text:
The Windows Registry is a hierarchical database that stores low-level settings for the Microsoft Windows operating system and for applications that opt to use the registry. The kernel, device drivers, services, Security Accounts Manager, and user interfaces can all use the registry. The registry also allows access to counters for profiling system performance.
Registry Editor, the user interface for the registry, in Windows 10
Developer(s)
April 6, 1992; 29 years ago (1992-04-06) with Windows 3.1
IA-32, x86-64 and ARM (and historically DEC Alpha, Itanium, MIPS, and PowerPC)
Hierarchical database
docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/SysInfo/registry
In other words, the registry or Windows Registry contains information, settings, options, and other values for programs and hardware installed on all versions of Microsoft Windows operating systems. For example, when a program is installed, a new subkey containing settings such as a program's location, its version, and how to start the program, are all added to the Windows Registry.
When introduced with Windows 3.1, the Windows Registry primarily stored configuration information for COM-based components. Windows 95 and Windows NT extended its use to rationalize and centralize the information in the profusion of INI files, which held the configurations for individual programs, and were stored at various locations.[1][2] It is not a requirement for Windows applications to use the Windows Registry. For example, .NET Framework applications use XML files for configuration, while portable applications usually keep their configuration files with their executables.
1 Rationale
2.1 Keys and values
2.2 Root keys
2.2.1 HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (HKLM)
2.2.2 HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT (HKCR)
2.2.3 HKEY_USERS (HKU)
2.2.4 HKEY_CURRENT_USER (HKCU)
2.2.5 HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA
2.2.6 HKEY_DYN_DATA
2.3 Hives
2.4 File locations
2.4.1 Windows NT
2.4.2 Windows 9x
2.4.3 Windows 3.11
2.4.4 Windows 10 Mobile
3 Editing
3.1 Registry editors
3.2 .REG files
3.3 Group policies
3.4 Command line editing
3.5 PowerShell commands and scripts
3.6 Programs or scripts
3.7 Offline editing
3.8 COM self-registration
3.9 Advanced functionality
4 Security
5 Backups and recovery
6 Policy
6.1 Group policy
6.2 Legacy systems
7 Virtualization
7.1 INI file virtualization
7.2 Registry virtualization
8 Disadvantages
9 Equivalents and alternatives
RationaleEdit
Prior to the Windows Registry, .INI files stored each program's settings as a text file or binary file, often located in a shared location that did not provide user-specific settings in a multi-user scenario. By contrast, the Windows Registry stores all application settings in one logical repository (but a number of discrete files) and in a standardized form. According to Microsoft, this offers several advantages over .INI files.[2][3] Since file parsing is done much more efficiently with a binary format, it may be read from or written to more quickly than a text INI file. Furthermore, strongly typed data can be stored in the registry, as opposed to the text information stored in .INI files. This is a benefit when editing keys manually using regedit.exe, the built-in Windows Registry Editor. Because user-based registry settings are loaded from a user-specific path rather than from a read-only system location, the registry allows multiple users to share the same machine, and also allows programs to work for less privileged users. Backup and restoration is also simplified as the registry can be accessed over a network connection for remote management/support, including from scripts, using the standard set of APIs, as long as the Remote Registry service is running and firewall rules permit this.
Because the registry is a database, it offers improved system integrity with features such as atomic updates. If two processes attempt to update the same registry value at the same time, one process's change will precede the other's and the overall consistency of the data will be maintained. Where changes are made to .INI files, such race conditions can result in inconsistent data that does not match either attempted update. Windows Vista and later operating systems provide transactional updates to the registry by means of the Kernel Transaction Manager, extending the atomicity guarantees across multiple key and/or value changes, with traditional commit–abort semantics. (Note however that NTFS provides such support for the file system as well, so the same guarantees could, in theory, be obtained with traditional configuration files.)
StructureEdit
Keys and valuesEdit
The registry contains two basic elements: keys and values. Registry keys are container objects similar to folders. Registry values are non-container objects similar to files. Keys may contain values and subkeys. Keys are referenced with a syntax similar to Windows' path names, using backslashes to indicate levels of hierarchy. Keys must have a case insensitive name without backslashes.
The hierarchy of registry keys can only be accessed from a known root key handle (which is anonymous but whose effective value is a constant numeric handle) that is mapped to the content of a registry key preloaded by the kernel from a stored "hive", or to the content of a subkey within another root key, or mapped to a registered service or DLL that provides access to its contained subkeys and values.
E.g. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Windows refers to the subkey "Windows" of the subkey "Microsoft" of the subkey "Software" of the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE root key.
There are seven predefined root keys, traditionally named according to their constant handles defined in the Win32 API, or by synonymous abbreviations (depending on applications):[4]
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE or HKLM
HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG or HKCC
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT or HKCR
HKEY_CURRENT_USER or HKCU
HKEY_USERS or HKU
HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA (only in Windows NT, but invisible in the Windows Registry Editor)[5]
HKEY_DYN_DATA (only in Windows 9x, and visible in the Windows Registry Editor)
Like other files and services in Windows, all registry keys may be restricted by access control lists (ACLs), depending on user privileges, or on security tokens acquired by applications, or on system security policies enforced by the system (these restrictions may be predefined by the system itself, and configured by local system administrators or by domain administrators). Different users, programs, services or remote systems may only see some parts of the hierarchy or distinct hierarchies from the same root keys.
Registry values are name/data pairs stored within keys. Registry values are referenced separately from registry keys. Each registry value stored in a registry key has a unique name whose letter case is not significant. The Windows API functions that query and manipulate registry values take value names separately from the key path and/or handle that identifies the parent key. Registry values may contain backslashes in their names, but doing so makes them difficult to distinguish from their key paths when using some legacy Windows Registry API functions (whose usage is deprecated in Win32).
The terminology is somewhat misleading, as each registry key is similar to an associative array, where standard terminology would refer to the name part of each registry value as a "key". The terms are a holdout from the 16-bit registry in Windows 3, in which registry keys could not contain arbitrary name/data pairs, but rather contained only one unnamed value (which had to be a string). In this sense, the Windows 3 registry was like a single associative array, in which the keys (in the sense of both 'registry key' and 'associative array key') formed a hierarchy, and the registry values were all strings. When the 32-bit registry was created, so was the additional capability of creating multiple named values per key, and the meanings of the names were somewhat distorted.[6] For compatibility with the previous behavior, each registry key may have a "default" value, whose name is the empty string.
Each value can store arbitrary data with variable length and encoding, but which is associated with a symbolic type (defined as a numeric constant) defining how to parse this data. The standard types are:[7]
List of standard registry value types
Type ID
Symbolic type name
Meaning and encoding of the data stored in the registry value
0 REG_NONE No type (the stored value, if any)
1 REG_SZ A string value, normally stored and exposed in UTF-16LE (when using the Unicode version of Win32 API functions), usually terminated by a NUL character
2 REG_EXPAND_SZ An "expandable" string value that can contain environment variables, normally stored and exposed in UTF-16LE, usually terminated by a NUL character
3 REG_BINARY Binary data (any arbitrary data)
4 REG_DWORD / REG_DWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN A DWORD value, a 32-bit unsigned integer (numbers between 0 and 4,294,967,295 [232 – 1]) (little-endian)
5 REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN A DWORD value, a 32-bit unsigned integer (numbers between 0 and 4,294,967,295 [232 – 1]) (big-endian)
6 REG_LINK A symbolic link (UNICODE) to another registry key, specifying a root key and the path to the target key
7 REG_MULTI_SZ A multi-string value, which is an ordered list of non-empty strings, normally stored and exposed in Unicode, each one terminated by a null character, the list being normally terminated by a second null character.[8]
8 REG_RESOURCE_LIST A resource list (used by the Plug-n-Play hardware enumeration and configuration)
9 REG_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR A resource descriptor (used by the Plug-n-Play hardware enumeration and configuration)
10 REG_RESOURCE_REQUIREMENTS_LIST A resource requirements list (used by the Plug-n-Play hardware enumeration and configuration)
11 REG_QWORD / REG_QWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN A QWORD value, a 64-bit integer (either big- or little-endian, or unspecified) (introduced in Windows 2000)[9]
Root keysEdit
The keys at the root level of the hierarchical database are generally named by their Windows API definitions, which all begin "HKEY".[2] They are frequently abbreviated to a three- or four-letter short name starting with "HK" (e.g. HKCU and HKLM). Technically, they are predefined handles (with known constant values) to specific keys that are either maintained in memory, or stored in hive files stored in the local filesystem and loaded by the system kernel at boot time and then shared (with various access rights) between all processes running on the local system, or loaded and mapped in all processes started in a user session when the user logs on the system.
The HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (local machine-specific configuration data) and HKEY_CURRENT_USER (user-specific configuration data) nodes have a similar structure to each other; user applications typically look up their settings by first checking for them in "HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Vendor's name\Application's name\Version\Setting name", and if the setting is not found, look instead in the same location under the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE key[citation needed]. However, the converse may apply for administrator-enforced policy settings where HKLM may take precedence over HKCU. The Windows Logo Program has specific requirements for where different types of user data may be stored, and that the concept of least privilege be followed so that administrator-level access is not required to use an application.[a][10]
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (HKLM)Edit
Abbreviated HKLM, HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE stores settings that are specific to the local computer.[11]
The key located by HKLM is actually not stored on disk, but maintained in memory by the system kernel in order to map all the other subkeys. Applications cannot create any additional subkeys. On Windows NT, this key contains four subkeys, "SAM", "SECURITY", "SYSTEM", and "SOFTWARE", that are loaded at boot time within their respective files located in the %SystemRoot%\System32\config folder. A fifth subkey, "HARDWARE", is volatile and is created dynamically, and as such is not stored in a file (it exposes a view of all the currently detected Plug-and-Play devices). On Windows Vista and above, a sixth and seventh subkey, "COMPONENTS" and "BCD", are mapped in memory by the kernel on-demand and loaded from %SystemRoot%\system32\config\COMPONENTS or from boot configuration data, \boot\BCD on the system partition.
The "HKLM\SAM" key usually appears as empty for most users (unless they are granted access by administrators of the local system or administrators of domains managing the local system). It is used to reference all "Security Accounts Manager" (SAM) databases for all domains into which the local system has been administratively authorized or configured (including the local domain of the running system, whose SAM database is stored in a subkey also named "SAM": other subkeys will be created as needed, one for each supplementary domain). Each SAM database contains all builtin accounts (mostly group aliases) and configured accounts (users, groups and their aliases, including guest accounts and administrator accounts) created and configured on the respective domain, for each account in that domain, it notably contains the user name which can be used to log on that domain, the internal unique user identifier in the domain, a cryptographic hash of each user's password for each enabled authentication protocol, the location of storage of their user registry hive, various status flags (for example if the account can be enumerated and be visible in the logon prompt screen), and the list of domains (including the local domain) into which the account was configured.
The "HKLM\SECURITY" key usually appears empty for most users (unless they are granted access by users with administrative privileges) and is linked to the Security database of the domain into which the current user is logged on (if the user is logged on the local system domain, this key will be linked to the registry hive stored by the local machine and managed by local system administrators or by the builtin "System" account and Windows installers). The kernel will access it to read and enforce the security policy applicable to the current user and all applications or operations executed by this user. It also contains a "SAM" subkey which is dynamically linked to the SAM database of the domain onto which the current user is logged on.
The "HKLM\SYSTEM" key is normally only writable by users with administrative privileges on the local system. It contains information about the Windows system setup, data for the secure random number generator (RNG), the list of currently mounted devices containing a filesystem, several numbered "HKLM\SYSTEM\Control Sets" containing alternative configurations for system hardware drivers and services running on the local system (including the currently used one and a backup), a "HKLM\SYSTEM\Select" subkey containing the status of these Control Sets, and a "HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet" which is dynamically linked at boot time to the Control Set which is currently used on the local system. Each configured Control Set contains:
an "Enum" subkey enumerating all known Plug-and-Play devices and associating them with installed system drivers (and storing the device-specific configurations of these drivers),
a "Services" subkey listing all installed system drivers (with non device-specific configuration, and the enumeration of devices for which they are instantiated) and all programs running as services (how and when they can be automatically started),
a "Control" subkey organizing the various hardware drivers and programs running as services and all other system-wide configuration,
a "Hardware Profiles" subkey enumerating the various profiles that have been tuned (each one with "System" or "Software" settings used to modify the default profile, either in system drivers and services or in the applications) as well as the "Hardware Profiles\Current" subkey which is dynamically linked to one of these profiles.
The "HKLM\SOFTWARE" subkey contains software and Windows settings (in the default hardware profile). It is mostly modified by application and system installers. It is organized by software vendor (with a subkey for each), but also contains a "Windows" subkey for some settings of the Windows user interface, a "Classes" subkey containing all registered associations from file extensions, MIME types, Object Classes IDs and interfaces IDs (for OLE, COM/DCOM and ActiveX), to the installed applications or DLLs that may be handling these types on the local machine (however these associations are configurable for each user, see below), and a "Policies" subkey (also organized by vendor) for enforcing general usage policies on applications and system services (including the central certificates store used for authenticating, authorizing or disallowing remote systems or services running outside the local network domain).
The "HKLM\SOFTWARE\Wow6432Node" key is used by 32-bit applications on a 64-bit Windows OS, and is equivalent to but separate from "HKLM\SOFTWARE". The key path is transparently presented to 32-bit applications by WoW64 as HKLM\SOFTWARE[12] (in a similar way that 32-bit applications see %SystemRoot%\Syswow64 as %SystemRoot%\System32)
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT (HKCR)Edit
Abbreviated HKCR, HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT contains information about registered applications, such as file associations and OLE Object Class IDs, tying them to the applications used to handle these items. On Windows 2000 and above, HKCR is a compilation of user-based HKCU\Software\Classes and machine-based HKLM\Software\Classes. If a given value exists in both of the subkeys above, the one in HKCU\Software\Classes takes precedence.[13] The design allows for either machine- or user-specific registration of COM objects.
HKEY_USERS (HKU)Edit
Abbreviated HKU, HKEY_USERS contains subkeys corresponding to the HKEY_CURRENT_USER keys for each user profile actively loaded on the machine, though user hives are usually only loaded for currently logged-in users.
HKEY_CURRENT_USER (HKCU)Edit
Abbreviated HKCU, HKEY_CURRENT_USER stores settings that are specific to the currently logged-in user.[14] The HKEY_CURRENT_USER key is a link to the subkey of HKEY_USERS that corresponds to the user; the same information is accessible in both locations. The specific subkey referenced is "(HKU)\(SID)\..." where (SID) corresponds to the Windows SID; if the "(HKCU)" key has the following suffix "(HKCU)\Software\Classes\..." then it corresponds to "(HKU)\(SID)_CLASSES\..." i.e. the suffix has the string "_CLASSES" is appended to the (SID).
On Windows NT systems, each user's settings are stored in their own files called NTUSER.DAT and USRCLASS.DAT inside their own Documents and Settings subfolder (or their own Users sub folder in Windows Vista and above). Settings in this hive follow users with a roaming profile from machine to machine.
HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATAEdit
This key provides runtime information into performance data provided by either the NT kernel itself, or running system drivers, programs and services that provide performance data. This key is not stored in any hive and not displayed in the Registry Editor, but it is visible through the registry functions in the Windows API, or in a simplified view via the Performance tab of the Task Manager (only for a few performance data on the local system) or via more advanced control panels (such as the Performances Monitor or the Performances Analyzer which allows collecting and logging these data, including from remote systems).
HKEY_DYN_DATAEdit
This key is used only on Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows ME.[15] It contains information about hardware devices, including Plug and Play and network performance statistics. The information in this hive is also not stored on the hard drive. The Plug and Play information is gathered and configured at startup and is stored in memory.[16]
HivesEdit
Even though the registry presents itself as an integrated hierarchical database, branches of the registry are actually stored in a number of disk files called hives.[17] (The word hive constitutes an in-joke.)[18]
Some hives are volatile and are not stored on disk at all. An example of this is the hive of the branch starting at HKLM\HARDWARE. This hive records information about system hardware and is created each time the system boots and performs hardware detection.
Individual settings for users on a system are stored in a hive (disk file) per user. During user login, the system loads the user hive under the HKEY_USERS key and sets the HKCU (HKEY_CURRENT_USER) symbolic reference to point to the current user. This allows applications to store/retrieve settings for the current user implicitly under the HKCU key.
Not all hives are loaded at any one time. At boot time, only a minimal set of hives are loaded, and after that, hives are loaded as the operating system initializes and as users log in or whenever a hive is explicitly loaded by an application.
File locationsEdit
The registry is physically stored in several files, which are generally obfuscated from the user-mode APIs used to manipulate the data inside the registry. Depending upon the version of Windows, there will be different files and different locations for these files, but they are all on the local machine. The location for system registry files in Windows NT is %SystemRoot%\System32\Config; the user-specific HKEY_CURRENT_USER user registry hive is stored in Ntuser.dat inside the user profile. There is one of these per user; if a user has a roaming profile, then this file will be copied to and from a server at logout and login respectively. A second user-specific registry file named UsrClass.dat contains COM registry entries and does not roam by default.
Windows NTEdit
Windows NT systems store the registry in a binary file format which can be exported, loaded and unloaded by the Registry Editor in these operating systems. The following system registry files are stored in %SystemRoot%\System32\Config\:
Sam – HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SAM
Security – HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SECURITY
Software – HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE
System – HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM
Default – HKEY_USERS\.DEFAULT
Userdiff – Not associated with a hive. Used only when upgrading operating systems.[19]
The following file is stored in each user's profile folder:
%USERPROFILE%\Ntuser.dat – HKEY_USERS\<User SID> (linked to by HKEY_CURRENT_USER)
For Windows 2000, Server 2003 and Windows XP, the following additional user-specific file is used for file associations and COM information:
%USERPROFILE%\Local Settings\Application Data\Microsoft\Windows\Usrclass.dat (path is localized) – HKEY_USERS\<User SID>_Classes (HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes)
For Windows Vista and later, the path was changed to:
%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Usrclass.dat (path is not localized) alias %LocalAppData%\Microsoft\Windows\Usrclass.dat – HKEY_USERS\<User SID>_Classes (HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Classes)
Windows 2000 keeps an alternate copy of the registry hives (.ALT) and attempts to switch to it when corruption is detected.[20] Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 do not maintain a System.alt hive because NTLDR on those versions of Windows can process the System.log file to bring up to date a System hive that has become inconsistent during a shutdown or crash. In addition, the %SystemRoot%\Repair folder contains a copy of the system's registry hives that were created after installation and the first successful startup of Windows.
Each registry data file has an associated file with a ".log" extension that acts as a transaction log that is used to ensure that any interrupted updates can be completed upon next startup.[21] Internally, Registry files are split into 4 kB "bins" that contain collections of "cells".[21]
Windows 9xEdit
The registry files are stored in the %WINDIR% directory under the names USER.DAT and SYSTEM.DAT with the addition of CLASSES.DAT in Windows ME. Also, each user profile (if profiles are enabled) has its own USER.DAT file which is located in the user's profile directory in %WINDIR%\Profiles\<Username>\.
Windows 3.11Edit
The only registry file is called REG.DAT and it is stored in the %WINDIR% directory.
Windows 10 MobileEdit
Note: To access the registry files, the Phone needs to be set in a special mode using either:
WpInternals ( Put the mobile device into flash mode. )
InterOp Tools ( mount the MainOS Partition with MTP. )
If any of above Methods worked - The Device Registry Files can be found in the following location:
{Phone}\EFIESP\Windows\System32\config
Note: InterOp Tools also includes a registry editor.
EditingEdit
Registry editorsEdit
The registry contains important configuration information for the operating system, for installed applications as well as individual settings for each user and application. A careless change to the operating system configuration in the registry could cause irreversible damage, so it is usually only installer programs which perform changes to the registry database during installation/configuration and removal. If a user wants to edit the registry manually, Microsoft recommends that a backup of the registry be performed before the change.[22] When a program is removed from control panel, it may not be completely removed and, in case of errors or glitches caused by references to missing programs, the user might have to manually check inside directories such as program files. After this, the user might need to manually remove any reference to the uninstalled program in the registry. This is usually done by using RegEdit.exe.[23] Editing the registry is sometimes necessary when working around Windows-specific issues e.g. problems when logging onto a domain can be resolved by editing the registry.[24]
Windows Registry can be edited manually using programs such as RegEdit.exe, although these tools do not expose some of the registry's metadata such as the last modified date.
The registry editor for the 3.1/95 series of operating systems is RegEdit.exe and for Windows NT it is RegEdt32.exe; the functionalities are merged in Windows XP. Optional and/or third-party tools similar to RegEdit.exe are available for many Windows CE versions.
Registry Editor allows users to perform the following functions:
Creating, manipulating, renaming[25] and deleting registry keys, subkeys, values and value data
Importing and exporting .REG files, exporting data in the binary hive format
Loading, manipulating and unloading registry hive format files (Windows NT systems only)
Setting permissions based on ACLs (Windows NT systems only)
Bookmarking user-selected registry keys as Favorites
Finding particular strings in key names, value names and value data
Remotely editing the registry on another networked computer
.REG filesEdit
.REG files (also known as Registration entries) are text-based human-readable files for exporting and importing portions of the registry using a INI-based syntax. On Windows 2000 and later, they contain the string Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00 at the beginning and are Unicode-based. On Windows 9x and NT 4.0 systems, they contain the string REGEDIT4 and are ANSI-based.[26] Windows 9x format .REG files are compatible with Windows 2000 and later. The Registry Editor on Windows on these systems also supports exporting .REG files in Windows 9x/NT format. Data is stored in .REG files using the following syntax:[26]
[<Hive name>\<Key name>\<Subkey name>]
"Value name"=<Value type>:<Value data>
The Default Value of a key can be edited by using "@" instead of "Value Name":
@=<Value type>:<Value data>
String values do not require a <Value type> (see example), but backslashes ('\') need to be written as a double-backslash ('\\'), and quotes ('"') as backslash-quote ('\"').
For example, to add the values "Value A", "Value B", "Value C", "Value D", "Value E", "Value F", "Value G", "Value H", "Value I", "Value J", "Value K", "Value L", and "Value M" to the HKLM\SOFTWARE\Foobar key:
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Foobar]
"Value A"="<String value data with escape characters>"
"Value B"=hex:<Binary data (as comma-delimited list of hexadecimal values)>
"Value C"=dword:<DWORD value integer>
"Value D"=hex(0):<REG_NONE (as comma-delimited list of hexadecimal values)>
"Value E"=hex(1):<REG_SZ (as comma-delimited list of hexadecimal values representing a UTF-16LE NUL-terminated string)>
"Value F"=hex(2):<Expandable string value data (as comma-delimited list of hexadecimal values representing a UTF-16LE NUL-terminated string)>
"Value G"=hex(3):<Binary data (as comma-delimited list of hexadecimal values)> ; equal to "Value B"
"Value H"=hex(4):<DWORD value (as comma-delimited list of 4 hexadecimal values, in little endian byte order)>
"Value I"=hex(5):<DWORD value (as comma-delimited list of 4 hexadecimal values, in big endian byte order)>
"Value J"=hex(7):<Multi-string value data (as comma-delimited list of hexadecimal values representing UTF-16LE NUL-terminated strings)>
"Value K"=hex(8):<REG_RESOURCE_LIST (as comma-delimited list of hexadecimal values)>
"Value L"=hex(a):<REG_RESOURCE_REQUIREMENTS_LIST (as comma-delimited list of hexadecimal values)>
"Value M"=hex(b):<QWORD value (as comma-delimited list of 8 hexadecimal values, in little endian byte order)>
Data from .REG files can be added/merged with the registry by double-clicking these files or using the /s switch in the command line. REG files can also be used to remove registry data.
To remove a key (and all subkeys, values and data), the key name must be preceded by a minus sign ("-").[26]
For example, to remove the HKLM\SOFTWARE\Foobar key (and all subkeys, values and data),
[-HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Foobar]
To remove a value (and its data), the values to be removed must have a minus sign ("-") after the equal sign ("=").[26]
For example, to remove only the "Value A" and "Value B" values (and their data) from the HKLM\SOFTWARE\Foobar key:
"Value A"=-
"Value B"=-
To remove only the Default value of the key HKLM\SOFTWARE\Foobar (and its data):
@=-
Lines beginning with a semicolon are considered comments:
; This is a comment. This can be placed in any part of a .reg file
"Value"="Example string"
Group policiesEdit
Main article: Group Policy
Windows group policies can change registry keys for a number of machines or individual users based on policies. When a policy first takes effect for a machine or for an individual user of a machine, the registry settings specified as part of the policy are applied to the machine or user settings.
Windows will also look for updated policies and apply them periodically, typically every 90 minutes.[27]
Through its scope a policy defines which machines and/or users the policy is to be applied to. Whether a machine or user is within the scope of a policy or not is defined by a set of rules which can filter on the location of the machine or user account in organizational directory, specific users or machine accounts or security groups. More advanced rules can be set up using Windows Management Instrumentation expressions. Such rules can filter on properties such as computer vendor name, CPU architecture, installed software, or networks connected to.
For instance, the administrator can create a policy with one set of registry settings for machines in the accounting department and policy with another (lock-down) set of registry settings for kiosk terminals in the visitors area. When a machine is moved from one scope to another (e.g. changing its name or moving it to another organizational unit), the correct policy is automatically applied. When a policy is changed it is automatically re-applied to all machines currently in its scope.
The policy is edited through a number of administrative templates which provides a user interface for picking and changing settings. The set of administrative templates is extensible and software packages which support such remote administration can register their own templates.
Command line editingEdit
Proprietary commercial software
docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/reg
regini
docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/regini
The registry can be manipulated in a number of ways from the command line. The Reg.exe and RegIni.exe utility tools are included in Windows XP and later versions of Windows. Alternative locations for legacy versions of Windows include the Resource Kit CDs or the original Installation CD of Windows.
Also, a .REG file can be imported from the command line with the following command:
RegEdit.exe /s file
The /s means the file will be silent merged to the registry. If the /s parameter is omitted the user will be asked to confirm the operation. In Windows 98, Windows 95 and at least some configurations of Windows XP the /s switch also causes RegEdit.exe to ignore the setting in the registry that allows administrators to disable it. When using the /s switch RegEdit.exe does not return an appropriate return code if the operation fails, unlike Reg.exe which does.
RegEdit.exe /e file
exports the whole registry in V5 format to a UNICODE .REG file, while any of
RegEdit.exe /e file HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT[\<key>]
RegEdit.exe /e file HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG[\<key>]
RegEdit.exe /e file HKEY_CURRENT_USER[\<key>]
RegEdit.exe /e file HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE[\<key>]
RegEdit.exe /e file HKEY_USERS[\<key>]
export the specified (sub)key (which has to be enclosed in quotes if it contains spaces) only.
RegEdit.exe /a file
exports the whole registry in V4 format to an ANSI .REG file.
RegEdit.exe /a file <key>
exports the specified (sub)key (which has to be enclosed in quotes if it contains spaces) only.
It is also possible to use Reg.exe. Here is a sample to display the value of the registry value Version:
Reg.exe QUERY HKLM\Software\Microsoft\ResKit /v Version
Other command line options include a VBScript or JScript together with CScript, WMI or WMIC.exe and Windows PowerShell.
Registry permissions can be manipulated through the command line using RegIni.exe and the SubInACL.exe tool. For example, the permissions on the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE key can be displayed using:
SubInACL.exe /keyreg HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE /display
PowerShell commands and scriptsEdit
Using PowerShell to navigate the registry
Windows PowerShell comes with a registry provider which presents the registry as a location type similar to the file system. The same commands used to manipulate files and directories in the file system can be used to manipulate keys and values of the registry.[28]
Also like the file system, PowerShell uses the concept of a current location which defines the context on which commands by default operate. The Get-ChildItem (also available through the aliases ls, dir or gci) retrieves the child keys of the current location. By using the Set-Location (or the alias cd) command the user can change the current location to another key of the registry.[28] Commands which rename items, remove items, create new items or set content of items or properties can be used to rename keys, remove keys or entire sub-trees or change values.
Through PowerShell scripts files, an administrator can prepare scripts which, when executed, make changes to the registry. Such scripts can be distributed to administrators who can execute them on individual machines. The PowerShell Registry provider supports transactions, i.e. multiple changes to the registry can be bundled into a single atomic transaction. An atomic transaction ensures that either all of the changes are committed to the database, or if the script fails, none of the changes are committed to the database.[28][29]
Programs or scriptsEdit
The registry can be edited through the APIs of the Advanced Windows 32 Base API Library (advapi32.dll).[30]
List of registry API functions
RegCloseKey RegOpenKey RegConnectRegistry RegOpenKeyEx
RegCreateKey RegQueryInfoKey RegCreateKeyEx RegQueryMultipleValues
RegDeleteKey RegQueryValue RegDeleteValue RegQueryValueEx
RegEnumKey RegReplaceKey RegEnumKeyEx RegRestoreKey
RegEnumValue RegSaveKey RegFlushKey RegSetKeySecurity
RegGetKeySecurity RegSetValue RegLoadKey RegSetValueEx
RegNotifyChangeKeyValue RegUnLoadKey
Many programming languages offer built-in runtime library functions or classes that wrap the underlying Windows APIs and thereby enable programs to store settings in the registry (e.g. Microsoft.Win32.Registry in VB.NET and C#, or TRegistry in Delphi and Free Pascal). COM-enabled applications like Visual Basic 6 can use the WSH WScript.Shell object. Another way is to use the Windows Resource Kit Tool, Reg.exe by executing it from code,[31] although this is considered poor programming practice.
Similarly, scripting languages such as Perl (with Win32::TieRegistry), Python (with winreg), TCL (which comes bundled with the registry package),[32] Windows Powershell and Windows Scripting Host also enable registry editing from scripts.
Offline editingEdit
The offreg.dll[33] available from the Windows Driver Kit offers a set of APIs for the creation and manipulation of currently not loaded registry hives similar to those provided by advapi32.dll.
It is also possible to edit the registry (hives) of an offline system from Windows PE or Linux (in the latter case using open source tools).
COM self-registrationEdit
Prior to the introduction of registration-free COM, developers were encouraged to add initialization code to in-process and out-of-process binaries to perform the registry configuration required for that object to work. For in-process binaries such as .DLL and .OCX files, the modules typically exported a function called DllInstall()[34] that could be called by installation programs or invoked manually with utilities like Regsvr32.exe;[35] out-of-process binaries typically support the commandline arguments /Regserver and /Unregserver that created or deleted the required registry settings.[36] COM applications that break because of DLL Hell issues can commonly be repaired with RegSvr32.exe or the /RegServer switch without having to re-invoke installation programs.[37]
Advanced functionalityEdit
Windows exposes APIs that allows user-mode applications to register to receive a notification event if a particular registry key is changed.[38] APIs are also available to allow kernel-mode applications to filter and modify registry calls made by other applications.[39]
Windows also supports remote access to the registry of another computer via the RegConnectRegistry function[40] if the Remote Registry service is running, correctly configured and its network traffic is not firewalled.[41]
SecurityEdit
Main article: Security descriptor
Each key in the registry of Windows NT versions can have an associated security descriptor. The security descriptor contains an access control list (ACL) that describes which user groups or individual users are granted or denied access permissions. The set of registry permissions include 10 rights/permissions which can be explicitly allowed or denied to a user or a group of users.
Registry permissions
Query Value The right to read the registry key value.
Set Value The right to write a new value
Create Subkey The right to create subkeys.
Enumerate Subkeys Allow the enumeration of subkeys.
Notify The right to request change notifications for registry keys or subkeys.
Create Link Reserved by the operating system.
Delete The right to delete a key.
Write DACL The right to modify permissions of the container's DACL.
Write Owner The right to modify the container's owner.
Read Control The right to read the DACL.
As with other securable objects in the operating system, individual access control entries (ACE) on the security descriptor can be explicit or inherited from a parent object.[42]
Windows Resource Protection is a feature of Windows Vista and later versions of Windows that uses security to deny Administrators and the system WRITE access to some sensitive keys to protect the integrity of the system from malware and accidental modification.[43]
Special ACEs on the security descriptor can also implement mandatory integrity control for the registry key and subkeys. A process running at a lower integrity level cannot write, change or delete a registry key/value, even if the account of the process has otherwise been granted access through the ACL. For instance, Internet Explorer running in Protected Mode can read medium and low integrity registry keys/values of the currently logged on user, but it can only modify low integrity keys.[44]
Outside security, registry keys cannot be deleted or edited due to other causes. Registry keys containing NUL characters cannot be deleted with standard registry editors and require a special utility for deletion, such as RegDelNull.[45][46]
Backups and recoveryEdit
Different editions of Windows have supported a number of different methods to back up and restore the registry over the years, some of which are now deprecated:
System Restore can back up the registry and restore it as long as Windows is bootable, or from the Windows Recovery Environment (starting with Windows Vista).
NTBackup can back up the registry as part of the System State and restore it. Automated System Recovery in Windows XP can also restore the registry.
On Windows NT, the Last Known Good Configuration option in startup menu relinks the HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet key, which stores hardware and device driver information.
Windows 98 and Windows ME include command line (Scanreg.exe) and GUI (Scanregw.exe) registry checker tools to check and fix the integrity of the registry, create up to five automatic regular backups by default and restore them manually or whenever corruption is detected.[47] The registry checker tool backs up the registry, by default, to %Windir%\Sysbckup Scanreg.exe can also run from MS-DOS.[48]
The Windows 95 CD-ROM included an Emergency Recovery Utility (ERU.exe) and a Configuration Backup Tool (Cfgback.exe) to back up and restore the registry. Additionally Windows 95 backs up the registry to the files system.da0 and user.da0 on every successful boot.
Windows NT 4.0 included RDISK.EXE, a utility to back up and restore the entire registry.[49]
Windows 2000 Resource Kit contained an unsupported pair of utilities called Regback.exe and RegRest.exe for backup and recovery of the registry.[50]
Periodic automatic backups of the registry are now disabled by default on Windows 10 May 2019 Update (version 1903). Microsoft recommends System Restore be used instead.[51]
PolicyEdit
Group policyEdit
Windows 2000 and later versions of Windows use Group Policy to enforce registry settings through a registry-specific client extension in the Group Policy processing engine.[52] Policy may be applied locally to a single computer using gpedit.msc, or to multiple users and/or computers in a domain using gpmc.msc.
Legacy systemsEdit
With Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME and Windows NT 4.0, administrators can use a special file to be merged into the registry, called a policy file (POLICY.POL). The policy file allows administrators to prevent non-administrator users from changing registry settings like, for instance, the security level of Internet Explorer and the desktop background wallpaper. The policy file is primarily used in a business with a large number of computers where the business needs to be protected from rogue or careless users.
The default extension for the policy file is .POL. The policy file filters the settings it enforces by user and by group (a "group" is a defined set of users). To do that the policy file merges into the registry, preventing users from circumventing it by simply changing back the settings. The policy file is usually distributed through a LAN, but can be placed on the local computer.
The policy file is created by a free tool by Microsoft that goes by the filename poledit.exe for Windows 95/Windows 98 and with a computer management module for Windows NT. The editor requires administrative permissions to be run on systems that uses permissions. The editor can also directly change the current registry settings of the local computer and if the remote registry service is installed and started on another computer it can also change the registry on that computer. The policy editor loads the settings it can change from .ADM files, of which one is included, that contains the settings the Windows shell provides. The .ADM file is plain text and supports easy localisation by allowing all the strings to be stored in one place.
VirtualizationEdit
INI file virtualizationEdit
Windows NT kernels support redirection of INI file-related APIs into a virtual file in a registry location such as HKEY_CURRENT_USER using a feature called "InifileMapping".[53] This functionality was introduced to allow legacy applications written for 16-bit versions of Windows to be able to run under Windows NT platforms on which the System folder is no longer considered an appropriate location for user-specific data or configuration. Non-compliant 32-bit applications can also be redirected in this manner, even though the feature was originally intended for 16-bit applications.
Registry virtualizationEdit
Windows Vista introduced limited registry virtualization, whereby poorly written applications that do not respect the principle of least privilege and instead try to write user data to a read-only system location (such as the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE hive), are silently redirected to a more appropriate location, without changing the application itself.
Similarly, application virtualization redirects all of an application's invalid registry operations to a location such as a file. Used together with file virtualization, this allows applications to run on a machine without being installed on it.
Low integrity processes may also use registry virtualization. For example, Internet Explorer 7 or 8 running in "Protected Mode" on Windows Vista and above will automatically redirect registry writes by ActiveX controls to a sandboxed location in order to frustrate some classes of security exploits.
The Application Compatibility Toolkit[54] provides shims that can transparently redirect HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE or HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT Registry operations to HKEY_CURRENT_USER to address "LUA" bugs that cause applications not to work for users with insufficient rights.
DisadvantagesEdit
Critics labeled the registry in Windows 95 a single point of failure, because re-installation of the operating system was required if the registry became corrupt.[citation needed] However, Windows NT uses transaction logs to protect against corruption during updates. Current versions of Windows use two levels of log files to ensure integrity even in the case of power failure or similar catastrophic events during database updates.[55] Even in the case of a non-recoverable error, Windows can repair or re-initialize damaged registry entries during system boot.[55]
Equivalents and alternativesEdit
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In Windows, use of the registry for storing program data is a matter of developer's discretion. Microsoft provides programming interfaces for storing data in XML files (via MSXML) or database files (via SQL Server Compact) which developers can use instead. Developers are also free to use non-Microsoft alternatives or develop their own proprietary data stores.
In contrast to Windows Registry's binary-based database model, some other operating systems use separate plain-text files for daemon and application configuration, but group these configurations together for ease of management.
In Unix-like operating systems (including Linux) that follow the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, system-wide configuration files (information similar to what would appear in HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE on Windows) are traditionally stored in files in /etc/ and its subdirectories, or sometimes in /usr/local/etc. Per-user information (information that would be roughly equivalent to that in HKEY_CURRENT_USER) is stored in hidden directories and files (that start with a period/full stop) within the user's home directory. However XDG-compliant applications should refer to the environment variables defined in the Base Directory specification.[56]
In macOS, system-wide configuration files are typically stored in the /Library/ folder, whereas per-user configuration files are stored in the corresponding ~/Library/ folder in the user's home directory, and configuration files set by the system are in /System/Library/. Within these respective directories, an application typically stores a property list file in the Preferences/ sub-directory.
RISC OS (not to be confused with MIPS RISC/os) uses directories for configuration data, which allows applications to be copied into application directories, as opposed to the separate installation process that typifies Windows applications; this approach is also used on the ROX Desktop for Linux.[57] This directory-based configuration also makes it possible to use different versions of the same application, since the configuration is done "on the fly".[58] If one wishes to remove the application, it is possible to simply delete the folder belonging to the application.[59][60] This will often not remove configuration settings which are stored independently from the application, usually within the computer's !Boot structure, in !Boot.Choices or potentially anywhere on a network fileserver. It is possible to copy installed programs between computers running RISC OS by copying the application directories belonging to the programs, however some programs may require re-installing, e.g. when shared files are placed outside an application directory.[58]
IBM AIX (a Unix variant) uses a registry component called Object Data Manager (ODM). The ODM is used to store information about system and device configuration. An extensive set of tools and utilities provides users with means of extending, checking, correcting the ODM database. The ODM stores its information in several files, default location is /etc/objrepos.
The GNOME desktop environment uses a registry-like interface called dconf for storing configuration settings for the desktop and applications.
The Elektra Initiative provides alternative back-ends for various different text configuration files.
While not an operating system, the Wine compatibility layer, which allows Windows software to run on a Unix-like system, also employs a Windows-like registry as text files in the WINEPREFIX folder: system.reg (HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE), user.reg (HKEY_CURRENT_USER) and userdef.reg.[61]
Registry cleaner
LogParser – SQL-like querying of various types of log files
List of Shell Icon Overlay Identifiers
Ransomware attack that uses Registry
^ When applications fail to execute because they request more privileges than they require (and are denied those privileges), this is known as a limited user application (LUA) bug.
FootnotesEdit
^ Esposito, Dino (November 2000). "Windows 2000 Registry: Latest Features and APIs Provide the Power to Customize and Extend Your Apps". MSDN Magazine. Microsoft. Archived from the original on April 15, 2003. Retrieved July 19, 2007.
^ a b c "The System Registry".
^ "Windows 95 Architecture Components". www.microsoft.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2008. Retrieved April 29, 2008. The following table shows other difficulties or limitations caused by using .INI files that are overcome by using the Registry.
^ Hipson 2002, p. 5, 41–43.
^ Richter, Jeffrey; Nasarre, Christophe (2008). Windows Via C/C++ (Fifth ed.). Microsoft Press. ISBN 9780735642461. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
^ Raymond Chen, "Why do registry keys have a default value?"
^ Hipson 2002, pp. 207, 513–514.
^ Hipson 2002, pp. 520–521.
^ Hipson 2002, p. 7.
^ "Designed for Windows XP Application Specification". Microsoft. August 20, 2002. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
^ "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE". Gautam. 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
^ "Registry Keys Affected by WOW64 (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
^ "Description of the Microsoft Windows registry". Retrieved September 25, 2008.
^ "HKEY_CURRENT_USER". Microsoft. 2009. Retrieved April 8, 2009.
^ "Description of the HKEY_DYN_DATA Registry Key in Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows 98 SE". support.microsoft.com.
^ "A Closer Look at HKEY_DYN_DATA". rinet.ru. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008.
^ "Registry hives". Retrieved July 19, 2007.
^ Chen, Raymond (August 8, 2011). "Why is a registry file called a "hive"?". The Old New Thing. Retrieved July 29, 2011.
^ "Overview of the Windows NT Registry". Retrieved December 2, 2011.
^ "Inside the Registry". Retrieved December 28, 2007.
^ a b Norris, Peter (February 2009). "The Internal Structure of the Windows Registry" (PDF). Cranfield University. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 29, 2009. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "Incorrect Icons Displayed for .ico Files". November 15, 2009. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
^ "How to Completely Uninstall / Remove a Software Program in Windows without using 3rd Party Software? - AskVG". www.askvg.com.
^ "You may receive a "STOP 0x00000035 NO_MORE_IRP_STACK_LOCATIONS" error message when you try to log on to a domain". October 9, 2011. Retrieved March 31, 2012. This page tells the user to edit the registry when resolving the issue.
^ key renaming is implemented as removal and add while retaining subkeys/values, as the underlying APIs do not support the rename function directly
^ a b c d "How to add, modify, or delete registry subkeys and values by using a .reg file". support.microsoft.com.
^ "Applying Group Policy". Microsoft.
^ a b c Payette, Bruce; Siddaway, Richard (2018). Windows PowerShell in Action (Third ed.). Manning Publications. pp. 7–8, 24, 608, 708–710. ISBN 9781633430297. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
^ Warner, Timothy L. (May 2015). Windows PowerShell in 24 Hours, Sams Teach Yourself. Sams Publishing. p. 19, 211. ISBN 9780134049359. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
^ "Reading and Writing Registry Values with Visual Basic". Retrieved July 19, 2007.
^ "REG command in Windows XP". Retrieved July 19, 2007.
^ "registry manual page – Tcl Bundled Packages". www.tcl.tk. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
^ "Offline Registry Library". Retrieved June 4, 2014.
^ "DllInstall Function". Microsoft. March 7, 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
^ "Regsvr32". Microsoft. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
^ "How to: Register Automation Servers". Microsoft. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
^ "How to re-register PowerPoint 2000, PowerPoint 2003, PowerPoint 2007 and PowerPoint 2010". Microsoft. January 2012. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
^ "RegNotifyChangeKeyValue function". Microsoft.
^ "Registering for Notifications". Microsoft.
^ "RegConnectRegistry function". Microsoft.
^ "How to Manage Remote Access to the Registry". Microsoft.
^ Gibson, Darril (June 28, 2011). "Chapter 4: Securing Access with Permissions". Microsoft Windows security : essentials. Indianapolis, Ind.: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-118-01684-8.
^ "Application Compatibility: Windows Resource Protection (WRP)". Microsoft. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
^ Marc Silbey, Peter Brundrett. "Understanding and Working in Protected Mode Internet Explorer". Retrieved August 8, 2012.
^ "RegDelNull v1.1". November 1, 2006. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
^ "Unable to delete certain registry keys – Error while deleting key". March 23, 2010. Retrieved August 8, 2012. Microsoft Support page.
^ "Description of the Windows Registry Checker Tool (Scanreg.exe)".
^ "Command-Line Switches for the Registry Checker Tool".
^ "How To Backup, Edit, and Restore the Registry in Windows NT 4.0". support.microsoft.com.
^ "Technical Reference to the Registry: Related Resources". Microsoft. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
^ "Microsoft Kills Automatic Registry Backups in Windows 10". ExtremeTech. Retrieved July 1, 2019.
^ "How Core Group Policy Works". Microsoft. September 2, 2009. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
^ "Chapter 26 – Initialization Files and the Registry". Microsoft. Retrieved March 3, 2008.
^ "Microsoft Application Compatibility Toolkit 5.0". Microsoft. Retrieved July 26, 2008.
^ a b Ionescu, Mark Russinovich, David A. Solomon, Alex (2012). "Registry Internals". Windows internals (6th ed.). Redmond, Wash.: Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-0-7356-4873-9.
^ "XDG Base Directory Specification". standards.freedesktop.org.
^ "Application directories". Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2012.
^ a b "Case Studies Of The Top 132 Annoyances With Operating Systems Other Than RISC OS". Retrieved April 3, 2012. Page from the riscos.com website. Mentioned in points 82 and 104.
^ "RISC OS tour". Retrieved July 19, 2007.
^ "The RISC OS Products Directory". November 2, 2006. Archived from the original on February 19, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
^ 3.2. Using the Registry and Regedit (Wine User Guide)
Hipson, Peter (2002). Mastering Windows XP Registry. Wiley. ISBN 0-7821-2987-0. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
Russinovich, Mark E.; Solomon, David A. (2005). Microsoft Windows Internals (Fourth ed.). Microsoft Press. pp. 183–236. ISBN 978-0-7356-1917-3.
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Windows registry hacks
Windows Registry info & reference in the MSDN Library
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows_Registry&oldid=1060508454"


text:
Q: Android - Will add too many classes inside a Fragment affect memory? I have a Fragment which will load all data by itself. So I created inside it an Asynctask extending class and a Comparator extending class to sort AsyncTask retrieved data. Here is the code:
public class FragmentWidgetDrawer extends Fragment {

    @Override
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        //some code...
    }

    @Override
    public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        //some code...

        return view;
    }

private final class WidgetsLoadTask extends AsyncTask<Void, Void, Void>{

        @Override
        protected Void doInBackground(Void... voids) {
            //some code...
            return null;

        }
    }

public static class WidgetAndShortcutNameComparator implements Comparator<Object> {

        WidgetAndShortcutNameComparator(PackageManager pm) {
            //ctor
        }

        public final int compare(Object a, Object b) {
            //some code...
            return mCollator.compare(labelA, labelB);
        }
    };

So, would adding these classes increase the size of the memory needed by the fragment at the time when I instance it?

A: Yes, they will take up memory, but not much (500 bytes per class - source) and it's common practice to nest async tasks and onClickListeners inside activity or fragment.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The city of Barcelona is one of the true wonders of Spain, thanks to the unique food and incredibly colorful culture. Staying in hostels in Barcelona is a great way to find accommodation for a much lower cost than area hotels and resorts. Particularly if you plan to be out of your room during much of your stay anyway, a youth hostel Barcelona can be a great way to save money, be safe and enjoy the city. One great thing about hostels in Barcelona in particular is that most of them are quite safe.
An example of one of the best hostels Barcelona for a cheap, safe stay is the Hostel Opera. Free internet access for guests and air conditioning make this a nice choice for travelers in a centrally located area in Barcelona. This is also one of the few hostels you will find with rooms for a single hostel Barcelona traveler. The hostel has over 60 units; some are doubles but many are fine for a single hostel Barcelona traveler. Room prices are all under 60 Euros for one night, and the hostel accepts cash, Visa and MasterCard.
Another great choice for hostels in Barcelona is the Barcelona BCN. This youth hostel Barcelona features sleeping dorms of varying sizes, which accommodate anywhere from 4 to 8 people. There are not any accommodations for a single hostel Barcelona traveler at the Barcelona BCN. The BCN does offer complimentary breakfast each morning in the common area, as well as free internet access, linens and a 24 hour check-in service.
If being within walking distance of some of Barcelona's best attractions is a priority, the Mediterranean Youth Hostel is a great choice. This youth hostel Barcelona is just steps away from the Picasso Museum, La Rambla and the downtown Barcelona Cathedral. Dorms accommodate up to 8 people and most of the dorm rooms have their own balcony that looks down over the city, which is something unique among Barcelona hostels.
One thing to remember about hostels Barcelona is that almost all of them will only accept cash, and even the hostels Barcelona that do accept credit cards prefer cash, and may even tack on a fee for credit card use. When paying for your room, it is best to have your cash in Euro form, since you will be unlikely to get the best exchange rate at the hostel check-in desk. Barcelona is generally considered to be quite a safe city for travelers, and as such is the perfect place for staying in a hostel.
Almost every hostel in Barcelona has a shared kitchen, and in the kitchen guests will find dishes. Bring your own food, and be sure to do your own dishes and clean up after yourself. Barcelona is a city famous for its unique spices and interesting foods, so be sure to spice up your hostel cooking with a trip to a local outdoor market. Hostel owners are also a great resource for finding out about great cheap eats and local things to do in Barcelona.


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*IMAGE*
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The Black Pack from Maru uses ECONYL® in our Ecotech swimwear fabric which means our swimwear is made from 100% regenerated nylon waste that otherwise would have been sent off to landfills or the oceans.
From Rubbish to Maru swimwear – the importance of recycling
Who can forget the final episode of Blue Planet 2 which took an unflinching look at the impact of human activity on the oceans, with Sir David Attenborough delivering a powerful rallying call for all of us to do more to protect the marine environment saying that the world's oceans are turning into a 'toxic soup of industrial waste and plastic'.
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On its own, recycling will not save the planet but we all have to start somewhere. As well as being a solution to waste, our Ecotech fabric using ECONYL® regenerated Nylon is also helping reduce the global warming impact of Nylon by up to 80% compared with material from a fossil fuel such as oil. Recycling and the increased use of Eco Friendly fabrics will help reduce consumption of new raw materials which in turn will lead to a reduction of air and water pollution from landfills and marine waste.
As humans, our desire for newness is infinite but the planet's resources aren't. The development and use of sustainable fabrics such as Ecotech will give us the opportunity to satisfy our appetite for newness whilst at the same time protecting the environment.
Words are great but action is far greater and we are proud to support the SEA LIFE Trust whose vision is a world where our seas are healthy, protected and full of diverse marine life.
Made from ECONYL ®, a 100% regenerated Nylon yarn created from ghost fishing nets and other nylon waste, the Black Pack is part of the movement to take ocean trash and turn it into treasure.
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Probation Violation | The Law Offices of Richard L. Cooper, P.A.
If you are currently on probation or parole, it is important to know the law in regards to what violates your status. The consequences of violating your probation or parole are very serious. It is best to be on the right side of the law. If you are currently on probation or parole and are uncertain on any points about what conduct will or will not violate your status, please contact The Law Offices of Richard L. Cooper. If you have already violated your probation or parole, Richard L. Cooper will represent you in your case to make sure you receive the best possible outcome.


This is a placeholder page for Kelli Borchardt, which means this person is not currently on this site. We do suggest using the tools below to find Kelli Borchardt.
You are visiting the placeholder page for Kelli Borchardt. This page is here because someone used our placeholder utility to look for Kelli Borchardt. We created this page automatically in hopes Kelli Borchardt would find it. If you are not Kelli Borchardt, but are an alumni of Mossyrock High School, register on this site for free now.


Electronic cigarette users may be putting themselves at risk of lung disease, as a new study shows how these cigarettes block the ability of the immune system to cleanse the lungs and stop the creation of chemicals harmful.
A Birmingham University study has found that nicotine sucked in by electronic cigarettes becomes much more powerful in cell killing.
The authors still point to the fact that electronic cigarettes have lower risk of lung cancer than ordinary tobacco products, but say they are not as secure as the manufacturers of these cigarettes claim and little is known about the long-term effects.
"I do not believe electronic cigarettes are more harmful than ordinary cigarettes, but we have to be careful and not believe they are as safe as it is claimed for them," one of the authors said.
For this research, which was conducted in human-cell lab tests and published in the Thorax magazine , the team has discovered that some of the damage caused by electronic cigarettes is equivalent to the damage caused by ordinary smoking.


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Love|Liane Terracciano, Daniel Morgese
https://nyti.ms/2qRSBu6
Liane Terracciano, Daniel Morgese
Credit...Peter Texiera
Liane Marie Terracciano and Daniel Robert Morgese were married Dec. 14 at the Parish of St. John Bosco, the Church of Our Lady of Mercy, in Port Chester, N.Y. The Rev. Patrick Angelucci, a Roman Catholic priest, led the ceremony.
Mrs. Morgese, 31, is a group director of strategy in Stamford, Conn., at Octagon, a sports and entertainment marketing and management agency. She graduated from Cornell and received a master's degree in sports and entertainment business management from Manhattanville College.
She is the daughter of Barbara Clarke Terracciano and Joseph M. Terracciano of Yonkers, N.Y. The bride's father, who is retired, was the director of industrial relations at American Postal Workers Union Local 51, and a clerk at the Westchester Processing and Distribution Center for the United States Postal Service, both in White Plains, N.Y. Her mother is a literacy and English as a new language specialist at Thomas Edison Elementary School in Port Chester, N.Y., as well as an adjunct professor at the Graduate School of Education at Manhattanville College in Purchase, N.Y.
Mr. Morgese, 29, is a manager of data product strategy and innovation in Wilton, Conn., at Forrester, a research and advisory firm based in Cambridge, Mass. He graduated from SUNY Geneseo and received an M.B.A. from Binghamton University.
He is the son of Janice Morgese and Deane F. Morgese of Wallkill, N.Y. The groom's mother is a school secretary at S.S. Seward Institute, a public school for grades 6 through 12 in Florida, N.Y. His father is a safety engineer at the Yonkers Contracting Company in Yonkers.
The couple matched on the dating app Tinder in October 2016.


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AirMap raises $15M Series A round to develop its airspace management system for drones
Frederic Lardinois	@fredericl / 5 years
AirMap, a startup that provides drone operators with airspace information to let them know when and where they can fly, today announced that it has raised a $15 million Series A funding round. The round was led by General Catalyst Partners, with Lux Capital (which led the company's $2.6 million seed round), Social Capital, TenOneTen Ventures, Bullpen Capital and the Pritzker Group also participating.
A number of major consumer drone companies, including 3DR and DJI, already use AirMaps' services. The company also recently announced a collaboration with some of the U.S.'s largest airports that will allow drone fliers to share the real-time location of their flights with them.
The company says it plans to use the new funding to accelerate the development of its airspace management tools.
"Our commitment is to help make drones a part of everyday life," said AirMap CEO Ben Marcus in today's announcement. "We fundamentally believe in the transformational impact of this technology. Thousands of innovators are developing amazing applications for drones, ranging from package delivery and industrial inspection to precision agriculture, and public safety. Building a safe and efficient operating environment for drones helps to take these applications from experimental to mainstream."
In addition to today's funding announcement, the company also announced that it is adding three new members to its advisory board. These include former Alaska Airlines CEO Bill Ayer, the former CEO of the UK's National Air Traffic Services Richard Deakin, and Graham Richard, the CEO of Advanced Energy Economy.
It's worth noting that mapping is clearly just a first step for AirMap and similar companies. The real goal is to build navigation systems for commercial drone operations. It'll take a few years before those become routine, though, so for the time being, AirMap and others are building the necessary foundations to enable those operations in the future.


Our trusty videographer, Kyle Kearbey, went to f.i.g. this past weekend to interview a few of the participating artists in our first-ever D Art Slam. More than 2,000 people browsed works from 150 Dallas artists, who were there, dutifully manning their stations and teaching the enthusiasts about their art. The displays were truly magnificent, making every artist look like a star.


Rilakkuma Shop: Buy your Rilakkuma before it's gone!
Buy your Rilakkuma before it's gone!
Rilakkuma strikes again! This time with many different costumes! They arrived to Rilakkuma Shop in very limited quantities. (only 1 to 2 pieces) Be sure to swipe them off before others, as we might not be able to get them anymore.
Note: This is a first come first served basis. We will invoice you within 24hrs once you have send us your purchase order. You will be required to make the payment within 24hrs, failure to do so will result in cancellation of your purchase order and the next interested buyer in line will have the chance to purchase it.
List down the item(s) that you are interested to purchase with the price.
We will invoice you accordingly.
Visit our online store to make the purchase.
and 3 Special Edition instock now!
It's bigger than the normal Rainbow Suit!
Korilakkuma in Pink color T-shirt and holding a rainbow ice cream!
Cute Korilakkuma in Rilakkuma Store Apron. This plush is no longer in production.
This cute version of Rilakkuma is from Rilakkuma Cafe series in 2007. Definitely out of production!
Releasing the pricing soon. Stay tune!
Note: there is only 1 available stock each.


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3 Time Platinum Artist Brian McKnight to Perform in Trackside Chalet at Breeders' Cup® 2017
By Jazzy Morgan | October 12, 2017
As an artist who needs no introduction, Brian McKnight has earned himself a spot in contemporary music history. He has released 19 albums to date, with several going 2 and 3x platinum, and he has sold over 30 million albums worldwide.
In addition to being a singer, songwriter and producer, McKnight is also a talented and charismatic person, who has hosted "Soul Session Countdown with Brian McKnight" on BETJ. He also hosted "The Brian McKnight Morning Show" on KTWV the Wave Smooth Jazz radio station, which is a Top 5 rated show 2 years running. McKnight has also used his vast industry knowledge as a red-carpet host for Extra! In 2007, McKnight stepped into Broadway with a successful run as Billy Flynn in the hit musical, Chicago.
Now to mark his 25th anniversary as a recording artist, McKnight debuted his 18th album, Genesis, on August 25, 2017, which was released worldwide through SRG | SONOS Recording Group and features the hit single Forever. As the lead single from Genesis,Forever quickly hit the Top 20 on Billboard's Adult R&B Songs chart and continues to surge up the Adult R&B (Urban AC) radio charts all over the country.
Gain Exclusive Access to a Private Concert by Brian McKnight Himself!
Join us November 4th in the Trackside Chalet for a private performance by the legendary platinum artist, Brian McKnight. Positioned at the turn for home, this exclusive hospitality venue provides you with the perfect view of the final stretch. Coming complete with gourmet food prepared by Chef Jeffrey Strauss, a premium open bar, appearance by Legendary Jockey, Pat Day and special appearance by Daily Racing Forms National Correspondent, Jay Privman, you are sure to get the full Breeders' Cup Experience!


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Awards /
ABC Delaware 2021 Young Professional of the Year
DJ Herr Young Professional of the Year
This year's winner DJ Herr of Wohlsen Construction Company. The award is given to an individual between the age of 18 and 39 who demonstrates strong leadership skills, a strong sense of integrity and a commitment to ABC Delaware through involvement in committees, attendance at events, and company support.
DJ is a regular attendee of ABC events including networking nights, award dinners, jobsite tours and a volunteer worker at our Crab Feast. Beside his participation at ABC, DJ recently completed the 2021 IRONMAN full distance triathlon in Lake Placid, NY. after dedicating two years of his life in training for the event. His fundraising efforts of $5,486 was reached by developing and hosting a hockey tournament. With the money raised, he donated backpacks with school supplies to local children for back to school. DJ is also an accomplished coach currently coaching hockey for kids 12 and under.
Wohlsen Construction is a longtime supporter of ABC Delaware through committee involvement, event participation, community service projects and sponsorships.
As the winner, DJ receives a paid registration to the ABC National Convention in March 2022.
2020 Greg Finkle Trinity Subsurface Engineering, LLC.
2019 Matt Laird Assurance Media LLC.
2018 Leah Curran TRI-Supply & Equipment


Freight transport, or the movement of products and raw materials via truck, train, ship or plane, is a major source of unhealthy diesel pollution and other adverse impacts that disproportionately affect low-income communities, communities of color, and workers. Diesel truck and train traffic impacts the daily lives of residents of communities near ports, rail yards, freeways, and other freight-related land uses in the form of noise, traffic congestion, and pedestrian safety hazards as well as serious health problems like asthma, cancer, and heart disease. Freight truck and train traffic also contributes to reduced walkability and bikeability, neighborhood blight, and economic decline in neighborhoods hosting freight-related land uses, impacting longer-term neighborhood livability and economic vitality.
The goal of the Pacific Institute's Freight Transport Justice Project is to reduce the adverse impacts of freight transportation on community health and quality of life in low-income neighborhoods of color closest to freight transport hubs and corridors and to increase the share of the benefits that are enjoyed by residents of these communities. We build the power and capacity of communities to participate in decision-making regarding freight transportation and play a leadership role in local and regional collaborations working to win community health, job creation, and economic justice victories. We do so by working with project partners to carry out action research that makes the case for community solutions to freight transport impacts with decision-makers and by conducting leadership development trainings on freight transport issues with community residents.
With our partner the Ditching Dirty Diesel Collaborative, we have conducted several action research projects that advance this regional coalition's goal of reducing exposure to toxic diesel pollution in low-income communities and communities of color in the San Francisco Bay Area. These projects have ranged from quantifying the public health costs of freight transport operations on California's communities so these would be considered in California's Goods Movement Action Planning process, to mapping the potential for land use conflicts with freight transport hazards in areas slated for infill housing development as part of state climate action policy implementation in the Bay Area. With the West Oakland Environmental Indicators Project, we co-developed and co-facilitated a 16-hour Community Leadership Academy on freight transport, land use, and transportation planning to educate and engage West Oakland residents in freight transport decision-making. In October 2010, the Pacific Institute released Gearing up for Action: A Curriculum Guide for Freight Transport Justice, which was developed over the past five years with organizations and coalitions in other freight transport corridors and major hubs in the United States in order to build community power to address these common challenges.
Currently, we are developing a training-of-trainers to share out these popular education curriculum resources and action research tools with community organizations and coalitions in other freight-impacted regions. For more information about our Freight Transport Justice Project, please contact Catalina Garzón, Program Director, at cgarzon (at) pacinst.org.


Trained leaders are essential to the success of our organization.
Honoring our commitment to delivering the best possible program to our youth, in Chester County Council we require all direct-contact adult leaders to complete basic training for their position. Untrained direct-contact leaders lose the privilege of serving in that capacity and will be dropped from their unit charters when the unit renews its charter at the end of the year.
Your unit can see what training your leaders have completed by using the My.Scouting.org account of your committee chair, top unit leaders, or chartered organization representative (the unit "key three").


Polar M460 GPS Bike Computer with PlayBetter Portable USB Charger, Hard Carrying Case & Bike Mount POWER BUNDLE | Strava Live Segments, Smart Notifications – Works perfectly. The design is simple and the quality is very good.
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McCleary: Smile for the Cameras
In the quiet city of McCleary, Washington, where a little more than 2,000 people live. You can see kids riding their bikes and playing in the parks. A few small businesses of new and old line main street in and out of the city. It feels like a great place to raise a family.
But, is there someone other than parents watching over the children? Is someone watching the parents? The answer is, yes and yes.
Did you know that every main road entrance to the city, city parks and city owned buildings currently have 21 active cameras watching areas within the city? The city Mayor has the ability to place a camera at any public location within the city limits according to the city's surveillance policy, which was newly passed within the last year.
Is there a safety concern which has resulted in a surge in theft, property crime or violent crime? The tragic story of Lindsey Baum certainly comes to mind and its likely still in the minds of many in the community. A recent City Council meeting discussed the Lindsey Baum fund and even the city's webpage still has her picture and official public notice. However, before the camera installations, crime in McCleary sat twice as low as the states average and as much as three times lower than the national average in every category.
I reached out to all of the cities in the county and as far as surveillance, to my surprise there was quite a range, from no cameras to Elma leading with 40 cameras.
In general, surveillance systems have become exceedingly cheap yet remarkably high quality. Facial recognition software is not Sci-Fi anymore, it is real and it is already being used in places like University campuses. Camera software can now read license plates, determine vehicle speed, stopping distance on the road and identify the vehicles owner. Drones, aerial photography and its software can tell permitting departments if there are new structures or additions within a jurisdiction. The snitch is not your neighbor, it's in the sky and at the street corner.
Benjamin Franklin said, "They who can give up liberty to obtain a little temporary safety, deserve neither liberty nor safety."
The balance between security and safety should be discussed with your local elected officials. How many cameras are too many? You decide.


Viewing the world from the top of Mount Everest by means of the Travel HD channel is a breath-taking second. One other useful item to hold with you when traveling is some form of stitching equipment. Once a travel nurse arrives at their new project, he or she will report back to the hospital he or she was assigned. A travel enthusiast will certainly need baggage to keep his/her clothes and different essentials.
A novel written by Jules Verne could be a great thought to write your travel essays on, for this you has to read the e book, however for those who hate reading then you can also watch the movie that was released in 2004, starring Jackie Chan which was totally based on this novel however it will likely be better should you undergo the entire e book as a result of it will likely be intimately describing every facet.
For individuals who love traveling, economic system flight coupons can actually open up an entire new world of fear-free travel deals so go on and seize just a few coupons for your self and your loved ones as we speak! In terms of consolation, as previously mentioned, many air travelers make the decision to wear sweat pants and a comfortable high – whereas not always essentially the most trend-forward solution, it does make for relatively stress-free travel from a comfort perspective.