text:
Tracking Industry
More efforts needed
Tracking report — May 2019
Araceli Fernandez Pales
Peter Levi
Tiffany Vass
Andreas Schröder
Adam Baylin-Stern
Tae-Yoon Kim
Pharoah Le Feuvre
Open NavigationContents
Cite Share
Tracking progress
Industry technologies
Innovation gaps
CCUS in industry and transformation
Cite report
IEA (2019), "Tracking Industry", IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/tracking-industry-2019
Share on Email Email
Share on Print Print
In this report
Direct industrial CO2 emissions rose 0.3% to reach 8.5 GtCO2 in 2017 (24% of global emissions), a rebound from the 1.5% annual decline during 2014‑16. To align with the SDS, emissions must peak prior to 2025 and decline to 8.3 GtCO2 by 2030 – despite expected industrial production growth. Increasing energy efficiency, the uptake of renewable fuels, and research and deployment of low-carbon process routes – such as CCUS and hydrogen-based production – are all critical. Governments can accelerate progress by providing innovation funding and adopting mandatory CO2 emissions reduction and energy efficiency policies.
Industry direct CO2 emissions in the Sustainable Development Scenario, 2000-2030
Openexpand
Demand for industrial products has grown considerably in recent years, along with energy consumption and CO2 emissions.
Some modest improvements have been made in industrial productivity and in renewable heat uptake, and some positive policy and innovation steps have also been taken. Nonetheless, progress is far too slow. Accelerated efforts on all fronts will be needed to get industry on track with the Sustainable Development Scenario (SDS).
The industry sector accounted for 37% (156 EJ) of total global final energy use in 2017. This represents a 1% annual increase in energy consumption since 2010, with 1.7% growth in 2017 following much slower growth of 0.1% the previous year.
Growth in energy consumption has been driven largely by an ongoing long-term trend of rising production in energy-intensive industry subsectors (i.e. chemicals, iron and steel, cement, pulp and paper and aluminium).
India saw the highest rate of industrial energy consumption growth in 2010‑17 (3.9% annual growth), while China had the largest absolute increase, accounting for 60% of the total net increase. Meanwhile, industrial energy use declined slightly in Europe and the Americas.
The industry sector energy mix has remained relatively unchanged overall since 2010. While solar thermal and geothermal final energy use expanded the most quickly, more than doubling from 2010 to 2017, they accounted for less than 0.05% of total final industrial energy use in 2017.
The fossil fuel contribution to the energy mix decreased from 73% to 70%, while electricity rose from 18% to 21%, largely owing to an increasing electricity share in non-energy-intensive industry.
In the SDS, growth in energy use needs to be limited to 0.8% per year to 2030, despite expected growth in production.
Energy mix changes – particularly a shift away from coal and towards natural gas, bioenergy and electricity – contributes to a fall in the CO2 emissions intensity of industrial energy use.
While solar thermal and geothermal energy continue to expand, they cannot provide high enough temperatures for medium- and high-temperature heat processes, and therefore are unable to replace a large portion of process heat.
Energy consumption and fuel shares
Final energy consumption and fuel shares in the Sustainable Development Scenario, 2010-2030
Industrial energy productivity (industrial value added per unit of energy used) has risen in most regions since 2000.
Key contributors to the increase are the deployment of state-of-the-art technologies, operational adjustments leading to more efficient equipment use, and a structural shift away from energy-intensive industry (e.g. steel and cement) and towards a larger share of added value from higher value-added sectors (e.g. automotive manufacturing, food and beverages, and textiles).
Historically, the greatest improvements in energy productivity have been in developed countries, which tend to focus on higher-value industrial products, while countries in which industrialisation is more recent have shown relatively little progress.
Middle Eastern industrial productivity has declined as a result of strong development in energy-intensive manufacturing subsectors between 2004 and 2010, particularly in the cement subsector, which offset the deployment of best available technologies in several expanding industries.
In China, industrial productivity changed very little or even fell between 2000 and 2006, but has since risen. Improvements resulted from China starting to diversify industrial activities away from energy-intensive steel and cement production and towards high-value industries such as machinery and chemicals. Implementation of mandatory energy efficiency policies (the Top 1000 and Top 10 000 programmes) also helped.
Energy productivity is closely connected with energy efficiency. In 2018, investment in industrial energy efficiency was less than USD 40 billion. Although total investment in industrial energy efficiency has been relatively constant since 2015, the market composition has shifted: China represented 37% of the total in 2018 (up from a quarter in 2015), whereas North America's share dropped from 17% in 2015 to below one tenth in 2018.
At just over 45%, the heavy industry share of total global industrial energy efficiency investment is lower than in 2015, when it was nearly half. This largely reflects the continuing slowdown in construction of new energy-intensive industrial facilities in China, which is the result of ongoing structural change in the Chinese economy as well as in Europe and North America.
In the Asia Pacific region, India is an emerging source of industrial energy efficiency investment, with an increase of nearly 5%. Modernisation of industrial facilities, coupled with the strong government mandates of the Perform, Achieve, Trade (PAT) Scheme, stimulated higher levels of investment.
Despite these positive developments, this indicator is off track. Global industrial productivity needs to increase 2.3% per year to 2030 to get on track with the SDS – an acceleration from the 1.9% annual growth of 2010‑17.
Energy productivity
Industry energy productivity by region in the Sustainable Development Scenario, 2000-2030
Over 2010-18, renewable heat consumption increased 2% per year on average, with renewables meeting just under 10% (10 EJ) of industrial energy demand for heat in 2018.
This falls short of the 3% per year increase needed to meet the SDS trajectory by 2030, when renewables satisfy 13% (15 EJ) of industrial heat demand.
The majority (90%) of renewable heat currently consumed in industry comes from bioenergy (including bioenergy used for district heating), equalling 8.5% of industry energy demand for heat.
While bioenergy is used considerably in pulp and paper production (30% of energy use) and more modestly in cement (5% of energy use), its use is very limited in other energy-intensive industries. Most consumption occurs in industries that produce biomass wastes and residues on site, such as in the pulp and paper subsector and in food and tobacco.
To increase its use in other subsectors, biomass fuel supply chains that are competitive with fossil fuels need to be established. This can be challenging, however, because policy support for renewables in industry and carbon pricing mechanisms are not widespread.
The second-largest share (nearly 10%) of renewable heat used in industry comes from renewable electricity. This share is expanding as renewables figure increasingly in national electricity generation portfolios and as more industrial processes become electrified.
While renewable electricity for heat expands under the SDS, technical challenges and the high costs of using electricity directly for high-temperature heat are likely to limit its penetration.
The use of solar thermal energy for industrial processes has also been expanding, especially for processes that require low-temperature heat (below 100°C). These processes include drying, bleaching, cooking and pasteurisation in industries such as textiles and food.
In energy terms, however, the contribution of solar thermal remains very small and several barriers constrain its uptake: a lack of policy incentives, low awareness of its potential, and challenges integrating it with industrial energy demand.
Renewable heat
Renewable heat in industry in the Sustainable Development Scenario, 2010-2030
Demand for materials is a major determinant of total energy consumption and CO2 emissions in industry subsectors.
Material demand has historically been closely linked with both population and economic development: as economies develop, urbanise, consume more goods and build up their infrastructure, material demand per capita tends to increase considerably. Once industrialised, an economy's material demand may level off and perhaps even begin to decline.
Decoupling material demand from economic and population growth can help curb growth in energy consumption and CO2 emissions from material production.
In the past couple of decades, global demand growth for key energy-intensive materials has exceeded population growth and - for many materials – GDP growth. Growth since 2000 has been particularly high, largely driven by rapid economic development in China.
Estimates suggest, however, that global demand levelled off in the past two to three years (at least temporarily) for a number of materials, particularly cement and to some degree steel and aluminium, while GDP and population continue to grow. This levelling-off is largely the result of saturation of material demand in China.
While it may be a first step towards decoupling global material demand from economic and population growth, strong growth in other emerging economies may drive up material demand again in the coming years.
By reducing material demand growth, ambitious pursuit of material efficiency strategies could help reduce some of the deployment needs for other CO2 emissions mitigation options that would normally be required to achieve the SDS emissions reduction.
For instance, pushing material efficiency to its practical but achievable limit in a Material Efficiency variant (MEF) scenario causes demand for steel in 2030 to be more than 15% lower than in the reference New Policies Scenario (NPS), and cement demand is nearly 10% lower.
Conversely, demand for aluminium is 5% higher, as it is used for vehicle lightweighting to reduce use-phase emissions.
Opportunities for material efficiency
Opportunities for material efficiency exist at each stage of any supply value chain. These include:
vehicle lightweighting and improved building design (product design and fabrication)
extending building lifetimes through repair and refurbishment and reducing vehicle demand through mode-shifting (use-phase),
increased metal manufacturing yields (material production stage)
reuse (end-of-life).
Additionally, rather than by reducing final material demand, increased end-of-life recycling can reduce emissions by enabling greater uptake of lower-emitting secondary production methods.
Demand for materials
This IEA analysis examines the potential for material efficiency and the resulting energy and emissions impact for key energy-intensive materials: steel, cement and aluminium.
Material Efficiency in Clean Energy Transitionscircle-arrow
Demand for materials, 1990-2017
In 2017, mandatory policy-driven energy efficiency targets and standards covered less than 25% of total industrial energy use in most regions, with no major increases in coverage relative to the previous year.
While a number of countries have minimum energy performance standards for electric motors, few have mandatory overall performance targets for industrial firms and sectors.
China and India are some of the strongest performers on policy coverage, having put in place mandatory targets for energy savings in industry sectors several years ago that still apply today.
In China, the 100, 1 000, 10 000 Programme has been included as part of the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016‑20), and supersedes the previous Top 10 000 Programme, a component of its 12th Five-Year Plan (2011‑15). In India, the PAT Scheme began in 2012; as its second cycle (2016‑19) is coming to an end, the third is beginning.
To get on track with the SDS, it will be important to extend mandatory policy coverage to a larger portion of industrial energy use, and in more regions. Just as important is to ensure that the strength of requirements of both new and existing policies is ambitious enough.
To achieve high enough emissions reductions, policies need to cover not only energy efficiency and process optimisation, but also other factors that influence industrial emissions such as process emissions and technological shifts. Policies targeting overall CO2 emissions reductions (e.g. a multi-sector or economy-wide emission trading system [ETS]) are therefore important.
China, for example, launched its ETS platform in December 2017. The first steps are being taken to set up the required administrative infrastructure and mock allowance trading, with real spot trading expected to begin in 2020.
The initial phase will cover only the power sector rather than the several industry subsectors originally planned, apparently due to difficulties in collecting robust industrial statistics. Improving data collection and including industry sectors in the scheme would help to achieve emissions reduction objectives.
Voluntary energy efficiency policies also exist in many regions: for instance, the number of ISO 50001 certifications for industrial energy management systems reached at least 21 500 in 2017, according to a voluntary survey by the ISO (ISO, 2019).
The increase in certifications in 2017 was considerably lower than over the previous five years, however. Unless the growth trends of pre-2017 recover, the world may fail to achieve the Clean Energy Ministerial Energy Management Campaign's target of 50 001 industrial operations with ISO 50001 certification by 2020.
Furthermore, about 80% of the uptake so far has been in Europe, which accounted for just 12% of global final industrial energy use in 2017, so uptake needs to accelerate in other regions.
Other energy management system standards may have higher uptake in specific regions.
For example, in 2016‑17, the number of certifications under China's GB/T 23331 standard increased by 25% (from 2 036 to 2 552) (CNCA, 2018). Improved data on these various standards, including data on resulting energy and emissions reductions, would be useful to better analyse their impact.
ISO 50001 energy management system certifications by region, 2011-2017
Two main approaches are being pursued to develop innovative low-carbon industrial processes:
Directly avoiding CO2 emissions by relying on renewable electricity (directly or through electrolytic hydrogen), bioenergy or alternative raw materials
Reducing CO2 emissions by minimising process energy, using fossil fuels but integrating CCUS
Finding value-enhancing uses for industrial by-products is another area of innovation, in which synergies are sought among different industrial activities, including through CCUS.
A number of key innovation efforts are under way around the world, including the following:
In February 2019, the European Commission announced EUR 10 billion in funding for the demonstration of low-carbon technologies. The Innovation Fund, initially proposed in 2015 and largely funded by revenue from the EU ETS, will support large-scale demonstrations of low-carbon technologies and processes in energy-intensive industries, CCUS, renewable energy and energy storage. The first call for proposals will be in 2020, with subsequent calls until 2030.
Mission Innovation is a global initiative of 23 countries and the European Commission to accelerate global clean energy innovation. Four of the seven Innovation Challenges launched in 2016 are relevant to the industry sector: carbon capture, clean energy materials, sustainable biofuels and converting sunlight. In 2018, an eighth Innovation Challenge was launched on renewable and clean hydrogen, also relevant to industry.
In China, industry, the government and academia joined forces in 2016 to explore the technical and economic feasibility of integrating carbon capture into steel production. In the same year, the world's first fully commercial carbon capture and use project came into operation in the United Arab Emirates, on a direct reduced iron plant. In Europe, several innovations in low-carbon steelmaking processes (including process for direct carbon avoidance and carbon capture) aim to reach commercial-scale demonstration between 2022 and 2035.
In 2018 the cement industry announced plans to invest in demonstrations of oxy-fuel capture technologies in two commercial-scale cement kilns in Europe (HeidelbergCement's Colleferro plant in Italy and LafargeHolcim's Retznei plant in Austria), and is seeking public funds for the project.
While innovation efforts of recent years are promising, accelerated action will be needed to develop and deploy technologies for medium- to long-term CO2 emissions reductions in industry.
Deployment of best available technologies will be important to raise industry energy efficiency.
Adoption of waste heat/gas recovery and cogeneration could be expanded in sub-sectors such as iron and steel and pulp and paper. Developing plant-level action plans and sharing of best practices may improve uptake of best available technologies.
Governments can also accelerate uptake by adopting energy efficiency targets and regulations.
Furthermore, ensuring efficient equipment operation and maintenance will help guarantee optimal energy performance. This can be reinforced by implementing energy management systems.
Shifting increasingly to secondary production methods – i.e. using recycled inputs – will be important to improve energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions for metals, chemical products (including plastics) and paper.
Governments and industries can work together to improve collection avenues for recycled products and increase co‑operation among stakeholders involved in production and end-of-life stages of the value chain. Government-mandated recycling requirements, waste disposal fees, recycled content requirements and extended producer responsibility can also help increase recycling.
Reducing overall demand through material efficiency strategies at all stages of the value chain can avoid CO2 emissions from industrial production.
Industry can help by:
Considering lifecycle emissions when designing products and construction projects
Reducing waste during manufacturing and construction
Developing sharing and circular economy-based business models
Policies that favour durability and refurbishing of buildings over demolition will be pivotal to reduce demand for bulk materials. Governments can also encourage material efficiency by moving from use-phase to life-cycle-based CO2 emissions regulations, and from prescriptive to performance-based design standards.
Industries should also take advantage of opportunities for industrial symbiosis – including using the waste or by-products from one process to produce another product of value – to help close the material loop, reduce energy use and reduce emissions in the case of carbon capture and utilisation.
Examples include using steel blast-furnace slag in cement production, carbon from steel waste gases to produce chemicals and fuels, and waste from other industries as alternative fuels for cement production. Industrial symbiosis can also involve sharing energy utilities, infrastructure and services. Policy support can facilitate these endeavours.
Energy and material efficiency
The share of renewables in industry can be increased by several means: first, by ensuring that biomass waste and residues are used at as high an efficiency as possible by industries that have access to them.
Examples include shifting to higher-efficiency co‑generation technologies in the pulp and paper and sugar and ethanol industries.
The cement industry offers scope to use greater amounts of low-value biomass residues and municipal solid waste to offset thermal demand currently met by coal.
Municipal solid waste consumption especially can be encouraged by increasing refuse-derived fuel availability through best-practice waste management – i.e. highly efficient waste sorting and collection, combined with mechanisms that place a cost on landfill disposal such as landfill taxation.
With increasing shares of renewables in national electricity generation portfolios, the electrification of industrial processes, when possible, can also raise renewable energy consumption. In countries with high amounts of direct irradiation, energy service company (ESCO) business models could boost solar thermal use in industry.
Increase uptake of renewable heat
Decarbonising current industrial processes is challenging for a number of reasons.
For example, emissions resulting from chemical reactions during industrial processes (process emissions) cannot be mitigated by greater energy efficiency and fuel switching alone. The high-temperature heat required in many industrial processes makes it difficult to switch completely from fossil fuel-based energy to low-carbon electricity and fuels.
Innovation over the next decade will therefore be critical to develop and reduce the costs of industrial processes and technologies that could enable substantial emissions cuts post-2030, including, for example, hydrogen-based production methods and CCUS.
Increased support for RD&D is needed from governments and financial investors, particularly to advance the large-scale demonstration and deployment of technologies that have already shown promise.
Private-public partnerships can help, as can green public procurement, which generates early demand and can enable producers to gain experience and bring down costs. Government co‑ordination of stakeholder efforts can also direct focus to priority areas and avoid overlap.
It will also be important to begin planning and developing infrastructure for eventual deployment of innovative processes, such as CCUS pipeline networks to transport CO2 for use or storage, and electricity transmission grids to enable low-carbon hydrogen production. Gaining social acceptance for building this infrastructure, particularly CO2 transport and storage facilities, will also be necessary.
Governments can promote CO2 emissions reduction efforts by adopting mandatory CO2 emissions reduction policies, such as a gradually increasing carbon price or tradeable industry performance standards that require average CO2 intensity for production of each key material to decline across the economy and permit regulated entities to trade compliance credits.
Adopting these policies at lower stringencies within the next three to five years would provide an early market signal, enabling industry to prepare and adapt as stringency increases over time. It can also help reduce the costs of low-carbon production methods, softening the impact on materials prices in the long term.
Complementary measures may be useful in the short to medium term, such as differentiated market requirements, that is, a government-mandated minimum proportion of low carbon materials in targeted products.
Ideally, mandatory policies would be applied globally at similar strengths. Since a number of industrial products are traded extensively internationally, measures may be needed to help ensure the competitiveness of domestic industries and prevent carbon leakage if the strength of policy efforts differs from one region to another.
Examples include time-limited measures to ease transition, such as declining free allocation of permits, or novel measures to apply emissions regulations on the lifecycle emissions of end-products rather than directly on materials production.
The latter could potentially be used to apply border carbon adjustments, provided that they are implemented in line with international trade rules. For instance, regulating vehicle manufacturing plants to reduce vehicle lifecycle emissions could raise the competitiveness of lower-emissions steel and aluminium.
Governments can extend the reach of their efforts by partaking in multilateral forums to facilitate low-carbon technology transfer and to encourage other countries to also adopt mandatory CO2 emissions policies.
Mandatory CO2 emissions policies
Improving collection, transparency and accessibility of energy performance and CO2 emissions statistics on industry would facilitate research, regulatory and monitoring efforts.
Industry participation and government co‑ordination are both important to improve data collection and reporting. Government efforts are also needed to clarify avenues for greater data sharing in a way that will not put industry at risk of breaching compliance with competition laws.
Improve data collection
None of the industry subsectors are on track with the SDS, and CCUS is well off-track.
While energy efficiency has improved, growing production outweighs much of this gain. A number of projects to develop innovative industrial processes have been launched, but overall progress in innovation is well short of what is needed to enable deep CO2 emissions reductions.
Considerably greater decarbonisation efforts are required in all subsectors to get industry onto the SDS pathway.
Direct CO2 emissions from primary chemical production in the Sustainable Development Scenario, 2015-2030
Direct CO2 emissions from the chemical and petrochemical subsector reached 1.25 Gt in 2017, a 2% increase from the previous year. In the SDS, despite continued strong growth in demand, the sector's emissions increase at a much more modest rate before peaking around 2025 and returning to today's level by 2030. To get on track, efforts from government and industry are needed to address CO2 emissions from chemical production – such as the use of electrolytic hydrogen as a feedstock or the application of CCUS – as well as from the use and disposal of chemical products.
More about chemicalscircle-arrow
Direct CO2 intensity in iron and steel, 2000-2017
In 2017, the CO2 intensity of crude steel fell by 1.8%, following an average annual decline of 1.4% from 2010 to 2016. To align with the SDS, however, the CO2 intensity of crude steel needs to fall by 1.9% annually between 2017 and 2030. This decrease is especially important if global steel production continues to grow – as it did in 2017 with an exceptional 4% increase. Government efforts are needed to improve steel scrap collection and sorting avenues, provide RD&D funding for low-carbon process routes such as production with electrolytic hydrogen or CCUS, and adopt mandatory CO2 emissions reduction policies.
More about iron and steelcircle-arrow
Direct CO2 intensity of cement in the Sustainable Development Scenario, 2014-2030
From 2014 to 2017, the direct CO2 intensity of cement production increased 0.3% per year. To get on track with the SDS, a 0.7% annual decline is necessary to 2030. More focus is needed in a number of key areas: reducing the clinker-to-cement ratio (including through greater uptake of blended cements), deploying innovative technologies (including CCUS) and increasing uptake of alternative fuels. Governments can stimulate investment and innovation through RD&D funding and by adopting mandatory CO2 emissions reduction policies.
More about cementcircle-arrow
Final energy demand in pulp and paper in the Sustainable Development Scenario, 2000-2030
Final energy use in pulp and paper grew by 1.8% in 2017, while paper and paperboard output increased 2.3%. For comparison, during 2000‑16 energy use grew 0.1% per year on average, while production expanded 1.4% per year. In the SDS, energy use needs to decline 0.4% per year to 2030, with paper and paperboard production increasing 0.9% annually. This will require greater recycling, as recycled production requires considerably less energy. Using a higher share of bioenergy and adopting waste heat recovery technologies will also be important.
More about pulp and papercircle-arrow
Direct CO2 intensity of aluminium production, 2000-2017
The CO2 intensity of aluminium production remained flat in 2017, as it has since 2014. According to the SDS, however, an annual decline of 1.2% is needed to 2030. Getting on track with the SDS will require improved scrap collection and sorting to enable greater production from scrap, and further development of new technologies to reduce emissions from primary production. Governments can better co‑ordinate aluminium scrap collection and sorting, provide RD&D funding and adopt mandatory CO2 emission reduction policies.
More about aluminiumcircle-arrow
Large-scale CCUS projects in industry and transformation in the Sustainable Development Scenario, 2000-2040
The total number of CCUS projects in industry and fuel transformation rose to 17 in 2019, when the Gorgon CO2 injection came into operation in Australia. Six new industrial projects are under development in Europe, with three linked to low-carbon hydrogen production. Nevertheless, even though CCUS is one of few technology options available to significantly reduce CO2 emissions in many industries, its deployment is woefully below the SDS level. Complementary and targeted policy measures, such as public procurement, low-carbon product incentives, tax credits and grant funding, are needed.
More about CCUS in industry and transformationcircle-arrow
Direct industrial CO2 emissions include energy-related and process emissions. Process emissions include those generated in the production of primary aluminium, ferroalloys, clinker and fuels through coal and gas to liquids routes; in the production and use of lime and soda ash, as well as in the use of lubricants and paraffins. On this page, all growth rates are calculated as the compound annual growth rate.
Bataille, C. et al. (2018), "A review of technology and policy deep decarbonization pathway options for making energy-intensive industry production consistent with the Paris Agreement", Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 187/20, pp. 960-973, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.107.
Cao, Z. et al. (2017), "Elaborating the history of our cementing societies: An in-use stock perspective", Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 51/19, pp. 11468-11476, https://doi.org/DOI:10.1021/acs.est.7b03077.
CNCA (Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People's Republic of China) (2018), "National Certification and Accreditation Administration announced the 2017 quality management system certification and energy management system: Announcement of certification supervision and inspection results", CNCA, Beijing, https://www.cnca.gov.cn/xxgk/ggxx/2018/201801/t20180118_56141.shtml .
Energy Transitions Commission (2018), Mission Possible: Reaching Net-Zero Carbon Emissions from Harder-to-Abate Sectors by Mid-Century, http://www.energy-transitions.org/sites/default/files/ETC_MissionPossible_ReportSummary_English.pdf.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (2019), ISO Survey 2017, https://www.iso.org/the-iso-survey.html.
Liu, G., C. Bangs and D.B. Müller (2013), "Stock dynamics and emission pathways of the global aluminum cycle", Nature Climate Change, Vol. 3, pp. 338-342, https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1698.
Milford, R.L. et al. (2013), "The roles of energy and material efficiency in meeting steel industry CO2 targets", Environmental Science and Technology, pp. 3455-3462, https://doi.org/10.1021/es3031424.
Pauliuk, S., T. Wang and D.B. Müller (2013), "Steel all over the world: Estimating in-use stocks of iron for 200 countries", Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 71, pp. 22-30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.11.008.
UN Environment (United Nations Environment programme) (2017), "Eco-efficient cements: Potential economically viable solutions for a low-CO2 cement-based materials industry", http://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/25281.
Asa Ekdahl (World Steel Association), Claude Lorea (Global Cement and Concrete Association), Florian Ausfelder (Dechema), Hugo Salamanca (IEA), Jose Moya (European Commission), Julians Somers (European Commission), Paulo Partidario (Directorate General of Energy and Geology, Portugal)
Next Chemicals


text:
Severe limp with minimal paw injury - anyone had this?
http://www.whippetworld.net/board/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=16178
by Minnie
I posted on here a lot when my whippet Minnie was young - she had horrendous separation anxiety and we had quite a traumatic puppyhood. She'll be 6 in January and things have been manageable for the last few years, mostly.
About 18 months ago she was diagnosed with a congenital joint malformation on her front left wrist, basically she has quite a bend at her wrist instead of it going more or less straight down to the foot. That was spotted after a month or so of on/off limping, but always weight bearing on that foot, more of a head nodding lameness, caused by arthritis developing in her outside toe joint as a result of the poor conformation. We were offered a referral for the joint to be fused but that could cause other issues, and she's so sensitive and terrified of the vets that we were reluctant. A week or two later it went away entirely, I think she adjusted her gait slightly plus I have her on some good supplements, and has been OK for over a year since, albeit not one for prolonged sprinting any more.
Then 10 days ago we were out walking as normal, she sprinted after a squirrel, again this is normal. About an hour later on the way back from the same walk she held that paw up a couple of times, but seemed otherwise OK. Then the day after (Saturday) she was seriously lame, as in not weight bearing except reluctantly, from the moment she woke up. I soaked her paw and found a tiny puncture wound which oozed a spot of blood when squeezed gently, so we went to salt soak and neosporin and no exercise. She was also really subdued in herself so fearing an infection i had her to the vet first thing on the Monday. Vet did a full range of movement exam to check for other causes of lameness, nothing, said she was sure there was no infection and gave us the usual Metacam.
We're now a week on. The metacam seems to make next to no difference (which it did in the past). She is still either non weight bearing or dipping heavily on that side. Her only walks have been potty trips of <5 minutes, or coming out with me in the car. I can see what looks like a small rubbed / bruised area between the toe which had the puncture wound and the one next to it ( the two weight bearing toes at the front, which the vet said was why she was so much worse with this than with the arthritic little toe previously). I have been soaking her foot twice a day in salt plus epsom salts, and applying neosporin to the rubbed bit just in case.
I need to decide whether to take her back to the vets, but she hates it so much, plus i suspect they can only really order more invasive tests at this point, which I'd prefer to spare her if possible. So my question is this - what's the most trivial injury that you've seen lead to this level of lameness, for this long (10 days)? Obviously if it's totally implausible that what i'm seeing (the bruised bit plus the puncture wound) is the cause of this, i'll have to go back to the vet. But if others have had something similar then I shall wait!
Re: Severe limp with minimal paw injury - anyone had this?
This is a picture of the dodgy paw, dark mark from the puncture is in yellow and the funny bruised bit in red....if it helps!
by PAWhippets
Sorry, but I think, especially with the complicated history, it's impossible to say what's going on and this needs to be seen by the vet. Most dogs would prefer to skip the vet visit; one of ours is still recovering from a lacerated tendon that required weekly vet visits for bandage changes, and I can sympathize! Please keep is updated on how Minnie is doing.
This does seem to be an odd one. It may be that she does have something embedded in the pad. Or, it's also possible that she may have a corn. Corns in whippets aren't uncommon and can be seriously painful.
It's so hard to say, I'm so sorry. It's awful when they're in pain and we can't find a cause or a way to help them
Well, we're two vet visits down and really no improvement. The first time they said it was likely to be due to the puncture wound so she just got some Metacam, which as usual gave her nausea and vomiting after the first few days so that's back off again. Took her back, different vet, spent ages with us and gave her a really good going over in terms of checking range of movement, looking for sensitive spots. Minnie wasn't giving anything away, sometimes i wish she was the growly type but she just takes it which doesn't help us work out what's going on The second vet went with a week's worth of antibiotics on the theory that there just might be a small infection related to that original little wound, but he admitted he was a bit puzzled by her.
She's 3 days into the antibiotics and if anything, slightly worse, although it comes and goes. She has an odd gait anyway because of the wrist joint problem, and there are moments when her wrist looks horrendously "flat" to me (ie rather than going straight down, there's a more pronounced bend in the joint so that the first part of her leg above the foot is more parallel with the floor than it should be).
I don't have any faith that the antiobiotics are going to make any difference. I think there's something much nastier going on caused by her conformation problems, and the next step is going to be expensive specialist referrals followed by news i don't want to hear. She's also effectively uninsured for this because the first time she had a lameness issue, the insurance of course ducked out of covering anything else below the ribcage
Oh that's such a shame about the insurance. I hate those policies that exclude after a claim.
The part of the leg between the foot and the wrist is called the pastern. What your describing is that she's low on her pasterns. That can be troubling, but some dogs are naturally low, just as some are more upright than they should be. If it's specifically confined to that one leg, then it could be cause for concern, or a result of her wrist injury that you mention.
These dogs are such wusses when it comes to little pain things, but when it's real pain, and they're at the vets they are so stoic. Like you it frustrates me that they won't show the vet where it hurts. It's so frustrating because we want to help and can't.
I really hope that you can find an answer soon. I really do get it. We have some ongoing feet issues here.
Posted: Thu Oct 25, 2018 11:42 am
Yes, I second what Wendy said. And unfortunately, most of them ARE stoic (well, unless we're grinding nails, and then all of them are drama queens ). Based on our experiences with foot and toe issues, which has also been quite a bit, regular vets aren't always able to figure these things out, but if you can find a good orthopedic vet and/or one who has a lot of experience working on Greyhounds, they are worth their weight in gold, and worth traveling to. Hope you can find some answers for Minnie.
Thanks folks - yes i get the feeling we are heading for specialist territory. I know lots of whippet owners locally so should be able to get a bit of help. I've also found a canine osteopath very nearby who does home treatments, and i'm going to give that a go - can't help but feel she'd be getting physiotherapy if she was a human, rather than just diving straight in to surgery, so maybe that will help her!
Thanks for the terminology Wendy - will be faster than saying "that wrist-y bit" every time i'm trying to describe the problem to a professional
by RickieArlie
Apologies if this was mentioned and I missed it, but if none of the vets has done imaging that might be a good idea, in case of foreign body, for example a glass shard, sliver of wood, etc. If deeply lodged soaking might not draw it out.
Minnie wrote: Thanks folks - yes i get the feeling we are heading for specialist territory. I know lots of whippet owners locally so should be able to get a bit of help. I've also found a canine osteopath very nearby who does home treatments, and i'm going to give that a go - can't help but feel she'd be getting physiotherapy if she was a human, rather than just diving straight in to surgery, so maybe that will help her!
I'm glad you took that the way I intended - just as a letting you know what it's called and not me correcting you
Teya has an ongoing issue with a corn that I mentioned above. Most of the time it doesn't bother her at all and I've been taught by the vet how to 'shuck' it out when I can. I thought I had it mostly sorted, but we've just put out rubber mats on our deck for the winter. They have holes in them for water to drain through so mould doesn't grow on or under them. She has never limped on the paw with the corn until we put those down this year. She limps really badly walking across them. It's either that or they slip on the wet or ice that builds up on the deck through the winter). It's breaking my heart. But it goes to show that you just don't know how something that doesn't bother her 90% of the time really hurts in a particular circumstance.
I still think it's worth investigating the corn route, or as others have suggested, getting an xray to see if there's something embedded. I really hope you get to the bottom of this. It's the worst feeling knowing they're hurting and we can't do anything.
by WhippyChick
Sorry to chime in so late here & hopefully you've got it figured out by now, but I wanted to mention that my guy had the same "dot" on his pad and was limping for several days after a hard romp in the yard. The vet found a teeny tiny little pebble, almost microscopic, embedded in his paw. She removed it with sharp tweezers and he was fine! He also gets bruising between his toes from time to time, I have no idea why, but it comes and goes with no apparent reason.
by MikeHerts
I had a similar problem with my whippet. He grazed his paw - a very slight graze but was hopping lame for nearly two weeks. Took him to the vet, thinking there was a more serious underlying problem, but the advice was to let it heal. The frustration was that he needed to be taken out in order to let off steam. It's happened twice to my puppy so I guess they are quite sensitive to superficial injuries of the foot pads. I having been trying to Harden them up by more road walking now.
Please see my recent post. I had a similar problem - what appeared to be a minor cut caused severe lameness for almost two weeks. I think you might have to be patient to let it heal and confine her walking to soft grass areas. I was convinced mu dog had done serious damage but it simply was the slight puncture wound on his front pad. I've heard this so often with whippet owners recently - it seems to be common.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


My friend and I watched a documentary on roti last week. Everything looked mouth watering, so I vowed to try my hand at making roti at some point during the eat-at-home challenge. Well, today was the day! I decided to try making paratha roti, also known as buss up shut, because the end result looks like a busted up t-shirt. I followed this recipe, which was a tad cryptic in parts, but the process ended up being pretty straightforward (albeit time consuming).
To accompany the roti, I made jerk chicken from a recipe I adapted for the Instant Pot, rice and peas, and actual peas. That's right, I also made a HUGE pot of rice and peas because I thought the roti would not be enough. After seeing the size of the roti, I asked hubby if he wanted to share one, but he wanted his own "ruffled t-shirt" (as he called it when he couldn't remember the name). So we ate one whole roti each, and now my stomach feels like Alien is about to pop out. Let's just say I'll be halving the recipe next time. The jerk chicken ended up being very salty, but it was perfect with the roti, rice and peas, and actual peas. I can't wait to eat leftovers tomorrow!


text:
Las Vegas Trademark Attorney
A blog dedicated to exploring, discussing, and sharing with the world the latest news and legal developments in trademark law -- Published by Ryan Gile.
Gallup Survives Motion to Dismiss in Trademark Infringement Lawsuit Against Gallup Pakistan
Gallup, Inc. ("Gallup"), the organization famous for its surveys and public opinion polls, filed a trademark infringement and trademark dilution lawsuit in March against Business Research Bureau and Ijaz Shafi Gilani (the "Defendants") over the use of the mark GALLUP.
Gallup owns numerous United States trademark registrations and applications containing the GALLUP mark including, among other goods and services, public opinion polls and business management consulting services.
Defendants, operating under the name Gallup Pakistan, provide survey and opinion polls on political, social, and business topics to international agencies and educational institutions, including some in the United States. Between January 11 and February 22, 2008, Defendants released six polls regarding Pakistani public opinion of issues surrounding the Pakistani parliamentary elections. The polls were promoted on Defendants' website, which is in English and accessible to the United States. Defendant Gilani, the chairman of Gallup Pakistan, also made an appearance at a conference in Chicago in 2007 where he presented a paper that bore the Gallup Pakistan name. He also spoke on National Public Radio on February 12, 2008, to discuss his organization's poll results and was introduced as the head of "the Pakistani chapter of the Gallup polling organization." Gilani also made an appearance on an internet broadcast around the same time. Gilani was not in the United States during either of those broadcasts.
In response to Gallup's lawsuit for trademark infringement and dilution, the Defendants moved to dismiss the complaint on the ground that the court did not have subject-matter jurisdiction (Defendants did not challenge the exercise of personal jurisdiction – possibly because Gilani appeared pro se). Specifically, Defendants argued that there was no basis to exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction under the Lanham Act. Gallup countered by arguing that the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction was not necessary because Defendants' committed infringing acts in the United States sufficient to establish subject-matter jurisdiction.
U.S. District Court Judge William Alsup found that Gallup's complaint had sufficiently alleged that Defendants' infringing activities occurred in the United States to meet its burden of establish subject-matter jurisdiction under the Lanham Act. See Gallup, Inc. v. Business Research Bureau et al, Case No. 08-cv-01577, 2008 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 93462 (N.D. Cal. November 10, 2008).
Under the Lanham Act, courts have jurisdiction which extends to "all commerce which may lawfully be regulated by Congress." (see 15 U.S.C. 1127). The court noted that the phrase "in commerce" does not necessarily require that the infringing acts take place "'in commerce' which is subject to congressional regulation, but that the acts have an adverse effect on that commerce." Wells Fargo & Co. v. Wells Fargo Exp. Co., 556 F.2d 406, 427 (9th Cir. 1977).
Gallup alleged that Defendants' trademark infringement occurred "in commerce" in three ways. The first way was Defendants' publishing of poll results in the United States using the Gallup name. Gallup alleged that Defendants' trademark infringement not only occurred in commerce, but also has the potential to adversely affect that commerce. The infringement was "in commerce" because Congress regulates the use of trademarks on published materials and the infringement adversely affects that commerce by impairing Gallup's right to capitalize on its registered mark in its publications. Further, it did not matter that the Defendants do not advertise, market, or promote any goods or services in the United States: "The test is whether the alleged infringement occurred within an area of commerce that Congress regulates or whether the infringement adversely affected that commerce. Even if defendants did not 'advertise, market, or promote' their services in the United States, plaintiff sufficiently alleges that defendants' use of the Gallup mark occurred within commerce and adversely affected that commerce."
The second way was Defendant Gilani's appearance in the U.S. promoting his poll results under the Gallup mark. The court found that Gallup had sufficiently alleged that Defendants' presentations at conferences in the United States using the Gallup mark as well as Gilani's interview on NPR and participation in the internet broadcast adversely affected commerce regulated by Congress. Specifically, Gallup's allegations that a) Defendants' use of the Gallup mark in connection with opinion polls, surveys, and management consulting occurs in the same markets and channels of trade as those offered by Gallup under the Gallup mark and b) Defendants' use of the Gallup mark has caused or is likely to cause confusion, to cause mistake, or to deceive customers of both Gallup and the defendants and to cause the dilution of the distinctive quality of the Gallup mark.
The third way in which Gallup argued that Defendants' trademark infringement occurred "in commerce" was Defendants' operating of a website prominently featuring the Gallup mark. The court found that Gallup had sufficiently alleged that Defendants' trademark infringement occurred "in commerce" by alleging that the web site was accessible in the United States and that use of the Gallup mark had an adverse effect on commerce.
Because the court found that Gallup's complaint sufficiently alleged actions "in commerce" and action having an adverse effect on commerce in order to give the court subject-matter jurisdiction over Gallup's claims against the Defendants, the court did not consider Defendants' argument that there was no basis for extraterritorial jurisdiction. The court noted that the question of whether a court can exercise extraterritorial jurisdiction under the Lanham Act is only reviewed if the plaintiff seeks to reach foreign activities of the defendant, and, in this case, Gallup clarified in its opposition brief that it was not seeking to enjoin Defendants' activities in Pakistan or to determine rights to the Gallup mark in Pakistan.
Posted by Ryan Gile at 6:45 PM
Labels: Dilution, Foreign Use, Infringement, Subject Matter Jurisdiction
- - - - - Gile Law Group - - - - -
Ryan Gile is a trademark, copyright, and intellectual property attorney and principal of the law firm Gile Law Group. He has been recognized by The Best Lawyers in America for Trademark Law and Copyright Law and has received an AV Preeminent® peer review rating from Martindale Hubbell's. His law firm has also been named among "Best Law Firms" by U.S. News & World Report.
Court Filings of High Profile Trademark Lawsuits
Yellow Group LLC et al v. Uber Technologies, Inc.
Hangingout, Inc. v. Google, Inc.
List of Other Pending Federal Trademark Cases
Essential Trademark Links
U.S. Patent & Trademark Office Trademarks Page
USPTO Data Visualization Center - Trademark Dashboard
Basic Facts About Trademarks
Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS)
Trademark Status & Document Retrieval (TSDR)
Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure (TMEP) - January 2015
Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB)
Final Decisions of the TTAB (Searchable)
Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Manual of Procedure (TBMP)
U.S. Customs & Border Patrol Intellectual Property Rights e-Recordation (IPRR)
U.S. Customs Intellectual Property Rights Search (IPRS)
Directory of Intellectual Property Offices Worldwide
Historic copies of USPTO Official Gazettes (Greenberg & Lieberman)
Other Trademark Blogs
The TTABlog®
The Trademark Blog
Likelihood of Confusion®
Seattle Trademark Lawyer
Trademark Decisions at Creative Protection
43(b)log
Brand Geek
Secondary Trademark Infringement Online Treatise
Your Trademark Attorney Blog
Knockoff Report
Trademark Blog of the Trademark Lawyer's Mind
Trademark 'Em
NameWire®-The Product Naming Blog
Other Intellectual Property Blogs
Property, intangible
Unintellectual Property
Internet Cases (Evan Brown)
Brand Geek (Lara Pearson)
IPelton (Erik M. Pelton)
Chicago IP Litigation Blog
Anticipate This!™ | Patent and Trademark Law Blog
IP in Brief
Create Protect
Arizona Patent Attorney (Thomas W. Galvani)
IP Finance Blog
IP Asset Maximizer Blog
Virginia IP Law
ITC 337 Law Blog
Delaware IP Law Blog
Maryland IP Law blog
The Legal Satyricon
Copyright Links & Blogs
CopyrightData.com (David P. Hayes)
Tree-view chart on Copyright Law (from CopyrightData.com)
Copyright Litigation Blog
Copyright 'Em
Righthaven Victims Blog
Patent Links & Blogs
Other Las Vegas/Nevada Law Blogs
Las Vegas Law Blog
New York District Court Denies MGM Mirage's Motion...
Taco Bell's Answer to 50 Cent's Trademark Infringe...
Gallup Survives Motion to Dismiss in Trademark Inf...
Jones Day Lives to Fight Another Day In Trademark ...
Article Highlights Intel's Aggressive Trademark En...
Fractional Villas Files Trademark Infringement Law...
First Amendment Protects Grand Theft Auto from Str...
The Naked Cowboy Settles Trademark Infringement La...
Sprinkles Cupcake Denied Motion for Default Judgme...
® Symbol (3)
ACPA (7)
Acquiescence (2)
Acquired Distinctiveness (8)
Actual Confusion (1)
Adword (17)
Affirmative Defense (2)
Analogous Use Doctrine (1)
Attorney's Fees (5)
Bad Applications (2)
Bona Fide Intent (2)
Cancellation (12)
Cease and Desist (4)
Certification Marks (3)
Click-Through Web Directories (1)
Co-Ownership (1)
Collective Marks (4)
Color Trademark (3)
Common Law (15)
Communications Decency Act (3)
Concurrent Use (5)
Constructive Notice (2)
Constructive Trust (1)
Constructive Use (2)
Contributory Infringement (9)
Copyright Infringement (13)
Counterfeit Goods (14)
Cybersquatting (37)
Declaratory Judgment (25)
Decorative/Ornamental Feature (9)
Default Judgment (2)
Derivative Action (1)
Design Patent (1)
Dilution (42)
Dissimilar Marks (2)
Domain Tasting (3)
du Pont Factors (2)
Eleventh Circuit (2)
Exhaustion Doctrine (2)
False advertising (12)
False connection (1)
False description (5)
False designation of origin (15)
Famous Mark (12)
Famous Mark Doctrine (3)
Federal Circuit (1)
First Amendment Defense (8)
Foreign Priority (3)
Foreign Use (5)
Genuine Goods (1)
Geographically Descriptive (4)
Gripe Website (1)
Immoral/Scandalous Matter (1)
In Rem Action (4)
Incontestable Mark (2)
Infringement (180)
Inherently Distinctive (2)
Initial Interest Confusion (5)
Intent-to-Use (4)
Interference with Contract (2)
Irreparable Harm (3)
Joinder (1)
Laches (13)
Likelihood of Confusion (40)
Merely Descriptive (8)
Metatags (1)
Naked License (5)
Name/Likeness Misappropriation (5)
Ninth Circuit (12)
Nominative Use Defense (4)
OHIM (1)
Parody Defense (11)
Preliminary Injunction (18)
Primary Jurisdiction Doctrine (1)
Principal Register (4)
Priority (11)
Private-Label/Store-Brand (1)
Protectable Interest (2)
Reverse Confusion (3)
Reverse Cybersquatting (8)
Right of Publicity (7)
Righthaven (4)
Secondary Meaning (2)
Section 1(b) (1)
Section 2(a) (1)
Section 2(c) (3)
Section 2(e)(1) (1)
Section 2(f) (3)
Security Interest (1)
Sound Choice (1)
Sound Trademark (3)
Specimen of Use (1)
State Court (6)
State Registration (10)
Statutory Damages (2)
Subject Matter Jurisdiction (2)
Suggestive Mark (1)
Supplemental Jurisdiction (1)
Supplemental Register (9)
Surname (1)
Tacking (1)
Tenth Circuit (3)
Territoriality (1)
Third Circuit (1)
Third Party Rights (1)
TM/SM Symbols (1)
Trade Names (1)
Trade Secret Misappropriation (1)
Trademark 101 (2)
Trademark Lien (1)
Trademark Ownership (5)
Trademark Registration (3)
Trademark Use (14)
TRO (3)
TTAB (31)
Typosquatting (3)
UDRP (5)
Unclean Hands (3)
Unregistered Mark (7)
Use In Commerce (10)
Vicarious Infringement (6)
The materials in this website/weblog have been prepared by Ryan Gile for informational purposes only and are not intended to be nor should they be construed as legal advice or counsel. Transmission of the information is not intended to create, and receipt does not constitute, an attorney-client relationship. Any readers should not act upon any information in this website/weblog without seeking professional counsel. The information contained in this website is provided only as general information, and is not promised or guaranteed to be correct, complete, and current.
This information is not provided in the course of an attorney-client relationship and is not intended to constitute legal advice or to substitute for obtaining legal advice from an attorney licensed in the reader's state. No attorney-client relationship exists unless and until both parties agree on and mutually sign a binding legal services agreement specifying terms of the engagement. This website/weblog is not intended to be advertising and Ryan Gile does not wish to represent anyone desiring representation based upon viewing this website/weblog in a state where this website/weblog fails to comply with all laws and ethical rules of that state.
All statements made on this blog are the personal statements and opinions of Ryan Gile and do not reflect the positions of his employer.
Copyright © 2007-15, Ryan Gile. All rights reserved.
Please report any broken or inactive links.


This race takes you through the stunning Raven Point Pine Forest and bird sanctuary, with beautiful views of Wexford Harbour and Curracloe Beach. A looped trail of the area goes to the tip or Raven Point, through the woods and back again via the beach. There is only approximately 1km on the beach and then you are back up through a trail along the dunes. This is an ideal race for anyone interested in trying out trails, with largely flat course with very runable trails. There is plenty of Parking at White strand and the Point of the Raven Car Park itself. The start time is 10 am sharp. Number pick ups will be from 8.30am in the Raven Car Park. There will be one water station approximately half way! Beautiful finisher medals for all participants, as well as Run Wexford Buffs. Walkers welcome! This event is fully insured.
Run is starting at 10am sharp. Number pick ups from start area from 8.30am. There is limited parking around the point of the Raven itself. There is further parking in the main "white beach" car park.


text:
Q: problem with c++ pointers in visual studio (but works in g++) When I run the following code in Microsoft visual studio it outputs junk values (memory addresses?) but when it is run in g++ it outputs what I intend it to (with a few changes like changing srand).  How do I fix it to work in visual studio?  I only have a few months coding experience and this issue has been bugging me for awhile now.
class Vehicle
{
    protected:
        int * vin;
        double * gasMileage;

    public:
        Vehicle();
        Vehicle(int v, double g);

        virtual void display(){cout<<"vin: "<<*vin<<endl<<"gasMileage: " <<*gasMileage<<endl;}
        virtual double calcGasUsed(int milesDriven){return *gasMileage * milesDriven;}

        int getVin(){return *vin;}
        double getGasMileage(){return *gasMileage;}

        void changeVin(int newvin) {vin=&newvin;}
        void changeGasMileage(double newGasMileage){gasMileage=&newGasMileage;}
        void drive();
};

class Suv:public Vehicle
{
    protected:
        bool *fourWDStatus;
        double * fourWDGasMileage;

    public:
        Suv();
        Suv(int v, double g,bool status, double fwdg);

        void display();
        double calcGasUsed(Suv&, int milesDriven);
        bool getFourWDStatus(){return *fourWDStatus;}
        double getfourWDGasMileage(){return *fourWDGasMileage;}

        void changeFourWDStatus(bool status) {fourWDStatus=&status;}
        void changeFourWDGasMileage(double newGasMileage){fourWDGasMileage=&newGasMileage;}

};
Vehicle::Vehicle()
{
    this->vin=0000;
    this->gasMileage=00;
}
Vehicle::Vehicle(int v, double g)
{
    this->vin=&v;
    this->gasMileage=&g;
}
Suv::Suv(int v, double g,bool status, double fwdg)
{
    this->vin=&v;
    this->gasMileage=&g;
    this->fourWDStatus=&status;
    this->fourWDGasMileage=&fwdg;
}
Suv::Suv()
{
    this->vin=0000;
    this->gasMileage=00;
    this->fourWDStatus=false;
    this->fourWDGasMileage=00;
}
void Suv::display()
{
    Vehicle::display();
    cout<<"fourWDStatus: "<<*fourWDStatus<<endl<<"fourWDGasMileage: "<<*fourWDGasMileage<<endl;
}
void Vehicle::drive()
{
    int r=rand()%10000;
    cout<<calcGasUsed(r)<<endl;

}
double Suv::calcGasUsed(Suv&, int milesDriven)
{
    double x;
    if (*fourWDStatus== true)
    {
        x= ((*fourWDGasMileage) * (milesDriven));
        return x;
    }
    else
    {
        x=((*gasMileage) * (milesDriven));
        return x;
    }
}

void main()
{
    cout << "test";
    srand(NULL);
    Suv A(300,12.2,false,16.6);
    Suv B(200,15.5,false,20.1);
    B.changeFourWDStatus(true);
    Vehicle C(111,20.5);
    C.drive();
    C.display();
    B.display();
    Vehicle arrOfCars[]={A,B,C};
    A.drive();
    B.drive();
    C.drive();
    system("pause");

}

A: You are using pointers without initializing them to anything.  A quick look says to me that none of your member variables should be pointers, and none of your constructor arguments should be references.  In other places, you assign ints to int*.  Did the compiler give you warnings?
Two more bizarre things: why use four-digit 0000 for an integer literal, and why system("pause")?

A: Don't store the data members of your class as pointers.  There is no need to given your usage.  At a glance, I see a problem here:
void changeGasMileage(double newGasMileage){gasMileage=&newGasMileage;}
What this is doing is setting gasMileage to point to a value allocated on the stack.  When changeGasMileage returns, you no longer know what is at that memory location.  You could just make gasMileage a value rather than a pointer.  Otherwise, you need to do:
void changeGasMileage(double newGasMileage){gasMileage= new double(newGasMileage);}

A: The members Vehicle::vin, Vehicle::gasMileage as well as Suv::fourWDStatus and Suv::fourWDGasMileage are not correctly initialized pointers.
From the code you posted it seems you would be better off by changing them from pointers to regular variables (and adjusting the methods appropriately).
EDIT: If using pointers is a part of assignment, you have to initialize them correctly. This means, in your case, allocating a memory in constructors. It could be this way:
Vehicle::Vehicle()
{
    this->vin = new int(0);
    this->gasMileage = new double(0.0);
}

Vehicle::Vehicle(int v, double g)
{
    this->vin = new int(v);
    this->gasMileage = new double(g);
}

Suv::Suv(int v, double g,bool status, double fwdg) : Vehicle(v, g)
{
    this->fourWDStatus = new bool(status);
    this->fourWDGasMileage = new double(fwdg);
}

Suv::Suv() : Vehicle(0, 0.0)
{
    this->fourWDStatus = new bool(false);
    this->fourWDGasMileage = new double(0.0);
}

A: Others have covered the use of pointers as inappropriate for this scenario. I agree.
Also, when the constructor receives a copy - by value - the value you're taking the address of resides on the (call) stack. When that constructor exits, the local variable is destructed (commonly no-op for the builtin types, int, char, float, etc) and accessing them through a pointer is "undefined behavior".
Why it happens like this:
Undefined behavior means anything is allowed to happen.
Preferrably a compiler diagnostic, alternatively a crash, or worse yet visible as corrupt data, but the worst case it that coincidences have it working until some later time - see also Programming by coincidence.
This area will, once the constructor exits, be open for reuse when calling other functions - they will need a place to store their local variables, parameters, and parameters/return addresses for calling yet other functions.
By some coincidence, gcc (that version, those compiler flags) does not overwrite that place on the stack for printing the values, therefore the values you read are the ones you expect.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Once the mobile world's pioneers, Nokia, Motorola and BlackBerry are now the industry's sorry laggards, searching for lost glory. As they struggle to get back in a game now lorded over by Samsung and Apple, however, analysts hold out little hope for them.
Finland's Nokia, Canada's BlackBerry and the United States' Motorola; they all lost a lot of money in 2013. Nokia's handset business, in the process of being taken over by Microsoft, reported losses of 780 million euros ($1.07 billion) last year.
Motorola posted a loss of $1.03 billion in the same period. This month, Motorola's owner, Google, shed the business, selling it to rising Chinese smartphone manufacturer Lenovo for $2.91 million.
BlackBerry, bought by Canada's Fairfax Financial Holdings, racked up a loss of $5.4 billion in just the nine months to 30 November. "We are definitely here to compete and to win back some lost ground before the end of the year," BlackBerry's recently appointed chief executive John Chen told reporters at the February 24-27 World Mobile Congress in Barcelona, Spain.
BlackBerry showed off two devices— the Q20 with its trademark physical keyboard and the budget-priced Z2 with a touchscreen aimed at the Indonesian market— to help it try to claw back market share.
The two BlackBerry smartphones were the first to be produced under a five-year partnership with Foxconn, the Taiwanese manufacturer that is also a key supplier to a major rival, Apple.
BlackBerry aims to target corporate customers. "Our turnaround strategy is to focus on enterprise," Chen said. "We are always known as the number one in security." Analysts were pessimistic about his chances.
"BlackBerry; that is a lost cause, I think," said Nordstrom. Lawrence Lundy, analyst at Frost & Sullivan, agreed. "They have tried so many things in past years and nothing has worked. I can't see BlackBerry maintaining a device presence much longer," Lundy added.
Nokia remains the world's second-largest handset manufacturer with 13.9% of the market in 2013, but that share is dwindling and it relies largely on traditional mobiles.
In the smartphone market, Nokia did not even rank among the top five last year.
At the industry fair this week, Nokia showed off a new range of Nokia X smartphones powered by a version of Google's Android operating system.
It was a surprise move because Android competes directly with Windows Phone, owned by Microsoft, which is wrapping up its Nokia takeover during this quarter.
Nokia France managing director Thierry Amarger said the manufacturer used the cheaper Android operating system because it aims to sell the devices for less than 150 euros, targeting a fast-growing entry-level market for smartphones.
But Microsoft will determine the next move for Nokia's handsets.
"Nokia are in a fairly good position with Microsoft as their backer," said Nordstrom.
For Microsoft, there will be a rebranding exercise and they will spend a lot of money on it but there is no evidence they will catch up with Apple and Samsung," he cautioned.
Nokia will be hampered, too, he said, by being tied to Microsoft's Windows Phone system, which is dwarfed by Android and Apple's iOS.
Motorola, however, may have a slightly brighter outlook after its takeover by China's Lenovo, said Julian Jest, analyst at research group Informa."That will change the dynamics of how Motorola operates," Jest said.However, Motorola could struggle to innovate, he said, because Google had retained most of its patents and creative staff.
Motorola was the only one of the three strugglers not to launch a new product during the world's largest mobile fair. Motorola is "pretty strong" in Latin America and in North America, where it remains the number-three manufacturer, said its product management director, Rick Osterloh. Lenovo's scale and position in the PC business would give Motorola unprecedented access to technology, he said in Barcelona.
'Thigh bone' on Mars , Is it a proof of life on Mars ?


If you mount CephFS in your file systems table, the Ceph file system will mount automatically on startup.
See User Management for details.
Ensure you use the ID (e.g., admin, not client.admin). You can pass any valid ceph-fuse option to the command line this way.


text:
Photochemical reactions of a dimethacrylate compound containing a chalcone moiety in the main chain
Dong Hoon Choi, Sang Joon Oh
We synthesized the new photosensitive oligomer containing a chalcone moiety in the main chain by end-capping reaction of diepoxide compound with methacrylic acid. The chalcone-epoxy oligomeric compound was synthesized with 4,4(′)-dihydroxychalcone and epichlorohydrin. Investigation of the photosensitivity of the newly synthesized chalcone oligomer was carried out by using UV-Vis absorption and infrared spectroscopies under UV exposure. We observed the photodimerization behavior under UV irradiation. At the same time, we could also observe the photopolymerization of the compound with a trace amount of dimethoxyphenyl acetophenone. Thermal properties of UV-cured dimethacrylate compounds were also studied.
European Polymer Journal
Chalcone
Photocrosslink
Photopolymerization
Photosensitive
UV irradiation
Dive into the research topics of 'Photochemical reactions of a dimethacrylate compound containing a chalcone moiety in the main chain'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Photochemical reactions Engineering & Materials Science 100%
Oligomers Engineering & Materials Science 82%
Chalcone Chemical Compounds 67%
oligomers Physics & Astronomy 66%
photochemical reactions Physics & Astronomy 65%
Photochemical Reaction Chemical Compounds 52%
Photosensitivity Engineering & Materials Science 46%
Photopolymerization Engineering & Materials Science 45%
Choi, D. H., & Oh, S. J. (2002). Photochemical reactions of a dimethacrylate compound containing a chalcone moiety in the main chain. European Polymer Journal, 38(8), 1559-1564. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(02)00038-1
Photochemical reactions of a dimethacrylate compound containing a chalcone moiety in the main chain. / Choi, Dong Hoon; Oh, Sang Joon.
In: European Polymer Journal, Vol. 38, No. 8, 08.2002, p. 1559-1564.
Choi, DH & Oh, SJ 2002, 'Photochemical reactions of a dimethacrylate compound containing a chalcone moiety in the main chain', European Polymer Journal, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 1559-1564. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(02)00038-1
Choi DH, Oh SJ. Photochemical reactions of a dimethacrylate compound containing a chalcone moiety in the main chain. European Polymer Journal. 2002 Aug;38(8):1559-1564. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(02)00038-1
Choi, Dong Hoon ; Oh, Sang Joon. / Photochemical reactions of a dimethacrylate compound containing a chalcone moiety in the main chain. In: European Polymer Journal. 2002 ; Vol. 38, No. 8. pp. 1559-1564.
@article{0acb27f41fec4fa48107bfc712712c33,
title = "Photochemical reactions of a dimethacrylate compound containing a chalcone moiety in the main chain",
abstract = "We synthesized the new photosensitive oligomer containing a chalcone moiety in the main chain by end-capping reaction of diepoxide compound with methacrylic acid. The chalcone-epoxy oligomeric compound was synthesized with 4,4(′)-dihydroxychalcone and epichlorohydrin. Investigation of the photosensitivity of the newly synthesized chalcone oligomer was carried out by using UV-Vis absorption and infrared spectroscopies under UV exposure. We observed the photodimerization behavior under UV irradiation. At the same time, we could also observe the photopolymerization of the compound with a trace amount of dimethoxyphenyl acetophenone. Thermal properties of UV-cured dimethacrylate compounds were also studied.",
keywords = "Chalcone, Photocrosslink, Photopolymerization, Photosensitive, UV irradiation",
author = "Choi, {Dong Hoon} and Oh, {Sang Joon}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was financially supported by a grant from Korea Research Foundation (2001-005-D00004). ",
T1 - Photochemical reactions of a dimethacrylate compound containing a chalcone moiety in the main chain
AU - Choi, Dong Hoon
AU - Oh, Sang Joon
N1 - Funding Information: This work was financially supported by a grant from Korea Research Foundation (2001-005-D00004).
N2 - We synthesized the new photosensitive oligomer containing a chalcone moiety in the main chain by end-capping reaction of diepoxide compound with methacrylic acid. The chalcone-epoxy oligomeric compound was synthesized with 4,4(′)-dihydroxychalcone and epichlorohydrin. Investigation of the photosensitivity of the newly synthesized chalcone oligomer was carried out by using UV-Vis absorption and infrared spectroscopies under UV exposure. We observed the photodimerization behavior under UV irradiation. At the same time, we could also observe the photopolymerization of the compound with a trace amount of dimethoxyphenyl acetophenone. Thermal properties of UV-cured dimethacrylate compounds were also studied.
AB - We synthesized the new photosensitive oligomer containing a chalcone moiety in the main chain by end-capping reaction of diepoxide compound with methacrylic acid. The chalcone-epoxy oligomeric compound was synthesized with 4,4(′)-dihydroxychalcone and epichlorohydrin. Investigation of the photosensitivity of the newly synthesized chalcone oligomer was carried out by using UV-Vis absorption and infrared spectroscopies under UV exposure. We observed the photodimerization behavior under UV irradiation. At the same time, we could also observe the photopolymerization of the compound with a trace amount of dimethoxyphenyl acetophenone. Thermal properties of UV-cured dimethacrylate compounds were also studied.
KW - Chalcone
KW - Photocrosslink
KW - Photopolymerization
KW - Photosensitive
KW - UV irradiation
JO - European Polymer Journal
JF - European Polymer Journal


Week February 24th to March 2nd 2005.
THE ANDALUCÍA HEALTH SERVICE (SAS) HAS REQUESTED THAT MEASURES BE TAKEN TO PLUG THE FINANCIAL GAP CAUSED BY THE LARGE NUMBER OF EU-CITIZENS WHO RECEIVE MEDICAL CARE.
The problem, according to SAS, is that for every non-registered resident (there are an estimated 400,000) it loses 686 euros per year in funding which adds up to 275 million euros a year.
Regional government has brought to the Inter-territorial Health Council (the umbrella body for all of the country's autonomous regions) a proposal for the creation of a list of basic health services that would be reciprocal between EU countries. It also proposes the creation of a compensation fund and a better system for billing between the different countries.
Because public-health coverage in Spain is more comprehensive than in many other countries, both for treatment and for medications, the creation of such a list of reciprocal services would likely mean a reduction in the fully-covered services offered to non-Spaniard EU residents living here.
"The goal is that there would be a list of basic guaranteed services for EU citizens, but everything else would have to be authorised by their home country," said María Jesús Montero, head of regional government's Health Department. Nonetheless, other officials have insisted that the idea should be to 'regularise, not limit' the offering of health services.
Health coverage is an important factor in the attractiveness of Andalucía as a destination for so-called residential tourism. While just a few years ago EU-member foreign residents represented 0.5 per cent of SAS's total costs, they are expected to represent as much as four per cent this year.
Central government has said that in May it will submit to the autonomous regions a draft plan for addressing the financing and provision of health services to non-Spanish EU citizens.
LAST WEEK THE BRITISH FOOD STANDARDS AGENCY (FSA) ISSUED AN ALERT AFFECTING MORE THAN 350-WIDELY EATEN PRODUCTS AS THEY WERE FOUND TO CONTAIN A POTENTIAL CANCER-CAUSING DYE CALLED SUDAN 1.
This week the FSA has updated its warning and added a further 59 products to the list. Far from the crisis being over the FSA has indicated that further products may yet be added.
Gibraltar imports many of its foodstuffs from Britain and its Environmental Health Agency was checking to see if any of these contained the cancer-causing dye and if so it would ensure they were immediately withdrawn from sale. The giant Morrisons supermarket chain, which owns the Safeways store on the Rock, has already withdrawn all affected products from its shelves.
More than 300 food companies have been affected by the mass recall of products that was started after the discovery of Sudan 1 in chilli powder used in making a consignment of Crosse and Blackwell Worcester Sauce. The sauce was then added as an ingredient to the 418 recalled products. Sudan 1 is a red dye that is used for colouring solvents, oils, waxes, petrol and shoe polish. It is illegal to add the dye to food in the EU and is so toxic is has never been tested on humans as it is believed it can alter a person's DNA.
The chief executive of the FSA, Dr. Jon Bell stated: "Sudan 1 could contribute to an increased risk of cancer. However, at the levels present the risk is likely to be very small but it is sensible to avoid eating any more. There is no risk of immediate ill health. The agency is working with the industry to ensure that any remaining affected products are speedily removed. Because of the widespread use of this Worcester sauce to flavour other foods, we may find further affected products. We will continue to take action to remove these and minimise the risk to consumers." The list of contaminated products includes 68 own-label lines from Asda, Waitrose 55, Morrisons 45, Sainsbury's 42, Tesco 39, Somerfield 26 Marks and Spencer 15 and Iceland 14. The majority of these are ready-made meals such as steak and kidney, shepherd's and cottage pies, pasta bakes, pizzas and chilli con carne. Also on the list are Heinz Weightwatcher meals, Walkers Crisps, McDonald's food dressings and Unilever's Pot Noodle range.
A 54-year-old British woman was detained in Torrox Park on Sunday, accused of stabbing her 61-year-old husband. The victim, also British, was taken to hospital in Vélez-Málaga where he was treated for 11 stab wounds. Police were called to the El Pino camp site by a security guard at 21.50 on Sunday night and arrested the woman who, they reported, was carrying a blood-covered kitchen knife and showed signs of intoxication. She was immediately transferred to the Guardia Civil headquarters in Torrox where she was detained.
The couple, who live in a bungalow on the camp site, are well known in the neighbouring bar where a local Portuguese resident said that it was, "an unusual day which didn't end with them drunk". They are also said to have had frequent arguments and a loud discussion between them was reported to have been heard prior to the stabbing on Sunday evening.
This episode of domestic violence is another blow in a quiet area where recent thefts of a DVD player and around 100,000 euros worth of jewellery have disturbed residents. Some expressed concerns about the lack of security, while others demanded more frequent patrols by local police and Guardia Civil officers. The injured man was reported to be in a serious state in hospital following the attack.
Just days after the National Police broke up a Bulgarian-Spanish drug trafficking gang and seized around 800 kilos of cocaine from a house in Sotogrande's Calle Buenavista, there has been another major drugs seizure in the luxury San Roque urbanisation.
Guardia Civil Organized Crime and Drugs Squad (EDOA) agents from Algeciras discovered the 137 kilograms of very pure cocaine at a luxury house in Sotogrande's Rivera del Emperador zone. It was part of an ongoing EDOA operation based on a long-held suspicion that recreational boats were being used to smuggle cocaine into Spain via Sotogrande's port. Investigators believed the drugs were then stored in luxury properties close to the port's moorings.
The theory would seem to have been borne out by the raid, in which the cocaine haul was discovered inside the house in numerous bags. Officers also seized a Gibraltar-registered yacht, the 'Esprite', in the belief that it was used to transport the drugs. No arrests were made and the Guardia Civil have stated that the people involved are believed to be on the run. Officers have not ruled out the possibility that arrests will be made in the coming days.
These drugs raids have again brought unwelcome attention to the luxury urbanizations that make up the Sotogrande area of San Roque. Last summer there was much alarm amongst residents, many of whom are British, after homes in the area were targeted by Eastern European gangs who carried out numerous robberies.
In December of last year the Spanish government set up a special police squad, Greco, to tackle the mafias operating on the Costa del Sol. At that time the Socialist Deputy, Salvador de la Encina, confirmed that the spotlight would also fall on both Sotogrande and La Alcaidesa in La Línea, where it was believed many of the gangs were laundering money through real estate.
Meanwhile, a young Polish man identified as Matiej Morusiewicz and believed to be around 27 years old was found dead near km 130 on the A-7 where a service road leads to the Sotogrande urbanisation. The alarm was raised by one of the urbanisation's security guards, who found the body. The case is now in the hands of a San Roque court, which has ordered forensic tests to determine the cause of death.
Benalmádena's Citizens Platform for Sustainable Development, a collective of residents, neighbourhood associations and Town Hall opposition parties, has announced it is launching an informational campaign regarding the town planning policies of Mayor Enrique Bolín's government.
The campaign, according to the group's leaders, is aimed at raising awareness about the Town Hall's "development excesses", as well as at keeping alive public interest in the platform itself by showing that it continues to be active. The group first gained widespread public exposure last November, when it staged a large protest march against the Town Hall's plans for two 20-storey buildings in Arroyo de la Miel and an elevated monorail for the town.
The new campaign, beginning next month, will involve setting up a stand at various locations in the town to provide the public information about the proposed two towers and the monorail plan, as well as other planning and development issues as they arise. The stand will be set up first at the proposed 'skyscraper' site, and will then be moved to different locations in each neighbourhood of the town.
WHEN JOHN PACKWOOD, A 41-YEAR-OLD BRITISH MARINE ENGINEER FROM THE ISLE OF WIGHT, ARRIVED IN MÁLAGA ON OCTOBER 15 OF LAST YEAR TO HELP A FRIEND MOVE HOUSE, HE HAD NO IDEA OF THE NIGHTMARE HE WAS ABOUT TO STEP INTO.
Upon his arrival at the Airport, he was taken into custody on an international arrest warrant issued by Moroccan authorities for a crime committed back in 1997 that, according to the NGO Fair Trials Abroad (FTA) and others, he had nothing to do with. Mr Packwood now sits in a jail near Madrid awaiting extradition to Morocco, while FTA and some governmental authorities lobby for his release.
Mr Packwood's ordeal stems from a ship-delivery job he performed back in 1997. He was hired as one of a four-member crew to transport an ex-Royal Navy patrol boat from Southampton to Morocco, where its new Spanish owners said it was to be refitted for use as a tourist cruiser. The delivery of the boat became complicated when engine trouble caused the crew to call for an emergency tow into the port at Agadir, which was not their planned port of arrival. Nonetheless, after Moroccan authorities searched the vessel, the crew was paid for their services and given their tickets to fly home.
FTA also says that the members of the drug-smuggling gang, who were caught, tried and sentenced, never implicated any involvement by Mr Packwood or his fellow crewmembers.
FTA's director, Stephen Jakobi, told Costa del Sol News that a Spanish hearing to decide on the extradition issue is expected in April or May, unless the Moroccan authorities withdraw. "We do not think the Spanish legal process is likely to go well," he said, as the requirements for extradition are minimal. Meanwhile, a cross-party group of British MEPs has raised Mr Packwood's case with the Moroccan Ambassador to the EU in Brussels, and FTA's Jakobi says that the Foreign Commonwealth Office is "pushing gently behind the scenes," which he says is unusual at this stage in the process.
FTA has featured Mr Packwood and his case in the 'Prisoner of the Month' feature on its Web site, www.fairtrialsabroad.org, appealing for support from the public via letter-writing campaigns.
The joint commission set up between the Gibraltar government and the association of town halls of the Campo de Gibraltar region (Mancomunidad) held its second meeting on Monday. The purpose of the cross-border dialogue is to seek a mutual response and action to problems that are faced by both communities.
The latest meeting was held at the Mancomunidad's headquarters in Algeciras. After the meeting the president of the Mancomunidad, Juan Montedeoca, said both sides had put into effect the existing good will to reach agreements on three issues. The first is the commissioning of a joint epidemiological study to measure the levels of cancer in the region. The second involves closer cross-border co-operation between police, fire and ambulance services in order to deal with emergencies in the bay zone. The third will see Gibraltar and the Campo de Gibraltar offer a combined tourist product to the tourism market.
One project that fell victim to the Junta de Andalucía's limitations on Benalmádena's marina expansion plans was Mayor Enrique Bolín's proposed landmark opera house. Having envisioned the project as a chance to create an architectural flourish that would serve as a recognisable symbol of the Costa del Sol - much like the Sydney opera house does for the famous Australian city - the Town Hall commissioned a cutting-edge design from famous Spanish architect Guillermo Vázquez Consuegra. Now, with the limitations on the marina expansion having killed the project in Benalmádena, Mayor Bolín last week donated the architectural plans to Málaga Mayor Francisco de la Torre, in the hope that the 'Palacio de Opera de la Costa del Sol' can find new life in the capital city.
Sr Bolín said he decided to donate the plans after it was announced that Málaga Town Hall had come to an agreement with the Ministry of Culture and the Junta de Andalucía for the creation of such a facility in the city. According to Benalmádena Town Hall, the architectural plans could very well "meet Málaga's desire to create a singular, emblematic building - a structure that in and of itself draws attention and serves to distinguish the capital city."
The health ministry of the regional government has officially asked Estepona Town Hall to provide a suitable site for a hospital centre of high resolution (CARE) that should be operational by 2008.
The announcement came after the provincial delegate for health, María Antigua Escalera, visited Estepona to meet with the mayor and local health officials. Sra.Escalera stated that a site with a minimum of 40,000 square metres would be required.
The mayor, Antonio Barrientos, said a meeting would be held this week with the team drawing up the new town planning ordinance to select an appropriate area. He stated that this would most like be in the Guadalobón zone because it has very good communications and there is land available on sites over 40,000 square metres.
The CARE medical centres are aimed to give rapid attention to patients and to diagnose illnesses using the latest technologies and to have a large variety of specialists in attendance. Similar hospitals are already planned for both Mijas and Benalmádena.
The announcement of the CARE hospital for Estepona is welcome news for a municipality that up to now has had to rely on the services of just one overworked medical centre. Further good news is that the long delayed second health centre is now well underway and its construction should be completed by August. Work will also start soon on refurbishing the existing health centre and will be carried out once the new centre is operational.
Signs have been erected around Nerja as reminders that it is prohibited to feed stray animals. The Town Hall has installed the warnings in many public areas, including the Balcón de Europa and the Verano Azul park, following complaints about the presence of animals attracted by the food left out for them. The cleansing department says that foreigners are principally responsible for feeding the animals, but local residents said that they often had to collect the containers, left full of milk and food which had gone off and had started producing bad smells. The presence of stray animals has also been the subject of complaints from schools, including the Fuente del Badén college, and in areas such as the Bendito mirador where many feral cats are to be found. Meanwhile, in an effort to care for stray cats while eliminating the nuisance their feeding can cause, a Nerja animal charity has opened the town's second Cat Café. The first feeding station for strays, at the Monaco Hotel, has now been followed by another, installed in the grounds of the Hotel Avalon by the Costa Animal Society. This will enable CAS to monitor the local feral population for illness, feed them daily with dry food and water and arrange for them to be spayed. Following the success of the pioneering project, a third Cat Café is planned for the Tropicano Urbanisation.
RESIDENTS IN THE EL CHAPARIL AREA HAVE REFERRED TO "THE CHAOS" WHICH THEY CLAIM EXISTS EVERY TUESDAY WHEN ALMOST 200 STALLS ARE ERECTED ON AROUND 4,000 SQUARE METRES OF PUBLIC THOROUGHFARE.
Residents say that it is now over a year since the Town Hall announced that the market would be moved out of the town centre to the Almijara area, but that this undertaking has not been met.
Those who live in the affected streets say that, on market days, ambulances and taxis cannot reach their homes and private vehicles remained trapped in underground car parks. Parents of children at a school located on the market's edge complain that collecting them on Tuesdays becomes "an odyssey" and frequently involves parking illegally, while businesses in the area say they cannot get delivery vans near their premises. All concerned have made a renewed plea to the Town Hall to resolve the situation urgently.
The choice of the Almijara area, announced last year, proved controversial. The Town Hall said that the 17,000 square metre site would be planted with trees and asphalted, that ample car parking would be available and that a local bus service would be provided from the town centre. Last April was set as the date for the move, diggers moved in and the water authority was asked for permission to use the land. But there was growing opposition over the move with residents of the Almijara zone rejecting the proposal in letters to the Town Hall and other bodies, claiming that the area chosen was excessive for the markets, which require only 11,000 square metres, and suggesting the El Playazo area or the old Larios sugar factory site as alternatives.
In the spring of last year, the market traders entered the debate, criticising the move to an out-of-town location, even if additional public transport were to be provided as promised. The area around the Enrique López Cuenca sports stadium, to the north-east of the centre, was suggested and at one time was reported to have been chosen as the new site.
In the latest development in the saga, the councillor responsible, José Miguel Jimena, said last week that the Sunday flea market, which presently uses the same site as the Tuesday market, will move to Almijara next month, but the produce and goods market cannot move there until work at the Barranco de Traqueones is completed.
THERE WAS RELIEF IN BRUSSELS AND MANY EUROPEAN CAPITALS AS SPAIN WENT TO THE POLLS IN A REFERENDUM ON THE DRAFT EC CONSTITUTION AND APPROVED IT BY 76.73 PER CENT OF THE VOTES WITH JUST 17.24 PER CENT AGAINST.
However, the real story was the level of voter apathy with 42.32 per cent of eligible Spaniards voting whilst 57.68 per cent stayed at home, the highest level of abstention in the country's recent history.
Many of Andalucía's eight provinces recorded abstention levels above the national average. Equally those who did vote in Andalucía gave the new constitution the third highest approval rating in the country. The Canary Islands topped the poll with 86.03 per cent voting yes, followed by Extremadura with 85.19 per cent and then Andalucía with 83.24 per cent. The Spanish enclave of Melilla also recorded a high vote with 84.56 per cent.
The highest yes vote in Andalucía was in Almería with 86.07 per cent followed by Huelva 85.58, Jaén 85.56, Granada 83.49, Málaga 83.19, Cádiz 82.50, Córdoba 82.00 and Sevilla 81.83. Overall 59.32 per cent of the voters of Andalucía opted not to cast their votes with the highest turnout being in Jaén with 48.62 per cent and the lowest in Cádiz with 35.06 per cent.
Football fans in more than 1,200 bars across Spain faced blank screens last week, after the satellite channel Digital Plus pulled the plug. Almost 2,000 bars and hotels in Andalucía, including 656 in the province of Málaga, were affected by the action which was taken because, according to the broadcaster, they "had not regularised their situation after having been advised that the use that was made of the signal did not meet the terms of the contract".
The channel operates a "pay per view" service for coverage of major football matches, such as Real Madrid versus Barcelona, which generates substantial income for establishments which screen them. Bar owners typically pay 12 euros to receive the transmission of a match, but the terms of the contract specify that this is for private, not public, viewing. It is not the first time that Digital Plus has taken such action against its subscribers - in December 2004, 400 bars in Málaga were disconnected on the eve of an important Barcelona v Málaga clash - but it is reported to be the first operation affecting such a large number, which prevents users purchasing or viewing the broadcasts.
Three weeks ago, Digital Plus advised 19,000 subscribers of its intention to cut off those who failed to regularise their situation by signing up for one of three deals available to bars and hotels, under the banner of "TV Football Club". According to the operator, 45 per cent of the new contracts taken out are for the top service, "Super Football", which permits the holder to show every League and Spanish Cup match for 180 euros per month.
Some weeks ago, the president of Málaga's Association of Hotel Businesses, Rafael Prado, claimed that the subscription fees demanded by Digital Plus for its various services were too high. Many bar owners have come to rely on Digital Plus's coverage of Sunday football to fill their premises but say they find the cost of the pay-per-view coverage to be prohibitive.


So perhaps, you have a pressure cooker, or you are planning to purchase one, and you are looking for some recipes. Not just recipes, great recipes, and not just great recipes, great vegan recipes. Think you cannot find any? This recipe book contains 45 great tasting Vegan recipes designed to be prepared in your pressure cooker.
You no longer have to sacrifice time to prepare a great tasting meal, and if you are looking for Vegan recipes, look no further, it's all right here, 45 Vegan recipes, and they take minutes instead of hours to prepare. Vegan recipes are not always easy to locate, and occasionally have ingredients that do not qualify as a "Vegan" recipe. This recipe book only contains Vegan recipes, and to make them easy to prepare, they are recipes designed for your pressure cooker.
Impress your lunch friends with a delicious vegan squash soup, creamy and delicious, they will feel like they are being served in a vegan restaurant. Feeding the guys for lunch? Serve the vegan pulled pork sandwiches, and they will think they have gone to a barbecue eatery. Surprise the kids with the creamy vegan mac and cheese, or make it for dinner, it's a meal in itself. Or, go for the Moroccan stew for a spicy change, it is a great change from the everyday meals.
Enjoy each of the forty-five recipes in the book, and feel great knowing that you are eating and serving 100% pure vegan recipes. Many of the meals are designed with children in mind, so healthy eating habits can be implemented at the early age. Young or old, everyone will appreciate your cooking ability with these delicious vegan recipes. Serve great tasting and healthy meals every day of the week, eat healthy, and eat well, eat vegan.