter, 2 (2), pp. 3. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D. and Petter, S. (2006; Fall). "The Need for Improved IT Project Management in e-Service Projects and Beyond" (Guest Editors' Column), e-Service Journal (e-SJ), 5:1, pp. 1-3. [PDF].
Khazanchi, D. (1999, February) "When is your firm a likely candidate for Electronic Data Interchange?" IS Communications World (India). [PDF]
Khazanchi, D. (1997, December 4) "Telecommuting: Taking work home," Dataquest (IT India'97/COMDEX), p. 13. [PDF]
Khazanchi, D. (February 15th, 1998) "Telecommuting: Home, sweet work?" Dataquest.
Khazanchi, D. (1995, Spring) "Truth in education," Effective Teaching–NKU's teaching newsletter, pp. 6-7. [PDF]
Khazanchi, D. (1995, Spring) "A primer for the internet novice," Effective Teaching (Special Edition: Teaching In Technology)–NKU's Teaching Newsletter, pp. 4-6, 21. [PDF]
Khazanchi, D. (199?). "Summary of IS Undergraduate Curriculum Design Related Comments," GISE.ORG.
Posters and other academic presentations:
Gandhi, R., Khazanchi, D., Linzell, D., Ricks, B. and Sim, C. (May 2018). "Developing Smart Big Data pipelines to address Challenges of Bridge Infrastructure health in the US". Pre-OTC GCE NODE NORTEX Data Science Cluster (URL: http://gcenode.no/wp-content/uploads/2018-04-09-Emergency-Response-Seminar-Program-and-invitation-vNO-2.pdf). (Talk presented by Deepak Khazanchi).
Ali, H., Khazanchi, D., Mirski, P. (2016, October 23-25). "Innovative Models for Next-Generation International Partnerships with a Focus on Academic Impact and Community Engagement." Annual Conference of the Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities (CUMU), Washington DC.
Khazanchi, D. (2016, August 10-13th). Panelist – Social Inclusion Across IS Specializations, Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), San Diego, CA.
Khazanchi, D. (2012, September 28th). Keynote Speech – "The Interdisciplinary Future of Computing Research, Education and Practice." 2nd International Conference on "Computer Science – Theory, Applications and Research (CSTAR)."
Khazanchi, D. (2010, April 17th). Panelist and Discussant, 8th Big XII + MIS Research Symposium, Sam Walton Colelge of Business, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
Khazanchi, D. (2009, April 14-15). "Panelist – The Future of IT Education." infotec – innovate, collaborate, apply IT.
Thompson, C. B., Farris, N., Luo, S., Khazanchi, D., Zigurs, I. (2009; 4/23– 4/25). "Building community health learning experiences to Second Life." [Poster]. AACN Hot Topics , Salt Lake City, UT. [PPT].
Khazanchi, D. (2008, April 6th). "Panelist – Using Performance-based Projects in Teaching IS/T: A 'Hands-On' View of Learning", Panel on "The Fine Art of teaching", 6th Big XII + MIS Symposium, Lubbock, TX. [PDF]
Khazanchi, D. and Munkvold, B.E. (2004, April 20th). "The Rhetoric and Relevance of IS Research Paradigms: Conceptual Foundations and Survey Research". Presented by Khazanchi to the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, College of Business Administration, MS/PhD students.
Khazanchi, D. (November 18th, 1997) "Electronic commerce strategies for small businesses," Poster, Third Annual College of Business Research Afternoon.
Khazanchi, D. "An assessment of internal/external factors impacting the telecommuting decision," Poster, Second Annual College of Business Research Afternoon , November 21, 1996.
Khazanchi, D. "An introduction to the Internet," College of Business Teatime Tidbits, Northern Kentucky University, October 1994.
Khazanchi, D. "The organizational impact of electronic data interchange (EDI): A qualitative examination," College of Business Teatime Tidbits, Northern Kentucky University, April 1994.
Khazanchi, D. "Truth in Business Education," College of Business Teatime Tidbits, Northern Kentucky University, November 1992.
Khazanchi, D. "Using performance-based projects: A 'hands-on' view of learning," College of Business Teatime Tidbits, Northern Kentucky University, October 1991.
Reprints of Articles:
Owens, D., Mitchell, A., Murphy, J., Khazanchi, D., & Zigurs, I. (2010). Real-world opportunities for virtual-world project management. In T. Tuten (Ed.), Enterprise 2.0: How Technology, E-Commerce, and Web 2.0 Are Transforming Business Virtually: Praeger Publishers. Reprinted from IT Professional, 11(2), 2009. [URL]
College of IS&T
University of Nebraska at Omaha

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Work by students in journalism, architecture and product design will be among the pieces on display.
The annual Senior Send-Off will give the Class of 2015 a chance to hoist a frothy pint with friends before graduation.
Several student-produced documentaries will be shown, and speakers will discuss the contributions of Latino immigrants.
The UO Chamber Choir took second place in the Marktoberfest International Chamber Choir Competition following two days of performance.
The 529 Garage tool allows bikes to be registered online or through an app and makes it easier to report stolen bikes.
Nattapol Tantikarn will compete in one of the world's most prestigious piano competitions, with a $20,000 prize.
Both track athletes will now advance to the national Capital One Academic All-America team ballot.
Last year, more than 30 tons of reuseable material was recovered as students moved out of residence halls for the summer.


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Children Play/Learning
ENC Gear
SEQUOIA CIRCLE MEMBERSHIP
Home / Tucker History
Tucker Wildlife Sanctuary began in 1929, when Benjamin and Dorothy Tucker first welcomed visitors to their bird observation porch in the Santa Ana Mountains.
In the spring of 1926, Benjamin Tucker, a banker and philanthropist from Long Beach and his wife Dorothy May built a second home on 12 acres of land that was once part of the estate of the world famous actress, Helena Modjeska. They soon fell in love with the flora and fauna of their beautiful canyon home, (named "Oakwood" by Dorothy) particularly the hummingbirds. Mr. Tucker began taking steps to increase the hummingbird population around their secluded home. Mr. Tucker focused on encouraging the hummingbirds to stay year-round instead of just the few weeks they spent resting here during their annual migration. For his first attempt he tied colorful ribbons to test tubes filled with pure honey and attached them to the trees, but bees and ants drove the hummingbirds off. After a time, he found four parts water to one part sugar to be the right food mixture. Trial and error brought unsuccessful versions of hummingbird feeders in the form of small mason jars covered with perforated tin tops, a quart jar, and a feeder fashioned from a gourd. Soon, Mr. Tucker found success with long-necked flasks and chicken feeders. Mr. Tucker was the first person to utilize multiple ports on a hummingbird feeder and is recognized as a father of modern day feeders.
At first, he was able to entice a few hummingbirds to say year-round. After a couple of years hummingbirds began to arrive by the dozens and then the hundreds. Word spread as local newspapers and magazines of the times such as Western Living featured stories about the famous "hummingbird cafeteria". By 1929, people began dropping by to see the hummingbirds so the Tuckers decided to open their porch as a public bird viewing area. The Tuckers remained an integral part of the new sanctuary with Dorothy entertaining guests and Mr. Tucker feeding birds and tinkering in his workshop. In addition to feeding hummingbirds, Mr. Tucker built birdhouses and put out grain for the songbirds. Each year, the Tuckers went through a thousand pounds of sugar and two tons of grain for the large variety of birds who were now using Oakwood as a home or a stopover site on their migration.
Mr. Tucker worked closely with the San Fernando Valley Chapter of the Audubon Society to gather data on the birds at the sanctuary. He continued to work at the sanctuary long past its official dedication as a "Bird Preserve" by Audubon in May of 1939, just a few months before Mrs. Tucker's passing. In July of 1940, a fire broke out in Mr. Tucker's workshop completely destroying the shop and home. Health reasons prevented Mr. Tucker from rebuilding so in 1941 he presented the land to the California Audubon Society as a memorial to his wife. The Audubon Society rebuilt the house on the original site and ran the Dorothy May Tucker Sanctuary until 1969 when the property was deeded to a foundation sponsored by California State University, Fullerton.
The Environmental Nature Center (ENC) acquired Tucker Wildlife Sanctuary in 2021. The ENC will steward the facility and provide opportunities similar to those at the ENC – field trips for school and scout groups, Nature Camps, service learning, community programs, and more.
"We are committed to Benjamin and Dorothy Tucker's legacy and excited for this opportunity," said Bo Glover, Executive Director of the Environmental Nature Center. "The Tuckers wanted their property to be conserved as a wild bird sanctuary, refuge and preserve, and that is how we will manage it. We look forward to welcoming students and other visitors interested in learning about and enjoying the canyon's native flora and fauna."
In 1888, world-renowned Shakespearean actress Madame Helena Modjeska purchased 1340 acres in what came to be known as Modjeska Canyon. She hired famed architect Stanford White to design her new home, and named Arden for the forest setting in Shakespeare's play "As You Like It". The house became a gathering place for artists, writers, singers, and actors, both local and international. The centerpiece of the house was the large paneled library with space for her extensive collection of theater memorabilia, books, and works of art. She planted gardens, olive and citrus groves, raised horses, cattle, and farm crops, and maintained a large apiary. In her autobiography, Madame Modjeska wrote, "All our improvements had for their main object not to spoil what nature had provided…It was really a very peaceful retreat, far from the turmoil of the world". For more information about Arden or to visit Madame Modjeska's home, visit: http://www.ocparks.com/modjeskahouse/


You have been hired as an Airport Chauffeur and your duty will be to drive the bus following the arrows on the road to get the vehicle to the correct parking spots. Do not let the vehicle get damaged and try to finish the task in each level as fast as you can.
Average: 4.3 / 5. Votes: 892.


text:
Q: Java: Splitting a large unit test class The project (Java/Spring) I currently work on has a rather large unit-test class for one of its services : more than 1000 lines, several Nested class (one per big functionality), some tests without a Nested class, ...
Finding this file rather difficult to read, and to manage (a modification in the service, and you have to take time to find the corrects tests to fix/update), I proposed to split the class to have one test file per Nested Class, each one linked to a "principal" test file, which will be managing the Mock & the tests without Nested Class. All the tests files would be put into a specific package.
I am wondering if this would be a good thing to do? or if it was something to avoid to do ?
I hope i was clear enough.
Have a nice day

A: I do not care about the nested classes. I care about being forced to look at things that don't matter. Tell me one story at a time.
The whole point of not putting all the code in one file is that the stuff I have to think about now is in one place and stuff I don't need to see now hides in some other file.  Oh sure, you can mash it all into one file and watch it grow but just because it still compiles doesn't mean that's a good idea.
Organize code for humans. We like short, pointed stories about few subjects. Not thousand line odyssey's about every possible thing that can be crammed into this particular file.
But, before I let you break up that file you have to solve one of the hardest problems in computer science: you have to think of good names.
You can cause an even bigger mess by breaking this up with poor names. Names are how I find this stuff. Give me good names, names that don't surprise me when I look inside, names that help me find what I'm looking for. You can break it up as finely as the compiler will let you. Because I just need the parts of the story that matter to me. I don't need every also-ran.
Pay some heed to the current organization of the code, of course. Using a better style won't shine if it drastically clashes with the current style. How you feel while breaking up the code isn't important. It's how you're making the next poor coder feel.
So talk with your team. Tell them the names you have in mind. Show them how it would look. See what they think.  Be sure the pain you save them from is worse than the pain you cause.


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Libya's Ambassador to the United States: Who Is Wafa Bugaighis?
Wafa Bugaighis
Wafa Bugaighis, who had already been serving as her country's chargé d'affaires in Washington, presented her credentials as Libya's ambassador to the United States on December 1, 2017.
Bugaighis' father was a general in the Libyan army under King Idris, who was overthrown by Moammar Gadhafi in 1969. Bugaighis graduated from American International School in Vienna, Austria, in 1982 before coming to the United States to study at Catholic University of America. She initially majored in nuclear engineering, but when the U.S. government banned Libyans from studying that field in the United States, she switched to chemical engineering, earning a B.Sc. in 1987. She also studied at George Washington University.
Bugaighis began her career in 1988 as a chemical engineer for Arabian Gulf Oil Co. and continued in that position for more than 18 years. She moved into public service in September 2007 as deputy chairwoman of Nour Al Maarif Education Co. In 2011, she was director of the International Collaboration Bureau for east Libya, where she worked to rebuild her country's education system after the revolution that year that deposed Gadhafi.
Bugaighis moved into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation in March 2013 as deputy minister for political affairs and for five months in 2014 was acting foreign minister.
In June 2014, Bugaighis' cousin, attorney and human rights activist Salwa Bugaighis, was killed in Benghazi after voting in a local election. Islamic militants were thought to be responsible for the assassination. In December of that year, Bugaighis was appointed chargé d'affaires at Libya's embassy in Washington. She held that rank until being officially made ambassador in late 2017.
Bugaighis speaks Arabic, English and German.
Wafa Bugaighis (LinkedIn)
Despite Assassinations, Libyan Women Seek Place in Government (by Nadia Dreid, Scripps Howard Foundation Wire)
Libya's Wafa Bugaighis: We Desperately Need Help (by Larry Luxner, Washington Diplomat)


Q. Can I port a toll free number to 2talk?
2. Select Manage Numbers from the left hand menu.
The Email you want your porting notifications sent to.
5. We will use this email to let you know the service move date or if there are any issues. Once the port is complete the toll free number will be added to your account as a stand alone line. Since we don't require it to terminate to another number you will need to either configure it on a device or forward the calls to another number once the port is complete.
A. Toll Free Number porting usually takes around 5 - 10 business days, but can take longer in some circumstances. We will liaise with you to ensure that the porting request is completed smoothly and with minimal disruption.
Please note there is a porting fee of $28.75 ($25 ex GST) for each tollfree number ported to 2talk.
If you wish to block mobiles and payphones you can do this via the 2talk live web portal.


CONSEW 697CVF Coverstitch Sewing Machine, 2 Needle / 4 Thread and 3 Needle / 5 Thread Setup, Ideal for Plain Seaming, Bottom Hemming and Elastic Attaching.
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Nicki Minaj is still reeling over her collaboration with Beyonce for "Feeling Myself," lifted from The Pinkprint.
Nicki adds that she predicted women would take to social media and caption their photos with the "Feeling Myself" hashtag.
"I knew girls were going to be posting pictures on Instagram saying '#feelingmyself.' I told Beyoncé that. I was like, 'You already know what's going to happen,'" Nicki says, adding that there's currently no video treatment planned for their banger.
The new issue of Time hits newsstands February 6.


text:
Video shows mum's 'Tourette's' as she can't stop swearing at her kids
Hayleigh calls her husband a 'c**t' more than she tells him she loves him
Lisa LetcherSenior Reporter
Our weekend morning emails feature the very best news and exclusive content from our team of reporters
A video shows a Cornish mum's Tourette's symptoms after she randomly woke up one day unable to stop swearing at her children and husband.
Mother-of-two Hayleigh-Elizabeth Honey, 27, had no underlying health problems - but now launches foul-mouth abuse at people.
She constantly calls her husband a 'c**t', tells her children to 'f**k off', and sticks her middle finger up at everyone she sees and says "have one of these".
But she also says the condition has actually given her more confidence.
Hayleigh woke up one day in September and found herself shaking and she quickly developed muscle spasms inability to control her speech.
Hayleigh, from Penryn, said: "This is completely new, I had no idea this was going to happen. I've never had anything like this before. It all started in one day, I woke up with shakes that I thought nothing of because I hadn't eaten yet but it didn't ease off.
"Around lunchtime I started having shoulder twitches, and when my husband got home at about 7pm I was hitting myself and shouting out random phrases.
"The next morning it was so bad I could only speak with a stammer, I couldn't talk properly, so I went straight to my doctor."
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Hayleigh's doctor at first thought it could have been triggered by a viral infection, and told the mum-of-two to go home and wait for it to pass.
But a week later Hayleigh's tics had got worse so she returned for more tests.
She continued: "The doctor said he had never seen it before and sent me back out to the waiting room and phoned the neurologist before calling my back into the room.
Hayleigh Honey from Penryn, Cornwall, with her husband Matt, son Zephyr aged two and daughter Luna aged four (Image: © SWNS)
"I saw a different GP and was referred the same day medical assessment unit at Royal Cornwall Hospital , there I had a CT scan - they didn't want to do an MRI because I would have to stay still for too long.
"They took my fluids and they did tests, and it came back clear."
You can watch the video showing her tic symptoms at the top of this page
Tourette's syndrome is a condition which affects the nervous system and causes people to have sudden twitches or movements known as "tics".
It is only officially diagnosed after suffering with tics for a year or more, so currently Hayleigh is waiting to see if the symptoms pass.
She continued: "The only thing they could put it down too was genetics or chronic anxiety, I wasn't stressed at the time but in the past I have suffered with mental health issues. It's hard to tell because at that time there was nothing stressful in my life, no more than any other mum.
"Now I'm learning to live with it, I have to wait and see if it goes away on it's own or if this is my life now. My tics are changing every day, I get new ones depending on what songs I listen to or who I talk to."
Hayleigh Honey at her home in Penryn, Cornwall. (Image: © SWNS)
On one occasion, Hayleigh went to see her optometrist but soon found herself uncontrollably swearing at him
She said: "I went in and explained and said I had a tic disorder, he said that was fine and then I told him to f**k off. He was fantastic, he laughed it off and said he played rugby last night so had been called worse.
"Another one I've started is sticking my middle finger up at people and telling them to 'have one of these'.
"I've only done it to my sister, my husband, and my kids. My two-year-old hasn't noticed, my daughter finds it funny mainly.
"My husband ignores all my ticks, I never had to apologise to him. I call him the 'c' word more than I tell him I love him and it doesn't bother him."
Hayleigh is married to Matt Honey, 27, the skipper of a pleasure ferry, and together they have two children - Luna five, and Zephyr, two.
When her tics are at their worst Hayleigh has found she will aggressively jerk her head back, which hurts, and when she is stressed or anxious she will punch or slap herself, completely unaware of what she is doing until that moment.
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"Those things can be quite painful but for the most part I'm not even aware of what I am doing until it is happening," she said. "Fortunately a lot of people are aware of Tourette's syndrome and tics. Even I knew a lot about it before it happened to me, so I don't think people necessarily view it as a negative thing."
Despite the challenges ahead, Hayleigh says because her symptoms are out of her control, her condition has given her a level of confidence she didn't know she had.
The mum-of-two has described her ordeal after randomly waking up one day with Tourette's symptoms (Image: © SWNS)
"It is obviously early days still and it is worrying but it's also really strange to say that honestly this condition has really given back a part of me I feel I had lost for a long time.
"It has given me so much confidence."
Royal Cornwall Hospital