This disclosure is directed to an ablation electrode having a cylindrical body in which a first conducting layer has an exterior surface and an interior surface and a second conducting layer is connected to a desired position on the interior surface of the first conducting layer forming a thermocouple at the desired position.
This invention relates to electrophysiologic (EP) catheters, in particular, to sensing the temperature of EP electrodes for ablation of the heart.
Electrophysiology catheters are commonly used for mapping electrical activity in the heart. Various electrode designs are known for different purposes. Certain types of electrical activity within a heart chamber are not cyclical. Instead of regular, coordinated electrical activity, disorganized electrical signals may impede heart function. Such electrical activity is random from beat to beat. An example is atrial fibrillation, which results from improper control of the timing and sequence of muscle contractions associated with a heartbeat. Other examples include arterial flutter or arterial fibrillation, and ventricular tachycardia originating in scars in the wall of the ventricle that have resulted from infarcts.
Suitable treatments may include performing an ablation procedure, such as targeted ablation of myocardial tissue to treat the cardiac arrhythmias. One specific type of an ablation procedure is termed pulmonary vein isolation, in which tissue in the area adjacent the junction of the pulmonary veins and the left atrium is ablated. In such treatments, to reduce fibrillation or other arrhythmias, radiofrequency energy may be delivered by an ablation electrode to pulmonary vein tissue in order to create one or more lesions to block electrical conduction and to electrically isolate certain areas. This isolation may minimize the migration of irregular electrical activity to other areas of the heart. To deliver the radiofrequency energy to ablate tissue and thereby form conduction blocking lesions one or more ablation electrodes may be brought into contact or close proximity with atrial and pulmonary vein tissue.
A catheter may be used to position the ablation electrode to apply RF energy and create a lesion to break arrhythmogenic current paths in the cardiac tissue. It is desirable to know the temperature of the ablation electrode to prevent heating the tissue excessively. Current ablation electrodes may be equipped with thermocouples, but due to the size of current thermocouples in relation to the catheter and ablation electrode the thermocouple is usually attached at an edge of the ablation electrode (also "ring electrode") rather than at a central (or "focal") band of the electrode. The temperature at the edge of an ablation electrode may be significantly different from the temperature at the central band. Furthermore, and particularly when the ablation electrode is positioned correctly, the edge of the ablation electrode may be less likely to be in contact with the tissue being ablated. A temperature difference may also be accentuated in longer (e.g., 8 mm) ablation electrodes. For these and other applications, it would be desirable to determine the temperature of an ablation electrode at the point of contact with tissue as accurately as possible to avoid excess heating, or even charring, of the tissue. Accordingly, the embodiments of this disclosure as described in the following materials satisfy these and other needs.
The present disclosure is directed to a ring ablation electrode. In an embodiment, a ring ablation electrode is substantially cylindrical with proximal and distal ends and at least one lumen running through the body. The ring electrode has a first layer of a first conducting material, an electrically insulating layer, and a second layer of a second conducting material different from the first conducting material. In the ring electrode, the first layer is substantially cylindrical and the first and second layers are in electrically conductive contact at a contact point forming a thermocouple. The thermocouple is positioned on the first layer to measure a temperature of a region of the cylindrical body, where the region centrally-located between the proximal and distal ends of the cylindrical body. Further, the electrically insulating layer is between the first and second layers except for at least the contact point.
In an embodiment, a method for forming a thermocouple on an electrode for an ablation catheter includes the following steps. First, designating a contact point on a first layer, where the first layer is made of a first conducting material. Second, adding an insulating layer to the first layer except for at least the contact point, where the insulating layer is made of an electrically insulating material. Third, adding a second layer to the insulating layer and the contact point, where the second layer is made of a second conducting material that is different from the first conducting material, where the second layer is added to the contact point in a way that makes in electrical contact with the first layer, where the first layer, insulating layer, and second layer form a malleable plate, and where the thermocouple includes the first layer, the second layer, and the contact point. Fourth, attaching a lead wire to the second layer. And fifth, shaping the malleable plate into an electrode for an ablation catheter.
FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a catheter equipped with multiple ring electrodes, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a plate for ring electrode, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 3 is a top view of a plate for a ring electrode, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a top view of a plate for ring electrode, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 5 is an end view of a ring electrode, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 6 is a top view of a plate for a ring electrode, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 7 is an end view of a ring electrode, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 8a is a top view of a plate for a ring electrode, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 8b is a top view of a plate for a ring electrode, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 9a is a top view of a plate for a ring electrode, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 9b is a top view of a plate for a ring electrode, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 10 is a top view of a plate for a ring electrode, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 11 is an end view of a ring electrode, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a ring electrode, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a ring electrode, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 14 is an end view of a ring electrode, according to one embodiment.
FIG. 15 is a schematic illustration of an invasive medical procedure using a catheter equipped with a ring electrode, according to one embodiment.
At the outset, it is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particularly exemplified materials, architectures, routines, methods or structures as such may vary. Thus, although a number of such options, similar or equivalent to those described herein, can be used in the practice or embodiments of this disclosure, the preferred materials and methods are described herein.
It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments of this disclosure only and is not intended to be limiting.
The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure and is not intended to represent the only exemplary embodiments in which the present disclosure can be practiced. The term "exemplary" used throughout this description means "serving as an example, instance, or illustration," and should not necessarily be construed as preferred or advantageous over other exemplary embodiments. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the exemplary embodiments of the specification. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the exemplary embodiments of the specification may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the novelty of the exemplary embodiments presented herein.
For purposes of convenience and clarity only, directional terms, such as top, bottom, left, right, up, down, over, above, below, beneath, rear, back, and front, may be used with respect to the accompanying drawings. These and similar directional terms should not be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure in any manner.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one having ordinary skill in the art to which the disclosure pertains.
Finally, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a, "an" and "the" include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.
In one or more embodiments, to determine the temperature of a ring electrode at the region of contact with tissue as accurately as possible a thermocouple is formed on the ring electrode at or sufficiently near the region of tissue contact. These embodiments use the surface material of the ablation electrode as a first conductive element of the thermocouple. To form the thermocouple, a second conductive element of different conductivity is connected to the first conductive element. To position the thermocouple at or sufficiently near the region of tissue contact, the second conductive element is connected to the back side of the surface material within the area on the backside of the surface material that is opposite to the region of tissue contact. In other words, a region of the "top" surface of the surface material will contact tissue. This contacting region on the top surface will have a corresponding region on the "bottom" surface of the surface material. And the second element will be connected on the "bottom" surface of the surface material at or sufficiently near the corresponding region so that the temperature sensed by the thermocouple is representative of the temperature of the ring electrode where the ablation electrode is in contact with tissue. Embodiments with this construction will be described further with reference to FIGS. 2-14. FIGS. 1 and 15 provide further context for the use of embodiments of a ring electrode.
FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a catheter 10 equipped with ring electrodes 22, according to one embodiment. As shown in FIG. 1, catheter 10 comprises an elongated catheter body 14 having proximal and distal ends and a control handle 18 at the proximal end of catheter body 14, with one or more ring electrodes 22 mounted at the distal end of catheter body 14. Ring electrodes 22 are also adapted for contact with target tissue. In this embodiment, each ring electrode 22 may be equipped with one or more thermocouples (e.g., thermocouples 50, 52, FIG. 5) for sensing a temperature of ring electrode 22.
Catheter body 14 comprises an elongated tubular construction having a single, axial, or central lumen (not shown), but can optionally have multiple lumens if desired. Ring electrodes 22 may also be provided to form a blocking lesion. The number of ring electrodes 22 may vary depending on the design of catheter 10. In the embodiment, three ring electrodes 22 are shown. In another embodiment, catheter body 14 includes one ring electrode 22. In some embodiments, a lumen (not shown) within catheter body 14 may be used to supply a suitable irrigation fluid, such as heparinized saline, to ring electrodes 22. A fitting (not shown) in the control handle 18 may be provided to conduct irrigation fluid from a suitable source or pump into the lumen.
In one embodiment, intermediate section 16 may be uni- or bi-directionally deflectable off-axis from the catheter body, as indicated, to provide the arc needed to position the electrodes to ablate the tissue in an arcuate pattern. Proximal of catheter body 14 is control handle 18 that allows an operator to maneuver the catheter, which may include deflecting intermediate section 16 when a steerable embodiment is employed. In an example, control handle 18 may include deflection knob 12 that is pivoted in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction for deflection in the respective direction. In other embodiments, other steerable designs may be employed, such as the control handles for manipulating multiple control wires as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,468,260, 6,500,167, and 6,522,933 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2012/0143088, filed Dec. 3, 2010, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The catheter body 14 is flexible, i.e., bendable, but substantially non-compressible along its length. The catheter body 14 can be of any suitable construction and made of any suitable material. One construction comprises an outer wall made of polyurethane or PEBAX® (polyether block amide). The outer wall comprises an imbedded braided mesh of stainless steel or the like to increase torsional stiffness of the catheter body 14 so that, when the control handle 14 is rotated, the intermediate section distal end of the catheter body will rotate in a corresponding manner The outer diameter of the catheter body 14 is not critical, but generally should be as small as possible and may be no more than about 10 french depending on the desired application. Likewise the thickness of the outer wall is not critical, but may be thin enough so that the central lumen can accommodate a puller wire, lead wires, sensor cables and any other wires, cables, or tubes. If desired, the inner surface of the outer wall is lined with a stiffening tube (not shown) to provide improved torsional stability. An example of a catheter body construction suitable for use in connection with the disclosed subject matter is described and depicted in U.S. Pat. No. 6,064,905, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The following is an exemplary use of a catheter with an ablation electrode. An electrophysiologist may introduce a guiding sheath, guidewire and dilator into the patient, as is generally known in the art, such as by the Seldinger technique that provides access for an introducer sheath through a peripheral vein, typically a femoral vein. Other suitable approaches include accessing the left atrium via the superior vena cava, or use of a retrograde intra-arterial technique. Examples of suitable guiding sheaths for use in connection with the catheter are the PREFACE™ Braided Guiding Sheath (commercially available from Biosense Webster, Inc., Diamond Bar, Calif.) and the DiRex™ Guiding Sheath (commercially available from BARD, Murray Hill, N.J.). The guidewire is inserted, the dilator is removed, and the catheter body 12 is introduced through the guiding sheath whereby the guidewire lumen in the expander permits the catheter to pass over the guidewire. In one exemplary procedure, the catheter is first introduced to the right atrium (RA) via the inferior vena cava (IVC), where it passes through a puncture in the fossa ovalis of the interatrial septum (S) in order to reach the left atrium (LA).
Accordingly, sensing electrodes (not shown) may be used to record electrical activity associated with the pulmonary vein, to identify tissue to be ablated, for example. Ring electrodes 22 may be used to create lesions to electrically isolate the pulmonary vein from the left atrium. The placement and number of ring electrodes 22 may be adapted to bring them into contact with desired areas of tissue, based on the anticipated position of the distal end of catheter 10 relative to the treatment area. For example, in one embodiment, a single ring electrode 22 may be positioned at the distal end limit of catheter 10. Also, for example, multiple ring electrodes 22 may be positioned relatively more proximally along catheter body 14.
A thermocouple (e.g., FIG. 5, thermocouple 50) is positioned within ring electrode 22 to sense the temperature of a central region 24 (described further with reference to FIG. 12) of ring electrode 22. The thermocouple is preferably sufficiently distanced from both the proximal and distal end of ring electrode 22 so that the temperature sensed by the thermocouple is highly representative of the central region of ring electrode 22. The entire surface of ring electrode 22 is actively heated, but determining the temperature of central region 24 is desired because a band of ring electrode 22 that includes central region 24 is the area of ring electrode 22 that is more likely to be in contact with the heart tissue during an ablation procedure. Furthermore, thermal energy is conducted away from ring electrode 22 in the proximal and distal directions and into catheter body 14. Irrigation and bodily fluids may also work to reduce the temperature of the proximal and distal ends of ring electrode 22 with respect to central region 24. Thus, a thermocouple positioned at a proximal or distal edge or end of ring electrode 22 may give an inaccurate or false reading. Therefore, positioning a thermocouple to sense the temperature of central region 24 may provide more accurate information regarding the temperature of the "working section" of ring electrode 22, which in turn may provide for more accurate ablation of the heart tissue.
The construction of embodiments of an ablation electrode will now be discussed further with reference to FIGS. 2-14. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a base plate 20 that may be formed into a cylindrical ring electrode 22, according to a number of embodiments. Base plate 20 is a conductive material, commonly platinum, though other conductive materials (e.g., gold) are allowed that provide for supplying radio frequency energy to ablate tissue and that also serve as a conductor in a thermocouple. Base plate 20 may be composed of a malleable material for reasons that will be discussed further, but which mainly derive from their ability to form base plate 20 into a different shape, i.e., a cylinder, without base plate 20 becoming structurally unstable. In the embodiment, base plate 20 is dimensioned as needed to provide for being combined with other materials and formed into the final dimensions of the cylindrical ring electrode 22.
FIG. 3 is a top view of a multilayer plate 30 for an ablation electrode, according to one embodiment. In FIG. 3, base plate 20 has been partially covered by insulator 31 leaving "J-shaped" openings 32, 34 of exposed base plate 20. This "top" view of multilayer plate 30 shows surfaces that will not be in contact with tissue. Rather, in the embodiment, the "bottom" of multilayer plate 30 will be the surface that will make contact with tissue. Openings 32, 34 extend from the edge of multilayer plate 30 toward the central region. Openings 32, 34 provide areas for eventually attaching lead wires (not shown) to base plate 20. Opening 32 has a tip section 36 and opening 34 has a tip section 38. As will be discussed, the positions of tip sections 36 and 38 determine where temperature will be sensed on base plate 20. It is preferable to dimension and position tip sections 36 and 38 so that thermocouples are positioned where desired on base plate 20 and dimension and position the remainder of openings 32, 34 and so that lead wires (not shown) may be attached where desired on base plate 20. Otherwise, openings 32, 34 may be arbitrarily shaped.
Insulator 31 may be, for example, polytetrafluoroethylene (PFTE) or polyether ether ketone (PEEK). Insulator 31 may be applied using known methods. For example, insulator 31 may be insert molded (or overmolded) onto base plate 20. Insulator 31 may be pre-formed and applied as a sheet to base plate 20. Insulator 31 may also be applied to base plate 20 using physical vapor deposition. A benefit of applying insulator 31 using vapor deposition is that a very thin layer of insulator 31 may be applied, which, in turn, reduces the overall thickness of ring electrode 22. Since in the embodiment base plate 20 will eventually be formed into a cylindrical ring electrode 22, the method of applying insulator 31 and the material itself may be chosen to result in multilayer plate 30 maintaining the malleable nature of base plate 20.
FIG. 4 is a top view of the multilayer plate 30 for an ablation electrode, according to one embodiment. In FIG. 4, thermocouple layers 40, 42 have been applied over insulator 31 and connected to the base plate 20 at tip sections 36 and 38. Thermocouple layer 40 extends from the central region of base plate 20 to edge 47. Thermocouple layer 42 extends from the central region to edge 49. Thus, lead wire connections to base plate 20 may be made along the exposed sections of openings 32, 34, on the other "bottom" surface of base plate 20, and on the exposed edges 46, 47, 48, 49 of base plate 20. Similarly lead wire connections to thermocouple layers 40, 42 may be made along layers 40, 42, including where layers 40, 42 are in proximity to edges 47, 49, respectively.
Thermocouple layers 40, 42 may be composed of constantan or any nickel alloy thermocouple material—that is, layers 40, 42 may be composed of a material, which when connected to the material of base plate 20 creates a thermocouple at the connection point. By being applied over insulator 31 and selectively connected to tip sections 36 and 38, thermocouple layers 40, 42 create thermocouples at the tip sections 36 and 38 by way of being connected to a material of dissimilar conductivity. Thus, the position of the contact between the base plate 20 and the thermocouple layer, e.g., layer 40, determines where on base plate 20 the thermocouple is positioned and, since base plate 20 is eventually formed into ring electrode 22, where on ring electrode 22 the thermocouple will sense temperature.
As with insulator 31, thermocouple layers 40, 42 may be applied using known methods. Applying thermocouple layers 40, 42 using physical vapor deposition would have the same beneficial result that layers 40 and 42 may be very thin and the overall thickness of ring electrode 22 is reduced. Also as with insulator 31, the method of applying layers 40 and 42 and the material itself may benefit if they result in multilayer plate 30 maintaining the malleable nature of base plate 20. However, the chosen geometry of thermocouple layers 40, 42 may mean that thermocouple layers 40, 42 are deformed less than insulator 31 during the formation of the final shape of ring electrode 22. For that reason, thermocouple layers 40, 42 may not benefit from being malleable as much as insulator 31.
An embodiment of a process for forming multilayer plate 30 may contain the following steps. In step one, a first mask is applied to base plate 20 to define J-shaped openings 32, 34 including tip sections 36, 38 (FIG. 3). In step two, insulator 31 is applied. In step three, the first mask is removed leaving J-shaped openings 32, 34 of exposed base plate 20. In step four, a second mask is applied to define thermocouple layers 40, 42. In step five, thermocouple layers 40, 42 are applied. In step six, the second mask is removed leaving thermocouple layers 40, 42. After step six, multilayer plate 30 is complete with insulator 31 between base plate 20 and thermocouple layers 40, 42 except at tip sections 36, 38 (FIG. 3). During step five of the process, thermocouples 50, 52 (FIG. 5) are formed by the application of thermocouple layers 40, 42 onto tip sections 36, 38 (FIG. 3).
The formation of the cylindrical shape of ring electrode 22 using multilayer plate 30 will now be discussed using FIG. 4. In an embodiment, to form a cylindrical ring electrode 22, multilayer plate 30 is formed (e.g., using a cold forming technique) into a cylindrical shape by bending edge 46 about axis 43 in direction 44 until edge 46 comes into proximity with edge 48. The process creates a cylindrical shape with insulator 31 and thermocouple layers 40, 42 on the interior of the cylinder. Edges 47, 49 become the circular ends of ring electrode 22. Thus, thermocouple layer 40 is more accessible near the end created by edge 47 and thermocouple layer 42 is more accessible near the end created by edge 49.
The result of forming the cylinder is discussed with reference to FIG. 5. FIG. 5 is an end view of ring electrode 22, according to one embodiment. The view is from the point of view of edge 47 of multilayer plate 30 after multilayer plate 30 is formed into a cylindrical shape in direction 44 about axis 43. In FIG. 5, edges 47, 49 have been brought together at seam 59. Base plate 20 has been formed into a cylinder, seen end-on, with insulator 31 on the inner surface of base plate 20. The formation of the cylinder created a lumen 58. By appropriately dimensioning based plate 20 and the thicknesses of insulator 31 and thermocouple layers 40, 42, lumen 58 may accommodate catheter body 12 (FIG. 1) and any elements within catheter body 12.
In FIG. 5, thermocouples 50, 52 are now shown where thermocouple layers 40, 42 come into contact with base plate 20 through insulator 31. The locations of thermocouples 50, 52 correspond to the exposed tip sections 36, 38 (FIG. 3) on base plate 20, respectively. A gap 56 in insulator 31 shows where section 34 of base plate 20 is exposed. Gap 56 provides a potential location for a connection to a lead wire. Similarly, a gap 54 in insulator 31 shows where section 32 of base plate 20 is exposed and provides a potential location for a connection to a lead wire. A benefit of gaps 54, 56 is that they provide for the attachment of lead wires to the inner surface of base plate 20, rather than the outer surface, which would cause the lead wires to come into contact with tissue. Lead wires (not shown) to base plate 20 and thermocouple layers 40, 42 may be attached before or after multilayer plate 40 is formed into a cylindrical shape.
The view in FIG. 5 depicts ring electrode 22 from a distal end (formed from edge 47) through toward a proximal end (formed from edge 49). Given such a reference, thermocouple layer 40 and section 34 extend from a central region distally and thermocouple layer 42 and section 32 extend from a central region proximally. Thus, lead wire connections for thermocouple 52 may be at opposing ends of the ring electrode 22—that is, a connection may be made to thermocouple layer 42 at the proximal end and to section 34 at the distal end. Similarly, lead wire connections for thermocouple 50 may be at opposing ends of the ring electrode 22—that is, a connection may be made to thermocouple layer 40 at the distal end and to section 32 at the proximal end.
Furthermore, since base plate 20 is exposed on its now-outer surface and at each end for the thickness of base plate 20, lead wire connections to sections 32, 34 may instead be replaced by connections to alternate, exposed areas of base plate 20 according to design criteria. If such alternate connections to base plate 20 are chosen, gaps 54 and 56 become unnecessary and (with reference to FIG. 2), it may be chosen to apply insulator 31 to all but tip sections 36, 38 of base plate 20.
In embodiments, seam 59 may be mated, i.e., mechanically or chemically joined using, e.g., a weld or adhesive to complete the circle. Seam 59 may be left unmated to accommodate expansion from within the diameter of ring electrode 22. Seam 59 may also include a gap between edges 46, 48.
In the embodiment of FIG. 5, section 32 extended in the proximal direction and thermocouple layer 40 extended in the distal direction from the central region of ring electrode 22. This arrangement provided for connecting lead wires to thermocouple 50, one at each end of ring electrode 22. It may be desirable to provide for connecting lead wires to thermocouple 50 where both lead wires are at the same end of ring electrode 22.
FIG. 6 is a top view of a multilayer plate 60 for an ablation electrode, according to one embodiment. In this embodiment, thermocouple layers 62, 64 are applied to tip sections 36, 38 (FIG. 3) to form thermocouples 50, 52 (FIG. 5) respectively. Thermocouple layer 62 is positioned on multilayer plate 60 so that both section 32 and thermocouple layer 62 extend toward the same end of multilayer plate 60. Similarly, thermocouple layer 64 is positioned on multilayer plate 60 so that both section 34 and thermocouple layer 64 extend toward the same end of multilayer plate 60. In this way, lead wires for thermocouple 50 may be attached to section 32 and to thermocouple layer 62 at the same end of ring electrode 22. And lead wires for thermocouple 52 may be attached to section 34 and to thermocouple layer 64 at the same end of ring electrode 22.
FIG. 7 is an end view of an ablation electrode 70, according to one embodiment. Ablation electrode 70 results from the formation of a cylindrical shape from multilayer plate 60 (FIG. 6), just as ring electrode 22 (FIG. 5) resulted from forming multilayer plate 30 (FIG. 4) into a cylindrical shape. The view is from the point of view of edge 47 of multilayer plate 60 after multilayer plate 60 is formed into a cylindrical shape in direction 44 about axis 43. FIG. 7 does not depict thermocouple 50, thermocouple layer 62, or section 32 from FIG. 6 to more clearly illustrate that both thermocouple layer 42 and section 34 extend to the same end of ablation electrode 70 and to illustrate that an embodiment may have only a single thermocouple. In FIG. 7, ablation electrode 70 includes irrigation holes 72, which allow irrigation fluid to pass between the inner and outer surfaces of ablation electrode 70. Irrigation holes 72 may be created in ablation electrode 70 after, or before, multilayer plate 60 is formed into the cylindrical shape. Irrigation holes 70 may be made by, for example, laser machining Also, the number of irrigation holes 70 shown is exemplary. Irrigation holes 70 may number 8 (FIG. 10), 12 (FIG. 12), or perhaps 50, depending on the amount and type of irrigation desired.
In FIG. 7, edges 47, 49 have been brought together at seam 59. Base plate 20 has been formed into a cylinder, seen end-on, with insulator 31 on the inner surface of base plate 20. Thermocouple 52 is now shown where thermocouple layer 64 comes into contact with base plate 20 through insulator 31. The location of thermocouple 52 corresponds to the exposed tip section 38 (FIG. 3) on base plate 20, respectively. A gap 56 in insulator 31 shows where section 34 of base plate 20 is exposed and provides a potential connection for a lead wire.
The view in FIG. 5 may be considered to show ablation electrode 70 from a distal end (formed from edge 47) through toward a proximal end (formed from edge 49). Given such a reference, both thermocouple layer 42 and section 34 extend from a central region distally. Thus, lead wire connections for thermocouple 52 may be at the same end of ablation electrode 70—that is, a connection may be made to thermocouple layer 42 and to section 34 at the distal end.
Furthermore, since base plate 20 is exposed on its now-outer surface and at each end for the thickness of base plate 20, lead wire connections to section 34 may instead be replaced by connections to alternate, exposed areas of base plate 20 according to design criteria. If such alternate connections to base plate 20 are chosen, gap 56 becomes unnecessary and (with reference to FIG. 2), it may be chosen to apply insulator 31 to all but tip section 38 of base plate 20.
It should be recognized that the shapes of sections 32, 34 (FIG. 3) are arbitrary. It should also be recognized that tip sections 36, 38 (FIG. 3) are positioned on base plate 20 to set the eventual position of the corresponding thermocouples 50, 52. Other shapes for open sections are envisioned that accomplish the same positioning goal. Such shapes include, for example, the shapes depicted in FIGS. 8a -9 b. Except for the shapes depicted, FIGS. 8a-9b may be constructed as described with reference to earlier figures.
FIGS. 8a and 8b depict top views of a multilayer plate 80 for an ablation electrode, according to one embodiment. In FIG. 8a , insulator 31 has been applied to base plate 20 leaving "U-shaped" open section 82 with tip section 86. In FIG. 8b , thermocouple layer 88 has been applied to tip section 86 and atop insulator 31 to create thermocouple 84. Thermocouple 84 is created by the contact between tip section 86 and the section of thermocouple layer 88 that overlaps tip section 86. Multilayer plate 80 may be formed into a cylindrical shape with both open section 82 and thermocouple layer 88 accessible at the same end of the cylindrical shape for the attachment of lead wires.
FIGS. 9a and 9b depict top views of a multilayer plate 90 for an ablation electrode, according to one embodiment. In FIG. 9a , insulator 31 has been applied to base plate 20 leaving "S-shaped" open section 92 with tip section 96. In FIG. 9b , thermocouple layer 98 has been applied to tip section 96 and atop insulator 31 to create thermocouple 94. Thermocouple 94 is created by the contact between tip section 96 and the section of thermocouple layer 98 that overlaps tip section 96. Multilayer plate 90 may be formed into a cylindrical shape with open section 92 and thermocouple layer 98 accessible at different ends of cylindrical shape for the attachment of lead wires.
FIG. 10 is a top view of a multilayer plate 100 for an ablation electrode, according to one embodiment. Except for where the following discussion differs, the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 10-14 may be constructed as described with reference to earlier figures. In FIG. 10, base plate 20 has been partially covered by insulator 31 leaving opening 102 to exposed base plate 20. The position and dimension of opening 102 determines the position and dimension of the eventual thermocouple on multilayer plate 100, just as, for example, the positions and dimensions of tip sections 36, 38 (FIG. 3) determined the positions and dimensions of corresponding thermocouples 50, 52 (FIG. 5). Since insulator 31 covers all but opening 102 of base plate 20, a lead wire connection to base plate 20 is not available on the surface of multilayer plate 100 depicted in FIG. 10. The position of lead wires is further discussed with reference to FIGS. 11-13. In FIG. 10, multilayer plate 100 further includes irrigation holes 72, depicting an embodiment in which irrigation holes 72 are formed in multilayer plate 100 before multilayer plate 100 is formed into a final shape.
FIG. 11 is an end view of an ablation electrode 110, according to one embodiment. In FIG. 11, thermocouple layer 112 has been applied to multilayer plate 100 (FIG. 10) over insulator 31 and connected to the base plate 20 at opening 102 to form thermocouple 114. Multilayer plate 100 was then formed into a cylindrical shape by bending edge 46 about axis 43 in direction 44 until edge 46 came into proximity with edge 48. The process created a cylindrical shape with insulator 31 and thermocouple layer 112 on the interior of the cylinder. Edges 47, 49 became the circular ends of ablation electrode 110. In the embodiment, base plate 20, insulator 31, and thermocouple layer 112 form concentric cylindrical shapes, with insulator 31 inside base plate 20 and with thermocouple layer 112 inside insulator 31. Thus, the inner surface and both end thicknesses of thermocouple layer 112 are accessible for the purpose of making contact with a lead wire. Similarly, the outer surface and both end thicknesses of base plate 20 are accessible for the purpose of making contact with a lead wire.
FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an ablation electrode 110, according to one embodiment. FIG. 12 discloses further information regarding the position of a thermocouple in embodiments of an ablation electrode. As discussed earlier with regard to FIG. 1, it is desired to sense the temperature of central region 124. Central region 124 may include part of a central band 127, where central band 127 is the area of ablation electrode 110 most likely to contact tissue during use. For that reason alone it may be desirable to measure the temperature of central band 127.
Also, as discussed earlier, due to the conduction of thermal energy away from ablation electrode 110 during use, proximal and distal bands of ablation electrode 110 may be at temperatures that are different from the temperature of the central band. That is, the proximal and distal ends of ablation electrode 110 may be at lower temperatures than central band 127. To avoid applying more heat to tissue than was intended it may also be desirable to determine the temperature of central band 127.
In that regard, in FIG. 12 a boundary 125 is located towards the proximal end of ablation electrode 110. Similarly, a boundary 123 is located towards the distal end of ablation electrode 110. Boundaries 123, 125 are not fixed locations. Rather, boundaries 123, 125 illustrate the approximate edges of a representative band 122—a band of ablation electrode 110 in which a sensed temperature is consistent. Representative band 122 includes central band 127 and representative band 122 may be larger than central band 127. But, since the temperature within representative band 122 is relatively consistent, a temperature sensed within representative band 122 may accurately represent the temperature within central band 127. Thermocouple 114 is, therefore, shown positioned between boundaries 123, 125 within representative band 122.
Further, irrigation holes 72 present a factor to be considered when positioning thermocouple 114. Irrigation holes 72 may also facilitate the loss of thermal energy from ablation electrode 110. Thus, thermocouple 114 is preferably not positioned in close proximity to any irrigation hole 72. Staying within representative band 112 while avoiding holes 72 results in thermocouple 114 being location within central region 124.
In FIG. 12, thermocouple 114 appears to be approximately equidistant from the proximal and distal ends of ablation electrode 110. However, such a location is not mandatory or necessarily even preferable. Rather, thermocouple 114 may be located arbitrarily within central region 124 since the temperature is thought to be consistent within that region. In an embodiment, thermocouple 114 may be positioned axially substantially in the center of preferred band 112 and may be positioned radially substantially in the center of the area between the axially-oriented rows of irrigation holes 72.
FIG. 13 is a perspective view of an ablation electrode, according to one embodiment. In FIG. 13, thermocouple layer 112 (FIG. 11) has been extended proximally from base plate 20 to create an exposed thermocouple layer band 132. Exposed band 132 facilitates the attachment of a lead wire 134 by presenting access for making a contact 136 to the surface of thermocouple layer 112. Contact 136 is on a surface of exposed band 132 that is exterior relative to lumen 58. This is beneficial because lumen 58 may be filled with, for example, catheter body 12.
It should be recognized that in the embodiments the relative positions of the layers of the ablation electrodes may be altered. For example, with reference to the orientation of the cylindrical layers of FIGS. 10-13, a base plate of thermocouple material may have an insulator applied to it except for an opening, with a platinum layer then applied to cover the insulator and connect to the thermocouple layer to create the thermocouple. The multilayer plate, this time with the thermocouple material on the "bottom" could then be formed into a cylindrical shape with the thermocouple material as the inner layer of the cylindrical shape. Alternatively, the multilayer plate with the thermocouple material on the "bottom" could be formed into a cylindrical shape with the thermocouple material as the outer layer of the cylindrical shape.
Embodiments are envisioned in which the multilayer plate is formed into a shape that is other than cylindrical. For example, an ablation electrode could be shaped to fit about a catheter body with a cross section that is a circle, oval, square, triangle, or rectangle, or imperfect versions of any of these. Forming such ablation electrodes may benefit from the multilayer plate being cut into a different shape before being formed into the final shape. For example, a multilayer plate (e.g., multilayer plate 30, 60, or 100) could be cut into a sector of a circle and the sector then formed into a cone for positioning at the distal tip of a catheter body. Also, a circular multilayer plate could be made and fashioned into a convex dish, perhaps, e.g., a hemisphere, and positioned at the distal tip of a catheter body.
In embodiments, the layers of the multilayer plate may be applied individually. For example, multilayer layer plate 100 (FIG. 10) may be created by cutting opening 102 in a sheet of insulator 31 and applying the sheet to base plate 20. A thermocouple layer 112 (FIG. 11) may then be applied to the surface of the insulator 31. Thermocouple 114 may then be formed by forcing thermocouple layer 112 through opening 102 and into contact with base plate 20. In an embodiment, thermocouple 114 is created by a spot weld. In an embodiment, irrigation holes 72 may be laser machined while the multilayer plate is flat and the plate cold formed into the desired final shape. In an embodiment, and with reference to FIG. 11, cylinders of the base plate 20, insulator 31 (with opening 102), and thermocouple layer 112 are formed individually. The individual layers are then assembled by sliding one within the other in the appropriate order. Thermocouple 114 is then formed by forcing thermocouple layer 112 through opening 102 and into contact with base plate 20, or by a spot weld.
FIG. 14 is an end view of an ablation electrode 140, according to one embodiment. In an embodiment, ablation electrode 140 is not a complete cylinder. Ablation electrode 140 includes a gap 142. Gap 142 may be formed by, for example, a modification of the method described for forming ablation electrode 110 (FIG. 10). As described with reference to FIG. 10, seam 59 is formed when edges 46 and 48 are brought into contact to form ablation electrode 110. In the embodiment of FIG. 14, gap 142 is left in ablation electrode 140 when edges 46 and 48 are not brought into contact.
To help illustrate the use of an ablation electrode, FIG. 15 is a schematic, pictorial illustration of a system 200 for renal and/or cardiac catheterization and ablation, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. System 200 may be based, for example, on the CARTO™ mapping systems, produced by Biosense Webster Inc. (Diamond Bar, Calif.) and/or SmartAblate or nMarq RF generators. This system comprises an invasive probe in the form of catheter 10 with the ring electrode 22 at the distal end and a control and/or ablation console 202. An operator 204, such as a cardiologist, electrophysiologist or interventional radiologist, inserts ablation catheter 10 into and through the body of a patient 206, such as through a femoral or radial access approach, so that a distal end of catheter 10, in particular, ring electrode 22, engages tissue at a desired location or locations, such as a chamber of heart 208 of patient 206. Catheter 10 is typically connected by a suitable connector at its proximal end to console 202. Console 202 comprises a RF generator 208, which supplies high-frequency electrical energy via the catheter for ablating tissue 210 at the locations engaged by ring electrode 22.
Console 202 may also use magnetic position sensing to determine position coordinates of the distal end of catheter 10 inside the body of the patient 206. For this purpose, a driver circuit in console 202 drives field generators to generate magnetic fields within the body of patient 206. Typically, the field generators comprise coils, which are placed below the patient's torso at known positions external to the patient. These coils generate magnetic fields in a predefined working volume that contains the area of interest. A magnetic field sensor (not shown) within distal end of catheter 10 generates electrical signals in response to these magnetic fields. A signal processor in console 202 may process these signals in order to determine the position coordinates of the distal end, typically including both location and orientation coordinates. This method of position sensing is implemented in the above-mentioned CARTO system and is described in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,391,199, 6,690,963, 6,484,118, 6,239,724, 6,618,612 and 6,332,089, in PCT Patent Publication WO 96/05768, and in U.S. Patent Application Publications 2002/0065455 A1, 2003/0120150 A1 and 2004/0068178 A1, whose disclosures are all incorporated herein by reference.
Console 202 may include system controller 212, comprising a processing unit 216 communicating with a memory 214, wherein is stored software for operation of system 200. Controller 212 may be an industry standard personal computer comprising a general purpose computer processing unit. However, in some embodiments, at least some of the functions of the controller are performed using custom designed application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or a field programmable gate array (FPGA). Controller 212 is typically operated by the operator 204 using suitable input peripherals and a graphic user interface (GUI) 218 which enable the operator to set parameters of the system 200. GUI 218 typically also displays results of the procedure to the operator. The software in memory 214 may be downloaded to the controller in electronic form, over a network, for example. Alternatively or additionally, the software may be provided on non-transitory tangible media such as optical, magnetic or electronic storage media. In some embodiments, one or more contact force sensors may send signals to console 202 to provide an indication of the pressure on ring electrode 22. Signals from contact force sensor wires may be provided to system controller 212 to obtain measurements from strain gauge 134. Such signals may be used to provide to the physician the level of tissue contact of each individual electrode. Additionally, the system controller 212 will provide an indication as to which of the multi-electrodes are in contact with the tissue to be ablated. With this feedback information, the practitioner will be able to make the necessary adjustments to ensure a complete ablation. As noted above, this invention is well suited for any multi-electrode catheter such as, for example, those having a lasso, arcuate, helical or basket configuration of ring electrodes.
Typically, during an ablation, heat is generated by the RF energy in the tissue of the patient to effect the ablation and some of this heat is reflected to the ring electrode 22 causing coagulation at and around the electrode. System 200 irrigates this region through irrigation apertures 72 (shown in FIG. 5) and the rate of flow of irrigation is controlled by irrigation module 220 and the power (RF energy) sent to ring electrode 22 is controlled by ablation module 222. Further, the percentage of the surface of ring electrode 22 that is coupled with tissue may be estimated based on the contact force observed. As yet another example, additional sensors of catheter 10 may provide intracardiac electrocardiograms to system controller 212, to be used for determining when the tissue site being ablated is no longer conducting arrhythmogenic currents.
In a further aspect, catheter 10 may include cabling with built-in or embedded lead wires for ring electrodes 22 as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014/0309512, filed Apr. 11, 2013, entitled HIGH DENSITY ELECTRODE STRUCTURE, and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014/0305699, filed Oct. 25, 2013, entitled CONNECTION OF ELECTRODES TO WIRES COILED ON A CORE, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The preceding description has been presented with reference to presently disclosed embodiments. Those skilled in the art and technology to which this disclosure pertains will appreciate that alterations and changes in the described structure may be practiced without meaningfully departing from the principal, spirit and scope of this disclosure. As understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the drawings are not necessarily to scale. Accordingly, the foregoing description should not be read as pertaining only to the precise structures described and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, but rather should be read consistent with and as support to the following claims which are to have their fullest and fair scope.
the electrically insulating layer is between the first and second layers except for at least the contact point.
2. The electrode of claim 1 wherein the electrically insulating layer is one or more of polytetrafluoroethylene or polyether ether ketone.
3. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the first layer comprises a substantially cylindrical outer layer and the second layer comprises a substantially cylindrical inner layer, the outer layer substantially overlapping the inner layer, and wherein a non-overlapped section of the inner layer extends from under the outer layer, the electrode further comprising a lead wire conductively attached to the non-overlapped section of the inner layer.
4. The electrode of claim 3, wherein the first layer comprises platinum and the second layer comprises constantan.
5. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the substantially cylindrical body further comprises an expandable seam running substantially longitudinally between the distal and proximal ends.
6. The electrode of claim 1, wherein the electrically insulating layer comprises material deposited onto the first layer except for the contact point, and the second layer comprises material deposited onto the electrically insulating layer and deposited onto the contact point.
7. The electrode of claim 6, wherein the second layer comprises a line trace.
shaping the malleable plate into an electrode for an ablation catheter.
9. The method of claim 8, the shaping step further comprising shaping the malleable plate into a substantially cylindrical body having proximal and distal ends and at least one lumen therethrough, wherein the first layer comprises an outer layer of the body, the second layer comprises an inner layer of the body and the lead wire is accessible at the proximal end of the body.
10. The method of claim 9, the designating step further comprising designating the contact point to be located on the first layer such that as a result of the shaping step the contact point is positioned in a region of the cylindrical body centrally-located between the proximal and distal ends.
11. The electrode of claim 9, wherein the outer layer substantially overlaps the inner layer, wherein a non-overlapped section of the inner layer extends proximally from under the outer layer, and wherein the lead wire is attached to the non-overlapped section of the inner layer.
12. The method of claim 8 wherein the electrically insulating material is one or more of polytetrafluoroethylene or polyether ether ketone.
13. The method of claim 8, wherein the first layer comprises platinum and the second layer comprises constantan.
14. The method of claim 9, wherein the substantially cylindrical body further comprises an expandable seam running substantially longitudinally between the distal and proximal ends.
15. The method of claim 8, wherein the adding an insulating layer comprises depositing the electrically insulating material onto the first layer except for at least the contact point, and the adding a second layer comprises depositing the second layer onto the electrically insulating layer and onto the contact point.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the second layer comprises a line trace.
17. The method of claim 8, the shaping step further comprising shaping the malleable plate into a substantially hemispherical-shaped body, wherein the first layer comprises an outer layer of the body, the second layer comprises an inner layer of the body and the lead wire is accessible at a base of the body.


Are you already sure mechanical engineering is the right degree field for you and you're just trying to narrow down the school? If so, this list will give you to top mechanical engineering schools in the plains.
All the schools in this list are accredited through the ABET and offer either a BS or BSME in Mechanical Engineering. In addition, all are located in the plains region which includes the following states: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota.
Both public and private schools make up the study. The criteria include; student to faculty ratio, tuition (both in-state and out-of-state), percentage of students who receive scholarships, the amount of money the average student receives in scholarships, the percentage of students who are admitted, the percentage of those admitted who enroll, the 8-year graduation rate, and the size of the mechanical engineering department including both undergraduate and graduate students.
The following includes a complete breakdown of the schools by state along with further details about each school.
The details were provided by the National Center for Education Statistics along with the school websites. The statistics are based on the undergraduate program unless otherwise specified. Data were collected in 2016 which means they are often based on the 2015-2106 school year.
Here are the top mechanical engineering programs in Iowa, in order by their ranking.
The University of Iowa is a public college located in Iowa City, Iowa which is classified as a small city.
Iowa State University is a public institute located in the small city of Ames, Iowa.
Here are the top mechanical engineering programs in Kansas, in order by their ranking.
The University of Kansas is a public school located in the small city of Lawrence, Kansas.
Wichita State University is a public college located in the large city of Wichita, Kansas.
Here are the top mechanical engineering programs in Minnesota, in order by their ranking.
The University of St. Thomas is a private, not-for-profit located in the large city of St. Paul, Minnesota.
University of Minnesota – Twin Cities is a public institute located in the large city of Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Here are the top mechanical engineering programs in Missouri, in order by their ranking.
Washington University is a private not-for-profit institute located in the large suburb of St. Louis, Missouri.
Missouri University of Science and Technology is a public college located in the remote town of Rolla, Missouri.
Saint Louis University is a private not-for-profit institute located in the large city of St. Louis, Missouri.
University of Missouri – Columbia is a public school located in the midsize city of Columbia, Missouri.
University of Missouri – Kansas City is a public university located in Kansas City, Missouri, which is classified as a large city.
The University of Missouri – St. Louis is a public university located in the large suburb of St. Louis, Missouri.
Here is the top mechanical engineering program in Nebraska.
University of Nebraska – Lincoln is a public school located in the large city of Lincoln, Nebraska.
Here is the top mechanical engineering program in North Dakota.
North Dakota State University is a public college located in Fargo, North Dakota which is classified as a midsize city.
Here is the top mechanical engineering program in South Dakota.
South Dakota State University is a public university located in the remote town of Brookings, South Dakota.


text:
Q: Std dev should be less than 0.289 (help in understanding) In Kruschke's book (Doing Bayesian Analysis), he talks about using mean and standard deviation as one way to establish the beta priors for Binomial Bayesian model. He advises that the std dev should be less than 0.289, "which is the standard deviation of uniform density." That is a = 1, b = 1.
My confusion is that lower std dev indicates tighter distribution. But we should be cautious about being overconfident in the prior.
Can I request help in understanding this? How does larger alpha and beta values change standard deviation?
Thanks!

A: The reason you find the behaviour of the beta distribution a bit confusing here is probably that your intuition is based on distributions such as the normal, which are supported on the entire real line. The beta distribution, on the other hand, is bounded on both sides ($0 \leq x \leq 1$), and it is for this reason that the variance (and therefore the standard deviation) has a maximum possible value.
Specifically, the variance of a distribution is the average squared deviation from the mean. For the beta distribution there is an upper limit to how much any value can deviate from the mean (with maximal deviation at $x=0$ or $x=1$), and there is therefore also an upper limit for the variance (and consequently for the standard deviation, which is the square root of the variance).
In the case of the beta (a=1, b=1) distribution, where values are distributed uniformly between 0 and 1 and the mean is 0.5, it turns out that the average squared deviation from the mean is $\frac{1}{12}$. The standard deviation corresponding to this distribution is therefore $\sigma = \sqrt{\frac{1}{12}} \approx 0.289$. Beta distributions with larger parameter values ($a>1,b>1$) will have a single peak between 0 and 1 (specifically the mode is at $\frac{a-1}{a+b-2}$; see example below). Since values in these distributions are more highly concentrated around the mean, the variance and standard deviation will be smaller than for the uniform distribution.

It should be noted that you can actually have beta distributions with standard deviation larger than 0.289: In cases where $a<1, b<1$ the beta distribution will be U-shaped, with values concentrating near 0 and 1 (see example below). The upper limit of the standard deviation is 0.5 (corresponding to an upper limit of 0.25 for the variance), which only occurs approaching the limit at $a = b = 0$. (Intuitively, at the limit, one can think of all values as being evenly distributed between 0 and 1, meaning they all have a deviation of 0.5 from the mean, and therefore an average squared deviation of 0.25).

Coming back to the specific Bayesian modeling context, where you want to use a beta distribution as a prior on some parameter: Here you can in principle directly specify the a and b parameters according to your prior beliefs, but it might be more intuitive to instead specify the expected mean and standard deviation of the prior distribution. Based on these you can then compute the corresponding values for a and b using Kruschke's equations 5.6 in the book also linked above. If you think the parameter you are modeling has a value somewhere between 0 and 1, then a unimodal prior with $a>1, b>1$ is a reasonable choice, and here the standard deviation will always be less than 0.289. If you think the parameter is either close to 0 or to 1, but you don't know which, then a bimodal prior with $a<1, b<1$ could be a good description, and here you will have $0.289 \leq \sigma \leq 0.5$. If you use Krusckhe's equation and try to enter $m = 0.5$ and  $s > 0.5$ you will get negative (impossible) values for a and b. If you keep the standard deviation below 0.289 (as suggested by Kruschke) then you can choose any value in $[0,1]$ for m and get valid values for a and b. If you set the standard deviation to be between 0.289 and 0.5 then only some values of m are possible (you can only achieve high standard deviation if the mean is near the middle of the interval).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Corresponding to the escalating "aperture fever" that has gripped amateur astronomy for several decades, an 8" diameter is now generally regarded as the minimum entry-level aperture for serious observing. The low cost, large diameter, and fast focal ratio of the 8" Sky-Watcher Dobsonian make it an ideal dedicated telescope for wide-field, deep-space observation of faint galaxies, nebulae, and star clusters. The low-power dramatically captures wide swaths of sky in a single view. Galaxies and nebula appear to pop out of the heavens as bright, expansive masses of stars, gas, and dust.
If you have never before observed through a high-quality, wide-field Dobsonian, like the SW 8" DOB, you are in for one of the sweetest experiences in amateur astronomy. Imagine the exhilaration of opening a clam and discovering a pearl. The sky is full of pearls, astronomical pearls. While they won't make you rich in the financial sense, for amateur astronomers at least, observing the fabled pearls of deep-space is a rich and even exhilarating pastime. A catharsis for the soul that renders the mundane insignificant, and reconnects us with the inner child who revels in awe and wonderment. A night observing with the SW 8" Dob can leave you with a lingering sense of contentment long after the evening's viewing is over. Some of amateur astronomy's most revered and enthusiastically observed extra solar-system objects are now within your reach. This instrumentation provides entry into the brotherhood of serious amateur astronomers—you have arrived! The summer sky is aglow with astronomical pearls. In the constellation Sagittarius several of the sky's most prominent emission nebulae can be seen well in your 8" SW DOB. The Lagoon Nebula (M8) is a rich aggregation of dust and gasses illuminated by its youthful central stars. This is an area of star formation, the universe giving birth. The Lagoon Nebula appears fiery red in astrophotographs due to the hot hydrogen gas. Located nearby is the smaller, but very beautiful Trifid Nebula (M20). These two nebulae can actually be seen in the same field of view. The magnificent Swan Nebula (M17) is also located in Sagittarius. It is named the Swan for its resemblance to the stately bird. The sky's most awesome globular star cluster, M13, is located in the constellation Hercules, a bee-hive of thousands of stars swarming about a central core. Globular clusters are no longer being formed in the universe, so you are observing fossil light, a glimpse back in time. This is the brightest object of its kind and always a treat to view. The globular cluster M92 is likewise very interesting and can also be found in Hercules. The winter sky holds several stunning pearls oft referred to in popular culture, not just astronomy. Our closest external galaxy, the beautiful Andromeda, perhaps the defining galaxy of the classic spiral form can essentially be seen almost in its entirety within one eyepiece field. Winter's diffuse Great Orion Nebula (M42) is the brightest emission nebula in the heavens. While it can be seen with the naked eye from a dark location, it is nothing less than spectacular in an 8" SW DOB. A billowing cloud-like cauldron of dust and gasses illuminated by large, intensely glowing youthful stars, this object is perhaps the mother of all pearls. The preceding is just a short sampling of objects that can be seen. Many more pearls of the night sky await you.
Observing with a Dobsonian has been described akin to shooting ducks in a gallery because it is so easy to find your target. Just swing your SW DOB to the quadrant of sky to be searched, and scan the vicinity. An 8x50mm Right Angle optical viewfinder provides both magnification and light-gathering to help narrow your search for those elusive fuzzies when star-hopping. The standard-equipment backlash-free 2" Crayford Focuser insures ultra smooth focusing adjustments. Multi-coated, 4-element Plössl eyepieces (25mm and 10mm) provide a spacious 52° Apparent Field of View. To ensure mechanical ease-of-use, SW uses a high-performance Teflon bearing system in both axes combined with tension adjustment in altitude to facilitate setting the appropriate amount of friction, assuring smooth vertical and horizontal manual movement without free-play from small bumps or gusts of wind. This also eliminates the need to have a balanced optical tube as in an equatorial mount. Sky-Watcher's Teflon bearing system is preferable to the use of ball-bearings. Ball-bearings make unintended movement of the optical tube more difficult to control. Fortunately, at low power, deep-space objects leisurely drift through the field of the SW 8" DOB, so constant mechanical adjustment of the telescope's orientation isn't needed to keep objects in the field of view. Sky-Watcher's revolutionary truss-support concept allows the optical tube's front and back cells to collapse together, aligning on the truss support rods which can then be locked down for easy and secure telescope transport. This one piece, low-hassle OTA design is mechanically simple and results in large aperture telescopes that can be reasonably handled and transported by one individual. This innovation gives Sky-Watcher users tremendous functional ease-of-transportability.
The Sky-Watcher 8" DOB utilizes quality components throughout. Pride of workmanship manifests itself in high quality standards of optical and mechanical fabrication. The polishing process for primary and diagonal mirror yields smooth mirror surfaces ensuring good contrast, and properly corrected optics show minimum alterations to the optical wave-front. On each primary mirror, and elliptical diagonal mirror aluminum is vacuum deposited to the front glass surface and then over coated with hard quartz (SiO4). Additional layers of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) and (SiO4) are then applied. Dust covers help keep your DOB clean when not in use. The mechanical and structural components of the OTA exhibit rigid construction and outstanding stability. The mount construction is sturdy and rigid. Mount design, while simple, facilitates smooth motions about both axes. Quality accessories enhance the observer's viewing experience.


text:
Q: Area 51 responses tab on recent activity not showing number The orange-boxed number on the tabs on the Recent Activity page doesn't show on the Responses tab.
I received a response an hour and a half ago, and it shows in the Responses tab, but the orange number doesn't show on the Responses tab.  The response is included in the count on  the followed tab.

A: Is the response a comment directly on one of your example questions or proposals, or is it an @Lance comment in a comment thread that you participated on? If it is the latter, this behavior is the same as in Stack Overflow. See the report here. If not... well, that'd be a different cause, then.


January 4, 2019: Kurt Gottschalk filled in.
December 28, 2018: Dave Mandl filled in.
November 23, 2018: Keilidh filled in.
August 31, 2018: Scott McDowell filled in.
July 6, 2018: Jonathan Williger filled in.
June 29, 2018: David Suisman filled in.
December 30, 2015: Thomas Storck filled in.
August 1, 2012: Marty McSorley filled in.
January 12, 2011: Steinski filled in.
November 3, 2010: Marty McSorley filled in.
May 7, 2008: Dave Mandl filled in.
January 30, 2008: Donna filled in.
To see archives for John Allen prior to 2001, click right here!


text:
The City of St. Petersburg owns, operates and manages Boyd Hill Nature Preserve. The 245-acre, award-winning property features 6 miles of trails and boardwalks through a variety of habitats including hardwood hammocks, sand pine scrub, pine flatwoods, willow marsh, swamp woodlands and lake shore. The Preserve, formerly known as Lake Maggiore Park, was renamed in 1958 after a park superintendent whose dream was to bring together the people of an urban community and nature-in-the-raw without disturbing the balance of either.
Annual trail passes are available for purchase (in person only, at the Lake Maggiore Environmental Education Center).
Information on upcoming classes and programs is available here.
Information on children's day camps is available here.
Lake Maggiore Environmental Education Center
Admission: $3 Adult
$1.50 Child (Age 3 to 16)
Free (Age 2 and under)
Sorry, no pets.
Hours: November 1 - February 29
Sunday 9:00 am - 6:00 pm • Monday Closed
Closed Thanksgiving, Christmas, New Year's Day
Hours: March 1 - October 31
The City of St. Petersburg coordinates a variety of volunteer opportunities at the Preserve, including animal care, land management, gardening, and more. Please fill out an application and contact the Volunteer Coordinator at 727-893-7326 to sign up for an orientation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


So you probably don't realise 'cause nobody cares about this blog like I do, but I haven't posted on here for a while. I went on holiday in June and had a shedloads of posts ready and scheduled to go; but once I got back I just lost my mojo. I couldn't think of anything interesting to write, and just left it my the wayside.
The thing is though I love this blog! I really do, it's the only thing I've truly stuck at and it's opened my eyes to a lot of things. My problem lies in the fact that make-up isn't a priority to me anymore. I don't keep up with new releases and know I don't need any more make-up. Which is fine, but when you write a beauty blog it's difficult; so things are gunna change.
First thing I want to say is I've started a fitness(esque) blog. It's called Fatty Wants a Biscuit and you can follow it on Bloglovin' here. I considered making a section for it here, but decided I create a new one as I also want to work on my Wordpress skills and thought it may get a bit too OTT on here.
Secondly, posts will be a little less regular and a few more random topics will be thrown in. Whilst I still love beauty, other things also interest me and I wish to share them with you.
I think that's all I wanted to say. If you have any ideas of what you'd like to see (if someone is actually reading this) please let me know, I enjoy suggestions.
Also, thank you for people that do read and talk to me. It really means a lot.


Freshen up your enthusiasm by giving your house a few useful upgrades Impressive Interior Door Options #6 3 Panel Interior Doors. Here are a few popular interior decoration plans that will spruce up your dwelling considerably.
Assuming your home a yard, you should give a decent gardening to it. It is really getting very difficult to sight flowers in the cities, as a result integrating Impressive Interior Door Options #6 3 Panel Interior Doors greenery will make your house appears to be more inviting. Fresher and cleaner air and then reduced noise pollution are two supplementary benefits to complete your eye-catching landscape.
When was the last time you makeover your kitchen? Maybe the time has come to improve it. If you have old appliances, you should update them with the new ones that are more power efficient. Most potential home buyers nowadays search for an eating area, a deep double sink, and more drawers in the kitchen.
Even though it usually is considerably expensive for Interior Door Options, adding added space is a beneficial improvement. Building up an attic bedroom, creating functional basement, and setting up wooden deck are several suggestions to create more liveable space.
Before deciding which home redesigning Impressive Interior Door Options #6 3 Panel Interior Doors to carry out, be sure you evaluate a number of options and choose the most appropriate upgrade.


text:
package eu.dariah.de.colreg.controller.api;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;

import de.dariah.federation.model.ColRegCollectionPojo;
import de.dariah.federation.model.ColRegServicePojo;
import eu.dariah.de.colreg.model.Access;
import eu.dariah.de.colreg.model.Collection;
import eu.dariah.de.colreg.model.vocabulary.AccessType;
import eu.dariah.de.colreg.service.AccessTypeService;
import eu.dariah.de.colreg.service.CollectionService;

@Controller
@RequestMapping("/colreg")
public class GsLegacyApiController {
	protected static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(GsLegacyApiController.class);

	@Autowired private CollectionService collectionService;
	@Autowired private AccessTypeService accessTypeService;

	@RequestMapping(value={"/collection/listAll", "/collection/listAll/"}, method = RequestMethod.GET, produces="application/json")
	public @ResponseBody List<ColRegCollectionPojo> listAllCollections() {
		List<ColRegCollectionPojo> result = new ArrayList<ColRegCollectionPojo>();
		try {
			List<Collection> collections = collectionService.findAllCurrent();
			if (collections!=null && collections.size()>0) {
				ColRegCollectionPojo cPojo;
				for (Collection c : collections) {
					cPojo = new ColRegCollectionPojo();
					cPojo.setId(c.getEntityId());
					cPojo.setName(c.getLocalizedDescriptions().get(0).getTitle());
					cPojo.setLastModifiedUTC(c.getVersionTimestamp().toInstant().getMillis());
					cPojo.setServices(new ArrayList<ColRegServicePojo>());

					if (c.getAccessMethods()!=null && c.getAccessMethods().size()>0) {
						ColRegServicePojo sPojo;
						for (Access a : c.getAccessMethods()) {
							sPojo = new ColRegServicePojo();
							sPojo.setId(c.getEntityId());
							sPojo.setSchemaUUIDs(a.getSchemeIds());
							sPojo.setServiceURL(a.getUri());
							sPojo.setServiceSubset(a.getOaiSet());
							sPojo.setAccessControl(c.getAccessRights());

							AccessType aType = accessTypeService.findAccessTypeById(a.getType());
							if (aType!=null) {
								if (aType.getIdentifier().equals("oaipmh")) {
									sPojo.setServiceMethod("OAI-PMH");
								} else {
									sPojo.setServiceMethod(aType.getIdentifier());
								}
							}
							cPojo.getServices().add(sPojo);
						}
					}
					result.add(cPojo);
				}
			}
			logger.debug(String.format("Responding to listAll API request...%s collections returned", result.size()));
		} catch (Exception e) {
			logger.error("Failed to respond to listAll service request", e);
		}
		return result;
	}

	@RequestMapping(value={"/collectionDetails", "/collectionDetails/", "/serviceDetails", "/serviceDetails/"}, method = RequestMethod.GET)
	public String getCollectionDetails(@RequestParam String id, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) {
		try {
			response.sendRedirect(request.getContextPath() + "/collections/" + id);
			return null;
		} catch (Exception e) {
			return "redirect:/";
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The Lafayette • February 5, 2016 • https://lafayettestudentnews.com/12542/op-ed/sports-opinion/timeout-with-center-angela-ribarich-19/
Timeout with… Center Angela Ribarich '19
Angela Ribarich '19 protects the ball. [Photo by Hana Isihara '17]
Rachel Robertson: This is your second Rookie of the Week award. What does it mean to you to have contributed so quickly during your freshman year?
Angela Ribarich: I honestly thought I wasn't going to contribute at all my freshman year. I came in thinking that this would be a building year for me but I progressed really quickly and grew as a player. I'm happy though, my team's happy for me.
RR: You are listed at 6'5''. Have you noticed any advantage from your height in the games so far?
AR: On previous teams I've obviously been the tallest but I never really noticed the advantage because we play more of a guard game [in Canada] so I've really seen the value in my height now.
RR: You are playing on a team now that has very strong guard play with Jamie O'Hare and Sammy Stipa— how have you been able to make your mark on the team?
AR: I love playing with those two. Like they run just everything really well and I think without them the team would struggle a lot more but I feel like it goes both ways. We are more of a unit with all of the different pieces.
RR: With contributing so early who has been the biggest role model on the team for you?
AR: I think everyone has been. I really admire Jamie's work ethic— actually, honestly the entire team has a great work ethic— but there are pieces from everyone I really like. Everyone has got a piece that I aspire to have.
RR: You originally signed with Lafayette under former head coach Diane Nolan. What was your reaction to the head coaching change before your career even started?
AR: I originally committed to the old coach and then she called me and was like, "Oh by the way, I'm retiring," and I kind of had a panic attack. Then my mom told me about a month after that it was coach Grentz who was going to be taking over and I couldn't be happier because she is known for working with posts and she was one herself. I couldn't be happier because she's the first person I would want to play for.
RR: What do you see as your greatest strength?
AR: There always room for improvement for me. I enjoy playing defense the most but I find, especially now moving up to the college level, that I need to improve my quickness. If you give me a one-on-one nine times out of 10 I think I can find a way to score but honestly I'll contribute in any way I can. If they want me to score, I'll score. If they want me to rebound, I'll rebound.
RR: Is there a difference playing in the United States compared to your native Canada?
AR: Canadians, we play a heavy guard game so it's a lot of shooting, a lot of driving. No emphasis on the post other than to rebound, put back up shots. Here, to play against a team that is mainly guards is rare and I find that in America even tall guards become posts.
RR: Do you have a favorite drill to do in practice?
AR: Sometimes it all just really sucks but we have this one drill where it's half court, 3-on-3 or 5-on-5, our coach does not call fouls so you're just trying to beat each other up. Like you will do anything to score or get the possession. You want to win so you don't run.
RR: What was your most embarrassing basketball moment?
AR: I've had a lot, so many. Anytime I get hit in the head with a ball is bad. It happens so often, too. I also had a game last year where I out of nowhere scored like 13 points and my entire team just didn't know what to do. They were mindblown at it.
RR: Favorite food?
AR: I like a lot of food— I'm not picky. I like Chinese food. General Tso Chicken is my go-to.
RR: Favorite movie?
AR: I watched "The Gladiator" when I was like nine, whenever it came out, and it always sort of stuck with me—still my favorite movie.
RR: Do you have a favorite song or artist to listen to before games?
AR: Drake is always up there. Toronto, shout out. Chris Brown, like that kind of music. I don't think I really have a pump up song… I wish I did.
RR: Did you play any other sports growing up?
AR: I played soccer when I was really young, like every other kid. Volleyball for a little bit— I really wasn't good at it which I kind of feel like I should have been. I swam too and did ballet when I was like 8. It was just a mess.
RR: You're only a freshman but what has been your favorite class so far at Lafayette?
AR: I'm in a philosophy course right now— it's at 8 a.m. so that kind of sucks— but it's with professor Masto. It's a lot of discussion and I'm really good at arguing things. I like those kinds of courses where you have to think and not just regurgitate information.
RR: As a Canadian, do you like snow?
AR: Yeah. We had three feet of snow last year and everyone here started freaking out about this last snow storm and then we got the snow and I was like, "This is nothing, you guys all need to calm down."
RR: Favorite animal?
AR: I'm a dog person. Especially big dogs, I really hate small dogs. They're just loud and annoying and I feel like small dogs have just huge egos.
RR: Any words of wisdom?
AR: Today, I will do what others won't, so that tomorrow I can do what others can't.


text:
El Deber é um jornal da cidade boliviana de Santa Cruz de la Sierra.

Ligações externas
Página oficial

Jornais da Bolívia
El Deber
Santa Cruz de la Sierra

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Casting a steely gaze over the square named in his honour is a gloomy looking Field Marshal Piłsudski, a man many Poles hold responsible for winning the country its independence in 1918. Regarded as a political and military hero this man did more than most to free Poland from the shackles of Russian control; his early years saw him imprisoned in Siberia after being wrongfully convicted of plotting to assassinate the Tsar, though his finest hour undoubtedly came in 1920 when he beat off the Bolshevik hordes at the gates of Warsaw, inadvertently saving a battered post-war Europe from being flooded by the rampant Soviets. Unveiled in 1995 this particular monument found on Piłsudski Square is the work of Tadeusz Łodziana, and Piłsudski fans can view another such monument to the man on ul. Belwederska.


IBM C5050-287 exam a tough exam though. The initial thing that can be found in mind while planning for the Foundations of IBM Cloud Reference Architecture V5 test is uneasy evening for the preparation of the C5050-287 exam. IBM Certified Solution Advisor professionals attempts their hard in order to undergo the C5050 287 exam questions, however ended up nothing. Factor to be discovered for C5050-287 failing is the lack of correct IBM C5050-287 preparation material. They take the C5050-287 exam for provided as well as does not prepare well for C5050-287 exam brand-new questions. This point can be dealt with if you obtain most current and also legitimate C5050 287 exam dumps which aid you in preparing well for the Foundations of IBM Cloud Reference Architecture V5 questions.
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text:
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  if (xhr.readyState === 4 && xhr.status === 200) {
    var data = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText);
    document.querySelector('#data').innerHTML = JSON.stringify(data);
  }
};

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xhr.onload = function(event) {
  var data = JSON.parse(this.response);
  document.querySelector('#data').innerHTML = JSON.stringify(data);
}
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xhr.send();


These girls are getting so big, so fast…………it's amazing!
Allison likes to carry a 'bunch' of things at a time by tucking them under her chin. It's really cute when she does this. One day I let her play with the tub of wipes so I could finish up some things around the house (of course I have plenty of wipes to spare). Once they were all pulled out of the tub, she then carried them from room to room, and of course tucked them under her chin. I was able to catch a couple of pictures of her….
We decided to keep Holly home from school the month of August and we've also decided to send her to a different school in September. Her and I are going to look at schools in the next few days to pick one out. Since she was leaving her other school, we made cupcakes for her last day of school. Holly really enjoyed the entire process. I don't bake much, since I really can't eat a lot of baked goods, so this was her first time making cupcakes. Actually it was pretty much the first time I made cupcakes too, pretty sad, I know.
I had my camera on hand, of course, and got some cute shots of her enjoying herself.
I'm guessing Allison will win the pass the orange with your chin game when she plays it at birthday parties. As for the cupcakes, you both did an excellent job. They look yummy!


text:
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace Netronics.DB.Where
{
    public class Where
    {
        private List<List<Where>> _orData = new List<List<Where>>();
        private List<Where> _andData = new List<Where>();

        public Where Or(Where where)
        {
            if(_andData.Count!=0)
            {
                _orData.Add(_andData);
                _andData = new List<Where>();
            }
            return this;
        }

        public Where Match(Model model)
        {
            _andData.Add(new ModelWhere(model));
            return this;
        }

        public Where Match(string name, object value)
        {
            return this;
        }

        public Where String(string sql)
        {
            _andData.Add(new StringWhere(sql));
            return this;
        }

        public IEnumerable<IEnumerable<Where>> GetOrData()
        {
            return _orData;
        }

        public IEnumerable<Where> GetAndData()
        {
            return _andData;
        }
    }
}


Mr. Henry Solomon Kinloch 84, of Walterboro, SC and the husband of Mrs. Lizzie Kirkland Kinloch, died Friday, June 15, 2018, at his Home. Visitation will be held Tuesday, June 19, 2018, from 5-8pm. at Allen Funeral Home Chapel in Walterboro, SC. The Funeral services will take place on Wednesday, June 20, 2018, at 11 am at Saints Center Ministries in Walterboro, SC. Burial will follow in the McCune Branch Baptist Church Cemetery with Military Honors.


Known for keeping an infectious melody at the forefront of his music, Nick Talos has us singing along to his latest release. He has just put out "Home To You" through Universal Music Germany, and he wrote the song alongside Lucas Secon (The Pussycat Dolls, Britney Spears), Máté Spellenberg and David Spekter.
"Home To You" was created from a jamming session in London, and you can hear various different styles and ideas incorporated into the mix. With just enough drive to keep a toe-tapping beat, layers of warm flute and guitar work weave in and out of its catchy vocal content.
It's time to give this one a spin! Listen now.


Our hall is available for rental to members and organizations. The fee is $100 for members and $150 for organizations.
The fee, plus a $150 security deposit, is required to be paid at least 30 days prior to your event. Due to shooting ranges remaining open to members, rental area is restricted to the grounds immediately surrounding the clubhouse. No alcohol will be given to minors and no illegal drugs will be tolerated on the premises. A representative of the club will inspect the building and grounds on the day following the event and will return the security deposit if all housekeeping rules were honored and no damages were found.
1. USER OF FACILITIES MUST SUPPLY THEIR OWN PAPER PRODUCTS.
2. All kitchen utensils MUST BE CLEAN AND PUT AWAY.
3. Tables and chairs MUST BE wiped off and put back on carts. TABLES MUST BE STACKED FACE TO FACE.
4. Make sure exhaust fan(s) are off when leaving.
5. Check commodes to be sure water isn't running and commodes have been flushed.
6. Close any windows that were opened, including storm windows.
7. Replace any wood that was used with wood from the woodshed.
8. Floors MUST BE swept and any spills wet mopped. Bathroom and kitchen mopped, if dirty.
9. Bathroom and kitchen doors must be shut after event.
10. ALL GARBAGE MUST BE REMOVED FROM PREMISES AFTER EVENT.
11. Turn thermostat down to 50, when leaving.
12. All lights MUST BE turned off, inside and out.
13. Make sure all doors are locked, when leaving.
14. Any items broken or damages MUST BE reported to the Club Representative.
If you have any questions, please contact Mike Waltermyer at mike@waltermyer.net or call 717-817-2803 and he will give you further instructions.
Click HERE to download the Rental Agreement FORM ONE.
Click HERE to download the Rental Agreement FORM TWO.
© 2019 Hopewell Fish and Game - All Rights Reserved.


text:
June Award Winners Announced at Bill Howe!
Blog-Awards-June Award Winners Announced at Bill Howe!
Awards 07/14/16
At the Bill Howe Family of Companies, we believe in routinely recognizing our team for their excellence in service and highlighting their achievements. When they are valued, we know they in turn take care of you, our customer!
That's why we present four awards at every company meeting held once each month. At our July meeting, we were so pleased to present the following team as our June Award Winners: Brian Rice, R.J. Bolas, Samuel Ramirez, and a team of thee San Diego water damage specialists: Carlos Sandoval, George Rivera, and Juan Santacruz.
Brian Rice, June Above & Beyond Award Winner
Brian Rice began his career with Bill Howe as an office assistant and after training and being promoted to his own truck, he has spent his time to become a master plumber in San Diego. For the past year, he has also been one of Bill Howe's Team Leaders in the plumbing division and leading his team to a record improvement in online reviews, event participation and arrival times. He is the June recipient of the Above and Beyond Award for his amazing efforts in June, as well as his leading the Bill Howe Volunteer team at the monthly San Diego Food Bank volunteer night.
Our Customer Service Award for June is R.J. Bolas. He was one of the first plumbers to graduate from the San Diego Plumbing Heating Cooling Contractors Academy in its inaugural year (2012) and an outstanding representative for the company. In June, R.J. was faced with a challenging job that he was able to expertly solve. He saved our customer with professionalism, and she shared with us that he is "the best plumber" she has had. We are proud to honor his excellent customer care!
The Leading by Example Award embodies the Bill Howe Way. We truly have the best team in San Diego, and our June winner is form the heating & air division. Samuel Ramirez was recently promoted to a Lead Installer continually demonstrating his expertise and adherence to our high standards of professionalism and ethics. We are proud to award him the June LBE Award and even more excited to have him as a dedicated Bill Howe team member.
Our job Excellence Award is typically one of the more difficult to choose, as we have so many submissions each month. Our team of plumbers, water damage specialists, and HVAC technicians are proud of their work and for good reason. For June, we are proud to recognize three of our water damage team for the perfect job on a tricky mold situation. Carlos Sandoval, George Rivera, and Juan Santacruz worked extremely hard to meet the needs of our customer and mitigate water damage in order to restore their property quickly. There were many different people involved, and Carlos as the Project Manager, delivered the highest level of communication throughout the seven-day process. They also ensured all safety standards were met and gave our customers the best experience.
You can count on the trained professionals at Bill Howe. Whether you need heating & air, water damage mitigation or plumbing in San Diego, you know who to call! Call 1-800 Bill Howe (245-5469) today and request one of our award winning team members!


text:
Glenea montivaga is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Charles Joseph Gahan in 1909. It is known from Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

References

montivaga
Beetles described in 1909


COLIN KAZIM-RICHARDS says Michael Appleton's "in your face" style of management can send Blackburn into the play-offs.
Kazim-Richards is serving his fifth different boss since arriving on a season-long loan from Galatasaray in August. The 26-year-old, who faces former club Brighton at Ewood Park tonight, admits he was unsure about the timing of Appleton's appointment.
Rovers announced Appleton's arrival after Gary Bowyer, placed in caretaker charge following Henning Berg's sacking, steered the team to three wins.
But despite suffering a 2-1 home defeat to Charlton on Saturday in Appleton's fi rst game in charge, Kazim-Richards reckons Rovers can reach the play-offs under the ex-Blackpool boss.
He said: "I didn't really know what we were getting from him (Berg).
"Then we won three games under Gary and the club announce a new manager's coming in.
"I have to admit I was a bit sceptical about that.
Appleton described the atmosphere during his first game as "strange".
Fans attacked the club's owners with snowballs and Appleton said: "It's probably a good idea they're not coming for the Brighton game!
"I think it will be a better atmosphere against Brighton. I rate them highly.