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Ancient India, Yoga, and the Seven Chakras
August 7, 2018 By Pictishwitch in Esotericism, History Tags: Archetypes, Buddhism, Carl Jung, Chakra, Chakra System, Consciousness, Elements, Energy, Freemasonry, Hermes, Hevajra Tantra, Hinduism, Human Body, Lapis lazuli, Masonry, Nervous System, Quan Yin, Taoism, The Sevenfold Journey, Yoga	Leave a comment
The word chakra (pronounced "shock-ra") comes from the Sanskrit cakra, which means, "wheel." The yoga systems of ancient India (roughly the 1st millennium BCE) conceived of the intersection between the physical body and the "ethereal," "subtle," or "light" body as spinning vortices of energy. Where our consciousness or life energy interpenetrates our physical body, there you will find the chakras. There are hundreds of chakras, or places of intersection, each of which can be related to acupuncture or acupressure points.
However, the Chakra System as it was introduced in about the 8th century CE in Buddhist texts such as the Hevajra Tantra, identified seven major chakras, where the energy flows intersect. The system as it is taught in the West today has been subsequently influence by Chinese Taoism, Tibetan Buddhism, Japanese Buddhism, and the psychological interpretations of Carl Jung.
The seven chakras are arranged vertically, from the base of the spine to the top of the head, roughly centered through the middle of the body. In addition to corresponding to the nerves of the spinal column, they also correspond to certain glands in the endocrine system, as well as bodily functions like breathing, digestion, or procreation.
In elemental terms, these major chakras also correspond to earth, water, fire, air, sound, light, and thought. In psychological terms, the major chakras correspond to the major areas of our lives: survival and physical energy; sex and emotion; personal power and intellect; love and compassion; verbal and mental communication; psychic power and higher intuition; spirituality and enlightenment. Each chakra also has been charted with corresponding elements, goals, colors, planets, foods, basic rights, stones, animals, operating principles, yoga paths, and Jungian archetypes.
Muladhara – Root, Base, or First Chakra
This chakra is located at the base of the spine, in the area of the tailbone, encompassing the legs, feet, large intestine, supra-renal glands, and kidneys. It's the chakra of vitality, physical energy, survival, and self-preservation. Its goals are stability, grounding, prosperity, the right livelihood, and physical health. Signs that this chakra is not functioning well include: obesity, hemorrhoids, constipation, sciatica, anorexia, knee troubles, bone disorders, frequent illness in general, frequent fears, inability to focus, being "spacey," and the inability to be still. The color of the first chakra is red; its element is Earth, and its planet is Saturn. Proteins and meats are the foods associated with this chakra. The fundamental right of this chakra is the right to have what we need to survive. The stones of the first chakra are garnet, hematite, bloodstone, and lodestone, and its animals are the elephant, the ox, and the bull. This chakra's operating principle is gravity, and its yoga path is Hatha Yoga. The Jungian archetype associated with the first chakra is the Earth Mother.
Svadhisthana – Sacral, or Second Chakra
This chakra is located one to two inches below the navel, and encompasses the lower abdomen, genitals, lower back, hips, digestive system, reproductive organs, and gonad glands. It's the chakra of sexuality, the emotions, and physical creativity. Its goals are fluidity, pleasure, and relaxation. Signs that this chakra is not functioning well include: stiffness, sexual problems, and emotional isolation, instability, or numbness. The color of the second chakra is orange; its element is Water, and its planet is the Moon. Liquids are associated with this chakra. The fundamental right of this chakra is the right to feel – the right to express your emotions. The stones of the second chakra are coral and carnelian, and its animals are the fish and the alligator. This chakra's operating principle is the attraction of opposites, and its yoga path is Tantra Yoga. The Jungian archetype associated with the second chakra is Eros.
Manipura – Solar Plexus or Third Chakra
This chakra is located in the solar plexus, the upper abdomen area below the breastbone and behind the navel that encompasses the stomach, liver, gall bladder, sympathetic nervous system, pancreas, and adrenal glands. It is the chakra of personal power and intellect, and its goals are vitality, strength of will, and purpose. Signs that this chakra is operating incorrectly include: ulcers, timidity, domination, fatigue, and digestive troubles. The color of the third chakra is yellow; its element is Fire, and its planets are Mars and the Sun. Carbohydrates are the foods associated with the third chakra. The fundamental right of this chakra is the right to act in a self-directed manner. The stones of the third chakra are topaz and amber, and its animals are the ram and the lion. This chakra's operating principle is combustion, and its yoga path is Karma Yoga. The Jungian archetype associated with the third chakra is The Magician.
Anahata – The Heart or Fourth Chakra
This chakra is located in the center of the chest, encompassing the heart, thymus, circulatory system, blood, and cellular structure. It's the chakra of love and compassion, and its goals are balance, compassion, and acceptance. Improper functioning includes the symptoms of loneliness and co-dependence. The color of the fourth chakra is green, and its element is Air. The planet associated with this chakra is Venus. Vegetables are the foods associated with the fourth chakra. The fundamental right of this chakra is to love and be loved. The stones of the fourth chakra are emerald and rose quartz, and its animals are the antelope and the dove. This chakra's operating principle is equilibrium, and its yoga path is Bhakti Yoga. The Jungian archetype associated with the fourth chakra is Quan Yin – The Goddess of Mercy.
Vissudha – The Throat or Fifth Chakra
This chakra is located in the neck, centered at the throat, above the collarbone, and encompasses the thyroid gland, throat and jaw areas, alimentary, canal, lungs, vocal cords, thymus, and the breath. It's the chakra of verbal and mental communication, and intellectual creativity, and its goals are clear communication, creativity, and resonance. Signs that this chakra isn't functioning well include sore throats, stiff neck, and poor communication. The color of the fifth chakra is bright blue. The corresponding element is Sound, and its planet is Mercury. Fruits are the foods associated with the fifth chakra. The fundamental right of this chakra is to speak and hear truth. The stone of the fifth chakra is turquoise and its animals are the elephant and the bull. This chakra's operating principle is sympathetic vibration, and its yoga path is Mantra Yoga. The Jungian archetype associated with the fifth chakra is Hermes.
Ajna – The Third-Eye or Sixth Chakra
This chakra is located between and about one finger's width above the eyebrows, and encompasses the cerebellum, nose, central nervous system, the pituitary gland, and the left eye. It's the chakra of psychic power and higher intuition, and its goals are psychic perception and imagination. Signs that this chakra is not functioning well include headaches, nightmares, and hallucinations. The color of the sixth chakra is indigo, its element is Light, and its planet is Neptune. Visual beauty is the nourishment of the sixth chakra. The fundamental right of this chakra is to see clearly. The stone of the sixth chakra is Lapis Lazuli, and its animals are the owl and the butterfly. This chakra's operating principle is projection, and its yoga path is Yantra Yoga. The Jungian archetype associated with the sixth chakra is the Hermit, the Psychic, or the Dreamer.
Sahasrara – The Crown or Seventh Chakra
This chakra is located at the crown or top of the head, and encompasses the cerebrum, the right eye, and the pineal gland. It's the chakra of spirituality and enlightenment, and its goals are wisdom, knowledge, and spiritual connection. Signs that this chakra is not functioning well include confusion, apathy, and being overly intellectual. The color of the seventh chakra is violet. The planet Uranus is associated with this chakra, and fasting is the nourishment of the seventh. The fundamental right of the seventh chakra is to know – including the right to information, education, and truth. The stone of the seventh chakra is amethyst, and its animals are the elephant, ox, and bull. This chakra's operating principle is Consciousness, and its yoga path is Jnana Yoga. The Jungian archetype associated with the seventh chakra is the Sage, or Wise Woman.
Judith, Anodea and Vega, Selene. The Sevenfold Journey: Reclaiming Mind, Body, & Spirit Through the Chakras. The Crossing Press, 1993.
Melody. Love Is In The Earth – The Crystal and Mineral Encyclopedia. Earth-Love Publishing House. First Edition, Second Printing, 2011.
"Chakra". Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakra.
Is Death Necessary? Or Inevitable?
March 14, 2018 By Kristine Wilson-Slack in Natural Science, Philosophy Tags: Albert Einstein, American Gods, Biocentrism, Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe, Buddhism, Co-Freemasonry, Co-Masonry, Consciousness, Death, Eastern Philosophies, Fourth Principle of Biocentrism, Freemason, Freemasonry, Harmony, Life, Mason, Masons, Masony, Max Plank, Michele Besso, Neil Gaiman, Nobel Prize, Physics, Psychology Today, Robert Lanza, Science, Seven Principles of Biocentrism, State of Probability, Taoism, The Middle Path, Unity	1 Comment
Death. A foregone conclusion to this life. Maybe. What does science say?
"Now he has departed from this strange world a little ahead of me," Albert Einstein wrote in a condolence letter, upon the death of his close friend Michele Besso in 1955, "that signifies nothing. For those of us who believe in physics, the distinction between past, present, and future is only a stubbornly persistent illusion." Einstein was on to something, according to a contemporary scientist.
A theory… a philosophy, really, called "Biocentrism," explores this question and many other fundamental reality-based questions. Introduced in 2010 by Robert Lanza, a scientist, doctor, and "influential thinker" who felt that consciousness is a problem for not only biologists, but physicists as well. Nothing, according to Lanza, can explain the "molecules of consciousness bouncing around in our brain."
Biocentrism is sometimes the view or belief that the rights and needs of humans are not more important than those of other living things. This is not that theory of philosophy; it is something entirely different.
The theory postulated by Lanza is that nothing exists outside of consciousness and life. Biology is the great creator. In Lanza's view, we humans have become very good at understanding the mechanics of our universe. We look at the rotations of planets, and we know chemical properties and can explain how apples fall from trees.
What we can't explain is why. Why does the universe work as it does? Why can we not explain yet why we have consciousness, or what we should be doing with it? Biocentrism explains the why. Max Planck, Nobel Prize-winning physicist, stated:
"I regard consciousness as fundamental. I regard matter as derivative from consciousness. We cannot get behind consciousness. Everything that we talk about, everything that we regard as existing, postulates consciousness."
Lanza, with Biocentrism, seeks to explain the difference between what we all perceive to be an objective reality versus a life-centric reality.
"If a tree falls in the forest, does it make a sound?"
Objective reality says, why yes, of course it does. Biocentrism reality says, not unless there is an ear nearby. The science is lengthy but makes a point – without the ear to hear, the sound does not really exist. The tree falling creates puffs of air which stimulate aneardrum that translates the shift of air into a sort of sound. The sound is entirely held within our brains. The sound requires life and consciousness to comprehend it. The human must remove themselves from the equation to see the validity of the argument, and put themselves back in to understand the human place in creating the universe.
The First Principle of Biocentrism is that "what we perceive as reality is a process that requires our consciousness." Or, said slightly differently, requires "any" consciousness. If I ask you, where is the universe, most might answer, "out there." What many struggle with is that we are part of the same universe; what is out there is what is in here.
The Second Principle of Biocentrism is that "internal and external perceptions are intertwined; they are different sides of the same coin and cannot be separated."
In a complex explanation, Lanza says the general idea is that our brains create the reality we see. In this book, "Biocentrism: How Life and Consciousness are the Keys to Understanding the True Nature of the Universe," Lanza explains all of this in an answer to the question: "Where is the Universe?"
In total, there are seven principles to Biocentrism, according to Lanza.
The most interesting one, in relation to death, is the Fourth Principle of Biocentrism: without consciousness, "matter" dwells in an undetermined state of probability.
Any universe that could have preceded consciousness only existed in a probability state. This seems to state that we, as are in that undetermined state of probability, and that our matter never really "goes away" but is folded into and part of the ongoing reality of the universe. Our consciousness separates from matter but doesn't cease to exist because it's all part of the same consciousness. This reminds me of Neil Gaiman's story, "American Gods." Gods exist and thrive because of our consciousness of them.
Life creates the Universe. The Universe (Darwinism, the Big Bang, etc) did not create life. We've got it backwards.
Mind. Blown.
It seems like such a simple turn of phrase, one which everyone can identify with. Lanza brings to bear all the science and experiential anecdotes to back it up. He picks us up, kicking and screaming, from seeing the universe one way and to standing on our heads, viewing it another. These theories harken back to the ideals of Eastern Philosophies and Freemasonry.
Freemasons, Buddhists, and Taoists seek balance and unification, we see an understanding of nature and science, and a middle path. For the Buddhist, our consciousness allows us to connect with the One – the whole. For the Taoist, the focus is a seamless flow of life – where there are no individuals but a single existence. For the Freemason, we seek unity and harmony, and the idea that as a unit, we are also creators. None of this is incompatible with Lanza's scientific and philosophical approach to how the universe, physics, works.
So, to the original questions: "Do we die?" and "Is it inevitable?"
According to Lanza, we are already dead, alive, past, future, and creators right now. The limitations are in our own perceptions and ideas of reality. All of it is right now because we, and all matter, are conscious. Lanza himself addressed this question in a Psychology Today article, located here.
Perhaps if more people could look at the universe from this new paradigm, we would become the creators we already are; we create and destroy together, whether we believe it or not.
For a really good read, try out Lanza's book on Biocentrism and his follow-on book, "Beyond Biocentrism."
For an interesting Buddhist view of Biocentrism, look to "The Endless Further," a Buddhist's blog.
Is Freemasonry a Cult?
October 19, 2016 By Elaine Paulionis Phelen in Behavioral Science Tags: Albert Mackey, Bhagavad Gita, Buddhism, Christianity, Co-Masonry, Comparative Religion, Cult, Freemasonry, Golden Rule, Hinduism, Holy Bible, Islam, Judism, Koran, Mason, Masonic, Max Weber, Morality, Religion, Sociology, Taoism, The Upanishads, The Vedas, Torah, Values	3 Comments
As one of the largest organizations in the world, Freemasonry has weathered its share of criticism. In America, questions have been raised as to whether the fraternal organization qualifies as a "cult." The Oxford Dictionary defines cult as "a system of religious veneration and devotion directed toward a particular figure or object." However, another definition describes a cult as "A relatively small group of people having religious beliefs or practices regarded by others as strange or sinister." Obviously, the definition utilized makes a difference as to which organizations fit the term "cult." Is Freemasonry a cult?
Sociological Analysis of Cults
The German political economist and sociologist Max Weber is considered to be a founder of Sociology: the scientific study of social behavior, including its origins, development, organization, and institutions. In his book Theory of Social and Economic Organization, Weber describes the role charismatic leaders play in the formation and operations of extreme groups such as cults.
Weber writes about charismatic leaders as possessing a "certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities." Weber established a way to distinguish different religious organizations, such as churches, sects, and cults. Utilizing a continuum along which religions fall, Sociologists differentiate between protest-like orientation of sects to the equilibrium maintaining churches. The diagram below illustrates a church-sect typology continuum.
Beginning in the 1930s, Sociology was utilized to explore cults within the context of the study of religious behavior. In the sociological classifications of religious movements, a cult is a group with socially deviant or novel beliefs and practices. Sociologist Roy Wallis argued that cults are "oriented towards the problems of individuals, loosely structured, tolerant, non-exclusive" without possessing a "clear distinction between members and non-members" and having "a rapid turnover of membership."
By sociological typology, cults are new religious groups representing a radical rejection of the teachings and beliefs of established faith traditions. Often resulting during periods of social turmoil, cults tend to operate within a distinct period of time before either collapsing or amalgamating into another larger religious group. Three main characteristics are often used in defining the "cult" status of an organization:
Founded by a charismatic leader, as described by Max Weber
Claim a new revelation or insight from God that deviates from traditional faiths
Viewed with extreme suspicion by society and dominant religions
Freemasonry and Religion
Freemasonry is an ancient system designed to impart morality and ethics and teach mutual service to its members. Utilizing the matrix enumerated above, we can examine whether the organization qualifies as a cult by sociological metrics. Modern Freemasonry is generally traced back to the early 1700s although some groups claim it existed prior to the 18th century and was not founded by a single leader.
Furthermore, Masonry is founded upon traditional faiths and does not espouse any new revelations. Within a Masonic Lodge, many holy texts are revered including the Bible, the Torah, the Koran, and the Hindu Vedas. All of these books provide examples of moral truths, such as the Golden Rule, and constitute ethical guides to teach individuals.
Expanding beyond sociology, general definitions of a cult, as listed at the beginning of this article, are tied to whether or not the organization is a religion. Although Masonry expresses a belief in a Supreme Deity and the immortality of the human soul, Freemasonry is not a religion. Each individual is entitled to hold their own view about the nature of God.
Within Freemasonry there are Christians, Buddhists, Muslims, Jews, Hindus, etc. In order to join Freemasonry, individuals must believe in God, but they are left to their own choice as to the attributes of God. The renown Free Masonic scholar, Albert Mackey, wrote describing the religious inclusivity of the fraternity by stating: "God is equally present with the pious Hindu in the Temple, the Jew in the Synagogue, the Mohammedan in the Mosque, and the Christian in Church."
To qualify as a "Religion," Academic Scholars have established characteristics including, but not limited to:
A Plan of Salvation
A Theology
Dogmas
Freemasonry lacks the tenets which define an organization as a "Religion." Instead, Masonry seeks to make good individuals better through education, improvement, and service. While containing religious elements, Masonry is also a fraternal organization that encourages morality, charity, and philosophical studies. It has no clergy, no sacraments, nor a prescribed path of salvation. Moreover, Masonry rejects dogma and inspires individuals to utilize reason to search for Truth.
Among Freemasons, discussions and debates on social, philosophical, or religious questions help in understanding the universality of mankind and inspiring the intellectual development. Such discussion enable all members to reach for a greater understanding of themselves and Humanity in the pursuit of fulfilling their duties as Freemasons.
In Universal Co-Masonry, those duties include: to think high, to do well, to be tolerant to others, to search after truth, and to practice liberty under law, fraternal equality, justice and solidarity. Utilizing builders' tools as symbols, Freemasonry teaches basic moral truths that enable individuals to meet in harmony and be charitable.
The Universe Perceived
Dharma, Duty, and Freemasonry: Part II
Dharma, Duty, and Freemasonry: Part I
Brother or Friend?
Symbolism & The Literalists
Formal Science
rosariomenocalcomaso… on Silence: A Way to Wisdom
tim zack on Brother or Friend?
Fung Armstrong Kang on St. John the Evangelist, Invol…
David Pinegar on Dharma, Duty, and Freemasonry:…
Dharma, Duty, and Fr… on Dharma, Duty, and Freemasonry:…
M.P.S. Authors


The adult Sunday school class meets in the sanctuary before worship from 9:15-10:00. Classes are taught quarterly and cover a variety of topics selected by the session. Topics include biblical study, practical courses, and book studies.


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SYNONYM

#### According to
The Catalogue of Life, 3rd January 2011

#### Published in
Handbook of British Fungi, 2nd Edn 36 (1884)

#### Original name
Agaricus lascivus var. robustus Cooke, 1884

### Remarks
null

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U40 Africa, as a regional U40 Network, is a platform for young cultural actors and experts in cultural diversity issues and cultural policies in Africa.
The mission of U40 Africa is to popularise the principles of the 2005 UNESCO Convention, to sensitise civil society about the benefits of cultural diversity, to advocate for a wider ratification of the Convention, to integrate the principles of the Convention to international discussions and debates on arts and culture as well as the relationship between culture and development.
The goal of U40 Africa is to make cultural diversity an engine of development for Africa and to advocate for the role and voices of young experts in issues of cultural diversity, according to the Convention.
U40 Africa has been initiated on the occassion of the 2009 U40 World Forum in Paris. The eight African experts from seven African countries decided, after having evaluated their participation at the World Forum, to create a regional U40 Network. Just after the creation of "U40 Africa" in Paris, the Department of Arts and Culture of South Africa expressed interest in this innovative concept and proposed to welcome the first official "U40 Africa" meeting as a side event to the 4th World Summit on Arts and Culture (Johannesburg, South Africa, 22-25 September 2009). Young experts from South Africa, Algeria, Botswana, Mauritius, Lesotho, Malawi, Seychelles, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe participated in this meeting on 22 September 2009 in Pretoria to launch U40 Africa.
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A workshop aiming at examining the possibility to re-launch the secretariat in Benin is planned for November 2013.
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APN's Rabbi Alana Suskin in The Washington Jewish Week: Delay no longer possible in the struggle for peace
by Rabbi Alana Suskin 03/20/14
The Book of Vayikra (Leviticus), which we recently began, focuses on ritual matters, primarily, the details of offerings, including burnt offerings, sin offerings (separate ones to atone for deliberate transgressions and inadvertent failings) and guilt offerings … and what is usually translated as the "peace" offering.
Now, the "peace offering," of course, doesn't have to do with a cessation of hostilities, but comes from the root shin-lamed-mem, which denotes both shalom — peace — and shlemut, a character of wholeness. Wholeness is especially relevant to us in these times, when a moment of hope for the other kind of peace presents on the horizon a two-state solution between the Israelis and Palestinians.
Yitzhak Rabin Peace Award Dinner form
Download the form and save it.
After you have completed the form, please mail it to apnwest@peacenow.org
On Purim, this year let's take off the masks..
On Purim, we play dress up, we wear masks, we pretend to be people we are not. Leaders of nations that need peace like we need oxygen for breathing don't have the privilege to play with masks. But here we are, at the end of the nine-month period allotted for the peace process to bear fruit, and politicians are still playing games of chance with their peoples' future.
They Say, We Say: "Why doesn't APN support calls to cut aid to Israel?"
We know that pro-Israel does not mean blindly supporting policies that are irrational, reckless, and counter-productive. Pro-Israel means supporting policies that are consistent with Israel's interests and promote its survival as a Jewish, democratic state.
You've heard the arguments of the religious and political right-wing, and so have we. They've had their say. Now, we'll have ours.
Go HERE for all installments of APN's "They Say, We Say"
BDS & Criticism of Israel
Why doesn't APN support calls to cut aid to Israel? Years of experience show that unconditional aid only encourages Israeli governments to ignore and defy the U.S. on settlements and other policies. Making clear that U.S. aid is on the line is the only real leverage the U.S. has to convince an Israeli government to behave differently. [An argument coming from the Left, as opposed to the Right]
We categorically oppose calls for the U.S. to cut, or threaten to cut, military aid to Israel. We have long argued for the U.S. government to "play hardball" in its Middle East peace efforts. However, we believe that playing hardball does not and must not mean taking steps that threaten Israel's security. To the contrary: it is vital that the U.S. continues to assure Israel – its officials and its population – that America is unequivocally committed to maintaining Israel's security, including through military aid. Israel lives in a tough neighborhood, and unwavering U.S. military aid to Israel is a critical component in maintaining its security. Another critical component, of course, is the achievement of durable peace agreements with the Palestinians and, ultimately, with the region as a whole. U.S. support for efforts to reach such agreements, and, indeed, leadership of such efforts, is vital. But make no mistake: Israelis' trust in U.S. support for their security is essential to giving them the confidence necessary to take the risks inherent in any future peace agreement. Cutting, or threatening to cut, U.S. military aid would threaten their trust in the U.S. and undermine their confidence that their security can and will not be compromised by future peace agreements.
The claim that the U.S. has no leverage with Israel, other than threatening or cutting military aid, is inaccurate. The U.S. has other forms of leverage which it can and should bring to bear in its Middle East peace efforts, and, specifically, to press Israel on issues like settlement construction in the West Bank and East Jerusalem. These include employing with much greater force U.S. diplomatic leverage, both in the bilateral relationship or in multilateral forums. They include leveraging the many special programs and benefits that the U.S. provides to Israel, be they linked to loan guarantees or other forms of non-military aid (as the U.S. government has done in the past), or cooperation agreements. They include looking for ways to focus pressure even more squarely on settlement construction, along the lines of what some European countries are already doing – like pursuing special labeling requirements for products produced in settlements, or by launching a review of the activities of U.S. groups that support settlements. They could even include changing the U.S. approach at the UN to make clear that the U.S. will no longer veto resolutions on Israel, whether in the U.N. Security Council or the General Assembly, that are consistent with U.S. policy.
Support Israel - Boycott the Occupation
".... The question of boycotting settlements has sparked a spectacular public display of Jewish angst. Apparently, many who view themselves as the judges and juries of what is 'kosher' progressive Jewish activism have ruled that such a boycott is simply unacceptable. This, despite the fact that most American Jews recognize that settlements are a problem in terms of Israeli security, Israel's ability to have peace, and in terms of Israel's reputation. Wringing one's hands about settlements and the fate of the two-state solution does not substitute for actually doing something to try to stop Israel careening down this self-destructive path. Continued settlement expansion represents a clear existential threat to Israel as a democracy and as a Jewish state. Supporting Israel means taking concrete action to prevent Israel from continuing down a path that leads either to a bi-national state, which, by definition, will no longer have a Jewish character, or to an apartheid-like reality, in which Israeli democracy will be lost and Israel will become an international pariah..."
They Say, We Say: BDS & Criticism of Israel
APN Policy
7/7/16: APN's Proud Record on BDS
5/19/16: APN policy on BDS-Related Legislation (Federal & State)
2/8/16: APN Action Alert: Tell Congress: Pro-Settlements is NOT Pro-Israel
1/19/16: Press Release: APN Welcomes EU Statement Differentiating between Israel and West Bank Settlements
11/11/15: Press Release: APN Welcomes EU Guidelines for Labeling Settlement Products
2/12/14: APN: on efforts to combat BDS by undermining academic freedoms and free speech
March 2013: APN Weighs in on BDS, Criticism of Israel (expanding position to explicitly support boycott/activism targeting settlements & occupation)
7/19/11: APN Joins Peace Now's Call for Boycotting Settlements (press release)
4/23/10: APN on Criticism of Israel and BDS - New Policy Language
Boycotting Occupation vs. Boycotting Israel
2/20/17: APN's Lara Friedman at Huffington Post: Israeli Occupation Is Poisoning America's Democracy
2/8/17: Abusing "Anti-Semitism" to Quash Criticism of Israel - the Campaign in Congress & U.S. States (including table tracking all legislation) [LATEST VERSION IS HERE]
12/16/16: APN's Lara Friedman: The Stealth Campaign to Use U.S. Law to Support Settlements: Taking the Battle to the States - Updated/Expanded Table (Go directly to table - state legislation, passed & pending, plus blacklists) [LATEST VERSION IS HERE]
10/5/16: APN's Lara Friedman: The Campaign to Legislate Support for Settlements: The Battle in Congress - ** including regularly updated table of legislation, passed & pending** [LATEST VERSION IS HERE]
9/12/16: APN Board members Steven Kaplan & Sanford Weiner: Governor Brown should veto flawed BDS law
7/5/16: Resources on the Question of Constitutionality & anti-BDS/pro-settlements laws
6/7/16: APN's Lara Friedman: APN Explainer: The Pitfalls of the New York Executive Order on BDS
2/16/16: APN's Lara Friedman: Setting the Record Straight (again) on U.S. Labeling Policy [UPDATED*]
2/4/16: APN's Lara Friedman on The Hill - Cotton's "Made in Israel" bill: latest salvo in campaign to change US settlements policy
2/1/16: APN's Lara Friedman in LobeLog: Obama Admin Is Right to Reject "Settlements=Israel" Conflation
1/28/15: APN's Lara Friedman: The Campaign to Legislate Support for Settlements: Taking the Battle to the States - **including regularly updated table of legislation, passed & pending**
1/27/15: APN's Lara Friedman: Settlement Product Labeling Policies, U.S. vs. EU
12/1/15: APN's Lara Friedman in LobeLog: The Stealth Campaign in Congress to Support Israeli Settlements
11/5/15: APN's Lara Friedman in Heinrich Boll Foundation (Blog): Changing the Conversation on Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions
4/27/15: APN's Lara Friedman in The Hill: Dear Congress: 'Pro-Israel' is not 'pro-settlements'
4/20/15: APN's Lara Friedman in Haaretz: A defeat for Israel, a victory for settlers and BDS
3/2/14 Lara Friedman debate with Daniel Gordis in the New York Times: Is a Settlement Boycott Best for Israel?
2/4/14: Lara Friedman op-ed - Sodastream, ScarJo, and the Myth of Benevolent Occupation
1/28/14: Debra DeLee op-ed - Love Israel. Oppose BDS. Reject SodaStream.
2/12/14: Lara Friedman on Al Jazeera America's "The Stream" - episode on BDS (clips available here)
7/11/12: Debra DeLee blogpost: Upon Reflection (on APN's 7/4 statement - covered in Haaretz, here)
7/4/12: Press Release: APN to Presbyterian Church (USA): Don't support Israel-related divestment
3/29/12: Lara Friedman blogpost - Call to boycott settlements picks up steam!
3/25/12: Lara Friedman op-ed - Stop the excuses, boycott the settlements
3/1/12: Jo-Ann Mort op-ed - The Dishonesty of Park Slope Coop's BDS Debate
Israel and the Israel's "Anti-Boycott Law"
7/28/11: Peace Now - Peace Now's FB Page "So Sue Me – I Boycott Products of the Settlements" Ranked 5th most important Israeli Protest Page 7/20/11: Articles on APN's position boycotting settlements (JTA, Forward, JPost)
7/19/11: Hagit Ofran oped - The Forgotten Incentive of Settlement Businesses
7/14/11: Lara Friedman op-ed - Israel's New Boycott Law and U.S. Law: Like Apples and Orangutans
7/13/11: Lara Friedman blogpost - Boycotting Settlements ("Monday will go down in history as the day that the Israeli Knesset voted to suspend democracy in Israel."
They Say, We Say: "What is the Left's obsession with bashing Israel?"
Is Peace Possible?
The Left always wants to criticize Israel - over settlements, over statements, over everything. Why is there this obsession with bashing Israel?
Americans for Peace Now is an American organization that has a clearly defined mission: working to advance American and Israeli policies that will lead to comprehensive, durable peace and security for Israel, consistent with U.S. national security interests. APN is also the sister organization of Shalom Achshav, Israel's peace movement. APN and Peace Now share the overarching objective of ensuring Israel's future, including its security and its viability as a tolerant, egalitarian democracy and as a Jewish state. When the Israeli government undertakes actions or policies that run counter to this goal, we and our colleagues in Israel say so. We strongly feel that it is imperative to do so publicly. Public discourse provides transparency and accountability.
We don't "bash" Israel. Our love for Israel is why we care so much about it and why we exist as an organization. What we do criticize - and we do it carefully and responsibly - are Israeli government policies that we know are destructive to Israel's own interests. We criticize violent and illegal conduct of Israeli settlers and their sympathizers, which we recognize as harmful to Israel. And we reject efforts to quash free speech and the right to protest, and to undermine the rule of law or the integrity and independence of Israel's courts, and all other efforts to threaten Israel's character as a democracy.
They Say, We Say: "Criticism of Israel, even by people who claim to support Israel, only feeds the global campaign to delegitimize Israel."
Criticism of Israel, even by people who claim to support Israel, only feeds the global campaign to delegitimize Israel. Public criticism of Israel has to stop.
A truly pro-Israel position is one that recognizes that criticism of Israeli policies and actions must be judged on its content. It is both true and deeply troubling that anti-Israel and anti-Semitic sentiment is sometimes cloaked in criticism of Israeli government policies and actions. At the same time, it is both true and deeply troubling that some Israeli policies and actions legitimately merit criticism.
The notion that being pro-Israel leaves no room for any criticism of Israel, on the grounds that such criticism "delegitimizes" Israel, should trouble anyone who cares about Israel's future and Israel's democratic character.
It is foolish, as well as reckless and irresponsible, for anyone to deny Israel's right to exist, call for Israel's destruction, or deny Jewish ties to the land of Israel. At the same time, criticizing and challenging Israeli policies and actions - like its continued settlement in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, its harsh treatment of non-violent protestors in Israel and the West Bank, its continued closure of Gaza, or the ongoing attacks inside Israel on democracy and democratic institutions - is entirely legitimate and, indeed, appropriate.
A vibrant debate over these issues, both in Israel and the U.S., is sorely needed. Efforts to quash all criticism/protest - whether in Israel or outside Israel - by labeling it "delegitimization" are inconsistent with the core democratic values of both Israel and the U.S. - like freedom of speech, freedom to organize, and freedom to peacefully protest.
They Say, We Say: "What about boycotts and divestment efforts targeting the occupation?"
What about boycotts and divestment efforts targeting the occupation? Isn't this just another pretext to delegitimize and attack Israel?
There is a growing movement seeking to focus boycott and divestment efforts on settlements and the occupation, supported by activists who are neither anti-Israel nor anti-Semitic. This effort is gaining traction as a direct consequence of Israeli policies that are deepening the occupation to the point of potential irreversibility in the near term, in tandem with the apparent inability or unwillingness of governments around the world to in any meaningful way challenge these policies.
We believe that activists who seek to focus boycott and divestment efforts squarely on the occupation and settlements deserve credit. Indeed, APN long ago suggested that activists focus on opportunities for people to "invest for peace" - supporting companies and projects whose work is consistent with peace, coexistence, and the two-state solution to the Israeli- Palestinian conflict - and on raising awareness about companies based in or operating in settlements, to permit people to make informed choices about their investment options. We recognize, too, that some companies play a role in enabling the occupation and supporting settlements. Some do so directly, for example by investing in settlements; others do so indirectly and perhaps unknowingly - for example through the sale of equipment used both in Israel and in settlements.
We believe it is legitimate for activists to press companies to adopt practices that deny support to settlements and the occupation, including through targeted boycotts and divestment. Narrowly targeting such activism presents serious challenges: absent a peace agreement, Israel has undeniable security needs related to the occupied territories, for example, securing its border with Jordan and preventing terrorism emanating from the West Bank into Israel. In many cases, like these, the line between contributing to the occupation and permitting Israel to address legitimate security concerns is not clear. Nonetheless, if careful enough distinctions are drawn, such activism can advance the goals of ending the occupation and promoting peace and a negotiated two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
In short, the legitimacy and effectiveness of settlement- and occupation-focused activism will be a function of how its proponents address these challenges. To the extent that such efforts can be portrayed by critics as ignoring or dismissing Israel's legitimate security needs, or as blurring the line between Israel and the occupied territories, they have the potential to be as problematic and counterproductive as efforts directly targeting Israel. Moreover, they risk playing into the hands of settlers and their supporters who gladly blur this same line and who are eager to denounce all anti-settlement and anti-occupation activism as anti-Israel and anti-Semitic.
They Say, We Say: "Why does APN differentiate between boycotts and similar efforts targeting Israel and the same kind of efforts targeting settlements and/or the occupation?"
Why does APN differentiate between boycotts and similar efforts targeting Israel and the same kind of efforts targeting settlements and/or the occupation? They're all part of the same effort to delegitimize and attack Israel and undermine its very existence.
The window is closing on the two-state solution. All of us who believe peace is possible and believe it is only possible through an end to the occupation and the achievement of a credible, viable two-state solution, must vote with our feet by insisting, adamantly, on the line that separates Israel and the occupied territories. Activism, even if well-intentioned, that blurs this line is misguided and counterproductive. Clearly and unequivocally focusing activism on the territories occupied by Israel in 1967 sends a powerful and unmistakable message to Israelis living on both sides of the Green Line and helps Israelis understand how great a liability the settlements are for their country and their future.
They Say, We Say: "Why doesn't APN support boycotts and divestment efforts targeting Israel?"
Why doesn't APN support boycotts and divestment efforts targeting Israel? Until Israelis understand that there is a real cost to their government's anti-peace, pro-settlement policies, nothing will change.
We weigh all activism in light of our primary mission and concern: preserving Israel's future and its security and viability as a democracy and a Jewish state. From this mission, we, as a Jewish, Zionist organization, derive our conviction that settlement expansion must stop, the settlement enterprise must be rolled back, and the occupation must end - for the sake of Israel's own security and its own future. Consistent with this mission, we have always opposed boycott, divestment, and sanctions efforts targeting Israel itself. We believe such campaigns are misguided and counterproductive. They target the average, innocent Israeli citizen -- who may well support an end to the occupation and a two-state solution -- rather than the Israeli government policies that are ostensibly the target of the campaigns. They have caused many Israelis and supporters of Israel -- people whose voices are vitally needed to oppose the policies that such campaigns target -- to feel compelled to defend Israel, regardless of the policies in question.
We also categorically oppose the efforts of organizations and activists whose goal, explicit or implicit, is to undermine Israel's existence. Historically, much of the pressure for BDS campaigns originated with anti-Israel sources not interested in Israeli security concerns or Palestinian behavior, giving rise to concerns about global anti-Semitism and the perception that the campaigns are not truly (or only) about Israeli policies but rather reflect a deep-seated hatred for and rejection of Israel.
Consistent with our mission and our convictions, APN has long argued that activism should be targeted across the Green Line separating Israel and the occupied territories. We believe that for activism to be both effective and morally defensible, activists must make clear, emphatically and unambiguously, that their target is the occupation and its manifestations - like settlements and acts of collective punishment - and not Israel proper, innocent Israeli civilians, or legitimate Israeli security practices. Doing so underscores the fact that such activism is not anti-Israel, but rather is opposed to specific policies and practices related to Israeli behavior in the occupied territories.


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Travel Sectors
Home > > Analysis: Priceline and Expedia trying to figure out what works in China
Analysis: Priceline and Expedia trying to figure out what works in China
05/27/2015| 10:32:52 AM| Skift
In the rough and tumble China travel market U.S.-based OTAs are grappling to craft viable long-term strategies while local OTAs like Ctrip are playing hard.
In the rough and tumble China travel market, what Expedia Inc. CEO Dara Khosrowshahi refers to as the "wild, wild East," U.S.-based online travel agencies are measuring up each other and the market itself as they grapple to craft viable long-term strategies in what soon will be the world's largest travel market.
Likewise, Chinese online travel agencies, including Ctrip, are playing the field when it comes to international partners, hedging their bets and playing off one against the other.
The Priceline Group announced May 26 that invested $250 million in China's Ctrip, in addition to the roughly$500 million it injected last year, upping its stake in Ctrip to 10.5 percent. Priceline got the right through its initial investment last year and indeed named an observer to the Ctrip board. With the latest investment round Priceline also gets the opportunity to increase its share of Ctrip to 15 percent of its outstanding shares.
Expedia last week sold its controlling stake of money-losing Chinese online travel agency eLong to Ctrip. For the $400 million that Ctrip chipped in as part of the transaction, it gets a a 37.6 percent stake of eLong.
As part of the Expedia sale of eLong to Ctrip and other investors, Ctrip and Expedia agreed to cooperate in building vacation packages to China and other markets.
Expedia's Confounding Moves in China
On the face of it, Expedia's move to sell its largest footprint in China, eLong, after Expedia officials have emphasized over the last few years their long-term commitment to participate in country, appears to be a positive financial move in the short-term but a confounding one strategically.
"It was a surprising move and suggests they [Expedia] are less-committed to China than they were a week ago," says Michael Olson, a managing director and senior research analyst covering online travel at Piper Jaffray.
Olson says Expedia's selling of its 60 percent eLong stake to Ctrip and other investors was designed to appease Expedia shareholders who were becoming increasingly frustrated with eLong's losses and the adverse impact on Expedia's financial results.
The move has less to do with strategy and more to do with the "optics" of Expedia's financial results, Olson says, with the core business profitable and that picture now more readily apparent for investors to see.
Olson argues that Expedia likely believes that it can achieve its goals of inventory-sharing with Chinese travel companies without the drag of its 60 percent control of eLong and resultant red ink.
In that regard, Expedia and Ctrip — despite the Priceline Group's increased investment in Ctrip — agreed to cooperate in several markets and vowed to work together on vacation packages.
Some contend that this partnership announcement was merely a face-saving gesture as a cover for Expedia's about-face in China, while the counter-argument is that the vacation package business should not be viewed as inconsequential.
Not Done Yet
Expedia is not "done" in China and officials believe that the country is a super-fast-changing marketplace and is just in its initial phases of growth. The situation is very fluid, they say.
Because of the extreme discounting battle under way between Ctrip, Qunar, and eLong, among others in China, investing in eLong was just too expensive a way to engage in China over the long term, goes the thinking.
Although Expedia has greatly reduced its presence in China — for now — it still has several cards it is playing.
Expedia recently acquired its Air Asia joint venture, controlling 75 percent, and although there is no Expedia-branded site for mainland China, Expedia gets China business through an Expedia-branded site in Hong Kong, another 10 Expedia-branded sites throughout Asia-Pacific, and AirAsiaGo.com.
Expedia also has a not-insignificant business through its Expedia Affiliate Network in China, partnering with airlines and other travel companies there, and Egencia, Expedia's corporate travel offering, has a presence in China, as well.
"Everyone is looking at multiple different ways to have investments in China," says one insider. "There are a lot of horses."
One has to wonder, too, whether Expedia, which has acquired Travelocity, Wotif, the Air Asia joint venture and Orbitz Worldwide (pending), among other purchases over the last year, had too much on its plate to make a go of it with eLong and all its challenges in the fierce China market.
Priceline Answers Back?
The Priceline Group's announcement May 26 that it increased its stake in Ctrip to 10.5 percent obviously was not a reaction to the Expedia-Ctrip statement that they would be collaborating on travel products in several markets because the heightened Priceline investment in Ctrip had been in the works for some time.
The Expedia-Ctrip announcement did not catch Priceline unaware. Priceline doesn't see their collaboration on air and hotel packages as problematic as Booking.com, which is the primary vehicle for Ctrip-Priceline Group cooperation, doesn't sell airline tickets and there is the question as to how extensively Expedia and Ctrip will work together in practice.
The Priceline Group initially partnered with Ctrip in 2014, invested $500 million in Ctrip in 2014, and now has piled on with another $250 million.
Olson of Piper Jaffray says the Priceline Group correctly views Ctrip as the market leader in China, and probably believes Ctrip will increase its clout now that it took a substantial stake in rival eLong.
Some observers believe that the discounting wars will be toned down in China now that Ctrip will wield influence with eLong although Qunar is still committed to growing its market share despite mounting financial losses.
"It is hard to say what the end game is" in the Priceline Group's relationship with Ctrip, Olson says, adding that Priceline has invested in China's online travel leader and is seeking to tap into the fastest-growing segment of the market, Chinese outbound travel.
Both Priceline, Expedia and TripAdvisor, for that matter, know that the key to investing in China is through local players. Expedia is working with Malaysia-based Air Asia in Asia-Pacific, and Expedia's limited partnership with Ctrip now leaves Expedia without a strong partner locally in China.
For the moment, at least.
Ctrip's Strategy
For its part, Ctrip appears to be seeking to hedge its bets and build its portfolio of foreign online travel agencies to work with.
The collaboration with Expedia on vacation packages fits Ctrip's needs because Priceline's Booking.com doesn't sell flights.
Ctrip, too, took the investment from the Priceline Group, the largest global hotel player, to meet the needs of Chinese customers traveling internationally.
By diversifying its online travel agency partners, Ctrip is taking a page from Expedia and Priceline, which have long used multiple global distribution systems to access airline inventory. Ctrip can balance its allegiances and fill inventory gaps by collaborating with both the Priceline Group, Expedia and now eLong, among many others.
Suffice it to say that the Chinese travel market is fluid, growing and dynamic, and today's moves by Expedia, Priceline, Ctrip and eLong will only be viewed in the future as a blip in the market's evolution.
TAGS: Expedia | Priceline | eLong | Ctrip
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package book.chapter05.$5_4_1;
import java.io.IOException;
import org.I0Itec.zkclient.ZkClient;

// 使用ZkClient来创建一个ZooKeeper客户端
public class Create_Session_Sample {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, InterruptedException {
    	ZkClient zkClient = new ZkClient("domain1.book.zookeeper:2181", 5000);
    	System.out.println("ZooKeeper session established.");
    }
}


India's National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) has extended the closing date of the tender for geotechnical investigation in the Gulf of Khambhat off the coast of Gujarat.
The deadline for the submission of applications was initially scheduled for 12 September and has been rescheduled for 26 September at 3:30 p.m. local time.
NIWE also included a new addition in the tender, which states that the bidders may participate by forming a consortium or joint venture. Those who decide to do so are responsible to provide a legal document or agreement.
The awarded bidder will be in charge of drilling three boreholes in a 400km2 area around the location of the country's first offshore LiDAR, as well as making two boreholes at two proposed LiDAR locations.
In addition, the contractor will be in charge of carrying out soil investigation at the sites in order to learn the nature and properties of soil at recommended depths for the design of offshore wind foundations.
To remind, NIWE invited expressions of interest for the development of a 1GW commercial offshore wind farm off the coast of Gujarat in April and has recently issued a list of 35 interested companies.


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John O'Flahavan
University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana
Department of Teaching and Learning, Policy and Leadership
LLSI
johno@umd.edu
2304F Benjamin Building
PK-12 literacy teaching and learning, the discourses involved inteaching and learning in schools, comprehensive school-wide literacy programs, and sustainable school improvement.
Dr. John O'Flahavan is an Associate Professor in the Department of Teaching and Learning, Policy and Leadership, in the College of Education, University of Maryland, where he is Associate Department Chair and teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in literacy, culture and schooling. His research interests include PK-12 literacy teaching and learning, peer discussion about text, comprehensive school-wide literacy programs, school improvement and teacher preparation. Dr. O'Flahavan has published his work in such journals as The Reading Teacher, Reading Research Quarterly, Language Arts, Voices in the Middle, and the Journal of Literacy Research, and in a variety of edited volumes. He has worked extensively with school systems in NY, VA, MD, ME and TX, and is a regular contributor at international, national, and regional literacy conferences.
Distinguished Outreach Award, College of Education, University of Maryland, 2010
Faculty Mentor Award, Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Maryland, College Park, 2007
Presidential Award for Outstanding Service to the Schools, University of Maryland, College Park, 1995
Lilly-Center for Teaching Excellence Fellow, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 1993-94
Finalist, Dissertation of the Year Competition (Title: Second graders' social, intellectual, and affective development in varied group discussions about narrative texts: An exploration of participation structure), International Reading Association, Newark, DE, 1991
Award of Merit for Outstanding Achievement in Teaching and Motivation, Panhellenic Association, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 1988
Excellence in Undergraduate Education, Language Arts Education, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, 1987
Journals edited
McDonald, R., & O'Flahavan, J. F. (Eds.) (1991). Reading in Virginia, Virginia State Reading Association
(all solicited)
O'Flahavan, J. F., & Tierney, R. J. (2007). Inquiry with and through literacies: Rethinking our destination and journey. In J. Flood, & D. Lapp (Eds.), Using instructional strategies in high school classrooms (3e). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
O'Flahavan, J. F., & Seidl, B. L. (1997). Fostering literate communities in school: A case for sociocultural approaches to reading instruction. In S. Stahl & D. Hayes (Eds.), Instructional models in reading. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
O'Flahavan, J. F., & Tierney, R. J. (1995). Moving beyond reading and writing in the content areas to discipline-based inquiry. In J. Flood, & D. Lapp (Eds.), Using instructional strategies in high school classrooms (2e). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Nagy, W., Osborn, J., Winsor, P., & O'Flahavan, J. F. (1993). Structural analysis: Some guidelines for instruction. In J. Osborn & F. Lehr (Eds.), Reading, language, and literacy: Instruction for the 21st Century (pp. 45-58). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
O'Flahavan, J. F., & Tierney, R. J. (1990). Reading, writing, and thinking critically. In L. Idol & B. F. Jones (Eds.), Educational values and cognitive instruction: Implications for reform (pp. 41-64). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Tierney, R. J., & O'Flahavan, J. F. (1989). Literacy, learning and student decision-making: Establishing classrooms in which reading and writing work together. In D. Lapp, J. Flood, & N. Farnan (Eds.), Content area reading and learning: Instructional strategies (pp. 297-303). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
(*designates refereed articles; #designates solicited articles)
#O'Flahavan, J. F., & Wallis, J. (2005). Rosenblatt in the classroom: Her texts, our reading, our classrooms. Voices from the Middle, 12 (3), 32-33.
*Almasi, J. F., O'Flahavan, J. F., & Poonam, A. (2001). A comparative analysis of student and teacher development in more and less proficient discussions of literature. Reading Research Quarterly, 36 (2), 96-120.
#Wong, S., Groth, L., & O'Flahavan, J. F. (1995). Classroom implications of Reading Recovery. Reading Today, 13, 12.
*Wiencek, B. J., & O'Flahavan, J. F. (1994). From teacher-led to peer discussions about literature: Suggestions for making the shift. Language Arts, 71 (7), 488-498.
#O'Flahavan, J. F. (1994). Teacher role options in peer discussions about literature. The Reading Teacher.
*O'Flahavan, J. F. (1993). Teacher research in an era of school reform. Journal, 17, 32-34.
*O'Flahavan, J. F., & Blassberg, R. (1992). Toward an embedded model of spelling instruction for emergent literates. Language Arts, 69, 409-417.
*O'Flahavan, J. F., & Stein, C. (1992). In search of the teacher's role in peer discussion about literature. Reading in Virginia, 17, 34-42.
#O'Flahavan, J. F., Gambrell, L. B., Guthrie, J., Stahl, S., Baumann, J., & Alvermann, D. (1992). Poll of IRA members guides National Reading Research Center. Reading Today, 10, 12.
#O'Flahavan, J. F. (1991). Emphasizing the teacher in teacher research communities. Reading Today, 9, 32.
#O'Flahavan, J. F., & McDonald, R. (1991). Andrea Butler on integrated curricula, thematic improvisation, and "leading from behind." Reading in Virginia, 16, 7-8.
*O'Flahavan, J. F., & McDonnel, G. (1990). Becoming a strategic reader in Virginia: Is practice keeping pace with research? Reading in Virginia: Developing strategic readers, 15, 1-9.
*Tierney, R. J., Soter, A., O'Flahavan, J. F., & McGinley, W. M. (1989). The effects of reading and writing upon thinking critically. Reading Research Quarterly, 24, 134-173.
*O'Flahavan, J. F., Hartman, D. H., & Pearson, P. D. (1988). Teacher questioning and feedback practices: A twenty-year retrospective. In J. E. Readence & R. S. Baldwin (Eds.), Dialogues in Literacy Research, Thirty-seventh Yearbook of the National Reading Conference (pp. 183-208). Chicago, IL: National Reading Conference.


text:
Деволуциони рат је био сукоб између Француске и Шпаније вођен од 1667. до 1668. године због Шпанске Низоземске. Рат је изазвам француским захтевима над делом Низоземске која је припадала Хабзбурзима. Француска је као изговор користила такозвано "деволуционо право" које је владало у неким од низоземских покрајина (нарочито у Брабанту). Деволуционо право је значило да деца из првог брака монарха имају предност над децом из другог брака. Рат је избио 1665. после смрти шпанског краља Филипа IV, чија је ћерка из првог брака, Марија Тереза, била супруга француског краља Луја XIV, а наследник шпанског трона Карло II је био сина из Филиповог другог брака. После лаке победе против шпанске војске, Низоземска република, Енглеска и Шведска су образовале Тројну алијансу да би спречили Француску. Рат се завршио Ахенским миром, којим је Француска стекло одређене територије, али је био приморана да се одрекне својих главних потраживања.

Позадина
Када је 1665. умро шпански краљ Филип IV, краљ Шпаније је постао његов син из другог брака, Карлос II. Француски краљ Луј XIV није оспоравао Карлосов долазак на шпански трон, али полагао је право на бар део Шпанске Низоземске, који би требало да припадне Лујевој жени Марији Терези, која је била ћерка шпанског краља Филипа IV из првог брака. Марија Тереза се била одрекла тих права када се удавала за Луја XIV. Међутим, Шпанија је заузврат требало да плати велики мираз Марији Терези. Пошто јој Шпанија није платила мираз Луј XIV је полагао права на Шпанску Низоземску.

Исход
После лаке победе против шпанске војске, Холандија, Енглеска и Шведска су створиле Тројну алијансу да би спречили Француску. Луј XIV је затражио мир. Мировним споразумом у Ахену Француска је добила мање територије, од којих је најзначајнији био град Лил. Разлог лаког прихватања мира од стране француског краља био је тајни споразум који је он у јануару 1668. постигао са аустријским царем а којим је предвиђена подела Шпанског царства у случају смрти Карлоса II. По том споразуму цар Леополд I или његови наследници би наследили:
 шпанску круну,
 шпанске поседе у Америци,
 Миланско војводство и
 луке на обали Тоскане.
Француски краљ Луј XIV и његови потомци би наследили:
 Навару
 Шпанску Холандију
 Франш-Конте
 Краљевину Две Сицилије
 Филипине
Иако тај договор није био формално потписан, сами Шпанци су се сложили с њим да би спречили велике анексије.

Референце

Литература

Ратови у Европи
Ратови у новом веку
1667.
1668.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Belgium finally get Croatia showdown
Croatia's Luka Modrić and Belgium's Kevin De Bruyne
Belgium's all-time leading scorer Romelu Lukaku is pushing to start in Thursday's crucial World Cup 2022 Group F battle with Croatia.
The 29-year-old striker, who has played only twice for Inter Milan since the end of August due to hamstring and thigh injuries, came off the bench to make his first appearance in Qatar in the 2-0 defeat against Morocco on Sunday.
Manager Roberto Martinez has revealed that Lukaku – who has scored three goals in his last two meetings with Croatia – is ahead of schedule in his recovery, and the striker will be in contention to start if he makes it through their final two training sessions.
Michy Batshuayi still seems to be the most likely candidate to get the nod up front for Belgium, having led the line in the previous two games, but the Fenerbahce man would be expected to lose his place in the first XI if Lukaku is deemed fit to start.
Star attackers Kevin De Bruyne and Eden Hazard are yet to shine on the World Cup stage in Qatar, but both players are set to retain their places in the final third, although Leandro Trossard, Charles De Ketelaere and Dries Mertens are among the alternatives should Martinez decide to freshen up his frontline.
Elsewhere, Everton midfielder Amadou Onana will miss Thursday's game due to suspension after picking up a yellow card in both of the first two group fixtures, with Youri Tielemans poised to join Axel Witsel in the middle of the pitch.
Thibaut Courtois is in line to make his 100th international appearance between the sticks, while one of Timothy Castagne, Leander Dendoncker, Wout Faes or Arthur Theate is expected to start in the back three alongside experienced defensive duo Toby Alderweireld and Jan Vertonghen.
Thomas Meunier should retain his spot at right wing-back, while Yannick Carrasco will be hoping to force his way back into the first XI on the opposite flank ahead of Thorgan Hazard.
Meanwhile, Croatia head coach Zlatko Dalic is expected to name an unchanged starting lineup. After drawing 0-0 with Morocco in their opening fixture, Dalic made just one change to his first XI for the 4-1 victory over Canada on Sunday, with Marko Livaja replacing Nikola Vlasic.
Livaja took his chance in the starting lineup as he scored Croatia's second goal just before half time, and the 29-year-old Hajduk Split striker will be hoping to keep his place up front.
Andrej Kramaric, who switched from a central striking role to the right side of the front three following Livaja's inclusion, benefitted from the change of position as he scored a brace against Canada; the Hoffenheim forward is set to continue on the right side on Thursday, while Ivan Perisic operates on the opposite flank.
2018 World Cup Golden Ball winner Luka Modric – who is one booking away from a suspension – will continue to dictate play in centre-midfield alongside Mateo Kovacic and Marcelo Brozovic, with the latter set to earn his 80th international cap.
A back four of Josip Juranovic, Dejan Lovren, Josko Gvardiol and Borna Sosa is set to remain intact, although Dalic may consider switching his full-backs, with Josip Stanisic and Borna Barisic pushing to start ahead of Juranovic and Sosa respectively.
The likes of Lovro Majer, Mario Pasalic, Mislav Orsic and Bruno Petkovic have all been used sparingly so far in Qatar and they will all be hoping to get more minutes under their belts off the bench on Thursday.
Thursday, December 1, 2022 – 01:00
P. De S. Kularathne and Christ King into semis
Priyamali had started businesses in Dubai – CID
Sri Lanka should learn from mistakes and play positive cricket, says Dasun
Vishmi and Dewmi's half tons in vain as Bangladesh win
Spin great Murali's son scores a ton
Lumbini Cricket Carnival on January 21


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text:
Gioventù
Nikolaj Nikolaevič Raevskij nacque a San Pietroburgo, in un'antica nobile famiglia di discendenza scandinava, che lasciò la Danimarca per trasferirsi in Livonia nel XIV secolo. A partire dal XVI secolo, assunsero la nazionalità polacca, ottenendo anche lo stemma Łabędź da re Sigismondo III all'inizio del XVII secolo. Il nonno Semën Raevskij fece parte del Santo Sinodo.

La famiglia acquistò importanza in Russia quando il padre di Raevskij, il colonnello Nikolaj Semënovič Raevskij, comandante dell'elitario reggimento Izmajlovskij, sposò Ekaterina Samojlova. Ekaterina era una dama di compagnia ed amica intima dell'imperatrice Caterina II, oltre che nipote del favorito dell'imperatrice, il principe Potëmkin. Il fratello di Ekaterina era il generale e statista Aleksandr Samojlov.

Nikolaj Semënovič Raevskij fu ucciso in combattimento durante la guerra russo-turca (1768-1774) a Iași, molti mesi prima della nascita del figlio, il generale Nikolaj Raevskij. Non molto dopo la morte del colonnello, l'imperatrice organizzò un nuovo matrimonio per la madre di Raevskij, con un ricco proprietario terriero di nome Lev Davydov, il quale dimostrò di essere un patrigno generoso.

Raevskij fu arruolato dal reggimento Semënovskij in giovanissima età. Il 30 aprile 1777 fu promosso sergente, ed il 1º gennaio 1786 ad alfiere. Il 23 febbraio 1789 fu trasferito presso il reggimento Dragone di Nizhegorodsky col grado di maggiore. Con questo reggimento prese parte alla guerra russo-turca (1787-1792) distinguendosi nella presa della fortezza di Bender e a Bilhorod-Dnistrovs'kyj. Come riconoscimento per il suo valore, Raevskij fu promosso il 1º settembre 1790 al grado di tenente colonnello, prendendo il comando di un reggimento cosacco.

Dopo la firma del trattato di pace, partecipò alla guerra russo-polacca del 1792 col reggimento Dragone di Nizhegorodsky. Per questa campagna militare ricevette il 28 giugno 1792 l'Ordine di San Giorgio di 4º grado, e la spada d'oro con l'inscrizione per il coraggio.

Quando nel 1796 scoppiò la guerra con la Persia, Raevskij, sotto il comando del conte Valerian Aleksandrovič Zubov, partecipò alla presa di Derbent e ad altri scontri.

Dopo la sua ascesa al trono, l'imperatore Paolo I richiamò l'esercito in Russia, e congedandolo dal servizio militare a causa del suo legame col principe Potemkin, odiato da Paolo. Dopo l'omicidio di Paolo, e l'ascesa al trono di Alessandro I, Raevskij rientrò nell'esercito e fu promosso maggiore generale.

Guerre napoleoniche

Dopo i fallimenti russi all'inizio delle guerre napoleoniche, Raevskij tornò sul campo il 25 aprile 1807. Operò con il principe Pëtr Ivanovič Bagration nell'avanguardia dell'esercito russo. Durante la campagna del 1806–1807, Raevskij si distinse in numerose battaglie, e gli fu conferito l'Ordine di San Vladimiro di 3º grado. Raevskij, ferito nella battaglia di Heilsberg, comandò gruppi di prima linea nella battaglia di Friedland.

Dopo la firma della Pace di Tilsit, Raevskij combatté nella guerra di Finlandia, e fu presente a tutti gli scontri più importanti. Per questa campagna ricevette l'Ordine di San Vladimiro di 2º grado, ed il grado di tenente generale. La guerra terminò, ed egli seguì il conte Nikolaj Michajlovič Kamenskij nell'esercito moldavo, che prese parte alla guerra russo-turca (1806-1812). Il suo forte carisma si fece sentire nella presa di Silistra.

Durante la Campagna di Russia di Napoleone, Raevskij guidò il 7º corpo di fanteria, una parte del 2° esercito guidato dal principe Pëtr Bagration. In prima linea, Raevskij fu responsabile del rallentamento dell'avanzata di Davout verso Mosca. Dopo la battaglia di Saltanovka si ritirò a Smolensk, dove partecipò alla battaglia cittadina. Durante la battaglia di Borodino protesse il fianco destro dell'esercito russo, azione meglio nota come ridotta di Raevskij, guadagnandosi l'Ordine di San Giorgio di 3º grado. In seguito inseguì la Grande Armata partecipando anche alla battaglia di Malojaroslavec ed alla battaglia di Krasnoi, in cui aiutò a sconfiggere il maresciallo Ney.

Raevskij comandò i granatieri e protesse la ritirata durante la battaglia di Bautzen. Dopo che Austria e Prussia si unirono agli Alleati, gli uomini di Raevskij si allearono con l'esercito boemo comandato da Karl Philipp Schwarzenberg. Ricevette l'Ordine di San Vladimiro di 1º grado per la battaglia di Kulm. Nei pressi di Wachau fu ferito gravemente. Per quanto fatto in battaglia fu promosso a generale (8 ottobre 1813) e ricevette l'Ordine militare di Maria Teresa di 3º grado. Quando l'esercito russo entrò in Sassonia, Raevskij fu obbligato a tornare in Russia a causa della salute precaria.

Dopo la guarigione Raevskij si riunì all'esercito sul Reno, assumendo il comando al posto di Peter Wittgenstein, e guidandolo nella presa di Parigi. Dopo la sconfitta di Napoleone, al generale Raevskij fu concesso l'onore di entrare a Parigi al fianco di Alessandro I.

Ultimi anni e famiglia
Nel 1794 Raevskij sposò Sofija Aleksandrovna Konstantinova, figlia di Alexej Konstantinov, bibliotecario di Caterina II, e di Elena Mikhailovna Lomonosova, figlia dello scienziato Michail Vasil'evič Lomonosov. Sofia portò con sé una consistente dote, comprendente una proprietà ad Oranienbaum con oltre seimila servi. Ebbero sette figli:

 Aleksandr Nikolaevič (1795-1868);
 Ekaterina Nikolaevna (1797-1885), damigella d'onore, sposò Michail Fëdorovič Orlov;
 Nikolaj Nikolaevič (1801-1843);
 Sofija Nikolaevna (1802);
 Elena Nikolaevna (1803-1852), damigella d'onore;
 Marija Nikolaevna (1805-1863), sposò Sergej Grigor'evič Volkonskij;
 Sofija Nikolaevna (1806-1883), damigella d'onore.

Dopo il termine delle guerre napoleoniche, Raevskij si trasferì con la famiglia a Bovtyška, una delle proprietà lasciategli dal patrigno. Bovtyška si trovava sulle rive del fiume Dnepr, nell'Oblast' di Kirovohrad, in Ucraina. La terra era fertile, ed erano oltre diecimila i servi che la coltivavano.

Nel maggio 1821, durante una visita al Caucaso, Raevskij fece amicizia col giovane Alexander Pushkin, e viaggiò con lui in Crimea. Puškin sarebbe poi diventato grande amico dei figli di Raevskij, dei suoi generi, e del fratellastro Vasilij Davydov, tutti membri della Società Meridionale che aiutò ad organizzare la rivolta decabrista del 1825. Il primogenito del generale, Alessandro, fu colui che ispirò il protagonista del poema di Puškin intitolato Il Demone, mentre gli scherzi della piccola Marija ispirarono a Puškin la scrittura dei più famosi versi della letteratura russa ("Eugenio Onegin", I-XXXIII).

La figlia preferita di Raevskij, Marija, si sposò all'età di diciannove anni con il principe Sergej Grigor'evič Volkonskij, un ricco aristocratico liberale che aveva combattuto al fianco di Raevskij durante le guerre napoleoniche. La figlia maggiore di Raevskij, Ekaterina, sposò il ricco e giovane generale Michail Fëdorovič Orlov, anch'egli veterano delle guerre napoleoniche.

Un tempo interessato nella discussione di riforme liberali, democrazia occidentale e dell'insegnamento dei filosofi illuministi, dal 1825 Raevskij abbandonò il suo idealismo giovanile, rifiutando l'idea che la Russia potesse essere qualcosa di diverso dalla monarchia assoluta. I figli di Raevskij ed il genero, Michail Orlov, uscirono dalla Società Meridionale''' molto prima della rivolta decabrista, non prendendone parte. Il fratellastro di Raevskij, Vasilij Davydov, ed il principe Volkonskij rimasero invece nella società. Furono arrestati con i compagni cospiratori pochi giorni dopo la rivolta del dicembre 1825, e furono condotti a San Pietroburgo. Furono rinchiusi per molti mesi, interrogati, processati, e condannati ai lavori forzati ed all'esilio in Siberia. Nonostante i desideri del padre, Marija lottò per il diritto di seguire il marito in Siberia, e riuscì a convincere l'imperatore a permetterle di condividere l'esilio del principe Volkonskij.Sutherland, 119–123 I Volkonskij rimasero in Siberia per oltre trent'anni. Gli fu permesso il ritorno nella Russia europea solo dopo la morte di Nicola I, avendo ricevuto il perdono dal figlio Alessandro II.Sutherland, 311–315 Il coraggio di Marija, e quello delle altre mogli dei decambristi, fu romanticizzato da Nekrasov nel poema "Donne russe".

Raevskij morì a Bovtyška quattro anni dopo, distrutto ed amareggiato, a causa della polmonite contratta durante il viaggio per chiedere all'imperatore la grazia per conto della figlia. Si dice che sul letto di morte vide un ritratto della figlia Marija e sussurrò: "Questa e la donna più notevole che io abbia conosciuto".Onorificenze
Onorificenze russe

Onorificenze straniere

 Note

 Bibliografia
 Russian Biographical Dictionary, 1896–1918.
 Sutherland, Christine. The Princess of Siberia: The Story of Maria Volkonsky,'' New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983 ISBN 0-7043-8162-1

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Cavalieri dell'Ordine militare di Maria Teresa
Generali russi delle guerre napoleoniche


Resum: Semantic Search and Ontologies are one of the key technologies that can improve content management. Nonetheless, in order to be widely diffused, these technologies lack real-time capabilities, that speed up both the indexing and the retrieval processes. This contribution presents the approach and strategy proposed to tackle this problem, within the Spanish project E-Sentencias; a project for the development of a management system for lawyers that includes documentation and multimedia related to the management of their legal cases.


In last few years , it seems that we area always hearing negative news regarding the real estate market but now finally some good news is welcomed. According to National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) and Wells Fargo, for the 5thconsecutive quarter, nationwide housing is near its highest level of affordability in 19 years Housing prices and interest rates are still low and 72.2% of both new and existing Homes for sale in york pa are affordable to families who earn $63,800 (the national median income).
The national median home price for the quarter was $175,000. The NAHB uses a rule that no more than 28% of take-home pay can be used toward housing.
As with all real estate, location is key – Indianapolis and Youngstown, Ohio led the nation in affordability – 95% affordable based on local median income, followed by Dayton, Ohio, Syracuse, New York and Grand Rapids, Michigan.
New York City remains one of the least affordable cities, regardless of income. Still, any good housing news these days is cause for optimism, and home ownership is more than just a dream for many American families whose employment picture is stable.
If the purchase of a new home is in your future, you will have many decisions to make. Many home buyers may consider using the services of a real estate attorney for assistance with complicated documents and legal advise during the sale. Using a real estate attorney is a good idea, because the process of buying a house is complex, and most people find it's easiest to get through with a professional by their side.
Laws vary from state to state and some states require an attorney to create the purchase agreement and do the title search. There may be legal issues arise that your real estate agent can't answer, then you'll need an attorney's help. An attorney is also beneficial if there is any confusion or if you have questions about the documents then it is important to have an attorney look the documents over. Below are some other reasons you might want to consider using a real estate lawyer.
They can help protect your interests by examining all the legal documents before you sign them and can ensure that you're not signing something that isn't in your best interest. Always make sure you consult with a real estate attorney before you sign any legally binding documents to avoid signing a contract that can be damaging..
A real estate attorney is also better equipped to negotiate with the seller's attorney; something that most buyers can't do successfully because they're too emotionally involved in the purchase.
If funds are being held in escrow as part of the sale, a real estate attorney has the authority to administer escrow. They can disburse funds as appropriate according to the terms of the escrow.
The cost of an attorney can vary, but typically the legal fees are higher when you buy than sell because the role of the buyer's lawyer is more extensive. Most fees range from $500 to $1,500 for an average home whether you're the buyer or the seller. You may find an attorney that will charge a flat fee for specific services and others bill by the hour. Usually, a lawyer can easily estimate costs related to a real estate transaction.
Having a successful negotiation and sale is what ever homebuyer and homeseller wants to achieve during the real estate transaction.. The negotiation process can be both complex and confusing for both sides. Bot the seller and the buyer want to have a fair transaction and achieve the best deal. Even if you have been thru the negotiation process before, below are some tips to help you get the most from the transaction and walk away with what you want.
1. Time the market right. At this time, we are in a "buyers" market, where most sellers are very motivated to sell, this can give a buyer the upper hand. On the other side, a "sellers" market, or a market where housing supply and demand are roughly equal might give the seller an advantage. If possible, you want to be in the market at a time when it favors your position as a buyer or seller.
2. Pay attention to the details. Buyers and seller pay a lot of attention to the transaction price. It is a good idea to consider other perks or benefits that can add to the overall worth. For example, if you negotiate that the roof be replaced or perhaps having the seller pay some of the closing costs this can sweeten the deal. Don't be stuck with the idea that the purchase prince is the only financial gain to the transaction.
• Has the buyer been pre-qualified or pre-approved by a lender? Having buyers that are "pre-qualified" or "pre-approved" are more likely to pose less risk than a buyer who has never met with a lender. This also shows the seller that they are serious about the offer and will give the seller more confidence. that they are a qualified buyer.
Once you purchase a home and obtain a Home Financing, you will be required to obtain homeowners insurance. However, many potential homebuyers may not be familiar with another type of insurance, title insurance. So what is title insurance and why do you need it? Once you buy a home you are given a title, it then the owner's right to possess and use the property. It may be the homeowner who is selling the home or bank with a Home Financing on the property that has the title. It is also a possibility that a third party such as a homeowners association if the dues have not been paid or even the government may also have liens against the property for unpaid taxes.
Problems with the title can limit your use and enjoyment of the property, as well as bring financial loss. It is vital to not only obtain title insurance but to also have a title search done to protect your interest. By doing a search, it will reveal if someone other than the owner of the property owns the title. This search can be done by examining public records to look up the history of property ownership. While you can easily do your own title search, if you are obtaining a loan to purchase the property, the lender will require that a qualified third party do the title search. The title search shows not only limitations on the use of the property and rights others may have in the property, but also liens or monetary obligations that are outstanding against the property.
Title insurance is different than the standard insurance where you are covered in case of a future event. For example, if you get car insurance you are insured in case you have an accident, you buy health insurance in case you get sick. Title insurance is different as it covers events relating to the title that have already happened. It does not cover anything that happens to the title after the date of issuance. For example if you have liens filed against the property for taxes that you have not paid, your title insurance policy is not going to help you. But, if the lien is for taxes not paid by someone who owned the house before you, then you may have coverage under your title policy.
A title company will do a title search on the property before issuing the policy to see if there are any problems with the title. This search is done in an effort to minimize the risks of offering insurance. Problems such as deeds, wills, outstanding Home Loans, judgements, and tax liens can be located from the search and can typically be cleared up before the closing on the property. When these problems are not cleared they will often be listed as exceptions to the policy's coverage. You would then need to decide whether the property is still something you want to purchase given the known problems with the title.
When searching for your new home , the Neighborhood that it is in is just as important as all the other requirements that you are looking for in a home. There are some things to look for and add to your list that can help you locate the perfect neighborhood for your needs and family.
If you have children or are you planning to have children, considering a Neighborhood that has a good school system will be something to consider. Also parks and recreation is important items to consider when researching neighborhoods.
If you need to commute to work, you may want to search for a Neighborhood that has access to public transportation.
Are you looking for a particular vibe or amenity in an area?
What type of building do you like? Single family home, high rise condominium, villa?
Are you looking for a Neighborhood that has shops and restaurants within walking distance?
In addition to thinking about what you do what, you should also be certain of what you do not want as well. For example, if you are looking for a more family orientated area you will probably want to pass on neighborhoods that are close to nightlife or noisy areas. Or if you are wanting to avoid Construction you will probably want to pass on historical neighborhoods that are rebuilding or new construction areas.