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In a unanimous decision, the Court held that Congress had the power to incorporate the bank and that Maryland could not tax instruments of the national government employed in the execution of constitutional powers. Writing for the Court, Chief Justice Marshall noted that Congress possessed unenumerated powers not explicitly outlined in the Constitution. Marshall also held that while the states retained the power of taxation, "the constitution and the laws made in pursuance thereof are supreme. . .they control the constitution and laws of the respective states, and cannot be controlled by them."
U.S. Term limits v. Thornton
Basically affirms McCullough. Can states alter those qualifications for the U.S. Congress that are specifically enumerated in the Constitution? No. The Constitution prohibits States from adopting Congressional qualifications in addition to those enumerated in the Constitution. A state congressional term limits amendment is unconstitutional if it has the likely effect of handicapping a class of candidates and "has the sole purpose of creating additional qualifications indirectly." Furthermore, "...allowing individual States to craft their own congressional qualifications would erode the structure designed by the Framers to form a 'more perfect Union.'"
Limits of Necessary & Proper Clause
History has mostly affirmed McCullough's view of N&P clause. In determining whether the N&P clause grants Congress the legislative authority to enact a particular federal statute, look to see whether the statute constitutes a means that is rationally related to the implementation of a constitutionally enumerated power (Comstock). The relevant inquiry is simply whether the means chosen are "reasonably adapted" to the attainment of a legitimate end under the commerce power or under other powers that the Constitution grants Congress the authority to implement. Congress has the power under the N&P clause to prescribe the sanctions for the crimes that it creates (Comstock)
United States v. Comstock Did Congress have the constitutional authority to enact the Adam Walsh Protection and Safety Act? Yes. The Supreme Court held that the Necessary and Proper Clause grants Congress authority sufficient to enact the Adam Walsh Protection and Safety Act.
Commerce Clause
Art. I §8 includes 18 clauses enumerating specific powers of congress, included in that section is the power "to regulate Commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian Tribes". Historically, views of the meaning of the CC has changed. Initially (Gibbons), court adopts expansive view of the scope of the Commerce Clause. From late 19th c. until 1937, court adopts narrow construction, invalidates many laws as exceeding the scope of this authority. From 1937 until 1995, no federal laws deemed unconstitutional as violating commerce clause. In 1995 until present, some laws considered unconstitutional.
A New York state law gave to individuals the exclusive right to operate steamboats on waters within state jurisdiction. Laws like this one were duplicated elsewhere which led to friction as some states would require foreign (out-of-state) boats to pay substantial fees for navigation privileges. Q: Did the State of New York exercise authority in a realm reserved exclusively to Congress, namely, the regulation of interstate commerce? The unanimous Court found that New York's licensing requirement for out-of-state operators was inconsistent with a congressional act regulating the coasting trade. The New York law was invalid by virtue of the Supremacy Clause. In his opinion, Chief Justice John Marshall developed a clear definition of the word commerce, which included navigation on interstate waterways. He also gave meaning to the phrase "among the several states" in the Commerce Clause.
Meaning of the Commerce Clause in Gibbons
Marshall looked first at what "Commerce" means. It is something more than "traffic" (Ogden's argument); it is intercourse. It describes the commercial intercourse between nations, parts of nations, all its branches, and is regulated by prescribing rules for carrying on that intercourse. Commerce includes all phases of business, including navigation (the issue here). Next looked at meaning of "among the states": Among means "intermingled" with. Commerce among states does not stop at the external boundary line of each state, but may be introduced into the interior. Did not choose "in the midst of", which would have been broader: it is restricted to commerce which concerns more states than one (internal commerce in a state doesn't count). Congress CAN regulate intrastate commerce if it had an impact on interstate activities
1887-1937 Commerce Clause
In late 19th century, conservative justices take over and limit federal authority in this area. Supreme Court espoused philosophy termed "dual federalism": federal and state governments were separate sovereigns, each had separate zones of authority, and it was judicial role to protect the states by interpreting and enforcing the constitution to protect the zone of activities reserved to the states. "Among the states" only allows Congress to regulate when there is substantial effect on interstate commerce. Direct v. indirect effects: Court requires that there be a direct effect on interstate commerce
United States v. E.C. Knight
1895. US government attempted to use the Sherman Antitrust Act to block the American Sugar Refining Company form acquiring four competing refineries, the acquisition would have given the company control of 98% of the sugar industry. Court held that the antitrust act could not be used to stop a monopoly because the Constitution did not allow congress to regulate manufacturing, thus there is no federal authority. Commerce is not part of manufacturing and the court held a rigid distinction to preserve a zone of activities to the states. The court explained that the effect on commerce was only indirect and this outside the scope of the federal power.
Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
1935. Coal Conservation Act of 1935 declared unconstitutional: federal regulations on employment not "commerce"
Shreveport Rate Cases
1914. Railroad was ordered to charge the same rates for shipmens to Marshall, Texas, whether from Shreveport or from Dallas (interstate Commerce Commission regulated this, which was created by Congress). Court upholds federal regulation on the basis that congress in its exercise of its paramount power may prevent the common instramentalities of interstate and intrastate commercial intercourse from being used in their intrastate operations to the injury of interstate commerce. Congress possesses power to foster, protect interstate commerce, take all measures necessary and appropriate to that end
Schechter Poultry Corp v. Untied States (Sick Chickens case)
Nattional Industrial Recovery act (part of the New Deal) authorized the president to approve codes of fair competition developed by boards of various industries; President approves a Live Poultry Code for NY, which requires sellers to sell only entire coops of chickens or half coops and made it illegal for buyers to reject individual chickens. Regulated employment by requiring collective baragaining, prohibiting child labor, est. 40-hour work week, minimum wage. Court declares the code unconstitutional bc there was not a sufficiently direct relationship to interstate commerce. Even though all the poultry was shipped to/from other states, the code was not regulating the interstate transactions but the operation of businesses within NY. Effect of intrastate transactions upon interstate commerce is "merely indirect," so they remain in domain of state power
Swift & Co. v. United States
Application of Sherman Antitrust Act to an agreement among meat dealers to fix the price at which they would purchase meat from stockyards. Stockyard was intrastate, but only a temporary stop for the cattle: in a current of commerce among the states, and the purchase of cattle is a part and incident of such commerce. This is constitutional
Does State Sovereignty Limit Congressional Power?
Court held that even if an activity was commerce and was among the states, Congress still could not regulate if it was intruding into the "Zone of activities" reserved for the states. 10th amendment reserves a zone of activities to the states and even federal laws within the scope of the commerce clause were unconstitutional if they invaded that zone
Champion v. Ames
Federal law prohibiting the interstate shipment of lottery tickets. Court upheld the federal law. Both this case and Hammer the federal law prohibited the shipment of a specific item, an interstate commerce. But in Hammer the court declared the law Unconstitutional. BUT in this case the court declared that it was within Congress' commerce clause power to stop lottery tickets from being a part of interstate commerce. Court rejected the argument that the federal law violated the 10th Amendment and intruded on State government prerogatives. The court also rejected the argument that according Congress such power would give congress seemingly limitless authority. Thus the court did not constitutionally define the zone of activities reserved to the states.
Hammer. v. Dagenhart
Most significant decision to use 10th amendment. A federal law prohibited the shipment in interstate commerce of goods made in factories that employed children under the age of 14.Court declared the law unconstitutional because it controlled production. Court essentially saying that if the product is dangerous or immoral then congress can regulate, but it's not then congress can't. But what are dangerous or immoral articles, v. the product of dangerous or immoral practices?Court said that the power to regulate the child labor was entrusted to the states only
Key Decisions Changing the Commerce Clause Doctrine
NLRB, Darby, and Wickard overruled the earlier decisions and expansively defined the scope of Congresses's commerce power. From 1937-1995 no federal laws declared unconstitutional as exceeding scope of Congress's commerce power
NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
National Labor Relations Board found J&L had engaged in unfair labor practices by discriminatory discharges of employees for union activity. J&L challenged the National Labor Relations Act. Court held that the Act was consistent with Congress's constitutional authority. Court said that the steel business was part of the stream of commerce, labor relations within had a direct effect on commerce. Power to regulate commerce is the power to enact all appropriate legislation for its protection and advancement; adopt eamsures to promote it sgrowth and insure its safety, foster, protect, control, restrain. Power is plenary and may be exerted to protect interstate commerce no matter what the source of the dangers which threaten it
United States. V. Darby
Expressly Overrules the Hammer Case. Georgia lumber manufacture challenged an indictment charging him with violating the Fair Labor Standards Acts, the district court quashed the indictment, holding that the act was unconstitutional. Issue 1: Whether Congress has constitutional power to prohibit the shipment in interstate commerce of lumber manufactured by employees whose wages are less than a prescribed minimum or whose weekly hours of labor at the wage are greater than a prescribed minimum? Court holds that it does. Issue 2: Whether it has the power to prohibit the employment of workmen in the production of goods "for interstate commerce" Court holds: that the power of congress over interstate commerce extends to activities interstate, which have a substantial effect on the commerce or the exercise of the Congressional power over it. Court rejects view that production left entirely to state regulation: congress may control production by regulating shipments in interstate commerce. Reject view that 10th amendment limits congress's powers
Wickard v. Filburn
Filburn is charged with violation a wheat quota law, he challenges law. Because there is a surplus of wheat, the federal government tries to control the market, by decreasing supply and increasing prices, they do this by an act. Court holds that the law is constitutional. Aggregation Principal: The court rules that the farmer's wheat production is isolation doesn't affect interstate commerce, but if every farmer did the same thing than it would effect the interstate commerce, thus affecting the whole market on a national scale. What does it mean to substantially affect interstate commerce? This case allows congress to control intrastate commerce even though the activities are only confided within the state. Rejects limits on commerce power that were enforced earlier: distinctions on commerce/production, direct/indirect effects on commerce no longer followed
Post-Wickard Commerce Clause
New rule: Congress can regulate any activity if there was a "substantial effect" on interstate commerce. Not necessary that particular person or entity being regulated have a substantial effect on commerce. The activity, looked at cumulatively across the country, must have a substantial effect on commerce. In some cases, court deletes "substantial" so long as there is a rational basis for an effect on commerce
Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc. v. United States
Hotel had 216 rooms, 75% of registered guests from out of state. Title II of Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination by places of public accommodation. Court upholds it against hotel, which had a policy of refusing to provide accomodations to blacks. Considers whether congress had a rational basis for finding that racial discrimination affected commerce: yes, it "impedes" interstate travel. Didn't matter that motive was "moral"
Katzenbach v. McClung
Ollie's Barbeque: 46 percent of meat purchased from out of state. Congress rationally had concluded that discrimination by restaurants cumulatively had an impact on interstate commerce: restaurants sold less interstate goods bc of the discrimination; interstate commerce was obstructed, business suffered, new businesses refrained from establishing there as a result of it. Court upholds civil rights act application to Ollie's bc power under CC is broad and sweeping
Perez v. United States
Title II of Credit Protection Act prohibits loan sharking activities such as charges of excess interest, violence and threats of violence to collect debts. Defendant convicted of violating the law, but argued that the law could not be constitutionally applies to him bc his business wholly operated in NY and there was no proof that he engaged in organized crime. Court upholds federal law, concluding that it was rational for congress to believe that even intrastate loan sharking activities had a sufficient effect on interstate commerce. Rational belief sufficient
After Perez, congress enacts RICO statute, making it a federal crime for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise engaged, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly in a pattern of racketeering activity. Racketeering includes everything from prostitution, obscenity, gambling, arson, extortion, bribery
Contemporary Commerce Clause
Lopez decided in 1995, struck down Gun-Free School Zones act of 1990. Since then, gradual narrowing of congressional power and revived arguments of state's 10th amendment rights. Test after Lopez is whether the activity sought to be regulated substantially affects interstate commerce, this is upheld in Morrison. But several cases have upheld the federal statutes (Gonzales). Many questions are unanswered and therefore invite challenges to federal laws like the ACA.
U.S. v. Lopez
Lopez (HS senior) arrested in texas for carrying concealed handgun w/ bullets at school. Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990 makes it a federal offense for any individual knowingly to possess a firearm at a place that the individual knows, or has reasonable cause to believe, is a school zone. Lopez convicted, sentence, and appealed on grounds that GFSZA of 1990 was unconstitutional exercise of Congress's commerce power: inadequate relationship to interstate commerce (5th circuit). Supreme Court found that the law was unconstitutional because it wasn't substantially related to interstate commerce. Congress may legislate and protect the instramentalities of interstate commerce (i.e. railroads) and activities that have a substantial relation to interstate commerce. Gun at school doesn't substantially affect interstate commerce
United States v. Morrison
Violence Against Women Act provision authorizes victims of gender-motivated violence to sue for money damages. Enacted based on findings that state laws don't adequately protect women who are victims of DV, sexual assaults. Case brought by Christy Brzonkala, raped by football players at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, files suit against assailants and university. Court held that Congress lacked authority to adopt the provision under CC or under 14th Amend. §5. Court rejects that it's substantially related to interstate commerce: Rehnquist says that gender-motivated crimes are not economic activity in any sense. Existence of findings is not sufficient by itself, still need it to "substantially affect" interstate commerce
Gonzales v. Raich
Re: California marijuana laws. Court says that congress may use its power to regulate commerce among the states to prohibit the cultivation and possession of small amounts of marijuana for medicinal purposes. While Califonia de-criminalized medical marijuana, no exception in federal law. Court says that marijuana cumulatively (incl. stuff grown for medicinal purposes) has a substantial effect on interstate commerce. Stands for the proposition that intrastate production of a commodity sold in interstate commerce is economic activity and thus substantial effect can be based on cumulative output
Sebelius
ACA case: is it constitutional to require an individual mandate?Court says the power to regulate presupposes something that already exists. Commerce clause doesn't give congress the authority to regulate things that don't exist. 5 justices say the fed government doesn't have power to force you to buy something based on commerce clause
Direct v. Indirect Taxes
Historically, court draws distinction between "direct" and "indirect" taxes based on the text. Art. I §2 says that direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states. Art. I §9 says that no direct tax shall be laid unless in proportion to the census. Court originally narrowly defines "direct" tax and accords Congress broad authority to impose taxes. Limits "direct" taxes to real property in early cases; all other taxes can be imposed by Congress without considering apportionment. Hylton v. United States: 1796 case that held a tax on carriages was indirect. Veazie Bank v. Fenno: 1869 case that upholds constitutionality of fed tax on state bank notes bc it was "indirect."Polluck v. Farmer's Loan & Title Co.: tax was gained from property, so it was direct and therefore unconstitutional. In 1913, Sixteenth Amendment ratified; overturns Polluck and allows a federal income tax. Court eventually eliminates distinction between direct/indirect taxes
Regulatory v. Revenue Tax Distinction
Court creates distinction between regulatory and revenue raising taxes (although this really doesn't have significance any more). Bailey v. Drexel: fed tax on companies that shipped in interstate commerce goods made by child labor held unconstitutional bc it violates the 10th amendment. Distinction between true tax and a penalty for violation of a commercial regulation: even though taxes can have incidental regulatory effect, a tax is unconstitutional when it becomes a "mere penalty with the characteristics between regulation and punishment." Problem: false distinction between taxes that generate taxes and penalties; taxes can be both! It's inherently arbitrary
Hill v. Wallace
1922 case; federal tax on grain future contracts is unconstitutional because it was a penalty and not a true tax
U.S. v. Constantine
1935 case; fed tax on liquor dealors who violate state liquor laws is unconstitutional bc it exhibits an intention to prohibit and punish violations of state law and remove any semblance of revenue act
Sonzinsky v. United States
sustains National Firearms Act despite being regulatory
Individual mandate upheld despite being called a penalty based on taxation power
Child Labor Tax Case (Bailey v. Drexel Furniture)
1921 The Court found that the Child Labor Tax Law was in violation of the Constitution as it intruded on the jurisdiction of states to adopt and enforce child labor codes. Chief Justice Taft argued that the tax law in question did much more than simply impose an "incidental restraint" but exerted a "prohibitory and regulatory effect" in a realm over which Congress had no jurisdiction. Taft feared that upholding this law would destroy state sovereignty and devastate "all constitutional limitation of the powers of Congress" by allowing it to disguise future regulatory legislation in the cloak of taxes.
United States v. Kahriger
1952 In 1951, Congress adopted the Gamblers' Occupational Tax Act which required gamblers to register with the Collector of Internal Revenue and levied a tax on their gambling income. The Court upheld the law. Justice Reed argued that the law did not violate a person's Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination because under its registration provisions, individuals were "not compelled to confess to acts already committed." The statute simply informed people who wanted to "engage in the business of wagering" that they would be required to "fulfill certain conditions." The Tenth Amendment was not offended as Reed found that the tax produced revenue and was not inconsistent with similar taxes which the Court had previously approved.
Question: Does Congress have power under Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution, specifically under the Commerce Clause or the Taxing and Spending Clause, to require most Americans to purchase health insurance? Chief Justice Roberts, joined by Justices Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan, concluded that the Individual Mandate penalty is a tax for the purposes of the Constitution's Taxing and Spending Clause and is a valid exercise of Congressional authority. The payment is not so severe as to be coercive, is not limited to willful violations like fines for unlawful acts, and is collected by the Internal Revenue Service by normal means.
Spending Power
Court has held that congress has broad power to spend funds to advance the "general welfare" Congress not limited to spending only to achieve enumerated powers in Art. I; but it can spending any way that it believes would serve the general welfare. In Butler; court held that act was unconstitutional bc it infringed on states' 10th amendment rights; but this is now no longer good law; However, its holding about spending power is still good law. In Steward Machine Co. v. Davis, provisions of social security act that provided for ole age pension program upheld due to broad nature of Congressional Spending power. In Sabri v. U.S. (2004) federal law that prohibits bribery of state, local and tribal officials that receive $10000 in fed funds upheld: Congress has power to bear directly on individuals who convert public spending into unearned provate gain
United States v. Butler
1935. As part of the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act, Congress implemented a processing tax on agricultural commodities, from which funds would be redistributed to farmers who promised to reduce their acreage. The Court found the Act unconstitutional because it attempted to regulate and control agricultural production, an arena reserved to the states. Even though Congress does have the power to tax and appropriate funds, argued Justice Roberts, in this case those activities were "but means to an unconstitutional end," and violated the Tenth Amendment.Basically is a regulation so it won't work; it's unconstitutional bc court is still in era where certain subject matters over which government has no authority. Can't use it's federal authority over areas reserved for state authority
Steward Machine Co. v. Davis
provisions of social security act that provided for ole age pension program upheld due to broad nature of Congressional Spending power
Conditions on grants to state governments
Ability of congress to place conditions on grants to state and local governments is an important issue. Congress may place conditions on these grants, as long as the conditions are expressly stated and have some relationship to the purpose of the spending program. Gotta be in the general welfare; Need to be clear about the conditions; Conditions have to be related to the spending power. Other constitutional provisions provide independent bar to the conditional grant of federal funds. As an aside: can't be coercive (pressure can't turn into compulsion), could say no and still get highway funds
Oklahoma v. Civil Service Commission
Provision of the federal Hatch Act that granted federal funds to state governments on the condition that the states adopt civil service systems and limit political activities of many categories of government workers. Court upheld the law, saying that congress has broad power to set conditions for receipt of federal funds even in areas where Congress wouldn't normally be able to regulate. Congress has power to fix the terms upon which its money allotments to states whall be disbursed
South Dakota v. Dole
In 1984, Congress enacted legislation ordering the Secretary of Transportation to withhold five percent of federal highway funds from states that did not adopt a 21-year-old minimum drinking age. South Dakota, a state that permitted persons 19 years of age to purchase alcohol, challenged the law. In a 7-to-2 decision, the Court held that Congress, acting indirectly to encourage uniformity in states' drinking ages, was within constitutional bounds. The Court found that the legislation was in pursuit of "the general welfare," and that the means chosen to do so were reasonable. The Court also held that the Twenty-first Amendment's limitations on spending power were not prohibitions on congressional attempts to achieve federal objectives indirectly. The five percent loss of highway funds was not unduly coercive.
First case where the court ever strikes down spending on the condition that it's unduly coercive. Congress: created Medicaid system for the poor, funding a large portion (states fund the rest). ACA made "serious" changes to medicare: threatens to withdraw all money for Medicaid-dependent citizens. States said it was coercive: couldn't afford to have healthcare without: states budget was 20% for Medicaid. Citizens pay the same in taxes, won't get any taxes back; like a "gun to the head". Chief Justice Roberts, with Justices Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, Breyer, Alito, and Kagan, concluded that the Medicaid expansion provisions was unconstitutionally coercive as written. Congress does not have authority under the Spending Clause to threaten the states with complete loss of Federal funding of Medicaid, if the states refuse to comply with the expansion. Justices Ginsburg and Sotomayor disagreed, arguing, "Congresss' authority to condition the use of federal funds is not confined to spending programs as first launched. The legislature may, and often does, amend the law."
Art. II §2 gives president authority to make treaties by and with consent of the Senate, provided that 2/3 of the Senators present concur. Amend. 10 gives states/people authority. Treaties prevail over conflicting state laws. When a statute and treaty are on the same subject, court will try to give effect to both. If a conflict between treaty and statute, the one adopted last in time prevails. Treaties cannot violate the constitution. Missouri v. Holland: states cannot claim that state sovereignty/10th amendment limit the scope of the treaty power
Missouri v. Holland
In December 1916, the United States and Great Britain entered into a treaty to protect a number of migratory birds in the U.S. and Canada. Congress passed the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in 1918 in order to facilitate enforcement of the treaty. Question: Did the treaty infringe upon rights reserved to the states by the Tenth Amendment? No. In a 7-to-2 decision, the Court held that the national interest in protecting the wildlife could be protected only by national action. The Court noted that the birds the government sought to protect had no permanent habitats within individual states and argued that "[b]ut for the treaty and the statute there soon might be no birds for any powers to deal with." The Court thus upheld the exercise of the treaty power and thus found no violation of the Tenth Amendment.
Bond v. United States
No right to regulate crime of passion (chemical weapons). Carol Anne Bond was found guilty of trying to poison her husband's mistress, Myrlinda Haynes, with toxic chemicals at least 24 times over the course of several months. Question: Does a criminal defendant, who has been convicted under a federal statute, have standing to challenge the conviction on grounds that the statute is beyond the federal government's enumerated powers and inconsistent with the Tenth Amendment? Yes. The Supreme Court reversed and remanded the lower court order in a unanimous opinion by Justice Anthony Kennedy. "Bond has standing to challenge the federal statute on grounds that the measure interferes with the powers reserved to States," Kennedy wrote.
10th Amendment Limits
10th amendment says powers not delegated to the U.S. in the constitution or prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people; Question about whether the 10th amend. is a judicially enforceable limit on congress's powers: can fed laws be declared unconstitutional as violating 10th amend? Court is inconsistent throughout history. One approach: 10th amend is not a separate constraint on congress but just a reminder that congress only may legislate if it has authority under the constitution. Here, federal law would never be found unconstitutional as violating the 10th amend but could be invalidated as exceeding the scope of Congress's powers in Art. I or another constitutional provision, This was what court did in the 19th century: federal laws generally constitutional as long as congress acted w/in scope of its authority; Also shifted back to this approach from 1937-1990s: only 1 law found to violate 10th amend. Different approach: 10th amend. protects state sovereignty form federal intrusion. Here, 10th amend is key protection of states' rights and federalism: reserves a zone of activity to the states for their exclusive control, and federal laws intruding into this zone should be declared unconstitutional by the courts. In the first third of the 20th Century, court took this view, found that 10th amend. reserved control over production and attempts to regulate production found unconstitutional. Modern trend in NY v. United States and Prinz is to uphold 10th amendment limitations. NY v. United States: it is unconstitutional for Congress to compel state legislature to adopt laws or state agencies to adopt regulations. However, congress can set standards that state/local governments must meet, attach strings
Coyle v. Oklahoma
In 1910, Oklahoma enacted a law moving its state capital from Guthrie to Oklahoma City. In admitting Oklahoma to the Union, the Congress declared the temporary capital to be Briscoe and that a change to some other location would not occur until 1913. Question Does Oklahoma have the power to locate its seat of government when Congress has imposed conditions limiting that location? Yes. This was congressional overreaching. States are on an equal footing to determine their own location for the seat of government.
National League of Cities v. Usery
Only case from 1937-1990 that found that a law violated the 10th amendment. Application of the Fair Labor Standards Act required the payment of the minimum Wage to state and local employees. Court held this unconstitutional (but later overruled in Garcia) There are limits on the power of Congress to override state sovereignty, even when exercising its otherwise plenary powers to tax or to regulate commerce. Court found that requiring states to pay their employees the minimum wage violated the 10th amendment bc the law operates to directly displace the states freedom to structure integral operations in areas of traditional governmental functions. Forcing states to pay their employees min wage would require that they either raise taxes or cut other services to pay these costs; this would displace decisions traditionally left to the states. So, congress violates 10th amend. when it intereferes w/ traditional state and local government functions, but court doesn't define what traditional functions are
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
Supreme Court expressly overrides Usery. Also involves challenge to Fair Labor Standards Act in application to state/local governments. Court says that Usery application had proved unworkable. Effort to define "traditional governmental functions" that were immune from federal regulation had proved to be unworkable as courts divided over whether novel state functions like transportation and sewage treatment were as integral to state sovereignty as police and fire protection. More fundamental problem that no distinction purports to separate out important governmental functions can be faithful to the role of federalism in a democratic society. Use of the courts instead of legislature isn't ok: principle limit on federal commerce power is that system provides in-state participation in federal governmental action through political process
South Carolina v. Baker
Court upholds removal of an exemption from federal income tax for interest from bearer bonds issued by the states. The law in effect forced states to switch to issuing tax-exempt registered bonds in order to raise debt capital. Court rejects state's argument that this was one of those stituations in which state interests were impaired: extraordinary defects in the national political process. The national political process did not operate in a defective manner, so 10th amendment not implicated
New York v. United States
The Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management Act Amendments of 1985 required states alone or in compacts with other states to dispose of such radioactive waste within their borders. New York State and Allegany and Cortland counties were frustrated in their compliance efforts by resistance from residents to proposed radioactive waste sites and a lack of cooperation from neighboring states. New York filed suit against the federal government, questioning the authority of Congress to regulate state waste management. Question Does the Low-Level Waste Act violate the Tenth Amendment and the "guarantee clause" of Article Four? Central holding: it is unconstitutional for Congress to compel state legislature to adopt laws or state agencies to adopt regulations. However, congress can set standards that state/local governments must meet, attach strings
Issue: whether Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act violates the 10th amendment in requiring that state/local law officers conduct background checks on prospective handgun purchasers. Scalia writes for the court; finds provision unconstitutional. Congress was impermissibly commandeering state executive officials to implement a federal mandate: Historically and in early years of the court, congress had not exercised this power. Congress violates the 10th amendment when it conscripts state government (NY v. United States). Justice Stevens writes dissent w/ Souter, Ginsberg, Breyer disagreeing w/ premise of NY. Congress may impose affirmative obligations on executive and judicial officers of state and local governments
Reno v. Condon
Court rejects 10th amendment challenge and upholds federal law. Driver's privacy protection act: prohibits states from disclosing personal information gained by dept. of motor vehicles. Court says that bc the law was constitutional as an exercise of Congress's commerce clause power: many states sell this personal information to individuals/businesses and these sales generate significant revues for the states. Law also extends to private businesses. It was a prohibition of conduct, not an affirmative mandate (vs. NY and Printz)
Series 7 Top-Off Exam Preparation | Knopman Marks Guide
KnopmanMarks
Con Law cases Ch 4-6
akennerjr
Federalism Vocabulary: Supreme Court cases and Significant Laws
Keon_Nesmith
Poly Sci Block Exam 2
janzenriley
Chp. 3 Court cases
sydnie_smith
AP Government: Unit 4
mckenzirae13
Magruder's Chapter 4 section 2 & 3
johnnyboy34
Gov ch.3
sineaddy


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Keith R. Rees has been writing independently for over 20 years now. He has just completed a science fiction trilogy called The One Night Trilogy. The first novel is called ONE NIGHT IN BANGKOK. He has always been a fan of science fiction, particularly stories that involve time travel. He likes to write stories that have a realistic or human side to them.


5 Things You Didn't Know About Me | Something Odd!
Collin tagged me as did Toni to reveal five things you didn't know about me. Frank left a comment here ages ago asking something similar so it's about time to dish up the dirt on me!
I'm slightly alergic to dairy products. So are most people. If your head is all stuffy and it feels like you have a cold, all year long, then you might be too. Especially after eating Black Forest Gateaux, or another rich creamy dessert the previous night! It started in my early twenties, and it wasn't until I met my wife a few years ago that she recognised the symptoms.
It's true that you'll notice cars you've owned before, and I take special care to look at the reg plate of any Green Toyota Yaris that passes. I spotted the one I owned around town a few times and when bored in traffic I'll add up the numbers on the registration plate of the car in front of me. For example; 06 C 253. 2+3=5.
My mother was a school teacher and I wanted to become a teacher but thankfully I was five points short (about one grade too low) to do that course in college.
I worked 4 days in a pub, several August months in a school bookshop, and a summer as a porter in a hospital operating theatre. (and recognised people years later when I went back for an operation!) I like Scrubs.
2006 has been a wonderful year, but 2007 is going to be even more special. I'm going to leave no.5 for a little while longer.
Pass it on: Mark Matt, Donal, Ryan, Screaming Lady and Haydn.
you're pregnant! don't try to deny it!
By the way, Mark already got tagged by Engtech.
I hope you enjoy the festive season!
Kae – my lips are sealed for a few more days! I can't say a word!
Collin – it could be that, but unlikely unless you're very sensitive to dairy products or you're drinking gallons of tea! What happens when you eat something with a big dollop of cream? Many happy returns!
Seriously, I don't think it's a huge problem but I do regularly wake up with a "woolly" head. I don't just mean "oh damn, it's another work day", more "Am I awake? What day is it". I don't often get creamy products – cakes and gateau are banned in our house and we always have semi-skimmed milk at home and skimmed at work. The tea at work is normally in a pint mug and it's 5 – 6 a day with sweeteners. As you say, it's unlikely. I will have a chat with a mate who is very lactose intolerant and see what he says.
Work in 4 pub? Very hard work.
Pingback: Around Ireland in 80 links on July 9th 2007 at Holy Shmoly!
Thanks for the tips, But i think its up to the person who set their diet of the day. They have to control their urge to have more food to eat. Glad that you post this kind of tip I might use it to myself.


We provide high end & luxury tours in and around the beautiful island of Santorini including all the necessary luxury amenities and private services needed for your luxury tour experience to be perfect. All services needed for enjoyment, elegance and privacy are perfectly designed for our special Santorini luxury tours. Feel free to contact us and get an inquiry for a luxury private or semi private tour, today! Note that Santorini luxury tours are available on and offline.


The LT1014D is a quad precision operational amplifier with 14-pin industry-standard configuration. It features low offset-voltage temperature coefficient, high gain, low supply current, and low noise.
The LT1014D can be operated with both dual ±15-V and single 5-V power supplies. The common-mode input voltage range includes ground, and the output voltage can also swing to within a few milivolts of ground. Crossover distortion is eliminated.


"We are proud to welcome Burberry as a strategic partner of Coty. We look forward to growing further Burberry's luxury beauty products using Coty's world-class expertise in developing and bringing to market beauty brands." said Camillo Pane, CEO Coty.
On April 3rd 2017, Burberry agreed to give exclusive long-term global licence rights for its fragrances, cosmetics and skincare to Coty. Like many brands did before, Burberry is entrusting Coty with the development and distribution of the full range of Burberry Beauty products globally.
In FY 2015/16 Burberry Beauty revenue was £203M, as disclosed in Burberry's annual results. Coty will pay a cash consideration of £130M for the long-term exclusive global license. The deal is expected to close in calendar Q4 2017, at which point Coty will buy from Burberry approximately £50M of inventory. The deal is subject to customary regulatory approvals. (source: Coty).
Nice blog. I am now following you.


Welcome to the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management at UT Southwestern's website. Our Department has a long history of excellence in patient care, key contributions to anesthesia research and outstanding resident training. This Department is unique as the DFW area is the largest metropolitan area in the country with only one residency training program. This environment allows our residents to benefit from a wide and rich variety of surgical cases that is difficult to match anywhere in the nation. Our program allows complete training in Anesthesiology without moving or traveling to a different locale. Residents rotate through Parkland Health and Hospital System, University Hospitals (Zale Lipshy and William P. Clements University Hospitals), The Eugene McDermott Center for Pain Management, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital, VA North Texas Health Care System, Children's Medical Center, Methodist Hospital, and Baylor University Medical Center; where all subspecialties of Anesthesiology are well represented. Our faculty come from a diverse background with a wide variety of interests and expertise, covering all subspecialty areas of practice.
Our residency offers strong training in the management of complicated patients and an extensive variety of surgical pathophysiology; while maintaining a respectful and secure environment to foster learning. Complementing our residency program is a selection of fellowship training opportunities in Multi-Disciplinary Pain Management, Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Critical Care Medicine Anesthesiology, Obstetric Anesthesiology, and Pediatric Anesthesiology. The Dallas/Fort Worth Metropolitan area offers a rich and broad variety of social, cultural and sporting events. Winters are generally mild and outdoor opportunities for recreation abound. D/FW International Airport and Love Field allow for quick and easy travel to any destination in the world.
The Goals of our Department are 1) to strive for excellence in education, patient care, and research, and 2) for all of our residents to become well qualified, board certified consultants in Anesthesiology. My personal goal is to make this Department one of the best in the country for resident as well as fellowship training. We look forward to your inquiry and the opportunity to personally meet with you. Please feel free to contact me or others identified on our contact page, if you would like additional information. I truly appreciate your interest in our program.


text:
Photo by Lars Baron/Getty Images
17 killed in stampede at Angolan soccer stadium
Associated PressFeb 10, 2017, 10:05 PM EST
JOHANNESBURG (AP) A crowd stampeded at a soccer stadium in Angola on Friday, leaving at least 17 people dead and dozens injured.
[ MORE: "I think that's it" for Wenger; "he's coming to the end," says Wright ]
The accident happened in the northwestern town of Uige when hundreds of people rushed at one of the stadium gates, causing some to fall and be trampled underfoot, according to Angolan and Portuguese media.
Some of the dead were children who suffocated in the stampede, the Portuguese news agency Lusa said. Lusa and Angop, Angola's state-run news agency, reported a death toll of 17.
[ MORE: Pochettino demands more from Spurs away to top-six sides ]
Angolan President Jose Eduardo dos Santos expressed condolences to the families of the victims, and instructed officials to assist the injured and open an investigation, Angop reported.
Spectators had gone to the stadium to watch the inaugural game between home team Santa Rita de Cassia and Recreativo de Libolo in the national Girabola competition.
Tags: Africa, Angola

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Hi there! Please send us a DM with your order number. We'd like to look into this for you.
Hi Karina! Please know that it is a possibility to look up prior purchases that were made with a credit or debit card. We hope this helps!
Thank you! We have responded there.
Hi Toni! Has this been taken care of?
We hope you're feeling okay!
Hi there! We're sorry about the dirty mirror. Which location were you visiting?
Hello Marissa, can you please send us a DM? We're happy to look into this further.
We actually started piloting a ship to store option very recently. As it's still rather new, not all items qualify but we're working on updating that! Is there a particular item you're looking at?
Those are definitely not brown sandals. Feel free to send us a DM so we can help!
We're sorry to see this, Kim. Please feel free to return or exchange them at your local store. For more information check out our return policy here, bit.ly/2Zs5zeF.
Hi there, we would be happy to look into this for you. Please send us a direct message with your order number.
We see your direct message and we will work with you there shortly! Thank you for your patience.
Hi there, we are so sorry to see this. Could you please send us your order number in a Direct Message?
Hi there, could you please send us more details and the store location on where this happened in a Direct Message? We would like to look into this further.
To find your nearest Kohl's store, please see here: kohls.com/stores.shtml.
Hi Rob. Could you send us a DM with more information so we can look into this please?
We're sorry to hear about your customer service experience, Diane! We will be sure to forward your feedback and concerns with the management team. Can you please provide the store location?
Hello, can you please send us a DM with more details? We're happy to look into this further.


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Master's Degree in Teaching, Learning, and Curriculum - Pennsylvania Teaching Certification Program
Drexel University's School of Education offers a number of post-baccalaureate and graduate teaching certification programs that prepare students to obtain their teacher certification in Pennsylvania. Students in the MS in Teaching Learning and Curriculum: Teacher Certification program can earn PA Instructional I certification in elementary (prek-4), middle level (4-8) secondary (7-12), and secondary and special education dual certification.
Whether you are interested in becoming a teacher in the state of Pennsylvania or broadening your knowledge to advance your career within the field of education, Drexel University's School of Education Track 1 graduate degree program equips teachers with the skills to succeed in K-12 education or the workforce.
What Can You Do with a Master's Degree Certification in Teaching, Learning, & Curriculum?
The MS in Teaching, Learning and Curriculum: Teacher Certification prepares students academically and practically for careers in K–12 teaching or other educational settings, including capabilities to:
Demonstrate professional ethics and independent and creative teacher leadership
Understand the changing role of teachers in increasingly diverse societies
Demonstrate a strong academic background in all subject areas that meet PDE requirements including literacy, language and STEM areas
Demonstrate the ability to create and maintain a positive and democratic classroom climate for students
Demonstrate a thorough understanding of child development in their ability to develop and implement learning opportunities that are unique to every child
As a student nears program completion, Drexel's Field Placement Office offers multiple resources to help prepare the student's resume and professional network, including interviewing and job placement opportunities.
Master's Degree in Teaching, Learning, & Curriculum - Program Options
The Master of Science (MS) degree in Teaching, Learning and Curriculum (Track 1) is offered:
Online: Drexel online programs offer the same faculty, curricula and degrees as Drexel's distinguished on-campus programs. The online teaching certification program is designed to be offered on a part-time basis in order to provide more flexibility while working to obtain a master's in education with a teacher certification.
Note that all coursework is online, but field experiences must be completed on site at an approved school district in your area.
On site: Held at Drexel's Main Campus in Philadelphia, PA—The on-campus master's degree in teaching and teacher certification program is offered in the evenings on a full- or part-time basis in Philadelphia.
For graduate students that already have a master's degree and are interested in taking graduate-level courses, Pennsylvania state requirements for obtaining your teaching certification includes a two-tiered certification system: Instructional I Certificate and Instructional II Certificate.
Types of Teaching Certifications
Instructional I Certification
A candidate's typical initial teaching certification is known as "Instructional I". For graduate students considering a career change or to start a new career in the education field, the Instructional I Teaching Certification program would be the best graduate program option. This program would also apply to out-of-state graduate degree candidates looking to earn their initial certification to teach within the state of Pennsylvania.
The Instructional I certification, as part of the master's degree in Teaching, Learning & Curriculum program at Drexel University, qualifies teachers to teach for a maximum of six years. Your master's program advisor can help evaluate your incoming credentials to determine the best plan of study for you, including whether you qualify for the Instructional II certification.
Instructional II Certification
The Instructional II Certification is considered a "permanent" teaching certification. A teacher interested in advancing and applying to the Instructional II certification must have the following prerequisites:
A minimum of three years and a maximum of six years of teaching experience on an Instructional I Teaching Certificate
24 semester-hour (or 36 quarter-hour) credits beyond a bachelor's degree
Completion of an induction program (generally provided by a teacher's school of employment)
Once a student has successfully completed the course of study and all exams required by the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE), Drexel will recommend the student to the PDE for issuance of the appropriate teaching certificate.
For more information regarding certification descriptions and requirements, students should visit the Drexel University Course Catalog.
MS in Teaching, Learning, and Curriculum Program Requirements
GPA Requirements
The School of Education requires that students have a "B" average (3.0 GPA) in content teaching certification courses needed for teacher certification in addition to a grade of "B" or better in each core pedagogy course in accordance with the teacher certification requirements.
Clearance Requirements
All post-baccalaureate and graduate students are required to obtain and submit copies of the following clearances to the School of Education at the time of acceptance to the teacher certification program in order to participate in classroom observations and student teaching in Pennsylvania. All students (Pennsylvania and Non-Pennsylvania) must obtain the FBI clearance. Non-Pennsylvania students should contact their state's department of education or school district office for a list of clearances required in their state.
Child abuse
Criminal history
FBI clearance
Tuberculosis (TB) (required by some school districts)
Recognizing and Reporting Child Abuse Training Certificate
Act 48 Requirements
To maintain Instructional I and Instructional II Certifications, the PDE requires a teacher to complete the minimal equivalent of 6 semester-hour (or 9 quarter-hour) credits, 180 credits of professional development, or a combination of credits and professional development hours every five years. College credits must be acquired from an accredited four-year, degree-granting college or university.
Note: For those working to acquire Instructional II Certification, the 24 semester credits or 36 quarter credits needed to apply for Instructional II may also count towards Act 48 requirements. Undergraduate credits from a community college may not be counted toward Act 48 credits for Instructional II Certification.
For more information and to apply credits to your state record, visit the PA Department of Education Act 48 Continuing Professional Education.
Elementary Certification (Grades Prek-4)
The PA Educator Certification Tests (PECT) are required to obtain your Elementary (Grades PreK-4) teacher certification in Pennsylvania. Students will be required to take the appropriate assessment exam for each area of certification they wish to obtain.
For more information about examinations and registration, visit the PA Educator Certification Tests (PECT).
Middle Level (Grades 4-8)
The Praxis examinations are required for all Middle Level Certification candidates. Students must pass the PA Grades 4-8 Core Assessment subtests in Pedagogy, English Language Arts/Social Studies and Mathematics/Science as well as the subject area concentration test(s) for the area of certification they wish to obtain.
For more information about examination and registration, please visit the Praxis website.
Secondary Certification (Grades 7-12)
All post-bachelor's students seeking Secondary (Grades 7-12) teaching certifications in Pennsylvania are required to pass the Praxis II Series. Students must pass the appropriate Praxis II Content Knowledge test(s) for each area of certification they wish to obtain.
For more information about examination and registration, please visit the Praxis Series.
Note: PA state teacher certification requires U.S. citizenship or a declaration of intent to become a U.S. citizen. Students not living in the U.S. should contact the School of Education at 215.895.6770 for specific requirements for international field experiences, PECT or Praxis exams, and certification application requirements before matriculating into the program.
Secondary Education/Special Education Dual Certification
While other programs require students to complete one certification at a time, Drexel offers students the ability to earn PA instructional I secondary certification and Instructional II special education (grades 7-12) with enough credits to complete a master's degree. This track saves students time and makes them more attractive in the job market. Students gain an edge in experience by completing 270 hours of field experiences and 12-weeks of student teaching. The School of Education's Field Placement Office works closely with students to secure placements all across the country.
Teaching, Learning, and Curriculum: Teacher Certification Courses & Curriculum
The MS in Teaching, Learning and Curriculum: Teacher Certification program at Drexel University offers a curriculum that reflects the latest trends and practices in teaching and learning. Students must successfully complete a minimum of 45 credits, allowing them to become certified to teach in the following areas:
Elementary education (PK–4)
Middle level education (4-8)
Secondary education (7–12)
Earth and space science
General science
Social studies
Special Education*
*Note: Certification is available as an add-on certification with additional coursework
All graduate students must also select professional electives with guidance from one of our master's program advisors. Professional electives may be taken from any graduate course offered at the University providing the student has adequate preparation and it is deemed appropriate by the program advisor. The professional electives may comprise a combination of the School of Education's master electives and/or approved transfer credits.
After successful completion of the required content courses, core education, field experiences, Praxis and/or PECT exams, and receipt of the application and all supportive documents, Drexel's certification officer will recommend the candidate for Pennsylvania Instructional Certification.
Students on Track I who do not wish to pursue PA Instructional I Certification, or who do not qualify for PA Instructional I certification, may complete the Master of Science (MS) degree in Teaching, Learning & Curriculum without a concentration by completing 15.0 credits of Core Pedagogy and 30.0 credits of MS Electives.
For full course details for the MS in Teaching, Learning and Curriculum: Teacher Certification curriculum, visit the Drexel University Course Catalog.
Field Experience & Student Teaching
The School of Education takes great pride in the level of extensive clinical and field-based experiences that graduate program candidates have prior to completing their teacher certification, including up to 20 hours in a PK-12 classroom (depending on the specific course requirements).
Additionally, students are required to complete up to 60 hours of pre-student teaching immediately prior to student teaching. This allows candidates the opportunity to put into practice their learned pedagogical skills in preparation for their student teaching experiences.
Once completed, both online and on-campus students are required to complete a full-time, minimum 12-week student teaching field placement in a carefully selected public or charter school under the immediate supervision of a highly competent cooperating teacher. This unique student teaching opportunity encourages students to demonstrate instructional skills and curriculum management in a professional setting.
Since this is a full-time program commitment, student teachers are encouraged to be free of external responsibilities, as they will serve as a full-time member of the staff in the school to which they have been assigned. This is a mandatory requirement of all students seeking a teacher certification.
How to Apply to the MS in Teaching, Learning, and Curriculum Program or Get Your Teacher Certification
Students have multiple options to apply to the Master of Science in Teaching, Learning, and Curriculum: Teacher Certification program:
Online program, PreK-4 Teaching Certification
Online program, Middle Level Certification
Online program, Secondary Teaching Certification
Online program, Secondary Teaching and Special Education Certification
On-Campus program in Philadelphia
Apply Now PreK-4 Ed
Apply Now Middle Level Ed
Apply Now Secondary Ed
Apply Now Secondary & Special Ed
Tuition Information PreK-4 Ed
Tuition Information Middle Level Ed
Tuition Information Secondary Ed
Tuition Information Secondary & Special Ed
Valerie Klein. PhD
CAEP Accredited Provider
Drexel University's School of Education has earned national accreditation by demonstrating excellence in the areas of content and pedagogy, clinical experiences, selectivity, program impact, and capacity for continuous improvement from the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation.
Philadelphia Teacher Residency Program
Ideal for career changers, the Philadelphia Teacher Residency Program offers an accelerated path to teacher certification at half the cost of regular tuition. Upon completion, students are paired with an experienced mentor teacher for 2 years where they apply their knowledge and ease their way into the classroom.
National Center for Teacher Residencies
Drexel University School of Education is a proud partner of the National Center for Teacher Residencies.
TEACH Early Childhood® PA Scholarship
Drexel University School of Education is a proud partner of the TEACH Early Childhood® Pennsylvania Scholarship that helps Early Childhood Education teachers earn preK-4 certification from the Pennsylvania Department of Education.
Teacher Certification Resources
Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE)
PA Education Certification Test (PECT)
Praxis Series Test
Act 48 Requirements
Noyce Teacher Scholarship Program


Hi there! Jenny, here. Any of you find it hard to get out and have a date night? It definitely is for us. We tried to do a neighbor swap with our kids so it'd be more cost effective, but nothing ever really came of it. So, it's still a work in progress. It's not easy having date nights when you're paying $40+ right off the bat for a night out. And that doesn't even include dinner or gas! We got lucky with our recent date night because my sister was actually available to watch the kids, and the kids loved it. Carter even got to get one of his videos he loves to make in.
Which brings me to the point of this whole post. Tyler and I recently went on a date night and attended the Sights and Sips tour, which is one of the seasonal cruises provided by Hornblower Cruises and Events. It's a good mix between their Harbor Tour, and their Dinner Cruise. You get the Harbor Tour, however, you're greeted with champagne and light hors d'oeuvres, music, and then of course there's that awesome San Diego sunset to end the trip! Next month, they're going to start the Mes de Mayo Cocktail Cruises. That's going to be another fun one we're going to have to attend!
Thanks for having us, Hornblower Events and Cruises!


Here are the steps to inserting your own quiz questions into your Panopto sessions.
Open your chosen session in the Panopto editor.
In the left Navigation pane, click on the Quizzing link.
Using the Pointer tool, navigate in the Timeline to where you want to put a quiz.
Click on the Add a Quiz button. The Quiz form will appear in your secondary stream area.
The form has several different fields, including Quiz Name, Question, Answers, and Correct Answer Explanation.
Within the form, you can select the drop down menu in the top right corner to show different types of quiz questions.The quiz options include True/False, Multiple Choice, and Multiple Select. The default is multiple choice.
Multiple Select gives you the option to have several answers present and more than one can be selected as correct.
True/False gives you the option to ask a True or False question.
Multiple Choice gives you the option to have several answers present, but only one answer can be chosen as correct.
When the option is first chosen there will only be two answer fields. Another answer field can be added by clicking the "Add Answer..." button.
To remove an answer you can click on the "X" next to any of the Answers.
When you have your Answers added you must choose a correct answer.
Once you are done with a question and want to add another one, click the Add a Question button at the bottom of the form.
If you need to navigate to a different question is your quiz, you can use the Back and Next buttons at the bottom of the form.
Once you have added all of your questions, click the Done button at the bottom of the form.
During playback, when it is time for a Quiz the video will pause until the question(s) is/are answered.
To access the results of a quiz, click the settings icon on the session the quiz was created in.
On the left, click the Quiz Results tab to display the results.
From this tab, you can see Quiz Results Summary which shows the total number of correct answers and questions as well as the percentage correct for each quiz. You are also able to get a more detailed view of results by section. Click the Section dropdown to select which quiz section to drill into.
You can also expand each user to see which questions they got correct and which questions they got incorrect.


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Kessleria malgassaella es una especie de polilla del género Kessleria, familia Yponomeutidae.

Fue descrita científicamente por Viette en 1955.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Kessleria  catalogueoflife.org

malgassaella

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I leave Camp Carnelley's with a heavy heart. It reminds me a little of Kariba and I don't feel like I've stayed long enough. Time is short though and today I head back towards Nairobi and turn off, bound for one of the greatest shows on earth… the wildebeest migration in the Masai Mara!
The journey down to Narok is straightforward and on good roads. Narok is a local African town; full of life with the comings and goings of daily safari operators. It's also the last stop before hundreds of kilometers of absolute wilderness so I fill up with diesel and grab a few essentials before my three day camp in the bush. I also manage to find a gas cyclinder and new regulator to fit my two plate stove, which I haven't even cooked on yet.
I see an neat and official looking man open the door and get down from the steps. He must be guy in charge on the bus.
"What the hell were you trying to do, overtaking me whilst I was turning!", I shout through the dust with my hands in the air. He shouts back at me and says I shouldn't have turned.
There's not point arguing such a stupid response.
I do a quick check. The windscreen is smashed but intact, my driver side window is completely out, my door and the area at my feet have caved in and has squeezed my legs against the gear stick… I'm bleeding. I can feel it on my face and neck and look down to see it running down my chest.
Suddenly I'm surrounded by local bus people. I feel hands prodding my head and reach up only to be given a bloody tissue by one helpful mama who's trying to mop up the blood on my head. The man in charge from the bus comes over and tells me that he has phoned the police and that I should go to hospital. I want to stay with the Beast. There is no way I can leave it here, with it's windows and windscreen smashed out, and expect to come back later and find anything left. I have heard horror stories of local people taking things from crash sites before the bodies have even been taken away by ambulance – I will be cleaned out.
Crap man! What the hell do I do now? Bus man is telling me that he will get a taxi to take me to hospital. There is no way I'm going to the local hospital in god-forsaken Narok! I'm 150kms away from Nairobi, how long will it take an ambulance to get here? Do I need an ambulance? I check my head. There is a massive bump on the right side, probably hit the window or door… As far as I can tell, it's the cut on this bump that is bleeding, and after a quick pat-down, I realise everything else is ok.
I try to phone my friend Boris in Diani to ask him what I should do but he is on a fishing trip in the middle of nowhere, so I'm not holding out too much hope that he'll get back to me anytime soon. Maybe I should phone Lovat? Then I remember that Lovat had to bail Alex out of trouble the day before. He had driven to Narok to rescue Alex's safari truck with a bust gear box, and recovered it all the way back to Naivasha… He's the last person I want to inconvenience. Luke seemed like a sensible guy with lots of contacts and, as he's the last person I was in contact with this morning, I decide to call him in Naivasha and see what he thinks I should do.
"Luke, it's Shara from last night. I've had a bit of an incident with a bus and don't know who to call or what to do".
Luckily I have all my paperwork in a bag just behind my seat and so I get my insurance papers out and call the company in the UK. They clearly aren't much use but tell me to call them once I get to hospital. I gather all my belongings in the front of the Beast and shove everything I can see, everything from the glove compartment and under the seats into a cotton bag, before phoning Mike Diesbecq in Naivasha, He tells me Luke has left and is on his way.
A well dressed mama comes to my window. She puts her hand on my arm and tells me that she is the owner of the farm next to us and that she will look after me. She shows me that she has posted her three sons around my car to make sure that they keep an eye on things for me. She asks if I want to go to hospital and that she will take me and her sons will stay with the car. I tell her I'm ok and that my friend is on his way. I have another little cry.
I get a text from Luke to let me know that he has managed to get hold of a friend who lives in the area and they are sending a mechanic to me as soon as possible. I decide to get out the car and have a look around. My door is completely crunched in and there's no budging it, so I climb over and get out the passenger door. I take photos of the poor Beast, the damn bus, and the carnage from the point of impact to where the vehicles both stand; strewn metal, severed plastic and crushed aloes.
The Beast is wounded… my door and front panel totally crumpled, bonnet buckled, front drivers wheel completely flat. All I can think about is the fact that my trip, that I've spent almost two years planning might be over.
The police arrive after an hour and tell me to go to hospital. I tell them I'm waiting for my friend and don't want to leave my vehicle. They put me in the back seat of their car and take a statement from me. Jack the mechanic arrives with a small team and they go to work assessing the damage. They remove the flat tyre and put my spare one on.
Not long after the police arrive from 8kms down the road, Luke arrives all the way from Naivasha – he must have done some serious low flying to get to me this quickly. I run over, give him the biggest hug and have another cry… (that's the last one I promise). He checks my head and we go over to the cops who are getting a statement from the bus driver. The police want me to come back to the police station in Narok and they want to keep the Cruiser in for observation.
Luke argues with them. As no one has been injured, we should be allowed to recover the Cruiser back to Naivasha instead of leaving it at the police station. He's sure there will be nothing left of it if we do. The cops agree to us taking the Beast back that same day, but I need to go back to the station in Narok to do the paperwork.
I walk over to Kamal, one of the farm lady's sons and quietly give him some money for the family to say thank you for their kindness. He looks at his fence and asks he for more money… I explain that I'm not liable for that damage. It's the bus that has destroyed the fence, and therefore he should take that up with the bus company.
After replacing the flat tyre with the spare, Jack the mechanic starts the car and actually drives the Beast out and back onto the road. There's talk about driving the Beast all the way back to Naivasha…! Really?
Almost immediately, the Beast comes to a halt. The steering arm, obviously hanging on my a thread, has snapped and has given way, leaving the steering wheel spinning freely. We manage to get a local tow truck out from Narok pretty quickly and leave Jack to sort that out for us whilst Luke takes me and Kamal to the police station in town.
The cop shop is up some back street over 4×4 rocky terrain. It's a tiny corrugated iron hut no bigger than 5m by 3m and seats 2 policeman and their desks. Shelves hang onto the walls for dear life. There must be over 20 years worth of paper work, all yellow and bundled together, stacked high to the ceiling. The shelves bow under the weight. After about half an hour of photocopying, signing and stamping, I have my 'abstact' and we are free to go.
We head back towards the main road and meet the recovery truck as it's coming into town. The Land Rover is crawling along at 2km/h with it's front tyres literally off the ground under the weight of the Beast. It's a funny sight, Luke and I had to laugh! There is no way this vehicle is going to get the Beast back to Naivasha, 130kms away. We park near the petrol station and immediately draw a crowd of drama-hungry watu. As the window is gone and the Beast doesn't lock, there is still the very real possibility of things growing legs, so Jack the mechanic is posted on the one side of the Beast and I watch the other. Luke heads off down the road to a group of trucks to look for a suitable one we could load the beast onto. He comes back with a driver who is willing to do the trip for KES 25,000 (£180). One logistical problem, how the hell do we get the Beast loaded onto the back of the truck?
Luke decides the best way would be to find an embankment high enough, park the truck underneath and roll the Beast off the embankment. Just our luck there is a place not far out of town with something that might work.
Luke had negotiated with the recovery truck driver on a price of KES15,000 but just as we are about to load the Beast, the driver wants another KES5,000. Typical. It's getting pretty late and all I want is to get this Beast back to Naivasha. Despite Luke's 15 minute rant at this guy, he doesn't budge and I end up paying him KES20,000 (£150) for towing 10km.
We find the spot and, just our luck, the embankment is the perfect height. With the truck in position, an audience of watu, Jack driving, Luke yelling in Swahili, the recovery vehicle backs up and rolls the Beast onto the truck with few problems. It's a snug fit and the Beast is slightly too long for the back so Luke and I head back into town to buy chains and locks to secure the tailgate which we can lift to around 45 degrees.
With the Beast firmly in place, Kamal (the farm lady's son) offers to ride with the truck to Naivasha to keep an eye on my stuff. We give them some money for dinner on the way and Luke and I head off back to Naivasha.
It's dark now and we stop at each road block. At each one Luke tells the police to expect the truck and to let them though. I have also given the driver a copy the accident abstract and a copy of my driver's licence with a signed note saying I have authorised the recovery of my vehicle. The last thing I want is for the damn thing to be held up by the police. I'm in contact with Mike the whole way back to Naivasha and he's waiting for us on the road, it's 9:30pm. We go to his neighbours Andy and Fleur and wait for the truck to come in.
It's after 11pm when we get the call from the truck driver to say he's down the road. Another stroke of luck, Mike has a ramp on his flower farm, built for loading rally cars onto trucks – and that's where we will unload the Beast. The tailgate is slightly higher than the top of the ramp but we prop it up on bricks. The Beast is still able to drive forwards, but without the steering wheel, the guys have to use poles and lever the front wheels to turn it wherever necessary, a slow and labourious process. We cover the Beast in my tarpaulin and I give Kamal some more money to say thank you, he asks for more, so Luke give him the jacket he's wearing.
Mike lives in a big old farm house and has plenty of space to take me in for the night. He offers to have me stay for as long as I need.
What a day! And what amazing people these guys are. No matter how many times I thank him, Luke might never realise the extent of my gratitude. I am humbled by his kindness; coming to the rescue of someone he barely knows. I guess, after living in London for so many years, with everyone far too busy with their own lives, I just didn't expect that someone would go to that extent to help me out. I could so easily have been stuck on the side of that road for hours with no help, possibly spending the night in Narok (where there are no muzungu hotels), potentially having all my stuff stripped from the Beast, I might even have slept in the Beast until I'd sorted myself out – that would have taken days!
But that wasn't the case, thanks to this legendary and kind person, who shrugs the whole ordeal off like he'd do it all over again tomorrow. Luke Davey, you are a saint!
Absolutely exhausted and too tired to even contemplate having a shower to wash my matted bloody hair and body, I go straight to sleep.
wwwwow, crazy! glad you made such great friends! can't wait to continue reading about your adventures!


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Cultural Diplomacy
Gaurav Lulia asked: How can Bollywood and other regional film industry help increase India's soft power?
Shruti Pandalai replies: India's soft power potential is rooted in its ancient culture, history and the expansive influence of Indian art, traditional wisdom and spirituality globally. In fact, one of the fundamental pillars of India's Indo-Pacific vision is the revival of cultural and civilisational linkages that India has shared with many countries in the region for centuries.
Act Africa – A Case for Soft Diplomacy
More concentration on the soft diplomatic efforts with greater emphasis on people to people connects and carrying out capacity building where people matter should be the focus of the government. Soft diplomacy through regular and assertive visits by top functionaries of the nation namely the President, Vice President, Prime Minister and External Affairs Minister is the best strategy to enhance relations with African countries.
Swaim Prakash Singh
India's South Asia Dilemma and Regional Cooperation: Relevance of Cultural Diplomacy
This article highlights the current relevance of cultural diplomacy not as a panacea for the problems in India's relations with its South Asian neighbours but as a way of dealing with the dilemma it faces. Against the backdrop of India's position in South Asia and the importance of the region, the article makes an estimate of cultural diplomacy.
Rabindra Sen
Arvind asked: Can't Asif Ali Zardari's visit to Dargah Ajmer Sharif rightly be termed as 'Shrine Diplomacy'?
Reply: A direct answer to the question would be an emphatic 'No', because he did not plan to undertake the Shrine to build bridges with India. Zardari's primary purpose was to pay a visit to the dargah in his personal capacity. Given his position as the President of Pakistan, his meeting with the Indian Prime Minister must have been factored in, however, while contemplating such a visit. Such visits assume significance when they lead to unexpected political outcomes. In this case, even if Zardari's visit was a personal one, it did have some balming effect on Indo-Pak relations and reinforced the process of dialogue that was recovering from the shocks of both Mumbai attacks and the unnecessary diplomatic assault from the then Pakistani foreign minister in July 2010. The resumed dialogue process gathered some pace after the visit, though it had already started gathering momentum since the November 2011 announcement of (working towards) granting of MFN status to India by end 2012. It would be incorrect to say that he undertook the shrine visit to cement ties with India.
The Uses of Public and Cultural Diplomacy
Leveraging public diplomacy and cultural diplomacy is key to enable India graduate from being a regional power in South Asia to a great power in the Asia-Pacific.
Balaji Chandramohan


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Home » IANS » Controversy over Goa CM's land in M'rashtra border village
Controversy over Goa CM's land in M'rashtra border village
Published on : Tue 12th November 2019, 05:36 PM
Panaji, Nov 12 (IANS) Amid all the hectic government formation developments in Mumbai, Dodamarg, a remote sub district of Maharashtra located on its southern border with Goa has become the subject of a controversy in Goa's politics.
With fresh revelations of Goa Chief Minister Pramod Sawant's purchase of large tracts of land in Dodamarg and a soft clamour for a merger from local villagers of the tehsil into Goa — who have alleged neglect by the Maharashtra administration — the issue has taken centrestage in Goa's politics.
The controversy arose last week, when sale deed documents related to Sawant's purchase of three tracts of land in Dodamarg, located in Maharashtra's Sindhudurg district, which borders Goa, emerged on social media. Sawant has purchased 17,800 sq mts and 3,200 sq mts for Rs 14 lakh and Rs 36 lakh, respectively, his election affidavit filed ahead of the 2017 Assembly polls revealed.
Sawant has defended the purchase of land in Dodamarg, saying the deals were done legitimately and the money was paid from his bank account. "There is nothing to hide. The money was paid from my bank account and the land is in my name," Sawant said.
The Chief Minister also said that he was against the merger of Dodamarg with Goa.
Sawant was forced to make a statement on his real estate interest in the Maharashtra sub district, after Goa Forward party president Vijai Sardesai accused Sawant of making attempts to merge Dodamarg into Goa to add value to his real estate.
"By merging Dodamarg with Goa, the CM is trying to add value to his real estate portfolio in Dodamarg," Sardesai said, even as a few residents of Dodamarg last week demanded a merger with Goa, accusing the Maharashtra government of neglecting their region's needs.
"The Shiv Sena opposes the demand for merger of Dodamarg with Goa. This is a political ploy by Sawant because he has invested in real estate here," Dodamarg Shiv Sena chief Baburao Dhuri said, opposing the demand made by a few local youth from Dodamarg.
Known for the Tillari dam project, Dodamarg tehsil has 53 villages and is nestled in the Western Ghats, with its borders shared with Goa and Karnataka.
According to historian Prajal Sakhardande, Dodamarg was once a part of Goa, until a treaty signed by Goan king Raja Soundekar with the Portuguese in the 1700s led to the region being a part of the Sawantwadi province run by the Bhonsle dynasty.
"After Raja Soundekar's treaty with the Portuguese, the territory was left out and was taken over by the rulers of the Bhonsle dynasty in Sawantwadi. Many Goans still have their ancestral homes in Dodamarg, whose people are more attached to Goa culturally," Sakhardande said.
In the past, residents of Karnataka's sub districts of Karwar and Joida have also demanded a merger with Goa.
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Expert Personalized Solutions for your legal needs
Gipson Hoffman & Pancione attorneys come from diverse backgrounds, with outstanding academic credentials, and we bring extensive experience and insights to serve client needs. The art installation of street lamps symbolizes light, guidance, and security. This creative work, titled Urban Light, is by Chris Burden and stands at the front entry to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
Kenneth D. Crews is an attorney, author, professor, and international copyright consultant. He has been a consultant to businesses, universities, and governments in many countries in all parts of the world, and has received two national awards for his leadership on copyright issues. His practice centers on copyright, trademark, branding, and intellectual property law for diverse business, entertainment, and nonprofit clients. Dr. Crews works closely with clients regarding the complexities of their use and ownership of intellectual property, the strategic management of IP assets, and development programs of licenses, contracts, and policy positions. Clients include software developers, film producers, major research universities, independent authors, and publishers of books, journals, and multimedia products. Building on his academic background and diverse experiences, he has served as an expert witness in copyright litigation involving art, software, fashion design, and fair use at research universities.
For more than 25 years, Dr. Crews has been a national and international leader, addressing copyright issues of importance especially to universities, museums, research institutes, and publishers. He been an invited speaker in 44 states and on six continents. He has consulted with national governments on issues of copyright reform in all parts of the world. The World Intellectual Property Organization (a U.N. agency) commissioned him to analyze copyright exceptions from all 189 member countries, and that study is informing current discussions in Geneva regarding possible treaty development. Kenneth Crews has been a professor of law, information science, and business; he held a named chair in law at Indiana University and served most recently at Columbia University in New York City. He has been a visiting professor in Paris, Munich, Bayreuth, Helsinki, and Cairo.
Dr. Crews recently received the Mark T. Banner Award, granted annually by the American Bar Association, Section of Intellectual Property Law. He was the first recipient of the annual L. Ray Patterson Copyright Award from the American Library Association, and his dissertation on copyright policies garnered two national awards. He is listed in Who's Who in America. He enjoys art, architecture, movies, hiking, and early rock and roll. Many of his friends and clients get to know him as "Kenny Crews."
Ph.D., University of California, Los Angeles, 1990.
Distinguished Scholar Award, UCLA Alumni Association, 1986.
J.D., Washington University in St. Louis, 1980.
Editor and Senior Editor, Washington University Law Quarterly, 1978-1980.
B.A., Northwestern University, 1977.
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Member & Chair, the Committee on the History of Law in California, 1983-1986.
Recipient, L. Ray Patterson Copyright Award, 1995.
French-American Chamber of Commerce, Los Angeles Chapter.
The attorneys of Gipson Hoffman & Pancione have engaged in a wide range of critical legal matters in service to their clients. The following are representative of the work and accomplishments of attorney Kenneth D. Crews:
Served as the expert witness for the university parties in a major copyright infringement case arising at Georgia State University regarding fair use and electronic reserves for teaching; testified at length during the trial, and the court rulings were highly favorable to our client.
Provided expert testimony in depositions and reports in cases involving ownership of computer software, copyrightability of fashion design, and protection for commercial artworks.
Negotiated numerous agreements for the sale and acquisition of businesses where diverse forms of intellectual property need to be identified, assessed, and properly secured or conveyed.
Resolved through negotiations conflicts involving transfers of motion picture rights and implications under U.S. law and the law of various foreign countries.
Negotiated and drafted numerous agreements for the licensing of rights and the production of hardware and software products that include patents, copyrights, trademarks, and other forms of intellectual property.
Advised clients on complex cases involving termination of transfers of copyrights under U.S. law, including analyzing implications under foreign law and strategies to anticipate and prepare for possible litigation.
Retained by a major research university to address copyright matters in policy, acquisition agreements, faculty conflicts, and deployment of new technologies for online education.
Represented a leading national publisher of diverse scholarly and popular works as the publisher reworked all of its author agreements and implemented innovations in digital publishing, open access resources, and the use of Creative Commons licensing.
Engaged in protracted and confidential negotiations for a leading university press to complete a sensitive acquisition of book rights that were caught in a tangle of complications before going to press.
Represented one of the largest private funders of academic research as it reworked agreements with award recipients, addressing complex questions of intellectual property and public accessibility of grant-supported research projects.
Worked closely with a law professor preparing an innovative textbook and ancillary materials through the process of publication, clearing rights, negotiating agreements, and coordinating the project with his university.
Established the first dedicated copyright policy office at any university, based at Indiana University; served as Associate Dean for the Faculties for Copyright Management (academic affairs office); established a similar copyright policy office at Columbia University; and served on the faculty of Columbia Law School.
As a university professor and administrator, worked with all departments and schools, and with diverse administrative and research units, such as: University libraries, university presses, technology transfer, information technology, grants and foundations, research compliance, human subjects, and many others.
Kenneth D. Crews to Keynote Harvard Copyright Conference
Attorney Kenneth Crews will be the keynote speaker at a major conference on copyright law and fair use, hosted by Harvard University in Cambridge, MA on March 1, 2018. This year marks the 40th anniversary of the effective date of the
Kenneth Crews Presents Copyright Research Study to UN Agency in Geneva
Attorney Kenneth Crews presented his study of copyright issues to the delegates from more than 120 countries attending a session of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), an agency of the United Nations, in Geneva, Switzerland. His study analyzes statutory copyright exceptions from all 191 coun
Kenneth Crews gives keynote presentation at the University of Colorado
Attorney Kenneth D. Crews gave a keynote speech on copyright and creativity at a major conference at the University of Colorado this month. More than 200 professionals attended at the 5th annual conference held in Colorado Springs.
Kenneth D. Crews to be featured speaker on Copyright and Education
Kenneth D. Crews, a well-known copyright expert with Gipson Hoffman & Pancione, was a featured presenter at a copyright program held on Wednesday, April 5, 2017, at California State University, Northridge. Dr. Crews has given copyright presentations at universities and conferences in nearly every U.S.
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Henri Fabre peut désigner :

 Henri Jules Fabre (1841-1930), général français ;
 Henri Fabre (1876-1969), journaliste français ;
 Henri Fabre (1882-1984), ingénieur et aviateur français ;
 Henri Fabre (1917-1982), homme politique français ;
 Henri Fabre (1920-2012), médecin et féministe français ;
 Henri fabre (1937- ), sociologue, chercheur au CNRS, spécialiste de l'Amérique latine (populations andines, ethnosociologie des Indiens paysans, histoire coloniale... ).

Voir aussi
 Jean-Henri Fabre (1823-1915), entomologiste


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Desire Develops an Edge is the second studio album by Kip Hanrahan, released in 1983 on Hanrahan's own label American Clavé and featuring guests including Jerry Gonzalez, Jamaaladeen Tacuma, and Chico Freeman. Initially on vinyl it contained an LP and an EP; the CD release via the German label VeraBra differed in the sequence of the tracks and the song "Late Fall" instead of "The Edge You Always Loved in Me".

Background
This was the first album Kip created with Jack Bruce and Steve Swallow, both of whom would go on to be on many future Hanrahan albums.

Critical reception
Le Monde described the album in a review, saying "Desire is a record of jazz rock and salsa the way it should be today: inventive, moving, incisive, surprising. On top of everything else, it's so sensual! ...Jack Bruce gives one of the unforgettable vocal performances of the epoch... Desire Develops an Edge is not the record of the year, 1984 will be the year of Desire"

Track listing

Personnel
 Kip Hanrahan – direction; percussion (1, 4, 16), vocals (4, 10)
 Molly Farley – vocals (4, 7, 13)
 Jack Bruce – vocals (1–5, 8–11, 13–17), electric bass (9, 13, 16)
 Steve Swallow – electric bass (1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14), piano (8, 11)
 Jamaaladeen Tacuma – electric bass (1, 4, 17)
 Sérgio Brandão – electric bass (2, 5, 15)
 Arto Lindsay – electric guitar (1–3, 5, 7–10, 14–17), vocals (4)
 Elysee Pyronneau – electric guitar (2–5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16), vocals (4)
 Alberto Bengolea – electric guitar (2, 5, 9, 14, 16), acoustic guitar (15)
 Jody Harris – electric guitar (3, 14, 17)
 Ti'Plume Ricardo Franck – electric guitar and vocals (4)
 Jean Claude Jean – electric guitar (9, 13)
 John Scofield – acoustic guitar (11)
 Jerry Gonzalez – congas (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 15), percussion (4), claves (6), trumpet (12)
 Puntilla Orlando Rios – congas (1–4, 7–10, 14, 16), percussion (1, 4, 14, 16), quinto (5, 12), vocals (6), shekere (9)
 Olufemi Claudette Mitchell – shekere (4, 9), vocals (4), percussion (14, 16)
 Milton Cardona – congas (4, 8, 12, 13, 16), shekere (4)
 Frisner Augustin – congas (9), tambou (13, 16)
 Gene Golden - congas (13, 16)
 David Moss – percussion (17)
 Ignacio Berroa – drums (1, 3, 7, 9, 14, 15)
 Anton Fier – drums (2, 3, 5, 7, 15, 17)
 Tico Harry Sylvain – drums (4, 8, 15)
 Hannibal Marvin Peterson – trumpet (13)
 Ricky Ford – tenor saxophone (1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 13, 15)
 John Stubblefield – tenor saxophone (1, 8, 13, 17)
 Ned Rothenberg – tenor saxophone (8)
 Teo Macero – tenor saxophone (13)
 Mario Rivera – baritone saxophone (13)
 John Zorn – alto saxophone (17)

Technical personnel
 Kip Hanrahan – producer
 Scott Marcus – executive producer
 Jon Fausty - recording and mixing engineer
 David Rodriguez - recording engineer
 Jack Adelman - mastering
 Capoeira Graphics - cover design
 Andy Freeberg - photography

References

1983 albums
Kip Hanrahan albums


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