text:
http://forum.freeciv.org/f/
Moderation process
http://forum.freeciv.org/f/viewtopic.php?f=20&t=85462
by AndreasR
Freeciv-web now has a new and improved moderation process in place! Please use the following e-mail address to contact a game moderator:
freeciv-web-moderation@tutanota.com
This e-mail address can be contacted when other players misbehave, cheat or any other issues in the game which needs the attention of a moderator. Thanks!
Great idea. I really hope some people will volunteer!
by Lexxie
This is a fabulous idea. Yay! Applause! Longturn has the ability to be "discovered" as the most amazing free diplomatic/social/strategy game on the web! It just needs a little promotion and press and time to catch on.
I am rather social and have chatted with many people in the longturn community, so I want to make a quick observation. Generally, people feel that there are a lot of games running concurrently now. So if we don't immediately get people volunteering to start new games, please don't take it as lack of interest. I think people want to see a few games finish up before starting some new ones. So I do expect people will take their time to think about it, probably take their time to download it and play around with setup on the computer, and things like this. I have talked to people who definitely are interested in doing this. So, please give the community some time to finish up existing games and play around with the installation on their own computer.
Many people would probably prefer to play a game than to moderate it, but realise if no one moderates then we will have no games. One solution is that two people agree, "I'll moderate one if you do also", that way each one gets to play in a game also.
I believe there should be a very short, simple, elegant, and effective set of community rules and guidelines. "Be polite and don't cheat", this hasn't really worked up until now. It should be simple and clear, so less than 8 rules. It should address rules that allow us to get back basic functions like naming cities, doing fair and legal diplomatic transactions, and so on.
The moderator can be approached by a player who makes a short request about a certain situation. The moderator attempts to make a fair judgment about the guidelines, and a proportionate response.
Proportionate responses require good common sense and a spirit for the happiness of the community. Often it's simple, like "this is your first warning, next time I will do x." X is neither too lenient nor too severe. It does resolve the situation, but with minimal interference and minimal tampering of the balance of power of the game players.
These are just my thoughts about how we can embrace this great idea, but be careful to execute it well. What do you all think? Andreas has asked before for our suggestions and ideas for how to make this whole thing run easily and smoothly. I think it's up to us now. He's giving longturn a second chance. Let's brainstorm and propose ideas, desires, and guidelines from which he can select.
First idea for moderator guidelines
I'll post my ideas over the next days one at a time or as they come. I hope other people do too, and give their input and reactions to other people's ideas too. Here is the first!
1. The spirit and purpose of moderation. Simple, smooth, easy, fair, balanced, minimal interference.
One thing most of us may have seen before, which usually happens with moderators, is they take their job too seriously. Bias and "power tripping" over one's authority is actually more common than a fair judge. So I propose part of the guidelines have very simple stipulations about the spirit and goal of the moderator: Make very simple and fair decisions that promote the easiest and simplest path to fairness and happiness, without overly interfering with the game and people's ability to be free, creative, and expressive. Exercising the least power necessary to keep people happy, fair, and not too worried about biased decisions, draconian abuse of authority, or heavy handed decisions which totally alter the game balance. For example, if Player X insults me in a personal message, do I really need to complain to get him banned, causing his allies to lose the game they've been playing for months? Or could the moderator say, "I'll give him a warning, and please consider the /ignore command to mute him. If that doesn't work, then we'll escalate stronger actions one at a time." Keeping it simple here is important. Banning would be the nuclear option after repeated warnings, severe transgressions like public defamations, slandering, cheating, etc.
SUMMARY OF IDEA:
All moderation and rules would be done in the spirit of the simplest, smoothest and easiest way to be completely fair, while having the minimum of interference on the game and its players.
Second idea for moderator guidelines
2. Politeness and Abuse.
A certain degree of competitive banter and free speech should be allowed, but with a very clear line about what is going too far and is considered as abusive. Judgments of abuse require interpretation, which is why it should always be a soft process of first discussing, questioning all parties, and warning. Instantly making quick interpretations and doing swift severe decisions on what might be misinterpretation, is not what the community wants from moderators. That would promote fear and slience the community. National leaders aren't always polite when they are at war, or when they are betrayed by an ally. Even allies may have heated disagreements over what they should do next.
Crybaby snitching isn't to be encouraged, and definitely shouldn't be a powerful tool to influence the game in your favour. On the other hand, if someone repeats many times "I find you saying things like this to be abusive and against the guidelines, please stop", and then it still continues, that would be when action is taken. Not, "mommy, mommy! They called me something not nice, can we ban them?"
Naming cities to abuse and insult other players shouldn't be tolerated. Primitive, crude, or obscene insults in public chat should not be permitted. However, being critical of a player and publicly informative about them should be permitted, as long as it's not obscene, abusive, or slandering/false accusations which wrongly hurt reputation. When public disagreement becomes too uncontrolled, lengthy, spammy, or heated, the moderator may decide when enough is enough.
Free speech and competitive banter are allowed and encouraged, but a simple progressive sequence of actions will be taken when impoliteness or abuse becomes too severe or repeated. Obscenity and crude insults ("retard", "idiot", etc.) should be kept out of public. Public chat and names of cities are considered public.
Re: Community administrator for LongTurn Freeciv-web games wanted!
by Tommo
Agree that this is a fantastic idea. If by helping out in this way we can free up Andreas to carry on developing freeciv-web (and relieve him of some stress) then that is a win for everyone
I am only taking part in 2 of the current longturn games and would be more than happy to help moderate a future game.
Some thoughts of my own..
First off I would pretty much agree with everything Lexxie has said. Moderation should be a 'light touch' to encourage participation and prevent any abusive behaviour. I have not come accross any of this yet myself (although am fairly new to freeciv). I would certainly be put off if I did.
With regards to chat, would it be worth considering moving this to IRC for longturn games? This would remove any issues around chat from the freeciv server and allow it to be monitored/moderated seperately. In my opinion it would also make it easier for players to manage their chats - there are obvious limitations to having hundreds of people potentially trying to chat in one tiny window which also provides game status updates.
(Not suggesting removing the current chat functionality from freeciv-web completely, just for longturn games.)
Not sure how easy it would be to arrange, but the moderation might work best if it could be done by a small team of 2 or 3 people (maybe with ony one 'on duty' at a time)? This might encourage people to volunteer to help with something that could end up being quite a long term commitment (also partering relative newbies like me with more experienced admins/players).
Anyway, just some thoughts.
Thnks for everything you have done so far Andreas - hopefully longturn can continue and grow
Split work between different staff positions
by Caedo
I believe it would be a good idea to maybe divide work between different people. No single person is good at everything, so I'd propose different positions. Some people would feel more at home focusing on development, designing and implementing new features ("developers"). Then there could be people focusing on moderation, enforcing rules and keeping order, for which Lexxie has put up some great ideas ("moderators"). And we could have someone focusing on the community aspect, doing PR stuff, relaying ideas from the community to the developers and in general keeping an environment where people will be willing to contribute ideas and constructive criticism ("community manager").
I'm sure there are some people here who'd be well-suited for some of these positions, while not able to rise to the responsibilities of a full-blown administrator. Some potential moderators that can be fair and pragmatic and aren't easily offended or controlled by their anger. Someone socially competent who could work with the community, but doesn't know jack about hosting a server.
If I were to decide this, I'd look for moderators and possibly a CoMa now, get a working team together and then discuss the future. Decide what changes need to be made, what future games should look like, when they should be started and so on and so forth. Then we can look for people who can test their ideas on their own.
by Zelrond
I would like to know the requisites and the extend of what this GM could and must do, also like others said if continue playing could be ok or not, before submitting a name.
I'll explain why: if its only a GM thing where controlling public chat or having an complain inbox about private chat and city names could be easy to handle and would also allow the GM to keep playing games. If the job is like that i would be glad to do it. I already did similar job when playing on a cloned lineageII server and was supermod in an online gaming forum (both now extinct T_T) in spanish (the place is down, this is my profile on waybackmashine: https://web.archive.org/web/20161026152 ... 5-zelrond/).
If any info is needed i can submit to you via PM.
Zelrond wrote: I'll explain why: if its only a GM thing where controlling public chat or having an complain inbox about private chat and city names could be easy to handle and would also allow the GM to keep playing games. If the job is like that i would be glad to do it.
Yes, this is quite an accurate description of the job. Please read through the entire post and make sure that you understand it fully before possibly applying to it though.
Thanks for the reply! i'll do so!
I don't believe a moderator would only police chat and city names. He or she has to understand how to do the setup and the install, set up the game and ruleset, and maybe hear about problems and correct issues. Currently, the largest problem is unquestionably multi-accounting (cheating).
Game 3 has been completely and utterly, totally ruined and irreparably destroyed by cheating. It can't be fixed, it is already organising into a global world war of normal players vs. the multi-accounters. Game 4 is in danger if action isn't taken quickly. It's the same (very small) number of players who do it (from what I can see). For some reason, the other games seem mostly ok so far, though Game 2 had a rather costly incident that made one side suffer badly.
Cheating should be easy to detect if you can inspect everything. A few minutes here and there every so often, would combine with players suspecting something and giving you a clue where to look. If you can inspect everything, that doesn't really qualify you to be playing though. Sadly.
For chat, half the community already uses Discord. It could literally be a one hour project to allow registered players to put a Discord id# in the registration info, and make the player name into a link. Apparently Discord also has a very easy way for outside developers to program in "a few lines of code" which allow messaging to go this way. What's great about that is all the functionality it already has: like a main lobby, ability to make separate rooms for allies, rooms for questions, for moderator talk, voting, etc. The ability to mute / ban / invite, and so on, is already in it. Or, there might be some other public service that is easy to connect it to. I don't know how easy or feasible IRC is, as I'm not a developer.


text:
[Shadowsocks-libev](http://shadowsocks.org) is a lightweight secured SOCKS5
proxy for embedded devices and low-end boxes.

It is a port of [Shadowsocks](https://github.com/shadowsocks/shadowsocks)
created by [@clowwindy](https://github.com/clowwindy), which is maintained by
[@madeye](https://github.com/madeye) and [@linusyang](https://github.com/linusyang).

Current version: 2.4.8 | [Changelog](debian/changelog)

Travis CI: [![Travis CI](https://travis-ci.org/shadowsocks/shadowsocks-libev.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/shadowsocks/shadowsocks-libev)

## Features

Shadowsocks-libev is written in pure C and only depends on
[libev](http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libev.html) and
[OpenSSL](http://www.openssl.org/) or [mbedTLS](https://tls.mbed.org/) or [PolarSSL](https://polarssl.org/).

In normal usage, the memory footprint is about 600KB and the CPU utilization is
no more than 5% on a low-end router (Buffalo WHR-G300N V2 with a 400MHz MIPS CPU,
32MB memory and 4MB flash).

For a full list of feature comparison between different versions of shadowsocks,
refer to the [Wiki page](https://github.com/shadowsocks/shadowsocks/wiki/Feature-Comparison-across-Different-Versions).

## Installation

### Distribution-specific guide

- [Debian & Ubuntu](#debian--ubuntu)
    + [Install from repository](#install-from-repository)
      - [Official repository](#official-repository)
    + [Build deb package from source](#build-deb-package-from-source)
    + [Configure and start the service](#configure-and-start-the-service)
- [Fedora & RHEL](#fedora--rhel)
    + [Install from repository](#install-from-repository-1)
- [OpenSUSE](#opensuse)
    + [Install from repository](#install-from-repository-2)
    + [Build from source](#build-from-source)
- [Archlinux](#archlinux)
- [NixOS](#nixos)
- [Nix](#nix)
- [Directly build and install on UNIX-like system](#linux)
- [FreeBSD](#freebsd)
- [OpenWRT](#openwrt)
- [OS X](#os-x)
- [Windows](#windows)

* * *

### Pre-build configure guide

For a complete list of avaliable configure-time option,
try `configure --help`.

#### Using alternative crypto library

There are three crypto libraries available:

- OpenSSL (**default**)
- mbedTLS
- PolarSSL (Deprecated)

##### mbedTLS
To build against mbedTLS, specify `--with-crypto-library=mbedtls`
and `--with-mbedtls=/path/to/mbedtls` when running `./configure`.

Windows users will need extra work when compiling mbedTLS library,
see [this issue](https://github.com/shadowsocks/shadowsocks-libev/issues/422) for detail info.

##### PolarSSL (Deprecated)

To build against PolarSSL, specify `--with-crypto-library=polarssl`
and `--with-polarssl=/path/to/polarssl` when running `./configure`.

* PolarSSL __1.2.5 or newer__ is required. Currently, PolarSSL does __NOT__ support
CAST5-CFB, DES-CFB, IDEA-CFB, RC2-CFB and SEED-CFB.
* RC4 is only support by PolarSSL __1.3.0 or above__.

#### Using shared library from system

Please specify `--enable-system-shared-lib`. This will replace the bundled
`libev`, `libsodium` and `libudns` with the corresponding libraries installed
in the system during compilation and linking.

### Debian & Ubuntu

#### Install from repository

**Note: The repositories doesn't always contain the latest version. Please build from source if you want the latest version (see below)**

##### Official repository

Using official repository for Debian unstable:

```bash
sudo apt update
sudo apt install shadowsocks-libev
```

#### Build deb package from source

Supported Platforms:

* Debian 7 (see below), 8, unstable
* Ubuntu 14.04 (see below), Ubuntu 14.10, 15.04, 15.10 or higher

**Note for Ubuntu 14.04 users**:
Packages built on Ubuntu 14.04 may be used in later Ubuntu versions. However,
packages built on Debian 7/8/9 or Ubuntu 14.10+ **cannot** be installed on
Ubuntu 14.04.

**Note for Debian 7.x users**:
To build packages on Debian 7 (Wheezy), you need to enable `debian-backports`
to install systemd-compatibility packages like `dh-systemd` or `init-system-helpers`.
Please follow the instructions on [Debian Backports](http://backports.debian.org).

This also means that you can only install those built packages on systems that have
`init-system-helpers` installed.

Otherwise, try to build and install directly from source. See the [Linux](#linux)
section below.

``` bash
cd shadowsocks-libev
sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends build-essential autoconf libtool libssl-dev \
    gawk debhelper dh-systemd init-system-helpers pkg-config asciidoc xmlto
dpkg-buildpackage -b -us -uc -i
cd ..
sudo dpkg -i shadowsocks-libev*.deb
```

#### Configure and start the service

```
# Edit the configuration file
sudo vim /etc/shadowsocks-libev/config.json

# Edit the default configuration for debian
sudo vim /etc/default/shadowsocks-libev

# Start the service
sudo /etc/init.d/shadowsocks-libev start    # for sysvinit, or
sudo systemctl start shadowsocks-libev      # for systemd
```

### Fedora & RHEL

Supported distributions include
- Fedora 22, 23, 24
- RHEL 6, 7 and derivatives (including CentOS, Scientific Linux)

#### Install from repository

Enable repo via `dnf`:

```
su -c 'dnf copr enable librehat/shadowsocks'
```

Or download yum repo on [Fedora Copr](https://copr.fedoraproject.org/coprs/librehat/shadowsocks/) and put it inside `/etc/yum.repos.d/`. The release `Epel` is for RHEL and its derivatives.

Then, install `shadowsocks-libev` via `dnf`:

```bash
su -c 'dnf update'
su -c 'dnf install shadowsocks-libev'
```

or `yum`:

```bash
su -c 'yum update'
su -c 'yum install shadowsocks-libev'
```
### OpenSUSE

#### Install from repository
Use the following command to install from repository.

```bash
sudo zypper install shadowsocks-libev
```

#### Build from source
You should install `zlib-devel` and `libopenssl-devel` first.

```bash
sudo zypper update
sudo zypper install zlib-devel libopenssl-devel
```

Then download the source package and compile.

```bash
git clone https://github.com/shadowsocks/shadowsocks-libev.git
cd shadowsocks-libev
./configure && make
sudo make install
```

### Archlinux

```bash
sudo pacman -S shadowsocks-libev
```

Please refer to downstream [PKGBUILD](https://projects.archlinux.org/svntogit/community.git/tree/trunk?h=packages/shadowsocks-libev)
script for extra modifications and distribution-specific bugs.

### NixOS

```bash
nix-env -iA nixos.shadowsocks-libev
```

### Nix

```bash
nix-env -iA nixpkgs.shadowsocks-libev
```

### Linux

For Unix-like systems, especially Debian-based systems,
e.g. Ubuntu, Debian or Linux Mint, you can build the binary like this:

```bash
sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends build-essential autoconf libtool libssl-dev asciidoc xmlto
./configure && make
sudo make install
```

### FreeBSD

```bash
su
cd /usr/ports/net/shadowsocks-libev
make install
```

Edit your config.json file. By default, it's located in /usr/local/etc/shadowsocks-libev.

To enable shadowsocks-libev, add the following rc variable to your /etc/rc.conf file:

```
shadowsocks_libev_enable="YES"
```

Start the Shadowsocks server:

```bash
service shadowsocks_libev start
```

### OpenWRT

**Note**: You may want to use [openwrt-shadowsocks](https://github.com/shadowsocks/openwrt-shadowsocks)
, which is developed specifically for OpenWRT.

```bash
# At OpenWRT build root
pushd package
git clone https://github.com/shadowsocks/shadowsocks-libev.git
popd

# Enable shadowsocks-libev in network category
make menuconfig

# Optional
make -j

# Build the package
make V=99 package/shadowsocks-libev/openwrt/compile
```

### OS X
For OS X, use [Homebrew](http://brew.sh) to install or build.

Install Homebrew:

```bash
ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"
```
Install shadowsocks-libev:

```bash
brew install shadowsocks-libev
```

### Windows

For Windows, use either MinGW (msys) or Cygwin to build.
At the moment, only `ss-local` is supported to build against MinGW (msys).

If you are using MinGW (msys), please download OpenSSL or PolarSSL source tarball
to the home directory of msys, and build it like this (may take a few minutes):

#### OpenSSL

```bash
tar zxf openssl-1.0.1e.tar.gz
cd openssl-1.0.1e
./config --prefix="$HOME/prebuilt" --openssldir="$HOME/prebuilt/openssl"
make && make install
```

#### PolarSSL

```bash
tar zxf polarssl-1.3.2-gpl.tgz
cd polarssl-1.3.2
make lib WINDOWS=1
make install DESTDIR="$HOME/prebuilt"
```

Then, build the binary using the commands below, and all `.exe` files
will be built at `$HOME/ss/bin`:

#### OpenSSL

```bash
./configure --prefix="$HOME/ss" --with-openssl="$HOME/prebuilt"
make && make install
```

#### PolarSSL

```bash
./configure --prefix="$HOME/ss" --with-crypto-library=polarssl --with-polarssl=$HOME/prebuilt
make && make install
```

## Usage

For a detailed and complete list of all supported arguments, you may refer to the
man pages of the applications, respectively.

```
    ss-[local|redir|server|tunnel]

       -s <server_host>           host name or ip address of your remote server

       -p <server_port>           port number of your remote server

       -l <local_port>            port number of your local server

       -k <password>              password of your remote server

       [-m <encrypt_method>]      encrypt method: table, rc4, rc4-md5,
                                  aes-128-cfb, aes-192-cfb, aes-256-cfb,
                                  bf-cfb, camellia-128-cfb, camellia-192-cfb,
                                  camellia-256-cfb, cast5-cfb, des-cfb, idea-cfb,
                                  rc2-cfb, seed-cfb, salsa20 ,chacha20 and
                                  chacha20-ietf

       [-f <pid_file>]            the file path to store pid

       [-t <timeout>]             socket timeout in seconds

       [-c <config_file>]         the path to config file

       [-i <interface>]           network interface to bind,
                                  not available in redir mode

       [-b <local_address>]       local address to bind,
                                  not available in server mode

       [-u]                       enable udprelay mode,
                                  TPROXY is required in redir mode

       [-U]                       enable UDP relay and disable TCP relay,
                                  not available in local mode

       [-A]                       enable onetime authentication

       [-L <addr>:<port>]         specify destination server address and port
                                  for local port forwarding,
                                  only available in tunnel mode

       [-d <addr>]                setup name servers for internal DNS resolver,
                                  only available in server mode

       [--fast-open]              enable TCP fast open,
                                  only available in local and server mode,
                                  with Linux kernel > 3.7.0

       [--acl <acl_file>]         config file of ACL (Access Control List)
                                  only available in local and server mode

       [--manager-address <addr>] UNIX domain socket address
                                  only available in server and manager mode

       [--executable <path>]      path to the executable of ss-server
                                  only available in manager mode

       [-v]                       verbose mode

notes:

    ss-redir provides a transparent proxy function and only works on the
    Linux platform with iptables.

```

## Advanced usage

The latest shadowsocks-libev has provided a *redir* mode. You can configure your Linux-based box or router to proxy all TCP traffic transparently.

    # Create new chain
    root@Wrt:~# iptables -t nat -N SHADOWSOCKS
    root@Wrt:~# iptables -t mangle -N SHADOWSOCKS

    # Ignore your shadowsocks server's addresses
    # It's very IMPORTANT, just be careful.
    root@Wrt:~# iptables -t nat -A SHADOWSOCKS -d 123.123.123.123 -j RETURN

    # Ignore LANs and any other addresses you'd like to bypass the proxy
    # See Wikipedia and RFC5735 for full list of reserved networks.
    # See ashi009/bestroutetb for a highly optimized CHN route list.
    root@Wrt:~# iptables -t nat -A SHADOWSOCKS -d 0.0.0.0/8 -j RETURN
    root@Wrt:~# iptables -t nat -A SHADOWSOCKS -d 10.0.0.0/8 -j RETURN
    root@Wrt:~# iptables -t nat -A SHADOWSOCKS -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j RETURN
    root@Wrt:~# iptables -t nat -A SHADOWSOCKS -d 169.254.0.0/16 -j RETURN
    root@Wrt:~# iptables -t nat -A SHADOWSOCKS -d 172.16.0.0/12 -j RETURN
    root@Wrt:~# iptables -t nat -A SHADOWSOCKS -d 192.168.0.0/16 -j RETURN
    root@Wrt:~# iptables -t nat -A SHADOWSOCKS -d 224.0.0.0/4 -j RETURN
    root@Wrt:~# iptables -t nat -A SHADOWSOCKS -d 240.0.0.0/4 -j RETURN

    # Anything else should be redirected to shadowsocks's local port
    root@Wrt:~# iptables -t nat -A SHADOWSOCKS -p tcp -j REDIRECT --to-ports 12345

    # Add any UDP rules
    root@Wrt:~# ip rule add fwmark 0x01/0x01 table 100
    root@Wrt:~# ip route add local 0.0.0.0/0 dev lo table 100
    root@Wrt:~# iptables -t mangle -A SHADOWSOCKS -p udp --dport 53 -j TPROXY --on-port 12345 --tproxy-mark 0x01/0x01

    # Apply the rules
    root@Wrt:~# iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -p tcp -j SHADOWSOCKS
    root@Wrt:~# iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -j SHADOWSOCKS

    # Start the shadowsocks-redir
    root@Wrt:~# ss-redir -u -c /etc/config/shadowsocks.json -f /var/run/shadowsocks.pid

## Shadowsocks over KCP

It's quite easy to use shadowsocks and [KCP](https://github.com/skywind3000/kcp) together with [kcptun](https://github.com/xtaci/kcptun).

### Setup your server

```bash
server_linux_amd64 -l :8388 -t 127.0.0.1:8399 --crypt none --mtu 1400 --sndwnd 2048 --rcvwnd 2048 &
ss-server -s 0.0.0.0 -p 8399 -k passwd -m chacha20 -u &
```

### Setup your client

```bash
client_linux_amd64 -l 127.0.0.1:29900 -r <server_ip>:8388 --crypt none --mtu 1400 --sndwnd 2048 --rcvwnd 2048 &
ss-local -s 127.0.0.1 -p 29900 -k passwd -m chacha20 -l 1080 -b 0.0.0.0 &
ss-local -s <server_ip> -p 8399 -k passwd -m chacha20 -l 1080 -U -b 0.0.0.0
```

## Security Tips

Although shadowsocks-libev can handle thousands of concurrent connections nicely, we still recommend
setting up your server's firewall rules to limit connections from each user:

    # Up to 32 connections are enough for normal usage
    iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --syn --dport ${SHADOWSOCKS_PORT} -m connlimit --connlimit-above 32 -j REJECT --reject-with tcp-reset

## License

Copyright (C) 2016 Max Lv <max.c.lv@gmail.com>

This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
O Beisebol é um dos esportes que esteve presente em todas as edições dos Jogos Pan-Americanos, devido a grande representação do esporte em toda a América Latina.

Resultados

Competições de beisebol
Modalidades nos Jogos Pan-Americanos
Jogos Pan-Americanos
Jogos Pan-Americanos
Jogos Pan-Americanos

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The crawfish arrived beautifully packed and were just as fresh as if we bought them up the bayou. They were absolutely delicious!! We will order again!


text:
Faleke's Appointment, A Good Choice – Kolawole Akinmosun Felicitates Abiodun Faleke
A stalwart of the All Progressives Congress (APC) in Ondo State, Hon Kolawole Akinmosun who contested for Okitipupa/ Irele House of Representatives seat in the just concluded APC primary elections, has lauded the appointment of Mr. James Abiodun Faleke as Secretary of the Tinubu/Shettima Presidential Campaign Council.
In a statement made available to our press team from London, on Friday, Akinmosun described the appointment as an affirmation of Faleke's personality, alluring and charismatic figure with great appeal to members of the party and public.
"Faleke is an epitome of commitment and loyalty to the progressive ideals which the party stands for.
His deep work ethics, sense of commitment with his wealth of experience to oversee all ramifications of the campaign for the party will ensure the emergence of Asiwaju Bola Tinubu and Sen. Kashim Shettima come 2023,'' Kolawole noted.
According to him, Faleke has what it takes to work out strategies that will lead the party's to victory.
"Hon. Faleke has all it takes to lead our party to victory. The council will leverage on his intellectual prowess to lead us to a resounding victory by February.
Faleke is a jolly good fellow and a core loyalist of Asiwaju Bola Tinubu. I wish him well in his new assignment," Kolawole said.
He added that Tinubu was the man to beat in the presidential election, saying that Tinubu was destined to dance on the stage of history, describing him as a strong man among men.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Welcome to another wonderful edition of Muffin Tin Monday. It's hard to believe that Muffin Tin Meals have been going strong for over 2 years! Make my heart happy that so many families are enjoying this as much as we are. To find out a little more about Muffin Tin Meals, be sure to read the FAQ page.
Sliced turkey wrapped in a tortilla, broccoli, lowfat blueberry yogurt, honeydew melon, carrot sticks, red apples. I went for the "half your plate" concept as mentioned below.
I am the first to confess that my muffin tin meals have not always been healthy. A few of them have been glorious candy-filled concoctions that my kids have loved. However, for the most part, I aim to bring a healthy balance to my children's diet. That's one of the reason's I love muffin tin meals - the separated muffin cups make for a great visual reminder of what I am feeding them.
It's Not About Nutrition: Forget the Food Pyramid: I loved what this post has to say about eating healthy and helping parents and kids make healthy eating choices. Her comment to "Think ratios instead of servings and your kids will automatically start eating better." really resonated with me. She advocates the CDC's reformed approach of "half your plate" for fruits and veggies instead of "5 a day".
Today I Ate A Rainbow: I know many of you have already heard of this amazing concept/product for families and I can see why - it's full of helpful tools and colorful charts to get your kids eating a wide variety of foods along the rainbow spectrum.
Nourish Interactive: Free online kids games geared towards promoting healthy eating in kids. My kids love them, especially the "whack-a-snack" game and the coloring pages.
Local Grocer: Have you taken the time to find out what kind of vitamin's and nutrients are in your kids foods? I was delighted to walk into my local grocery store and find in the produce section, clear labels over every food detailing what each was "known for".
Now it's your turn! What did you make for a Muffin Tin Meal? Won't you share it with us? YOu know the drill. click the blue "add your link button" to add your post or photo of a muffin tin meal you made this week for the kids!
I love all the food links! Thanks.
wonderfully colorful and healthy tin! nice job.
Your blog is wonderful. So glad I found it and thanks for the great resources!
Super healthy and love all the shapes too!
What a fantastic surprise to see you mention our Today I Ate A Rainbow Kit on here!!! I love your blog and I'm always telling parents to come check it out for great ideas!
what a great idea! love your honey dew stars!
It's been awhile since I've participated in MTM but I always love all the great ideas! This week was super appealing to me because I've recently been trying to get more fruits and veggies into my family's diet. I had a fun time thinking about how I could participate this week and had lots of gret ideas. And the bonus? My kids ate nearly their entire muffin tin full of snacks. Thanks for the inspiration!


Our poll and survey merge tags help you gauge subscribers' opinions on a topic from within an email campaign. The poll merge tag inserts a question and rating scale, while the survey merge tag inserts a single question with answer options you create.
In this article, you'll learn how to add and customize a simple poll or survey in your campaign, and how to track and use the results with reports and segments.
Make sure you're familiar with how merge tags work in Mailchimp.
Only the recipients of a sent campaign can respond to the poll or survey in their email inbox. It's not possible to submit responses from a browser-based campaign page or forwarded campaign.
For tracking purposes, subscribers can respond only once to your poll or survey.
Responses to polls and surveys don't count toward your campaign's click rate.
Poll and survey merge tags inherit the link style for the section of the campaign they're in. You can style the survey links individually, but we strongly recommend that you preview and test your campaign before you send to your subscribers to ensure changes don't interfere with the back-end code.
Add a poll to a campaign to gauge your subscribers' opinion on a topic based on a 1-10 rating scale. You'll use the *|POLL:RATING:x|* and *|END:POLL|* merge tags to open and close your poll.
To add a poll to an email campaign, follow these steps.
On the Design step, click to edit the text content block where you want to add the poll.
Type or paste your poll question text here.
The x value in the merge tag determines the orientation of the poll in your campaign and can be either H for horizontal or V for vertical. You can add as many poll merge tags in a single campaign as you want. Just be sure to close each *|POLL:RATING:x|* tag with a corresponding *|END:POLL|* tag to keep the responses separate.
When a subscriber receives the campaign containing your poll, the merge tags populate into a clickable rating scale. For example, here's what you'll see in the campaign builder.
Here is what your subscribers will see.
After a subscriber clicks a response, they'll be redirected to your survey landing page. If your campaign contains multiple polls, subscribers will need to return to the email to answer the next question.
The lowest and highest labels in the simple poll can't be changed or translated. To have more control over the language, consider using a survey merge tag.
Use the *|SURVEY|* merge tag to ask your subscribers a single question with a set number of responses they can choose from. For tracking purposes, you can only include one survey question per campaign. If you want to ask multiple questions, we recommend our SurveyMonkey integration.
On the Design step, click to edit the text content block where you want to add the survey.
Type or paste your survey question into the editor.
On average, how many plants do you keep inside your home?
A survey response can be as long as you want, but the text will cut short at 255 characters when viewed in the reports.
When a subscriber receives the campaign containing your survey, the merge tags populate into a clickable responses. For example, here's what you'll see in the campaign builder.
After a subscriber clicks a response, they'll be redirected to your survey landing page. Subscribers can only provide one survey response.
Like other forms and response emails, the survey landing page is customizable. You can view or edit the survey landing page from your audience's Form Builder.
Navigate to the Audience page.
From the Forms and response emails drop-down menu, select Survey landing page.
Click the Build it, Design it, or Translate it tabs to edit your survey landing page as needed.
The *|SURVEY_VOTE_RESPONSE|* merge tag populates the "Thanks for voting" message after a subscriber casts their vote. If a subscriber attempts to vote more than once, this tag populates the "Sorry, you can only vote once per poll" message. The wording of these messages can be edited from the Translate it tab.
Survey landing pages are pages we create for you by default, and are different from Landing Page campaigns.
When contacts start to answer your poll or survey, we'll store captured responses in the campaign report.
To view the results of your poll or survey, follow these steps.
Click View Report for the campaign you want to work with.
Scroll down to the Poll Results section.
Under Poll results, we'll show you how people respond to your poll or survey. Here's a breakdown of what you'll see.
Votes cast The total number of responses recipients have submitted.
Pending votes The number of recipients who haven't yet responded.
Last vote cast The day and time of the most recent response.
Option column Available responses to your poll or survey. Click each response to see which subscribers chose it.
Votes column The number of recipients who chose the associated option.
Percentage column The percentage of respondents who chose the associated option.
Last vote The day and time of the most recent response with this option.
After your subscribers begin to complete your poll or survey, you can use the Poll/Survey Activity condition to create segments based on the results. For example, you might want to segment only the people who answered a certain way, or who haven't yet responded.
Mailchimp offers a few ways to send surveys to your contacts. Learn about each option and which type would work best for your email campaign.


You now have the "Saved By The Bell" theme song stuck in your head. You're welcome.
Spoilers for Season 4 of "Game of Thrones" follow!
One is a gripping television program where complex alliances are built between powerful social leaders, and one wrong move could spell disaster for all. The other is "Game of Thrones."
That's right, the world of Westeros and the students of Bayside High have a lot more in common than you think they do. Why else would this recap of last season set to the tune of the "Saved By The Bell" theme song feel so... right? It's all right, in fact. Just like the song by Mandatory says!
Forgot what happened last year and want to get yourself all ready for the new season on April 12? You could do a lot worse than the bouncing, singing, decapitated head of Ned Stark. Just saying.


Home » Browse » Magazines » News and Opinion Magazines » The New Presence: The Prague Journal of Central European Affairs » Article details, "Lessons from Japan: An Interview with Economist..."
What are your general thoughts on the current crisis?
I agree with the standard interpretation that high-risk mortgages and new financial derivatives within the US created the initial impetus for the crisis. And while it is difficult to blame one specific individual, a certain degree of blame falls on the US government for neglecting to regulate those new financial products and ignoring unethical and irresponsible conduct within the private sphere.
Do you believe that the market economy shares some blame as well?
Yes. People--market actors--always attempt to hoard as much as possible. The government needs to regulate this behavior to a certain extent.
Many people believe that the models on which mainstream economics are based have failed or are inadequate, and so they now think that it is necessary to take human behavior into account--but human behavior is far from predictable and rational. Is that where behavioral economics comes in?
I think that more and more phenomena cannot be explained by traditional and therefore simple economic models. There is subsequently an increasing need for behavioral economics.
Behavioral economists work with terms like "mass behavior," which refers collective human action. Are there any the terms from behavioral economics which help explain the cause of the current economic crisis?
Yes. "Mass behavior" is one--you can see it in terms of mass consumption and the growth of the United State's bloated credit society. Another example is "asymmetric information"--which describes a scenario in which one party has more or better information than the other. Buyers who were subject to asymmetric information were not told the whole truth when they invested in certain derivatives.
Behavioral economics also employ the term "moral hazard" to describe the phenomenon that when a certain group feels safe from risk or consequence, it is more likely to engage in risky behavior that it would have otherwise avoided. Until now, "moral hazard" has mainly been used as an academic term, but the current crisis has mainstreamed it.
Do you fear that in the future, excessive risk-taking will not be punished by bankruptcy but "rewarded" by government bailouts?
Yes, as long as people know that the government will save them, they will keep on making high-risk decisions. In my opinion, governments should emphasize that the current bailouts are an exception, and will not be repeated in the future. Of course, governments must also increase regulation in order to deter another crisis from occurring. Greater regulation will prevent companies who trade with bonds and other financial institutions from both engaging in excessively risky behavior and from misleading their clients with asymmetric information.
Do you think that we need more regulation, or rather "only" better regulation? Was the amount of regulation sufficient before the crisis?
No, it was not sufficient. An increasing number of financial products were created which were not covered under current regulation. But while we need new regulation, it should not be excessive. We should not repress the market.
How do the Japanese view the current economic crisis?
Most people here blame the USA. They believe that what happens in the United States has a great effect on Japan and the rest of the world. They also blame the US because it is a key partner in their export market. The public is highly pessimistic: companies have reduced their staff , and the GDP is plummeting. Society's pessimism in turn materializes into demands for our government to deal with the crisis and kick-start the economy again.
Do the Japanese people believe that some blame for the crisis rests in the West's general way of life? Japanese society is less individualistic after all.


An in depth technical course in the design and implementation of wireless local area networks. Students will be introduced to the technology, infrastructure, application and installation of wireless networks. Students will install and administer a wireless network using Cisco product lines.


Adding some depth and dimension to brunette hair is easy. There are seemingly endless possibilities for highlighting, from edgy to subtle. Whether you're looking for face-framing warmth or want more highlights to add overall dimension, it's not difficult to get the effect you want. Using different techniques with different size toothbrushes and a do-it-yourself (DIY) kit can potentially save on expensive trips to the salon.
Highlighting your hair at home requires you to invest in one of the many DIY kits available for dark hair. They are affordable, ranging from $7 to $15, and can be found in your local supermarket, pharmacy, or mass merchandise store.
Choose a shade that is relatively in the same color family as your hair. The general rule of thumb is to avoid going more than two to three shades lighter than your 'base', which is also known as your natural hair color. However, if a more dramatic highlight is preferred this guideline does not apply.
Revlon Frost & Glow Highlighting Kit Honey: This kit will help you achieve honey-colored highlights.
L'Oreal Frost & Design H65: This kit will produce caramel-like highlights.
Garnier Nutrisse Highlighting Kit: This option will produce warm-bronze highlights.
Open your box and make sure you have everything out, peeling the gloves from the back of the instructions. You will not need the cap or the applicator in the box - just the color, gloves, and timing instructions.
Mix your products together according to the directions.
Put the gloves on and make sure you're wearing an old t-shirt.
Choose the appropriate toothbrush based on how much of a highlight you desire.
If you're looking to color larger pieces to highlight, use a regular adult toothbrush.
If you'd like a slightly highlighted look, choose a toddler toothbrush.
If you want very little highlight choose an extra-small toothbrush.
Note that brunette hair develops in these stages: first it lifts light brown, red, then orange, and then yellow, pale yellow, then blonde. A strand test is the best way to eliminate any guesswork and achieve the desired results.
The way you apply the color to your hair will depend on whether you prefer face-framing highlights or sun-kissed highlights.
Face-framing highlights are easy and require very little skill.
Part your hair the way you normally wear it.
Decide which hair around your face you'd like to highlight.
Pull the remaining hair (that will not be highlighted) back into a ponytail so it's away from your face.
Dip the toothbrush bristles into the hair color formula. A regular adult toothbrush is generally best for this option. When in doubt, though, start out with a smaller toothbrush first and see the results after drying your hair. If necessary, you can always add more highlights gradually until the desired look is achieved.
Start about 1/3 of an inch (1 cm) away from the scalp and paint the hair to be highlighted down to the end.
When you have painted both sides of the hair around your face it should look like you have two wet tails hanging.
Leave color on your hair the amount of time noted in the instructions from the kit or based on your strand test.
It could take all summer to get beautiful sunny highlights naturally. Fortunately, this highlighting technique is easy and quick with the right tools.
Pull the rest of your hair back into a ponytail.
Dip the bristles of the large toothbrush into the hair color formula.
Start about 1/3 of an inch (1 cm) away from the scalp and paint the hair down to the end.
Take remainder hair out of ponytail.
The addition of highlights can create a whole new look. Not only do highlights mimic the sun's natural lightening effects and lend your locks a fresh, casual look, they also add intense contrast. This is especially true for brunettes, who can choose among an assortment of colors to achieve a number of different looks. Some shades will create a playful, youthful appearance while others instantly up the glamor factor.
Basic highlighting at home does not require advanced techniques. Depending on your intention, you can play with various shades or ask your stylist to recommend a hue that will best enhance your features. Keep in mind that highlights look most authentic with multiple colors, though this technique generally requires a licensed professional.


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Political Engagement and Advocacy
Public sector decisions significantly affect our business and industry, as well as the communities in which we operate. For this reason, we participate in the political process globally in the many jurisdictions where Visa conducts business through regular and constructive engagement with government officials and policy-makers, by encouraging the civic involvement of our employees, and by contributing to state and local candidates and political organizations where permitted by applicable law.
We are committed to conducting these activities in a manner that reflects responsible corporate citizenship and best serves the interests of our shareholders, employees, and other stakeholders. Additional information regarding our political activities and oversight may be found below and by clicking on the links on this page. Learn more about our governance structure and practices.
Oversight, Accountability, and Visa Inc. Political Participation, Lobbying and Contributions Policy
The Board of Directors of Visa Inc., acting through the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee ("Committee"), is responsible for overseeing our lobbying activities and political contributions. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee has approved a comprehensive global Political Participation, Lobbying and Contributions Policy ("Policy") to:
promote ethical and transparent political engagement by Visa,
ensure that our political spending enhances shareholder value,
facilitate our compliance with applicable laws and reporting requirements, and,
align our government engagement activities in support of Visa's corporate purpose to uplift everyone, everywhere by being the best way to pay and be paid.
Visa's Global Government Engagement Department is responsible for implementing the Policy, developing and maintaining procedures to support the Policy, and monitoring the operation and effectiveness of the Policy. Read about the Policy.
Under the Policy:
The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee must pre-approve the use of corporate funds for political contributions, including contributions made to trade associations to support targeted political campaigns, contributions to tax exempt organizations for political activities, and contributions to organizations registered under Section 527 of the U.S. federal tax code to support political activities.
Visa's Global Government Engagement Department must prepare and present to the Committee an annual report itemizing our political contributions, and disclose that report on our website. As part of our annual Political Contributions report, the company will provide a list of the names all U.S. trade associations to which Visa pays annual membership dues that are $25,000 or more, and if applicable, we will disclose the portion of such dues that are used for political contributions. Links to our current and historical Annual Contributions Reports are available under the heading Political Contributions and Related Activity Disclosure below.
Visa's Global Government Engagement Department must also prepare and present to the Committee an annual report itemizing our lobbying expenditures, which must include information regarding our memberships in and payments to trade associations and industry groups for lobbying purposes, and tax exempt organizations that write and endorse model legislation. A list of our memberships in tax exempt organizations that write and endorse model legislation is available under the heading Lobbying below. (We also file quarterly reports disclosing our U.S. federal lobbying activities with the Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives and the Secretary of the U.S. Senate.)
Visa's Policy also prohibits our directors and employees from using company resources to promote their personal political views, causes or candidates, and specifies that the company will not directly or indirectly reimburse any personal political contributions or expenses.
Directors and employees may not lobby government officials on the company's behalf absent the pre-approval of our Government Engagement Department. As such, our lobbying and political spending seek to promote the interests of the company and its stockholders and advancing our corporate purpose, and not the personal political preferences of our directors or employees. Consistent with applicable law, Visa will not take any adverse employment action against an employee on the basis of his or her personal political affiliation or lawful political activity.
Our current and historic Annual and Semiannual Contributions are listed below:
2022 Semiannual Contributions Report
2021 Annual Contributions Report
The Annual and Semiannual Contributions Reports include contributions made to state or local candidates and ballot measures in the U.S., trade associations to support targeted political campaigns, organizations registered under Section 527 of the U.S. federal tax code, and political parties and business forums outside of the United States. It is Visa's policy that this disclosure requirement applies to any payments to other tax exempt organizations engaged in advocacy (including 501(c)(3), (4), and (6) organizations) if it determines that the contribution in question was used for political activities.
We note that we do not regularly sponsor advertisements that qualify as "independent expenditures" or "electioneering communications" under the U.S. federal campaign finance laws, or make contributions to individual political candidates abroad. However, in the event we do make such contributions, they must be approved in advance by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee (as well as our Legal Department), and disclosed in our Annual Contributions Report.
We belong to a variety of trade associations, coalitions, and industry organizations in the U.S. and abroad and pay regular dues to these groups. Our objective in being a member of these organizations is to advance Visa's corporate purpose and promote the business interests and objectives of the company. However, we recognize that we will not always support all of the public positions of those associations or of the diverse companies that make up their membership. Management reviews the continued appropriateness of maintaining these memberships at least annually.
Visa does not normally make additional, non-dues contributions to support such groups' political activities. However, in those instances where it is in our business interest to do so, the Government Engagement Department will obtain the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee's advance approval and disclose any such contributions in the Annual Contributions Report. As part of our annual Political Contributions report, the company will provide a list of the names of all U.S. trade associations to which Visa pays annual membership dues that are $25,000 or more, and if applicable, we will disclose the portion of such dues that are used for political contributions.
A complete list of U.S. trade associations that receive $25,000 or more in annual membership dues are updated annually and included in our annual contributions report. Links to our current and historical Annual Contributions Reports are available under the heading Political Contributions and Related Activity Disclosure above.
We endeavor to maintain a healthy and transparent relationship with governments around the world by communicating our views and concerns to elected officials and policy-makers. As an industry leader, we encounter challenges and opportunities on a wide range of policy matters at the federal, state and local levels in the United States, as well as internationally.
Visa seeks to advance policies in alignment with our corporate purpose and that expand the use of and access to electronic payments. We devote political resources to many issues that impact the payment industry, including: payment innovation; interchange; cyber security, information sharing, and cyber threats; payment card security, data security, and data breach; privacy and data use; network brand risks; intellectual property; surcharging; payroll and prepaid cards; mobile payments; tax; international trade and market access; small business issues; and financial education and financial inclusion, among others.
We engage lobbyists and partner with trade associations and other organizations to assist us in responding to these challenges and opportunities, by:
providing access to policy-makers, political intelligence, and policy analysis;
monitoring legislation;
providing a forum for discussing important industry issues and advocating for common business interests;
helping ensure that we have a voice in the policy-making process, particularly on matters receiving significant support from opposing parties; and
advancing our global lobbying and advocacy strategies.
Our Government Engagement Department must pre-approve these engagements and lobbying activities, and regularly reviews them to ensure that they continue to best serve our business interests and objectives.
In addition, our Government Engagement Department annually prepares and presents to the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee a report regarding the company's lobbying expenditures, which includes information regarding our memberships in and payments to trade associations and industry groups for lobbying purposes, and tax exempt organizations that write and endorse model legislation. While we do not publish this report, we do file quarterly reports regarding our U.S. federal lobbying activities and expenditures with the Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives and the Secretary of the U.S. Senate, as required by the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 and the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2008. These reports are available by searching for "Visa" as a "Registrant" on the U.S. Senate's website.
With regard to tax exempt organizations that write and endorse model legislation, we are currently a member of The Council of State Governments and the State Financial Officers Foundation. In 2022, Visa contributed $10,000 in membership dues to The Council of State Governments and $25,000 to the State Financial Officers Foundation.
Visa Political Action Committee
In the United States, we also sponsor a federal Political Action Committee (PAC) pursuant to the Federal Election Campaign Act, as amended, and the regulations promulgated by the Federal Election Commission. The Visa PAC enables Visa employees to voluntarily pool their financial resources to support federal, state and local political candidates and organizations.
Visa PAC contributions and expenditures are publicly disclosed on government-agency websites, including the Federal Election Commission's website (www.fec.gov). In addition to the disclosure of Visa PAC contributions on government websites, interested parties may monitor our federal PAC contributions through the websites of the Center for Public Integrity and the Center for Responsive Politics below:
Visit Open Secrets website
Visit Public Integrity website
The Visa PAC is governed by its board of directors, which appoints the officers of the PAC and supervises and directs the PAC's administration, solicitation campaigns, contributions, and compliance with applicable law and the PAC Bylaws.
Recipients of Visa PAC contributions are selected based upon the same criteria referenced under Political Contributions and Related Activity Disclosure above, and any other factors the Visa PAC board may develop.


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Las elecciones municipales de 1995 se celebraron en Barcelona el domingo 28 de mayo, de acuerdo con el Real Decreto de convocatoria de elecciones locales en España dispuesto el 3 de abril de 1995 y publicado en el Boletín Oficial del Estado el día 4 de abril. Se eligieron los 41 concejales del Consejo Municipal del Ayuntamiento de Barcelona a través de un sistema proporcional (método d'Hondt) con listas cerradas y un umbral electoral del 5 %.

Resultados
Los resultados completos se detallan a continuación:

Concejales electos
Relación de concejales electos:

Referencias

1995
Barcelona


Living on the Lighter Side Cards is a line of six humorous, blank, metaphysical greeting cards. Each one features thermographed color image on a white, textured background that give the card a high-quality, glossy, raised effect. The cards come with top-opening purple envelopes.
Living on the Lighter Side Cards are purchased in packages of six – one of each design: Soul Mates, Spirit Guides, Aura Cleansing, Psychic Reading, Astral Projection, and Chakra Balancing.


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Music Evolution and the "Loudness War"
Has music really changed over the past 50 years? Ask anyone who grew up with the Beatles, Elvis or even disco, and you'll hear a resounding 'yes.'
But a group of Spanish physicists wanted to mathematically measure the evolution of popular music over the past 50 years, just to be sure. Somewhat surprisingly, they found that music hasn't really changed that much on a fundamental, quantifiable level, according to their analysis of a million song dataset.
Nonetheless, the researchers did find three key trends in pitch, timbre (or tone quality), and loudness that may help explain the qualitative evolution of music. In particular, they found conflicting evidence of the "loudness war" among recording studios over the past few years – an apparent race for louder music at the expense of quality, according to critics.
The researchers took data from The Million Song Dataset, which includes sound information for a million contemporary pop songs, but none of the audio. The dataset provides song features including data about the song's pitch, timbre and loudness – the three factors that the researchers investigated.
First, the team analyzed the scientific backbone for the various pitches we hear in music: frequencies. According to the physicists, these frequencies are becoming more uniform with time.
Increasingly, the scientists observed "less variety in pitch transitions," in recent years, much to the dismay of non-conforming hipsters everywhere. To be fair, the Million Song Dataset likely left out a substantial selection of modern day music, which may include non-conformist pitch transitions.
But the scientists found the same trend in conformity for the dataset's timbre. Timbre, or tone quality, is what allows us to differentiate between different sounds such as vocals, percussion, and guitars. Scientists can quantify timbre by looking at the shape of a song's waveform.
Is The "Loudness War" Hurting Music?
While both timbre and pitch appeared to conform over time, songs have also become increasingly loud. Especially over the past few years, music critics and fans have complained about overly compressed songs that are recorded to be louder than ever. Critics claim that this compression for the sake of loudness has sacrificed music quality.
Anecdotal evidence abounds for this transition to louder music, but the Spanish researchers now have scientific evidence of this trend. But there was something important that the researchers did not find.
According to their paper, the "topology of loudness transitions is maintained," over time. The team didn't find evidence that the loudness race was negatively altering the volume dyanmics within the songs – the changes in volume that make certain parts of a song more distinct. "Loudness war" critics often cite altered volume dynamics as a key factor that degrades music quality
Perhaps there's something else that the scientists overlooked that could explain the supposed drop in sound quality. Or maybe the "loudness war" is overblown. You can decide for yourself by comparing the audio contained in the video below.
The researchers did note, however, that the continuing loudness race could potentially lead to poorer sound quality in the future, partly because of the restrictions of digital media.
If you want to keep up with Hyperspace, AKA Brian, you can follow him on Twitter.
data analysis fun history music sound statistics
Labels: data analysis fun history music sound statistics


UNIQUE Muine Resort constitutes 58 luxury rooms and penthouses with a unique blend of the finest contemporary luxury and exotic architect. Surrounded by the ocean, all rooms have a private sea view stretching endlessly toward the skyline. Come to Unique Mui Ne Resort and indulge yourself in sunrise and sunset unveiling from every curtain as amazing masterpiece of Creator.
- Sea View Restaurant: An all-day restaurant overlooking the sea featuring international specialties, exclusive a-la-carte menus, and lavish buffets for breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
An outdoor pool-side lounge fronting the ocean with a great variety of cocktails, juices, snacks, pizzas, and BBQ.
The only roof-top bar in Phan Thiet with panoramic views of Muine Bay. Indulge in the essence of nature while enjoying our offers of refreshing cocktails and fun-filled entertainments. A highly recommended hideaway amongst sunset enthusiasts.
A real paradise for renewal of body, mind, and soul harmony. Through the rejuvenating massages and therapies of a day spa patrons will be able to revitalize their senses. The spa is specially designed to ensure a perfectly serene and tranquil setting.


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Ryan Finley NFL football Professional football Football Sports Joe Mixon Mike Tomlin Kerrith Whyte Carl Lawson Mason Rudolph Carlos Dunlap Shawn Williams Andy Dalton Terrell Edmunds Cameron Heyward Chris Boswell Germaine Pratt Trey Edmunds Tevin Jones Darqueze Dennard Deon Cain B.W. Webb Mark Barron Tyler Boyd Joe Haden Devlin Hodges James Washington Men's college basketball College basketball Basketball College sports Men's basketball Men's sports T.J. Watt Athlete injuries Athlete health Randy Bullock Minkah Fitzpatrick Alex Erickson Alvin Dupree Sam Hubbard Devin Bush Benny Snell
Pittsburgh Steelers Cincinnati Bengals Chicago Bears Indianapolis Colts
Pittsburgh Steelers at Cincinnati Bengals 11/24/2019
Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Ryan Finley looks to pass during the first half an NFL football game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Ryan Finley, left, hands off the ball to running back Joe Mixon (28) during the first half an NFL football game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Ryan Finley passes during the first half an NFL football game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Pittsburgh Steelers head coach Mike Tomlin works the sidelines during the first half an NFL football game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Pittsburgh Steelers running back Kerrith Whyte runs the ball during the first half an NFL football game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Mason Rudolph (2) grounds the ball under pressure from Cincinnati Bengals defensive end Carl Lawson (58) during the first half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Mason Rudolph (2) passes against Cincinnati Bengals defensive end Carlos Dunlap (96) during the first half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Cincinnati Bengals strong safety Shawn Williams (36) celebrates catching an interception during the first half an NFL football game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Mason Rudolph (2) looks to hand off the ball during the first half an NFL football game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Mason Rudolph (2) passes during the first half an NFL football game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Andy Dalton (14) stands on the sidelines during the first half an NFL football game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Cincinnati Bengals strong safety Shawn Williams (36) runs the ball after catching an interception off Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Mason Rudolph (2) during the first half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Cincinnati Bengals running back Joe Mixon (28) is tackled by Pittsburgh Steelers strong safety Terrell Edmunds (34) during the first half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Ryan Finley (5) is sacked by Pittsburgh Steelers defensive end Cameron Heyward (97) during the first half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Ryan Finley passes during the first half an NFL football game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Pittsburgh Steelers kicker Chris Boswell (9) kicks a field goal during the first half an NFL football game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Pittsburgh Steelers running back Trey Edmunds (33) is tackled by Cincinnati Bengals linebacker Germaine Pratt (57) during the first half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Tevin Jones (14) misses a pass against Cincinnati Bengals defensive back Darqueze Dennard, right, during the first half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Deon Cain (17) catches a pass against Cincinnati Bengals cornerback B.W. Webb (23) during the first half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Ryan Finley (5) is sacked by Pittsburgh Steelers inside linebacker Mark Barron (26) during the first half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Cincinnati Bengals wide receiver Tyler Boyd (83) catches a touchdown pass against Pittsburgh Steelers cornerback Joe Haden (23) during the first half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Cincinnati Bengals wide receiver Tyler Boyd (83) celebrates his touchdown during the first half an NFL football game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Mason Rudolph (2) looks to pass under pressure from Cincinnati Bengals defensive end Carl Lawson, left, during the first half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Devlin Hodges (6) passes during the second half an NFL football game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver James Washington celebrates his touchdown during the second half an NFL football game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver James Washington runs in a touchdown during the second half an NFL football game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver James Washington (13) runs for a touchdown during the second half an NFL football game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Pittsburgh Steelers outside linebacker T.J. Watt (90) sits on the field with an apparent injury during the second half an NFL football game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Cincinnati Bengals kicker Randy Bullock, right, kicks a field goal during the second half an NFL football game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Cincinnati Bengals wide receiver Alex Erickson (12) runs the ball against Pittsburgh Steelers free safety Minkah Fitzpatrick (39) during the second half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Cincinnati Bengals running back Joe Mixon (28) runs the ball past Pittsburgh Steelers outside linebacker Bud Dupree (48) during the second half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Cincinnati Bengals running back Joe Mixon runs the ball during the second half an NFL football game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Pittsburgh Steelers inside linebacker Mark Barron (26) sacks Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Ryan Finley (5) during the first half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Devlin Hodges passes during the second half an NFL football game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Devlin Hodges (6) looks to pass during the second half an NFL football game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Devlin Hodges (6) runs the ball against Cincinnati Bengals defensive end Sam Hubbard (94) during the second half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Cincinnati Bengals running back Joe Mixon (28) is tackled on the run by Pittsburgh Steelers linebacker Devin Bush (55) during the second half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Pittsburgh Steelers defensive end Cameron Heyward (97) hits Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Ryan Finley (5) after the pass during the second half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Pittsburgh Steelers linebacker Devin Bush (55) forces a fumble on Cincinnati Bengals wide receiver Tyler Boyd (83) during the second half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Pittsburgh Steelers running back Benny Snell (24) is tackled on the run by Cincinnati Bengals linebacker Germaine Pratt (57) during the second half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Pittsburgh Steelers kicker Chris Boswell (9) celebrates his field goal during the second half an NFL football game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Pittsburgh Steelers running back Benny Snell (24) runs the ball during the second half an NFL football game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Cincinnati Bengals quarterbacks Andy Dalton (14) and Ryan Finley (5) stand on the sidelines during the second half an NFL football game against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Pittsburgh Steelers outside linebacker Bud Dupree (48) recovers a fumble he forced on Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Ryan Finley, left, for a turnover during the second half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Pittsburgh Steelers outside linebacker Bud Dupree, right, forces a fumble the fumble off Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Ryan Finley, left, before recovering the ball for a turnover during the second half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Pittsburgh Steelers outside linebacker Bud Dupree (48) forces a fumble the fumble off Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Ryan Finley (5) before recovering the ball for a turnover during the second half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)
Pittsburgh Steelers outside linebacker Bud Dupree celebrates after forcing a fumble off Cincinnati Bengals quarterback Ryan Finley and recovering the ball for a turnover during the second half an NFL football game, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Devlin Hodges reacts after winning an NFL football game against the Cincinnati Bengals, Sunday, Nov. 24, 2019, in Cincinnati. (AP Photo/Gary Landers)
El novato quarterback de los Steelers de Pittsburgh Devlin Hodges en el juego del domingo 24 de noviembre ante los Bengals. El coach Mike Tomlin anuncia que será titular en la revancha ante los Browns de Cleveland. (AP Photo/Frank Victores)