text:
Structure and reactions
Pickling of steel
Production of organic compounds
Production of inorganic compounds
pH control and neutralization
Regeneration of ion exchangers
Presence in living organisms
strong mineral acid
Chlorane[3]
Muriatic acid[1]
Spirits of salt[2]
Hydronium chloride
Chlorhydric Acid
7647-01-0 Y
ChEMBL1231821 N
ECHA InfoCard 100.210.665
E number E507 (acidity regulators, ...)
QTT17582CB Y
UN number 1789
HCl(aq)
Appearance Colorless, transparent liquid, fumes in air if concentrated
Odor Pungent characteristic
Melting point Concentration-dependent – see table
Boiling point Concentration-dependent – see table
log P 0.00[4]
Acidity (pKa) −5.9 (HCl gas)[5]
A09AB03 (WHO) B05XA13 (WHO)
Safety data sheet See: data page
GHS Signal word Danger[6]
H290, H314, H335[6]
GHS precautionary statements
P260, P280, P303+361+353, P305+351+338[6]
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Related compounds
Hydroiodic acid
Supplementary data page
Structure and
Refractive index (n),
Dielectric constant (εr), etc.
Thermodynamic
Phase behaviour
solid–liquid–gas
UV, IR, NMR, MS
N verify (what is Y N ?)
Hydrochloric acid or muriatic acid is a colorless inorganic chemical system with the formula HCl. Hydrochloric acid has a distinctive pungent smell. It is classified as strongly acidic and can attack the skin over a wide composition range, since the hydrogen chloride completely dissociates in an aqueous solution.
Hydrochloric acid is the simplest chlorine-based acid system containing water. It is a solution of hydrogen chloride and water, and a variety of other chemical species, including hydronium and chloride ions. It is a naturally-occurring component of the gastric acid produced in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans.
Hydrochloric acid is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, used in the production of polyvinyl chloride for plastic. In households, diluted hydrochloric acid is often used as a descaling agent. In the food industry, hydrochloric acid is used as a food additive and in the production of gelatin. Hydrochloric acid is also used in leather processing. For creating an acidic condition in Paper-based Microfluidics devices, hydrochloride acid is commonly utilized, however, this acid is not useful for dry reagents since hydrochloride acid evaporates completely without leaving any residue behind. [7]
As one of the simplest and most familiar acids, hydrochloric acid (among other acids, such as acetic acid and citric acid) is regularly used alongside the alkaline sodium hydroxide and neutral water to demonstrate the pH scale and interactions between chemicals of different pH to students in chemistry classes.[8]
Hydrochloric acid was discovered by the alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan around the year 800 AD.[9][10] It was historically called acidum salis and spirits of salt because it was produced from rock salt and "green vitriol" (Iron(II) sulfate) (by Basilius Valentinus in the 15th century) and later from the chemically similar common salt and sulfuric acid (by Johann Rudolph Glauber in the 17th century). Free hydrochloric acid was first formally described in the 16th century by Libavius. Later, it was used by chemists such as Glauber, Priestley, and Davy in their scientific research. Unless pressurized or cooled, hydrochloric acid will turn into a gas if there is around 60% or less of water. Hydrochloric acid is also known as hydronium chloride, in contrast to its anhydrous parent known as hydrogen chloride, or dry HCl.
Hydrochloric acid was known to European alchemists as spirits of salt or acidum salis (salt acid). Both names are still used, especially in other languages, such as German: Salzsäure, Dutch: Zoutzuur, Swedish: Saltsyra, Turkish: Tuz Ruhu, Polish: kwas solny, Bulgarian: солна киселина, Russian: соляная кислота, Chinese: 盐酸/鹽酸, Korean: 염산 (鹽酸), and Japanese: 塩酸. Gaseous HCl was called marine acid air.
The old (pre-systematic) name muriatic acid has the same origin (muriatic means "pertaining to brine or salt", hence muriate means hydrochloride), and this name is still sometimes used.[1][11] The name hydrochloric acid was coined by the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1814.[12]
Hydrochloric acid has been an important and frequently used chemical from early history and was discovered by the alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan around the year 800 AD.[9][10]
Aqua regia, a mixture consisting of hydrochloric and nitric acids, prepared by dissolving sal ammoniac in nitric acid, was described in the works of Pseudo-Geber, a 13th-century European alchemist.[13][14][15][16][17] Other references suggest that the first mention of aqua regia is in Byzantine manuscripts dating to the end of the 13th century.[18][19][20][21]
Free hydrochloric acid was first formally described in the 16th century by Libavius, who prepared it by heating salt in clay crucibles.[22] Other authors claim that pure hydrochloric acid was first discovered by the German Benedictine monk Basil Valentine in the 15th century,[23] when he heated common salt and green vitriol,[24] whereas others argue that there is no clear reference to the preparation of pure hydrochloric acid until the end of the 16th century.[18]
In the 17th century, Johann Rudolf Glauber from Karlstadt am Main, Germany used sodium chloride salt and sulfuric acid for the preparation of sodium sulfate in the Mannheim process, releasing hydrogen chloride gas. Joseph Priestley of Leeds, England prepared pure hydrogen chloride in 1772,[25] and by 1808 Humphry Davy of Penzance, England had proved that the chemical composition included hydrogen and chlorine.[26]
During the Industrial Revolution in Europe, demand for alkaline substances increased. A new industrial process developed by Nicolas Leblanc of Issoudun, France enabled cheap large-scale production of sodium carbonate (soda ash). In this Leblanc process, common salt is converted to soda ash, using sulfuric acid, limestone, and coal, releasing hydrogen chloride as a by-product. Until the British Alkali Act 1863 and similar legislation in other countries, the excess HCl was often vented into the air. An early exception was the Bonnington Chemical Works where, in 1830, the HCl began to be captured and the hydrochloric acid produced was used in making sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride).[27] After the passage of the act, soda ash producers were obliged to absorb the waste gas in water, producing hydrochloric acid on an industrial scale.[15][28]
In the 20th century, the Leblanc process was effectively replaced by the Solvay process without a hydrochloric acid by-product. Since hydrochloric acid was already fully settled as an important chemical in numerous applications, the commercial interest initiated other production methods, some of which are still used today. After the year 2000, hydrochloric acid is mostly made by absorbing by-product hydrogen chloride from industrial organic compounds production.[15][28][29]
Since 1988, hydrochloric acid has been listed as a Table II precursor under the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances because of its use in the production of heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine.[30]
Hydrochloric acid is the salt of the hydronium ion, H3O+ and chloride. It is usually prepared by treating HCl with water.[31][32]
HCl + H 2 O ⟶ H 3 O + + Cl − {\displaystyle {\ce {HCl + H2O -> H3O^+ + Cl^-}}}
However, the speciation of hydrochloric acid is more complicated than this simple equation implies. The structure of bulk water is infamously complex, and likewise, the formula H3O+ is also a gross oversimplification of the true nature of the solvated proton, H+(aq), present in hydrochloric acid. A combined IR, Raman, X-ray and neutron diffraction study of concentrated solutions of hydrochloric acid revealed that the primary form of H+(aq) in these solutions is H5O2+, which, along with the chloride anion, is hydrogen-bonded to neighboring water molecules in several different ways. (In H5O2+, the proton is sandwiched midway between two water molecules at 180°). The author suggests that H3O+ may become more important in dilute HCl solutions.[33] (See Hydronium for further discussion of this issue.)
Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid, since it is completely dissociated in water.[31][32] It can therefore be used to prepare salts containing the Cl– anion called chlorides.
As a strong acid, hydrogen chloride has a large Ka. Theoretical attempts to assign the pKa of hydrogen chloride have been made, with the most recent estimate being −5.9.[5] However, it is important to distinguish between hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid. Due to the leveling effect, except when highly concentrated and behavior deviates from ideality, hydrochloric acid (aqueous HCl) is only as acidic as the strongest proton donor available in water, the aquated proton (popularly known as "hydronium ion"). When chloride salts such as NaCl are added to aqueous HCl, they have only a minor effect on pH, indicating that Cl− is a very weak conjugate base and that HCl is fully dissociated in aqueous solution. Dilute solutions of HCl have a pH close to that predicted by assuming full dissociation into hydrated H+ and Cl−.[34]
Of the six common strong mineral acids in chemistry, hydrochloric acid is the monoprotic acid least likely to undergo an interfering oxidation-reduction reaction. It is one of the least hazardous strong acids to handle; despite its acidity, it consists of the non-reactive and non-toxic chloride ion. Intermediate-strength hydrochloric acid solutions are quite stable upon storage, maintaining their concentrations over time. These attributes, plus the fact that it is available as a pure reagent, make hydrochloric acid an excellent acidifying reagent.
Hydrochloric acid is the preferred acid in titration for determining the amount of bases. Strong acid titrants give more precise results due to a more distinct endpoint. Azeotropic, or "constant-boiling", hydrochloric acid (roughly 20.2%) can be used as a primary standard in quantitative analysis, although its exact concentration depends on the atmospheric pressure when it is prepared.[35]
Hydrochloric acid is frequently used in chemical analysis to prepare ("digest") samples for analysis. Concentrated hydrochloric acid dissolves many metals and forms oxidized metal chlorides and hydrogen gas. It also reacts with basic compounds such as calcium carbonate or copper(II) oxide, forming the dissolved chlorides that can be analyzed.[31][32]
Molarity
kg HCl/kg
kg HCl/m3
mol/L
mPa·s
kJ/(kg·K)
104.80 6.6 1.048 2.87 −0.5 1.16 3.47 1.95 103 −18
219.60 13 1.098 6.02 −0.8 1.37 2.99 1.40 108 −59
344.70 19 1.149 9.45 −1.0 1.70 2.60 2.13 90 −52
370.88 20 1.159 10.17 −1.0 1.80 2.55 3.73 84 −43
424.44 22 1.179 11.64 −1.1 1.99 2.46 14.5 61 −30
The reference temperature and pressure for the above table are 20 °C and 1 atmosphere (101.325 kPa).
Vapour pressure values are taken from the International Critical Tables and refer to the total vapour pressure of the solution.
Melting temperature as a function of HCl concentration in water[36][37]
Physical properties of hydrochloric acid, such as boiling and melting points, density, and pH, depend on the concentration or molarity of HCl in the aqueous solution. They range from those of water at very low concentrations approaching 0% HCl to values for fuming hydrochloric acid at over 40% HCl.[31][32][38]
Hydrochloric acid as the binary (two-component) mixture of HCl and H2O has a constant-boiling azeotrope at 20.2% HCl and 108.6 °C (227 °F). There are four constant-crystallization eutectic points for hydrochloric acid, between the crystal form of [H3O]Cl (68% HCl), [H5O2]Cl (51% HCl), [H7O3]Cl (41% HCl), [H3O]Cl·5H2O (25% HCl), and ice (0% HCl). There is also a metastable eutectic point at 24.8% between ice and the [H7O3]Cl crystallization.[38] They are all Hydronium salts.
Hydrochloric acid is prepared by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Hydrogen chloride can be generated in many ways, and thus several precursors to hydrochloric acid exist. The large-scale production of hydrochloric acid is almost always integrated with the industrial scale production of other chemicals, such as in the chloralkali process which produces hydroxide, hydrogen, and chlorine, the latter of which can be combined to produce HCl.
Hydrochloric acid is produced in solutions up to 38% HCl (concentrated grade). Higher concentrations up to just over 40% are chemically possible, but the evaporation rate is then so high that storage and handling require extra precautions, such as pressurization and cooling. Bulk industrial-grade is therefore 30% to 35%, optimized to balance transport efficiency and product loss through evaporation. In the United States, solutions of between 20% and 32% are sold as muriatic acid. Solutions for household purposes in the US, mostly cleaning, are typically 10% to 12%, with strong recommendations to dilute before use. In the United Kingdom, where it is sold as "Spirits of Salt" for domestic cleaning, the potency is the same as the US industrial grade.[15] In other countries, such as Italy, hydrochloric acid for domestic or industrial cleaning is sold as "Acido Muriatico", and its concentration ranges from 5% to 32%.
Major producers worldwide include Dow Chemical at 2 million metric tons annually (2 Mt/year), calculated as HCl gas, Georgia Gulf Corporation, Tosoh Corporation, Akzo Nobel, and Tessenderlo at 0.5 to 1.5 Mt/year each. Total world production, for comparison purposes expressed as HCl, is estimated at 20 Mt/year, with 3 Mt/year from direct synthesis, and the rest as secondary product from organic and similar syntheses. By far, most hydrochloric acid is consumed captively by the producer. The open world market size is estimated at 5 Mt/year.[15]
Hydrochloric acid is a strong inorganic acid that is used in many industrial processes such as refining metal. The application often determines the required product quality.[15]
One of the most important applications of hydrochloric acid is in the pickling of steel, to remove rust or iron oxide scale from iron or steel before subsequent processing, such as extrusion, rolling, galvanizing, and other techniques.[15][29] Technical quality HCl at typically 18% concentration is the most commonly used pickling agent for the pickling of carbon steel grades.
Fe 3 O 4 + Fe + 8 HCl ⟶ 4 FeCl 2 + 4 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {Fe3O4 + Fe + 8 HCl -> 4 FeCl2 + 4 H2O}}}
The spent acid has long been reused as iron(II) chloride (also known as ferrous chloride) solutions, but high heavy-metal levels in the pickling liquor have decreased this practice.
The steel pickling industry has developed hydrochloric acid regeneration processes, such as the spray roaster or the fluidized bed HCl regeneration process, which allow the recovery of HCl from spent pickling liquor. The most common regeneration process is the pyrohydrolysis process, applying the following formula:[15]
4 FeCl 2 + 4 H 2 O + O 2 ⟶ 8 HCl + 2 Fe 2 O 3 {\displaystyle {\ce {4 FeCl2 + 4 H2O + O2 -> 8 HCl + 2 Fe2O3}}}
By recuperation of the spent acid, a closed acid loop is established.[29] The iron(III) oxide by-product of the regeneration process is valuable, used in a variety of secondary industries.[15]
Another major use of hydrochloric acid is in the production of organic compounds, such as vinyl chloride and dichloroethane for PVC. This is often captive use, consuming locally produced hydrochloric acid that never actually reaches the open market. Other organic compounds produced with hydrochloric acid include bisphenol A for polycarbonate, activated carbon, and ascorbic acid, as well as numerous pharmaceutical products.[29]
2 H 2 C = CH 2 + 4 HCl + O 2 ⟶ 2 ClCH 2 CH 2 Cl + 2 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {2 H2C=CH2 + 4 HCl + O2 -> 2 ClCH2CH2Cl + 2 H2O}}} (dichloroethane by oxychlorination)
Numerous products can be produced with hydrochloric acid in normal acid-base reactions, resulting in inorganic compounds. These include water treatment chemicals such as iron(III) chloride and polyaluminium chloride (PAC).
Fe 2 O 3 + 6 HCl ⟶ 2 FeCl 3 + 3 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {Fe2O3 + 6 HCl -> 2 FeCl3 + 3 H2O}}} (iron(III) chloride from magnetite)
Both iron(III) chloride and PAC are used as flocculation and coagulation agents in sewage treatment, drinking water production, and paper production.
Other inorganic compounds produced with hydrochloric acid include road application salt calcium chloride, nickel(II) chloride for electroplating, and zinc chloride for the galvanizing industry and battery production.[29]
CaCO 3 + 2 HCl ⟶ CaCl 2 + CO 2 + H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {CaCO3 + 2 HCl -> CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O}}} (calcium chloride from limestone)
Hydrochloric acid can be used to regulate the acidity (pH) of solutions.
OH − + HCl ⟶ H 2 O + Cl − {\displaystyle {\ce {OH^- + HCl -> H2O + Cl^-}}}
In industry demanding purity (food, pharmaceutical, drinking water), high-quality hydrochloric acid is used to control the pH of process water streams. In less-demanding industry, technical quality hydrochloric acid suffices for neutralizing waste streams and swimming pool pH control.[29]
High-quality hydrochloric acid is used in the regeneration of ion exchange resins. Cation exchange is widely used to remove ions such as Na+ and Ca2+ from aqueous solutions, producing demineralized water. The acid is used to rinse the cations from the resins.[15] Na+ is replaced with H+ and Ca2+ with 2 H+.
Ion exchangers and demineralized water are used in all chemical industries, drinking water production, and many food industries.[15]
Hydrochloric acid is used for a large number of small-scale applications, such as leather processing, purification of common salt, household cleaning,[39] and building construction.[29] Oil production may be stimulated by injecting hydrochloric acid into the rock formation of an oil well, dissolving a portion of the rock, and creating a large-pore structure. Oil well acidizing is a common process in the North Sea oil production industry.[15]
Hydrochloric acid has been used for dissolving calcium carbonate, e.g. such things as de-scaling kettles and for cleaning mortar off brickwork, but it is a hazardous liquid which must be used with care. When used on brickwork the reaction with the mortar only continues until the acid has all been converted, producing calcium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water:
CaCO 3 + 2 HCl ⟶ CaCl 2 + CO 2 + H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {CaCO3 + 2 HCl -> CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O}}}
Many chemical reactions involving hydrochloric acid are applied in the production of food, food ingredients, and food additives. Typical products include aspartame, fructose, citric acid, lysine, hydrolyzed vegetable protein as food enhancer, and in gelatin production. Food-grade (extra-pure) hydrochloric acid can be applied when needed for the final product.[15][29]
Diagram of alkaline mucous layer in stomach with mucosal defense mechanisms
Gastric acid is one of the main secretions of the stomach. It consists mainly of hydrochloric acid and acidifies the stomach content to a pH of 1 to 2.[40][41]
Chloride (Cl−) and hydrogen (H+) ions are secreted separately in the stomach fundus region at the top of the stomach by parietal cells of the gastric mucosa into a secretory network called canaliculi before it enters the stomach lumen.[42]
Gastric acid acts as a barrier against microorganisms to prevent infections and is important for the digestion of food. Its low pH denatures proteins and thereby makes them susceptible to degradation by digestive enzymes such as pepsin. The low pH also activates the enzyme precursor pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin by self-cleavage. After leaving the stomach, the hydrochloric acid of the chyme is neutralized in the duodenum by sodium bicarbonate.[40]
The stomach itself is protected from the strong acid by the secretion of a thick mucus layer, and by secretin induced buffering with sodium bicarbonate. Heartburn or peptic ulcers can develop when these mechanisms fail. Drugs of the antihistaminic and proton pump inhibitor classes can inhibit the production of acid in the stomach, and antacids are used to neutralize excessive existing acid.[40][43]
Classification[44]
H-phrases
10% ≤ C < 25% Causes skin irritation, Causes serious eye irritation, H315, H319
C ≥ 10% May cause respiratory irritation H335
C ≥ 25% Causes severe skin burns and eye damage H314
Concentrated hydrochloric acid (fuming hydrochloric acid) forms acidic mists. Both the mist and the solution have a corrosive effect on human tissue, with the potential to damage respiratory organs, eyes, skin, and intestines irreversibly. Upon mixing hydrochloric acid with common oxidizing chemicals, such as sodium hypochlorite (bleach, NaClO) or potassium permanganate (KMnO4), the toxic gas chlorine is produced.
NaClO + 2 HCl ⟶ H 2 O + NaCl + Cl 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {NaClO + 2 HCl -> H2O + NaCl + Cl2}}}
2 KMnO 4 + 16 HCl ⟶ 2 MnCl 2 + 8 H 2 O + 2 KCl + 5 Cl 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {2 KMnO4 + 16 HCl -> 2 MnCl2 + 8 H2O + 2 KCl + 5 Cl2}}}
PbO 2 + 4 HCl ⟶ PbCl 2 + Cl 2 + 2 H 2 O {\displaystyle {\ce {PbO2 + 4 HCl -> PbCl2 + Cl2 + 2 H2O}}}
Personal protective equipment such as latex gloves, protective eye goggles, and chemical-resistant clothing and shoes will minimize risks when handling hydrochloric acid. The United States Environmental Protection Agency rates and regulates hydrochloric acid as a toxic substance.[45]
The UN number or DOT number is 1789. This number will be displayed on a placard on the container.
Chloride, inorganic salts of hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloride, organic salts of hydrochloric acid
Aqua regia
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Hydrogen chloride (chemical compound) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
NIST WebBook, general link
Hydrochloric Acid – Part One and Hydrochloric Acid – Part Two at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
Calculators: surface tensions, and densities, molarities and molalities of aqueous HCl
EPA Hazard Summary
Hydrochloric acid MSDS by Georgia Institute of Technology
Pollution information
National Pollutant Inventory – Hydrochloric Acid Fact Sheet
Digestives, including enzymes (A09)
Diastase
Pancrelipase
Acid preparations
Salts and covalent derivatives of the chloride ion
HCl He
LiCl BeCl2 BCl3
B2Cl4 CCl4 NCl3
ClN3 Cl2O
Cl2O7 ClF
ClF3
ClF5 Ne
NaCl MgCl2 AlCl
AlCl3 SiCl4 P2Cl4
PCl5 S2Cl2
SCl2
SCl4 Cl2 Ar
KCl CaCl
CaCl2 ScCl3 TiCl2
TiCl3
TiCl4 VCl2
VCl3
VCl5 CrCl2
CrCl3
CrCl4 MnCl2 FeCl2
FeCl3 CoCl2
CoCl3 NiCl2 CuCl
CuCl2 ZnCl2 GaCl2
GaCl3 GeCl2
GeCl4 AsCl3
AsCl5 Se2Cl2
SeCl4 BrCl KrCl
RbCl SrCl2 YCl3 ZrCl3
ZrCl4 NbCl3
NbCl4
NbCl5 MoCl2
MoCl3
MoCl6 TcCl3
TcCl4 RuCl3 RhCl3 PdCl2 AgCl CdCl2 InCl
InCl2
InCl3 SnCl2
SnCl4 SbCl3
SbCl5 Te3Cl2
TeCl4 ICl
ICl3 XeCl
XeCl2
CsCl BaCl2 HfCl4 TaCl5 WCl2
WCl3
WCl6 Re3Cl9
ReCl4
ReCl6 OsCl4 IrCl2
IrCl3
IrCl4 PtCl2
PtCl4 AuCl
AuCl3 Hg2Cl2,
HgCl2 TlCl PbCl2,
PbCl4 BiCl3 PoCl2,
PoCl4 AtCl RnCl2
FrCl RaCl2 RfCl4 Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
LaCl3 CeCl3 PrCl3 NdCl2,
NdCl3 PmCl3 SmCl2,
SmCl3 EuCl2,
EuCl3 GdCl3 TbCl3 DyCl2,
DyCl3 HoCl3 ErCl3 TmCl2
TmCl3 YbCl2
YbCl3 LuCl3
AcCl3 ThCl4 PaCl5 UCl3
UCl4
UCl6 NpCl4 PuCl3 AmCl2
AmCl3 CmCl3 BkCl3 CfCl3 EsCl3 Fm Md No LrCl3


When you think about it, plumbing and vents don't sound like they could go together. A vent in plumbing may sound like another name for a drain, but that isn't anywhere near the truth. In fact, plumbing vents have a specific purpose that makes them, especially important and needed in certain situations, and here's what they do and how they work.
Every building with plumbing essentially has a drain vent. You may be familiar with a pipe that protrudes from your roof, which appears to be doing nothing, but that's the drain vent for your house or home. Virtually all drain pipes are routed to one or two of these pipes, and on multiple family homes, there may be several of them in place.
The toilet is directly connected to the main drain vent pipe while other drains, like sinks and tubs, are connected via branch vents. The main drain vent rises vertically from the main drain, while branch vents are connected on upward sloping runs until they attach to the main.
Drain vents serve two purposes. The first thing they do is to allow air into the drain pipes while releasing any back pressure from preventing a freely flowing drain. But, the main reason they are installed is to prevent sewer gas from coming into the house. Not only is a sewer gas smell, but it can also be flammable, so venting it out and away is the best way to keep it from coming into contact with your nose or with an open flame.
An air gap is a variation on a drain vent, and although, in principle, it works the same way, it has a very specific function.
You will mostly find an air gap vent when a dishwasher has been installed. The cylindrical chrome or plastic piece mounted on the rear of the kitchen sink is the air gap. It is connected to the dishwasher and the garbage disposal unit, if applicable.
In simple terms, an air gap stops contaminated water from getting into drinking water by the use of a gap of air between the drain and the fresh water supply. The air gap is positioned above the drain pipe on a sink, so that if any waste water backs up through the drain pipe, it will discharge from the sink basin. If waste water continues to flow, like say about a flooding situation, because the air gap is above the sink drain, the water will then begin to discharge over the side of the sink and onto the floor. In this way, contaminated water is channeled away from drinking water, even in the most extreme circumstances.
A dishwasher air gap mounted in this position will stop raw sewage from flowing back into the dishwasher or into the potable water system of your house. You'll never have to worry about contaminated water coming into contact with the dishes you eat off of or fouling the inside of your dishwasher.
Every drain has a trap attached to it. Generally, they are in the shape of an "S," which is why they are commonly referred to as S-traps. The main function is to hold a bit of water in the trap, to once again; block sewer gasses from entering a room.
If there is no air vent connected to the drain pipes, the water in these traps can literally siphon out and go down the drain, leaving no sewer gas protection from coming up the sink drain pipe. But with a dedicated plumbing vent, no siphoning action will occur, and no sewer gas will enter through any drain.
Virtually every occupied building will have some form of plumbing vent to protect against sewer gas and to aid in draining. If you have any questions about plumbing vents, or if you begin to smell foul gas coming from your drains, please contact Duncan Plumbing. You can count on us 24/7 for all of your plumbing emergencies, and we have been serving the Santa Cruz, California, area for over 20 years.


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Report: Shaquille O'Neal sells Kings ownership stake
NBA Legend Shaquille O'Neal officially sells his ownership stake in the Sacramento Kings.
O'Neal announced via Twitter post on Wednesday his intentions to leave the Kings organization, expressing his gratitude to the franchise, the city and its fans for a wonderful partnership for the past nine years. Per ESPN, O'Neal is eyeing a new career in the sports gambling world and has to leave the team based on the league rules.
O'Neal bought a minority stake in the Kings way back in 2013, believing that the team has a "new vision."
The all-time great center and Los Angeles Lakers icon had a fair share of memorable battles with the powerhouse Sac-town squad in the early 2000s during his playing days, most notably the hard-fought, yet controversial 2002 Western Conference Finals series
The Kings recently picked up their second-straight dub against the Lakers, 125-116, behind the 29-point output of De'Aaron Fox.
WATCH: Few fans engaged in mini-brawl during Lakers-Kings match
Russell Westbrook after poor performance vs. Kings: "I got no excuses"
EuroLeague Round 22 MVP: Ante Zizic, Maccabi Tel Aviv
Joe Schoen told New York Giants early on they were his No. 1 choice

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Taiwanese firm seeks US import ban on LG LCD panels
AU claims LCD products infringe its patents
Dan Nystedt 02 May, 2010 22:00
Taiwan's AU Optronics plans to seek an injunction in the US against the import and sale of LCD panels made by South Korean rival LG Display that infringe on four of its patents. This could potentially hurt consumers because LG accounts for over a quarter of the world's LCD panel supply.
The potential ban on LG Display (LGD) panels comes after a US court case wrapped up Friday, with the US District Court for the District of Delaware ruling that LGD failed to prove that AU Optronics (AUO) violated four patents related to materials and processes used in making LCD panels. The ruling ends a three and a half-year court battle initiated by LGD that included a counter-claim against LGD by AUO. AUO won the counter-claim portion of the case in a ruling announced on February 16.
"The court concludes that AUO has established by preponderance of the evidence that LGD literally infringes the patents asserted by AUO in this action, and that LGD has not established by clear and convincing evidence that the asserted patents are invalid," wrote Judge Joseph J. Farnan Jr in a 77-page verdict.
In Friday's 67-page court ruling, Farnan said LGD did not establish infringement of its patents by AUO.
"AU Optronics is very pleased with the result," it said in a statement on Sunday. Based on the findings from the counter-claim trial and the end of the LGD infringement trial on Friday, AUO said it will seek the injunction against LGD.
"AUO hopes that LGD's customers will immediately cease purchasing any unauthorised infringing products from LGD for sale or use in the U.S. without the need for further court action," AU said in its statement.
LGD representatives could not be reached for comment by phone and did not immediately respond to emails.
LGD could file further appeals or motions in its case or reach a settlement with AUO on the matter. Barring such action, an AUO victory in any kind of US import injunction against LGD could hurt US consumers amid strong demand for products that use LCD screens.
LGD has shipped more large-sized LCD panels, used in screens for LCD-TVs, laptop PCs and desktop monitors, than any other LCD maker in the world for the past six months, according to market researcher Displaybank.
The company shipped 25.2 percent of the global supply of such products in March, compared to 22.5 percent by second-place Samsung Electronics and third-ranked AUO's 17.2 percent.
LCD shipments have been so brisk in recent months that PC makers such as Asustek Computer have complained of some shortages, and Displaybank noted that large-sized LCD panel shipments reached an all-time high of 56.87 million panels in March.
Tags lglg displayAU Optronicslgd


Brahma created the Universe, the mother earth and lives, Gods (The Good power) and Demons (The Evil powers) and their most beautiful creation of all – humans. The humans often offered prayers and yagnas to God, which were known to boost their powers. Demons with the aim of conquering the universe and control earth (where human lived) and Swarg lok (heaven the abode of Gods) often attacked and tortured humans (who were their natural victim as humans supported God). To save themselves, humans would inevitably turn to Gods and this would give rise to Deva-sur Sangram (Battle between Gods and Demons).
More often than not Demons would emerge victorious over the God. The secret lies in the hand of the Demon Guru (Teacher and adviser) Sukracharya (A great devotee to Lord Shiva) who got a power from Shiva called Mrita-Sanjivini (That can bring a dead back to life). This ensured that no demon would ever be killed. In absence of such a power God always had a loosing hand. The solution?
Were the miseries insufficient for Gods to incur another curse? It so happened that once the king of Gods, Indra was traveling on his elephant when he met saint Durvasa. Durvasa offered him a flower garland which Indra in light vein placed on his elephants head and the animal threw it on the ground. Durvasa, who was well known for his short tempers, took the incident as an insult and the arrogance of Gods. He cursed Gods "Let all richness and power of yours be gone". The Godess of prosperity Laxmi at once vanished in the depth of ocean. What could be a better opportunity for demons? They forced the Gods out of the heaven.
Gods, cursed, defeated and demoralised, turned to their deity – Lord Vishnu, The Protector. Vishnu suggested a solution – Sagar Manthan (Churning the ocean to get precious elements out) to get the most precious of all resource – Amrit or nectar (A Drink to make one immortal.) But the task was too difficult to be accomplished by Gods alone, in other words without the joint effort of the natural rivals Gods and Demons.
Demons were invited for joint venture and to share whatever comes out of the great ocean. Sukracharya was first reluctant as they never needed Amrit. But when pointed out that the demons power would collapse once Sukracharya dies since he is the only person who could bring others to lives but not himself. The Sagar Manthan was agreed upon.
It was decided that the mountain called Mandrachal would be used as pivot and the great snake Vasuki (the garland or Lord Shiva) as the rope to turn the pivot. The Gods and Demons would pull the snake from either side to stir the ocean. But the Big question… who will face the snake and the deadly venoms? Narad, played the trick and flattered the demons to accept the head portion.
The efforts started, and Sagar yielded many valuable elements, jewels, treasures etc. which were divided among Gods and Demons. Then came Godess Laxmi from the ocean whom Lord Vishnu took as his wife. At the end came the much desired Amrit (nectar), which Lord Vishnu by his trick ensured only for Gods. But churning of ocean is not the story of obtaining the nectar. So let us go back to the real story. Before Amrit, came the deadly poison.
The poison was so deadly it became a danger to the extend of finishing the entire creation. It was named kaalkut – the manifestation of death. It was growing uncontrollable and causing unrest to the entire universe. Whom then, God and demons turn to?
he who has the power has got a responsibility.
When others were fighting over getting Amrit, Lord Shiva swallowed the poison. Nilkantha aspect of Shiva continues to inspire Indian culture from ancient times where people have put themselves in trouble to save and support those in need. In many a cases the reason was capability and not a matter of duty.
Nice site. Really helpful for me to understand certain events clearly.
Thanks a lot to the poster. May God bless you with prosperity and wisdom.


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TJX Companies Inc (NYSE:TJX) Expected to Post Earnings of $0.63 Per Share
July 10th, 2019 - By Kayla Sanchez
Filed Under: Consensus Rating Articles - Finance
Equities analysts expect TJX Companies Inc (NYSE:TJX) to post earnings of $0.63 per share for the current quarter, Zacks Investment Research reports. Nine analysts have made estimates for TJX Companies' earnings, with estimates ranging from $0.62 to $0.65. TJX Companies posted earnings of $0.59 per share in the same quarter last year, which indicates a positive year-over-year growth rate of 6.8%. The firm is scheduled to announce its next earnings report on Tuesday, August 20th.
According to Zacks, analysts expect that TJX Companies will report full-year earnings of $2.63 per share for the current fiscal year, with EPS estimates ranging from $2.61 to $2.67. For the next year, analysts anticipate that the business will report earnings of $2.85 per share, with EPS estimates ranging from $2.80 to $2.93. Zacks' EPS calculations are a mean average based on a survey of research firms that that provide coverage for TJX Companies.
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TJX Companies (NYSE:TJX) last announced its quarterly earnings results on Tuesday, May 21st. The apparel and home fashions retailer reported $0.57 earnings per share for the quarter, beating the Thomson Reuters' consensus estimate of $0.55 by $0.02. The company had revenue of $9.28 billion during the quarter, compared to analysts' expectations of $9.21 billion. TJX Companies had a return on equity of 57.47% and a net margin of 7.69%. The firm's quarterly revenue was up 6.8% compared to the same quarter last year. During the same period in the previous year, the business earned $1.13 earnings per share.
Several equities analysts recently commented on TJX shares. Nomura boosted their target price on TJX Companies from $55.00 to $57.00 and gave the stock a "buy" rating in a research report on Wednesday, May 22nd. Cowen set a $63.00 target price on TJX Companies and gave the stock a "buy" rating in a research report on Tuesday, June 4th. Zacks Investment Research upgraded TJX Companies from a "hold" rating to a "buy" rating and set a $58.00 target price for the company in a research report on Friday, May 24th. ValuEngine cut TJX Companies from a "hold" rating to a "sell" rating in a research report on Tuesday, July 2nd. Finally, Robert W. Baird started coverage on TJX Companies in a research report on Monday, May 13th. They set an "outperform" rating and a $63.00 target price for the company. One analyst has rated the stock with a sell rating, six have issued a hold rating and seventeen have issued a buy rating to the company. The stock currently has a consensus rating of "Buy" and a consensus target price of $58.34.
In other TJX Companies news, CFO Scott Goldenberg sold 37,248 shares of TJX Companies stock in a transaction dated Friday, April 12th. The stock was sold at an average price of $53.90, for a total transaction of $2,007,667.20. Following the completion of the sale, the chief financial officer now owns 195,712 shares of the company's stock, valued at $10,548,876.80. The sale was disclosed in a filing with the SEC, which is available at the SEC website. Also, Director David T. Ching sold 20,000 shares of TJX Companies stock in a transaction dated Wednesday, June 12th. The stock was sold at an average price of $52.20, for a total value of $1,044,000.00. Following the sale, the director now directly owns 28,771 shares of the company's stock, valued at approximately $1,501,846.20. The disclosure for this sale can be found here. In the last ninety days, insiders have sold 83,728 shares of company stock valued at $4,501,915. Corporate insiders own 0.18% of the company's stock.
A number of hedge funds have recently modified their holdings of TJX. BlackRock Inc. lifted its stake in shares of TJX Companies by 113.3% in the 4th quarter. BlackRock Inc. now owns 90,260,028 shares of the apparel and home fashions retailer's stock valued at $4,038,232,000 after acquiring an additional 47,939,993 shares during the last quarter. FMR LLC lifted its stake in shares of TJX Companies by 106.0% in the 4th quarter. FMR LLC now owns 51,478,425 shares of the apparel and home fashions retailer's stock valued at $2,303,144,000 after acquiring an additional 26,485,840 shares during the last quarter. Bank of New York Mellon Corp lifted its stake in shares of TJX Companies by 77.9% in the 4th quarter. Bank of New York Mellon Corp now owns 33,050,653 shares of the apparel and home fashions retailer's stock valued at $1,478,686,000 after acquiring an additional 14,469,980 shares during the last quarter. Norges Bank bought a new stake in shares of TJX Companies in the 4th quarter valued at about $545,373,000. Finally, Geode Capital Management LLC lifted its stake in shares of TJX Companies by 115.8% in the 4th quarter. Geode Capital Management LLC now owns 17,734,026 shares of the apparel and home fashions retailer's stock valued at $792,161,000 after acquiring an additional 9,515,682 shares during the last quarter. 88.92% of the stock is owned by hedge funds and other institutional investors.
Shares of NYSE TJX traded up $0.58 during mid-day trading on Wednesday, hitting $55.37. The company had a trading volume of 267,401 shares, compared to its average volume of 6,028,110. The firm has a market capitalization of $66.73 billion, a P/E ratio of 26.20, a price-to-earnings-growth ratio of 1.90 and a beta of 0.73. TJX Companies has a 1 year low of $41.49 and a 1 year high of $56.64. The company has a debt-to-equity ratio of 1.92, a current ratio of 1.23 and a quick ratio of 0.46. The business's 50-day simple moving average is $52.49.
The company also recently declared a quarterly dividend, which will be paid on Thursday, September 5th. Shareholders of record on Thursday, August 15th will be paid a dividend of $0.23 per share. This represents a $0.92 annualized dividend and a yield of 1.66%. The ex-dividend date of this dividend is Wednesday, August 14th. TJX Companies's dividend payout ratio (DPR) is currently 43.60%.
TJX Companies Company Profile
The TJX Companies, Inc operates as an off-price apparel and home fashions retailer. It operates through four segments: Marmaxx, HomeGoods, TJX Canada, and TJX International. The company sells family apparel, including footwear and accessories; home fashions, such as home basics, furniture, rugs, lighting products, giftware, soft home products, decorative accessories, tabletop, and cookware, as well as expanded pet, kids, and gourmet food departments; jewelry and accessories; footwear; and other merchandise.
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Thanks for visiting my site and welcome! My name is Danielle Kendall and I am stoked YOU are here!
So you might be here to see some of my floral or lifestyle design work. I am so grateful to work with incredible photographers, event and wedding peeps who want to collaborate together.
My journey into this amazing world all started by growing up with my Grandma who was an amazing seamstress and taught me so much about texture, fabric and design. She had a great eye and shared many talents and tricks of the trade with me.
Over the years' color, design and texture have become part of everyday life. I love love love clothing, textiles, home design and décor . . . and lots and lots of floral design! Most of the time I feel like a kid with a million ideas and tons of vision a need to constantly create. I get to live this incredible reality of actually executing some of these visions!
A few years back my husband asked me to come back to work in the family flower business, Kendall Farms. Together we launched new marketing and design platforms for the business and took the company from "business to business" to "business to consumer".
Which brings us to today …. the days of the weeks include creating floral recipes and wedding designs at the farm. I enjoy tablescaping, styling for lifestyle shoots, and event planning with lots of florals! I also have the opportunity to do a bit of home and personal styling and design for a select few. It's one big melting pot of creativity and I wouldn't have it any other way!
I would love to connect with you and talk about how can work together!!! It truly fills my soul to help people on their design journey! Hope to chat soon and thanks for taking the time to stop by and visit!


"I am one impassioned collector of yours. I have more than 70 models: Ferrari, Lotus, Sauber, Nissan, etc."
Exoto is pleased to present the Motorbox collection, a brand new line of collectors quality die-cast models designed in glorious 1:18 scale. These high value miniature replicas feature over 200 injected and photo-etch parts. Precision scaled from 4,000 3D reference points, Motorbox replicas feature details such as fully functioning steering, working front and rear suspension (selected models only), highly detailed interior, genuine tread pattern design on rubber-like tires, accurate wiring and plumbing, individually cast exhaust headers, and high-tech finishes.
When you hold one of these models in your hands, you'll feel the weight of quality, see the precision in the details and marvel at the glossy, hand applied paint with painted-on graphics.
Start your collection today! You can choose from a number of historically significant versions, each specifically designed with the enthusiast in mind.


Enough funding was secured to give every child at Wedmore First School and Hugh Sexey's Middle School a free Wedmore light-weight cotton shopping bag to promote the use of alternatives to plastic. Some stylish, roomier and sturdier shopping bags were produced and sold at cost price.
The occasion of Wedmore Street Fair on June 28th was 'change over day'.
TRADERS WHO ARE BACKING THE 'PLASTIC BAG FREE' SCHEME.
For more photos of recent events take a look here.


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Q: I need to take out duplicates from date column in cross tab in crystal report 8.0 In cross Tab:
One column is date. I need to show only month in following order fiscal year order:
April
May
june
July
August
September
october
november
december
january
febuary
march.
It should not be more than one time. While I am trying I am getting duplicates months in the column.

A: it may happen because of many causes. My opinion is, you should put some screen shot or your codes here, so it easier for experts to understand you problem.
this is what i can suggest to you

*

*if you have many tables linked together, please double check if the link is correct or not

OR

*

*you can select Database-->Select Distinct Record at the menu

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


RESTART WITH clause Restarts the named sequence with the specified value.
INCREMENT BY clause Defines the amount the next sequence value is incremented from the last value assigned. The default is 1. Specify a negative value to generate a descending sequence. An error is returned if the INCREMENT BY value is 0.
MINVALUE clause Defines the smallest value generated by the sequence. The default is 1. An error is returned if MINVALUE is greater than ( 2^63-1) or less than -(2^63-1). An error is also returned if MINVALUE is greater than MAXVALUE.
MAXVALUE clause Defines the largest value generated by the sequence. The default is 2^63-1. An error is returned if MAXVALUE is greater than 2^63-1 or less than -(2^63-1).
CACHE clause Specifies the number of preallocated sequence values that are kept in memory for faster access. When the cache is exhausted, the sequence cache is repopulated and a corresponding entry is written to the transaction log. At checkpoint time, the current value of the cache is forwarded to the ISYSSEQUENCE system table. The default is 100.
CYCLE clause Specifies whether values should continue to be generated after the maximum or minimum value is reached.
If the named sequence cannot be located, an error message is returned.
SQL/2008 The ALTER SEQUENCE statement is part of optional SQL language feature T176 of the SQL/2008 standard. The CACHE clause is a vendor extension.


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Internationalist Communist Union
About the ICU
Class Struggle/
South Africa's fifth general election since the end of white rule, scheduled for the 7 May, is taking place just 5 months after the death of Nelson Mandela and 18 months after the massacre of 34 striking platinum miners at Marikana by the state police. These two events will pull the vote for the ruling African National Congress (ANC), the party of Mandela, in opposite directions.
Having been in government for the past 20 years, where it has led a Tripartite Alliance - with the union federation COSATU and the South-African Communist Party (SACP) - the ANC is facing multiple charges of corruption, mismanagement and failure to deliver on basic public services. So it can do with the sentimental surge which the demise of an all-but-sanctified Mandela may bring. But it is unlikely that this will prevent significant voter defections.
ANC president Jacob Zuma's reception when he appears in public, says it all. The solemn occasion of the memorial service for Mandela, in Soweto's Soccer City stadium on 10 December, didn't prevent a section of the crowd from booing as soon as he opened his mouth. And he got booed again when he appeared at the same stadium, on 5 March, when Bafana Bafana, the national football team played (and lost to) Brazil.
Of course, despite its current unpopularity, the ruling ANC is still likely to gain the most votes and win the election. It is by far the largest party, so even if its vote falls (polls have predicted a 56% total share - and 45%, or less, in Gauteng province, around the country's economic capital, Johannesburg), no other party comes close. The runner-up in the last election, the Democratic Alliance, )the descendent of the former (white) liberal opposition under apartheid , got 2.9m (16.66%) votes compared to the ANC's overwhelming 11.6m (65.9%). Even if the DA doubles its vote at the ANC's expense it can't win. In other words, the ANC's domination, while facing challenges, new and old, is not in question. Not yet.
But its share of the vote in absolute terms has been falling since the very first post-apartheid election in 1994. In 2009, it got 11.6m votes from 23.2m registered voters, compared with 1994's 12.2m votes from 21.7m registered. In 1999, the second post-apartheid election, when the population gave its verdict on the first 5 years of ANC rule, under the venerated Nelson Mandela, the party got its lowest score ever, with 10.6m votes, reflecting the acute disappointment of the population, when the radical social transformation it hoped for, and expected "its" party to deliver, did not materialise.
And turnout has also fallen: an estimated 77.3% in 2009 compared to 89% in 1994. As for the two elections in between, the lowest turnout so far - 76% - was in 2004.
So yes, there has been a decline in voter registrations over the years, along with an increase in the number abstaining from voting. If you add those who did not register to those who did not vote last time round, in 2009, only 56.5% of eligible voters actually went to the polls.
This year, despite the government's best attempts - aiming specifically at the youth and the so-called "born free" generation (born free of apartheid), that is 18-20 year olds eligible to vote for the first time - total registration is down, according to the Independent Electoral Commission - at 80.8%, compared to 84.07% in 2009 and 84.6% in 2004, and only slightly higher than the all-time low of 80% reached in, 1999, the year of "great disappointment"..
To vote, or not to vote?
In fact there are several organisations, campaigns and individuals, calling either for non-registration, abstention or for spoiling ballot papers. Unfortunately the option of "voting blank" on the ballot paper is not offered.
Probably the most surprising addition to the ranks of the non-voters is Ronnie Kasrils, who is so proud of his past at the head of UmkhontoweSizwe, the armed wing of the ANC in exile, that he entitled his autobiography "Armed and Dangerous". He was a member of the SACP central committee until 2007, and a cabinet minister in the ANC government untili2008. His last post being Thabo Mbeki's Minister for Intelligence Services. Kasrils now says there is no-one to vote for.
"I have been a person who was so involved in mobilisation for ANC votes," he said to a local newspaper recently, "I must confess that I can't do this today... The ANC has had 20 years to prove itself. If it hasn't proved [itself], then I'm saying: 'Listen to your head and your heart'(...) I have said to people... it's no good going into a polling booth and just crossing everything out. If you want to do something like that, as a group, issue a statement expressing why you feel that you can't vote at this particular point in time."
In June last year, Kasrils wrote an article for Britain's Guardian newspaper, declaring that the ANC sold out the struggle and the poor, by making a "Faustian" pact with the apartheid regime in 1994. He wrote: "an ANC-Communist Party leadership, eager to assume political office (myself no less than others) readily accepted this devil's pact, only to be damned in the process. It has bequeathed an economy so tied to the neoliberal global formula and market fundamentalism that there is very little room to alleviate the plight of most of our people."
This is telling, coming from the likes of Kasrils. But it was not he nor his comrades who were "damned in the process". It was they who did the damning - of millions of poor. Kasrils, like many prominent SACP leaders, served in Thabo Mbeki's government for two terms, a government which opened the doors wide to corruption-plagued private tenders for everything it could think of, putting the selected few Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) beneficiaries well on the road to enrichment at the expense of the poor. Worst of all, it also denied the existence of the HIV virus and hence the Aids pandemic, condemning at least half-a-million adults to horrific deformities, chronic illness and death, and depriving millions of children of parents or even substitute carers, and to a lifetime of physical and psychological distress.
So today Kasrils and others like him can wax eloquent over the nature of the ANC's "betrayal". ANC Secretary General Gwede Mantashe, defensively refers to these ex-ANC ministers who now criticise their former pay-masters, as "free agents who have a lot to say today, although they did not do much during their time in government". But whatever Kasrils' past record may be, Mantashe can't deny that he has a point when he accuses the current ANC government of having blood on its hands over the Marikana miners' massacre. Indeed, Kasrils speaks of the Marikana massacre as "Bloody Thursday" and "the most shameful and shocking of all". At the premier showing of the documentary, "Miners Shot Down", directed by Rehad Desai, Kasrils told the audience that "Marikana was far worse than the Sharpeville massacre because it was premeditated" - referring to the 1960 shooting by the apartheid police of the protest organised by the Pan African Congress (PAC) against the Pass Laws, when 69 people were killed - many shot in the back,s at Marikana.
The discontent of party stalwarts, like Kasrils and Jay Naidoo, the now-retired founder-leader of the union confederation COSATU, is symptomatic of a real groundswell of discontent among the population. Naidoo likens it to the 1980s: "The TV images of burning barricades, police in armoured vehicles firing teargas and even live ammunition, heaps of rubbish piled on streets, communities without water and basic services. It bears all the hallmarks of the conflicts and struggles of the 1980s. It brings back painful memories of the days when guns enforced the will of a hated apartheid regime. This cannot be the result of 20 years of freedom".
The revolt of the poor
In a country where the poor living below the poverty line constitutes probably more than 60% (officially the statistics admit 41.8% and 57.2%, depending on which criteria you use) the "poor" thus are the majority of the population. The fact that 70% of under 35-year olds are out of work, bears this out.
Popular discontent has expressed itself through ongoing protests that started more than a decade ago. They have got larger and more general, particularly as the growing urban population has been pushed outof the cities and found itself obliged to build its own homes - shacks out of corrugated iron and bits of wood - on any land it could find which was not being used. Now millions live in sprawling informal settlements, often without any amenities whatsoever. And in fact they are uncounted - and they don't count - in the politicians' scheme of things unless they make themselves felt and heard, which, courageously, they do.
At least 10 township protesters were shot dead by police in the first six weeks of 2014, alone. In January and February this year, there have been an average of 30 protests every day in townships around the country - including firebombing council buildings and burning tyre barricades. Police figures give a total of 1,781 protests in the urbanised ghettoes of Kwazulu-Natal, Gauteng and Western Cape - 668 of them in Gauteng. The triggers for these have been the forced removal of squatters, allegations of corruption, lack of houses, water and electricity. In fact each city council now has its own dedicated "anti land invasion unit" - the local councils' version of thenotorious "Red Ants" - a private security force used to remove squatters by force.
So it is hardly surprising that politicians are regarded with suspicion and disdain, nor that officials trying to register voters for the elections were attacked and stoned, in several townships in Gauteng, including in Bekkersdal on the West Rand which has its own well-organised residents' association, and which has been organising service delivery protests for many years. This time, in March, the protesters were met with rubber bullets, tear gas, and water cannon. When ANC officials visited they therefore brought armed body guards - and, apparently, live ammunition was used to fire warning shots at angry crowds. Fortunately this time no one was killed.
It is in the context of lack of services and housing that there is a growing boycott-the-election "movement". One such group is Abahlali-base-Mjondolo - "democracy from below" - which, for years, has brought together some of the ad hoc protests for service delivery, in Kwazulu-Natal primarily - that is, the struggles for clean water, toilets, proper homes which have not been forthcoming in these last 20 years. They demand "land and housing in the city". To this end they have occupied land, but face demolitions and violent attacks by the special units set up to go in and destroy "illegal dwellings". Abahlali has recently successfully occupied land in Cato Crest in Durban, and in Cape Town's East Phillipi, calling these the "Marikana Land Occupations". In Cape Town the land occupiers just won a court ruling preventing their settlement from being demolished, for the time being.
Abahlali specifically rejects the NGOs and organisations which have come in and tried to take over their fights. In the words of one of the founders, obliged to go into hiding because of attempts on his life: "We want a responsive government that will cater for the needs of the people equally, starting with the worst off. We understand that this will only happen when the poor have organised to build their own power and to reduce the power of the politicians and other forces like business and NGOs."
There are other organisations - too many to mention - formal and informal, which have grown up in the past 20 years to try to fight for decent conditions in the face of "non-delivery" on promises and little improvement in basic facilities.
The red berets multiply
The discontent of all of the layers of society - including the middle class - has meant that new political parties have also been springing up in the run-up to the election, to try to tap into this discontent.
Indeed, the electoral commission said on the day that registrations closed, that maybe 46 or 48 parties had paid their deposits to participate in the election. If they win even one seat in either provincial or national assemblies, they get a full refund - the amount to take part being R605,000, equivalent to £34,000. This may not seem like a lot by European standards, but Julius Malema, who launched the Economic Freedom Fighters (EEF) last year, decided to contest this in the courts on the grounds that it was too great a sum for average South Africans to come with. He lost the case and duly paid up.
The DA, led by Helen Zille, remains the main opposition party with the most seats in parliament after the ANC. In 2009, it got 16.66% of the vote and 67 seats. But given the discontent in the country, it hopes to double its vote at the ANC's expense. However, it is still seen as a white-led party, and is certainly a pro-capitalist, "centre-right" party - being the direct descendent of the old, white-led opposition party which represented the English-speaking white petty and big bourgeoisie. It arose during the apartheid years, standing against the Afrikaans-speaking, Afrikaner nationalist apartheid regime, but not always against apartheid.
In passing, it is worth mentioning that the last significant breakaway from the ANC, the Congress of the People (COPE), which had been formed in 2008 after the unceremonious ousting of former prime minister Thabo Mbeki from the ANC leadership by Zuma's clique, has not fared very well. It is still led by ex-cabinet minister Mosiuoa "Terror" Lekota. In the 2009 election, COPE won 7.42% of the vote and 30 seats in the National Assembly. It had initially looked as if it was going to have radical policies to the left of the ANC. Even one-time leader of the 1980's township revolt, and co-founder of the metal workers' union NUMSA, Moses Mayekiso, joined it, actually holding office in the party until 2012. But it turned into an alternative "middle class", middle-of-the-road ANC, and was soon riven with rivalries and splits. Today it could even be likened to a black-led version of the Democratic Alliance.
It will be interesting to see how the newcomers among the parties, launched after Marikana, fare in these elections. The most important beingthe above-mentioned EFF led by the expelled former ANC youth league leader, Julius Malema; Agang (meaning "to build" in the Northern Sotho language), headed by Dr Mamphela Ramphele ; and WASP, the Workers' and Socialist Party, which is presented as a "united front" party.
When the flamboyant populist, Malema, launched the EFF last year, like everything he does, it got a lot of publicity. Malema had already been trying to capitalise on the anti-government feeling in the Rustenburg area after the Marikana massacre. Te EFF has since then, been actively trying to recruit members in the mining areas and settlements of Limpopo and Mpumalanga, holding rallies and making sure activists in their EFF red berets were visible during meetings of strikers, etc.
It launched its manifesto at a rally in the huge Thembisa township, north-east of Johannesburg, with 60,000 people in attendance, on 22 February this year. In fact, politically, the EFF is simply opportunistic: its policies are a jumble of populist, but often quite reactionary, nationalist reformism, behind what it claims are "Marxist-Leninist" slogans, presumably to give it some "revolutionary" street cred. And of course there would be no street cred at all without the red berets, worn by its supporters, while its "officers" have full military uniforms and brand new jeeps to drive around in. It caused a big stir when it published a manifesto calling for land expropriation without compensation, nationalisation of mines and banks, and elected politicians being compelled to use public rather than private services (making a reference to Thomas Sankara, the murdered "Marxist" president of Burkino Faso in the 1980s). But since then it has reassured big business - by speaking of a mere 60% "management takeover" by the state... In other words, limited state control, rather than state ownership...
Of course EFF "Commander in Chief", Malema must hope that voters are able to forget who he really is:that he is the same Malema who helped his now "arch-enemy", Jacob Zuma, to win the ANC leadership election, against Thabo Mbeki in 2008, by mobilising the ANC youth. Zuma, of course, repaid him by expelling him from the ANC in 2012, for his disrespect to the party and "threats to turn the youth wing against it". It was a night of the long knives.
But Malema's trials were not over: on 26 September 2012, he was charged with money laundering, relating to his awarding of lucrative government contracts in Limpopo, in return for R4m (£225,000) in kickbacks. He also faces tax evasion charges to the tune of R16m (£900,000). So in February last year, The Revenue Service decided to auction off his property to pay these taxes - including a mansion in the posh suburb of Sandown near Johannesburg and a farm in Limpopo. He can't have been too poor if he had so much tax to pay, but some would say that such an unbelievably huge tax bill proves he must have been stitched up. And that this is all a smear campaign by political enemies.
Malema is good at making rousing political speeches and his populist language, designed to hit home among disgruntled voters, may mean that the EFF will get quite a few votes - pollsters say (at the time of writing) that it could possibly get around 7% of the vote. But who can really tell?
Build what and sting what?
The other party which was launched last year was "Agang" led by Mamphela Ramphele, a medical doctor and academic, who had two children with the assassinated Black Consciousness leader, Steve Biko. But that is where any association with radical politics ends. She went on to become a World Bank managing director and a mining multinational executive. She is said to be funded by a notorious tax-avoiding South African billionaire Natie Kirsch who resides in that notorious tax haven, London. Her party almost teamed up with the DA - but at the last minute decided this was a mistake. In other words, Agang is designed to be a more palatable form of the DA for black middle class voters. Since they already have COPE and the DA and several others, why should they be impressed?
The last of the new kids on the block, is the Workers' and Socialist Party or, unfortunate abbreviation as it may be, "WASP". This organisation was also set up in the wake of Marikana, claiming support among striking miners and their strike committees. It had a very quiet (nobody really knew much about it)launch on "Human Rights Day" - the official holiday to commemorate the Sharpeville Massacre - on 21 March 2013.
WASP originates in the Democratic Socialist Movement, which is the latest incarnation of what used to be the Marxist Workers' Tendency inside the ANC in the old days, that is, the South African counterpart of the formerly "entrist" Militant faction in the British Labour Party - now the Socialist Party. In the process of forming this "united front", all references to Trotskyism or communism have disappeared from the language of the new organisation, presumably for fear of deterring existing or potential associates, although this was never spelt out. However, despite this, or maybe because of this, they managed to get Moses Mayekiso (last heard from in COPE!) to head their list for the National Assembly election.
That said, WASP also made an approach to the EFF for some kind of joint platform - but this did not work out, said the WASP spokesperson, in an interview to the South African weekly Mail & Guardian: "It is necessary to expropriate capital's private ownership but for the purpose of bringing society into public ownership. Their [the EFF's] position is nationalisation to bring sectors of the economy into state control, which doesn't resolve the problems of the working class. It only poses the question of who owns the state and who benefits?" However, how the working class is supposed to achieve the "expropriation of capital" according to WASP, is anybody's guess. Besides, one can only wonder why WASP proposed an electoral alliance with the EFF when, in the same interview, its spokesperson accuses Malema of having supported the awarding of big bonuses to executives in the public electricity utility Eskom.
For the election, WASP has issued a "five point manifesto" which reads as follows:
"- Kick out the fat-cats; Nationalise the mines, the farms, the banks and big business. Nationalised industry to be under the democratic control of workers and working class communities; Democratic planning of production for social need, not profit.
"- End unemployment. Create socially-useful jobs for all those seeking work. Fight for a living wage of R12,500 per month.
"- Stop cut-offs and evictions - for massive investment in housing, electricity, water, sanitation, roads, public transport and social services.
"- For publicly funded, free education from nursery to university.
"- For publicly funded free health care accessible to all."
What will become of WASP in this election remains to be seen. It will probably be viewed with some suspicion due to its lack of real implantation amongst workers - even if it claims to be "influential" amongst mineworkers and especially in AMCU, the union which now dominates the Rustenburg platinum belt, having capitalised on the disgust the mineworkers felt for the COSATU-affiliated union, the NUM.
The ANC in defensive mode
If president Zuma is today blamed for the continued corrupt practice involved in numerous arms deals and government tenders, the ongoing self-enrichment of the political class and their friends and relatives, "Nkandlagate" - the scandal over his private Nkandla complex in his home village in Kwazulu-Natal, apparently paid for with public funds (still under investigation) - etc., there is one thing he is generally applauded for: the reversal of Mbeki's HIV policy. Nobody can forget the terrible years of mayhem and death caused by Mbeki's disastrous "denial" of HIV. So Zuma and his health ministers have won credit for this, even if the real struggle to reverse policy was waged by tireless public campaigning.
Given the devastating consequences that a 20% HIV incidence among the population has had, this is an undisputedly dramatic change in South Africa's social landscape - although it should never have been necessary in the first place. Today HIV counselling, testing and treatment is free and generally available. Excellent programmes exist which have made a very significant impact on the health of the population even if there are still logistical problems with the delivery of anti- HIV drugs.
However, and unsurprisingly, given the scale of the poverty and thus the general ill-health of the population, it seems that by pouring resources into addressing the HIV crisis, the health service has had nothing much left for anything else - and is on the brink of falling apart, despite the dedication of the health workers and professionals who heroically man the under-funded clinics and hospitals, always under severe pressure. As for the promised "National Health Insurance", it remains a mirage on the distant horizon.
The ANC has, of course, taken the disillusionment of the electorate into account, by emphasising the challenges it has faced over the past 20 years. But it also had to acknowledge the present dire social situation which it presides over. So its election message admits that: "Poverty, inequality and unemployment still affect the lives of many people. Corruption continues to erode our social fabric and undermine our development efforts. Our economy continues to feel the effects of the global economic slowdown." Never mind that it was the ANC itself which generated this "erosive" corruption, chiefly via government tenders!
The manifesto continues: "South Africa has begun a new and far-reaching phase of its democratic transition. This calls for bold and decisive steps to place the economy on a qualitatively different path. The National Development Plan (NDP) aims to eradicate poverty, increase employment, create sustainable livelihoods and reduce inequality by 2030."
Even if this was possible under the profit system, which it is not, why fix the NDP's "vision" on 2030, in 15 year's time ? As an economic programme (which is 480 pages long...) this NDP has come under attack from both COSATU, and the large metalworkers' union, NUMSA, for not addressing issues concretely and for its unambitious targets as regards poverty. The Communist Party defends it, of course, but since this party claims that South Africa is now embarking on the second stage of its "National Democratic Revolution", presumably towards socialism, it too, has to point out that there are some problems with the ANC's "vision". But it can't be too critical because renouncing its present parasitic existence as an appendage of the ANC would be opting for a life in the cold, which it is not prepared to do.
Anyway, as an election message, the above quote is certainly not aimed at the millions of poor, living in the sprawling so-called informal settlements around almost every single town and city in the country - "housing" the uncounted and disenfranchised poor. They may be a substantial proportion of the population, but if they have no voice, why indeed should the ANC bother to take them into account? However, they could be a direct threat to the cosy rule of the ANC, and in some ways already are. Because these working class families gave up on "pieces of paper" long ago. They have taken to making themselves heard in another way - by staging the regular, sometimes violent protests and blockades referred to above. They may be targeted by police bullets, just like the striking miners were, at Marikana, but they keep coming back. As do the miners, in fact.
Marikana unforgiven
Yes, the platinum miners up in Marikana are on strike again today - and, at the time of writing have been out for 7 weeks, because they have not yet achieved a minimum starting wage for everyone of R12,500, equivalent to £696 per month. Even if their strike in 2012 gained rock drill operators an increase to nearly R12,000 - which meant they "almost" won the strike they paid so dearly for, with their blood.
Indeed, the massacre of 34 of their comrades in August 2012, is by far the most important factor impacting on this year's election. It is rightly considered a watershed in ANC rule. And it is rightly likened to the 1960 Sharpeville massacre.
That the ANC could sanction such killings 52 years later, shocked everyone. But in fact it merely revealed that it is, after all, class rule which is the decisive factor in this capitalist world, and that, at the time, the apartheid regime was just one of its more oppressive disguises. When it comes to it, any government ruling in the interests of the bourgeoisie, i.e., the capitalist class, in this case the ANC, is capable of similar acts.
Of course, this does not make the brutal Marikana killings any less shocking. And while the state police carried them out, it was at the instigation of mining giant Lonmin. What is more, everyone now knows that rand billionaire, and former miners' leader, Cyril Ramaphosa, who sits on Lonmin's board, formally agreed to the police action. And when, nevertheless, ANC delegates elected Ramaphosa as the party's Deputy Secretary General just 4 months later, at the party's Mangaung conference, it became clear to anyone who cared to notice, on which side of the class divide the ANC sat.
But are the ANC government's days of hiding behind the so-called "Tripartite Alliance" with COSATU and the Communist Party, which has allowed it to claim to be a "party of the working class", now over?
This question brings us back to the election line-up. There may be 46 or so organisations with their deposits paid up to participate on 7 May. However, if there is a potential game-changer, it may well prove to be none of these participants, but rather an outsider - the metalworkers' union NUMSA, which has thrown a very large spanner in the works of this year's election.
In December, at a special conference, NUMSA delegates decided overwhelmingly that their union would not support the ANC in this election and that the union would not use any of its resources, nor its vast network of local branches, to campaign for the ANC. This is the first time anything like this has happened .
So why did NUMSA make this decision, and why now? After all, it has placed it in a position of conflict with COSATU - of which it is a founder and a cornerstone, but which is now threatening it with expulsion. And of course it has placed the union leadership (headed by Irvin Jim, since 2008) in direct opposition to the ANC and SACP leaders.
In fact NUMSA was the first and most prominent COSATU union to back the Marikana strikers in 2012 and to condemn, immediately, their killers. Sympathy strikes were staged at the time and strikes scheduled to take place over disputes involving NUMSA members were used to raise the issue of the dead miners, as well as the miners'ongoing strike at the time.
At the time too, it should be remembered that the SACP and even the leader of COSATU, Zwelinzima Vavi, condemned the Marikana strikers. They were "provocateurs", "splitters" and "counter-revolutionaries", said Jeremy Cronin, the arch-stalinist Communist Party leader. And at the time, Vavi echoed his words. COSATU was facing a crisis. One of its other foundation stones, the National Union of Mineworkers, had been increasingly discredited over the course of the 2 or 3 previous years amongst platinum mineworkers. The miners had even been on strike against their own union leaders, because of the NUM's victimisation of their shop stewards. They left it in droves in order to join the Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union (AMCU), which was younger, newer and thus more responsive to their needs. In contrast, the NUM had become conservative, bureaucratised and its leadership was more obsessed with making partnership deals with the bosses (often their fellow ANC cronies, like Ramaphosa) than defending workers.
Then came the suspension of Vavi, accused, in a set-up, first of rape - but this accusation had to be withdrawn - and then of sexual intercourse with a work colleague in the COSATU building. Because this has not had the desired effect of discrediting him in members' eyes, he is also now being accused of some kind of shady dealing over the sale of the COSATU headquarters. But Vavi had also been prominent in opposing corruption in the unions and in government. And this is precisely what puts him at odds with the current Zuma loyalists in the ANC and the SACP leadership.
NUMSA had all along supported Vavi - and called for a special conference of COSATU in order to resolve these issues. In this, it was supported by 9 other unions affiliated to COSATU - most of the more important ones, indeed. But the "new" COSATU leaders put in place to rule in Vavi's stead are refusing a special conference and have launched a slanderous campaign accusing NUMSA of all kinds of malpractice and even corruption.
Of course if they expel Numsa it will be a clear case of cutting one's nose off to spite one's face, since NUMSA is the largest COSATU union by far, with around 350,000 members. And COSATU is already faced with its other pillar, the NUM, haemorrhaging members to AMCU.
Forward to a revolutionary workers' party?
In December, NUMSA decided to hold a special conference to reappraise where it stood politically, with reference to COSATU, the ANC and the SACP.
Its discussion documents for the this conference contain a multitude of well-reasoned political points, economic facts and examples, all of which boil down to the fact that the ANC Alliance has failed to deliver on its promises, that it has not even stuck to the Freedom Charter, which was hardly a "socialist programme" anyway. It notes that the so-called National Development Plan (NDP) which was supposed to put the country back onto the road of development in the interests of the working class (!!) under Jacob Zuma - as opposed to the "neoliberalism" of GEAR , which was the framework imposed by Zuma's predecessor, Thabo Mbeki - surprise, surprise, turns out to be just the same... And for the working class it is, of course, and this goes without saying, an abysmal failure.
In fact, NUMSA has belatedly discovered the "bourgeois" nature of the ANC-SACP Alliance. "If we have characterised the NDP in these class terms, as a neoliberal plan, a major right-wing deviation from the Freedom Charter, it is therefore a straightforward conclusion that the leadership that uses the NDP as a basis to mobilise the progressive social forces around a common vision is also a "neoliberal", "rightwing" leadership. In short, our conclusion is that the leadership that emerged in Mangaung [the last ANC congress in December 2012] is a bourgeois leadership."
As far as the NUMSA activists are concerned, if the Freedom Charter had been adhered to, today we would have seen the nationalisation of the "commanding heights" of the economy. They are obviously mistaken, since the Freedom Charter was pretty ambiguous on this point, but at least they are now putting into question the policy followed over the past two decades.
NUMSA goes on to explain that on top of all the other failures, today the ANC offers only policies which hurt workers. For instance, E-Tolling on the roads - against which COSATU's rather half-hearted campaign has been totally unsuccessful. Another example is the ANC's strategy for tackling youth unemployment, which is to give the bosses a subsidy to pay younger recruits a pittance - and in consequence, to dismiss older workers! NUMSA has been the union most vocally against this.
It was thus at this December 2013 conference that thousands of NUMSA delegates voted overwhelmingly for their union not to support the ANC in the coming election and for NUMSA to convene provincial consultative meetings to discuss a "socialist future" and the need for workers to have their own party. In the words of Irvin Jim, "unless the working class organizes itself as a class for itself, it will remain unrepresented and forever toil behind the bourgeoisie." They were not clear what shape or form the future party would take - so this would be left open for the discussions until some kind of consensus could be reached.
Incidentally, the idea for regional conferences to discuss socialism and how to get there, is not something NUMSA pulled out of its hat. In fact as some commentators point out, it is part of the constitution of the union federation, COSATU. Twenty years ago, under the leadership of Mbhazima Shilowa, COSATU convened just such a "socialist conference". The problem is that it never had another one! But today NUMSA is taking the initiative single-handedly in the face of extreme opposition from the powerful nationalist and Stalinist leaders of the Tripartite Alliance.
One of NUMSA's press releases thus boldly reads:
"1. Every NUMSA member is entitled to vote for a political party of their choice including the ANC;
2. Given the attack on the working class as a result of neo-liberal and anti-working policy implemented by the ANC, NUMSA shall not endorse nor fund the ANC in its 2014 elections campaign;
3. NUMSA is not and shall never be transformed into a political party;
4. In NUMSA we have members of different political parties and therefore the unity of workers is our primary goal;
5. The United Front is not a political party BUT a mobilising instrument and tool in the hands of the working class to organise and coordinate working class struggles for working class confidence, consciousness and working class power;
6. The working class needs an independent and revolutionary working class party. In this regard we shall research and investigate internally the experience of workers parties and report these international research findings in March 2015. Dividing workers as the ANC, SACP and COSATU national and provincial leaders are now doing, demonstrates the fact that the working class is on its own and would have to accept that painful reality. No romanticism or sentimental attachments can obscure the bad state of the South African working class. As we reached the end of February 2014, we have grown the NUMSA membership to 341, 473. We shall continue to serve the interest of workers to the best of our abilities."
One can only agree with the spirit of this statement. NUMSA, and particularly its leadership under Irvin Jim, is now awaiting the verdict on their submission to COSATU, stating why they should not be expelled from the federation. As mentioned before, they already have a lot of support - and it is growing - from other unions (9 unions and several other regional branches, in other words almost half of the 21 affiliates of COSATU) and from the left-wing formations already outside of COSATU like the National Transport Movement, which split from COSATU's Transport union some time ago.
COSATU may well decide to expel NUMSA. If it does, it will have split the trade union movement. However, it is no foregone conclusion that this will weaken the working class. After all, over the past two years, the largest strike and protest movements have been carried out by workers without the active support - and often against - the COSATU leadership.
Of course, it probably goes without saying that the South African working class can expect nothing from the election on 7 May. On the other hand, if the current Numsa initiative takes off the ground and produces the embryo of a new and genuine workers' party, this could prove to be a decisive development. Coming out of the largest and most militant union, this party would be based from its inception, on the core section of the working class - its industrial proletariat. And if, building on its long and militant tradition, it was able to free itself from the nationalist straitjacket which has so far paralysed working class politics in South Africa, and was then able to adopt a clear class perspective and revolutionary communist programme, in an international framework, that would indeed change everything!


text:
I Got A Fish
" Welcome to the David Lynch movie of your nightmares. "
WBCN, hitting the nail on the head.
I Got A Fish is a video uploaded by Chris to YouTube on 27 April 2009. In this video, Chris jog-dances in place while a stupid song full of random-access humor that he made up plays in the background. The song is about his apparent possession of a wish-granting fish; despite this claim, he does not actually have one. This song is also probably the closest that Chris has ever come to carrying an actual tune.
The video is one of the few cases where the mainstream media got in on it.
The audio file included with the Power series of videos is a modified version of this song, but with the word "fish" replaced with "dick."
Chris reprised the song in Twelve New and Old Things of Christmas (2015), and again on New Year's Day 2020, where he included it in his first tweet of the decade.[1]
Stardate 27 April 2009
Subject Matter Music Music
Performance Style Comedy Comedy, Crazy Crazy
Shirt Classic Shirt The Classic
OFFICIAL and HONEST CWC Videos
CWC's "It's All Coming Back To Me" next
A true sturgeon with rage.
[song is delivered via voice-over as Chris mutely jog-dances in place holding a PS3 controller]
I got a fish!
Would ya like to make a wish?
I got a fiiiiiiiiish! [spreads arms wide to accompany wobbly falsetto]
Would ya like to make a wish? [swings arm around and turns off camera with grace]
I got a fish! Animated
Stardate 14 June 2011
Made By festivus31
Video Type Animation
I Got A Fish cover
Stardate 13 February 2015
Made By GUWANGE
Subject Matter I Got A Fish
Video Type Song Cover
Other Info From the album Trollsta's Paradise: A True and Honest Tribute to Christian & The Hedgehog Boys (Deluxe Edition).
Chris-Chan's I Got a Fish Reversed
Stardate 22 October 2017
Made By Craig Smith
Other Info A TRUE and HONEST Sturgeon with Rage, Reversed
⇐ CWC's "It's All Coming Back To Me" Chris's videos Power ⇒
Chris's music videos
1998 KCWC Broadcast • "So Need a Cute Girl" / "All I Want for Christmas is a Pretty Girlfriend" • "Master Onion a la Mode" • Filmation's Ghostbusters Theme • "Never Gonna Give You Up" • "Heartbreaker" • "Holding Out for a Hero" • "Lovin' You" • "Jolly Holiday" • "Single and Lonely" • "Fart Song" • "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" • "I Got a Fish" • "I Love the Nightlife" • "Don't Trust Any Homos Over There" • "OK2BGay" • "Dare" • "Boyfriend" (I) • "More Than a Feeling" • "Sonic Boom" • "Don't Say You Love Me" • "Autumn Goodbye" • "The Touch" • "Smell Yo Dick" • KCWC Top 10 • "So Need a Cute Girl (II)" • "Respect" • "Old Time Rock and Roll" • Aerosmith medley • "A Whole New World" • "iPods Down and Listen Up" • "Juggalo Family" • "Mr. Plow" remix • "Boyfriend" (II) • "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm" • "Step in Time" • "Don't Laugh at Me" • "A Day in the Life" • "Meet the Flintstones" • Hamlet song • "Everywhere You Look" • "Kajra Re" • "Ghostbusters" • "Gangsta's Paradise" • "Wrist, Wrist" • "Teenage Dream" • "Fuck the Pain Away" • "Walmart" • "Hello! Ma Baby" • "The Twelve Days of Christmas" • "Jungle Bells" • "Sleigh Ride" • "You're a Mean One, Mr. Trump" • "Yellow Submarine" • "Fuck, Fuck, Fuck, Shake My Boobies" • "All of the Lights" • "So Need a Cute Girl (III)" • "Ascension Millennium" • "The Dream I Dreamed" • "Sorry (Not Sorry)" • "Remove Kebab" • "Love is Love" • "Walkin' Around the Van" • "All Star"
↑ Chris's fishy wish, New Year's Day 2020
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Videos Christian uploaded to YouTube
Media that has been published in real life
Chris-chan videos, April 2009