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What Do the Amish Believe?
C D Zook Amish, Guides, History January 13, 2021 March 1, 2022
The Amish are one of the most insular and enigmatic groups of people in the United States. They rigidly adhere to the beliefs that were set out by their founder Jakob Ammann, and the Amish differ significantly from Mennonites, who are their closest religious counterparts.
But what do the Amish actually believe? And why are they so strict about their adherence to the ideas of their founder, who died more than 300 years ago?
We'll answer all of that in this blog (plus a little bit more).
In a nutshell, here's what the Amish believe:
Rumspringa
The Ordnung
Biblical literalism
Being in the world, not of the world
Limited education
Meidung
Let's start with the most pivotal belief that separates the Amish from most other Christian faiths — adult baptism.
1. Adult Baptism
Adult baptism is the keystone belief that separates Anabaptists from Catholics and Protestants.
In fact, the name "Anabaptist" essentially means "baptized again" or "to baptize again."
For the Amish (and other Anabaptists), this idea states that someone who gets baptized should be making the choice for themselves after they learn what baptism entails and they're able to commit to a life of following their church.
In other words, baptism is a serious endeavor to take upon your life, and it should have a lasting, powerful impact on the way you live.
This means that the Amish do not baptize children directly into their faith. Instead, Amish children grow up learning about their faith, what it entails, and the strictures they must follow, among other criteria.
This education is completely separate from their actual education, which we'll cover later.
As an Amish child grows up, they theoretically have the opportunity to ask questions and seek answers for themselves, as anyone should as they grow in a spiritual sense. Whether this is permitted (and the extent to which it is permitted) varies depending on the Amish denomination and the family in question.
Still, this spiritual journey culminates in one of the most famous qualities of the Amish belief system — rumspringa.
2. Rumspringa
Rumspringa (also called "rumschpringe" and "rumschpringa") is the period of an Amish child's life when they get to experience the life of the English — which is their name for everyone who isn't Amish. Rumpringa ends with the child deciding for themselves whether they want to stay Amish or enter the brave new world they've just experienced.
Rumspringa happens at different points in children's lives, depending on different Amish denominations, locations, and families. It's not a universal process because there's no centralized Amish church, and it's not a cut-and-dry decision for the Amish children experiencing it.
This is because the decision to leave the Amish faith has widespread consequences. It's not like an Amish teenager can say "I'm going to get my own apartment" and then grow into the modern world.
Deciding to leave the Amish faith is a self-imposed excommunication (which we'll also cover in more detail later). Someone choosing to join the modern world can no longer live in the Amish world. In some cases, this includes maintaining familial relationships.
The beliefs of Jakob Ammann make it very clear that the Amish faith comes before everything, even someone's own family. And if someone is excommunicated, whether by choice or by force, they're no longer part of the faith, community, or family.
In other words, the person who leaves the Amish faith is completely on their own. They have no family ties, no money, very little education, and no answers as to what they should do next.
They've just chosen to be penniless, alone, and isolated. They're starting from scratch with no support system, and they haven't even scratched the surface of how modern life is different from Amish life.
So in reality, rumspringa is a significantly different process from what's shown in the god-awful television series that seek to exploit the Amish belief system for advertising dollars and a modest following of ignorant viewers.
(Obviously, I have an ax to grind here.)
It's not a happy-go-lucky time. It's not a period of indulgence. It's barely a time of self-discovery.
Instead, it's a dark and almost threatening choice between two options.
Do you want to be Amish, or do you want to be alone?
3. The Ordnung
The Ordnung is the established system of rules that govern an Amish person's personal, interpersonal, and ceremonial life. Literally translated, ordnung means "order" in German.
As such, the Ordnung is designed to bring order to the Amish lifestyle while ordering their beliefs in a systematic and understandable way.
However, there's not a universal Ordnung since there's no centralized Amish church. This means that different communities will have variations on the Ordnung to some degree, but the foundational belief system will be more or less the same.
In the case of the Amish, the Ordnung is not a document. While it may serve idealistically as the "Constitution of the Amish" to some degree, it's not written. Instead, it's understood and conveyed through oral history.
This makes it all but impossible to catalog the belief system of the Amish in a single, distinct way. There's simply too much variance in the unwritten rules that change from community to community.
Still, the overarching impact of the Ordnung is essentially the same. It establishes the system and methods by which the Amish live their lives.
Some common Ordnung rules across communities include:
Children are to be educated up to the eighth grade level
Mustaches are forbidden because of their centuries-old association with German military officers
All clothing must be sewn at home
Women must cover their heads
Full-length mirrors are forbidden
Rubber tires are forbidden on road transportation
Belts are forbidden
The Ordnung also establishes levels of consequence for different behavior. Generally speaking, there are four levels of behavior that are outlined in the Ordnung:
Acceptable and endorsed behavior
Behavioral standards for church leaders
Discouraged behavior
Forbidden behavior
All of these behavioral qualities are subject to the determination of the local Amish church leaders (sometimes called "bishops"). Consequences are explicitly social in nature, with the ultimate threat being forced excommunication and shunning from someone's community.
It's also worth noting that behaviors that are widely accepted as bad — like murder and child molestation — aren't covered in the Ordnung because if you need someone to tell you not to do those things, you're already a selfish, stark-raving moron and violent lunatic. A decent person just doesn't do those things.
Unfortunately, this is about as granular in detail as we can get in discussing the concept of the Ordnung while maintaining accuracy. Like we established up top, the regional and philosophical differences among the Amish make it impossible to discuss ultra-detailed nuance.
The fact that the Ordnung is exclusively oral also makes it impossible to get a single definitive version.
It's also worth noting that the Ordnung itself is governed by the Amish interpretation of the Bible, originally set out by Jakob Ammann himself.
This interpretation is, at its core, biblical literalism.
4. Biblical Literalism
Biblical literalism is a method of understanding the Bible in which there's no concept of metaphor, timeliness, or cultural idiom.
Instead, everything that is written in the Bible is interpreted according to the understanding of those words in terms of what they mean today.
There are a lot of issues with this, especially when you consider how much the world and the Bible have changed over the past 2000 years.
But for the Amish, it's absolute law.
A great example of biblical literalism is the Amish interpretation of the Ten Commandments.
Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness that in heaven above, or that in the earth beneath, or that in the water under earth. Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them…
Commandment Three, Exodus 20:4-6
To most Christian denominations today, this commandment is similar to Commandment Two, which states that the Judeo-Christian god is the only god that may be worshiped or even acknowledged.
In a nutshell, don't create idols that you worship.
For the Amish, Commandment Three is taken to an extreme. In fact, the Old Order Amish — one of the most conservative Christian denominations in general — forbids their photographs to be taken because they consider them to be graven images.
As a result, it's not only rude to take photos of unwilling members of the Old Order Amish — it's literally against their religion.
This is why we (and many other Lancaster natives) constantly remind tourists not to take photos of the Amish, especially children.
Do the Amish take their beliefs to unrealistic and detrimental extremes? Yes.
But are those still their beliefs? Absolutely.
Their beliefs may be based on an understanding of the Bible that neglects common sense, but it's still the way they choose to live.
However, there are a few other beliefs that stem from biblical literalism that are surprising. One of them is the Amish belief in non-violence.
5. Non-Violence
While the Amish observe and believe the Old Testament, they focus much of their ideology on the New Testament and the works of Jesus.
This includes the idea of non-violence. Non-violence traces its origins back to Menno Simons, the founder of the Mennonites, and his journey in leaving the Catholic priesthood to becoming a radical thinker in the Reformation.
Simons was inspired to adopt the position of non-violence following the death of his brother at the hands of militant Catholics.
His followers similarly adopted the belief, including those who would go to found the Swiss Brethren. This was the name of Mennonites who lived in Switzerland.
When Jakob Ammann rose to prominence in Swiss Brethren, he also adopted this belief, even as he introduced hardline strictures such as excommunication and social shunning into the mix.
His controversial views wound up getting him excommunicated from the Swiss Brethren. He also excommunicated the Mennonites who excommunicated him. This back-and-forth resulted in what is known as the "schism" in Anabaptist history.
But even after Ammann left mainstream Anabaptism with his followers, he still maintained the position of non-violence.
Centuries later, the Amish still hold this idea in high regard. In fact, the Amish were one of the first groups of Americans to earn conscientious objector status in the Selective Service because of their universal belief in peace.
While non-violence is a cornerstone belief of the Amish, it's also worth mentioning that this is not a standalone concept.
Non-violence is just one of a suite of beliefs that the Amish hold to ensure that they live in the world, but they are not of the world.
6. Being in the World, Not of the World
While Jakob Ammann may have broken with the Swiss Brethren in a colossal schism, the Amish maintain many mainstream Anabaptist beliefs that shape who they are.
For the Amish more than any other denomination, their key belief is that they are called to be in the world, not of the world.
This is why they choose to live without modern conveniences. This is why they form their own subculture of Americans. This is why they're so strict about excommunicating those in their communities who commit egregious sins (at least in their eyes).
At the end of the day, the Amish are different from the rest of the world because they believe they must be different in order to maintain their faith and spiritual purity.
This belief is universally pervasive — unlike the Ordnung — and is reflected in their whole culture, including the education of their children.
7. Limited Education
The Amish maintain an education system that is separate from mainstream America based on a landmark court case (Wisconsin v. Yoder) that determined they're permitted to do so.
This system is comprised of independent, one-room schoolhouses that are overseen by a single teacher and include children of variant ages.
Children learn grammar, arithmetic, and other educational basics up to the eighth grade level. After that, they're relieved to their families to work the family farm, take up a vocation, or get a job working somewhere else. This is exclusively at the family's discretion, and there is no level of the United States government that impacts these decisions.
Instead, it's up to the child's family.
This has two main advantages for Amish communities.
First, it keeps the experience of an Amish child contained to the community into which they were born. This allows them to reinforce the community's values in their children throughout their daily lives, including family and schooling.
Second, it allows the children to learn essential foundational skills that will come in handy later in life. In addition to farming, many Amish embrace vocations like carpentry and even machinery that include mathematics.
On the flip side, this education system comes with an enormous amount of disadvantages.
First, an eighth grade education is hardly considered adequate by modern social standards. Almost every non-apprenticed occupation requires at least a high school education or a GED, both of which are inaccessible to Amish children.
Next, this also restricts their worldview and understanding, which similarly restricts their ability to think critically and innovate. This isn't a side-effect either — it's the intended educational experience of Amish children so that they can continue the traditional way of life.
Third, the emphasis on tradition means that the ideas that were acceptable 300 years ago are still considered acceptable today, most notably sexism. We'll get into this concept of indoctrinated prejudice later, but needless to say, 300-year-old gender norms haven't aged gracefully into the 21st Century.
Finally, this restricted education makes it all but impossible for Amish children to make the choice to leave their community after rumspringa. All they know is the Amish way of life, and everyone they know is contained to their community. If they leave, they transform from being a member of a niche, cult-like society with a chance to succeed to an under-educated American with little to no understanding of modern livelihood.
This final point is one of many cultural practices that characterize the Amish as a cult. They may be a culturally-accepted cult — and one exploited by the tourism industry for revenue — but still a cult all the same.
Another supporting idea of this comes from one of the Amish's harshest ideas — meidung.
8. Meidung
Meidung — literally translated to "avoidance" from German — is Amish excommunication. This is the process of forcefully removing a member of an Amish church from their community.
The excommunicated individual is no longer permitted to attend church services, which essentially isolates them socially from anyone who doesn't live in their household.
In extreme cases, they may even be separated from their immediate families.
This plays into the more well-known practice of shunning, which is when a member of the Amish faith is so forcefully removed that they're not even acknowledged by their former community.
This practice is harsh in the extreme because, as we've established, the Amish have nowhere to go but their own communities.
They've been indoctrinated into a faith. Their education has been shunted. They know nothing of modern technology. They may not even have friends outside of their community.
They may also have to completely change their occupation and housing, not to mention the ludicrous difficulty of figuring out how health insurance works on an eighth-grade education.
In this context, excommunication in Amish churches is significantly harsher than excommunication in Protestant or Catholic contexts.
Amish excommunication doesn't just remove someone from a church. It destroys their lives at a moment's notice.
As a result, excommunication isn't common. Church leaders are often aware that strict excommunication would all but starve someone to death in modern society.
This is why some church leaders may extend a form of leniency to an excommunicated individual in terms of allowing them to maintain their lives.
But, strictly speaking, excommunication has the potential to doom someone's life, disrupt their family, and annihilate their social circles to isolate them entirely from the world they know.
Then, they're thrust into the world they don't know, which is a much different culture from what they understand.
Much of this comes from the Amish belief that their god will provide for them when they submit their lives to their faith. This is called gelassenheit.
9. Gelassenheit
Gelassenheit — literally translated as "serenity" from German — is someone's willful submission to God in the Amish faith.
It's called serenity because it philosophically equates to the concept of hakuna matata. When you submit yourself to God, you don't have to worry about anything. God will provide.
This, in turn, has a major impact on the day-to-day and overall life of the Amish.
One of the biggest impacts of this belief is that the Amish don't have the financial safety nets that modern Americans consider to be requirements.
This includes social security and health insurance.
Instead, the Amish community looks out for one another, often by pooling money into different funds and distributing those funds when needed.
This is exactly how their "insurance" system works for healthcare. When a church member requires checkups, surgery, movement assistance, or hospitalization, the community takes on the financial burden instead of the individual.
In a nutshell, this is a microcosmic version of universal healthcare, and it works phenomenally well at keeping Amish families alive.
Beyond that, the Amish also reject financial assistance like social security. They believe that all able-bodied people should work Monday through Saturday with Sunday off for worship.
In the event someone isn't able-bodied, then they contribute to their family and the community in other ways aside from manual labor.
Most importantly, their community looks after them.
In this context, the concept of gelassenheit doesn't correlate exactly to the idea that God provides. Instead, it correlates to the idea that the community provides.
However, the Amish consider their community to be a gift from God, so if the community looks after its members, then God is surely looking after them as well.
10. Prejudice
The final belief on our list is prejudice. This is an ultra-generalized statement because prejudice, itself, is general.
But it's important to discuss directly since we mentioned multiple times that the Amish old some antiquated ideas — some of which may be understood as rude, harsh, or even oppressive.
One of the examples we can use here is that Amish women are required to wear coverings that demonstrate their humility before their god and their community.
It's intended to be a statement against pride. But the key element here is that there's no equivalent demand made of men.
Often, men must wear hats, but only when they're outside. Women must wear coverings, like bonnets, at all times.
While this may sound inconsequential, the underlying idea is that men and women are to be treated differently based on the circumstance of their sex at birth.
This is the definition of sexism.
This taught prejudice is also reflected in the community practices of an Amish church at large. While many communities allow women the opportunity to vote on community issues, women are almost exclusively not permitted to join the church leadership in any way.
(We say "almost" because there may be one example out there of a woman in an Amish leadership position. But we've never heard of one or found one discussed.)
It's also common for Amish women to play major roles in the maintenance of the household and raising of children, but it's an understood socially that the husband runs the family.
The concept that men and women have certain roles assigned to them based on their sex is certainly one that's falling out of favor with society at large. While it's accurate to say that the roles of women may vary depending on the Amish community in question, the fact still stands that they face a subservient social role to men.
After all, if women can't serve in a leadership capacity in their community, how can they influence it outside of the laws that men established?
So is the Amish view of gender roles so prevalent that it could be considered sexism? It depends on who you ask. But in our view, the answer is yes.
Our opinion is based on the beliefs that we discussed previously. When women stop education at eighth grade, serve at their family's discretion, get blocked from leading their communities, and marry within their communities, what choice actually exists for them?
The counter-argument is that Amish women seem generally happy. There's not much data to back this up — the Amish are an insular society that exists alongside mainstream society, so it's not really appropriate to "study" them from a sociological perspective.
As a result, you have to look at each community individually.
All Things Considered offers a powerful and disturbing view of how these individual communities may react toward women, given their understood subservient status to men.
The episode featured on this podcast features Sarah McClure, an investigative journalist who has uncovered more than 50 cases of sexual abuse in Amish communities that include rape and incest.
In addition, sex offender registries like Family Watchdog can give someone the ability to look at areas where Amish live — like Lancaster County — to find a surprising number of mugshots of convicted sex offenders who are Amish.
As far as we've seen, the offenders are exclusively male.
In summary, it's accurate to say that the antiquated practices and gender norms of many Amish communities can easily be construed as sexist today. It's not accurate to say that all Amish are violently sexist or sex offenders. However, it is accurate to say that there is a trend — and one that is earning more media attention — of sexual abuses within Amish communities that could point to a darker underbelly of the Amish denomination, one that has been swept under the rug and shadowed from modern authorities in an effort to save face and deal with the consequences internally instead of approaching the police.
Could this behavior be traced back to the prejudicial concept of women and men having different roles in Amish society based on their sex?
Probably not at this point.
But could this foundational concept of sexism inspire prejudicial regulations and even violence against women?
But let's take the time to answer one more question — why are we talking about prejudice, sexism, and sexual abuse in a blog post about Amish beliefs?
Critical thinkers will be right if they reach the conclusion that this point doesn't align with our previous nine. Prejudice isn't a belief in the same context as, say, non-violence.
It would be irresponsible for us to mention the fact that the Amish treat women differently from men and not discuss the possible fallout that could result from that treatment.
We understand that not every Amish man is a sex offender. But when you discuss closed societies — especially those that actively reject innovation and progress — you also have to look at the consequences of that society's choices.
Sexual abuse is a consequence of institutionalized sexism, which definitively exists within the Amish belief structure. To ignore it would be just as egregious as ignoring the consequences of institutionalized racism that's observed in modern American law enforcement.
We openly admit that there's not enough (or possibly any) quantitative data to make statements about the extent to which sexual abuse is prevalent in Amish communities. But this is because there's been no quantitative research into the issue.
What we do believe is that any degree of sexual abuse that's known to exist in closed societies necessitates an active investigation from modern law enforcement to ensure that a particular belief structure doesn't actively encourage harm on another person.
In other words, sexual violence in Amish communities is known to exist. The extent of this abuse should be a concern to everyone in society — especially the Amish themselves.
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Most of the time, we like to keep things positive. But we're also not afraid to speak some truth, even if it bums everybody out.
(As you've probably seen.)
Published January 13, 2021 March 1, 2022
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Here in Berne, Indiana, Amish children are permitted to go to English school through 6th grade. Most don't, but I had 2 Amish girls and an Amish boy in my grade during my elementary years. So, very, very small proportion … but an option (even amidst Old Order Amish here).


We were booked on the train from Talkeetna to Whittier but due to flooding ended up going by motor coach directly from McKinley Princess Wilderness Lodge to Anchorage and then on to Whittier. That was a little disappointing though talking with some on the ship who did the train I'm not sure we missed too much and we made the trip in about five hours, three hours less than by train. I did notice that during much of the drive we were very close to the tracks so saw most of the scenery we would have seen on the train.
Speaking of that, one toy I had which I really appreciated was the MapsWithMe app on my Android phone. This app allows you to download maps of states, National Parks and regions to your phone and then without needing a data connection you can find your way around, determine your location, etc. It shows roads, rivers, rail road tracks, points of interest, etc.. The maps are not quite as detailed as say Google Maps but are very good. So I was able to keep track of us the whole trip both on land and sea. And by setting markers all along the route I can look at the whole trip. I also added date time markers to each point on the map so I can see when were where and how long it took. I highly recommend the app to anyone interested in such things as both cell phone and Wi-Fi connections are sporadic making the normal phone mapping tools ineffective.
The drive was pretty much uneventful through a wide range of landscapes. We did not see any wildlife on the ride. We enjoyed about an hour and a half in down town Anchorage and had a nice Chinese lunch in the mall.
The drive from Anchorage to Whittier could be described as spectacular as we skirted a mountain range on the immediate left of the bus, sometimes within feet of the road and water on the right with another mountain range just a few miles further right. The views were remarkable. The highlight was passing through a long, single lane tunnel that shared trucks, campers, cars and trains. Each hour the traffic switches directions so if you miss your hour, you just sit and wait! Fortunately busses with passengers get priority, after trains, so we didn't have to wait long. It is am impressively long tunnel! The driver said they have been trying for years to build a bridge as an alternate but so far have not been able to find anything solid for the pilings to stand on.
Whittier is just east of the tunnel and is a very small community obviously primarily for ships coming in and out. It was quite surprising to see the huge Grand Princess just sitting at the dock out in the country! It made quite a contrast to its surroundings.
According to the ships log, "...at 8:16pm we let go our moorings lines, thrusted off the berth, and put our engines ahead to move clear of the dock. Grand Princess set various courses through the 'Passage Canal'. We rang 'full away on passage' at 9:20pm officially ending our departure, and starting our voyage. Later during the night, Grand Princess rounded Cape Hinchinbrook exiting Prince William Sound." Of course most of us were asleep by then! The deck 11 cabin we had was very comfortable with a "private" balcony on the starboard side, in this case facing out toward the open ocean though with all the islands around we seldom actually saw open ocean on the entire voyage.


Beth Israel's downtown Roanoke location and close proximity to neighboring properties provided an extremely limited material laydown area for this project, but the team at MB Contractors was up to the task. We offer outstanding expertise in projects with tight timeframes, difficult site conditions, tough scheduling, or neighborhood relations challenges like this one, where crews were working mere feet away from neighboring private residences.
The Beth Israel Synagogue project entailed an 11,223 square-foot addition and renovation to 9,179 square feet of existing space. The addition included a new social hall, kitchen, bathrooms, Minyan Room, rabbi offices, reception area, and a new corridor to the sanctuary. Construction also included a basement area for future expansion and renovations to existing classroom spaces.
Exterior work included adding a new parking lot and playground area while being sure to create minimal disruption to life for the residents in the synagogue's surrounding neighborhood. Beth Israel Synagogue remained fully operational throughout construction, demonstrating our team's unique ability to plan, manage, and execute construction and renovation projects at occupied, active facilities.
During the project, the role of construction manager was vacated by the existing construction management firm. The project owner was so pleased with MB's work to that point that we were asked to assume the role. With the MB team managing construction, beautiful, high-quality results were achieved with virtually no impact on synagogue operations and neighborhood community life.


If you think about the most important part of a car, then you might be forgiven for assuming that this would be the engine or the steering wheel. After all if it wasn't for these parts then you wouldn't be able to drive your car at all and it would be left stationary the whole time – kind of defeating the object of owning one.
But in reality these are not the most important parts of cars. Because while a stationary car might not be much use to anyone, it's also no danger and this means that it could be worse. On the other hand though, if your car has damaged brakes, then this means you'll be able to start the car and start driving but not necessarily be able to stop which is a lot more dangerous.
As such then it's crucial not to underestimate the importance of keeping your car's brakes well maintained, so let's have a look at some ways you can do that.
The first and most obvious way to protect your brakes is to try and avoid using them. Like anything wear and tear here is a result of continually strain, so if you can use them less they will last longer. To brake less then, just make sure that you keep your eyes on the road ahead so that you know what's coming and are able to react early. Then, when you see that there is a hold up up ahead, slow down by simply removing your foot from the accelerator and allowing the weight of the car to overcome the momentum. This will keep your brakes in better condition, and furthermore it will help you to save fuel.
Spend much time at CMM Mechanics and you'll quickly see that gravel tracks are responsible for a lot of the damaged cars that come in. Chipped windscreens caused by small stones, damaged tires and suspension caused by pot hole, and stones jammed between the brake pads and brake disk are all common problems. If you can avoid driving on the gravel then do, but if not just make sure you take it slow.
Even if you're as careful as possible your brakes will still deteriorate to a degree and it's important to stay on top of this and reverse the process by getting your brakes replaced from time to time. Listen out for a screeching noise you may hear when you brake – this indicates that the brake shoe has worn down to the point where a small pin is now scratching against the brake disks and that means it's time to change them. Likewise you should also keep a note of any changes – spongey or unrespsonsive brakes need looking at.
When you put your foot on the brake it will stop both wheels at the front. As such then it's very important that you keep both those brakes in equal condition or you'll find the car veers to one side when you try to stop. When you change one set of brakes, you always change the other.
This blog post was contributed by guest author Clint from CMM Automotive. Clint loves cars (didn't you know?) and also enjoys spending time watching cricket and horse races.


Be Selfish. – A Healthy Balance, Inc.
When was the last time you took time for you? And I mean really took time for you, without reservation, without guilt. We run around all day doing other things for other people, convincing ourselves that there is no time left over. It is so easy to get stuck in this hamster wheel, but not quite as easy to get off. We all need time to recharge. And we all need to make that time.
I recently went on a mini-vacation and the weather was crappy the whole time we were away. So I sat on the couch and read a book. I know, right?!?! An actual book! And guess what…I didn't feel bad about it, at all! Of course, I was on vacation so I should have been relaxing, but it made me realize that I need to do that more often. Do something for me, without feeling bad about it. Like I should be doing laundry, or work, or spending time with friends.
Feel free to print it out and present it to anyone that you have to. I am giving you permission to make some you time, even if it is just a few minutes a day. You can use it to read a book, go for a run, sit quietly in a coffee shop, sign up for that yoga class, whatever you want, just — USE IT!
Leave a comment: What do you like to do during "me" time?


If you think homemade pizza is too much of a hassle, your life will be changed by this recipe! Pizza in a mug. That's right, homemade pizza just got a whole lot easier.
Skip the oven and use the microwave for this fast pizza-making hack. This genius recipe is thanks to Gemma over at Bigger Bolder Baking, who gave us the best thing since, well, pizza itself!
1. Grab a small microwavable mug and mix flour, baking powder, baking soda and salt together in the mug.
2. Add milk and oil and whisk them together - it's okay if it's a little lumpy!
3. Spread your marinara sauce all over the top of the batter.
4. Top it off with your cheese, mini pepperoni, and herbs. Now, pop it in the microwave for about 1 minute and 20 seconds, or until it rises up and the top is bubbling.
Carefully take the mug out, grab a spoon and dig into the delicious, cheesy goodness. It's literally that simple.


text:
from .azure_common import BaseTest
from c7n_azure.utils import Math

class UtilsMathTest(BaseTest):

    def test_mean_single_value(self):
        data = [10]
        actual = Math.mean(data)
        self.assertEqual(data[0], actual)

    def test_mean_multi_value(self):
        data = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
        actual = Math.mean(data)
        self.assertEqual(30, actual)

    def test_mean_multi_value_with_null(self):
        data = [10, 20, None, 30, 40, 50]
        actual = Math.mean(data)
        self.assertEqual(30, actual)

    def test_sum_single_value(self):
        data = [10]
        actual = Math.sum(data)
        self.assertEqual(data[0], actual)

    def test_sum_multi_value(self):
        data = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
        actual = Math.sum(data)
        self.assertEqual(150, actual)

    def test_sum_multi_value_with_null(self):
        data = [10, 20, None, 30, 40, 50]
        actual = Math.sum(data)
        self.assertEqual(150, actual)

    def test_min_single_value(self):
        data = [10]
        actual = Math.min(data)
        self.assertEqual(data[0], actual)

    def test_min_multi_value(self):
        data = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
        actual = Math.min(data)
        self.assertEqual(10, actual)

    def test_min_multi_value_with_null(self):
        data = [10, 20, None, 30, 40, 50]
        actual = Math.min(data)
        self.assertEqual(10, actual)

    def test_max_single_value(self):
        data = [10]
        actual = Math.max(data)
        self.assertEqual(data[0], actual)

    def test_max_multi_value(self):
        data = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
        actual = Math.max(data)
        self.assertEqual(50, actual)

    def test_max_multi_value_with_null(self):
        data = [10, 20, None, 30, 40, 50]
        actual = Math.max(data)
        self.assertEqual(50, actual)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
Revision as of 14:43, 23 November 2005 by Elemmakil (Talk | contribs)
Long before the beginning of the First Age, the Elves of the Great Journey travelled westward through the lands of Middle-earth. Coming to the Great River Anduin and the high peaks of the Misty Mountains, some of the Elves of the clan of the Teleri fell away from the journey, and settled in the woodlands east of the Mountains. These were the original Silvan Elves, who lived on either side of the River. At this time in their history, all of this people still lived close together, with some dwelling in the land that would later be called Lórien, and the others settling around the hill of Amon Lanc in the far south of Greenwood the Great.
It must have been in the time these Elves were living closely together that the Silvan Elvish language appeared. As history passed, the Elves would move away from one another, and mingle with other Elvish peoples, so that the Silvan branch of Elvish would eventually become extinct. Nonetheless, relics of that ancient tongue survived in some well-known place-names and personal names, such as Caras Galadhon, Amroth and even Lórien itself.
The Silvan Elves dwelt in their twin woodland realms for many centuries, but in the Second Age the emerging power of Sauron began to drive them apart. Oropher was the ruler of the Elves who dwelt in the Greenwood, and he began to seek safety by moving his people northwards, away from Amon Lanc and away from the Silvan Elves who lived to the west of the Great River.
West of Anduin: the Silvan Elves of Lórien
Unlike their cousins in the east, the Silvan Elves of Lórien remained settled in their land throughout their known history. We know little of their existence well into the Second Age, where we find them ruled by a Sindarin Elf named Amdír. After the destruction of Eregion in the middle Second Age, many of its exiles had escaped through Khazad-dûm into the east, and had joined the Silvan Elves of Lórien and ultimately mingled with them.
Amdír was lost in the wars at the end of the Second Age. In the time of his son Amroth, Durin's Bane was unleashed in Khazad-dûm. After this time, especially with the power of Sauron growing in Dol Guldur to the east, many of Lórien's people fled into the south. Amroth himself was among them, and he was drowned in the Bay of Belfalas far from his kingdom. It was at this time, a little more than a thousand years before the War of the Ring, that Galadriel and Celeborn became the Lord and Lady of Lórien.
East of Anduin: the Silvan Elves of Mirkwood
The Elves of Greenwood the Great, soon to become known as Mirkwood, had a much less settled existence than their fellow Silvan Elves in the west. Their original dwellings were in the far south of the great Wood, but as Sauron's power grew, they gradually withdrew farther and farther northward. Eventually Sauron chose to settle within the Forest itself, and in fact built his fortress of Dol Guldur on the hill of Amon Lanc, where the Silvan Elves had originally dwelt. Though his identity remained secret during this time (he was known simply as the 'Necromancer') he brought darkness and shadow to Greenwood the Great, and the Elves retreated farther still.
In the later years of the Third Age, their King Thranduil (the son of Oropher, who was slain in the War of the Last Alliance) dwelt with his people in the far northeast of Mirkwood, in underground dwellings protected by magic. Their history of fleeing from Sauron's darkness had made them a suspicious and unwelcoming people, as Thorin and his companions discovered during the Quest of Erebor. It was from Thranduil's underground halls that his son Legolas journeyed at the end of the Third Age, to play a great part in the War of the Ring.
The War of the Ring and beyond
In the War of the Ring, Sauron's forces attacked both Silvan realms. By the power of Galadriel and her Ring, Lórien was protected against three waves of assault from Dol Guldur. Thranduil had no Ring to protect his realm - it was invaded and the trees of the northern forest set alight, though he was at last able to drive back the enemy.
With the fall of Sauron, Dol Guldur was destroyed, and Mirkwood renamed again: Eryn Lasgalen, the Wood of Greenleaves. Now the Silvan Elves once again dwelt in the south of the Wood, but these were not Thranduil's people, but Elves of Lórien, who crossed the Great River to live in a new land named East Lórien. Though the original land of Lórien faded after the passing of Galadriel and Celeborn, the Silvan Elves of the Wood lived peacefully under their trees for many long years.
Retrieved from "http://tolkiengateway.net/wiki/Silvan_Elves"
Category: Elves
Content is available under GNU Free Documentation License.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Reuters provides award-winning coverage of the day's most important topics, including breaking news, business, finance, politics, sports, and entertainment.
RELATED LOCAL CHANNELS
Dan Gertler
#Corruption#Anti Corruption#Anti Money Laundering#U S Summit For Democracy#The Brookings Institution
Biden targets all-cash home deals in anti-corruption drive
By Trevor Hunnicutt, Andrea Shalal
WASHINGTON, Dec 6 (Reuters) - The Biden administration on Monday vowed to crack down on "criminals, kleptocrats and others" paying cash for houses to launder money as part of a broader anti-corruption drive linked to this week's U.S. Summit for Democracy.
Deputy Treasury Secretary Wally Adeyemo, speaking at the Brookings Institution think tank, pledged an "aggressive" push against suspicious all-cash home transactions, moves to beef up enforcement and intensified collaboration with allies.
President Joe Biden ordered officials in June to step up the fight against corruption. Their initial proposals are outlined in a 38-page U.S. national security strategy on countering corruption released Monday.
"Our real estate markets are at risk of becoming a safe haven for criminals, kleptocrats and others seeking to park corrupt profits," Adeyemo said, noting that current law allows people to form companies anonymously to conduct all cash real estate deals that hide the source of funds.
All-cash real estate deals, which currently account for about one-third of all U.S. home sales, according to the National Association of Realtors.
Despite a 2016 push to force title insurance companies to report the identities of all-cash homebuyers, non-profit Global Financial Integrity estimates $2.3 billion has been laundered through the U.S. real estate market over the past five years.
Half of the transactions it reviewed involved "politically exposed" people at higher risk for bribery and corruption.
The latest U.S. moves come after a series of leaked documents, including October's release of the Pandora Papers, raised questions about ways that government officials and others discreetly move money abroad, potentially to dodge taxes or accountability for wrongdoing.
The U.S. Treasury Department is crafting a new rule to close existing loopholes and require disclosures from certain types of U.S. and foreign companies to identify who is behind all-cash real estate transactions and see if those purchases are being used to shelter illegal profits.
Adeyemo said Treasury would ensure the cost of compliance did not harm small businesses, and should total no more than $50 per company.
The agency may also require that more investment funds, such as hedge funds and private equity vehicles, to engage in anti-money laundering efforts. And they expect to announce as soon as this week new efforts toward creating a database identifying the owners behind shell companies used to move money anonymously.
Adeyemo said Treasury had sanctioned 216 targets using anti-corruption authorities, including Monday's designation of a Democratic Republic of Congo national accused of providing funds to blacklisted Israeli investor Dan Gertler.
Biden is hosting a virtual democracy summit on Thursday and Friday with 110 participants as part of an effort to confront what his administration sees as authoritarian forces led by China and Russia.
Reporting by Trevor Hunnicutt; Editing by Heather Timmons and Alistair Bell
Comments / 753
Black Cat 11+
Biden of all people should be worried about sheltering illegal money, just look at Hunter overseas deals and how Joe's income suddenly increased in 2019.
Reply(60)
snafu let's go brandon
One thing for sure Joke Biden should know quite a bit about corruption. He without a doubt has been the best president we have ever had at funneling influence for personal profit. You got to hand it to him his supporters and our countries enemies do.
Weldon Bynum
the irony of this administration accusing others of shady dealings. but it is on par with the democrats accusing others of what the democrats are in fact doing.
A former top Obama economist throws cold water on the Biden administration's favorite inflation argument: 'Corporate greed is a bad theory'
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Hawks in DC are calling for more US involvement in Ukraine. But that would increase the risk of direct US-Russia conflict
WASHINGTON, Jan 18 (Reuters) - The Biden administration is "actively engaged" with wireless carriers, airlines, airplane manufacturers and key federal agencies to address a looming aviation crisis, a senior administration official told Reuters. Airlines are preparing to cancel a significant number of passenger and cargo flights in the...
WASHINGTON STATE・ 51 MINUTES AGO
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cbs2iowa.com
'Frustration all around': Voter disappointment drives down Biden's approval
WASHINGTON (TND) — Only one-third of Americans approve of President Joe Biden as the first year of his term nears its end, according a new poll, and deepening voter dissatisfaction could present fresh obstacles to advancing his legislative agenda in 2022. In a Quinnipiac University poll released Wednesday, 33%...
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"Things are not going well," Romney said Sunday of President Joe Biden's tenure. "And the president needs to stop and reset."
2022 Fourth Stimulus Check: Surprise Payment Of $1,400 Available for Americans
Some Americans have had a nice start to 2022 by receiving a $1,400 check of stimulus payment, but there are strict criteria that must be met to receive it. We cover all that people need to know in this article. Parents of newborns, foster children, or adopted children will receive...
theeastcountygazette.com
$1,100 in Stimulus Payments Will Automatically Deposit in Your Account With $2,000 in New Cash Requests
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In the first few weeks of 2022, the Senior Citizens League (TSCL) put pressure on Congress to pass another $1,400 one-time stimulus payment for Social Security for seniors. This is due to the confusion that has arisen in the United States as a result of an increase in Corona cases since the advent of the new, milder Omicron form. This payout would be akin to a 4th stimulus check.
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This article originally appeared at Common Dreams. It is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 License. Feel free to republish and share widely. On what would have been Martin Luther King Jr.'s 93rd birthday, voting rights advocates and progressive lawmakers rallied in Arizona on Saturday to target the first-term Democratic senator blocking legislation aimed at strengthening ballot access amid growing GOP-led suppression efforts.
Florida lieutenant governor says Hispanic voters are 'flocking to the Republican party' because of Biden's 'disastrous policies'
Florida Lieutenant Governor Jeanette Nuñez took aim at President Joe Biden on Sunday, claiming his 'disastrous' policies are driving Hispanic voters out of the Democratic Party. She made the comments in an interview with Fox & Friends, less than a year until the midterm elections that will decide who...
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PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION・ 14 HOURS AGO


Hello Stampers and Crafters! Wow last week was a blur. I spent all week getting ready for a stamp camp on Saturday. So the first half of the week was spent at the day job, while the off days and anytime I could find after work was spent getting ready. Packing, making sure everything was complete, and getting everything there unpacked and set up. Myself and three other demonstrators got all of it done and we had 24 people sign up. Pretty good for the first one we had ever done. So this week I am back at normal schedule (I hope)! So with the quick little update here is today's card.
This card features both the Vintage leaves and the Floral Phrases stamp sets. Both of which are wonderful stamp sets to have. And remember that Floral Phrases is available in a Cost Saving Bundle(in the Annual Catalog) so you can save 10%. Both of which can be found in the Annual Catalog.
Available in Wood and Clear Mount Images by Stampin' Up!
Yes I used a lot of colors for this card. I tried to keep it with in the neutral color family. Besides the Rich Razzleberry and Delightful Dijon, which are the colors for the season this year in a lot of fall decor and fashion. My card base is Chocolate Chip cut at 4 1/4 by 11 scored at 5 1/2 to make a top folding A2 size card. The Very Vanilla layer which has all the stamping on it was cut at 4 x 5 1/2.
I just used one of the leaves stamp from the set to create this card. I used all of the colors above to create the leaves with the exception of the Rich Razzleberry. In it's place I used Versa Mark and embossed the leaf in Copper Embossing powder. This gave me the bit of sparkle and shine that the card needed. To tie in the Rich Razzleberry I cut a scalloped circle from the layering circle framelits in Rich Razzleberry cardstock. I cut the circle that matched that in Very Vanilla and stamped the sentiment (from Floral Phrases) in Rich Razzleberry Classic ink. I layered the these two pieces together and attached them using some snail and stampin' dimensionals.
To finish off the card I used some of the Rich Razzleberry Ribbon from the 3/8″ Ribbon Trio Pack in the Holiday Catalog. I cut the length needed and attached it to the back of my card front using some tape. I tied a nice knot on the front to the left side of the card and than popped up the card front with Stampin' Dimensionals. This finished off my card for today.
Thanks for dropping by today and visiting. If you need or would like to order any of the products you've seen today you can do so from my website 24/7 or by clicking on the shop 24/7 tab on my blog or by clicking on the image of the item either in this post or in the product list below.
Just a little reminder before I go that there are selected Designer Series Paper on Sale this month. When you purchase 3 from the list you can get one from the list FREE!
images copyright by Stampin' Up!


text:
O. Reg. 25/21: EXTENSIONS OF ORDERS
# result(s) prev next
under Emergency Management and Civil Protection Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. E.9
current April 14, 2022 – (e-Laws currency date)
April 7, 2022 – April 13, 2022
March 31, 2022 – April 6, 2022
March 24, 2022 – March 30, 2022
March 4, 2022 – March 10, 2022
February 25, 2022 – March 3, 2022
February 3, 2022 – February 16, 2022
January 20, 2022 – February 2, 2022
December 22, 2021 – January 10, 2022
December 10, 2021 – December 21, 2021
November 25, 2021 – December 9, 2021
September 29, 2021 – October 18, 2021
September 16, 2021 – September 28, 2021
September 2, 2021 – September 15, 2021
August 24, 2021 – September 1, 2021
July 27, 2021 – August 9, 2021
July 7, 2021 – July 26, 2021
June 23, 2021 – July 6, 2021
June 9, 2021 – June 13, 2021
May 27, 2021 – June 8, 2021
April 30, 2021 – May 12, 2021
February 8, 2021 – February 9, 2021
Emergency Management and Civil Protection Act
ONTARIO REGULATION 25/21
EXTENSIONS OF ORDERS
Historical version for the period March 24, 2022 to March 30, 2022.
Last amendment: 233/22.
Legislative History: 95/21, 106/21, 113/21, 129/21, 165/21, 197/21, 238/21, 279/21, 292/21, 308/21, 327/21, 340/21, 381/21 (as am. by 453/21), 453/21, 471/21, 486/21, 518/21, 527/21, 569/21, 581/21, 634/21, 649/21, 683/21, 712/21, 736/21, 776/21, 790/21, 840/21, 899/21, 7/22, 17/22, 49/22, 76/22, 101/22, 154/22, 203/22, 212/22, 223/22, 233/22.
This is the English version of a bilingual regulation.
1. The terms of this Order are set out in Schedule 1.
Extensions of orders made under subsection 7.0.2 (4) of the Act
1. An Order referred to in Column 1 of the following Table is extended under section 7.0.8 of the Act past its previously applicable revocation date, as set out in Column 2 of the Table opposite the Order, and is revoked on the date set out opposite the Order in Column 3, subject to any further extension under that section.
Order in Council and date made
Previously applicable revocation date
Current revocation date
Order in Council filed as O. Reg. 8/21 (Enforcement of COVID-19 Measures), made on January 12, 2021
Revoked: O. Reg. 203/22, s. 1 (1).
Order in Council filed as O. Reg. 305/21 (Regulated Health Professionals), made on April 21, 2021
Order in Council filed as O. Reg. 71/22 (Critical Infrastructure and Highways), made on February 12, 2022
2. Revoked: O. Reg. 223/22, s. 1 (3).
O. Reg. 25/21, Sched. 1; O. Reg. 95/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 106/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 113/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 129/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 165/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 197/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 238/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 279/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 292/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 308/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 327/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 340/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 381/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 453/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 471/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 486/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 518/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 527/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 569/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 581/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 634/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 649/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 683/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 712/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 736/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 776/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 790/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 840/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 899/21, s. 1; O. Reg. 7/22, s. 1; O. Reg. 17/22, s. 1; O. Reg. 49/22, s. 1; O. Reg. 76/22, s. 1; O. Reg. 101/22, s. 1; O. Reg. 154/22, s. 1; O. Reg. 203/22, s. 1; O. Reg. 212/22, s. 1; O. Reg. 223/22, s. 1; O. Reg. 233/22, s. 1.


Are you and your partner stuck in the same familiar fight where nothing seems to get solved or it feels like there is not resolution or progress?
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I believe that it is important for you to feel that working together will be a good fit and meet your needs for couples counseling. To set up a free 30 minute No-Obligation Consultation/Visit call me at 952-215-5208.


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Lean Thinking: How Will You Motivate People?
How Will You Motivate People?
An esteemed sensei asked me this many years ago.
At the time, I was too thick to grasp the question's significance.
"Improvement entails smart people (like me!) developing cunning strategies that others implement."
The last box in my internal process flow diagram was Implement!
I learned the hard way that the best plans are still-born unless the team wants to implement them.
And why should they? Improvement is difficult, entails certain risk vs. uncertain, delayed reward.
There are many rabbit holes here. Often folks get caught splitting hairs: "But a manager cannot motivate people -- only de-motivate them."
Or, "But motivation is intrinsic to the environment. The leader should focus on it, and not on people."
So how will you motivate people?
Don't worry if you 'can't draw'. Use stick figures, arrows, circles and the like.
or you can draw using free software at Pixlr.com, then save to your computer and email to Holly.
Top three drawings will receive a free copy of Pascal's latest book!


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The Most Famous Breast Implants of all time
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By: Ismael Labrador Email Article
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In Hollywood, a world all about appearance and looks, plastic surgery has become extremely common among many celebrities. Although it is more common now, getting plastic surgery wasn't always considered normal and celebrities that did get plastic surgery were often criticized for doing so. Many women that did get breast implants were targeted by fans, other celebrities, and most importantly, the media. Even with the risk of receiving all this attention, sometimes being negative, the following are some of the most famous breast implants of all time:
1.	Pamela Anderson: This former Playmate and Baywatch babe has been in the spotlight for most of her life. But after appearing in Playboy magazine two times, Pamela Anderson decided she wanted to get breast implants, which made her fame skyrocket. After this she appeared several more times in the magazine and scored some acting gigs on popular TV shows. Her controversial life and busty figure has made her one of Hollywood's most famous icons and she continues showing off her breasts with no shame.
2.	Heidi Montag: There is no doubt that this former Hills cast member had some plastic surgery done. People magazine even did a whole article where they spoke about her having ten different procedures done in one day. Although people suspect she had several things done, her breast implants have struck the most attention. After getting G-cup breast implants, Montag said she wanted to reduce the size of her breasts, which now may be difficult since her plastic surgeon passed away.
3.	Dolly Parton: Since the 1960s, this celebrity has been a country icon drawing much attention. Alongside her numerous songs, television appearances, and movie credits, she has been known for her appearance and is proud to admit that she did have plastic surgery. She even told Oprah Winfrey that she will continue to get plastic surgery if it means keeping up her looks. If it's dragging or sagging, she's willing to get plastic surgery to fix it.
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'You wouldn't last a week': Reagan Campbell-Gillard takes aim at Brad Arthur critics
By WWOS staff
NSW and Parramatta prop Reagan Campbell-Gillard has staunchly defended Eels coach Brad Arthur following scathing criticism levelled at the club over its NRL finals exit.
Arthur has guided the Eels from competition cellar-dwellers to top four contenders during his tenure but the popular coach has come under attack for his 1-5 finals record despite the Eels having one of the better rosters in the NRL.
Ever since Parramatta was eliminated from the finals, talk has intensified about Arthur's style of coaching and whether he needs to take more of an analytical approach in order to lead the club to their first premiership since 1986.
The speculation surrounding the coach's position didn't sit well with Campbell-Gillard, with the fiery forward taking aim at the club's critics.
Eels want change in Arthur's footy philosophies
"Brad is definitely the bloke for the (Eels) job, he has turned my football around," Campbell-Gillard told AAP.
"The respect he has for the players, and the players for him is massive."
Since the loss to South Sydney former greats of the club and the media have put forward several ideas on how to get the club to lift and extra gear.
Stories doing the rounds that the club may seek to add the likes of Tim Sheens or Shane Flanagan to assist Arthur while claims of a disconnect between Arthur and football manager Mark O'Neil have also emerged.
Gutherson a NSW utility option: Sterlo
Campbell-Gillard sent a pointed message to critics who think Arthur isn't the best coach for the club.
"I think all those opinions have probably got to be kept to themselves. Brad is an excellent coach, I will back him 100 per cent," the prop added.
"All those reports, I found pretty off. That's not what he is about and it's not what should be around about him.
"It doesn't reflect everything he does for everyone at the club.
"This competition is a very tough competition, if not the toughest in the world.
"It's very hard to make semi-finals.
"If you think you could do a better job, come try and do it. You wouldn't last a week."
Reagan Campbell Gillard
brad arthur
EXCLUSIVE: Phil Gould explains how Ivan Cleary is likely to make brutal game day decision
EXCLUSIVE: Andrew Johns and Brad Fittler defend Dally M Medal voting process despite embarrassing leak


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« Barzun on Originalism and Living Constitutionalism
Mike Rappaport
| Main | Robert Pushaw: Comparing Literary and Biblical Hermeneutics to Constitutional and Statutory Interpretation
Josh Blackman & Seth Barrett Tillman on Territorial Officers
At Volokh Conspiracy, Josh Blackman & Seth Barrett Tillman: The PROMESA Board Members Are Not "Officers of the United States." So What Are They? From the introduction:
Recently, the Supreme Court decided Financial Oversight and Management Bd. for Puerto Rico v. Aurelius Investment, LLC. This case considered the status of members of the Financial Oversight and Management Board for Puerto Rico, who are appointed by the President without the Senate's advice and consent. These positions were created by The Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act of 2016 (PROMESA).
All nine Justices agreed that the appointment of these board members is not subject to the strictures of the Appointments Clause: that is, appointment by the President, with advice-and-consent by the Senate. All nine Justices also agreed that these board members are not "officers of the United States." However, the Justices parted company on the next question: what precisely are the PROMESA board members? The majority opinion by Justice Breyer punts on this question. Justice Thomas's concurrence hints at the answer. And Justice Sotomayor's concurrence suggests these board members occupy some other type of position in a "zone of twilight." This case illustrates that the precise characterization of federal positions is important. We cannot simply presume that the Constitution indiscriminately refers to different types of "offices" and "officers." Our taxonomy provides a better answer: Article IV Territorial Officers Hold "Office[s] under the Authority of the United States," and are bound by the Sinecure Clause.
And from later on:
Article IV territorial officers are not "officers of the United States." They are not appointed pursuant to the Appointments Clause. Moreover, we think these territorial officers do not hold "office . . . under the United States." These positions exist outside the three branches of the federal government. Justice Thomas's concurrence alludes to this point in the passage we quoted above. According to Justice Thomas, the power to authorize territorial positions comes from Article IV; therefore such positions are not within the three branches of government. But there is another phrase in the Constitution that provides a more natural fit for Article IV territorial officers.
The Ineligibility Clause, also known as the Sinecure Clause, states, "[n]o Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been [i]ncreased during such time. . . ." This Clause is the only provision in the Constitution that uses the phrase "civil Office under the Authority of the United States." Who holds such an office? In our view the phrase "civil Office under the Authority of the United States" encompasses all officers of the United States, but also refers to a broader category of irregularly appointed officers.


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Items Bacchanalion [I.E.Bacchanalian] Figures.
Bacchanalion [I.E.Bacchanalian] Figures.
Hope, Thomas (1770?-1831)
Costume -- Ancient -- Greece
Hope, Thomas (1770?-1831) (Artist)
Shelf locator: PC COSTU-Anc-Gr
Clothing & dress -- Greece -- To 499
Greeks -- To 499
Women -- Clothing & dress -- Greece -- To 499
Bacchantes -- Greece -- To 499
Content: Printed on border: "From fictile vases." "171" Image has foxing.
Source note: The costume of the ancients. Miller, 1812) Hope, Thomas (1770?-1831), Author.
Extent: 1 print : b ; 30 x 24 cm. (12 x 9 1/2 in.)
Universal Unique Identifier (UUID): e0ac57e0-c548-012f-f9b5-58d385a7bc34
The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. "Bacchanalion [I.E.Bacchanalian] Figures." The New York Public Library Digital Collections. 1812. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-f145-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99
The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. "Bacchanalion [I.E.Bacchanalian] Figures." New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed January 19, 2020. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-f145-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99
The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Picture Collection, The New York Public Library. (1812). Bacchanalion [I.E.Bacchanalian] Figures. Retrieved from http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-f145-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99
<ref name=NYPL>{{cite web | url=http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-f145-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 | title= (still image) Bacchanalion [I.E.Bacchanalian] Figures., (1812) |author=Digital Collections, The New York Public Library |accessdate=January 19, 2020 |publisher=The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations}}</ref>