A bifurcated stent comprises a trunk region and at least one branch. The trunk region has a balloon expandable section and a self-expandable section. The balloon expandable section is less compressible than the self-expandable section. The branch is self-expandable and extends from the self-expandable section of the trunk region. The balloon expandable section is less compressible than the branch.
The present invention relates to a stent for use in body lumens. More specifically, the present invention relates to a stent that is sufficiently flexible to facilitate its deployment and conformance to a tortuous lumen, and sufficiently rigid to resist migration, once the stent is deployed.
Stents may be constructed from a variety of materials such as stainless steel, Elgiloy, nickel, titanium, nitinol, shape memory polymers, etc. Stents may also be formed in a variety of manners as well. For example a stent may be formed by etching or cutting the stent pattern from a tube or section of stent material; a sheet of stent material may be cut or etched according to a desired stent pattern whereupon the sheet may be rolled or otherwise formed into the desired substantially tubular, bifurcated or other shape of the stent; one or more wires or ribbons of stent material may be woven, braided or otherwise formed into a desired shape and pattern.
Some stents have been developed specifically to address the problems that arise in the treatment of stenoses at or near the site of a bifurcation of a body lumen are known in the art. Further, single bifurcated stents and grafts have been developed in order to treat such conditions at the site of a branch of a body lumen. A bifurcated stent and/or graft typically is configured in a "pant" design which comprises a tubular body or trunk and two tubular legs, however other configurations are also known wherein the stent includes a plurality of separate and/or inter-connectable portions which may be delivered to various positions at or around the bifurcation using a single or multiple catheters.
Some examples of bifurcated stents are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,723,004; 4,994,071 and 5,755,735.
In some stents, the compressible and flexible properties that assist in stent delivery may also result in a stent that has a tendency to migrate from its originally deployed position. It is thus desirable to provide a stent configuration that resists migration following deployment, particularly where the site of the desired deployment is within or adjacent to a vessel bifurcation.
The present invention is embodied in a variety of forms. For example in at least one embodiment of the invention a stent is provided that is adapted both to resist migration within a body lumen and to conform to a tortuous installation path or installed location. The stent includes a first section, typically self-expandable, of predetermined compressibility adapted to permit the section to conform to the shape of the body lumen through which it is transmitted or surrounding the section when deployed. The stent also includes a second section which is balloon-expandable and which is less compressible than the first section. The second section is adapted to firmly engage that part of the body lumen surrounding the second section when it is deployed, or to engage the inner surface of another stent with which it is mated or assembled upon deployment.
In some embodiments the stent is a bifurcated stent. The stent comprises a trunk region and at least one leg region or branch extending therefrom. In at least one embodiment the trunk defines an opening which defines a first flow path therethrough and one or more branches adjacent thereto, wherein each branch defines additional flow paths.
Where the stent is bifurcated, the trunk region of the stent includes a proximal section and a distal section, wherein the branch(es) extend from the distal section. This distal section of the trunk region, as well as at least a portion of each branch, is constructed from braided strands of material. In some embodiments this braided portion of the stent is self-expandable. The proximal section of the trunk region comprises a solid, tubular geometry with cellular openings to provide a rigid construction within a section of the trunk region of the stent to assist in resisting migration of the stent-graft. In some embodiments the proximal section of the trunk region is balloon expandable.
In at least one embodiment, a modular mating stent is provided that is adapted to resist migration within a receiving stent. The modular mating stent includes a substantially self-expandable first section of predetermined compressibility adapted to permit the section to conform to the shape of a body lumen surrounding the section. The modular mating stent further includes a balloon-expandable second section less compressible than the first section adapted to firmly engage that part, i.e. the inner surface, of the receiving stent surrounding the second section when the two are assembled in a male-female relationship.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the invention comprising a bifurcated stent.
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the invention comprising a crimping member that engages the two sections of differential compressibility in the trunk region of the stent of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the invention comprising a modular mating stent adapted to be received within and assembled with a receiving stent in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
In at least one embodiment of the invention, such as for example the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1, there is shown a bifurcated stent 20 adapted to resist migration within a body lumen. Stent 20 includes a trunk region 22 at least one leg region or branches, such as branches 26 and 24, extending therefrom.
The trunk region 22 of stent 20 includes a first or proximal section 30 and a second or distal section 28. The branches 24 and 26 define separate flow paths which branch from the single flow path defined by the trunk region 22.
At least a portion of each branch 24 and 26, as well as the distal section 28 of the trunk region 22, share a common predetermined compressibility (or flexibility) adapted to permit the branches 24 and 26 and section 28 to conform to the shape of the body lumens surrounding them at their deployment site and to easily advanced through the tortuous confines of body lumen(s). In at least one embodiment the branches 24 and 26 as well as the section 28 are substantially self-expandable.
The proximal section 30 of the trunk region 22 is adapted to firmly engage that part of the body lumen surrounding the section 30 at its deployment site adjacent to the bifurcation of a vessel. The section 30 is deployed by mechanical or balloon expansion and is firmly seated within the vessel to resist stent migration. The section 30 likewise has a predetermined compressibility, but which is less compressible than that of the distal section 28 or the branches 24 and 26. In some embodiments section 30 is constructed from material having a substantially solid, tubular geometry with cellular openings, which may be obtained from a laser cut tube or sheet which formed into a tube.
In some embodiments, the distal section 28 and the branches 24 and 26 are integrally formed of one or more strands 31 of material that are interwoven or braided to form the respective portions of the stent 20.
The sections 28 and 30 may be bonded, welded, or otherwise engaged together to form the trunk region 22. In at least one embodiment, one or more distal members 33 of the proximal section 30 and one or more proximal members 35 of the distal section 28 are engaged together by at least one crimping members 32 (better seen in FIG. 2). A crimping member 32 comprises a tubular member or band 37 that is disposed about an overlapping portion of one or more distal members 33 and one or more proximal members 35. Once properly disposed, the crimping member is crimped or otherwise compressed in order to frictionally engage and retain the respective portions of members 33 and 35 contained therein.
In at least one embodiment, during delivery of the stent 20, when stent 20 is positioned at the correct location, distal section 28 of the trunk 22 and branches 24 and 26 are caused or allowed to self-expand to a predetermined diameter within the vessel(s). Even after the branches 24 and 26 and/or the section 28 are fully expanded, the location of stent 20 may be adjusted before final placement and fixation. Once properly positioned, the proximal section 30 of the trunk 22 is expanded to a predetermined diameter in the vessel via a balloon or other mechanical expansion mechanism such as are known.
Because of the greater rigidity of the proximal section 30, one the proximal section of the trunk 22 is fully expanded the stent 20 will remain fixed in its final position.
As indicated above, when the proximal section 30 is expanded, it is less compressible than the distal section 28 and delivers a substantial radial resistance to force, preventing stent 20 from working its way away from its originally deployed position.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 the distal section 28 and branches 24 and 26 are formed of a conventional material to provide the section 28 and branches 24 and 26 with self-expanding characteristics. Suitable materials include, but are not limited to one or more shape-memory metals such as nitinol, one or more shape memory polymers, etc. The proximal section 30 is typically formed of any of a variety of materials that provide or can be made to provide greater rigidity or compression resistance than that of the distal section 28. Such materials may include but are not limited to stainless steel, nitinol, etc.
During balloon expansion of the proximal section 30, the material or materials of which the section 30 is constructed undergoes plastic deformation to better set the shape induced by the balloon expansion. The tendency of the more rigid section 30, to resist migration may be further enhanced by the inclusion of one or more vessel engagement members 39, a vessel engagement member may be comprised of one or more hooks, barbs, T-fasteners, and/or other external surface features to assist in firmly engaging the surrounding body lumen.
As stated above, the stent 20 may be a stent-graft, wherein the stent 20 is provided with a graft lining or covering to provide fluid pathways from the unbifurcated end to the bifurcated end.
As mentioned above, an alternative to the balloon-expandable stainless steel proximal section 30 is a balloon-expandable, and thus more rigid, proximal section 30 constructed of nitinol but annealed (i.e., heat treated above the temperature necessary to effect shape-memory retention). Annealing the nitinol transforms its material properties from a shape memory alloy capable of re-expansion to a more rigid structure, conducive to fixation through alternative means such as balloon expansion.
FIG. 2 is a detail view of crimping member 32 represented in FIG. 1 that secures the two sections of differential compressibility (i.e. section 28 and section 30) together. The exemplary configuration illustrates two braided members 35 of distal section 28 secured to one or more members 33 of the proximal section 30 via crimping member 32. In some embodiments crimping member 32 and/or other portions of the stent may be at least partially constructed of one or more radiopaque materials.
As indicated above, stent 20 is not limited to the use of crimping members 32 as a securing mechanism between the first and second sections 30 and 38 of the trunk region 22. For example, first section 30 and second section 28 may be secured together via welds, chemical or adhesive bonds, direct mechanical engagement (i.e. hooks, etc.) of the members 33 and 35, and any combinations thereof. Furthermore, the proximal section 30 and distal section 28 may not be connected at all if their relative positions are maintained in some other way, such as by securing section 28 and section 30 each to the inside of a graft, sleeve or other device via sutures or other securement mechanisms such as sutures.
In at least on embodiment, the invention is also directed to a system comprising a modular mating stent 40 and receiving stent 42, an example of which is shown in FIG. 3.
The modular mating stent 40 includes a first section 44 of predetermined compressibility adapted to permit section 44 to conform to the shape of a body lumen surrounding section 44. The modular mating stent 40 further includes a second section 46 less compressible than first section 44 and adapted to firmly engage that part of receiving stent 42 surrounding second section 46, i.e. the inner surface of stent 42 in the area where stent 40 is received during in vivo deployment and assembly. A graft 48 covers modular mating stent 40 and receiving stent 42, at least in part, defining a fluid passageway.
The configuration and deployment of this embodiment of the present invention are essentially the same as those of the balloon-expandable embodiment of stent 20 described previously with reference to FIG. 1. First section 44 is constructed from braided strands of a shape memory alloy capable of re-expansion, while second section 46 is constructed from a non-shape memory alloy in a tubular geometry with cellular openings. Therefore, placement and fixation are achieved through alternative means such as balloon expansion. A notable difference from stent 20, however, is that mating stent 40 is deployed at least partially within receiving stent 42 as opposed to a body lumen, as represented in FIG. 3. The previously described principles of section 30 of stent 20 firmly engaging the surrounding body lumen apply to second section 46 of modular mating stent 40 firmly engaging the surrounding receiving stent 42 to resist migration and leakage.
at least one self-expandable branch fixedly connected to and extending from a second end of the self-expandable section of the trunk region, in the expanded state the balloon expandable section is less compressible than the at least one self-expandable branch, wherein the self-expandable branch does not include a balloon-expandable section.
2. The stent of claim 1 wherein the balloon expandable section of the trunk region comprises a cut tube of stent material comprising a plurality of interconnected members defining a plurality of cell spaces.
3. The stent of claim 1 wherein the balloon expandable section of the trunk region comprises a cut sheet of stent material formed into a tubular shape, the tubular shape comprised of a plurality of interconnected members defining a plurality of cell spaces.
4. The stent of claim 1 wherein the self-expandable section of the trunk region and at least a portion of the at least one self-expandable branch is at least partially constructed from at least one strand of braided stent material.
5. The stent of claim 1 wherein the balloon expandable section of the trunk region comprises at least one distally extending member and the self-expandable section of the trunk region comprises at least one proximally extending member, the at least one proximally extending member and the at least one distally extending member being engaged to each other.
6. The stent of claim 5 further comprising at least one crimping member, the at least one crimping member disposed about the at least one proximally extending member and the at least one distally extending member.
7. The stent of claim 6 wherein the at least one crimping member is at least partially constructed of a radiopaque material.
8. The stent of claim 1 wherein the balloon expandable section of the trunk region is at least partially constructed of stainless steel.
9. The stent of claim 1 wherein at least one of the self-expandable section of the trunk region and the at least one self-expandable branch is at least partially constructed of a shape memory material.
10. The stent of claim 1 wherein the shape memory material is nitinol.
11. The stent of claim 1 further comprising at least one vessel engagement member, the at least one vessel engagement member extending from at least a portion of the balloon expandable section, the at least one vessel engagement member selected from the group consisting of hooks, barbs, T-fasteners, bumps, ridges, and any combination thereof.
12. The stent of claim 1 further comprising at least one layer of graft material, the at least one layer of graft material positioned on at least one of an inside surface and outside surface of at least a portion of at least one of the trunk region and the at least one self-expandable branch to define a fluid passageway therethrough.
A Non-Final Office Action in the present U.S. Appl. No. 10/643,261 dated Sep. 5, 2006. 12 pgs.
An Information Disclosure Statement filed in the present U.S. Appl. No. 10/643,261 dated Nov. 18, 2003. 8 pgs.
Communication pursuant to Article 94(3) EPC from related European Application No. 04 780 261.6-2320. May 13, 2009. 3 pgs.
Communication Pursuant to Article 96(2) EPC, for application 04 780 261.6-2310, dated Oct. 19, 2007.


Benefit Plan Copayment/Coinsurance - The amount you pay.
** No Coverage for Specialty Prescription Drug Products dispensed through mail order pharmacy.
This summary of Benefits is intended only to highlight your Benefits for Outpatient Prescription Drug Products and should not be relied upon to determine coverage. Your plan may not cover all of your Outpatient Prescription Drug expenses. Please refer to your Outpatient Prescription Drug Rider and Certificate of Coverage for a complete listing of services, limitations, exclusions and a description of all the terms and conditions of coverage. If this description conflicts in any way with the Outpatient Prescription Drug Rider or the Certificate of Coverage, the Outpatient Prescription Drug Rider and Certificate of Coverage shall prevail.
Some Prescription Drug Products or Pharmaceutical Products for which Benefits are described under the Prescription Drug Rider or Certificate are subject to step therapy requirements. This means that in order to receive Benefits for such Prescription Drug Products or Pharmaceutical Products you are required to use a different Prescription Drug Product(s) or Pharmaceutical Product(s) Also note that some Prescription Drug Products require that you obtain prior authorization from us in advance to determine whether the Prescription Drug Product meets the definition of a Covered Health Service and is not Experimental, Investigational or If you require certain Prescription Drug Products, we may direct you to a Designated Pharmacy with whom we have an arrangement to provide those Prescription Drug Products. If you are directed to a Designated Pharmacy and you choose not to obtain your Prescription Drug Product from the Designated Pharmacy, no Benefit will be paid for that Prescription Drug Product.
• Coverage for Prescription Drug Products for the amount dispensed (days' supply or quantity limit) which exceeds the supply • Coverage for Prescription Drug Products for the amount dispensed (days' supply or quantity limit) which is less than the • Prescription Drug Products dispensed outside the United States, except as required for Emergency treatment.
• Drugs which are prescribed, dispensed or intended for use during an Inpatient Stay. • Experimental, Investigational or Unproven Services and medications; medications used for experimental indications and/or dosage regimens determined by us to be experimental, investigational or unproven.
• Prescription Drug Products, including New Prescription Drug Products or new dosage forms, that we determine do not meet the definition of a Covered Health Service.
• Prescription Drug Products as a replacement for a previously dispensed Prescription Drug Product that was lost, stolen, broken • Prescription Drug Products when prescribed to treat infertility.
• Certain New Prescription Drug Products and/or new dosage forms until the date they are reviewed and assigned to a tier by our • Growth hormone for children with familial short stature (short stature based upon heredity and not caused by a diagnosed • Any product for which the primary use is a source of nutrition, nutritional supplements, or dietary management of disease, even when used for the treatment of Sickness or Injury, except as medically necessary for the therapeutic treatment of phenylketonuria, branched-chain ketonuria, galactosemia, and homocystinuria and administered under the direction of a • A Prescription Drug Product that contains (an) active ingredient(s) available in and Therapeutically Equivalent to another covered Prescription Drug Product. Such determinations may be made up to six times during a calendar year, and we may decide at any time to reinstate Benefits for a Prescription Drug Product that was previously excluded under this provision.
• A Prescription Drug Product that contains (an) active ingredient(s) which is (are) a modified version of and Therapeutically Equivalent to another covered Prescription Drug Product. Such determinations may be made up to six times during a calendar year, and we may decide at any time to reinstate Benefits for a Prescription Drug Product that was previously excluded under • Outpatient Prescription Drug Products obtained from a non-Network Pharmacy.
• Certain Prescription Drug Products that have not been prescribed by a Specialist Physician.


text:
Q: Gif src with base64 coding after it? I have been asked to work on a web site and I see links like this. Has anyone seen anything like this before? I am wondering what the base64 code is for:
src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAID/AMDAwAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw=="

A: the hash is the actual contents of the gif encoded with base64
example

A: Actually data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAID/AMDAwAAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== - specifically this code is a PLACEHOLDER gif , if you loaded your image either failed to load or cannot be found...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Danielle was a student at the University of San Diego and member of the Ashoka U Live Team.
I admit it. At the Ashoka U Exchange I was a little star struck. Some people get googley-eyed and weak-kneed at the sight of movie stars and musicians. But me? It's social entrepreneurs who get me feelin' giddy. Over 80 social entrepreneurs, including a handful of Ashoka Fellows, recently convened at the Ashoka U Exchange along with students, faculty, and others. You might ask: What is it about social entrepreneurs that make me swoon? Well, although plenty of them are good lookin', what was most attractive about the social entrepreneurs I was fortunate to meet at the Exchange was way these incredible innovators mange to maintain a genuine humility and willingness to collaborate with others, including students, even when they have reached an elevated level of success.
We have come to expect that success merits a certain amount of distance and exclusivity. All too often the secrets to success are exactly that – secret – or at least not widely and openly shared. Social entrepreneurs are teaching all of us the value of collaborating across traditional divides in academia, business, philanthropy, technology, and even within ourselves.
Many of the social entrepreneurs who attend the Exchange have put incredible ideas into action and made a real impact on our world's most pressing challenges. And yet, they don't claim to have it all figured out. Instead, they continue to ask questions, seek input, and explore new opportunities for continual improvement and collaboration.
As a student, it can be difficult to see yourself as someone who can have a real impact, especially when you start comparing yourself to those who've already made their mark. But at the Exchange, students at all different points in their academic careers, from all different disciplines, had the opportunity to interact with people who's books we've read, who organizations we've studies and who have inspire us to think big! Although the social entrepreneurs at the Exchange came from a wide range of fields, the message consistently came from all was, don't wait! Right now YOU can change yourself, your community, and your world.
Take Ashoka Fellow Kathryn Hall-Trujillo for example. Hall-Trujillo is the founder of The Birthing Project, a non-profit building a social support system that allows black women to support each other and as a result have healthier babies and healthier lives. In New Orleans, Hall-Trujillo has partnered with Tulane University and is changing the way campuses engage with their surrounding communities and teaching students that they can make an impact right where they live.
On perhaps the other end of the spectrum, Saul Garlick, founder of ThinkImpact and his team at the Think Impact's award winning Innovation Institute are working to transform the study abroad experience into a world-changing experience. Each summer they send students on a full-immersion experiential learning program in rural Africa where students learn about social entrepreneurship and innovation through intensive qualitative research and hands-on exploration.
Social entrepreneurs like Hall-Trujillo, Garlick, and so many others are opening up opportunities for students to engage with communities, ask questions, test ideas, and discover their passions. This approach has the potential to help students unlock their potential and have an impact while they are still in school, as opposed to "how can I have an impact?" being something students are left to face when they cross the commencement stage.
In addition to a pocket full of business cards, participating in the Exchange gave me with a renewed courage to overcome the fear that I don't know enough yet to have a real impact. And though the many Ashoka Fellows and social entrepreneurs I was reminded that true "success" includes having the compassion and humility to remain engaged in a continual process of learning, adjusting, improving, and remaining open to others – especially those who are different than you.
So, don't wait. Follow up on those contacts that you made at the Exchange or spark up some new ones. Share your stories of discovery and impact at the Ashoka U GOOD Maker Campaign by Wednesday, April 11, 2012. As we tell our stories, we will grow together, gain new insights, and collaborate in the spirit of the Ashoka "everyone a changemaker" vision.
This entry was posted in Exchange and tagged Ashoka Fellows, Exchange, Social Entrepreneurship. Bookmark the permalink.


* Teddy Long addresses the crowd and confirms that John Laurinaitis has indeed been fired, and Mick Foley will take his place for the night.
* Big Show announces that he is done with John Cena, and he is instead inserting himself into the upcoming Money in the Bank Ladder match. Brodus Clay interrupts Show and they begin to brawl, but David Otunga comes out and attacks Clay from behind. Show knocks Clay out with a WMD.
* Mick Foley & Yoshi Tatsu are backstage. Vickie Guerrero interrupts and announces that she will be the Interim General Manager for Raw and Smackdown next week. She is interrupted by The Great Khali, and the segment devolves into a dance segment with Khali and Foley.
* Alberto Del Rio b. Christian in a non-title match by submission with the cross armbreaker. After the match, Christian was attacked by Cody Rhodes.
* Kane b. Daniel Bryan. AJ acted as the guest timekeeper. Bryan had Kane in a submission hold, and AJ, worried about Kane, rang the bell early. The call was deemed unofficial, but the bell distracted Bryan long enough for Kane to hit the chokeslam.
* Mick Foley came out to cut a promo, but he was interrupted by Heath Slater. This caused Foley to make the next match: Heath Slater vs. Zack Ryder.
* Darren Young, Titus O'Neil and AW are backstage doing their usual "Millions of Dollars!" shtick when they are attacked by Primo & Epico.
* Santino Marella does a Kiss Cam-style segment in which he looks for the best crowd sign. A woman with an "I <3 Santino" sign is picked from the crowd and comes to the ring. She's wearing a cobra puppet on her hand and kisses Santino's cobra puppet. Then she kisses Santino and Santino faints.


Stan is packing for a business trip – Indianapolis this time. He doesn't travel a lot but this time he'll be away five days. If I want to get any writing done, I'd best do it soon. When he's gone, my evenings get so much busier. Pickup Jason after school, take him to piano lessons, supervise homework, make dinner, clean up, read or watch TV, supervise bedtime. Too tired to write most of the time, I manage to get an article published. It's almost time to leave for Jason's basketball game. The township "boys 9 and under" team plays on Saturday afternoons, and we promised to pick up his friend Ari on the way. Uh oh. Stan just poked his head into the kitchen.
Had I known this would happen, I could have squeezed in an hour on my new essay, the one for which I just got an idea for how to handle the ending. Go without me. Please. I need this time to write. But I don't say it. What kind of mother skips her kid's basketball game? I grab my jacket and head out the door.
Stan has the day off. He waits with Jason at the end of the driveway for the school bus, and tells me to stay inside. It's raining, and I decide to get some writing done. The phone rings. Who could be calling at this time of day? I'd better answer. It's Stan.
"Why are you calling," I ask, exasperated.
Somehow, I send out more work and get published online.
The worst day of my life, without a shred of doubt. My teenaged son from my first marriage has always had emotional problems. We tried many things to help him. More discipline, less structure. Therapy, separate sessions for him and for me. Personal time, one on one. Rewards. Timeouts. Progress charts on the refrigerator door. Nothing worked for long. Today he's had a crisis. I don't know it yet, but he will be okay. I will write about this many times but only for myself. He still won't talk about it, and I have to respect his privacy.
Stan's department is closing, and he is offered early retirement. He's only fifty-five, but he can't wait. He spends the next year at home watching TV and going for long walks, reading and visiting the art museum. He cooks and takes over all the grocery shopping. What am I supposed to do? He's taken over my chores. I have a part-time job, and I want to learn to write well. Better. More. But I don't know when he'll pop in the door to my spare bedroom/office/writing studio. I put a Knock Before Entering sign on the door, because I'm too nice to write one that says Do Not Disturb. He knocks to ask me what time I want dinner. I resent his ease of living but I can't complain. His salary is the reason I have time to write. And he's making dinner.
I work on a lesson plan for a memoir class I will teach.
My nest is empty. Both kids are grown, the youngest in college. I take a walk through our neighborhood in the early morning, and a big yellow school bus makes me cry. I go home and write about it, send my essay to an online magazine contest about endings and win.
Nobody's home but me. It's three in the afternoon, and I've read my favorite online newspapers and blogs, about gun control, the Middle East, how to write and market a book, and what my Facebook friends are up to. I've made some tea. What shall I write about today? What were all those ideas I had years ago, when I was constantly being interrupted? Where have they flown? Today, I have the time, the peace and quiet. Where do I begin?
Linda C. Wisniewski is a freelance writer in Bucks County, PA, where she teaches memoir workshops at retirement centers and writers' conferences. Her credits include The Christian Science Monitor,The Philadelphia Inquirer, The Rose & Thorn, Mindprints, and other literary magazines as well as several anthologies. Linda's memoir,Off Kilter, was published in 2008 by Pearlsong Press and she has been nominated for a Pushcart Prize. Her website is www.lindawis.com and she blogs at www.lindawisniewski.blogspot.com.


text:
Collection SR 9323 - Oral history interview with Louis Bunce, by Charles Digregorio
Oral history interview with Louis Bunce, by Charles Digregorio
online resource (4 audio files (2 hr., 9 min., 33 sec.)
Bunce, Louis, 1907-1983
Louis DeMott Bunce (1907-1983) was born in Lander, Wyoming, and came with his family to Portland, Oregon in 1920. He was a painter and printmaker, known for his variety of styles and was considered a great artist in Oregon modernism.
Digregorio, Charles
Charles Digregorio was the Oregon Historical Society's first Oral Historian.
Bunce discusses education in art at the Museum Art School in Portland, Oregon , his influences, including Cezanne and Picasso, his involvement with the WPA during the Depression, working in the shipyards during World War II, his artistic style, and his career as an artist. He also discusses some of his exhibitions and a commission he was currently working on for the Claremont Hotel in Berkeley, California.
Joint Copyright held by Louis Bunce.
Oral history interview with Louis Bunce, by Charles Digregorio, 1978 June 1 - July 19, SR 9323, Oregon Historical Society Research Library.
Digitization funded by the James F. Miller Endowment.
Art, Modern
Bunce, Louis, 1907-1983 (Creator)
Digregorio, Charles (Creator)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Neither Hamda Al Fahim nor Krikor Jabotian is primarily known as a wedding dress designer—but if they keep turning out gowns like these, they'll both have brides knocking down their doors soon enough. (Krikor trained under Save the Date favorite Elie Saab, which explains why I instantly fell in love with his gowns.) Get a load of all this pretty: Wedding Dress 1 Hamda Al Fahim Wedding Dress 2 Hamda Al Fahim I know the dress below doesn't scream "WEDDING!" but I just love how it manages to look simultaneously ultra-formal and boho-bridal—especially when paired with a crown of flowers. Wedding Dress 3 Hamda Al Fahim Wedding Dress 4 Krikor Jabotian Wedding Dress 5 Krikor Jabotian Are you familiar with either of these designers? Would you wear any of these dresses as your wedding dress?
I know the dress below doesn't scream "WEDDING!" but I just love how it manages to look simultaneously ultra-formal and boho-bridal—especially when paired with a crown of flowers.
Are you familiar with either of these designers? Would you wear any of these dresses as your wedding dress?


text:
Who Is The Girl With Pricess Marilyn On Chaturbate?
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Une fuite vers la qualité (les termes anglais  et  sont souvent employés) est un phénomène d'importants mouvements de capitaux  qui, lors d'un krach boursier, se déplacent de valeurs mobilières vers des placements plus sûrs qui sont aussi généralement plus liquides.

Un tel phénomène fait généralement suite à une bulle spéculative, qui éclate parfois très rapidement au cours d'un krach ; les épargnants et les spéculateurs se précipitent pour vendre leurs titres, faisant chuter les prix sur le marché boursier. Ils achètent en particulier des emprunts d'État, dont les cours cotés augmentent.

La source d'un tel mouvement, auto-réalisateur et mimétique, est une bulle spéculative prête à éclater, et la publication d'une nouvelle information, parfois assez mineure.

Les actifs financiers qui présentent des risques de crédit subissent une forte décote. À la suite de ce mouvement, les emprunteurs ont davantage de difficultés à se financer, et s'ils y arrivent, doivent payer un taux d'intérêt plus élevé.

Justification
La justification de ce type de mouvements, qu'on trouve dans leur nom même, réside dans de supposés arbitrages par de grands gestionnaires de fonds entre
 d'un côté des ventes massives d'actions ou obligations comportant un risque de signature
 et de l'autre des achats massifs d'emprunts d'État,
c'est-à-dire :
 des liquidations de positions en actions, ou en obligations risquées,
 dont les produits seraient immédiatement réinvestis en emprunts d'État.

Les épisodes de fuite vers la qualité tirent leur justification de ce que, dans le cas où les choses iraient vraiment mal sur le marché des actions, ou sur celui du crédit, le marché sait que les banques centrales interviendraient pour ajouter des liquidités ou faire baisser les taux courts – comme la Réserve fédérale des États-Unis l'a fait à plusieurs reprises depuis 1987 – en entraînant donc les rendements des nouveaux emprunts d'État à la baisse : les emprunts d'État achetés avant cette baisse des taux prennent donc rapidement de la valeur.

Il relève donc plutôt de l'achat régulier de billets de loterie : les traders perdent un peu d'argent à chaque flight to quality mais, si celui-ci se concrétise, ils peuvent gagner beaucoup, et éviter des pertes importantes.

Crise financière russe de 1998

Les flights to quality sont généralement assez brefs, mais néanmoins l'un d'entre eux, à l'été 1998, a eu une durée, une importance et une virulence exceptionnelle, compte tenu du terrain fertile où il était né. En effet, à quelques mois de la réalisation de l'union économique et monétaire européenne, les banques d'investissement du monde entier étaient chargées de positions d'arbitrage considérables, destinées à tirer profit de la convergence des marchés de taux et avaient réalisé à l'avance toutes les opérations que les gestionnaires d'OPCVM devraient faire après le lancement de l'euro et l'unification des marchés, mais ne pouvaient pas effectuer avant.

Cette crise de l'été 1998 a été causée par le défaut attendu puis effectif de la Russie sur les GKO, a duré plusieurs mois, et a causé la quasi-faillite du hedge fund Long Term Capital Management.

Voir aussi
 Bulle spéculative
 Course à la liquidité
 Crise financière
 Krach

Finance de marché
Crise financière

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO) has made its first arrest. Neeraj Singal, erstwhile Promoter & Managing Director of Bhushan Steel Ltd. has been arrested by SFIO. He was produced before Court of competent jurisdiction today & sent to judicial custody till 14th August 2018. He is accused of siphoning off funds of over Rs 2000 crore from the loans availed by Bhushan Steel Limited using more than 80 companies.


Joe Pessia plays guitar in the band Tantric. Joe has also played with other greats such as Dramagods with Nuno Bettencourt.
Let's take a look at some of the gear and equipment that Joe has been seen using in his guitar rig.


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Home » In the world » Corina Cepoi, Internews Chief of Party in Moldova: "When You Don't Have a Vision in Journalism, It Is Better to Do Something Else"
Corina Cepoi, Internews Chief of Party in Moldova: "When You Don't Have a Vision in Journalism, It Is Better to Do Something Else"
Years ago, she founded the Independent Journalism Center (IJC) and the Chisinau School of Advanced Journalism (CSAJ). Then she worked in international media projects in other countries, and was country director of Internews in Kyrgyzstan. A few months ago she returned home as Internews Chief of Party in Moldova. In an interview for Media Azi, Corina Cepoi speaks about the situation in media, about what Moldovan journalism lacks, and, last but not least, about the Internews project that she is going to implement over the next five years.
Media Azi: Ms Cepoi, how do you find Moldova after a relatively long absence, when you ran Internews projects in Kyrgyzstan?
Corina Cepoi: Yes, four years is a significant period. You try to read about everything that's going on at home, be up to date, but you still miss some things, because behind a news story there may be some off the record information, details you may not catch from afar, from a distance. I found the actual situation much more complicated, including in the media, more nuanced. I was talking to my fellow journalists that when Communists were in power, the picture was clear, they consistently promoted a certain line, and at least you knew what to expect from them. Today things are confusing, we are moving from one extreme to another, and the worrying thing I find is that we have people who pretend they are something else they are in reality. They are a sort of political chameleons, very dangerous. These realities, unfortunately, negatively affect the media.
M.A.: You went to Kyrgyzstan to implement a project to reform public television. How did the reforms go there?
C.C.: It is not easy to reform public broadcasting, not only in Kyrgyzstan, but in other countries as well. We focused mostly on management practices, on human resources, and less on editorial policy. I started with reforming the public television, as project director, but then I advanced to become country director, having six projects with diverse funding, European and American. A success of Internews was the mediation of a post-conflict situation in southern Kyrgyzstan through media initiatives. There, because of interethnic conflicts, many media outlets had no content in the Uzbek language, despite large numbers of Uzbeks living in the area. In 2011, we opened a TV and radio station that broadcasts in Kyrgyz, Uzbek, and Russian languages. Thus, through media programs, we have managed to bring the two main ethnicities closer together.
M.A.: In Moldova we also are dealing with lack of solidarity, and even barricades between journalists speaking Russian and those speaking Romanian. How can we overcome such situations?
C.C.: There are problems here, too, but the overall situation is different. Both sides are making efforts to come closer. For example, Newsmaker, a Russian-language media outlet, is interested in creation of content in Romanian, while Ziarul de Garda newspaper publishes a Russian version. Also, there are rather open outlets in the Gagauz autonomy and even in Tiraspol, with which the Independent Journalism Center has been collaborating for years. RISE.md has joint projects in Tiraspol, doing journalistic investigations. There are some organizations that want to collaborate and actually do it, there are others you can try to work with and convince them in time. Sure, there are also some we will never be able to convince. Other situations in Moldova seem to be more serious: for example, when some Romanian-speaking journalists, who used to be on nationalistic barricades, are now making Russian propaganda at Sputnik.md.
M.A.: How do you explain such sudden switches from one editorial policy to another, totally opposite?
C.C.: By financial and convenience reasons. To do quality journalism, one needs to have character and personality. If you don't have them, you accept compensation from the one who offers it and don't ask questions about ethics. That's it; some choose the most convenient path. I'm sure that if anything changes in the meantime, they will be reading something else from the prompter.
M.A.: For several months, you have been heading the Internews representative office in Moldova. As we know, this organization has or had projects in over one hundred countries of the world, usually in the places where media don't have the status of free press. What projects will you conduct here?
C.C.: It will be a five-year long project, "Media Enabling Democracy, Inclusion and Accountability in Moldova" (Media-M), which focuses on uncovered niches. We have three objectives. One is to provide long-term support to media outlets, in order to ensure their viability. We will choose six or more media outlets as partners of assistance, which we will help to develop. Due to the fact that Internews is a global network, we have the possibility to get in touch with experts from any country and provide funding for sustainable inputs, capable to prove that media outlets can have their own profit and a quality product as a result of our support. There is much to learn, because it is about convergence, another aspect that we will bring to these organizations. We'll make sure they expand their coverage, have a larger audience, are on multiple platforms and monetize their content.
M.A.: What criteria will you use to select the six partner media outlets?
C.C.: They will have to file a set of documents showing the direction they want to follow in the next five years and their development strategies. We will invest in those who have a vision for the future, seeing what plans they have for growth and development. We will also take into account the quality of the journalistic product they offer on the media market and the management component. Monitoring reports produced by media NGOs and the OSCE will serve as another criteria to choose the ones with a balanced editorial policy. We want to reach out to the Russian-speaking public, to offer them quality information, too.
Let's see what applications we get. For now, I have been amazed that not all of media platforms have development strategies or business plans, although it seems natural to have an idea of where you are going, what you want to do, where you want to get. I believe that when you don't have a vision of what you are doing, the best thing you can do is close the newspaper or TV station you are running and do something else. It's simply not worth investing, consuming your life with this, if you do something you don't believe in.
M.A. As far as we know, you will be implementing activities under the second objective together with the Independent Journalism Center. Internews will support some of the media education activities the IJC has been conducting for a few years. What will this support be about?
C.C.: We will focus on developing a curriculum for high schools, as we want to contribute to the media education of so-called young adults, because those students are the ones who will vote soon and for that they need to make informed choices. As far as I know, teachers have been delighted by the media literacy activities organized by the IJC. We should use this openness on their part and go ahead. Here, we will also work with the librarians trained under the Novateca program, coordinated by IREX, which we collaborate with. We expect a significant impact from this, too.
Our third goal is to improve media legislation and self-regulation. Our main partner in this is Freedom House, an international organization that is well known in Moldova. We have known for a while the representative of this organization, the lawyer Tatiana Puiu. In September, we will have an event with the participation of experts and officials from the Baltic States (we are now finalizing the agenda) – we want to see how they work on improving their information security legislation.
M.A.: Speaking of legislation, you represent Internews in the working group organized by the Parliament to improve the media legislation. Some wonder whether the organization of this group is not just an appearance of the Parliament's good intentions. How do things look from inside?
C.C.: We had only several meetings, from which I felt great openness and serious work on examining the existing draft laws. But the questions of skeptics are somewhat natural, because so far the situation was reversed, and then suddenly we got a total openness. Eight draft laws or other legislative acts are at work simultaneously, and each has a deadline – some in November, others in February. We don't know what these laws will look like when they get into the Parliament, but so far the documents we are working on are good. In addition, international organizations are also part of the group, the Council of Europe is the group coordinator, and representatives of embassies come to these meetings. The last meeting of the subgroup that discussed the new draft Broadcasting Code was attended by the entire composition of the BCC [Broadcasting Coordinating Council] and by media managers. It was a heated and open discussion, on each paragraph in part.
In fact, we need to collaborate in such groups, to promote our ideas. The easiest thing to do is to get your luggage and leave. Frankly speaking, I was in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, where you can't freely speak, and it is hard to work. And when I come here and hear words like "We got a rope around our necks," I can't agree. Yes, sometimes it is quite difficult, but it doesn't mean we getting an autocracy. If you went to Uzbekistan to see how people are even afraid of their shadow, or to Belarus or Turkey, where journalists are simply imprisoned… Amnesty International has recently organized a workshop in Turkey and everyone got into prison, even the manager of the hotel where they rented the conference room. And it all happens at a close distance to Moldova…
M.A.: Recently, certain initiatives on limiting funding from the West for NGOs, for example, have been launched in our country, too… How serious are these threats?
C.C.: We should be alert, of course; we should make common cause in the face of such dangers. But I also believe that such threats will not be allowed to materialize.
M.A.: In another line of thought, what shall we do with the threat that comes from inside, with false news?
C.C.: We need to check the information. It is a global phenomenon. Just imagine how many information fakes have been released in connection with vaccines! In the USA, in a show on this topic, in just 15 minutes the author crushed all such fakes. He did it with humor and managed to reach the public – the show gathered millions of views! (At the time of this interview it had nearly 7 million views.) We, too, should learn how to reach the public and explain to people how to distinguish false and fair news.
This is precisely the purpose of media literacy projects. If we continue developing the critical thinking of young people, we will all win. The next generation will no longer have blind faith in what they see on TV or read on the Internet, in newspapers; they will check everything they see and hear, knowing which media outlets are trustworthy and which are not, and will have other digital safety skills.
M.A.: What does Moldovan journalism lack? Imagination, knowledge, out-of-the-box approaches, anything else?
C.C.: It lacks a lot. First of all training, which we should continue at all stages of life and experience. Just recently, the IJC has had a training event with journalists, where an expert from Romania shared some online tools, for example, on how to make money online, how to reach the public so they want to buy your product, or how to approach a company so it offers advertising to you. Then, Moldovan journalism lacks technical skills.
The Chisinau School of Advanced Journalism is trying to cover these gaps. We created it after studying the experience of top universities, such as those from Cardiff, Missouri (where I studied for a few years), Lille, Sarajevo, Moscow, Ukraine, and Georgia. CSAJ prepares universal journalists, because it is the best solution on a market as small as ours.
M.A.: How can we pass the threshold from partly free press to free press? Is this transition in a near future predictable?
C.C.: The score is awarded for several components: very good laws, a free advertising market, diversity instead of concentration in the media ownership. I don't think it is too hard to achieve these goals if the intentions to reform are sincere.
The "Media Enabling Democracy, Inclusion and Accountability in Moldova" (Media-M) project is funded by USAID and implemented by Internews.
Like in Silvia Radu's Days. The New Acting Mayor of the Capital City Banned the Journalists from Attending the Public Meetings of the Mayoralty
The acting Mayor General of the capital city, Adrian Talmaci, said that the Mayoralty's sessions, which were usually held every Monday, would continue, but without media being present, zdg.md writes.
Is Plahotniuc's Holding in the Kroll 2 Report? Which Media Companies are Included in the List of Beneficiaries of the 'Stolen Billion'
The companies affiliated or belonging to the former Chair of the Democratic Party, Vladimir Plahotniuc, are on the list of beneficiaries of the money laundered from the Republic of Moldova's banking system. The leader of 'Partidul Nostru', Renato Usatii, published on social media the parts 2 and 3... Details »
The Parliamentary Committee for Mass-Media Called for 'Teleradio-Moldova' management and SB Chair Resignation
During the hearing of the SB Chair and the company's management held on 10 July, the MPs of the Parliamentary Committee for Mass-media qualified the activity of the 'Teleradio-Moldova' Public Company Supervisory Board (SB) as ineffective. Also, the Committee members called for the dismissal of the... Details »
An MP Notified the Competition Council about an Alleged Cartel Agreement on the Advertising Market
MP Radu Marian, 'ACUM' Electoral Bloc, announced on his Facebook page that he submitted a number of requests to the Competition Council (CC) to investigate the anti-competitive practices. A request related to an alleged cartel agreement on the Moldovan advertising market.
The Management of Vocea Basarabiei Radio and TV Stations Denied the Information about its Activity's Suspension and Promised to Improve its Broadcasting Grid
The management of Vocea Basarabiei radio and TV stations announced, via a press release published on its website, that the editorial offices of these media outlets were taking a 'short vacation' starting with 8 July 2019. Previously, the press wrote about a possible suspension of the activity of... Details »
Why Did the Staff of GRT Public TV and Radio Company Remain Without Salaries?
The management of GRT Public TV and Radio Company claims that it cannot meet its salary duties for May since the Executive Committee failed to make the financial transfers.


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Q: Using Mean Value Theorem for Integrals to prove Generalized MVT The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals is $\int_Sf(x)g(x)dx$ =$f(c)\int_Sg(x)dx$
I am asked to use this to prove the generalized MVT which is $$\frac{f'(c)}{g'(c)}=\frac{f(b)-f(a)}{g(b)-g(a)}$$
how can I link the integral MVT to the generalized MVT? I was thinking to use the FUndamental Calculus theorem which is F(x)=$\int_a^xf(t)dt$ and F'(x)=f(x).

A: Consider the function $h(x) = f(x)*(g(b) - g(a)) - g(x)*(f(b) - f(a))$ on $[a, b]$. Then:
$$
h(a) = f(a)g(b) - f(a)g(a) - g(a)f(b) + g(a)f(a) = f(a)g(b) - f(b)g(a),
$$
and
$$
h(b) = f(b)*(g(b) - g(a)) - g(b)*(f(b) - f(a)) = f(a)g(b) - f(b)g(a).
$$
We see that $h(a) = h(b)$, so by Rolle's theorem: there is a $c \in (a, b)$ such that $h'(c) = 0$. So:
$$
f'(c)*(g(b) - g(a)) - g'(c)*(f(b) - f(a)) = 0 ,
$$
and we have:
$$
\frac{f'(c)}{g'(c)} = \frac{f(b) - f(a)}{g(b) - g(a)}.
$$

A: One approach is like this: $$\int_{a}^{b}f'(x)\,dx = \int_{a}^{b}\frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)}\cdot g'(x)\,dx = \frac{f'(c)}{g'(c)}\int_{a}^{b}g'(x)\,dx$$ so that $$\frac{f(b) - f(a)}{g(b) - g(a)} = \frac{f'(c)}{g'(c)}$$ The conditions required for mean value theorem of integrals is that both $f'(x),g'(x)$ are continuous and $g'(x) \neq 0$.
So this approach does establish the generalized mean value theorem also called by the name "Cauchy's MVT" but the above proof requires more conditions on $f, g$.


It's the height of Summer so we're taking you to the top of the Rocky Mountains. Trail Ridge Road crosses the continental divide and takes you on a scenic tour of Rocky Mountain National Park. It's July's featured road trip from the bank that helps you make the most of your Colorado lifestyle. Click here to download the map.


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Written by Chris Castle January 28, 2016 January 28, 2016
A Burger Today: Spotify's Bridge Loan to Nowhere is All the Rage
"D" is for "desperate." And "debt." According to the Wall Street Journal:
Swedish music-streaming company Spotify AB has scheduled a series of investor meetings in an effort to raise about half a billion dollars through a convertible bond issue, a person familiar with the matter said Wednesday.
Spotify is eager to have financial firepower at hand should consolidation opportunities arise in the industry, according to the person. The issue won't necessarily be a prelude to a stock-market listing of the privately held company, the person said.
The Financial Times tell us:
Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet, which first reported the planned funding round, said that the loans would pay an annual interest rate of 4 per cent. In addition, they would convert into equity at a 17.5 per cent discount to Spotify's share price if the company goes public in the next year.
This financial structure would guarantee lenders hefty returns if Spotify completes a long-mooted initial public offering, whatever the value of its equity. If Spotify does not float within a year, the discount at which the loan converts to equity will increase by 2.5 percentage points every six months.
Spotify's decision to raise funds by issuing debt rather than equity comes as investors have become increasingly worried that the valuations of many private technology companies are unsustainably high.
Spotify declined to comment on the planned funding round, or why it was seeking to raise $500m so soon after its previous big fundraising.
The FT reports that Deezer pulled its planned IPO on the Paris exchange and also went for the bonds instead:
Deezer, the music streaming service that last year abandoned an attempt to raise €300m in an initial public offering, has secured a €100m cash injection from its existing investors led by Len Blavatnik's Access Industries. [Mr. Blavatnik is also a major investor in Warner Music Group.]
The Paris-based company, which ranks as the third-biggest music streaming service by subscriber numbers after Spotify and Apple Music, cancelled its IPO in October after failing to convince stock market investors that it justified a valuation of as much as €1.1bn.
And then there's Pandora. Zack's says in "Pandora Shares Tumble on Convertible Debt Offering":
[Pandora] will be offering $300 million aggregate principal amount of convertible senior notes due 2020. Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, acting as the sole book runner for the offering, will be granted a 30 day option to purchase another $45 million worth of notes.
Pandora expects to use some of net proceeds to compensate the "capped call transactions" costs and the remaining for general corporate purposes.
What is very likely common to all three of these companies is that they don't have Apple's bank account which itself is probably equivalent to the GNP of many countries. It's also likely that all three companies are out of favor with equity investors and bankers. And as we have heard recently, those guys aren't babies. If you need their money, bankers will get their pound of flesh and then some.
Why do I think this? You mean, aside from the fact that the fremium business model stinks? In Pandora's case, they have already had two bites at the equity apple–so to speak–and evidently are not getting a third. Deezer's IPO is a bust and it looks like Spotify is staring down the wrong end of a down round. All are losing money. Eventually efficient markets figure this stuff out, particularly lately (h/t to Leonardo Fibonacci).
So what to do?
You could cut back on spending and overhead (see my analysis of Pandora's financials). But in the heated bidet world, that's not happening. Debt! Debt is the key.
So, if you've been reading along, you'll have noticed that a new financing instrument is all the rage in the "smarter than thou" world of disruptive streaming: Convertible debt.
I'd Gladly Pay You On Tuesday for a Burger Today
In case you're not familiar with convertible debt, there's a few typical components to the debt contracts that are both customary and revealing. First, realize that these instruments are a hybrid of a loan and a stock offering. On the loan part, there's an interest rate and a maturity date, but the interest rate is usually lower than a junk bond because of the stock part. The lower interest rate is justified by a stock "sweetener" that allows the holder to convert all or part of the principle and accrued interest into stock–hence the "convertible debt" monicker.
The accrued interest part is important–for private company convertible loans, the interest is sometimes rolled into a balloon payment at the maturity date or when the loan converts. Why? Because the debtor company needs the cash to run the company, not to make interest payments to a special class of convertible debt holders. (For those reading along, this could produce a cross-over question with bankruptcy and secured transactions if the payment of interest to the debt holders constitutes a voidable preference in an otherwise insolvent company. But leave that for now. The establishment narrative prohibits using "insolvent" and "Spotify" in the same sentence.)
Convertible debt, or "bridge loans", are common in private company financings when a venture-backed company is running out of money but doesn't want to, or is not able to, conduct its next round of financing. The debt holders are sometimes insiders who invested in a prior round and intend to invest in the next round–if it ever happens–but do not want to set the valuation for the future round.
Let me say that again–bridge loans are often used as a way to get cash in the door to keep the company running when it's not able to get the valuation it wants from investors. This is particularly true if the valuation is less than the valuation in its last round of funding also called a "down round." Venture backed companies avoid down rounds like the plague because it usually results in very nasty things happening to all prior investors and employee stock options or employee stock holders. This is especially true if the senior holders have aggressive anti-dilution protection that issues new shares to them.
Here's an example. Spiffy, a venture backed startup, has had three rounds of venture financing in which it issued convertible preferred stock. Venture rounds are usually designated by letters as in A round, B round and C round corresponding to Preferred A, Preferred B and Preferred C. In Spiffy's case, each round of A, B and C preferred stock was issued at progressively higher valuations. (Most venture financing valuations are essentially negotiated, i.e., made up, and are determined by the investor and Spiffy's board of directors with virtually no oversight from anyone.)
Spiffy is planning on "going public," i.e., registering its shares in a full commitment underwritten initial public offering on a major stock exchange (probably NASDAQ), commonly called an "IPO." Unfortunately, it turns out that Spiffy's management are actually incompetent and the company got sued in two different class actions that call into question whether Spiffy can continue to suck air long enough to put on some lipstick and stockings and get shoved out the door to the great profit of Spiffy executives and investors.
What should Spiffy do? One thing it can do is go to its insiders–who are highly incented to play ball–and ask them to make bridge loans. Why? Because a bridge loan with a principle that is convertible into shares at some future event does not require a current valuation the way a new round of preferred stock would. That valuation will only occur when the future event comes to pass. Examples of a future event would be an IPO or the next round of equity financing (the "D round" in this case).
This gives Spiffy some time–usually not very long, i.e., months not years–to get its valuation up and either line up the underwriting syndicate for its IPO or sell shares in an up round.
That's right–Spiffy would gladly pay on Tuesday for a burger today. This is not complicated.
Bridges to Nowhere
Here's another thing–bridge loans are typically not nine figure sums. They may be millions but usually are much less. If I had to guess, I would guess that the terms of Spotify's loans–which appear to be pending, as in not closed–are going to get a lot sweeter for the lenders. As long as the convert event is not a down round it may not be that bad for investors, although it will almost certainly be highly dilutive for employees.
The problem with bridge loan investors is that one bridge can turn into another if the burn rate stays high. Remember this part from the FT?
Once the bubble starts to burst, you can just forget the ever higher valuations. Like Southern California real estate, what goes up must come down no matter what the streaming boosters or California real estate brokers would have you believe.
Just like people rushing around trying to dump Spotify stock in the secondary market in a desperate search for the greater fool.
And of course we all know who will be left holding the bag, right?
Artists and songwriters who watched a perfectly good business destroyed.
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text:
UNAMA's senior leadership team consists of Tadamichi Yamamoto, Ingrid Hayden and Toby Lanzer.
Special Representative of the Secretary-General
Tadamichi Yamamoto
Tadamichi Yamamo to was appointed as the Secretary-General's Special Representative for Afghanistan and Head of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) in June 2016.
At the time of his appointment Mr. Yamamoto was serving as the Secretary-General's Deputy Special Representative for Afghanistan (Political Affairs), a position he had held since November 2014.
Mr. Yamamoto served as Ambassador of Japan to Hungary from 2012 and was the Special Representative of the Government of Japan for Afghanistan and Pakistan from 2010 to 2012.
He is a Japanese diplomat with 40 years of professional experience in political affairs, international cooperation and economic development, spanning several continents.
Mr. Yamamoto has held several positions with Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranging from Director-General of the Public Diplomacy Department to Ambassador in charge of International Counter-Terrorism and Reconstruction Assistance to Iraq.
He has also served as the Permanent Delegate of Japan to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
Mr. Yamamoto holds a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering from the Tokyo Institute of Technology and a bachelor's degree from the University of Oxford, UK.
Born in 1950 he is married and has two children.
Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General (Political)
Ingrid Hayden
Ingrid Hayden was appointed as the Secretary-General's Deputy Special Representative for Afghanistan in September 2018.
Before taking up her current appointment, Ms. Hayden had been Acting Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General (Political) in Kabul since January 2018. Before that she was based in New York with the Department of Political Affairs as Head of the Afghanistan Desk since 2014, a position she also held from 2003 to 2007.
Ms. Hayden has extensive experience working in the United Nations in the areas of peace and security, as well as management, with assignments including Afghanistan, Abyei, Chad, Central African Republic, the Sudan, South Sudan and Timor Leste. With more than 25 years of experience in the Organisation, she has held senior positions in the departments of Peacekeeping Operations and Political Affairs, as well as the Executive Office of the Secretary-General. She started her career in the United Nations in the Department of Management. She has undertaken field assignments in Afghanistan, Cambodia, Chad, Timor Leste and Darfur.
Prior to joining the United Nations, Ms. Hayden served with News Corporation, Price Waterhouse and Coopers Lybranth. A citizen of Australia, she graduated from the University of Queensland and is a Member of the Chartered Accountants Association.
Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General (Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator)
Toby Lanzer
Toby Lanzer was appointed as the Secretary-General's Deputy Special Representative for Afghanistan in March 2017. He also holds the posts of UN Resident Coordinator and Humanitarian Coordinator for Afghanistan.
Prior to his current appointment, Mr. Lanzer was UN Regional Humanitarian Coordinator for the Sahel from July 2015 to February 2017.
Since 1992 he has held various positions within the UN system, having served as Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary-General in South Sudan; Chief of Staff of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT); Humanitarian Coordinator for Darfur, Sudan; UNDP Resident Representative in the Central African Republic (CAR); Chief of the Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP), based in UN headquarters, as well as the Head of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in both the Russian Federation and Georgia.
Mr. Lanzer has also worked on human rights issues for non-governmental organisations in Brazil and Chile.
The holder of a post-graduate certificate in forced migration, a master's degree in international affairs with a specialization in economic and political development, and a bachelor's degree in history, Toby Lanzer was educated at the University of Oxford, as well as Columbia University and the University of New Hampshire.


text:
Bruce Chamoff Podcast
Get Exposure
EP 22 – Do Guests Really Enhance Your Show?
Do Guests Really Improve Your Podcast? Intro: You have a podcast now it's time to grow it, build your, audience monetize and more. It's all
Below is the Transcription of the Audio Episode
Click here to listen and rate on Apple Podcasts
Do Guests Really Improve Your Podcast? Intro: You have a podcast now it's time to grow it, build your, audience monetize and more. It's all about becoming a successful podcaster. Now here's your host, Bruce Chamoff. Bruce: Become a successful podcaster with Bruce… Megan: … and Megan, Hi everybody. Bruce: Hi everybody, now we're talking about the lovely art of podcast guests. Megan: Oh boy-- Bruce: And do they make your podcast better? None so good or does it not change the quality at all? Now I know that Megan has a lot of opinions on this one and a lot of advice and suggestions. So Megan, I'm going to let you start it off and I'll give my opinion after. Megan what do you think about having podcasts guests on the show? Megan: Well, the New York City Podcast Network has over 500 podcasts. I've listened to 90% of them. I've listened to the ones with guests, without guests. I will tell you that very, very few with guests do I ever like, if any. Bruce: How come? Megan: Because there are many podcasters out there that seem to think that having a guest is wonderful. There's one particular podcaster who is amazing. Bruce: Oh yeah. Megan: They... Bruce: I know that podcaster. Megan: … they put a guest on every single week, no matter who the guest is and they are dynamic, they are incredible and their guest is a dud. The guest is never as enthusiastic as them. Bruce: You really do have an opinion this wow. Megan: I've listened to their podcast all the time. And I just think the person would be much better off giving a chat or talking about something on their own, perhaps researching it, or maybe having every other podcast, that they do a guest, and making sure the guest is high quality. Because if you have a dull person who is monotone, they are going to lose your audience and you could lose your podcast fanbase for good. But I've heard so many of this. I mean, I can't begin to tell you how many people have bad podcasts with guests -- Now some of the best podcasts I have. I'm not saying you shouldn't have-- I like when people have a co-host, actually, my favourite podcast and I'm not mentioning any anybody's thing is one where there's three people on it. There's a couple that has 3 people-- Bruce: Oh yeah, yeah. Megan: And I have listened to this person's podcasts. Maybe they have a hundred of them-- Hysterical I am a big fan of people playing off each other. If you have 3 charismatic people-- Bruce: But don't you think that some podcasts guests, actually could play off the host and vice versa. Oh, by the way, everybody, I just want to ask you to rate us on apple podcasts, give us five stars, please. Or, any stars as long as just get us a rating. And we want to help you guys succeed. Sorry, Megan. So my question for you is, and you can keep on going. And obviously Megan has a very strong opinion about this. Megan: I know that when you have-- When have you on the podcast and it's on parenting. If you have a podcast that's on self-help sometimes they like to bring in a person. There have been on the network, the New York City Podcast. There are some podcasts that have such horrific guests that have no inflection. You know what? It could also be they could edit it a lot better too, because you know what? You can improve your podcasting with good editing, which we will cover somewhere else. Bruce: I want to ask you something. You mentioned something that was very intriguing to me. You said if the podcast, oh, she mentioned a couple of things. And just to let everybody know, some of you have a guest on your podcast. And I think that podcast guests are okay if they don't do something that Megan actually mentioned, which is become monotone. So you said some of the podcast guests that you heard are duds, but I would say not all of them, as long as they're just as dynamic as the host. Megan: They have to be relevant and dynamic-- Bruce: Relevant and dynamic, yeah dynamics. Megan: They have to have the same level of energy as the host. Now I know a very dynamic podcast host who constantly has horrific sounding guests. And this podcast is making me crazy because- Bruce: But you like the host, the host you like. Megan: The host is the best I've ever heard. Bruce: One of the best podcast hosts out there. Megan: This podcast host is my favourite podcaster out there, but, she continuously has terrible guests. So-- Bruce: As long as she's a great hostess and she can carry the whole show. Megan: She is a great host and I listen to the show because I love the podcaster. And then there's a couple of people that I have seen that had wonderful topic matters, that wonderful topics... Bruce: Just wonderful. Megan: … on nutrition on family and they had a guest that was so awful and not to the point. Now, if you do have a guest, I highly recommend that you pre-plan your question. Bruce: Yea definitely pre-plan the question. Megan: You don't want to hear the host saying, well, today I did my, totally off topic. Bruce: I agree with that. I mean, I'll say this. I think that first of all, podcast, guests are very important for making the podcast as dynamic as possible because let's face it I mean, no matter how good the host is, you're going to get tired of that host voice, not all of them. I get it. And a podcast guest is a great way of bringing in some, some variety into your episodes but I will suggest that you don't have guests every single episode. Like a lot of the people do. A lot of podcasters have guests-- Megan: Every episode. Bruce: I don't believe you can connect with the audience that way. Megan: And they are so desperate they take horrible guests. like this person walks around the beach, collecting, garbage or something stupid. Bruce: The one thing I didn't like about this one particular podcast I heard is that the podcast guests kept talking about how great he was. I'm a millionaire and he talked about, my childhood and how my father instilled all these great values into me, now I instil the same values into my kids. And now my kids are taking off after me. And I went to this college and I have that degree. You know what? It wasn't relevant to the subject matter- it's nice to get the credentials. I get it. Megan: What about the people that want to come on and promote their book? Now, if they want to do it they have to-- I have seen quite a few people promoting things on podcasts and in a bad way. If you want to promote something, you should have a pre made script that's going to come out and draw the audience. Basically why should they, what are they going to gain from your book? What are they going to gain from your movie? What did they have to gain in it? Because time is valuable to people in this world. People are busy, they're working hard, they have families and they don't want to waste their time. Bruce: Yes, yes I agree. Plan the questions with the guests that's for sure. Megan: Plan your guest questions and I know it's time consuming, but it wouldn't hurt to rehearse possibly, or send them a list of the questions. And then when they answer, don't be afraid to cut them off, to keep things flowing. Bruce: That's a good point. I wouldn't say about cutting them off, but more about giving them a time limit and then say, hey, look, when you're talking, you hold up a 30 second wrap up sign. No, you do this like two fingers or something like that say, okay, you're going to wrap it up. Cause you don't want to embarrass the guest as well. Megan: No what I do is I just wait for a little break in the conversation and I interject the next question. Bruce: Oh wow. Megan: But I'm not the type of person that would ever have a podcast guest because I get very impatient with people. And I guess I'm too much of a control freak of a podcast. To want somebody to take it out, towards them. So not for me, guests. I like, co-hosting I like stuff like that, but-- Bruce: You are an amazing co-host. Megan: I have been guests on podcasts and I don't mind being a guest, but if I'm having a podcast and you want to be my guest, you'll have a tough time. Bruce: Yeah. And I think everybody Megan's got some good points. I would say that you can have some episodes with guests and some with not. Because remember that you still want your audience to connect with you. And if you're having a guest, every single show, it's kind of hard to connect with your audience. You're just talking to them and you're asking them questions. So I would say you want some episodes where it's just you and the host or the co-host, because it's important to know that your audience is listening to you. They want to hear your voice, but you can always bring in a podcast guest to break up the monotony of your voice as well. Cause I know that my favourite podcast I get tired of the hosts. It's just the way we are. We get tired of things when we hear them too much. And that's okay. But you bring in a guest once in a while. It's fine. But I will say this, you should definitely definitely make sure that you're connecting with the audience at the same time that the guest is on. And you can also tell the guests that they can connect with the audience too. Make that a requirement because you don't want to lose your audience members. If you listened to the last episode that we came out with, which is called connecting with your audience for growth, that has a lot more information. So you can definitely check that one out. And I would say for sure, we do a lot of these things where we don't have a lot of guests on our podcast on this one, because I think that I would rather talk to the audience, just you, the audience members for sure. And, give all the strategies and tips and even secrets that make a successful podcast and make you a successful podcaster. So it's really important for that one. We're going to take a quick break and then we're going to talk, we're going to wrap this up with a list, a summary, and then we're going to play some music. See you guys after the break. And we're back, now we're going to wrap this up, Megan, and then Megan's going to select a song to play. Megan: Oh, I have it chosen already. My favourite-- Bruce: Don't tell me yet. Don't tell me let's get the recap out of the way. And then you'll surprise me with the songs. So now we're going to just take the last segment before the break, and we're just going to recap. So first and foremost, when you want a guest on your show, give the guest pre-planned questions that's number one. Number two, if you have a guest, make sure that the guest knows the time limit. And you can always hold your fingers up and give them like a warning, like a 60 or a 30 second warning that they're going to have to stop and get ready for the next question. And why not? They do it in all the presidential debates. Oh, we had that last one, a real, crazy presidential debate, but they did it. They have a moderator, right now Megan is doing cat ears with their hands. That's another trademark of yours. Or did I start that? So number three and probably the most important one is, do not have a guest every single episode. I think that kind of alienates the audience. Remember you are a podcaster and you want people to hear you, not the guests for the most part. So I think it's important that the audience connects with the co-host and the host and not always just the guest. But it's always nice to have a guest every once in a while so you break up the monotony of the voice of the podcast host. Break up the monotony of the podcast host. Okay. And that's it. Megan is going to select a song to play. You guys can get my music on Spotify. Megan, what's the song? Megan: From 1999. Bruce: Oh my gosh. Megan: From the album "In Your World", the title truck "In Your World" by Bruce Chamoff. Bruce: Oh, wow. Megan: My favourite. Bruce: Wow that's 1999. Here it is 2021. Was it 22 years ago? Megan: But it's a beauty. I hope you all love it as much as I do. Bruce: I hope you all love it as much as had fun producing it back in 1998 before it came out. Megan: Well, I listen to this song almost every day. It's one of- Bruce: Do you? Megan: It's on my Spotify list. Bruce: You listen to In Your World every day? Megan: I listen to In My World, every time I'm in the car, I love that album. Bruce: Wow. Megan: You know I only basically listen to that album. Go on Spotify and check this out. It's a little 80sish, a little baldish. If you like David Foster, Bruce is a phenomenal, ballad composer. Bruce: Oh, thank you. Megan: And he's, also a very prodigy like pianist. You can hear a lot of his musical ability on this album. Bruce: Thank you. Megan: And he's gone into more rock, which is, a lot of that's for other people. It's good stuff now, but I liked it in the beginning. Bruce: Oh, I never knew you felt that way about this song that we're going to play. And yeah, I was a--, I don't think I sang that well back then, but I was able to hold a couple of notes in this song. I don't know, but this song, I played a piano and I had Joe Bourgeois play the bass and the guitar. A musician I haven't worked with in 20 years since that album came out. Megan: It's a gorgeous song. Bruce: Thank you. Well, let's get into it right now we're going to play In Your World which is the title track from the album In Your World from 1999.
More Latest Episodes From Bruce Chamoff
EP 41 – Best Instagram Hashtags for Podcasters
EP 39 – Why Podcasters Need A Mobile App For Audience Growth With Guest John Lee
EP 38 – What makes Your Podcast Successful – With Podcaster Frank Sasso
EP 36 – How To Make Single-Host Podcasts Work
EP 34 – My Podcast Audience Has Dropped. Now What? With Professor Pete Alexander
EP 31 – Why Your Podcast Needs A Blog To Grow Your Audience
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The topic of monetization in IoT was hot in 2016 and continues to be a hot topic in the new year. Last year at IoTDevCon, Sam Colley, CEO Pod Group USA, added his voice to the influencers striving to show how to get long term value from the booming IoT expansion. In terms of revenue, the market potential is clear, but there is no one-size-fits-all monetization model for the IoT because the needs of different companies vary hugely. The secret lies in the solution itself, because in order to ensure return in the IoT marketplace, it is services more than products that will be essential. Pod Group's focus on and dedication to R&D, coupled with a growing list of IoT ecosystem partners, allows us to continuing creating and offering valuable services to the IoT market.
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PodM2M's data connectivity solution is poised to be this focal point, the power behind the hub and the means for a connected system to transmit data seamlessly, continuously and reliably.
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