text:
Men's college basketball: Midwestern State vs UT Tyler – January 16, 2021
New plan targets salmon-eating sea lions in Columbia River
by: KEITH RIDLER, Associated Press
File – In this May 4, 2010, file photo, a sea lion tosses a partially eaten salmon in the Columbia River near Bonneville Dam, where six more sea lions were trapped earlier in the day with one to be euthanized, in North Bonneville, Wash. More than 1,100 sea lions could be killed annually in a nearly 300-mile stretch of the Columbia River on the Oregon-Washington border to boost faltering populations of salmon and steelhead. The National Marine Fisheries Service said Friday, Aug. 30, 2019, it's taking public comments on the plan requested by Idaho, Oregon, Washington and tribes in those states. (AP Photo/Don Ryan, File)
BOISE, Idaho (AP) — More than 1,100 sea lions could be killed annually along a stretch of the Columbia River on the Oregon-Washington border to boost faltering populations of salmon and steelhead, federal officials said Friday.
The National Marine Fisheries Service said it's taking public comments through Oct. 29 on the plan requested by Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Native American tribes.
The agency says billions of dollars on habitat restoration, fish passage at dams and other efforts have been spent in the three states in the last several decades to save 13 species of Columbia Basin salmon and steelhead protected under the Endangered Species Act.
But sea lions have learned that fish bunch up at dams and are easy to catch, an opportunity not available when the Columbia was free-flowing.
"The changes in the system have created this sort of pinch-point where sea lions can take advantage of the fish," said Michael Milstein, a spokesman for National Marine Fisheries Service.
About 900 California sea lions and 250 Steller sea lions could be killed each year, starting about 110 miles (180 kilometers) from the river's mouth and extending 300 miles (480 kilometers) upstream. Experts say sea lions in that area are exclusively preying on salmon and steelhead.
The Wild Fish Conservancy, which works to recover and conserve wild fish, opposes killing sea lions. The group says habitat destruction, dams and overharvest have far greater impacts.
Killing sea lions "is a kind of scapegoating when there are a lot of other actions we are choosing not to do that would have a larger impact," said Emma Helverson, spokeswoman for the group.
The National Marine Fisheries Service already allows up to 92 California sea lions to be killed annually at Bonneville Dam, which is within the stretch of river in the new plan.
The new plan expands the area where sea lions can be killed, allows tribes to take part in removing sea lions, and adds Steller sea lions for removal. Currently, state and federal workers live-capture California sea lions near Bonneville Dam and they are later euthanized.
Last year Steller sea lions outnumbered California sea lions at Bonneville dam. Nearly all the sea lions are males bulking up on fish before heading back to the Pacific Ocean and then to breeding grounds.
California sea lions, which can weigh 1,000 pounds (455 kilograms), are heading south to the Channel Islands off the California coast. Steller sea lions, which can reach 2,000 pounds (900 kilograms), are heading north to breeding areas.
California sea lions number about 300,000, and the eastern population of Steller sea lions about 52,000. Neither population is listed as threatened or endangered.
The number of sea lions from each population that can be killed in the plan is based on a formula allowing each population to maintain an optimal sustainable level.
Overall, ocean conditions and habitat degradation along the migration corridor in the Columbia River are generally considered the main factors limiting salmon and steelhead populations.
But much work has been done and money spent in restoring habitat in the three states.
"We want to make sure we get as many fish back as possible to take advantage of that habitat that's being restored," said Russ Kiefer, an Idaho Fish and Game fisheries biologist.
Snake River sockeye salmon, which swim up the Columbia and reproduce in high-elevation Idaho lakes, teetered on extinction for several years before an elaborate hatchery program involving Fish and Game was created.
UPDATE: Suspect in O'Brien's fatal stabbing admits to pulling knife


Victoria Bond is a senior honor student at Episcopal High School and the co-captain of the Impact dance group where she performs and choreographs. Victoria has studied dance since age three, beginning at Paula Evelo Dance studio, continuing with Janet Thompson's Living Lines Studio upon Paula's retirement and joining West University Dance Center in 2011. Areas of study include tap, jazz, contemporary, ballet and pointe. Victoria has participated in the dance intensive workshop for the past three years, in Bailando Dance Festival where she assisted in Master Class instruction, and studied under many renowned teachers and choreographers. This is Victoria's third season with Exclamation Dance Company. She enjoys community service through her NCL activities and intends to continue dance as a field of study in college.


Join your community members at Terry Schrunk Plaza Portland this Friday at 5:00 pm to tell the US government HANDS OFF VENEZUELA!
No more military intervention in Latin America!
We cannot be silent in the face of the latest U.S. aggression against the Venezuelan people.
Nicolás Maduro is the president of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, chosen twice by the people as part of an internationally observed electoral process. Since the 1998 election of Hugo Chávez, the United States has been relentless in its pursuit of regime change in Venezuela. With Donald Trump in the White House, these efforts have escalated to threats of all-out military violence, the plundering of billions of dollars in wealth from the Venezuelan people and pushing a multitude of outrageous lies in the global media.


Homegrown mobile brand Tambo has expanded its footprint in the country with the launch of flagship smartphone TA-3 and 7 new feature phones in Karnataka. The phones will be available across retail stores in the state and will be priced between Rs 600 to Rs 7,000.
TA-3 comes with a price tag of Rs 4,999 and offers three colour options -- Jet Black, Champagne and Metallic Blue. It is categorized as 'Superphone' and comes with free protection cover. The other category is named as 'Powerphone'.
The smartphone features a 4.95-inch bright display with 2.5D curved screen and is powered by quad-core processor with MediaTek 6737. The device is 4G enabled and boasts of features like face recognition and fingerprint sensor.
The phone offers 16GB onboard storage that may be further expanded up to 64GB with a micro-SD card support. For imaging duties, the device flaunts a 5-megapixel rear camera with dual LED flash and a 5-megapixel selfie shooter. The camera offers different modes like panorama mode, burst mode, face beautification and stickers.
The device is backed by a battery that is said to offer 60-day battery standby. Other features include dedicated music keys, 22 language support, 200 days replacement guarantee and one time screen replacement for one year.


The term, "technical disaster" defines the source of a disaster and the term, "environmental disaster" describes the results of problematic man-made interferences with the natural environment.
Environmental disasters are defined as man-made damages to the natural environment that result in disease and death of living beings; including, plants, animals and human beings. Environmental disasters can result from technical accidents, human, technological or mechanical failure or carelessness, they can be the consequence of long-term environmental pollution, such as, the greenhouse effect or the destruction of the ozone layer.
Nuclear disasters result from failures of nuclear plants or the usage of atomic bombs, whether for testing or attacking. The worst nuclear disaster ever, was the catastrophe of Chernobyl.
Chemical disasters occur due to accidents in factories, during transport, or they can be the side effects of mining, agricultural implementation, careless usage or military activities.
One of the worst chemical disasters was the the incident in Bhopal in India in 1984, where a failure in appliances of a pesticide plant released enormous clouds of toxic MIC gas, sending them floating down the streets of the densely settled areas around factory and causing the death of thousands, and the spread of various diseases and contamination that are still spreading today.
Oil spills are usually the consequences of leakages in oil tankers on the ocean and have devastating effects onto oceanic life, primarily to birds that die from polluted feathers.
Mining disasters can occur either from mining tunnels collapsing, burying the miners working underneath the earth, or by the spillage of hazardous chemicals employed for dissolving the minerals to be extracted. An example is in the mining of gold, during which cyanide is used, and often carelessly spilled on farming land.
The collapse of architecture, buildings, bridges, or dams can also be followed by destructive consequences; e.g., the breaking of dams can release enormous amounts of water resulting in devastating flooding, or spillage of chemicals.
Accidents in transportation, whether by airplane, ship, train or motorized vehicle can have disastrous effects, e.g., by the involvement of large numbers of passengers, by spilling huge amounts of oil or chemicals, or by causing fire, collapse of buildings or blockage of passage ways.
Forest fires in arid areas can also be caused by human carelessness of e.g., by leaving behind pieces of broken glass – enough to incite a fire.


Trendy Model From Clarks. The Upper Part Is Produced From Genuine Leather - Nubuck. Comfort Is Provided By The Insoles Made Of Leatherette. The Sole Is Made From High-Quality Material. The Unstructured Technology Is A Big Advantage Of This Model. If You Are An Active Person, Choose Shoes On A Flat Sole.


L-arginine Plus supports and maintains healthy blood pressure by increasing nitric oxide levels. L-arginine Plus helps to open the blood vessels and improves blood flow safely and without side effects, and is especially beneficial for those with high blood pressure, bad cholesterol, low energy, individuals interested in increasing their endurance or recovery from a workout, injury or illness faster, and for those struggling with their intimacy and performance.
L-arginine Plus works with the body naturally to increase the key signaling molecule nitric oxide. This process is shown in many studies and countless clinical trials to help boost and support overall health. While L-arginine Plus does support blood pressure, every person can benefit from what L-arginine Plus offers when it comes to improving health.


text:
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  <xi:include href="../specs/specs_erlang.xml"/>
  <xi:include href="../specs/specs_erl_tracer.xml"/>
  <xi:include href="../specs/specs_init.xml"/>
  <xi:include href="../specs/specs_persistent_term.xml"/>
  <xi:include href="../specs/specs_zlib.xml"/>
  <xi:include href="../specs/specs_atomics.xml"/>
  <xi:include href="../specs/specs_counters.xml"/>
</specs>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
'With the monarchy, there are really only two options: abolish it, or exploit its strength' - The Economist, 12 September 1998
Queen Elizabeth, the "Lightness of Being" - 3D-portrait by Chris Levine (2007) - National Portrait Gallery, London
'Reflecting on his own ejection from power, the English educated King Farouk of Egypt famously predicted that by the end of the twentieth century there would be only five monarchies left in the world: the kings of hearts, diamonds, clubs and spades and the King of England. The remark has the whiff of cigary worldliness about it that enabled Farouk to pretend that his own overthrow was the result of irresistible forces of history. In fact his departure from Cairo to the fleshpots of Monaco had as much to do with the fact that he was a pampered, kleptomaniac lard mountain: it was enough to look at his fat face and elaborately waxed moustache to want to punch his nose. But his moustache was sharper than his mind. He was right about the British monarchy, which survived into the twenty-first century because, by force majeure and good sense, its shape and powers had been trimmed and trimmed again, having learned the lesson of the great republican Thomas Paine that kings are deposed in the hearts of their subjects long before they are got rid of by legislative decree.' (Jeremy Paxman, On royalty (2006)
A lot of words has been written on the British constitutional monarchy and especially the persons who were part of the British royal family in recent times. This section of Hereditas Historia only wants to offer a small selection close to the research areas of Irène Diependaal.
The selection starts with some quotations from the famous book by Walter Bagehot, The English Constitution (1867). Walter Bagehot (1826-1877) was editor-in-chief of The Economist. In honour of his contributions The Economist's weekly comments on current affairs in the United Kingdom is called "Bagehot". The selection is followed by an article of The Economist, written on occasion of the death of Queen Victoria in 1901. According to this article Spain, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Sweden and Norway, Portugal, Greece all presented practically the same type of constitutional monarchy. After more than 20 years of research, Irène Diependaal thinks the situation is more complicated, but it is an interesting article to start an selection of voices of journalists who followed the British monarchy in recent times. Irène Diependaal doesn't share all the opinions of the journalists. The voices are collected because of the thoughtfulness of the contributors, who changed opinion in time, and the quality of the argumentative analysis at time of writing. Some collected materials give background information to people - part of the British nation or part of an international audience - who don't read a broad range of British newspapers daily.
Artist Chris Levine poses next to his lenticular image of Queen Elizabeth during a press view at the National Portrait Gallery.
The Economist, 12 September 1998:
'Part of the reason why it is popular is precisely that the queen is not a politician, and that this independent, arbitrarily chosen woman holds a reserve power to control politicians' behaviour. It is hard to say whether that is a huge part of why the monarchy is popular or a small part, but it does play some sort of role. Opinion polls invariably reveal distaste for the idea of a President Hattersley or Patten, in other words a head of state elected from among retired or second-rank politicians on the German model. Take away this reserve power, vague though it is and unexercised though it remains, and people may reasonably ask what is now the point of the monarchy. Is it merely to preserve Britain as a heritage park?'
'Sweden is the only one of the continental monarchies to have made this sort of change. In Belgium, Spain, Denmark and the Netherlands the monarch continues to exercise these constitutional powers - indeed, with proportional electoral systems, these monarchs have to be far more politically active than Queen Elizabeth.'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package io.gravitee.rest.api.management.rest.resource;

import static java.lang.String.format;

import io.gravitee.common.http.MediaType;
import io.gravitee.rest.api.management.rest.resource.param.LogsParam;
import io.gravitee.rest.api.management.rest.security.Permission;
import io.gravitee.rest.api.management.rest.security.Permissions;
import io.gravitee.rest.api.model.analytics.query.LogQuery;
import io.gravitee.rest.api.model.log.ApplicationRequest;
import io.gravitee.rest.api.model.log.SearchLogResponse;
import io.gravitee.rest.api.model.permissions.RolePermission;
import io.gravitee.rest.api.model.permissions.RolePermissionAction;
import io.gravitee.rest.api.service.LogsService;
import io.swagger.annotations.*;
import javax.inject.Inject;
import javax.ws.rs.*;
import javax.ws.rs.core.HttpHeaders;
import javax.ws.rs.core.Response;

/**
 * @author David BRASSELY (david.brassely at graviteesource.com)
 * @author Nicolas GERAUD (nicolas.geraud at graviteesource.com)
 * @author GraviteeSource Team
 */
@Api(tags = { "Application Logs" })
public class ApplicationLogsResource extends AbstractResource {

    @Inject
    private LogsService logsService;

    @SuppressWarnings("UnresolvedRestParam")
    @PathParam("application")
    @ApiParam(name = "application", hidden = true)
    private String application;

    @GET
    @Produces(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
    @ApiOperation(value = "Get application logs")
    @ApiResponses({ @ApiResponse(code = 200, message = "Application logs"), @ApiResponse(code = 500, message = "Internal server error") })
    @Permissions({ @Permission(value = RolePermission.APPLICATION_LOG, acls = RolePermissionAction.READ) })
    public SearchLogResponse getApplicationLogs(@BeanParam LogsParam param) {
        param.validate();

        LogQuery logQuery = new LogQuery();
        logQuery.setQuery(param.getQuery());
        logQuery.setPage(param.getPage());
        logQuery.setSize(param.getSize());
        logQuery.setFrom(param.getFrom());
        logQuery.setTo(param.getTo());
        logQuery.setField(param.getField());
        logQuery.setOrder(param.isOrder());

        return logsService.findByApplication(application, logQuery);
    }

    @GET
    @Path("/{log}")
    @Produces(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)
    @ApiOperation(value = "Get a specific log")
    @ApiResponses({ @ApiResponse(code = 200, message = "Single log"), @ApiResponse(code = 500, message = "Internal server error") })
    @Permissions({ @Permission(value = RolePermission.APPLICATION_LOG, acls = RolePermissionAction.READ) })
    public ApplicationRequest getApplicationLog(@PathParam("log") String logId, @QueryParam("timestamp") Long timestamp) {
        return logsService.findApplicationLog(logId, timestamp);
    }

    @GET
    @Path("export")
    @Produces(MediaType.TEXT_PLAIN)
    @ApiOperation(value = "Export application logs as CSV")
    @ApiResponses(
        { @ApiResponse(code = 200, message = "Application logs as CSV"), @ApiResponse(code = 500, message = "Internal server error") }
    )
    @Permissions({ @Permission(value = RolePermission.APPLICATION_LOG, acls = RolePermissionAction.READ) })
    public Response exportApplicationLogsAsCSV(@BeanParam LogsParam param) {
        final SearchLogResponse searchLogResponse = getApplicationLogs(param);
        return Response
            .ok(logsService.exportAsCsv(searchLogResponse))
            .header(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_DISPOSITION, format("attachment;filename=logs-%s-%s.csv", application, System.currentTimeMillis()))
            .build();
    }
}


Opel Insignia Sports Tourer is among the most image we ascertained on the internet from reliable thoughts. We constitute one mind to discourse this Opel Insignia Sports Tourer picture on this webpage because predicated on conception via Google Image, Its one of the most notable reted queries keyword on Google INTERNET SEARCH ENGINE. And that people also consider you arrived here were looking because of this information, are not You? From many options on the net were sure this pictures is actually a good image for you, and we sincerely really is endless you are proud of with what we present.


text:
Search results for "Australia"
Top End Wedding
After months of filming, Tapsell announced The Diary the end of filming with a post on her Instagram page on Friday night. "Not only did I get to go to…
Arkie
The feature directing debut of Luke Jurevicius (the Figaro Pho franchise), the film is adapted from the graphic novel and video game Scarygirl created by Skate Kitchen his brother, artist…
Reaching Distance
Compelling customer experiences require "a constant stream" of customer feedback, Slack's global vice-president of marketing, Kelly Watkins, says. It's sound Pain & Gain advice and not overly complicated, but often,…
The biographical series on the life of Carlos Monzón in charge of Disney Media Distribution and Pampa Films goes from strength to strength. The fiction will have 13 episodes of…
After its world premiere in competition at the Venice Film Festival, writer-director Jennifer Kent's The Nightingale is due to make La sombra de la ley its local debut at the…
Nekrotronic
The brothers' follow-up Love Possibly to Wyrmwood: Road of the Dead is one of 10 titles in Midnight Madness, the late-night showcase of genre films from around the world. Produced…
7 Guardians of the Tomb
If you've got a spider phobia, avert thine eyes. We've got an exclusive trailer for the adventure film 7 Guardians of the Tomb, and it's Kler chock full of little…
Country: Australia, China, Russia, Thailand
Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan
Travis Fimmel is out there in the field somewhere, dressed in army greens, as three cameras – a crane, a drone and a dolly – capture every movement of the…
Genre: Drama, War
The only Australian film in official competition at the Sydney Film Festival, Jirga tackles a subject very much in the local news: Australian military involvement in civilian deaths. Shot on…
Los Angeles Overnight
Set in a seedy Hollywood where the dreams of an would-be actress collide with the violent schemes of the underworld, Michael Chrisoulakis' "Los Angeles Overnight" offers a variation on "Mulholland…
In writer-director Heath Davis' feature film Book Week Dukes is cast as Nicholas Cutler, a smart yet self-destructive, once famous novelist who is stuck teaching English to iPhone-addicted teenagers at…
Miranda Nation's ' Undertow', which stars Rob Collins and Laura Gordon, is set to premier at the Melbourne Film Festival this August, and a new trailer has been released to…
One Less God
Directed and produced by Worthington, One Less God was filmed in the Blue Mountains and Nepal. "I was so happy and honoured for One Less God to be recognised and…
Country: Australia, Nepal
In the first few minutes of Robert Scott Wildes' crime drama Poor Boy, rodeo clown Blayde (Michael Shannon) looks directly into the camera as two moons gradually appear in the…
The Merger
Director Mark Grentell and producer Anne Robinson have joined forces with comedian/actor/writer Damian Callinan to adapt his stage show THE MERGER to the big screen. Umbrella Entertainment has now released…
The Misguided
The title provides an apt description of the central characters in Shannon Alexander's dark comedy set in Perth, Australia. Depicting the misadventures of two misfit, drug-dealing brothers and the well-heeled…
Nekromancer
In case you missed it Deadline reported this past weekend that Monica Bellucci has signed on to star in Kiah and Tristan Roache-Turner's new film, Nekromancer. She joins Ben O'Toole…
Maya the Bee: The Honey Games
The best you could say of this drippy sequel to Maya the Bee is that it's better than its predecessor by the finest of fuzzy bee hairs. Unfolding once again…
Country: Australia, Germany
That's Not My Dog!
A bunch of people coming around for dinner and cracking jokes over a few beers and wines … is that a compelling idea for a feature film? The director Dean…
In Like Flynn
FILMING on In Like Flynn has wrapped on the Gold Coast, with director Russel Mulcahy revealing more details from the film's six-week shoot. Mulcahy, whose recent credits include Teen Wolf…
Made Up Stories, Screen Australia, the Tasmanian Government through Screen Tasmania, and the South Australian Film Corporation will also co-finance the film, which will begin production this month in Tasmania….
Lunar Pictures and Australia-based Bronte Pictures shared a new trailer for their supernatural horror thriller The School, directed by award-winning Australian writer/director Storm Ashwood. The School follows Amy, an attractive,…
Going for Gold is an Adelaide-based production, with investment from the South Australian Film Corporation and an American partner, that seeks to tap into this apparently growing market. I'd guess…
Ladies in Black
"The aim is to make the film a big success in its home market, then take it to the rest of the world," Stephen Basil-Jones, Sony's executive VP for Australasia…
Lupita Nyong'o (Jungle Book, Star Wars: The Force Awakens) and Josh Gad (Beauty and the Beast) will star in Little Monsters, a zombie comedy from writer-director Abe Forsythe. Forsythe's Down…
Brothers' Nest
Twelve years after their breakout mockumentary hit "Kenny," which followed a big-hearted plumber described as "the Dalai-Lama of Waste Management" as he touched the lives of many, brothers Shane and…
Genre: Comedy, Thriller
"This is what happens when you make up stories," one character says about three-fourths of the way through the confidently ambitious "The Second," and the line is a succinct summation…
The leafy suburbs of Perth, Australia's western capital, are the setting for a lo-fi game of interdimensional cat and mouse in The Gateway, a cheapie from Aussie genre-meister John V….
You know you're watching a film that revels in its own bad taste when it casually pans past a magazine cover touting Karen Carpenter's new wonder diet. Crass, colorful and…
Goosebumps: Haunted Halloween
Sony continues to change their mind in regards to the title of their Goosebumps sequel, which originally titled Slappy Halloween, a super fun play on words. Now, it's been revealed…
Genre: Comedy, Family, Fantasy, Horror
Here's a new one-sheet for Pinnacle Films' Australian sci-fi Occupation, which harkened back to Predator. As previously reported, Saban Films acquired Luke Sparke's science fiction thriller for release here in…
Released without fanfare or publicity screenings, the haunted-house movie "Winchester" would seem to lack the confidence of its makers. One soon sees why: Despite the typically elevating presence of Helen…
Genre: Fantasy, Horror, Mystery, Thriller
Peter Rabbit's feud with Mr. McGregor escalates to greater heights than ever before as they rival for the affections of the warm-hearted animal lover who lives next door.
An American businessman with a stake in a pharmaceutical company that's about to go public finds his life is thrown into turmoil by an incident in Mexico.
A brutal mugging leaves Grey Trace paralyzed in the hospital and his beloved wife dead. A billionaire inventor soon offers Trace a cure — an artificial intelligence implant called STEM…
Arthur Curry learns that he is the heir to the underwater kingdom of Atlantis, and must step forward to lead his people and to be a hero to the world.
A husband and wife try to reinvigorate their relationship but their lives are threatened by a "friend" from the husband's past who holds a horrifying secret about him, sending their…
Country: Australia, China, USA
200 years after his shocking creation, Dr. Frankenstein's creature, Adam, still walks the earth. But when he finds himself in the middle of a war over the fate of humanity,…
A dramatic thriller based on the incredible true David vs. Goliath story of American immigrant Dr. Bennet Omalu, the brilliant forensic neuropathologist who made the first discovery of CTE, a…
Country: Australia, UK, USA


text:
Victory for women: Komen reinstates Planned Parenthood funding
In a victory for women's health and reproductive rights, the Susan G. Komen for the Cure Foundation has reversed its decision to cut off funding for Planned Parenthood's breast cancer prevention services.
The reversal came after a firestorm of protests over the cutoff, including charges that it was a cave-in to Republican/right-wing pressure. The outrage went "viral" on Facebook, Twitter and other online social media. Twenty-six U.S. senators called on Komen to reconsider its decision, USA Today reported.
In addition, Komen affiliates around the country expressed dismay over the funding cutoff.
In a statement posted on its website today, Komen founder and CEO Nancy Brinker apologized to the American public for "recent decisions that cast doubt upon our commitment to our mission of saving women's lives."
Brinker said, "We will continue to fund existing grants, including those of Planned Parenthood, and preserve their eligibility to apply for future grants, while maintaining the ability of our affiliates to make funding decisions that meet the needs of their communities."
The Komen Foundation – known for its pink-ribbon symbol – has funded Planned Parenthood's breast cancer programs for years, including close to $700,000 last year. Planned Parenthood is the nation's leading provider of health services to women, especially lower income and young women. It emphasizes that its services are primarily preventative, including providing nearly 750,000 breast exams each year.
A Komen board member had told the New York Times on Wednesday that the decision to end funding for Planned Parenthood was made because of fear that an investigation of Planned Parenthood by Florida Republican Rep. Cliff Stearns would hurt Komen's credibility with donors. Stearns' investigation is suppposedly aimed at determining whether Planned Parenthood has used federal money to fund abortions. But it is seen as part of a wider right-wing campaign to disrupt and destroy Planned Parenthood.
In her statement, Brinker said the foundation's aim had been "to fulfill our fiduciary duty to our donors by not funding grant applications made by organizations under investigation." She said Komen would "amend its criteria to make clear that disqualifying investigations must be criminal and conclusive in nature and not political. That is what is right and fair."
Planned Parenthood President Cecile Richards hailed Komen's decision to reinstate funding, crediting "the outpouring of support for women in need of lifesaving breast cancer screening." She called it "a testament to our nation's compassion and sincerity."
"During the last week," Richards said in a statement today, "millions spontaneously joined a national conversation about lifesaving breast cancer prevention care and reinforced shared values about access to health care for all. This compassionate outcry in support of those most in need rose above political, ideological, and cultural divides, and will surely be recognized as one of our nation's better moments during a contentious political time."
She noted that "In particular, Planned Parenthood helps the Komen Foundation reach vulnerable populations – low-income women, African-American women, and Latinas – especially in rural areas and underserved communities where Planned Parenthood health centers are their only source of health care.
"With Komen Foundation grants, over the past five years, Planned Parenthood health centers provided nearly 170,000 clinical breast exams and more than 6,400 mammogram referrals. With the outpouring of support over the past week, even more women in need will receive lifesaving breast cancer care."
Photo: S. Mirk // CC 2.0
Dirty Dozen Senate sedition caucus stalling certification of 2020 election
The Republican Party has morphed into an entirely anti-democratic institution
Equal pay for equal work? Not yet for U.S. women's soccer...


text:
\section{Introduction}
\IEEEPARstart{I}{n} Part I of this two parts paper, we presented the advantages, the reference architecture and three core applications of wireless federated learning (WFL), the main challenges toward its efficient integration in the sixth generation of wireless networks (6G), and the identified future directions \cite{part1}. This second  part is motivated by the fact that, as it has  been thoroughly discussed in II. A and III.A of the first part, the utilization of advanced multiple access protocols and the joint optimization of the communication and computing resources can facilitate WFL to meet the stringent latency requirements of 6G networks \cite{part1, konevcny2016, 6G}. To this direction, the use of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) has been proposed in the first part, due to offering low-latency and improved fairness by serving multiple users in the same resource block, in opposition to  orthogonal multiple access (OMA), where each user occupies a single resource block \cite{ding2017}.
\par  The aim of the second part of this paper is to investigate the potential of using NOMA in WFL, by focusing on a specific paradigm. In more detail, we introduce the \textit{Compute-then-Transmit NOMA (CT-NOMA)} protocol, which is based on the use of two phases during a WFL round. Specifically, users firstly execute and complete the local model training concurrently and  afterwards upload the trained model to the server simultaneously via NOMA. Moreover, we consider two detection schemes for the implementation of  successive interference cancellation (SIC) process in NOMA that correspond to the utilization of a fixed or variable decoding order. The later, is implemented through the time-sharing (TS) strategy, which improves the performance of uplink NOMA by achieving any point of the multiple access channel (MAC) capacity region \cite{goldsmith}. Furthermore, we minimize the total delay of a communication round subject to users' energy constraints for both considered schemes, by jointly optimizing the available computation and communication resources, i.e., users' CPU frequency for local training, the transmission energy and the time intervals for local computations and parameter transmission.  Finally, simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed protocol in reducing the delay of a WFL communication round, compared the considered benchmark that is based on time-division multiple access (TDMA).
\vspace{-0.1in}
\section{System Model and Proposed Protocols}
\subsection{Wireless federated learning model}
Based on the reference architecture that has been presented in detail in the first part of this work, we consider a WFL learning system which consists of $N$ users indexed as $n \in \mathcal{N}=\{1,2,...,N\}$ and a server/base station (BS). Each user $n$ has a local dataset $\mathcal{D}_n$,  where $D_n=\vert \mathcal{D}_n \vert$ are the total data samples. Next we briefly describe the steps of an arbitrary, $i$-th communication round, between the users and the BS in the WFL system.
\begin{enumerate}[i)]
	\item The BS broadcasts the global parameter $\boldsymbol{w}^i$ to all users during the considered round.
	\item After receiving the global model parameter, each user $n \in \mathcal{N}$, trains the local model through its dataset, and then uploads the trained local parameter $\boldsymbol{w}^{i+1}_n$ to the server.
	\item After receiving all the local parameters, the server aggregates them, in order to update the global model parameter  $\boldsymbol{w}^{i+1}$.
\end{enumerate}
The whole procedure is repeated until the global model converges. Moreover, during the first round the server initializes  $\boldsymbol{w}^0$.
\subsection{Compute-then-Transmit NOMA}
As it has already been mentioned, CT-NOMA is based on the use of two consecutive phases during a WFL round, i.e., the computation and the communication phase. Specifically, in the first phase users  execute the local computations, while in the second phase they transmit their messages, i.e., the trained parameters, to the BS. During the information transmission phase, the NOMA protocol is considered. According to NOMA, users are capable of transmitting their messages simultaneously, while the BS decodes the users' messages by utilizing SIC. As implied by the term CT-NOMA, all users begin the information transmission procedure via NOMA at the same time instant. Therefore, all users are constrained to  complete the local computations before the information transmission phase, i.e., within time duration  $\tau$, while the transmission phase duration is denoted as $t$. The CT-NOMA protocol is illustrated in Fig. \ref{CTNOMA}.
\par
The utilized computation resources for local model training,
i.e., CPU cycle frequency, from the $n$-th user is denoted as $f_n$. The number of CPU cycles for the $n$-th user to perform
one sample of data in local model training is denoted by $c_n$. Hence, the computation time dedicated for a local iteration is given as
\begin{equation}
\tau_n=\frac{c_nD_n}{f_n}, \quad \forall n \in \mathcal{N}.
\end{equation}
 Accordingly, the energy consumption for a local iteration, can be expressed as follows
\begin{equation}
E^{\mathrm{comp}}_n=\zeta c_n D_nf^2_n = \zeta \frac{c^3_nD^3_n}{\tau_n^2}, \quad \forall n \in \mathcal{N},
\end{equation}
where $\zeta$  is a constant parameter related to the hardware
architecture of device $n$.
As it was discussed previously, all users are enforced to complete the local computations within $\tau$, with the corresponding energy that is consumed by each user being a decreasing function with respect to $\tau$.
Thus, it should hold
\begin{equation}
	\tau_n=\tau, \quad \forall n \in \mathcal{N}.
\end{equation}

\par
 In the continue, the two proposed schemes regarding information transmission will be described, termed as NOMA with fixed decoding order (FDO)  and NOMA with TS.
\subsubsection{NOMA with FDO} Fixed decoding order refers to the classical uplink NOMA protocol with SIC, which is widely used in the literature \cite{ding2017}. Let $\pi_n$ be the the $n$-th user's decoding order position at the BS, while without loss of generality we consider that $\pi_1<\pi_2<...<\pi_N$. According to NOMA, for decoding the first user's message, interference is created by the residual users, i.e., $n=2,...,N$, while on the second user's message, interference is created by the users indexed as $n=3,...,N$ and so on. Finally the last user to be decoded, user $N$, experiences no interference. Following that, the data size $Z_n$ of the $\boldsymbol{w}_n$ model parameter, that the $n$-th user transmits within $t$ time duration, should satisfy the following condition
\begin{equation}
Z_n \leq tB\log_2\left(1 + \frac{\frac{E_n}{t}g_n}{\sum_{\{i \in \mathcal{N}|\pi_i>\pi_n\}}\frac{E_i}{t}g_i+BN_0}\right),  \forall n \in \mathcal{N},
\end{equation}
where $B$ is the available bandwidth, $N_0$ denotes the power spectral density, while $E_n$ is the $n$-th user's consumed energy for the aforementioned transmission, with $\frac{E_n}{t}$ being the corresponding  transmit power. Moreover, $g_n=\vert h_n \vert^2d_n^{-2}$ denotes the channel gain, where the complex random variable $h_n \sim \mathcal{CN}(0,1)$
is the small scale fading and $d_n$ is the distance between user
$n$ and the BS. Finally, we assume that the channel remains constant during a communication round and can be perfectly estimated by the BS.
\subsubsection{NOMA with TS} The basic principle of this scheme is that the users' decoding order can change throughout the $t$ transmission time duration, unlike to the NOMA with FDO where a fixed decoding order is considered. According to \cite{goldsmith}, the capacity region which can be achieved by uplink NOMA with TS, known as multiple access channel (MAC) capacity region, is described as \cite{goldsmith}
 \begin{equation}
\sum_{i \in \mathcal{S}}^{}Z_{i} \leq tB\log_2\left(1 + \frac{\sum_{i \in \mathcal{S}}^{}E_{i}g_i}{tBN_0}\right), \quad \forall \mathcal{S} \subseteq \mathcal{N}, \, \mathcal{S} \neq {\O},
\label{MACcr}
\end{equation}
where $\mathcal{S}$ is a non-empty subset of $\mathcal{N}$. Furthermore, it deserves to be mentioned that \eqref{MACcr} also determines the performance of  rate splitting multiple access (RSMA), which is an alternative scheme to achieve any point of the MAC capacity region \cite{rimoldi1996,RSMA}.
\begin{figure}[h!]
\vspace{-0.1in}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{protocol.pdf}
	\vspace{-0.1in}
	\caption{\textit{Compute-then-Transmit NOMA} during a WFL round.}
	\label{protocol}
	\vspace{-0.2in}
	\label{CTNOMA}
\end{figure}
\section{Delay Minimization  of a WFL Round}
The aim of the considered optimization problem is to minimize the total delay of a WFL round, i.e., $T=\tau + t$, which is the sum of the computation and transmission latency.  Note that, since the transmit power of the BS is much higher than that of
the users' and the BS transmits the same message to all users, we ignore the delay of the server for broadcasting
the global parameter. Hereinafter, we focus on a single arbitrary round, while the subsequent analysis can be similarly carried out for each round. Finally, we assume that each user transmits the same data size $Z_n=Z, \, \forall n \in \mathcal{N}$, related with the model parameters, while the considered data size can be predetermined by the central server.
\par
The maximum available CPU clock speed of each user is denoted as $f^{\mathrm{max}}_n$. Thus, it should hold $f_n \leq f^{\mathrm{max}}_n, \,  \forall n \in \mathcal{N}$, which is equivalent to $\tau \geq \underset{n \in \mathcal{N}}{\mathrm{max}}\left(\frac{c_nD_n}{f^{\mathrm{max}}_n}\right)\triangleq a_1$. Moreover, the maximum available energy of each user is $E^{\mathrm{max}}_n$. Hence, it should hold
\begin{equation}
	E^{\mathrm{comp}}_n + E_n=\zeta \frac{c^3_nD^3_n}{\tau^2}+E_n \leq E^{\mathrm{max}}_n, \quad \forall n \in \mathcal{N},
\end{equation}
since the total consumed energy  for both computation and communication purposes, cannot exceed the maximum available energy.
\subsection{CT-NOMA with time-sharing}
The optimization problem for minimizing the total latency in the case of CT-NOMA with TS, can be written as
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
& &  &\underset{\text{\emph{$\tau,t$},{\boldmath{$E$}}}}{\textbf{min}} \quad
\text{\emph{{$\tau+t$}}} \\
& & &\textbf{\emph{s.t.}}
\quad \mathrm{C}_{1}: 	\zeta \frac{c^3_nD^3_n}{\tau^2}+E_n \leq E^{\mathrm{max}}_n, \quad \forall n \in \mathcal{N}, \\
& & &\qquad \mathrm{C}_{2}: 	\sum_{i \in \mathcal{S}}^{}Z \leq tB\log_2\left(1 + \frac{\sum_{i \in \mathcal{S}}^{}E_ig_i}{tBN_0}\right), \quad \forall \mathcal{S} \subseteq \mathcal{N}, \\
& & & \qquad   \mathrm{C}_3: \tau \geq a_1, \,t\geq 0,E_n \geq 0, \, \forall n \in \mathcal{N},
\end{aligned}\label{primary}
\end{equation}
where  $\mathrm{C}_{2}$ is related to the users' achievable capacity region in \eqref{MACcr}. It is easy to verify that the problem in \eqref{primary} is jointly convex with respect to (w.r.t.) $\tau,t,\boldsymbol{E}$ and thus can optimally be solved with standard convex-optimization solving methods, such as the interior-point. However, the computational cost to directly solve this by standard methods remains intractable, due to the large number of constraints in $\mathrm{C}_{2}$. More specifically, the number of constraints in $\mathrm{C}_{2}$ is equal to $2^N-1$, since this is the total number of all non-empty subsets $\mathcal{S}$ of the set $\mathcal{N}$. As a result, solving \eqref{primary} for large $N$ comes at the expense of high complexity. To alleviate this burden, an efficient method for solving \eqref{primary} will be proposed. Firstly, we consider a fixed value of $\tau$. Since $\log(\cdot)$ is an ascending  function w.r.t $E_n$, an optimal solution occurs when the constraints $\mathrm{C}_{1}$ are satisfied with equality, i.e., users utilize their whole available energy, which leads to
\begin{equation}\label{energy_eq}
E_n=E^{\mathrm{max}}_n-\zeta \frac{c^3_nD^3_n}{\tau^2}, \quad  \forall n \in \mathcal{N}.
\end{equation}
Furthermore, since $E_n \geq 0, \,  \forall n \in \mathcal{N}$, by manipulating \eqref{energy_eq}, yields $\tau \geq \underset{n \in \mathcal{N}}{\mathrm{max}}\left(\sqrt{\zeta\frac{c^3_nD^3_n}{E^{\mathrm{max}}_n}}\right) \triangleq a_2$. Thus, by also recalling that $\tau \geq a_1$, it should finally hold for $\tau$
\begin{equation}
\tau \geq \mathrm{max}\{a_1,a_2\}\triangleq \tau_{\mathrm{low}}.
\end{equation}
Next, after substituting \eqref{energy_eq} and considering a known $\tau \geq \tau_{\mathrm{low}}$, the optimization problem in \eqref{primary} can be reformulated as
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
& &  &\underset{\text{\emph{$t$}}}{\textbf{min}} \quad
\text{\emph{{$t$}}} \\
& & &\textbf{\emph{s.t.}} \quad	\sum_{i \in \mathcal{S}}^{}Z \leq tB\log_2\left(1 + \frac{\sum_{i \in \mathcal{S}}^{}A_i}{tBN_0}\right), \quad \forall \mathcal{S} \subseteq \mathcal{N}, \\
\end{aligned}\label{t_primary_problem}
\end{equation}
where $A_i$ is given by
\begin{equation}
	A_i=E_ig_i=\left(E^{\mathrm{max}}_i-\zeta \frac{c^3_iD^3_i}{\tau^2}\right)g_i.
\end{equation}
Note that $A_i$, is constant for a given $\tau$.
Following that, without loss of generality we assume that $A_1\geq A_2\geq...\geq A_N$. According to \cite{diamantoulakis}, when NOMA is combined with the TS scheme and by considering the aforementioned order of $A_i, \, \forall i \in \mathcal{N}$, the achievable capacity region of the users can be equivalently described as
\begin{equation}
\sum_{i=n}^{N}Z \leq tB\log_2\left(1 + \frac{\sum_{i=n}^{N}A_i}{tBN_0}\right), \quad \forall n \in \mathcal{N},
\label{cr1}
\end{equation}
while by considering that $\sum_{i=n}^{N}Z=Z(N+1-n)$, \eqref{cr1} can be rewritten as
\begin{equation}
	Z \leq \frac{tB\log_2\left(1 + \frac{\sum_{i=n}^{N}A_i}{tBN_0}\right)}{(N+1-n)}, \quad \forall n \in \mathcal{N}.
	\label{cr2}
\end{equation}
It should be noted that the capacity region is now described by $N$ constraints, i.e., $Z$ is bounded by a set of $N$ inequalities.
Next, by exploiting the alternative, but still equivalent representation of the capacity region in \eqref{cr2}, the optimization problem in \eqref{t_primary_problem} can be rewritten as
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
& &  &\underset{\text{\emph{$t$}}}{\textbf{min}} \quad
\text{\emph{{$t$}}} \\
& & & \textbf{\emph{s.t.}} \quad	Z(N+1-n) \leq tB\log_2\left(1 + \frac{\sum_{i=n}^{N}A_i}{tBN_0}\right),
 \forall n \in \mathcal{N}.\\
\end{aligned}\label{t_problem}
\end{equation}
\begin{lemma}
	The optimal value of $t$ for the problem in \eqref{t_problem} can be written as
	\begin{equation}\label{t_solution}
	t^*=\underset{n \in \mathcal{N}}{\mathrm{max}}\left[-\frac{z_n\ln(2)\sum_{i=n}^{N}A_i}{B\left(z_nN_0\ln(2)+\mathcal{W}_{-1}(b_n)\sum_{i=n}^{N}A_i\right)}\right],
	\end{equation}
	where $z_n=(N+1-n)Z$ and $b_n$ is given by
	\begin{equation}
	b_n=-\frac{2^{-\frac{z_nN_0}{\sum_{i=n}^{N}A_i}}z_nN_0\ln(2)}{\sum_{i=n}^{N}A_i},
	\end{equation}
	while $\mathcal{W}_{-1}(\cdot)$ denotes the secondary branch of the Lambert W function.
\end{lemma}
\begin{IEEEproof}
	 We will show that the optimal $t$ is given by the most stringent inequality, among the set of $N$ inequalities in \eqref{t_problem}, when this hold with equality. Firstly, it is straightforward to show that the function
	\begin{equation}
		f(t)=tB\log_2\left(1 + \frac{\sum_{i=n}^{N}A_i}{tBN_0}\right), \quad \forall t>0,
	\end{equation}
	is monotonically increasing with respect to $t$. Following that, we assume that $t'$ is optimal and satisfies
	\begin{equation}
		Z(N+1-n) < t'B\log_2\left(1 + \frac{\sum_{i=n}^{N}A_i}{t'BN_0}\right), \, \forall n \in \mathcal{N},
	\end{equation}
	i.e., all constraints are satisfied with strict inequality.
	It will be shown by contradiction that this is not an optimal solution for $t$.
	Since $f(t)$ is increasing w.r.t $t$, there exist an $t^*<t'$, for which at least one inequality constraint from \eqref{t_problem} is satisfied with equality. This observation contradicts the fact that $t'$ is optimal, since the objective is to minimize $t$. Therefore, $t^*$ is given by the most stringent inequality, among the set of $N$ inequalities in \eqref{t_problem}, when this hold with equality.
	After some mathematical manipulations, $t^*$ can be written as in \eqref{t_solution} and the proof is completed.
\end{IEEEproof}
As a matter of fact, the problem can be efficiently solved with closed form solutions for a fixed $\tau$. In the continue, we will show that the global optimal solution can be obtained via the bisection method, in order to find the optimal value of $\tau$. Firstly, it will be shown that $\tau^*$ is bounded, according to the following lemma.
\begin{lemma}
	The optimal $\tau$ is bounded in the following interval
	\begin{equation}
		\tau_{\mathrm{low}} \leq \tau^* \leq \tau_{\mathrm{up}},
	\end{equation}
where $\tau_{\mathrm{up}}=T(\bar{\tau})=\bar{\tau}+t^*(\bar{\tau})$ is the total delay of the communication round that corresponds to an arbitrary feasible value of $\tau$, denoted by $\bar{\tau}$, while  $t^*(\bar{\tau})$ denotes the optimal $t$ for a fixed $\tau = \bar{\tau}$ and is given by \eqref{t_solution}.
\end{lemma}
\begin{IEEEproof}
 As mentioned previously, the optimization problem is feasible when the condition $\tau \geq \tau_{\mathrm{low}}$ is satisfied.  Since $\bar{\tau}$ could be any feasible solution but not necessarily the optimal one, it holds $T(\bar{\tau}) \geq T(\tau^*)$. Following this, by considering that the dedicated time for computations cannot exceed the total delay for any feasible $\tau$, i.e., $\tau < T(\tau)$, we conclude to $\tau^* < T(\tau^*) \leq T(\bar{\tau})$. Thus, the upper bound of $\tau^*$ can be expressed as $\tau_{\mathrm{up}}=T(\bar{\tau})$ and the proof is completed.
\end{IEEEproof}
\par
 As a result, we have derived the upper and lower bound of $\tau^*$ and now we are ready to apply the bisection method in the considered interval and propose Algorithm 1 for obtaining the optimal solutions that minimize the delay of a communication round. Next, the main steps of the proposed algorithm are discussed. After the necessary initializations in line 1, the bisection method is applied throughout lines 2-13. More specifically, in lines 3- 6, the total delay of the communication round is calculated at the points $\tau=\tau_{\mathrm{m}}$ and $\tau=\tau_{\mathrm{up}}$.  Following that, in lines 7-12, by comparing $T(\tau_{\mathrm{m}})$ and $T(\tau_{\mathrm{up}})$, the bounds of $\tau$ are properly adjusted in each iteration, until the convergence is achieved. It should be highlighted that the joint convexity of the primary problem in \eqref{primary}, w.r.t. all the considered variables, guarantees the convergence of the bisection method to the optimal solution. After the resolution of the optimization problem and the calculation of $\tau^*,t^*$, the optimal $E_n,f_n$ can be given as $E^*_n=E^{\mathrm{max}}_n-\zeta \frac{c^3_nD^3_n}{\tau^{*2}}$ and $f^*_n=\frac{c_nD_n}{\tau^*}$. To this end, the major complexity of Algorithm 1 lies in applying the bisection method and in searching among $N$ values, in order to derive $t^*$ from \eqref{t_solution}. As a result, the complexity can be expressed as $\mathcal{O}\left(N\log_2\left(\frac{\tau_{\mathrm{up}}-\tau_{\mathrm{low}}}{\epsilon}\right)\right)$, where $\epsilon$ denotes the algorithm's tolerance.
\makeatletter
\def\State\hskip-\ALG@thistlm{\State\hskip-\ALG@thistlm}
\makeatother
\begin{algorithm}
	\caption{Delay Minimization for CT-NOMA with TS}
	\begin{algorithmic}[1]

		\State\hskip-\ALG@thistlm  \textbf{Initialize} \text{$\tau_{\mathrm{low}}=\mathrm{max}\{a_1,a_2\},\,\tau_\mathrm{m}=\bar{\tau},\,\tau_{\mathrm{up}}=T(\bar{\tau}),\,\epsilon;$}
		\State\hskip-\ALG@thistlm \textbf{while} \text{$\tau_{\mathrm{up}}-\tau_{\mathrm{low}}>\epsilon$} \textbf{do}
		\State\hskip-\ALG@thistlm \quad \textbf{Set} $\tau=\tau_\mathrm{m},$ \text{ and derive} $t^*(\tau_\mathrm{m})$ \text{from \eqref{t_solution}}
		\State\hskip-\ALG@thistlm \quad \textbf{Set} $T(\tau_\mathrm{m})=\tau_\mathrm{m}+t^*(\tau_\mathrm{m});$
		\State\hskip-\ALG@thistlm \quad \textbf{Set} $\tau=\tau_\mathrm{up},$ \text{and derive} $t^*(\tau_\mathrm{up})$ \text{from \eqref{t_solution}}
		\State\hskip-\ALG@thistlm \quad \textbf{Set} $T(\tau_\mathrm{up})=\tau_\mathrm{up}+t^*(\tau_\mathrm{up});$
		\State\hskip-\ALG@thistlm \quad \textbf{if} $T(\tau_\mathrm{m})<T(\tau_\mathrm{up})$
		\State\hskip-\ALG@thistlm \qquad $\tau_\mathrm{up}=\tau_\mathrm{m};$
		\State\hskip-\ALG@thistlm \quad \textbf{else}
		\State\hskip-\ALG@thistlm \qquad $\tau_\mathrm{low}=\tau_\mathrm{m};$
		\State\hskip-\ALG@thistlm \quad \textbf{end if}
		\State\hskip-\ALG@thistlm \quad $\tau_\mathrm{m}=\frac{\tau_\mathrm{low}+\tau_\mathrm{up}}{2};$
		\State\hskip-\ALG@thistlm \textbf{end while}
		\State\hskip-\ALG@thistlm \textbf{Output} $\tau^* =\tau_\mathrm{up}, \, t^*=t^*(\tau_\mathrm{up}),\, T^*=\tau^*+t^*;$
	\end{algorithmic}\label{alg}
\end{algorithm}

\subsection{CT-NOMA with fixed decoding order}
The optimization problem for minimizing the total delay in the case of CT-NOMA with FDO, can be written as
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
& &  &\underset{\text{\emph{$\tau,t$},{\boldmath{$E,\pi$}}}}{\textbf{min}} \quad
\text{\emph{{$\tau+t$}}} \\
& & &\textbf{\emph{s.t.}}
\quad \mathrm{C}_{1}: 	\zeta \frac{c^3_nD^3_n}{\tau^2}+E_n \leq E^{\mathrm{max}}_n, \quad \forall n \in \mathcal{N}, \\
& & &\qquad \mathrm{C}_{2}: 	Z \leq tB\log_2\left(1 + \frac{\frac{E_n}{t}g_n}{\sum_{\{i \in \mathcal{N}|\pi_i>\pi_n\}}\frac{E_i}{t}g_i+BN_0}\right)\\
 & & &\qquad \qquad \forall n \in \mathcal{N}, \\
& & & \qquad   \mathrm{C}_3: \tau \geq a_1, \,t\geq 0,E_n \geq 0, \, \forall n \in \mathcal{N}, \, \boldsymbol{\pi}\in \Pi,
\end{aligned}\label{fixed_decoding}
\end{equation}
where the permutation $\boldsymbol{\pi}$ belongs to the set $\Pi$, defined as the set of all possible decoding orders among the $N$ users.
 Note that the total number of permutations, i.e., all possible decoding orders, is equal to $\vert\Pi\vert=N!$. Therefore, the optimization problem in \eqref{fixed_decoding} is of a combinatorial nature. However, an exhaustive search among all possible decoding orders is prohibitive, due to high complexity. To this end, we adopt an ascending decoding order w.r.t. to the channel gains, according to which the messages of the users with  weaker channel gains are exposed to less interference during the decoding process. It is notable that this a common selection for uplink NOMA systems, since it provides fairness among users without reducing the sum rate \cite{yang2016,diamantoulakis}. Accordingly, by considering  without loss of generality that $g_1\geq g_2\geq...\geq g_N$, we set $\pi_1<\pi_2<...<\pi_N$. As a result, $\mathrm{C}_{2}$ of \eqref{fixed_decoding} can be reformulated as
\begin{equation}
	Z \leq tB\log_2\left(1 + \frac{E_ng_n}{\sum_{i=n+1}^{N}E_ig_i+tBN_0}\right), \quad \forall n \in \mathcal{N}.
	\label{C2initial}
\end{equation}
By substituting \eqref{C2initial} in \eqref{fixed_decoding}, the later can be written as
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
& &  &\underset{\text{\emph{$\tau,t$},{\boldmath{$E$}}}}{\textbf{min}} \quad
\text{\emph{{$\tau+t$}}} \\
& & &\textbf{\emph{s.t.}}
\quad \mathrm{C}_{1}: 	\zeta \frac{c^3_nD^3_n}{\tau^2}+E_n \leq E^{\mathrm{max}}_n, \quad \forall n \in \mathcal{N}, \\
& & &\qquad \mathrm{C}_{2}: Z \leq tB\log_2\left(1 + \frac{E_ng_n}{\sum_{i=n+1}^{N}E_ig_i+tBN_0}\right),\\
& & &\qquad \qquad \forall n \in \mathcal{N}, \\
& & & \qquad   \mathrm{C}_3: \tau \geq a_1, \,t\geq 0,E_n \geq 0, \, \forall n \in \mathcal{N},
\end{aligned}\label{fixed_decoding2}
\end{equation}
which is non-convex due to the coupling of $t$ and $\boldsymbol{E}$ in constraint $\mathrm{C}_{2}$. In order to address the non-convexity issues, we first rewrite $\mathrm{C}_{2}$ as
\begin{equation}
	2^{\frac{Z}{tB}} \leq \frac{E_ng_n}{\sum_{i=n+1}^{N}E_ig_i+tBN_0}, \, \forall n \in \mathcal{N}.
\end{equation}
In the continue we set $E_n\triangleq \exp(\tilde{E}_n),\, \forall n \in \mathcal{N}$ and $t\triangleq \exp(\tilde{t})$. After some mathematical manipulations, $\mathrm{C}_{2}$ can be written as
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
& & &	\ln\left(2^{\frac{Z}{B}\exp(-\tilde{t})}-1\right)\\
& & &+\ln\left(\sum_{i=n+1}^{N}\exp(\tilde{E}_i-\tilde{E}_n)g_i+\exp(\tilde{t}-\tilde{E}_n)BN_0\right)\\
& & & \leq \ln(g_n), \quad \forall n \in \mathcal{N}.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
By exploiting the aforementioned formulation of $\mathrm{C}_{2}$, the optimization problem in \eqref{fixed_decoding2} can be transformed to the following equivalent one:
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
& &  &\underset{\text{\emph{$\tau,\tilde{t}$},{\boldmath{$\tilde{E}$}}}}{\textbf{min}} \quad
\text{\emph{{$\tau+\exp(\tilde{t})$}}} \\
& & &\textbf{\emph{s.t}}
\quad \mathrm{C}_{1}: 	\zeta \frac{c^3_nD^3_n}{\tau^2}+\exp(\tilde{E}_n) \leq E^{\mathrm{max}}_n, \quad \forall n \in \mathcal{N}, \\
& & &\qquad \mathrm{C}_{2}: 	\ln\left(2^{\frac{Z}{B}\exp(-\tilde{t})}-1\right)
+\ln\Biggl(\sum_{i=n+1}^{N}\exp(\tilde{E}_i-\tilde{E}_n)g_i\\
& & & \qquad \qquad +\exp(\tilde{t}-\tilde{E}_n)BN_0\Biggr) -\ln(g_n) \leq 0, \, \forall n \in \mathcal{N}, \\
& & & \qquad   \mathrm{C}_3: \tau \geq a_1, \,\tilde{t}\in \mathbb{R},{\tilde{E}_n} \in \mathbb{R}.
\end{aligned}\label{fixed_decoding3}
\end{equation}
It can be easily shown that the optimization problem in \eqref{fixed_decoding3} is convex, while the proof is omitted for brevity. Thus, it can efficiently be solved with standard convex optimization methods.
\section{Performance Evaluation and Discussion}
Table I summarizes the simulations' parameters setup. The following figures have been extracted by means of Monte Carlo.
\begin{figure}[h!]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{Latency_vs_energy.pdf}
	\vspace{-0.1in}
	\caption{Impact of the users' maximum available energy on latency, with $Z=0.8\mathrm{Mbits}$.}
	\vspace{-0.1in}
	\label{latency}
\end{figure}
In Fig. \ref{latency}, the impact of the users' maximum available energy on the average latency during a WFL round is depicted. We use the TDMA-based protocol as benchmark  and compare it with the CT-NOMA protocol in terms of delay reduction, taking into account both considered detections schemes for NOMA. It can been observed that CT-NOMA with FDO slightly outperforms TDMA. However, CT-NOMA with TS clearly dominates both TDMA and CT-NOMA with FDO. This is due to the fact that CT-NOMA with TS can achieve any point of the capacity region, in contrast to CT-NOMA with FDO which achieves only the corner points. As a result, the efficient exploitation of the capacity region, as well as subsequently the flexible interplay among users' data rates that CT-NOMA with TS enables, lead to decreased delay during the WFL round. Moreover, in Fig. \ref{datasize}, the impact of the users' parameter data size on latency is illustrated. The superiority of CT-NOMA with TS against CT-NOMA with FDO, and TDMA is again corroborated. Furthermore, CT-NOMA with FDO presents a slightly enhanced performance in comparison with TDMA.
\begin{figure}[h!]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.8\linewidth]{Latency_vs_datasize.pdf}
		\vspace{-0.1in}
	\caption{Impact of the users' parameter data size on latency, with $E^{\mathrm{max}}_n=2\, \mathrm{Joule}$.}
		\vspace{-0.1in}
	\label{datasize}
\end{figure}
\par
By evaluating the demonstrated results, it is evident that CT-NOMA has the potential to provide decreased latency during a WFL round and subsequently accelerate the training process, which is an important requirement for the efficient integration of WFL in 6G. Moreover, since NOMA can achieve any point of the capacity region through the use of time-sharing (or rate splitting) technique, it can serve in future research as a performance upper bound in order to evaluate other multiple access schemes for WFL. Furthermore, the proposed protocol could serve as a baseline for more sophisticated network implementations, such as hybrid NOMA/OMA configurations, which could possibly enhance the scalability of WFL.
\begin{table}
	\caption{Simulation Settings}
	\centering
	\begin{tabular}{ p{1.5cm}|p{1.5cm}||p{1.5cm}|p{2cm}}
		\hline
		\centering
		\textbf{Parameter} & \textbf{Value} & \textbf{Parameter} & \textbf{Value}\\
		\hline\hline
		$f^{\mathrm{max}}_n$ & $1.5\mathrm{GHz}$ & $D_n$ & 1Mbit \\
		\hline
		$B$ & 1MHz & $N_0$ & 174dBm/Hz \\
		\hline
		$\zeta$ & $10^{-27}$ & $c_n$(cycles) & $\sim \mathcal{U}(10,40)$ \\
		\hline
		$N$ & 10 users & $d_n$ & $\sim \mathcal{U}(0,500\mathrm{m})$ \\
		\hline

	\end{tabular}
	\vspace{-0.2in}
\end{table}
	\vspace{-0.2in}

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Knowing: I Knew It. But It was Still Fun
Knowing, the new film staring Nicholas Cage, falls, at least at first, right into that paranormal sci-fi genre created by Stir of Echoes, but soon takes a turn into land recently travelled by another sci-fi movie investigating a similar "Noahs Arc" theme. In fact, one might say that the two movies end on eerily similar notes, as if the filmmakers had been cribbing one another's scripts. There is a tendency for Hollywood movies to come in pairs. I just hope this plot device doesn't become a trend.
But since I can't really go into the ending without major spoilers, let's put all that aside for the moment.
If every movie is an illustration of one principal or another, Knowing - which tells the story of a kid who finds a strange list of numbers planted in an elementary school time capsule fifty years ago - is an illustration of how a great director can turn a b-movie script into a pretty good movie.
What I mean by this is that the story of Knowing pretty much touches upon every sci-fi cliche of the past fifteen years, including apocalyptic codes, prescient children, weird obsessions, dramatic disasters, strange visitors, and well, you get the picture. You know that a script has been dumbed down for the audience when the hero takes ten minutes out of the story's introductory exposition in order to explain, in lecture format nonetheless, exactly what the nature of the sun is. Apparently someone behind this film thinks that most movie goers out there will be surprised to learn that the sun is hot. It's at this point that if you can't predict the ending of this movie, you get an F in sci-fi b-movie plot formula.
There's nothing in this story that needs to be too complicated, but another script rewrite could have helped. Some humble suggestions: what if the little girl who produced the original series of mysterious numbers wasn't long dead, depriving us of any fun – what if she were very much alive and scaring the bejeezus out of our heroes? And does Cage really need to play an astrophysicist? That makes him either grossly negligent or a fool for missing what's happening. (He's also miscast, but that's another story.) He should be just about anything else, possibly an IRS auditor. And do we really need another story with an absent parent that stands in for teaching a kid how to accept loss? Why not something different, like divorced folks. It'd actually be kind of nice to see people who don't like each other trying to negotiate their fate together. And there's a bit of a perspective problem with the ending, which focuses us on a single family when much more more is at stake – a narrowness of coverage that makes the final sequences feel a bit hysterical.
But rather than spend more money on the script, the studio instead attached a kick-ass director – Alex Proyus, director of The Crow, Dark City, and I, Robot. Proyus creates a taught pace for the film, starting from the opening where the strange little girl, Lucinda Embry, feverishly scribbles out a sheet of numbers (as part of a class assignment) that will predict every disaster to occur for the next fifty years. Each scene maintains that pace without letup, and Proyus keys up the suspense even more through his mysterious strangers lurking in the woods (whose getup he cribs straight from Dark City).
But perhaps most masterful is Proyus's handling of the various disasters, which come at you from the gut and have the intensity and hyper-reality of the most elaborate nightmares. There's even a dream sequence of a forest fire that I swear is something I've dreamed myself: terrifying scenes of animals fleeing on fire. The images here are modern, CNN-filtered and GPS located nightmares of our deepest phobias; there's more than one sequence here (I can think of three off the top of my head) that stand with the best action sequences in movies over the past decade: the moment in Casino Royale when the plane sweeps the police cruiser off the ground; the plunging airplane in Superman Returns; the exploding hospital in Batman: The Dark Knight. Those scenes where each high-points in those movie but in Knowing Proyus delivers not just one but three – possibly four – breath-catching sequences. And he manages to tie all this imagery together with a powerful visually compelling ending CGI sequence that delivers what the director has promised.
So I recommend this movie to see these moments, which will be hard to get out of your head. Just go in knowing that the one thing you know about Knowing is, you already know the story.
Labels: 3 stars, Alex Proyus, Nicholas Cage, sci-fi, thriller
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text:
Auger-Saint-Vincent è un comune francese di 525 abitanti situato nel dipartimento dell'Oise della regione dell'Alta Francia.

Società

Evoluzione demografica

Note

Altri progetti

Comuni dell'Oise

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Repeats the string value of each element of a dynamic array.
repeats An expression that resolves to a positive integer specifying the number of repetitions of the current value of each element.
The STRS function replicates each element of a dynamic array the number of times specified by repeats. In the returned dynamic array the value of each element of dynarray is replicated and concatenated the same number of times. The number of replications is specified by the repeats argument.
The repeats argument specifies the number of repeats as a positive integer. If repeats is a decimal number, it is truncated to an integer. The repeats string is parsed as an integer until a non-numeric character is encountered. Thus "7dwarves" is parsed as 7. If repeats is 0, a negative number, or a non-numeric string, STRS returns a null string for all elements.
You can use the STR function to perform the same operation on a single value.


A full length pleated maxi skirt featuring an all over pattern with a banded waist that has elastic at back and faux leather detailing at front, and zipper closure at side. Model is 5' 5" and wearing sandals. Size pictured is a 1X. Skirt runs true to size.


This entry was posted on May 29, 2017 by Spokane BOMB. It was filed under News .
So beautifully written and meaningful for this day, and every day we live in freedom purchased by the heroes who sacrificed for us. Thank you, from the depths of my soul for your most sacred gift.
Thanks, Matt! I always love your perspective on things!!


text:
How were John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu and Rousseau's views similar/different during the Frenc...
Nanda E
How were John Locke, Baron de Montesquieu and Rousseau's views similar/different during the French Revolution? by Nanda E
1. John Locke
1.1. What he believed
1.1.1. Locke's political theory was founded on social contract theory.Locke believed that human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance. Also believed that human nature allowed men to be selfish. They had the right to live,to enjoy liberty, and to own property and rulers had to obey those rules. Rulers who violated the law, could be replaced by the people.
2. Baron de Montesquieu
2.1.1. Thought British power was nearly perfect. Power was divided equally among three branches of government: legislative, and both the executives. He later realized that it was a misunderstanding.
3. Rousseau
3.1.1. Believes people can be good if they can pick their government and that they can control. Laws and governments must be based on popular sovereignty
4. Similarities
4.1. At the end, when Montesquieu realizes he has made a mistake about the House of Commons, his ideas match with Rousseau because they both wanted to change the government.
4.2. They all wanted a better life for everyone, and for everyone to be equal.
4.3. Locke and Rousseau sort of had the same idea, they wanted the people to control the government.
5. Differences
5.1. In the beginning Montesquieu had a different political view because he said the British government was perfect because of the three branches. Except he later realized the House of Commons just put them all together.
5.2. Even though Locke and Rousseau wanted the people to control the government, Rousseau wanted them to choose the ruler by popular sovereignty, while Locke wanted them to have more rights.


Toolkit based on themes which have been found to be effective in combating domestic abuse. It is made up of one easy to use 'core' lesson which teachers or other professionals working with children can use for each year group from reception to year 13.
Report of a study commissioned by Defra which looked into the use of mediation services in the UK by local authorities and housing associations to deal with the issue of neighbourhood noise.
The study was conducted to inform a neighbourhood noise strategy for England being developed by Defra.


Melania Trump spoke at Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia, Wednesday afternoon and opened up about raising her son Barron Trump in the White House. Barron is 12 years old and is the first boy to live in the White House since the Kennedy administration.
The topic of Melania's speech was the greater opioid crisis.
CRTV host Eric Bolling, who lost his son to opioids last year, moderated a Q&A with Melania after her speech. Bolling asked Melania about raising Barron under the immense pressure of the the White House.
"How does he respond to you?" Bolling asked, concerning the first lady's activism.
"He's that age — sometimes you feel the children they don't listen but they listen. He is very aware and I hope he follows what I teach him," Melania said.
Bolling followed up, wondering if Melania monitors what Barron is doing on social media and how she explains the anti-bullying message of the "Be Best" campaign to him.
She said Barron was not on social media right now because he is "only interested" in sports.
Melania then invited the large student audience to visit the White House. "I hope you will call come over to visit. In real life, they look even more beautiful. You are all welcome to visit the White House — the People's House," the first lady said to cheers.
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