That's when the atmosphere at NASCAR's 2.5-mile oval changed into something rare; fans of all 43 drivers uniting as one, they stood and roared in approval of the type of achievement you don't see in person but once a lifetime. So as that No. 21 Ford crossed the finish line, the walls of the infield couldn't keep out 21 years of passion for motorsports in my own heart. Before I could control it, my hands were coming together to join them, caught up with fans and media alike in a moment we could all appreciate – but one fans and media are told never, ever to experience together.
Bowles goes on to assert that his display of enthusiasm at the track did nothing to impede his ability to write a dispassionate report of the event. Well, I sure hope he's right about that, because what this nation really needs is dispassionate NASCAR coverage, can I get an amen?
Graydon pointed out that his feelings about a play become clear to anybody who reads the paper. He's there, after all, to write a review – unlike Tom Bowles, who apparently is there to cover a NASCAR race with all the passion he would bring to a Senate subcommittee.
The particulars of Bowles' case aside, I doubt the media will ever succeed in convincing our audiences that we don't have feelings. We do, and what kind of communicators would we be if we didn't? Let's stop trying so hard to prove that we're objective, and invite our readers and listeners to hold us accountable to a more realistic and demonstrable standard: that we're fair.
But feelings have a liberal bias!


Primrose Cottage, a quaint name that is seemingly deceptive, has enchanted visitors with its presence in charming, historic Roswell since 1839. Roswell King built the home for his daughter. The wedding venue itself is large in size, but offers a very intimate setting, perfect for your spring or summer wedding. Nestled on the edge of a stately front lawn, the three-story home and ballroom are hidden from outside view. Primrose Cottage possesses secret, luring its guests to a quest of discovery.
Inside the historic wedding venue in Roswell, Georgia, the glass-encased Overlook Ballroom's views never disappoint. During any season, the beauty of the natural surrounding is breathtaking. From this space, guests get a commanding view of the captivating forest- the source of serenity and calmness. With floor to ceiling windows, the ballroom mimics being inside a treehouse, suspended in the air and surrounded by nature.
The luxurious Bridal Suite has ample space. There is plenty of room for the girls to primp, chat over mimosas, and get ready for the bride's big day. The Groomsmen Room is a 'man cave' of sorts. In an enclave of exposed brick, the men can reminisce on times gone by and toast to their friend's new era.
From the upper veranda, a bird's-eye view compels visitors down the stairs for an encounter with the gardens below. The English Gardens can be viewed from the upper and lower porches, the garden room, and the ballroom. Primrose Cottage and its gardens have grown as one with the land, each nurturing one another other until it is impossible to separate the two. This makes them the perfect spring or summer wedding venue. Primrose Cottage wedding venue in Roswell, Georgia offers the bride beautiful indoor and outdoor ceremony spaces with a variety of different scenic settings.
We had the most wonderful day! Everything about Primrose was absolutely divine! Guests were very impressed with the quality and quantity of the food....we had the Southern Exposure Buffet with Breakfast Bar, which was a real treat for some of our family who had travelled from England. Staff were fantastic from the planning stage through to the very end of the event and were very friendly and welcoming. Nothing was too much trouble. Would unreservedly recommend.


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Q: How can I use a string in a loop to be used in a dataframe command? Using Python 3 Say I have dataframe named population that contains the series age and education. I am interested in running the command pd.qcut so for example for age I would write pd.qcut(population.age.values, [0, .25, .5, .75, 1],['a','b','c','d']).
I would like to do this for each column (and replace each column) in a loop form, as:
col_name = ['age', 'education']
for i in col_name:

   population.i=pd.qcut(population.i.values, [0, .25, .5, .75, 1],['a','b','c','d'])

But I cannot find the right function that opens the string for me in population.i.values. I tried Poped(i) but it didn't work.
Thanks in advance.

A: You have to use population[i] instead of population.i.
The pandas documentation about indexing explain how to access Series corresponding to colname by doing frame[colname].
When you are doing population.i (called Attribute Access in the doc) pandas is looking for a columns who names actually 'i'.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
High density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions in older people
W. H. Ettinger, R. B. Verdery, P. W. Wahl, Linda P Fried
Background. High density lipoprotein (HDL) may be an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease in older people. HDL is heterogeneous with several subfractions. This article describes the distribution and correlates of HDL2 cholesterol (C) and EDL3-C in older people. Methods. HDL subfraction cholesterols were measured in 1,127 females and 825 males ≥ 65 years old who participated in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Distributions of HDL subfraction cholesterols and bivariate and multivariate relationships were determined in cross-sectional analyses. Results. Mean (± SD) concentrations of HDL subfractions were: HDL-C (M .98 ± .25, 1.2 ± .29 mmol/l). HDL2-C (M .09 ± .08, F .13 ± .09 mmol/l). HDL2-C, but not HDL3-C, was slightly higher with age. Using multivariate analysis both HDL2-C and HDL3-C (in females) were inversely correlated with triglyceride, body weight, and fasting insulin; HDL3-C was inversely correlated with central fat distribution in women. Both HDL2-C and HDL3-C were lower in participants with prevalent cardiovascular disease. However, only HDL3-C was significantly inversely related to carotid stenosis, as measured by ultrasound. Conclusions. The slight increase in HDL-C with age appears to be due to an increase in the HDL2-C subfraction. HDL-C subfractions are independently related to triglyceride levels, body weight, and insulin concentrations in older people, all potentially modifiable risk factors. Both HDL2-C and HDL3-C are lower in older people with prevalent cardiovascular disease, although only HDL3-C was correlated with carotid atherosclerosis. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that HDL subfractions are important risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the elderly.
Journals of Gerontology
Carotid Artery Diseases
Ettinger, W. H., Verdery, R. B., Wahl, P. W., & Fried, L. P. (1994). High density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions in older people. Journals of Gerontology, 49(3).
High density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions in older people. / Ettinger, W. H.; Verdery, R. B.; Wahl, P. W.; Fried, Linda P.
In: Journals of Gerontology, Vol. 49, No. 3, 1994.
Ettinger, WH, Verdery, RB, Wahl, PW & Fried, LP 1994, 'High density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions in older people', Journals of Gerontology, vol. 49, no. 3.
Ettinger WH, Verdery RB, Wahl PW, Fried LP. High density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions in older people. Journals of Gerontology. 1994;49(3).
Ettinger, W. H. ; Verdery, R. B. ; Wahl, P. W. ; Fried, Linda P. / High density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions in older people. In: Journals of Gerontology. 1994 ; Vol. 49, No. 3.
@article{99d15e588e654d379e04250d88157860,
title = "High density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions in older people",
abstract = "Background. High density lipoprotein (HDL) may be an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease in older people. HDL is heterogeneous with several subfractions. This article describes the distribution and correlates of HDL2 cholesterol (C) and EDL3-C in older people. Methods. HDL subfraction cholesterols were measured in 1,127 females and 825 males ≥ 65 years old who participated in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Distributions of HDL subfraction cholesterols and bivariate and multivariate relationships were determined in cross-sectional analyses. Results. Mean (± SD) concentrations of HDL subfractions were: HDL-C (M .98 ± .25, 1.2 ± .29 mmol/l). HDL2-C (M .09 ± .08, F .13 ± .09 mmol/l). HDL2-C, but not HDL3-C, was slightly higher with age. Using multivariate analysis both HDL2-C and HDL3-C (in females) were inversely correlated with triglyceride, body weight, and fasting insulin; HDL3-C was inversely correlated with central fat distribution in women. Both HDL2-C and HDL3-C were lower in participants with prevalent cardiovascular disease. However, only HDL3-C was significantly inversely related to carotid stenosis, as measured by ultrasound. Conclusions. The slight increase in HDL-C with age appears to be due to an increase in the HDL2-C subfraction. HDL-C subfractions are independently related to triglyceride levels, body weight, and insulin concentrations in older people, all potentially modifiable risk factors. Both HDL2-C and HDL3-C are lower in older people with prevalent cardiovascular disease, although only HDL3-C was correlated with carotid atherosclerosis. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that HDL subfractions are important risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the elderly.",
author = "Ettinger, {W. H.} and Verdery, {R. B.} and Wahl, {P. W.} and Fried, {Linda P}",
journal = "Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences",
publisher = "Gerontological Society of America",
T1 - High density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions in older people
AU - Ettinger, W. H.
AU - Verdery, R. B.
AU - Wahl, P. W.
AU - Fried, Linda P
N2 - Background. High density lipoprotein (HDL) may be an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease in older people. HDL is heterogeneous with several subfractions. This article describes the distribution and correlates of HDL2 cholesterol (C) and EDL3-C in older people. Methods. HDL subfraction cholesterols were measured in 1,127 females and 825 males ≥ 65 years old who participated in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Distributions of HDL subfraction cholesterols and bivariate and multivariate relationships were determined in cross-sectional analyses. Results. Mean (± SD) concentrations of HDL subfractions were: HDL-C (M .98 ± .25, 1.2 ± .29 mmol/l). HDL2-C (M .09 ± .08, F .13 ± .09 mmol/l). HDL2-C, but not HDL3-C, was slightly higher with age. Using multivariate analysis both HDL2-C and HDL3-C (in females) were inversely correlated with triglyceride, body weight, and fasting insulin; HDL3-C was inversely correlated with central fat distribution in women. Both HDL2-C and HDL3-C were lower in participants with prevalent cardiovascular disease. However, only HDL3-C was significantly inversely related to carotid stenosis, as measured by ultrasound. Conclusions. The slight increase in HDL-C with age appears to be due to an increase in the HDL2-C subfraction. HDL-C subfractions are independently related to triglyceride levels, body weight, and insulin concentrations in older people, all potentially modifiable risk factors. Both HDL2-C and HDL3-C are lower in older people with prevalent cardiovascular disease, although only HDL3-C was correlated with carotid atherosclerosis. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that HDL subfractions are important risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the elderly.
AB - Background. High density lipoprotein (HDL) may be an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease in older people. HDL is heterogeneous with several subfractions. This article describes the distribution and correlates of HDL2 cholesterol (C) and EDL3-C in older people. Methods. HDL subfraction cholesterols were measured in 1,127 females and 825 males ≥ 65 years old who participated in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Distributions of HDL subfraction cholesterols and bivariate and multivariate relationships were determined in cross-sectional analyses. Results. Mean (± SD) concentrations of HDL subfractions were: HDL-C (M .98 ± .25, 1.2 ± .29 mmol/l). HDL2-C (M .09 ± .08, F .13 ± .09 mmol/l). HDL2-C, but not HDL3-C, was slightly higher with age. Using multivariate analysis both HDL2-C and HDL3-C (in females) were inversely correlated with triglyceride, body weight, and fasting insulin; HDL3-C was inversely correlated with central fat distribution in women. Both HDL2-C and HDL3-C were lower in participants with prevalent cardiovascular disease. However, only HDL3-C was significantly inversely related to carotid stenosis, as measured by ultrasound. Conclusions. The slight increase in HDL-C with age appears to be due to an increase in the HDL2-C subfraction. HDL-C subfractions are independently related to triglyceride levels, body weight, and insulin concentrations in older people, all potentially modifiable risk factors. Both HDL2-C and HDL3-C are lower in older people with prevalent cardiovascular disease, although only HDL3-C was correlated with carotid atherosclerosis. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that HDL subfractions are important risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the elderly.
JO - Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences
JF - Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Possible to use UIKit in EAGLView? Is it possible to use the UIKit classes in EAGLView?
For instance, would it somehow be possible to use UIScrollView in EAGLView, or would you need to reimplement something?

A: As I know EAGLView is a UIView so I would say YES
Abstract: The EAGLView class is a UIView subclass ....

Source


text:
Home » Context of '2003: New Electronic Surveillance System Vulnerable to Hacking, Exploitation'
Context of '2003: New Electronic Surveillance System Vulnerable to Hacking, Exploitation'
This is a scalable context timeline. It contains events related to the event 2003: New Electronic Surveillance System Vulnerable to Hacking, Exploitation. You can narrow or broaden the context of this timeline by adjusting the zoom level. The lower the scale, the more relevant the items on average will be, while the higher the scale, the less relevant the items, on average, will be.
January 1, 1995: New Law Gives US Government Better Ability to Wiretap US Phones
The Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) takes effect. CALEA obliges telecommunications providers such as AT&T to give law enforcement agencies and US intelligence organizations the ability to wiretap any domestic or international telephone conversations carried over their networks. In more recent years, the law will be expanded to give law enforcement and intelligence agencies similar abilities to monitor Internet usage by US citizens. [Federal Communications Commission, 2/21/2007]
Entity Tags: Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), AT&T
Timeline Tags: Civil Liberties
1997-August 2007 and After: FBI Builds Digital Collection System Network Enabling Real-Time Monitoring of US Communications
Starting in 1997, the FBI constructs a sophisticated surveillance system that can perform near-instantaneous wiretaps on almost any telephone, cell phone, and Internet communications device, according to documents declassified in August 2007. The system is called the Digital Collection System Network, or DCSNet. It connects FBI wiretapping rooms to switches controlled by land-line operators, Internet-telephony companies, and cellular providers. The documents show that DCSNet is, in reporter Ryan Singel's words, "far more intricately woven into the nation's telecom infrastructure than observers suspected." Steven Bellovin, a computer science professor and surveillance expert, calls DCSNet a "comprehensive wiretap system that intercepts wire-line phones, cellular phones, SMS [short message service, a protocol allowing mobile devices to exchange text messages], and push-to-talk systems." The system is an entire suite of software that together collects, sifts, and stores phone numbers, phone calls, and text messages. The system directly connects FBI wiretapping offices around the country to a sprawling private communications network. DCSNet is composed of three main clients:
The DCS-3000, also called "Red Hook," handles pen-registers and trap-and-traces, a type of surveillance that collects signaling information but not communications content.
The DCS-6000, or "Digital Storm," captures and collects the content—the spoken or written communications—of phone calls and text messages.
The most classified system of the three, the DCS-5000, is used for wiretaps targeting spies or terrorists.
Between the three, the system can allow FBI agents to monitor recorded phone calls and messages in real time, create master wiretap files, send digital recordings to translators, track the location of targets in real time using cell-tower information, and stream intercepts to mobile surveillance vans. The entire system is operated through a private, secure and self-contained backbone that is run for the government by Sprint. Singel gives the following example: "The network allows an FBI agent in New York, for example, to remotely set up a wiretap on a cell phone based in Sacramento, California, and immediately learn the phone's location, then begin receiving conversations, text messages and voicemail pass codes in New York. With a few keystrokes, the agent can route the recordings to language specialists for translation." Dialed numbers are subjected to data mining, including so-called "link analysis." The precise number of US phones being monitored and recorded in this way is classified.
Genesis of DCSNet - The system was made possible by the 1994 Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) (see January 1, 1995), which mandated that telecom providers must build "backdoors" in US telephone switches to be used by government wiretappers. CALEA also ordered telecom firms to install only switching equipment that met detailed wiretapping standards. Before CALEA, the FBI would bring a wiretap warrant to a particular telecom, and that firm would itself create a tap. Now, the FBI logs in directly to the telecom networks and monitors a surveillance target itself through DCSNet. FBI special agent Anthony DiClemente, chief of the Data Acquisition and Intercept Section of the FBI's Operational Technology Division, says the DCS was originally intended in 1997 to be a temporary solution, but has grown into a full-featured CALEA-collection software suite. "CALEA revolutionizes how law enforcement gets intercept information," he says. "Before CALEA, it was a rudimentary system that mimicked Ma Bell." Now, under CALEA, phone systems and Internet service providers have been forced to allow DCSNet to access almost all of its data (see 1997-August 2007 and After).
Security Breaches - The system is vulnerable to hacking and security breaches (see 2003). [Wired News, 8/29/2007]
Entity Tags: Steven Bellovin, Ryan Singel, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Anthony DiClemente, Operational Technology Division (FBI), Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), Digital Collection System, Data Acquisition and Intercept Section (FBI), Sprint/Nextel
1999: Computer Expert Warns of CALEA's Intrusive Potential
Phil Zimmerman, the creator of the highly regarded "Pretty Good Privacy" (PGP) protocols, sounds an alarm about the 1994 Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), which mandated that telephone providers aid government wiretapping "by installing remote wiretap ports onto their digital switches so that the switch traffic would be available for snooping by law enforcement. After CALEA passed (see January 1, 1995), the FBI no longer had to go on-site with wiretapping equipment in order to tap a line—they could monitor and digitally process voice communications from the comfort of the home office.…CALEA opened up a huge can of worms…." Zimmerman writes, "A year after the CALEA passed, the FBI disclosed plans to require the phone companies to build into their infrastructure the capacity to simultaneously wiretap 1 percent of all phone calls in all major US cities. This would represent more than a thousandfold increase over previous levels in the number of phones that could be wiretapped. In previous years, there were only about a thousand court-ordered wiretaps in the United States per year, at the federal, state, and local levels combined. It's hard to see how the government could even employ enough judges to sign enough wiretap orders to wiretap 1 percent of all our phone calls, much less hire enough federal agents to sit and listen to all that traffic in real time. The only plausible way of processing that amount of traffic is a massive Orwellian application of automated voice recognition technology to sift through it all, searching for interesting keywords or searching for a particular speaker's voice. If the government doesn't find the target in the first 1 percent sample, the wiretaps can be shifted over to a different 1 percent until the target is found, or until everyone's phone line has been checked for subversive traffic. The FBI said they need this capacity to plan for the future. This plan sparked such outrage that it was defeated in Congress. But the mere fact that the FBI even asked for these broad powers is revealing of their agenda." [Ars Technica, 12/20/2005]
Entity Tags: Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), Federal Bureau of Investigation, Phil Zimmerman
Late 1999: NSA Begins 'Trailblazer' Data Mining Program
NSA servers used to collect and sift data. [Source: FrancesFarmersRevenge.com]The National Security Agency (see 1952) begins building a massive data-mining system, code-named "Trailblazer," that is intended to sift through reams of digital communications intercepts and find nuggets of information relevant to national security. The program's task is huge—to sort through the 2 million bits of data the NSA collects every hour—and one made even more complex by the relatively new types of wireless, Internet, cell phone, and instant messaging communications now becoming ever more commonplace. Trailblazer is strongly embraced by General Michael Hayden, who became the NSA's director in March 1999. Hayden recognizes from the outset that the NSA is years behind the technological curve, and casts Trailblazer as the future of the agency's intelligence gathering and sorting. In November 1999, Hayden makes Trailblazer the centerpiece of his "100 Days of Change," his plan to transform the agency into a leaner, more efficient organization, fast-tracking the program to vault it ahead of other initiatives. "It was going to structure us to handle the digital revolution," a former intelligence official will recall. But from the outset the program has problems: a meeting between NSA and other government officials in December 1999 is unpromising, and, according to one government oversight official, the program "kicked off with not a real great definition of what it was trying to achieve." Program managers fail to define standard data formats to allow for the proper sorting of information. After six years, $1.2 billion in expenditures, and endless man-hours of work, the utterly failed program will be recognized as the "biggest boondoggle… in the intelligence community" (see January 2006). [Baltimore Sun, 1/29/2006]
Entity Tags: Trailblazer, National Security Agency, Michael Hayden
February 2001: NSA Approaches Qwest, Other Telecoms, For Provision of Domestic Phone Records and Surveillance Access
The NSA asks Qwest, a major US telecommunications firm and a cutting-edge provider of high-tech wireless and Internet connectivity, to reveal information about its customers and their phone calls. Qwest's CEO, Joe Nacchio, refuses after meeting with NSA officials and deciding that the program is illegal without court orders (see February 27, 2001). The NSA refuses to seek court authorization for its wiretaps and electronic surveillance. The NSA will renew its request from Qwest after the 9/11 attacks, and will also ask the firm to help it track suspected terrorists. Other telecommunications firms such as Verizon, AT&T, and BellSouth, will comply with the NSA's requests (see February 2001 and Beyond).
Fears of a 'Digital Pearl Harbor' - According to a former White House official, the NSA's primary purpose before 9/11 is to watch for computer hackers and foreign-government agents trying to hack into the government's computer information systems, particularly those within the Defense Department. Government officials fear a "digital Pearl Harbor" if hackers were ever to seize control of those systems or other key US infrastructures. The former official will say in 2007 that the NSA's proposal to Qwest is, "Can you build a private version of Echelon and tell us what you see?" Echelon is the NSA's enormous signals intelligence (SIGINT) network used by the agency and its counterparts in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Britain. Qwest is constructing a high-speed network for phone and Internet traffic, and the NSA wants Qwest to keep records of its customers' transactions for it. The NSA, another source will say, wants to analyze call, e-mail, and other transmissions' traffic patters for signs of suspicious activity. The White House official will say that telecom firms such as Qwest "have an enormous amount of intelligence-gathering" capability. They don't have to target individual customers to "look for wacky behavior," or "groups communicating with each other in strange patterns." Such information could augment intelligence that the NSA and other agencies were gathering from other sources, and enable the NSA to collect the information it wants without violating laws prohibiting it and other intelligence agencies from directly gathering data on US citizens.
Ill Will from NSA - Nacchio's refusal to go along with the NSA's request garners it some ill will among the US intelligence community, the former White House official will say. Nacchio will contend that because of his refusal, the NSA denied Qwest a lucrative government contract. A former high-level intelligence official will add that other telecom companies had little problem agreeing to the NSA's requests. Nacchio believes that the NSA's request is illegal under the Telecommunications Act without court orders; the former White House official will acknowledge that it might violate the 1986 Electronic Communications Privacy Act. After 9/11, that law will be amended by the USA Patriot Act to give the government more room to monitor US citizens.
Qwest, Other Telecom Firms Cooperative with Other Agencies - Qwest is apparently less reluctant to share other information with the Pentagon. Qwest began sharing its technology and information as far back as 1997 (see 1997). In May 2001, Commerce Secretary Don Evans will tell the Senate Appropriations Committee that his department helped persuade Qwest to "share proprietory information with the Defense Department to evaluate the vulnerability of its network." Qwest, which serves the Rocky Mountain and West Coast regions of the country, covers the areas that house some of the military's most important command-and-control facilities, including the US Strategic Command. In the 1990s, Qwest began actively pursuing contracts with the Defense Department to build more modern, private, secure networks for defense and intelligence agencies. [National Journal, 11/2/2007]
Meetings with Bush Officials - In court documents filed in 2006 to challenge his prosecution for insider trading and, in heavily redacted form, released to the public in 2007, Nacchio will indicate that telecom executives met frequently with Bush administration officials before 9/11, including Deputy Defense Secretary Paul Wolfowitz, National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice, NSA Director Michael Hayden, and counterterrorism "tsar" Richard Clarke. Many telecom firms are working closely with the government to develop highly classified operations, including joint networks to which the government will have unfettered access. The future director of national intelligence, Mike McConnell, works with telecom firms to expand the cooperation between the telecom industry and the federal government. [Salon, 10/15/2007]
Entity Tags: Condoleezza Rice, US Department of Defense, Bush administration (43), Verizon Communications, AT&T, US Department of Commerce, Senate Appropriations Committee, US Strategic Command, BellSouth, Donald L. Evans, Echelon, Richard A. Clarke, Qwest, Mike McConnell, National Security Agency, Joe Nacchio, Paul Wolfowitz
After September 11, 2001: NSA Begins Huge Data Mining Project Similar to 'Total Information Awareness'
An illustration of the NIMD dataflow. [Source: LibertyThink.com] (click image to enlarge)Shortly after the 9/11 attacks, the NSA awards $64 million in research contracts for a program called Novel Intelligence from Massive Data (NIMD). [New York Times, 5/21/2003; National Journal, 1/20/2006] NIMD is one of several cutting-edge data mining technologies that not only has the capability of finding keywords among millions of electronically monitored communications, but can find hidden relationships among data points, and even critique the thinking and biases of a particular analyst and suggest alternative hypotheses differing from the human analysts' conclusion. Like other data-mining technologies, the NSA will steadfastly refuse to discuss whether NIMD is used to analyze data from domestic surveillance operations. NIMD is designed as an preliminary sort program, to keep human analysts from becoming overwhelmed by raw data. In essence, NIMD is an early-warning system. "NIMD funds research to…help analysts deal with information-overload, detect early indicators of strategic surprise, and avoid analytic errors," according to the "Call for 2005 Challenge Workshop Proposals" released by the Advanced Research and Development Activity (ARDA). ARDA was founded in 1998 to create, design, and field new technologies for US intelligence agencies, particularly the NSA. A selected few Congressional lawmakers (see January 18, 2006) were informed that the warrantless surveillance program authorized by President George W. Bush (see Early 2002) was designed to be an early-warning system for possible terrorist attacks or plans. Assistant Attorney General William Moschella will inform the top Democrats and Republicans on the House and Senate Intelligence committees in December 2002 that the "president determined that it was necessary following September 11 to create an early-warning detection system" to prevent more attacks. He will justify the use of programs such as NIMD by claiming, as NSA director Michael Hayden and other administration officials have repeatedly claimed, that the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), which allows the government to obtain warrants to conduct domestic eavesdropping or wiretapping, "could not have provided the speed and agility required for the early-warning detection system." Many experts outside of the Bush administration feel that NIMD and other programs do not have to operate outside of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) because of limitations in the law, but because of the fact that the programs cannot meet the law's minimum requirements for surveillance. FISA requires that any such surveillance must have a probable cause that the target is a terrorist. NIMD has no such threshold. Steven Aftergood, an expert on intelligence and government secrecy with the Federation of American Scientists, will say in 2006, "Logistically speaking, the early-warning approach may involve a significant increase in the number of surveillance actions. It may be that neither the Justice Department nor the [Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, which approves wiretapping warrants] is prepared to prepare and process several thousand additional FISA applications per year, beyond the 1,700 or so approved in 2004." [National Journal, 1/20/2006] Some experts will later express the opinion that NIMD is the controversial Total Information Awareness program in a slightly different form (see February 2003 and September 2002).
Entity Tags: Senate Intelligence Committee, US Department of Justice, Total Information Awareness, William E. Moschella, Tom Armour, Novel Intelligence from Massive Data, Steven Aftergood, Michael Hayden, National Security Agency, Advanced Capabilities for Intelligence Analysis, Advanced Research and Development Activity, John Poindexter, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, George W. Bush, Federation of American Scientists (FAS), House Intelligence Committee
October 2001: NSA Creates Massive Database of US Citizens' Phone Calls
Former AT&T employee Mark Klein. [Source: PBS]The National Security Agency, as part of its huge, covert, and possibly illegal wiretapping program directed at US citizens (see Spring 2001 and After September 11, 2001), begins collecting telephone records of tens of millions of Americans, using data provided by telecommunications firms such as AT&T, Verizon, and BellSouth (see February 5, 2006). The media will not report on this database until May 2006 (see May 11, 2006). The program collects information on US citizens not suspected of any crime or any terrorist connections. Although informed sources say the NSA is not listening to or recording actual conversations, the agency is using the data to analyze calling patterns in an effort to detect terrorist activity. "It's the largest database ever assembled in the world," says one anonymous source. The NSA intends "to create a database of every call ever made." As a result, the NSA has detailed records of the phone activities of tens of millions of US citizens, from local calls to family and friends to international calls. The three telecommunications companies are working with the NSA in part under the Communications Assistance Act for Law Enforcement (CALEA) (see January 1, 1995 and June 13, 2006) and in part under contract to the agency.
Surveillance Much More Extensive Than Acknowledged - The wiretapping program, which features electronic surveillance of US citizens without court warrants or judicial oversight, is far more extensive than anything the White House or the NSA has ever publicly acknowledged. President Bush will repeatedly insist that the NSA focuses exclusively on monitoring international calls where one of the call participants is a known terrorist suspect or has a connection to terrorist groups (see December 17, 2005 and May 11, 2006), and he and other officials always insist that domestic calls are not monitored. This will be proven false. The NSA has become expert at "data mining," sifting through reams of information in search of patterns. The warrantless wiretapping database is one source of information for the NSA's data mining. As long as the NSA does not collect "personal identifiers"—names, Social Security numbers, street addresses, and the like—such data mining is legal. But the actual efficacy of the wiretapping program in learning about terrorists and possibly preventing terrorist attacks is unclear at best. And many wonder if the NSA is not repeating its activities from the 1950s and 1960s, when it conducted "Operation Shamrock" (see 1945-1975), a 20-year program of warrantless wiretaps of international phone calls at the behest of the CIA and other intelligence agencies. Operation Shamrock, among other things, led to the 1978 passage of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (see 1978). [USA Today, 5/11/2006] In May 2006, former NSA director Bobby Ray Inman will say, "[T]his activity is not authorized" (see May 12, 2006). [Democracy Now!, 5/12/2006]
Secret Data Mining Center - In May 2006, retired AT&T technician Mark Klein, a 22-year veteran of the firm, will file a court affidavit saying that he saw the firm construct a secret data-mining center in its San Francisco switching center that would let the NSA monitor domestic and international communications (see January 2003). And former AT&T workers say that, as early as 2002, AT&T has maintained a secret area in its Bridgeton, Missouri, facility that is likely being used for NSA surveillance (see Late 2002-Early 2003).
Domestic Surveillance Possibly Began Before 9/11 - Though Bush officials admit to beginning surveillance of US citizens only after the 9/11 attacks, some evidence indicates that the domestic surveillance program began some time before 9/11 (see Late 1999, February 27, 2000, December 2000, February 2001, February 2001, Spring 2001, and July 2001).
Entity Tags: Terrorist Surveillance Program, Verizon Communications, Mark Klein, George W. Bush, AT&T, BellSouth, Central Intelligence Agency, Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, Qwest, National Security Agency
October 23, 2001: Justice Department Memo Says Bush Has Power to Order Military Strikes inside US
John Yoo, a deputy assistant attorney general in the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel, and OLC special counsel Robert Delahunty issue a joint memo to White House counsel Alberto Gonzales. The memo claims that President Bush has sweeping extraconstitutional powers to order military strikes inside the US if he says the strikes are against suspected terrorist targets. In the days following the 9/11 attacks, Gonzales asked if Bush could legally order the military to combat potential terrorist activity within the US. The memo is first revealed to exist seven years later (see April 2, 2008) after future OLC head Steven Bradbury acknowledges its existence to the American Civil Liberties Union; it will be released two months after the Bush administration leaves the White House (see March 2, 2009). [US Department of Justice, 10/23/2001 ; American Civil Liberties Union [PDF], 1/28/2009 ; New York Times, 3/2/2009]
Granting Extraordinary, Extraconstitutional Authority to Order Military Actions inside US - Yoo and Delahunty's memo goes far past the stationing of troops to keep watch at airports and around sensitive locations. Instead, the memo says that Bush can order the military to conduct "raids on terrorist cells" inside the US, and even to seize property. "The law has recognized that force (including deadly force) may be legitimately used in self-defense," they write. In 2009, Reuters will write, "The US military could have kicked in doors to raid a suspected terrorist cell in the United States without a warrant" under the findings of the OLC memo. "We do not think that a military commander carrying out a raid on a terrorist cell would be required to demonstrate probable cause or to obtain a warrant," Yoo and Delahunty write. [US Department of Justice, 10/23/2001 ; New York Times, 3/2/2009; Reuters, 3/2/2009] The memo reasons that since 9/11, US soil can be legally construed as being a battlefield, and Congress has no power to restrict the president's authority to confront enemy tactics on a battlefield. [Savage, 2007, pp. 131]
No Constitutional or Other Legal Protections - "[H]owever well suited the warrant and probable cause requirements may be as applied to criminal investigations or to other law enforcement activities, they are unsuited to the demands of wartime and the military necessity to successfully prosecute a war against an enemy. [Rather,] the Fourth Amendment does not apply to domestic military operations designed to deter and prevent foreign terrorist attacks." Any objections based on the Fourth Amendment's ban on unreasonable search and seizures would be invalid since whatever possible infringement on privacy would be trumped by the need to protect the nation from injury by deadly force. The president is "free from the constraints of the Fourth Amendment." The Posse Comitatus Act, which bars the military from operating inside the US for law enforcement purposes, is also moot, the memo says, because the troops would be acting in a national security function, not as law enforcement. [US Department of Justice, 10/23/2001 ; American Civil Liberties Union [PDF], 1/28/2009 ; New York Times, 3/2/2009; Reuters, 3/2/2009; Ars Technica, 3/2/2009] There are virtually no restrictions on the president's ability to use the military because, Yoo and Delahunty write, the nation is in a "state of armed conflict." The scale of violence, they argue, is unprecedented and "legal and constitutional rules" governing law enforcement, even Constitutional restrictions, no longer apply. The US military can be used for "targeting and destroying" hijacked airplanes, they write, or "attacking civilian targets, such as apartment buildings, offices, or ships where suspected terrorists were thought to be." The memo says, "Military action might encompass making arrests, seizing documents or other property, searching persons or places or keeping them under surveillance, intercepting electronic or wireless communications, setting up roadblocks, interviewing witnesses, or searching for suspects." [Newsweek, 3/2/2009] Yoo writes that the Justice Department's criminal division "concurs in our conclusion" that federal criminal laws do not apply to the military during wartime. The criminal division is headed by Michael Chertoff, who will become head of the Department of Homeland Security. [Washington Post, 4/4/2008]
Sweeping Away Constitutional Rights - Civil litigator Glenn Greenwald will later note that the memo gives legal authorization for President Bush to deploy the US military within US borders, to turn it against foreign nationals and US citizens alike, and to render the Constitution's limits on power irrelevant and non-functional. Greenwald will write, "It was nothing less than an explicit decree that, when it comes to presidential power, the Bill of Rights was suspended, even on US soil and as applied to US citizens."
Justifying Military Surveillance - Greenwald will note that the memo also justifies the administration's program of military surveillance against US citizens: "[I]t wasn't only a decree that existed in theory; this secret proclamation that the Fourth Amendment was inapplicable to what the document calls 'domestic military operations' was, among other things, the basis on which Bush ordered the NSA, an arm of the US military, to turn inwards and begin spying—in secret and with no oversight—on the electronic communications (telephone calls and emails) of US citizens on US soil" (see December 15, 2005 and Spring 2004). "If this isn't the unadorned face of warped authoritarian extremism," Greenwald will ask, "what is?" [Salon, 3/3/2009] If the president decides to use the military's spy agency to collect "battlefield intelligence" on US soil, no law enacted by Congress can regulate how he goes about collecting that information, including requiring him to get judicial warrants under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). In 2007, Yoo will say in an interview: "I think there's a law greater than FISA, which is the Constitution, and part of the Constitution is the president's commander in chief power. Congress can't take away the president's powers in running war." [Savage, 2007, pp. 131; PBS Frontline, 5/15/2007] Cheney and Addington will push the NSA to monitor all calls and e-mails, including those beginning and ending on US soil, but the NSA will balk. Domestic eavesdropping without warrants "could be done and should be done," Cheney and Addington argue, but the NSA's lawyers are fearful of the legal repercussions that might follow once their illegal eavesdropping is exposed, with or without the Justice Department's authorization. The NSA and the White House eventually reach a compromise where the agency will monitor communications going in and out of the US, but will continue to seek warrants for purely domestic communications (see Spring 2001, After September 11, 2001, and October 2001). [Savage, 2007, pp. 131]
Military Use Considered - In 2009, a former Bush administration lawyer will tell a reporter that the memo "gave rise to the Justice Department discussing with the Defense Department whether the military could be used to arrest people and detain people inside the United States. That was considered but rejected on at least one occasion." The lawyer will not give any indication of when this will happen, or to whom. Under the proposal, the suspects would be held by the military as "enemy combatants." The proposal will be opposed by the Justice Department's criminal division and other government lawyers and will ultimately be rejected; instead, the suspects will be arrested under criminal statutes. [Los Angeles Times, 3/3/2009]
Entity Tags: Steven Bradbury, US Department of Homeland Security, US Department of Defense, Robert J. Delahunty, Office of Legal Counsel (DOJ), Bush administration (43), Michael Chertoff, Alberto R. Gonzales, National Security Agency, American Civil Liberties Union, Glenn Greenwald, George W. Bush, US Department of Justice, John C. Yoo
2003: New Electronic Surveillance System Vulnerable to Hacking, Exploitation
An internal audit shows that the cutting-edge electronic surveillance system, DCSNet (see 1997-August 2007 and After), is unacceptably vulnerable to hacking and exploitation. The audit finds numerous security vulnerabilities, including the allowing of multiple and shared logins, a lack of firewall and antivirus software, and Windows-based vulnerabilities surrounding the operating system's administrative functions. Steven Bellovin, a computer science professor and surveillance expert, says the risks from insiders are particularly worrisome. "The underlying problem isn't so much the weaknesses here, as the FBI attitude towards security," he says. The FBI assumes "the threat is from the outside, not the inside," and believes that "to the extent that inside threats exist, they can be controlled by process rather than technology." He considers the entire system at risk both from insiders and hackers from outside. "Any time something is tappable there is a risk," Bellovin says. "I'm not saying, 'Don't do wiretaps,' but when you start designing a system to be wiretappable, you start to create a new vulnerability. A wiretap is, by definition, a vulnerability from the point of the third party. The question is, can you control it?" [Wired News, 8/29/2007]
Entity Tags: Digital Collection System, Steven Bellovin, Federal Bureau of Investigation
2004: Justice Department Official to FISA Judge: Administration Has Used Excluded Evidence to Get Warrants
FISC Presiding Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly. [Source: Washington Post]James Baker, counsel for intelligence policy in the Justice Department's Office of Intelligence Policy and Review (no relation to the former Secretary of State James A. Baker), informs the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC) that the government has, at least twice, improperly used excluded evidence from NSA domestic wiretaps to obtain warrants from FISC. Colleen Kollar-Kotelly, the senior FISC judge, is angered by this as both she and her predecessor, Royce Lambeth, have insisted that no evidence obtained from warrantless wiretaps can be used to obtain warrants for further surveillance from FISC. The Justice Department assured them that the administration would never attempt to secure warrants in such a manner. By using the excluded information, the Justice Department rendered useless the federal screening system put in place to keep such evidence from reaching FISC, which did not want to receive it due to the questionable legality of the domestic surveillance program (see December 15, 2005). Kollar-Kotelly's complaint about the use of tainted evidence results in a brief suspension of the NSA wiretapping program. But the practice will continue (see 2005). [Washington Post, 2/9/2006]
Entity Tags: US Department of Justice, James Baker, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, National Security Agency, Office of Intelligence Policy and Review, Bush administration (43), Royce Lambeth, Colleen Kollar-Kotelly
Spring 2004: Justice Department Official Learns of NSA 'Stellar Wind' Domestic Wiretapping, Data Collection Program, Leaks Information to Press
Thomas Tamm. [Source: Newsweek]Thomas Tamm, a veteran Justice Department prosecutor with a high-level security clearance, is finishing up a yearlong post with the Office of Intelligence Policy and Review (OIPR), a Justice Department unit handling wiretaps of suspected terrorists and spies. As his stint is coming to a close, Tamm learns of the existence of a highly classified National Security Agency (NSA) program that is electronically eavesdropping on American citizens—domestic wiretapping. He later learns that "the program," as it is referred to by those few who know of it at all, is called "Stellar Wind."
Concealment from FISA Judges - Tamm learns that the NSA program is being hidden from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) Court, a panel of federal judges who by law must approve and supervise such surveillance for intelligence purposes. OIPR lawyers ask the FISA Court for permission to implement national-security wiretaps. But, Tamm learns, some wiretaps—signed only by Attorney General John Ashcroft—are going to the chief FISA Court judge and not the other ten judges on the FISA panel. The "AG-only" requests are extraordinarily secretive, and involve information gleaned from what is only referred to as "the program"—Stellar Wind. Only a very few White House and US intelligence officials know the name and the nature of "the program." Stellar Wind involves domestic wiretaps on telephones and computer e-mail accounts derived from, but not necessarily linked to, information secured from captured al-Qaeda computers and cell phones overseas. With the voluntary cooperation of American telecommunications companies (see 1997-August 2007 and After, February 2001, February 2001, and February 2001 and Beyond), the NSA program also collects vast amounts of personal data about US citizens' phone and e-mail communications. The program also collects an enormous amount of financial information from the Treasury Department (see February 28, 2006), all collected as part of the NSA's "data mining" efforts (see Late 1999 and After September 11, 2001).
Program Is 'Probably Illegal,' Says DOJ Official - Tamm, suspicious about the unusual requests, asks his supervisors about the program, and is told to drop the subject. "[N]o one wanted to talk about it," he will recall. Tamm asks one of his supervisors, Lisa Farabee, "Do you know what the program is?" Farabee replies: "Don't even go there.… I assume what they are doing is illegal." Tamm is horrified. His first thought, he will later recall, is, "I'm a law enforcement officer and I'm participating in something that is illegal?" Tamm soon finds out from deputy OIPR counsel Mark Bradley that the chief FISA judge, Colleen Kollar-Kotelly, is raising unwanted questions about the warrant requests (see 2004 and 2005), and "the AG-only cases are being shut down." Bradley adds, "This may be [a time] the attorney general gets indicted."
Request for Guidance Turned Down - For weeks, Tamm agonizes over what to do. He seeks guidance from a former colleague, Sandra Wilkinson, who now works on the Senate Judiciary Committee. The two have coffee in the Senate cafeteria, and Tamm asks Wilkinson to ask if anyone on the committee knows anything about "the program." Weeks go by without a response, and Tamm sends Wilkinson an e-mail from his OIPR computer—an e-mail that will later alert the FBI to Tamm's interest in Stellar Wind. During a second conversation, Wilkinson refuses to give Tamm any information. "Well, you know, then," he replies, "I think my only option is to go to the press."
Contacting the New York Times - Tamm finally decides to contact the New York Times's Eric Lichtblau, who has written several stories on the Justice Department that impressed Tamm. By this point he has transferred out of OIPR and back into a Justice Department office that would allow him to return to the courtroom. Tamm calls Lichtblau from a pay phone near the US District Courthouse in Washington. "My whole body was shaking," he will recall. He identifies himself only as "Mark" (his middle name), and arranges to meet Lichtblau at a bookstore near the Justice Department. (In his 2008 book Bush's Law: The Remaking of American Justice, Lichtblau describes Tamm as "a walk-in" source who was "agitated about something going on in the intelligence community." Lichtblau will describe Tamm as wary and "maddeningly vague," but as they continue to meet—usually in bookstores and coffee shops in the Capitol District—Tamm's "credibility and his bona fides became clear and his angst appears sincere. Eighteen months later, after finally overriding a request and warning from President Bush not to print the story (see December 6, 2005), the Times reports on the existence of the NSA program (see December 15, 2005). [Ars Technica, 12/16/2008; Newsweek, 12/22/2008]
Entity Tags: Mark Bradley, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Eric Lichtblau, Colleen Kollar-Kotelly, Bush administration (43), 'Stellar Wind', Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, Lisa Farabee, Senate Judiciary Committee, Thomas Tamm, Sandra Wilkinson, Office of Intelligence Policy and Review, New York Times, US Department of the Treasury, National Security Agency, US Department of Justice, John Ashcroft
2005: FISA Judge Complains of Illegal Evidence Being Used to Secure Wiretapping Warrants
Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly, the presiding judge over the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), warns the Justice Department that if it does not stop using evidence collected with warrantless wiretaps to obtain warrants to continue surveillance, her court will be more reluctant to grant warrants for surveillance. Kollar-Kotelly has complained about this before (see 2004). Though both Kollar-Kotelly and her predecessor, Judge Royce Lambeth, express concerns to senior officials that Bush's warrantless wiretapping program is inherently unconstitutional, neither judge feels that they have the authority to rule on the president's power to order such surveillance. Instead, they work to preserve the integrity of the FISA process. Eventually, the judges reach a compromise with government lawyers: any case using evidence from warrantless wiretaps that is to be presented to the judges for FISA warrants to continue monitoring the same suspects will be "tagged," and that evidence will not be used to obtain warrants. Those cases, numbering less than ten a year, are to be presented only to the presiding judge. Lambeth and Kollar-Kotelly both feel that the process will work primarily because of the trust they have developed in James Baker, the Justice Department's liaison to FISC. Part of the problem stems from contradictory statements and claims from the administration; after the wiretapping program began (see After September 11, 2001, NSA chief Michael Hayden and then-Attorney General John Ashcroft made it clear in private meetings with the judges that President Bush wanted to gain all possible information on any potential terrorist attacks, and that such information-gathering must by necessity go beyond the FISA court's probable-cause requirement. But more recent assertions by Hayden and Ashcroft's successor, Alberto Gonzales (see December 19, 2005, claiming that NSA analysts do not listen to domestic calls unless they already have some evidence that one of the parties to the call has links to terrorism, contradict earlier administration claims to the judges. Kollar-Kotelly suspects that the entire truth of the matter is not being presented to her and the FISC. Her suspicions are validated when her court is, in spite of administration reassurances, again presented with warrant applications based on illegally obtained evidence (see Late 2005). [Washington Post, 2/9/2006]
Entity Tags: Royce Lambeth, US Department of Justice, National Security Agency, John Ashcroft, Alberto R. Gonzales, Colleen Kollar-Kotelly, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, George W. Bush, James Baker, Michael Hayden
December 6, 2005: Bush Tries to Convince New York Times to Kill Wiretapping Story
Arthur Sulzberger. [Source: New York Times]George W. Bush summons New York Times publisher Arthur Sulzberger and Times editor Bill Keller to the Oval Office to try to dissuade them from running a landmark story revealing the NSA's illegal wiretapping program (see December 15, 2005) that he authorized in 2002 (see Early 2002). In the meeeting, Bush warns Sulzberger and Keller that "there'll be blood on your hands" if another terrorist attack were to occur, obviously implying that to reveal the nature of the program would invite terrorist strikes. Bush is unsuccessful in his attempt to quash the story. [Newsweek, 12/21/2005; Newsweek, 12/22/2008]
Entity Tags: New York Times, Arthur Sulzberger, George W. Bush, National Security Agency, Bill Keller
December 15, 2005: New York Times Reveals Bush Authorized Warrantless Wiretapping of Domestic Communications
New York Times headline from article revealing NSA surveillance. [Source: CBS News]The New York Times reveals that after the 9/11 attacks, President Bush granted the National Security Agency (NSA) secret authorization to eavesdrop on Americans and others inside the US without going through the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) court to obtain legal warrants (see Early 2002. The administration justifies its actions by claiming such eavesdropping, which includes wiretapping phones and reading e-mails, is necessary to find evidence of terrorist activities, and says the nation needs the program after the 9/11 attacks exposed deficiencies in the US intelligence community's information gathering process, and because of what they characterize as the "handcuffing" of US intelligence agencies by restrictive laws. The Times has had the article for over a year; the White House prevailed on the Times not to publish its findings for that time, arguing that publication would jeopardize continuing investigations and warn potential terrorists that they were under scrutiny. Many believe that the White House wanted to delay the publication of the article until well after the 2004 presidential elections. The Times delayed publication for over a year, and agreed to suppress some information that administration officials say could be useful to terrorists. (Less than two weeks before the article is published, Bush tries to convince the Times not to print the article at all: see December 6, 2005.) Two days after the Times publishes its article, Bush will acknowledge the order, and accuse the Times of jeopardizing national security (see December 17, 2005). The NSA program eavesdrops without warrants on up to 500 people in the US at any given time, officials say; the overall numbers have likely reached into the thousands. Overseas, up to 7,000 people suspected of terrorist ties are being monitored. Officials point to the discovery of a plot by Ohio trucker and naturalized US citizen and alleged al-Qaeda supporter Iyman Faris to bring down the Brooklyn Bridge with blowtorches as evidence of the program's efficacy. They also cite the disruption of an al-Qaeda plot to detonate fertilizer bombs outside of British pubs and train stations by the program. But, officials say, most people targeted by the NSA for warrantless wiretapping have never been charged with a crime, and many are targeted because of questionable evidence and groundless suspicion. Many raise an outcry against the program, including members of Congress, civil liberties groups, immigrant rights groups, and others who insist that the program undermines fundamental Constitutional protections of US citizens' civil liberties and rights to privacy. Several other government programs to spy on Americans have been challenged, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)'s surveillance of US citizens' library and Internet usage, the monitoring of peaceful antiwar protests, and the proposed use of public and private databases to hunt for terrorist links. In 2004, the Supreme Court overturned the administration's claim that so-called "enemy detainees" were not entitled to judicial review of their indefinite detentions. Several senior officials say that when the warrantless wiretapping program began, it operated with few controls and almost no oversight outside of the NSA itself. The agency is not required to seek the approval of the Justice Department or anyone else outside the FISA court for its surveillance operations. Some NSA officials wanted nothing to do with a program they felt was patently illegal, according to a former senior Bush administration official. Internal concerns about the program prompted the Bush administration to briefly suspend the program while Justice Department officials audited it and eventually provided some guidelines for its operations. A complaint from Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly, the federal judge who oversees the FISA Court, helped spur the suspension, according to officials. Kollar-Kotelly questioned whether information obtained under the program was being improperly used as the basis for FISA wiretap warrant requests from the Justice Department. Some government lawyers say that the Justice Department may have deliberately misled Kollar-Kotelly and the FISA court about the program in order to keep the program under wraps. The judge insisted to Justice Department officials that any material gathered under the program not be used in seeking wiretap warrants from her court. The question also arose in the Faris case, when senior Justice Department officials worried that evidence obtained by warrantless wiretapping by the NSA of Faris could be used in court without having to lie to the court about its origins. [New York Times, 12/15/2005]
Entity Tags: US Supreme Court, George W. Bush, US Department of Justice, Iyman Faris, National Security Agency, New York Times, Al-Qaeda, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, Colleen Kollar-Kotelly
February 28, 2006: Saudi Charitable Organization Sues Bush Administration Over Alleged Illegal Wiretapping
The Al Haramain Islamic Foundation, a now-defunct Saudi Arabian charitable organization that once operated in Oregon, sues the Bush administration [Associated Press, 2/28/2006] over what it calls illegal surveillance of its telephone and e-mail communications by the National Security Agency, the so-called Terrorist Surveillance Program. The lawsuit may provide the first direct evidence of US residents and citizens being spied upon by the Bush administration's secret eavesdropping program, according to the lawsuit (see December 15, 2005). According to a source familiar with the case, the NSA monitored telephone conversations between Al Haramain's director, then in Saudi Arabia, and two US citizens working as lawyers for the organization and operating out of Washington, DC. The lawsuit alleges that the NSA violated the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (see 1978), the US citizens' Fourth Amendment rights, and the attorney-client privilege. FISA experts say that while they are unfamiliar with the specifics of this lawsuit, they question whether a FISA judge would have allowed surveillance of conversations between US lawyers and their client under the circumstances described in the lawsuit. Other lawsuits have been filed against the Bush administration over suspicions of illegal government wiretapping, but this is the first lawsuit to present classified government documents as evidence to support its contentions. The lawsuit alleges that the NSA illegally intercepted communications between Al Haramain officer Suliman al-Buthe in Saudi Arabia, and its lawyers Wendell Belew and Asim Ghafoor in Washington. One of its most effective pieces of evidence is a document accidentally turned over to the group by the Treasury Department, dated May 24, 2004, that shows the NSA did indeed monitor conversations between Al Haramain officials and lawyers. When Al Haramain officials received the document in late May, 2004, they gave a copy to the Washington Post, whose editors and lawyers decided, under threat of government prosecution, to return the document to the government rather than report on it (see Late May, 2004). [Washington Post, 3/2/2006; Washington Post, 3/3/2006] Lawyer Thomas Nelson, who represents Al Haramain and Belew, later recalls he didn't realize what the organization had until he read the New York Times's December 2005 story of the NSA's secret wiretapping program (see December 15, 2005). "I got up in the morning and read the story, and I thought, 'My god, we had a log of a wiretap and it may or may not have been the NSA and on further reflection it was NSA,'" Nelson will recall. "So we decided to file a lawsuit." Nelson and other lawyers were able to retrieve one of the remaining copies of the document, most likely from Saudi Arabia, and turned it over to the court as part of their lawsuit. [Wired News, 3/5/2007]
Al Haramain Designated a Terrorist Organization - In February 2004, the Treasury Department froze the organization's US financial assets pending an investigation, and in September 2004, designated it a terrorist organization, citing ties to al-Qaeda and alleging financial ties between Al Haramain and the 1998 bombings of two US embassies in Africa (see 10:35-10:39 a.m., August 7, 1998). The organization was disbanded by the Saudi Arabian government in June 2004 and folded into an "umbrella" private Saudi charitable organization, the Saudi National Commission for Relief and Charity Work Abroad (see March 2002-September 2004). In February 2005, the organization was indicted for conspiring to funnel money to Islamist fighters in Chechnya. The charges were later dropped. [US Treasury Department, 9/9/2004; Washington Post, 3/2/2006] The United Nations has banned the organization, saying it has ties to the Taliban. [United Nations, 7/27/2007]
Challenging Designation - In its lawsuit, Al Haramain is also demanding that its designation as a terrorist organization be reversed. It says it can prove that its financial support for Chechen Muslims was entirely humanitarian, with no connections to terrorism or violence, and that the Treasury Department has never provided any evidence for its claims that Al Haramain is linked to al-Qaeda or has funded terrorist activities. [Associated Press, 8/6/2007] The lawsuit also asks for $1 million in damages, and the unfreezing of Al Haramain's US assets. [Associated Press, 8/5/2007]
Administration Seeks to Have Lawsuit Dismissed - The Bush administration will seek to have the lawsuit thrown out on grounds of national security and executive privilege (see Late 2006-July 2007, Mid-2007).
Entity Tags: Wendell Belew, Suliman al-Buthe, Taliban, Washington Post, United Nations, Saudi National Commission for Relief and Charity Work Abroad, US Department of the Treasury, National Security Agency, Thomas Nelson, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, Al Haramain Islamic Foundation, Al-Qaeda, Al Haramain Islamic Foundation (Oregon branch), Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, Asim Ghafoor, Bush administration (43)
May 11, 2006: USA Today Reports NSA, Telecom Firms Cooperating in NSA Domestic Surveillance
USA Today headline. [Source: CBS News]USA Today reports that "[t]he National Security Agency (NSA) has been secretly collecting the phone call records of tens of millions of Americans, using data provided by the nation's three biggest telecommunications providers, AT&T, Verizon, and BellSouth," according to "people with direct knowledge of the arrangement." None of the sources would allow USA Today to identify them by name, job, or affiliation. The USA Today story claims that the NSA program "does not involve the NSA listening to or recording conversations," but does use "the data to analyze calling patterns in an effort to detect terrorist activity," according to their sources. One source says that the NSA program is compiling "the largest database ever assembled in the world," with the goal of creating "a database of every call ever made" within US borders. President Bush has said that the NSA program is focused exclusively on international calls, and for the calls to be recorded, "one end of the communication must be outside the United States." However, this is now shown not to be the case (see January 16, 2004). A US intelligence official says that the NSA program is not recording the actual phone calls themselves, but is collecting what he calls "external" data about the communications to allow the agency to emply "social network analysis" for insight into how terrorist networks are connected with one another. Another large telecommunications company, Qwest, has refused to help the NSA eavesdrop on customer calls (see February 2001, February 2001 and Beyond, and February 27, 2001). USA Today's sources say that the NSA eavesdropping program began after the 9/11 attacks, a claim that is not bolstered by the facts (see 1997, February 27, 2000, February 27, 2000, December 2000, February 2001, February 2001, February 2001 and Beyond, February 2001, Spring 2001, April 2001, April 4, 2001, July 2001, Before September 11, 2001, and Early 2002). The sources say that the three companies agreed to provide "call-detail records," lists of their customers' calling histories, and updates, which would allow the agency to track citizens' calling habits. In return, the sources say, the NSA offered to pay the firms for their cooperation. After the three firms agreed to help the agency, USA Today writes, "the NSA's domestic program began in earnest" (see After September 11, 2001, After September 11, 2001, October 2001, September 2002, and Spring 2004). NSA spokesman Don Weber says the agency is operating strictly "within the law," but otherwise refuses to comment. Former US prosecutor Paul Butler says that the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), which governs surveillance operations by US intelligence agencies, "does not prohibit the government from doing data mining" (see 1978). White House press spokesman Dana Perino says, "There is no domestic surveillance without court approval," and all surveillance activities undertaken by government agencies "are lawful, necessary, and required for the pursuit of al-Qaeda and affiliated terrorists." All government-sponsored intelligence activities "are carefully reviewed and monitored," she adds, and says that "all appropriate members of Congress have been briefed on the intelligence efforts of the United States" (see October 11, 2001 and October 25, 2001 and November 14, 2001). Don Weber, a senior spokesman for the NSA, refuses to discuss the agency's operations, saying: "Given the nature of the work we do, it would be irresponsible to comment on actual or alleged operational issues; therefore, we have no information to provide. However, it is important to note that NSA takes its legal responsibilities seriously and operates within the law." All three firms released similar comments saying that they would not discuss "matters of national security," but were complying with the law in their alleged cooperation with the NSA. The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is suing AT&T for what it calls its complicity in the NSA's "illegal" domestic surveillance program (see January 31, 2006). [USA Today, 5/11/2006]
Entity Tags: Verizon Communications, USA Today, Qwest, Paul Butler, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, Jane Harman, AT&T, BellSouth, National Security Agency, Dana Perino, Don Weber
June 5, 2006: Former Justice Department Official Argues Data Mining is Not Electronic Surveillance
George Terwilliger, a former deputy attorney general under George H. W. Bush, argues that the current Bush administration's controversial data mining program (see Late 1999 and After September 11, 2001) is not illegal. Terwilliger tells the conservative National Review, "I think it's fair to say that the statutes contemplate the transfer of this generic type of data much more on a case-by-case rather than a wholesale basis," meaning that the law calls for a court order only in cases when the government is making a targeted request for information. But, he adds, "I don't see anything in the statute that forbids such a wholesale turnover." Terwilliger's argument echoes the arguments of the Bush Justice Department, which argues that the data mining program—part of the NSA's "Stellar Wind" surveillance program (see Spring 2004 and December 15, 2005)—does not technically constitute "electronic surveillance" under the law. Both the Fourth Amendment and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, as interpreted by the courts, define such actions as "electronic surveillance," according to a number of legal experts, including law professor Orin Kerr. And, Ars Technica reporter Julian Sanchez notes in 2009, "the Stored Communications Act explicitly makes it a crime to 'knowingly divulge a record or other information pertaining to a subscriber to or customer of such service… to any governmental entity.'" Sanchez will call Terwilliger's argument "very strange," but will note that Terwilliger is the attorney for then-Attorney General Alberto Gonzales and "a prominent defender of the administration's surveillance policies." Sanchez will conclude that while the argument "might pass for clever in a high school debate round… [i]t would be deeply unsettling if it [passes] for anything more in the halls of power." [National Review, 6/5/2006; Ars Technica, 12/16/2008]
Entity Tags: US Department of Justice, Alberto R. Gonzales, 'Stellar Wind', Bush administration (43), National Security Agency, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, Julian Sanchez, George Terwilliger, Orin S. Kerr
June 13, 2006: IT Association Warns of Risks in Allowing Law Enforcement, Intelligence Agencies to Wiretap Phones and Internet
Vinton Cerf. [Source: Ipswitch.com]The Information Technology Association of America, an information technology (IT) trade association, presents a paper authored by Internet founder Vinton Cerf and others which notes that the new capabilities of electronic surveillance of Internet, cellular communications, and voice-over internet protocols (VoIP) by US government and law enforcement officials under CALEA (see January 1, 1995) is inherently dangerous for fundamental civil liberties as well as technological innovation. (CALEA mandates that US telecommunications providers such as AT&T give US law enforcement agencies and intelligence organizations the ability to wiretap any domestic or international telephone conversations carried over their networks.) Cerf and his colleagues write, "In order to extend authorized interception much beyond the easy scenario, it is necessary either to eliminate the flexibility that Internet communications allow, or else introduce serious security risks to domestic VoIP implementations. The former would have significant negative effects on US ability to innovate, while the latter is simply dangerous. The current FBI and FCC direction on CALEA applied to VoIP carries great risks." In order to implement the mandates of CALEA, the authors write, the nation's electronic communications systems will become inherently less secure from hackers and others seeking to eavesdrop or disrupt communications, innocent citizens will not be secure from possibly illegal surveillance by law enforcement or intelligence agencies, and the nation's communications systems will face near-insurmountable technological hurdles that will make it difficult for US telecommunications and Internet providers to continue to innovate and improve services. They conclude, "The real cost of a poorly conceived 'packet CALEA' requirement would be the destruction of American leadership in the world of telecommunications and the services built on them. This would cause enormous and very serious national-security implications. Blindly applying CALEA to VoIP and realtime Internet communications is simply not worth this risk." [Information Technology Association of America, 7/13/2006 ]
Entity Tags: Information Technology Association of America, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA), Vinton Cerf, Federal Communications Commission
August 1, 2007: FBI Officials Raid the Home of Suspected Wiretapping Leaker
FBI agents raid the home of former Justice Department prosecutor Thomas Tamm, who is suspected of leaking information to the New York Times regarding the Bush administration's warrantless wiretapping program (see Spring 2004 and December 15, 2005). Tamm previously worked in the Justice Department's Office of Intelligence Policy and Review (OIPR), which oversees surveillance of terrorist and espionage suspects. The FBI agents seize Tamm's computer as well as those of his three children and a store of personal files. They also take some of his books (including one on famed Watergate whistleblower "Deep Throat" (see May 31, 2005), and even the family's Christmas card list. Tamm is not home when the raid is staged, so the agents sit his wife and children around the kitchen table and grill them about Tamm's activities. His oldest son, Terry, will later recall: "They asked me questions like 'Are there any secret rooms or compartments in the house'? Or did we have a safe? They asked us if any New York Times reporters had been to the house. We had no idea why any of this was happening." The raid is part of a leak probe ordered by President Bush (see December 30, 2005). James X. Dempsey of the Center for Democracy and Technology calls the decision to stage the raid "amazing," and says it shows the administration's misplaced priorities: using FBI agents to track down leakers instead of processing intel warrants to close the gaps. [Newsweek, 8/2007; Newsweek, 12/22/2008] In late 2008, Tamm will reveal to Newsweek that he is one source for the Times articles (see December 22, 2008). At the time of the raid, his family has no idea that he knows anything about the wiretapping program, or that he has spoken to reporters. [Newsweek, 12/22/2008]
Entity Tags: Office of Intelligence Policy and Review, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Bush administration (43), 'Stellar Wind', George W. Bush, James X. Dempsey, New York Times, Thomas Tamm, US Department of Justice, Terry Tamm
November 2, 2008: Court Orders Justice Department to Turn Over Legal Documents Relating to NSA Wiretapping Program
A US District Court orders the Justice Department to turn over ten documents from the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel to determine whether they should be released under the Freedom of Information Act. The Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC) and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) say the documents may hold information that would shed light on the legal reasoning behind the Bush administration's "Stellar Wind" warrantless wiretapping program (see Spring 2004 and December 15, 2005). EPIC and the ACLU seek the release of 30 documents from the OLC; Judge Henry Kennedy has ordered that 10 be turned over to him for further examination and 20 others remain classified because of national security considerations. Seven of those documents are about the government's "Terrorist Surveillance Program" (TSP—apparently the same program as, or an element of, Stellar Wind), 12 are FBI documents detailing how TSP had assisted the Bureau in counterterrorism investigations, and one is an OLC memo covered under an exemption for "presidential communications"—presumably a memo written either by, or for, President Bush. [Ars Technica, 11/2/2008]
Entity Tags: Henry H. Kennedy Jr., Electronic Privacy Information Center, Bush administration (43), US Department of Justice, American Civil Liberties Union, Freedom of Information Act, Office of Legal Counsel (DOJ), Terrorist Surveillance Program, 'Stellar Wind'
December 22, 2008: Former Justice Department Prosecutor Reveals Self as Source for NSA Wiretapping Story
Newsweek reveals that Thomas Tamm, a former high-level Justice Department official, was one of the whistleblowers who revealed the government's illegal domestic wiretapping program, known as "Stellar Wind," to the New York Times (see December 15, 2005). Tamm, an ex-prosecutor with a high security clearance, learned of the program in the spring of 2004 (see Spring 2004).
Intense FBI Scrutiny - As of yet, Tamm has not been arrested as one of the leakers in the criminal leak investigation ordered by President Bush (see December 30, 2005), though since the December 2005 publication, Tamm has remained under Justice Department suspicion—FBI agents have raided his home, hauled away his personal possessions, and relentlessly questioned his family and friends (see August 1, 2007). He no longer has a government job, and is having trouble finding steady work as a lawyer. He has resisted pressure to plead to a felony charge of divulging classified information. Newsweek's Michael Isikoff writes, "[H]e is living under a pall, never sure if or when federal agents might arrest him." Perhaps his biggest regret is the impact the FBI investigation has had on his wife and children. "I didn't think through what this could do to my family," he says. But, "I don't really need anybody to feel sorry for me," he says. "I chose what I did. I believed in what I did."
No Decision to Prosecute Yet - The Justice Department has deferred a decision over whether to arrest and prosecute Tamm until after the Bush administration leaves office and a new attorney general takes over the department. Both President-elect Barack Obama and the incoming Attorney General, Eric Holder, have denounced the warrantless wiretapping program. In one speech Holder gave in June 2008, he said that President Bush had acted "in direct defiance of federal law" by authorizing the NSA program. Former US Attorney Asa Hutchinson, who is helping in Tamm's defense, says: "When I looked at this, I was convinced that the action he took was based on his view of a higher responsibility. It reflected a lawyer's responsibility to protect the rule of law." Hutchinson has no use for the idea, promulgated by Bush officials and conservative pundits, that the Times story damaged the "war on terror" by alerting al-Qaeda terrorists to Stellar Wind and other surveillance programs. "Anybody who looks at the overall result of what happened wouldn't conclude there was any harm to the United States," he says. Hutchinson is hopeful that Holder's Justice Department will drop its investigation of Tamm.
The Public 'Ought to Know' about NSA Eavesdropping - Recently Tamm decided to go public with his story, against the advice of his lawyers. "I thought this [secret program] was something the other branches of the government—and the public—ought to know about," he tells Isikoff. "So they could decide: do they want this massive spying program to be taking place?… If somebody were to say, who am I to do that? I would say, 'I had taken an oath to uphold the Constitution.' It's stunning that somebody higher up the chain of command didn't speak up." Tamm also admits that he leaked information to the Times in part over his anger at other Bush administration policies for the Justice Department, including its aggressive pursuit of death penalty cases, and its use of "renditions" and "enhanced" interrogation techniques against terrorist suspects. He insists that he divulged no "sources and methods" that might compromise national security when he spoke to the Times. He could not tell the Times reporters anything about the NSA program, he says, because he knew nothing specific about the program. As Isikoff writes, "All he knew was that a domestic surveillance program existed, and it 'didn't smell right.'" (Times reporter Eric Lichtblau refuses to confirm if Tamm was one of his sources for the stories he wrote with fellow Times reporter James Risen.) [Newsweek, 12/22/2008]
Entity Tags: Michael Isikoff, Bush administration (43), Barack Obama, Asa Hutchinson, 'Stellar Wind', Eric Holder, Eric Lichtblau, Newsweek, US Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Thomas Tamm, George W. Bush
January 5, 2009: Judge Rules Wiretapping Lawsuit Can Continue
Judge Vaughn Walker rules that "sufficient facts" exist to keep alive a lawsuit brought by the defunct Islamic charity Al Haramain, which alleges it was subjected to illegal, warrantless wiretapping by the US government (see February 28, 2006). The lawsuit centers on a Top Secret government document accidentally disclosed to plaintiffs' lawyers Wendell Belew and Asim Ghafoo that allegedly proves the claim of illegal wiretapping; previous court rulings forced Belew and Ghafoo to return the document to the government and prohibited its use in the lawsuit. The lawsuit is widely viewed as a test case to decide in court whether the Bush administration abused its power by authorizing a secret domestic spying program (see Spring 2004 and December 15, 2005). Jon Eisenberg, the lawyer for Belew and Ghafoo, says it does not matter whether the case pertains to the Bush administration or the incoming Obama administration. "I don't want President Obama to have that power any more than I do President Bush," he says. Because the lawsuit contains sufficient evidence even without the Top Secret document, Walker rules, it can continue. "The plaintiffs have alleged sufficient facts to withstand the government's motion to dismiss," he writes. Therefore, he adds, the law demands that they be allowed to review the classified document, and others, to determine whether the lawyers were spied on illegally and whether Bush's spy program was unlawful. "To be more specific, the court will review the sealed document ex parte and in camera," Walker writes. "The court will then issue an order regarding whether plaintiffs may proceed—that is, whether the sealed document establishes that plaintiffs were subject to electronic surveillance not authorized by FISA" (the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act—see 1978). [Wired News, 1/5/2009]
Entity Tags: Vaughn Walker, Al Haramain Islamic Foundation, Asim Ghafoo, Jon Eisenberg, Bush administration (43), Wendell Belew, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, Obama administration
January 10, 2009: Newsweek Readers Call NSA Whistleblower a 'Hero' Who 'Protect[ed] the People' against Bush and Cheney
Newsweek publishes a range of responses to its article about Justice Department whistleblower Thomas Tamm (see December 22, 2008), who alerted the New York Times to the Bush administration's illegal domestic wiretapping program "Stellar Wind" (see Spring 2004 and December 15, 2005). Most are extremely supportive of Tamm; Newsweek writes, "Nearly all labeled Tamm a hero." One reader wonders why "few in the Justice Department were as troubled as Tamm about the illegality of the secret domestic wiretapping program or had the courage of his convictions." Another notes, "Whistle-blowers like him are heroes because they are protecting 'We the people.'" A Milwaukee reader, Harvey Jay Goldstein, suggests that President-elect Obama honor Tamm's courage and service by "issuing him a pardon" and then "seek indictments against those involved in authorizing and carrying out the illegal program, including President Bush and Vice President Cheney." The reader is "appalled" that Tamm "is being harassed and persecuted by the FBI (see August 1, 2007) for his part in disclosing the coverup of a program that originated in the Oval Office." He calls Tamm "a national hero who had the guts to do what he thought was right and wasn't intimidated by the power of the presidency." Goldstein accuses Bush and Cheney of "undermining and circumventing the protections of the First and Fourth amendments [in what] are perhaps the most egregious attempts to consolidate absolute power within the executive branch since the dark days of Richard Nixon." Illinois reader Leonard Kliff, a World War II veteran, writes: "It is disgusting that this man is on the run when he should be receiving a medal for his actions. I am sure the majority of Americans fully support him." The Reverend Joseph Clark of Maryland calls Tamm "a common man doing his job—upholding the Constitution of the United States and the rule of law.… Thank God for people like Thomas Tamm who spoke when no one else was finding a voice.… This nation is made up of people like Tamm, and that is our strength." And a former schoolmate of Tamm's, Peter Craig, writes: "No one who attended Landon School in Bethesda, Md., in the late 1960s, as I did, will be at all surprised to learn that Tom Tamm ended up risking it all to do the right thing. In his senior year, for instance, Tom, then the president of the student council, decided to turn himself in to the rest of the council for some minor infraction unknown to anyone else (and ultimately warranting no punishment). It showed the same character and a burgeoning morality that years later would compel him to do what he did." Only one published letter, from Bob Spickelmier, expresses the view that Tamm should go to jail for his actions. [Newsweek, 1/10/2009]
Entity Tags: Thomas Tamm, Bob Spickelmier, 'Stellar Wind', Bush administration (43), Newsweek, Harvey Jay Goldstein, Leonard Kliff, US Department of Justice, Peter Craig, Joseph Clark
January 15, 2009: Justice Department Will Continue Defending Warrantless Wiretapping Program, Says Incoming Attorney General
Eric Holder. [Source: New York Times]Incoming Attorney General Eric Holder says the Justice Department will defend the US's warrantless eavesdropping program (see Spring 2004 and December 15, 2005) in court, based on Congress's passage of legislation immunizing US telecommunications companies from lawsuits challenging their participation in the government spy program (see January 5, 2009). Holder makes this statement during Senate hearings to confirm his selection as attorney general. "The duty of the Justice Department is to defend statutes that have been passed by Congress," Holder says. "Unless there are compelling reasons, I don't think we would reverse course." President-elect Obama, while a senator, opposed granting immunity to the telecommunications firms, but voted for immunity because it was included in a broader surveillance bill that gave the Bush administration broad new powers to eavesdrop on Americans without warrants. [Wired News, 1/15/2009]
Entity Tags: Barack Obama, US Department of Justice, Eric Holder, Bush administration (43)
March 2, 2009: Justice Department Releases Bush-Era Memos Claiming Extraconstitutional Powers for President
Some of the Justice Department memos released today. [Source: Los Angeles Times]The Department of Justice releases nine memos written after the 9/11 attacks that claimed sweeping, extraconstitutional powers for then-President Bush. The memos, written primarily by John Yoo of the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC), claim that Bush could, if he desired, order military raids against targets within the US, and order police or military raids without court warrants (see October 23, 2001). The only justification required would be that Bush had declared the targets of such raids to be suspected terrorists. Other powers the president had, according to the memos, were to unilaterally abrogate or abandon treaties with foreign countries, ignore Congressional legislation regarding suspected terrorists in US detention (see March 13, 2002), suspend First Amendment rights to freedom of speech and information dissemination (see October 23, 2001), and conduct a program of warrantless domestic surveillance (see September 25, 2001). In January, an opinion issued by the OLC claimed that the opinions of the earlier memos had not been acted upon since 2003, and were generally considered unreliable (see January 15, 2009). Attorney General Eric Holder, who signed off on the release of the memos, says: "Too often over the past decade, the fight against terrorism has been viewed as a zero-sum battle with our civil liberties. Not only is that thought misguided, I fear that in actuality it does more harm than good." [American Civil Liberties Union [PDF], 1/28/2009 ; US Department of Justice, 3/2/2009; US Department of Justice, 3/2/2009; New York Times, 3/2/2009]
Memos Laid Groundwork for Warrantless Wiretapping - Though many of the powers said to belong to the president in the memos were never exercised, the assertions led to the warrantless wiretapping of US citizens (see December 15, 2005 and Spring 2004) and the torture of detained terror suspects. [Newsweek, 3/2/2009]
'How To ... Evade Rule of Law' - Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy (D-VT) says the memos begin "to provide details of some of the Bush administration's misguided national security policies" that have long been withheld from public scrutiny. Jennifer Daskal of Human Rights Watch says the memos collectively "read like a how-to document on how to evade the rule of law." [Washington Post, 3/3/2009] Kate Martin of the Center for National Security Studies says that the memos were part of a larger effort "that would basically have allowed for the imposition of martial law." [Newsweek, 3/2/2009]
'Tip of Iceberg' - The memos are, according to a former Bush administration lawyer, "just the tip of the iceberg" in terms of what the Bush administration authorized. Jameel Jaffer of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) says the Bush administration memos "essentially argue that the president has a blank check to disregard the Constitution during wartime, not only on foreign battlefields, but also inside the United States." [Los Angeles Times, 3/3/2009] The ACLU, which has sued to obtain these and other memos, applauds the release of the documents, and says it hopes this is the first step in a broader release. [Reuters, 3/2/2009]
Entity Tags: Eric Holder, Jennifer Daskal, Patrick J. Leahy, Office of Legal Counsel (DOJ), Jameel Jaffer, Kate Martin, John C. Yoo, Bush administration (43), American Civil Liberties Union, US Department of Justice


One day, Oliver was playing in the forest when he heard a faint whimper coming from the bushes. What could it be? Some kind of an animal? Oliver crept closer and could hardly believe what he saw. Under the bush was a small baby dragon! Oliver had never before seen a dragon, a baby dragon or any other kind of dragon. But everyone can recognize a baby dragon when they see one: It had green scales, small wings, big eyes, and a lizard-like tail. It was very small, about the size of a cat. The dragon whimpered and looked unhappy. Oliver carefully moved closer and said: "Don't be afraid, little one. What are you doing here? Where is your mother?" Oliver stopped. Indeed, where was the mother? The boy looked around, but there were no big dragons to be seen. Oliver crept closer and reached out his hand. The baby dragon sniffed Oliver's hand and didn't look scared at all. The boy sat next to the dragon and stroked its head. The scaly skin felt weird. There they sat together, Oliver and the dragon.
The baby dragon whimpered faintly. "Are you lost? Are you hungry?" Oliver asked. The dragon looked like it was hungry. What do dragons eat? "Wait here, I'll be right back," Oliver said and hurried home. The boy opened the refrigerator. Ummm, what might a dragon like? He decided to take many different foods; hopefully the dragon would like something. The boy got his backpack and packed a cheese sandwich, an apple, a banana, and a carton of strawberry yogurt. Maybe one of those would work.
It turned out that the dragon liked everything. All the food disappeared in the blink of an eye. The dragon had a funny-looking pink tongue. The baby dragon was clearly very hungry. Had it been alone for long? Had the dragon lost its mother? There had been a fierce storm a couple of days earlier. Maybe the strong wind had carried the baby dragon all the way here. What if a dog found it, or if it starved to death? Oliver decided to take the dragon home and look after it. He was allergic to dogs and cats. His parents wouldn't allow any furry pets. But the dragon was not furry. It had scales.
Oliver picked up the dragon, put it in his backpack, and headed home. From the kitchen doorway, he said to his mother: "I found a dragon, can I keep it? It's very small." His mother was not paying attention and answered: "A dragon? Sure, why not." Oliver was confused. He had been expecting some kind of protest. Then the boy understood that his mother didn't believe that he really had a dragon with him. Well, a promise is a promise. Oliver didn't stay to explain and went happily into his room. The dragon could sleep at his feet.
At night, the sound of something being scratched woke up Oliver. The sound was coming from outside. What was it? Oliver peeked out from under his blankets. Behind the window there was a huge dragon staring into the room. Oliver woke up the baby dragon and whispered: "Your mother must have come to pick you up." Oliver opened the window and carried the baby dragon onto the windowsill. Both dragons were overjoyed by the reunion. The baby dragon turned around once more and gave the boy a lick with its pink tongue. Then it climbed onto its mothers back. Oliver waved out the window as the two dragons flew away. A pet dragon would have been nice, but it was good that the mother found the baby dragon. Oliver went back to sleep with a smile.
How do you think that the baby dragon got lost?
Why was it good that the dragon mother found its child?
Draw a small baby dragon.
The next time you eat, pretend that you are a baby dragon who hasn't eaten in many days. All the food quickly disappears into the dragon's mouth.