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The Ancient Church The Apostolic Fathers Lecture
The apostolic fathers, of course, did not know themselves as the apostolic fathers. We gave them that title in the seventeenth century, and we have a long list of important men who wrote and lived during this time period. The first one that we would like to look at is a fellow named Clement who lived in Rome. He is known as the third successor of Peter in the church in Rome, and he was active in Rome, as pastor, approximately AD 92 to AD 101. We don't know too much about his early life, but it is at least possible that he knew the apostles himself.
There is a large group of literature about the size of an entire book known as the Pseudo-Clementine Literature, the literature that was at least thought of written by him. We now know that it wasn't written by him, but this material is important for us to understand the life and times of the early church immediately after the apostles. Some material that is written by him is the First Letter of Clement, called First Clement, just like we have 1 Corinthians. This is also called the Epistle to the Corinthians. It's written in the last quarter of the first century. It's the earliest piece of Christian literature that we have outside of the New Testament for which the name, the position, and the date of the author are historically attested.
The contents of First Clement consist of an introduction to the work (two main parts) and a conclusion or recapitulation. It's about twenty-three pages long. The work of First Clement describes dissensions within the church. Some of the leaders of the ancient church were repudiated by their younger followers. Clement meant to settle the differences. He pleads for discipline and love within this early Christian community. This work of First Clement is a work of great encouragement for me personally.
As we reflect upon Paul writing to the church in Corinth, we see that there were troubles in that church, and we see that after the time of Paul, after his being with the Lord, the church continued in Corinth, but yet it also continued to have struggles. And as someone like all of us who are dealing with church problems today, as we know that there is continued dissention and strife in the church, we can look back and be at least comforted in knowing that the lot of our lives as church workers is not significantly different from the early church period as well. And so the advice of Clement of Rome to his friends in Corinth is advice that we should take to heart as well, that we should love and to lead disciplined lives.
A second piece of literature, probably not written by Clement, is called Second Clement, and it was written about AD 150. It's the oldest Christian sermon that we have outside of the New Testament, perhaps written from Corinth. In this sermon we get a glimpse of what was theologically important for the church at that time. We have to at times throughout this course take ourselves from the twentieth century and go back in time, go back to a time when the church did not have the centuries of unfolding doctrine that we have today, and think about the struggles of the ancient church. Who is this Jesus Christ that was preached and proclaimed for whom the martyrs died?
In the sermon of Second Clement we see that Jesus Christ is brought forth to the congregation. His complete humanity is maintained and His complete divinity. In the sermon, Jesus is given the title of Prince of Incorruptibility. Jesus is also mentioned as the one through whom God made manifest to us truth and heavenly life. In the sermon of Second Clement, we also see a picture of the church. The church, according to the sermon, existed before creation. Then at that time, she was spiritual and barren, but now she has become flesh. The church has become the body of Christ. And we also see from this sermon that those who come into this new body come in through the right of baptism, and baptism is called a seal, a seal which is placed upon the Christian which must be kept.
Very briefly, let's take a quick look at the Pseudo-Clementine Literature because it is important for its early writing. It was written some time before AD 150. The Pseudo-Clementine Literature is a series of twenty different homilies or little sermons that don't really have the best Christian theology in them. There are clear statements of the Trinity, but the reason that we're sure that it wasn't written by Clement of Rome is that the theology that we find in that material is not fully developed in terms of Christianity.
Moving on chronologically, the next important leader of the church is a man by the name of Ignatius. Ignatius of the city of Antioch. We know that Ignatius died the death of a martyr during the rule of the emperor Trajan, and Trajan reigned between AD 98 and 117. Ignatius had been ordered to come from the city of Antioch to the city of Rome for his martyrdom, and on the way from Antioch to Rome he wrote seven letters to the different churches. The first of these letters are grouped into three different themes—the three churches that received the first three letters are the churches in Ephesus, the churches in Magnesia, and the churches in Tralles. These three letters were written from the town of Smyrna.
In all of these letters we see some very common themes. He exhorts the communities to be obedient to the teachings of Christianity, and he thanks them for their faithfulness to him. Of course, given that different culture, there were no state-supported prisoners; they didn't receive clothing, or at least the received a very minimal amount from the state, and if a prisoner was to survive in the prison system during that time period, he had to be dependent upon friends and family to provide food and clothing, and apparently these three churches had sent either emissaries or friends to him in Smyrna and provided for certain of his financial needs.
He also writes a letter to Rome, which is considered to be in a second class, a different class from the first three letters, also written from the town of Smyrna. In his letter to Rome, he pleads for the Christians of Rome to not attempt to intervene on his behalf to hinder his martyrdom. This letter is quite interesting. It gives us by what it says and what it doesn't say a good glimpse into the church life in the city of Rome during the time of Trajan. He writes to the Christians there so that they will not exert influence to keep him from dying the death of a martyr, so obviously there were other Christians in Rome who could live without persecution, and somehow they could exert certain influences that could perhaps keep him from becoming martyred.
We also have three others letters, letters to the church in Philadelphia, in Smyrna, and to a fellow named Polycarp, and these were all written from the town of Troas. We get a glimpse at a newspaper writing from this time period in the letter to Philadelphia. Of course there were no newspapers, and news traveled very slowly and oftentimes through letters. And somehow either through letters or through contacts, he (Ignatius) had heard that there was an end of the persecution back in Antioch. In other words, the persecution came, he was arrested, ordered to death, death in Rome, and as he's making his way to Rome, the persecution in his home town had stopped. He's very thankful to the Lord for the termination of that persecution and asks his brothers and sister in Philadelphia and Smyrna to send delegates to the church in Antioch to encourage them, to congratulate them that they kept the faith during a time of persecution. The letter to Polycarp contains additional information with some pastoral advice to help him to be a good bishop among his flock.
What's the theology of Ignatius as seen in his seven letters? We know that he clearly affirms Christ's divinity and Christ's humanity, and he asserts the unity of all Christians, whether they're living in Philadelphia or Antioch or Ephesus, because they are together in Christ, and being in Christ makes us one.
We just mentioned the letter to a fellow named Polycarp, and Polycarp is the next apostolic father whose life and teaching is important to us. Polycarp lived in Smyrna and died at about AD 156. It's quite possible and tradition is strong concerning the possibility that Polycarp sat at the feet of John the apostle and was instructed by him. Polycarp also wrote a letter, known of course as an epistle, to the Philippians, and this letter is one full of exhortation. There he defends the doctrine of the incarnation of Christ, as well as Christ's death on the cross. In that letter during the time of persecution, he also enjoins upon the Christians some important activity: that they are to pray for the civil authorities.
The next person that we'll look at very briefly is a fellow with a funny name, Papias, Papias of the town of Hierapolis, and he wrote a little commentary of explanation of the saying of the Lord. Poor Papias, we don't know too much about him except that he wrote this work and later church historians have written about Papias. Eusebius, who's known as the father of ecclesiastical history—Eusebius wrote the first church history—calls him a man of very little intelligence. Eusebius preserved part of his works, which contains the best statement for the canonicity of the gospel according to Mark, and that's all we know about poor Papias.
It's not the same, though, with the next piece of literature from this time period called The Epistle of Barnabas. We know that it was written between AD 96 and 138, and it really isn't an epistle. It's not a letter, but it's a theological tract, and the author of the epistle was probably not Barnabas but wants to teach a perfect knowledge and faith. And he's writing in the Greek language, as is all the material that we've examined so far, and in the title to this work for wanting to teach us the perfect knowledge, he uses the word gnosis, the Greek word for "knowledge." And I remind you of that introductory lecture when we talked about the importance of philosophical school of Gnosticism.
This Epistle of Barnabas has two main parts. The first part, consisting of the first seventeen chapters, is theoretical, and the last part is practical application of the teachings in the first part. What does The Epistle of Barnabas teach us? Four things—first of all, we know that the preexistence of Jesus Christ is asserted; that is, that He was fully divine from the very beginning, and baptism is also talked about. Baptism confers adoption to sonship and makes us to be temples of the Holy Spirit. Also, Sunday and the celebration of that being the Christian Sabbath is enjoined and that Saturday should not be the time of Christian worship and celebration. And fourth and fascinating for our own time period, The Epistle of Barnabas tells us that we are to protect the lives of infants, even the unborn. Apparently the practice of the Roman community around them was that unwanted children would be born and then taken to the garbage dump, there left exposed to the elements to die. Also abortions were able to be obtained during this time period. And The Epistle of Barnabas enjoins the Christian community to speak out against the killing of infants as they are taken to the garbage and even to protect the life of the unborn, and so a modern contemporary problem of abortion was even addressed in this early time period of the Christian church. And I want to underline that the Christian church from the very beginnings has made a strong stand concerning this very, very important teaching. So The Epistle of Barnabas in conclusion is not an epistle; it's a tract and it's not written by Barnabas. We don't know the author. We know it's a letter, but it's a good thing to read.
The Shepherd of Hermas is also a piece of literature from this time period. That's also a strange name; it's a book of revelations that are supposedly granted to a shepherd of the place in Hermas. These revelations are given by two heavenly beings—an old woman and a shepherd. We don't know when it was composed, and it was probably written in two different parts somewhere between AD 96 and 140. And that piece of literature has four different visions and then a transition vision and a second section of commandments and parables.
It's confusing to read because it seems that the author believes that the Holy Spirit and Christ are the same persons. Yes, it seems the teaching of The Shepherd of Hermas is that there are only two divine persons instead of three. It wasn't a very well-loved piece of Christian literature during this time period, but it does give us a glimpse at the development of theology. This Shepherd of Hermas doesn't have a full Trinitarian teaching, and it might seem hard for us to even imagine a time period when the Christian church had to struggle with something as basic as a teaching of the doctrine of the Trinity. But remember, if you place yourself back in their time period, they had the Bible and they had the deep and rich teachings of the Bible, but it wasn't fully worked out by the church, and so we see a time period much different from ours as these important theological doctrines are just beginning to unfold.
The last piece of literature that we'll look at from the apostolic fathers' period is a piece of literature known as The Didache, which is just a transliteration of the Greek word which could be understood as "the teaching," and the full title of this work would be "The Lord's Instruction to the Gentiles through the Twelve Apostles." The Didache was not written by the apostles, but its intention is to give a brief summary of the doctrine of the apostles, and The Didache, which is one of the most important pieces of literature of this time period, had basically been lost to scholars until 1883, and there in a dusty library in Europe, this manuscript was found.
The Didache has two main divisions. The first ten chapters give liturgical instructions to the church; in other words, when the Christians come together to worship on Sunday, what should they do? How should they worship? How should they behave themselves? And the next five chapters, chapters 11 through 15, give regulations concerning discipline—how Christians are to worship and how they are to live. The Didache is a compilation of material which isn't as consistent as a unit as it could be, and it is, as a compilation, difficult to determine exactly when it was written, probably between AD 100 and 150, probably written in Syria. But once again, with this piece of information, we can see the life of the Christian church as they struggled with issues so basic to Christianity. Things that we take from granted. How do we live? How do we worship?
This ends our look at the time period known as the period of the apostolic fathers. We have one or two important figures. We think of Clement of Rome. We think of his literature, First Clement and Second Clement. We see that Clement was on his way to martyrdom. We learn about Ignatius of Antioch and Polycarp of Smyrna. We learn of poor old Papias, who's only known as not very intelligent, and we learn about some material from the ancient church period that has no author connected with it. We think of The Didache or The Epistle of Barnabas. There's not much there, but what we have during this time period is a jewel that opens up insights into the life and teaching of our own past, the time period called the apostolic fathers.
Come with me now to the next time period, the time period of the apologists. Let's take a look at that time period in general. It's the second century. We have the Bible written, and the first years after that time period have passed by. We've seen the church coming together as a worshipping community, as a community that lives a special way, but we have something else developing. We have a time of persecution. Christianity was under attack. The state regarded the profession of Christianity as a capital crime. This new religion was also looked down upon by the intelligentsia. It was a difficult time for us. Those who had been well-educated despised us as holding to a crude and actually a rude belief, a philosophical system that was despicable, and not only were we despised by those who were the intelligentsia, but we were officially despised by the state.
Just a quick sideline to give you an example of what life was like for Christians during the time period of the apologists, and we'll be elaborating this in much more detail later on as we talk about the history of persecution. . . . As Christians would come from their time of worship in homes together on Sunday, as they would come to the street, each Roman soldier had the right and privilege of coming up to that person, drawing his sword, placing it to the neck of the Christian, and asking them, . . . Is Jesus the Lord? And the right answer is . . . Caesar is Lord, because in that Roman society there was only one lord, his face was on your coins, his name was worshipped, his statute was found in the marketplace. It was the Caesar, [the emperor]. He was the lord of that society, but not to the Christian community. And as the sword was placed to the throat of the Christians and they professed [Christ], each Roman had the right to thrust that sword and immediately execute the Christian. This was day-to-day reality for those who lived in this time period of the apostolic fathers.
We must remember the cultural context of these writing to see the urgency of establishing Christianity so that it would no longer be an illicit religion of vain and silly philosophy, but it was a belief system held by those who were good, law-abiding citizens, law-abiding, that is, abiding by the laws of God who represented no great threat to the Roman society. They were Christians who also had a system of belief that made sense, given divine revelation.
Certain of the people of the apologetic time period have strange Greek names. The first one is called Quadratus. All we know of him is that he came to the emperor Hadrian in 125 and presented to him an apology or a defense of Christianity. And the little information that we have about him comes from that same person Eusebius, who wrote the great history of the church.
Much more important because we know more about him is Aristides of Athens. Aristides was a great philosopher of that great city of Athens. He left an apology which was written to Hadrian, who was the emperor in AD 140. Let's look at the contents of his apology. Aristides says that there is a divine being. Of course, that would be our God. And that divine being is described in the terms of Stoic philosophy. Aristides says that he came to this knowledge of this divine being through contemplation of the world and the existing harmonies of that world. But as we attempt to understand the Godhead, this divine being, according to Aristides, we can only understand Him by negative attribution. Later on this will be called the via negativa in medieval theology. In other words, all we can say about God is what God is not. It's very difficult for us to make positive statements about God.
What Aristides did was to represent Christianity as a competing philosophy with other philosophies. He believed that Christianity is consistent with reason and gives an answer to the questions philosophers ask. Of course we all know that philosophy deals with certain important questions. What is reality? Who are we? How should we live? These are also the questions of Christianity. And Aristides then takes a positive attack against polytheism and reduces the teachings of polytheism to absurdity and shows how polytheism is mutually inconsistent.
How do we analyze Aristides? Is his agenda a good one? Has he approached the defense of Christianity from the way that we would applaud? His speaking of God in negative terms and his advocacy of an unknowability of God is contrary to the Bible's teaching. We know that the Bible teaches us that there are certain positive things that we can say about God. We know that He is our Father. We know that He sent His Son. We know that He, with the Son, loves His church. We know that He can do miracles. These things were ignored by Aristides as he attempted to present a defense of Christianity. Given the context of the world in which he lived, he knew that to speak intelligently to the intellectuals of his own age, he had to speak in a way that would fit into their mindset. And although we would criticize him for not presenting all of Christianity, as we understand the culture of the ancient church, as we understand that Christianity was struggling to present itself perhaps not as the only religion but at least one religion which could be acceptable given a more pluralistic society.
The next person from this same time period, the apostolic fathers, is Aristotle of Pella. We don't know too much about him; certainly a lot less about him than we know about Aristides. Aristotle defended Christianity against Judaism in a tract that was written at about 140, and the title of that tract is A Discussion Between Jason and Papiscus Concerning Christ. Remember, once again, the historical context. Christianity, at least by many, was considered to be a subsection of Judaism, and that makes sense. We came from Judaism, but Aristotle wants to defend Christianity and show how Christianity is different from Judaism.
The most important person of this time period is Justin the Martyr, known as Justin Martyr, as if Martyr were his last name, but he received his last name by what happened to him. He is the most important of the apologists. He was born in Palestine. His parents were not Christians, but they were pagans, and Justin went through all the various philosophical schools that were available to him as he searched for answers to those questions which are the most important of life, the questions with which all of us struggle concerning existence, concerning the nature of reality. He first went to the Stoic school and found their answers to be satisfying for a while, but then as God moved in his life, he became less and less satisfied with them, and so he went to the Aristotelian school. And Aristotle provided a complete philosophy of life, but Aristotle was unsatisfactory too. Then he went to the Pythagorean school, and as they tried to find order in the universe, so Justin too could not find satisfaction there, and finally he went to the Platonist school, and actually there were others in between. But as Justin himself tells us in his narrative of his conversion, one day he was walking on the shore of the beach, and an old man approached him. The old man convinced him to read the Old Testament prophets, and these apostles of a Jesus who was known as the Christ. As Justin sat and for the first time in his life read these writings, which we know as the Scriptures, but, of course, Justin didn't then, he narrates that as he was reading them his heart suddenly grew warm and he was converted immediately to these teachings of these apostles of Jesus Christ.
Remember, Justin, prior to this conversion, had been a philosopher. He had tasted from all the tables of the various philosophical schools, and the rest of his life he continued as a philosopher. During that time period, the philosophers dressed in a peculiar manner; they had a special cloak that demonstrated to the society around them that they were philosophers and that they had not a normal income like a farmer or a cabinet maker, but rather they were to be fed by their students. And the rest of his life, then, was spent as a philosopher. He goes to the city of Rome and there establishes a school during the time of the reign of Antoninus Pius, who ruled in Rome between 138 and 161. All we know about the rest of his life is that he established this school sometime during the reign of Antoninus and then later in 165 was beheaded with six of his companions and former students.
Justin, known as the Martyr, was a good writer, and we have a number of his works still. His works can be divided into three main parts. The first part is his apology, and then there's a second apology, and his third piece is his Dialogue with Trypho. Let's take a look at the first apology. It was addressed to this same Antoninus Pius and was written somewhere between AD 150 and 155. It has an introduction, a body, that consists of two parts. In the body of the literature, we notice that he is attempting to persuade the emperor to stop punishing Christians just because they're Christians. He is convinced that Christianity has not proven itself to be criminal. Christians are being persecuted just because they're Christians, and the charge made against the Christians was that they were atheists. Now doesn't that sound to be about the strangest charge for Christians who believe in Jesus Christ, who believe in a triune God that they were atheists? We'll see in a few minutes why this charge was leveled against them, but important to remember is that given Roman society, atheists were inherently against the ruling of the Roman government and were therefore considered to be worthy of death.
The second part of the body is a justification of Christianity. There its basic doctrines are presented to the ruler, presented in a way that proves that Christianity is not some wild imaginings of some crazy people, but rather is a teaching based upon divine revelation. His second apology is usually found as an appendix to the first apology but was during that time period a second literary work, and there he writes a protest to a prefect whose name is Urbicus. We don't know about this prefect. He is a lesser governmental official. But Urbicus was having Christians beheaded just because they're Christians, and Justin wants to say to this prefect Urbicus that there is no justification for that action.
His third piece of literature is his Dialogue with Trypho. Trypho is a Jew, and this is written after the other apologies. It's dedicated to Marcus Pompeius, and it's a long work. It has 142 different chapters. It is an interesting piece of literature. The format is a discussion between a learned Jew and a Christian. Whether this piece of literature is based upon actual historic circumstances is a question that can't be fully resolved. Perhaps there was actually a discussion between Justin and the Rabbi Tarphon, who's mentioned in the Jewish Mishnah. That's at least certainly possible. The introduction to the Dialogue with Trypho consists of the narrative of Justin's conversion, and I referred to that narrative just a few minutes ago, and we've seen how the life of Justin has unfolded as he's gone from the philosophical schools then to Christianity.
After that introduction, we have the main section, which has three subparts. In the first part, he gives us the Christian's understanding of the Old Testament. In the second part, he tells us about how Jesus Christ is fully divine and fully human and that Jesus as completely human, nevertheless, is completely divine. Remember, the context here is to a Jewish audience. Section three is that the way in which Christianity should be observed is that Christians are the new Israel. In other words, the Israel of the Old Testament has now become the Israel of God in the Christian church. We have here an important piece of literature that helps us to understand how the early church thought of the relationship between the Old Testament and the New Testament, and these are questions of perennial interest to the church. So it does seem that there may have been a real discussion between Philo and this Jew and at least parts of that discussion are contained in this letter to Trypho the Jew.
He also has written some other works, a book against all heresies, writing against a fellow named Marcion whom we'll discuss later. He has a discourse against the Greeks and the Greek view of reality. He has a work on the sovereignty of God and a work on the soul.
What about Justin's theology? We'll be looking at his theology in more detail as we investigate certain topics, but a few things can be pointed out now. Concerning his doctrine of God, Justin knows that God is without origin, and he says that He is nameless. And many commentators on Justin's works believe that Justin's conception of God is very similar to Plato's idea. How about his doctrine of Christ? He has the idea of the Logos as being quite important. The Logos is a mediator between God and man, and the Logos is in many ways subordinate to the Father. Jesus in these writings is referred to as a teacher. He's superior to all philosophers because Jesus is the incarnate reason of God. This Logos Christology, which we'll be talking about later, is a point of contact between pagan philosophy and Christianity. Using Stoic terminology, Justin argues that the philosophers only had the Logos or the reason in its seed form, but Christianity has the Logos Himself in Jesus Christ.
What have we learned from the apologists? So far we've learned a lot. We've learned about the difficult time in which they lived. We've learned about how they presented Christianity. We've learned about the fronts on which Christianity was fighting as they attempted to assert their independence from Judaism, as they attempted to assert their legitimacy as a philosophical system worthy of respect in the Greek society, the Greek-speaking society. We've learned a lot about ourselves as well, as they've wrestled with the relationship between the Old Testament and the New. Certainly our look at the apostolic fathers and the apologists has been an interesting look in a time period in some ways remote and in some ways so very near to our own.


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James Reid
Build-A-Bear Is Releasing an Animal Crossing Collection
Nintendo and Build-A-Bear Team-Up Again in New Collection
Build-A-Bear has announced a new collaboration with Nintendo, as the two companies team up for an Animal Crossing: New Horizons Collection.
The collection was announced on Build-A-Bear's official Twitter account:
COMING SOON! Our Animal Crossing™: New Horizons collection is full of fun for all ages. Sign up for free email and text updates so you don't miss a thing!
US: https://t.co/g37GrjpCWc
UK: https://t.co/D6Wesqr0Cc pic.twitter.com/ZJ0UwlAJx7
— buildabear (@buildabear) March 10, 2021
There is also a new page for the collection listed on Build-A-Bear's website though it is looking pretty empty as of now.
So far all we know is that they are doing a collection and that it is coming soon. Whether the collection will only feature more popular characters like Tom Nook and Isabelle, or if it will offer a range of villagers like Stitches, Fauna, Raymond, and Marshell, is unclear as of now.
In the past, the company has worked with Nintendo on collections for Pokemon and Mario. Notably, the Pokemon collection has had quite a few additions to it throughout the years with the current line-up featuring Dragonite, Eevee, Pikachu, Snubbull, and Mew. In addition to the stuffed Pokemon available for purchase, the collection also includes a number of Pokemon-themed ideas that can be worn by either Pokemon or regular Build-A-Bears.
For those excited to hear more about the collection, you can sign-up to receive any new notifications from Build-A-Bear as they become available through the company's website.
If you could choose any Animal Crossing Villager to appear in the Build-A-Bear collection, who would it be? Let us know down in the comments, or hit us up on Twitter or Facebook.
Headland Review – All Ages Adventuring
Japanese Psychological Horror Ikai Set To Launch In Late March
Nintendo Warns Gamers of Fake Shops Selling Cheap Switch Consoles
Pokémon Legends: Arceus Reveals a Massive Gameplay Preview
There Might Be No Nintendo Switch Pro at All, Says Analyst
MegaHouse's Lucrea Making New Persona 5 Figure
Overwatch Has Been Optimized for Xbox Series X/S

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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R.I. Job Opportunities, week of Jan. 31
For more information on netWORKri recruitments or job skill workshops, visit netWORKri.org. Online job search services and job listings are also available through the state's online career center, EmployRI, at EmployRI.org.
Woonsocket netWORKri Career Center, 219 Pond St.
Monday, 9 a.m. to noon — Masis Staffing will recruit material handlers, warehouse associates, forklift operators and assembly positions. (Job Number 720854)
Tuesday, 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. — Scotts Lawn Care will recruit lawn service technicians. (Job Number 721039)
For more information, go to EmployRI.org and enter Job Number.
Wakefield netWORKri Career Center, 4808 Tower Hill Rd.
Tuesday, noon to 2 p.m. — Westerly Health Center will recruit certified nursing assistants and registered nurses. (Job Number 721024)
Thursday, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. — Seven Hills will recruit direct support workers, a part-time PASS worker, a part-time HBTS worker, a part-time HBTS applied behavior analyst, an LPN, CNAs, a child-care worker and a per-diem respite worker. Attendees should have a résumé, bring all applicable licensure and be prepared for an on-site interview. (Job Number 717004)
Providence netWORKri Career Center, One Reservoir Ave.
Friday, 10 a.m. to noon – CBS Therapy will recruit full- and part-time behavioral therapy staff, including bilingual (English/Spanish) behavioral therapists, behavioral technicians, occupational therapists speech therapists and school psychologists.
For more information, go to EmployRI.org and enter Job Number 721216.
NRI Career Academy Informational Session, Chaplin-Perez Community Center, 37 Center St., Woonsocket
Thursday, 11 a.m. and Friday, 1 p.m. — Connecting for Children and Families will discuss the NRI Career Academy, which offers free training in banking/cash handling skills, sales/customer service essentials, call-center basics and basic bookkeeping to those who qualify.
For more information, call Heidi Collins at (401) 766-3384 or email hcollins@ccfcenter.org.
Scituate Police Department Recruitment
Applications are available at the Police Department, 116 Main St., Hope, R.I. 02831 or online at ScituatePD.org and must be returned to the Police Department no later than 1 p.m. on Friday, Feb. 5.
Burrillville Police Department Recruitment
Applications are available online at www.Burrillville.org, under "Public Notices" and "Job Opportunities." Applications must be returned to the Personnel Board, 105 Harrisville Main St., Harrisville, R.I. 02830 no later than noon on Monday, Feb. 22.
Middletown Police Department Recruitment
Applications are available online at MiddletownRI.com/employment. Applications must be emailed to EmploymentPD@MiddletownRI.com no later than 4 p.m. on Friday, Feb. 26.
Central Falls Police Department Recruitment
Applications are available online at CentralFallsPolice.com. Applications must be returned to the Department of Human Resources, 580 Broad St., Central Falls, R.I. 02863 no later than noon on Monday, March 7.
Providence School Department Recruitment
The Providence School Department is accepting applications for certified middle and secondary long-term substitute teachers in math, general science, biology, chemistry, physical education, health and adapted physical education. In addition, positions are available in library media, music, secondary special education with chemistry, ESL/ELL all levels, and secondary special education with content.
For more information, go to providenceschools.org/pages/ProvidenceSchools/Teachers/ApplyForJobs.


When you feel there is nowhere to turn, nobody who will help, nothing that can be done – you feel like you're a burden and it feels like there are only 2 options. Things stay as they are or you die. STOP! THERE IS ANOTHER OPTION – you just can't see it, you don't believe it exists but it does. There is another way – you can reach out, accept help and together we can help you find a way to heal. If you do this there are paths to a different life. Different to where you are right now – different to what you believe about your self and the world around you.
You might be thinking nobody will believe you. We will believe you. You might be thinking nobody can help. We can help you. You might be thinking nobody will listen or understand. We will hear you – we understand.
Experiencing abuse or a false accusation can leave you feeling broken, angry, devastated, anxious, confused, humiliated, embarrassed or depressed. It is not uncommon for victims of abuse or false allegation to feel incredibly ashamed about what has happened to them. You may start to question everything around you and feel quite alone.
If you, or someone you know is struggling. Whoever you are. It doesn't have to be this way. Reaching out takes strength but you're not alone. Please – let us help you.
Find a therapist. Talking helps.
Find help from other services and resources.
Men are significantly less likely to reach out for help. If someone you know is struggling – help them to reach out. Let them know – there is another way.


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Perry Farrell on the time he accidentally gave away David Bowie's phone number and...
In a new interview with NME, Jayne's Addiction icon Perry Farrell shared the story of a series of "tragic" mishaps in which he gave...
Jane's Addiction's Perry Farrell on his meeting with Tony Blair – and the problem...
Perry Farrell has spoken of the "disappointing" meeting he once had with former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair in his battle to fight climate...
Perry Farrell says that Lollapalooza is coming to the UK
Jane's Addiction icon Perry Farrell has revealed that he plans to bring the iconic Lollapalooza festival to the UK in the next few years. Watch...
Does Rock 'N' Roll Kill Braincells?! – Perry Farrell, Jane's Addiction frontman and...
Gary Ryan - 15th July 2019
1: What gift did you give Tony Blair in 2007? "It wasn't a gift – it was an oration. I gave a speech at...
Watch Foo Fighters perform with Rage Against The Machine's Tom Morello, Queen's Roger Taylor...
Tom Skinner - 3rd February 2019
Foo Fighters were joined onstage by Rage Against The Machine's Tom Morello and Queen's Roger Taylor during a performance in Atlanta last night. Check...
Watch Billy Corgan play with his Nine Inch Nails, Jane's Addiction, and The Cult...
Tom Skinner - 19th December 2018
Smashing Pumpkins' Billy Corgan took to the stage with members of Nine Inch Nails, Jane's Addiction, and The Cult earlier this week. Check out footage...
Dave Navarro criticises new documentary about his mother's murder
Andrew Trendell - 10th December 2018
Jane's Addiction guitarist Dave Navarro has spoken out against a new documentary about the murder of his mother. His mother, Constance Colleen Hopkins, was murdered by her...
Dave Grohl recruits members of Them Crooked Vultures and Jane's Addiction for live debut...
Dave Grohl recruited members of Them Crooked Vultures and Jane's Addiction for the live debut performance of his latest project, Play. Back in August, the Foo...
"I wept, and I wept, because I knew how that felt": Dave Navarro opens...
Charlotte Krol - 23rd November 2018
Jane's Addiction guitarist Dave Navarro has spoken about his grief in the wake of Chris Cornell's death last year. The musician, who was interviewing Tom Morello,...
Watch Jane's Addiction's Chris Chaney fill in for Foo Fighters bassist Nate Mendel at...
Nick Reilly - 16th August 2018
Footage has emerged of the recent Foo Fighters show that saw Jane's Addiction bassist Chris Chaney standing in for Nate Mendel after he became...


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Cheilinus lunulatus är en fiskart som först beskrevs av Forsskål, 1775.  Cheilinus lunulatus ingår i släktet Cheilinus och familjen läppfiskar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I want to take you on a journey – my journey of self-discovery and healing. I am a Registered Practical Nurse and this journey would lead me to fight the system I respected and loved but let me down and failed me.
In 2014, I was in a car accident that left my body broken and in a state of distress – just what cancer loves to feed upon. Deep down I knew there was more going on with my body than the tests and scans were showing. Like any good nurse, I requested my medical file and went through it like I would for one of my patients. I refused to give up.
In 2016, my body had become incredibly inflamed. I felt like a 90 year old riddled with arthritis. Everything hurt. Despite my complaints and concerns, I still couldn't get any support from the medical community. Refusing to continue to live this way, I used my education and training and decided to fix myself – my way. One of the best things that happened was finding and working with a personal trainer to help me rebuild my body.
Two years later, I discovered a lump in my breast. I was devastated but not surprised. I had been confident that the inflammation I was experiencing was my body's way of telling me something was VERY wrong – like CANCER wrong, and unfortunately, I was right. After testing, it was discovered that I had Stage 2 Breast Cancer that had spread to my nodes. I also tested positive for BRCA and with that result comes great concern for my family and for generations to come.
I have since had a double mastectomy, 6 months of difficult chemo and just finished 3 months of daily radiation treatments. Since this started, I started a charity called the PINK DRESS SOCIETY to raise money for local hospitals and patients. My hope through the charity is to empower women while on their journey.
This has been my hardest battle in my life and the fear I have experienced has been crippling. I didn't know how much time I would have and it became extremely important to me that I show who I really am by being true to myself and just be me. Genuinely me. Truly knowing the skin I live in makes me feel gorgeous. This isn't based on appearance but what I believe in my core. I knew losing my breasts wasn't going to set me back. My scars remind me of the fight I have in me and my journey to survive. Who I am as a mother, sister, wife and friend holds beauty in itself.


PERTH (miningweekly.com) – ASX-listed junior Kalamazoo Resources has completed the A$7-million sale of its Snake Well gold project, in Western Australia.
The company in November of last year reached an agreement with privately-held Adaman Resources to divest of the project, while maintaining a 2.5% net smelter royalty on any base metals mine at the project area.
Snake Well has a mineral resource inventory of 1.79-million tonnes, grading 2.45 g/t gold for 141 000 oz of gold.
Kalamazoo said on Tuesday that the A$7-million sales proceeds, which will be payable over 24 months, will be used to fund the company's aggressive exploration and drilling programme at its Wattle Gully gold project, in Victoria, and its Cork Tree copper project and Pilbara gold tenements, in Western Australia.


I have a Valentine Research G.Analyst for sale with the cable and software to record/download/view data to a computer.
The unit records accel/brake and lateral G forces and is very useful for suspension tuning and driver development. Valentine Reseach stopped making them years ago, but they still sell parts/support.
It records 8 minutes by itself or longer (up to 1 hr, I think) if coupled to a laptop in the car. The unit has its own display, so you don't need the PC software, but it helps to compare different runs next to each other to see exactly where your teammate/coach is faster or where you are leaving some available tire traction on the table compared to a previous time.
I also have all the manuals and some reviews on the product.
It sold new for $400 without the PC software and cable, which I am including.


Restaurant/bar specialises in authentic Sri Lankan curry and 'ago-zake' (flying fish infused sake) with ethnic and Japanese style bar food dishes.
Veggie curry platter using carefully selected fresh spices from Sri Lanka and plenty of vegetables comes with veg and herb garnishes which can be made vegan.
Ask for vegan option when ordering.
You can either enjoy the individual flavours or mix them up in Sri Lankan style.
Occasional quirky film nights and kitsch events also take place here.


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Bathurst 6 Hour to enjoy record field in 2022
The Shannons Motorsport Australia Championships will once again head to the iconic Mount Panorama next year with the round to host a record breaking entry list for the Hi-Tec Oils Bathurst 6 Hour.
Like this year's event, the popular six hour race will be the headline act for the Bathurst round, however in 2022, there will be a huge field of 70 cars taking part, eclipsing the previous record by six entries.
Remarkably, 88 official entry forms were lodged, but due to the track density and number of garage spaces available, the event was capped at 70 cars.
In order to reach a final number for the race, event organisers considered a variety of criteria when choosing the entry list, ensuring that all eight classes had a good mix of competitors.
Unfortunately it meant that some competitors had to miss out on a place in the race and Hi-Tec Oils Bathurst 6 Hour Event Director Ken Collier sympathised for all the unfortunate drivers.
"This is an unprecedented situation, and it comes two months before entries were originally due to close for the race," Collier said.
"The demand for spots on the Bathurst 6 Hour grid resulted in 88 teams lodging the correct entry paperwork and paying their entry fees for the race.
"Unfortunately, the track density and pit lane garage capacity means we can not run more than 70 cars so we had to work through a process to select the 70 that will make the final entry list.
"We have written personally to every entrant who was not fortunate enough to make the final cut.
"We understand their disappointment and we share in it because it was a very difficult process to undertake, and it's one we did with as much respect for the competitors and their entries as possible.
"We are very appreciative that they wanted to enter the race in the first place and hope that they continue to share that passion for the race moving forward.
"It is extremely rare that events or categories are placed in a position where there are too many entries rather than too few, so this has been a challenging experience for the Bathurst 6 Hour team as well."
Tickets for the race are now on sale and can be purchased here.
A full entry list will be released in the coming weeks with a number of Australian motorsport stars expected to attend the event.
The joint Hi-Tec Oils Bathurst 6 Hour and Shannons Motorsport Australia Championships round takes place at Mount Panorama on 15-17 April, 2022.
Tags: Bathurst 6 HourMount Panorama


A set of bulletin-boards around the city with the day's newspaper in English and Kannada pinned to it and a cross-translation of the headlines on a sheet of paper under them. If individuals wish to edit or add translations they can do so. The objective behind this is to promote cross-cultural understanding. English papers usually represent the National media and the regional language papers (Kannada papers) represent the local media. Both have a different take on things happening in the city and their relative importance.


Many organisations operate with a much reduced workforce compared with the past thanks to advances in technology and increased automation. As a result of this trend, more employees now work alone and often in remote areas. This can potentially put employees into a more vulnerable position should they run into trouble or sustain an injury in the workplace.
UK Health & Safety at Work legislation places a duty of care on employers to protect their workforce and this applies all the more to lone workers. Employers put their employees at risk of injury or fatality if they fail to equip them with the appropriate technology. Employers need to know immediately if someone suffers an injury and be able to swiftly locate where they are.
The minimum response to this obligation is to issue lone workers with a communications device. The device should enable them to keep in regular touch with managers and colleagues, alert control if there is a problem or if they meet with an accident – and enable them to take part in a coordinated response to any incident on site.
The question every employer should ask therefore is: are the communication devices fit for purpose? In 2017, two-way radio specialist Hytera Communications UK decided to find out by undertaking surveys in conjunction with Health and Safety at Work magazine and Facilities Management Journal. The results were somewhat alarming.
Nearly 82% of participants in the Health and Safety at Work magazine survey said they relied on mobile phones as their main communication system in the field, despite admitting that mobile phones were not a solution best suited to ensuring worker safety. Reasons cited for this included unreliable mobile coverage, the fact that mobiles can be a potential distraction for workers and that phone contracts placed an unnecessary additional cost burden on the business.
Just 42% of organisations said they used two-way radios, of which under one-third (31.4%) provided employees with Lone Worker technology, either via the two-way radio or a separate device. Even more startling, one-in-five businesses admitted to having no safety-critical communications at all. Of those, 95% work in potentially hazardous conditions, such as in the oil & gas, construction and manufacturing industries.
The Facilities Management Journal survey of 150 facilities managers revealed that those business that did have two-way radios were failing to exploit their full potential, especially the in-built health and safety features. Many respondents said that their existing radio systems suffer from coverage issues, poor audio performance, poor battery life and not enough capacity, thereby limiting their effectiveness.
This means that employees are at risk of being unable to communicate and operate efficiently during their day-to-day work and, even more worrying, during an emergency situation. Almost 87% of the facilities management companies surveyed said they were also using mobile phones. However, 56% admitted that some employees may be working in remote on-site locations with limited mobile coverage.
The FM survey respondents clearly expressed a wish to have their communications solutions upgraded. Some 31% cited cost as an obstacle and yet having both two-way radios and mobile phones places an unnecessary strain on budgets, while still failing to solve the communication issues.
So, to justify the investment facilities managers need to build a business case that clearly demonstrates the value for money a two-way radio system provides, while making clear the risks of not upgrading communications systems. Not doing so, risks injuries to workers or even fatalities.
The cost of tribunals and compensation due to negligence and failure to meet Health & Safety regulations alone ought to give managers pause for thought. Mobile phones offer many benefits, but they lack the instant push-to-talk voice communications, group calling, priority and emergency calls and and the built-in safety features that professional mobile radio (PMR) systems such as Digital Mobile Radio (DMR) offer.
These safety features provide employees with added protection by automatically sending alerts if the individual does not respond to an inquiry within an allotted time (Lone Worker alert), or if the radio tilts beyond a certain angle should the user fall over or become incapacitated (Man Down alert). Most modern radios have as a minimum an emergency button that sends an alarm when pressed, but the FM survey revealed just 29% had this feature.
The survey also highlighted a lack of awareness of the benefits of GPS tracking, which is available on the latest DMR devices. The ability to track a worker's whereabouts can be of vital importance. The radio's GPS can send a worker's location to controllers to help locate the individual quickly, whilst also alerting other team members. GPS can also be used to set up geo-fenced areas. Alerts can be automatically sent by the radio if a worker enters a geo-fenced restricted or hazardous area.
In short, radios should not just been seen as a traditional push-to-talk device. They should also be seen as a complete health and safety toolkit designed to protect employees, especially lone workers. Radios should not be seen as a luxury, but a necessity that does away with the need for other devices.
Quite apart from their effectiveness as a health and safety toolkit, two-way radio systems provide a reliable way to communicate during normal working operations. Key groups of workers can all be contacted and messages communicated in a single group call, rather than having to contact each employee individually. Radios are a productivity enhancing device.
In addition, private PMR systems have the advantage over other public and cellular mobile systems as they can provide the required coverage and capacity exactly where it is needed, unlike mobile phone networks, as well as providing tailored levels of network security, availability, resilience and redundancy. For large, dispersed sites, repeaters can be installed to extend the radio signals across a wider area.
DMR Tier III trunking networks can also be interconnected with PBX telephony systems and cellular mobile networks enabling voice traffic (and messaging) with non-radio users on their smartphones via a push-to-talk app. PMR radios can also be linked up directly with building alarms, systems and security gates.
It is these kinds of features that need to be built into the business case for installing or upgrading two-way radio systems, so that a wide range of applications are utilised and the best return on investment is delivered. Why pay additional monthly mobile phone bills and have to support a fleet of secondary communication devices, when upgrading the radio system would eliminate that cost with a one device?
For facilities managers, the first step is to get an authorised radio dealer to undertake a coverage survey to identify black spots and to evaluate the existing technology – usually an old analogue conventional radio system. Switching to a modern digital radio system, such as DMR often solves the problem, although better antenna design and improved location of repeaters (if there are any) will also help.
The next step is to educate users about the wealth of safety features on modern DMR radios and train them in their use. DMR systems from Hytera provide a louder and clearer sound quality thanks to digital audio and noise cancelling technology, as well as a long lasting battery life (up to 40% better than analogue), increased capacity and improved coverage.
DMR terminals are also much more rugged and robust than most cellular mobile phones. They provide far greater protection against dust and water intrusion and vibration and shock (drop resistance). This means the radio terminal is likely to last a lot longer than a smartphone and is able to operate in harsh environments.
Two-way radios provide an excellent solution for lone worker protection providing the radio system is properly specified to meet the coverage and capacity requirements and handsets are equipped with the appropriate features. Hytera DMR solutions and radios provide a long lasting and cost effective solution.


7. The website is rubbish. On purpose.
10. You have to travel at obscene hours.
11. The destination airports are in the middle of nowhere.
Dorothea Bate – Paleontologist and… Pirate?
Having to tell to friends and family all that went wrong with Ryanair and then having to listen to they own stories if you started it.
This is a great list. We hate the thieving bastards too and the scams they employ to rip us all off.
I hate Ryan air with a passion I wish they would go bust, I went BA this year and what a difference! will never fly with the robbing *****s ever again.
Having recently had a bad experience with them, I googled 'I hate Ryanair' and this came up…..
I have never had a problem with Ryanair. I did get a flight where I paid only a penny. At that time I used a Visa Electron card to avoid the fees. If you play the game you can travel very cheap. I don't know what what people expect. I can fly all over Europe cheaper than a train ticket to London.


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World Book Day - Which literary character are you most like?
Discussion in 'Personal' started by DaisysLot, Mar 2, 2011.
Elizabeth Bennett, right down to the irritating mother! Not sure that I've married Mr Darcy though.
Oh I'd definitely be GWTW's Scarlet O'Hara, but without the selfish streak.
Richard in The Mystery of the Blue Arrows by Chuck and David McKee.
When I was a child I wanted to be Helen Burns but preferably without the untimely death. Now I'm rather afraid I see a lot of myself in the (much older) Lucy Smalley in Staying On, or on a good/bad day in Lester Burnham in American Beauty.
When I was young I desperately wanted to be George - no draconian mother in the books, or Scout - with Atticus/Gregory Peck for a father who wouldn't - In my adolescence I wanted to be any one of Georgette Heyer's heroines, Venetia was my favourite, Now, just like Lily (what is going on here Lil?) I can see an awful lot of me in Lucy Smalley, one of the most underrated characters in literary fiction IMO, beautifully written.
Doesn't the ending make you cry EVERY time Lily?
Have you got a big sword of dawn and a black jewel implanted in your forehead Bauble? In the Multiverse I would have placed you as more of an Elric.
Anyway, good call on the plane of reality, I should like to be Jerry Cornelius.
Wel, no. But I have been to the Kamarg and Londra and my zippo doubles as a flame lance should the need arise.
I do have a sword and boiled leather gauntlets, they are quite handy for keeping the lonicera in check and as I react badly to leylandii cypress the leather armour is very useful when trimming it in the spring.
At school we read Lord of the Flies and I was 'Piggy' for some time - more becase I was quiet and bespectacled - my weight issues came much later!
Samwise Gamgee from Lord of the Rings.
Simone from the Chalet School series.
Miss Lemon from the Poirot books.
Do you seek Tanelorn beyond your Leylandii ?
The runestaff is my thing.


In case you haven't noticed, we finally have a real logo! Thanks to the folks at designcrowd.com for running the logo contest (99 logos were submitted from all over the world!), and thanks to those who helped me decide on the logo by voting.
A good friend of mine, James Brissendon, is very good at pointing out things that logos say that you don't want them to say. Without going into details, he pointed out that the logo that was winning was implying something I didn't want to imply. I then looked at the other logos that I had and found one that was similar to the winning design, with some improvements. Then I consulted my usual "design team" (thanks Robin) and she concurred. And there we have it! The new logo.
BTW. for your perfectionists out there, I know it should be a transparent gif/png. I'm working on it. But I just couldn't stand another day with that stupid "N" up there.


From 1 April 2015 Mr Nick House is the Headteacher at Greenshaw High School.
"I am delighted to announce that, following a formal interview process by the Greenshaw Governing Body, Nick House has been appointed to the post of Headteacher of Greenshaw High School from 1 April 2015.
Mr House will be fully responsible for the running of the school, supported by Mr Smith in his role as Executive Headteacher of the Greenshaw Learning Trust. Mr House and the Greenshaw Leadership Team will be directly responsible to the Governing Body of Greenshaw High School.


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Civil War Food – What Union and Confederate Soldiers Ate
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The modern US military has a wide range of food items at base camps and in the field. There are plenty of MREs (which are actually quite tasty) and other portable foods available to them while on missions and while stationed in hostile terrain. And when posted at an established base camp, the food prepared is also quite good. A big part of that, of course, is the ready availability of large quantities of every kind of food imaginable in today's modern environment. In fact, today's soldiers have the best food ever made available to a fighting force.
But it has not always been so.
Take the Civil War. Civil war food fed the soldiers and not much else. Let's take a look at the diet that included the typical Civil War food ration. Several issues affected the food provided to Civil War soldiers. These include the organization of the commissary department – which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of food to soldiers in the field, the season which determined whether fresh food was available or was preserved in some way and the ability of the food to remain good for long-term storage and transportation.
Before the war, the concentration of commissars was in the north, so when the civil war started, the north had a big advantage because they already had an existing commissar department that was already trained in how to acquire and transport food to soldiers in the field. . Their job was to work with troop numbers and schedules and to maintain a constant supply of food in each area where troops were stationed so that soldiers could keep fighting without worrying about where their next meal was coming from. It took several years for the Confederacy to develop a labor commissar, so being a soldier in the South was more difficult. It took real dedication to fight when you didn't know where your next meal was coming from. Due to this lack of infrastructure, the South had to do a lot of foraging between battles until supply lines were in place and operational.
Food for Civil War soldiers was generally very simple – often consisting of meat, coffee, sugar and hard dough – a type of dried biscuit. Meat was often salted or cured to last a little longer, and fruits and vegetables were rare on the battlefield. Because the soldiers were often in the field, they had to carry rations with them. They had a special bag – called a rucksack – which was made of canvas with a fabric inner bag that could be washed to clean out food debris from time to time. But even with this design, the bags were often very contaminated and smelly. Cleanliness was generally not high on the list of priorities for Civil War soldiers.
Union soldiers and Confederate soldiers usually had a different mix of rations. A Union soldier may have salt pork, fresh or salted beef, coffee, sugar, salt, vinegar, dried fruits and vegetables. And if it was in season, they might have fresh carrots, onions, turnips and potatoes. A Confederate soldier usually had bacon, cornmeal, tea, sugar, molasses, and very occasional fresh vegetables.
The other difference in Civil War food between the Union and Confederate armies was the type of bread they had available. The Confederate soldiers had something called "Johnnie Cake" which they made in the field from cornmeal, milk, and a few other ingredients. Union soldiers had hardtack, also called "tooth grinders" or "sheet metal crackers". Hardtack was made in large northern factories and was a staple for Union soldiers. Hardtack gets its name from the fact that it was often only used months after it was made and during that time it hardened like a rock, earning it its nicknames.
As you can see, food has come a long way due to the advent of technologies that allow better preservation of a wide variety of foods. Gone are the days of weevil-infested hardtacks. They have been replaced by modern vacuum sealing technologies that allow food to stay fresh and flavorful for years after being packaged. And since an army is said to be ruled by its stomach, it's no surprise that the modern soldier is the finest the world has ever seen.
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Back to E&E News index page.
Enthusiastic entrepreneur places big bet on algae
Amanda Peterka, E&E reporter
Greenwire: Wednesday, April 9, 2014
FORT MYERS, Fla. -- Paul Woods has done the math, and the magic number is $1.27.
The entrepreneur behind Algenol has calculated it'll cost that much to produce a gallon of algae fuel using his technology. It's a cost that will allow Algenol to compete in a marketplace dominated by petroleum.
And it's the number that'll make recycling industrial carbon dioxide turn a profit.
"I think you can do really simple math. This planet has one chance at diverting climate change, and it's Algenol," Woods said here at his demonstration facility among the sandy beaches and palm trees of Florida's Southwest coast.
Woods, a Canadian with long blond hair who's more comfortable in a polo shirt than a suit and tie, will soon have a chance to test his technology. Algenol plans to launch its first commercial-scale projects this year with major carbon emitters in the state.
Breaking into commercial production of advanced biofuels has eluded many companies. Policy remains uncertain despite a federal mandate that the country move beyond corn ethanol, while financing commercial-scale projects is a difficult barrier.
In the algae industry, most companies have turned to smaller markets, such as nutrition supplements and cosmetics, finding them more profitable in the short term than the fuel market, where payoffs are unclear and competition from the oil industry is fierce.
If it's successful, Algenol will be the first algae company to commercially produce all four major fuel products -- ethanol, gasoline, diesel and jet fuel. And it'll help establish the algae industry as a potential mitigation strategy for climate change and cement Florida's growing significance as an algae-producing state.
"They've certainly staked out a unique niche in terms of the algae space," said Philip Pienkos, group manager of the bioprocess research and development group at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Algenol CEO Paul Woods looks out over his demonstration facility, a three-decade vision finally come to life. Photo by Amanda Peterka.
Woods says he's pumped $200,000 of his own money into the company and hired some of the world's best scientists to see that his math is correct. Algenol is backed by a $25 million Department of Energy grant and a $10 million grant from Lee County, Fla.
Woods is known for an unending enthusiasm coupled with an unforgiving bluntness. Over the past year, he's threatened to move both out of the county and out of the state. He goes to Washington, D.C., as little as possible because, he readily admits, "I just don't have the temperament for it. My mouth would just be running away from itself all the damn time." Oil companies aren't in his favor, either: "They lie. They cheat. They steal. They do outrageous things."
The idea of producing ethanol directly from algae first came three decades ago while Woods was a student geneticist. Instead of pursuing the vision, though, he made a career out of natural gas trading, retiring in 2000 at the age of 38 to southwest Florida.
Woods said he continued to watch developments in the energy space, including hydraulic fracturing, and decided to launch Algenol in 2006.
"After I'd been retired for six years, I thought, you know what, the price of oil has crossed $50 [a barrel], and it will never go below $50 again," he said. "I had traded natural gas for 11 years. I knew a lot about the fundamentals of energy. Clearly fracking wasn't truly in place by that point, but fracking has not proved to be cheap. It's been great -- but not cheap."
Eight years later, rows of strong plastic bags filled with murky green water of varying shades hang from frames at Algenol's demonstration facility. The operation looks like a vineyard when you squint, said Rick Michael, Lee County's economic development director.
Sterilized salt water containing cyanobacteria and carbon dioxide is pumped into the plastic bags -- which are 4 feet by 4 feet, hold 16 liters and hang about a foot off the ground -- through a system of hoses controlled by a computer. The blue-green algae remains in the bags for about 30 days, constantly bubbling, during which it becomes a darker shade of green and produces a weak salt water-ethanol mixture through a fermentation process akin to making beer.
The mixture is fed into a unit that concentrates the ethanol. Algenol then feeds the spent algae into a process called hydrothermal liquefaction that produces gasoline, diesel and jet fuel.
At the facility, six tan buildings, the latest of which was completed last fall, contain laboratories with a lot of computer monitors and test tubes, conference rooms, and offices.
"It was really exciting when it changed from being just an R&D program to, holy crap, this thing really works and we're going to build it," Woods said, driving around the facility on an 80-degree February day in a golf cart.
The company is trying to cross the "valley of death" -- that precipitous moment when a startup moves from small scale to commercial. Several alternative fuel companies have succumbed to the valley because of the inability to raise enough capital or find partners to fund large-scale production.
"There are always glitches if you're trying to get up and producing," said Mark Riedy, counsel at Kilpatrick Townsend & Stockton LLP. "Back in history, when we changed from sailboats to steel and wooden ships with sails, to steel hulls with coal, to cars running on gasoline, to now changing to alternative fuel and alternative power applications -- you'll see that each one of these periods of change and new industries coming online faces similar financing difficulties."
For Algenol, scaling up will essentially mean creating more acres of hanging bags and building a plastic-bag manufacturing plant. Everything is geared toward getting across the valley.
The company, for example, began with 2,300 different types of blue-green algae. Scientists in Florida and Germany, where Woods sends European scientists interested in working for Algenol, narrowed down the field to one strain that was more productive than the rest.
Algenol switched from horizontal bags that lay across the ground to hanging vertical bags, because scientists found that the algae have a higher productivity in the vertical bags. The company also recently went from wooden frames to steel because they were cheaper.
Algenol is getting carbon dioxide for free, or nearly free, from emitters looking for a way to mitigate their greenhouse gas emissions. Like other algae companies, it's trying to market itself as a carbon mitigation company.
"We started this company completely as a fuel company, no doubt about it," Woods said. "I don't think we've completely switched away from being a fuel company -- of course we're a fuel company -- but are we a carbon monetization business? Oh hell yes we are."
Algenol formerly had a partnership with Dow Chemical Co. to provide the plastic for the technology but broke it off in 2010.
The company currently has a partnership with energy company Reliance Industries Ltd. to commercialize the technology in India, and other agreements to build systems to capture carbon dioxide in Brazil and Israel. Right now, the only place Woods said he won't build is in China because Algenol has detected more than 200,000 hacking attempts coming from a Chinese IP address. "Have the balls to come in here and buy my technology," he said.
'Very aggressive goal'
Algenol is aiming to make 8,000 gallons of fuel per acre per year to hit the $1.27 mark. Algenol could go as high as 9,000 gallons, but that would require more bags per square foot, driving up the capital cost above the per-gallon goal.
Conventional corn ethanol plants produce 300 to 400 gallons of fuel per acre per year.
Algenol's system varies from the other big algae-to-fuel producer in the country, Sapphire Energy Inc., which is using huge open ponds in the Southwest to cultivate algae. One other company, LanzaTech NZ Ltd., is converting industrial gases into ethanol. LanzaTech, though, is using a bacterial organism to convert carbon-dioxide-rich waste gases from Chinese steel mills into ethanol.
John Holladay, who is responsible for biofuels research at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, said Algenol is well-positioned to succeed. Holladay helped develop the technology that Algenol uses to convert spent algae into hydrocarbon fuels.
"They've had a long, long road of developing the science that was required to make this work. Sometimes people don't understand the road and how much was done to get to the point where they are today," Holladay said. "I just don't think one can under-appreciate the many hard years of hard work."
Still, Algenol's target of $1.27 is a "very aggressive number," he said.
"I think they're poised to have very low-cost ethanol. We'll see where that cost actually is," Holladay said.
At NREL, Pienkos' team in 2012 calculated that it was possible to produce cellulosic ethanol from agricultural waste for $2.15 a gallon and that it would compete in the market. Pienkos said that Algenol's advantage is getting the cyanobacteria to produce ethanol directly.
"They have circumvented the whole need to generate a bunch of biomass, harvest biomass and convert it to fuel," he said.
Algenol's location in Florida also helps. Conventional wisdom says that algae facilities belong in the Southwest, where land is plentiful and the weather is hot year-round, but researchers recently have pegged the Southeast as superior.
"Algae need lots of sunlight, they need land where you're going to grow them, and they need water. These are things that are available in the state," said George Philippidis, a biofuels expert at the University of South Florida.
Complicating the math, though, is policy uncertainty and Woods' outspokenness, which can sometimes rub policymakers the wrong way.
Last year, Florida enacted a law eliminating the state's renewable fuel mandate. Woods publicly threatened to move out of the state, and officials had to woo him to remain through a series of meetings.
Patrick Sheehan, director of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services' Office of Energy, said that the state was "very pleased and happy" with the meetings. The state's chief concern was that the algae would be released into the environment during natural disasters.
Algenol has six bright white boxlike rooms that mimic different environmental conditions. As part of the agreement to remain in Florida, Algenol allowed the state to control some of the experiments; the company locked up two shelving units filled with jars of algae in one of the rooms and handed the state the key.
Carbon dioxide is fed directly into rows of hanging bags of blue-green algae at Algenol's demonstration facility in Fort Myers, Fla. Photo courtesy of Algenol.
The latest kerfuffle happened in mid-February when a Lee County commissioner said he was "suspicious" about whether Algenol had the required 108 employees to keep its $10 million county grant.
In response, Woods furnished documentation showing he had 127 full-time county employees; he then pulled them all into the conference room and invited the public. He threatened a defamation lawsuit against the commissioner, Cecil Pendergrass, and to move a plastic bag manufacturing facility elsewhere.
"Cecil's an idiot for making that comment," he said.
Pendergrass said in an interview about a month later that he supports Algenol: "Paul -- I wish he would be more professional. ... I never meant to hurt Paul's feelings or Algenol's feelings."
The county says it is supportive of Algenol because it represents economic opportunity. The area is still recovering from the recession, which hit the construction industry and slowed down the sales of homes in Florida's coastal areas.
"Algenol represents an opportunity to not only attract capital investment but to create value-added jobs," said Michael, the county economic development director.
At the federal level, the algae industry has gotten mixed signals from Congress and the Obama administration. Congress added algae to the $1.01-a-gallon producer tax credit for next-generation fuels, but then allowed the credit to expire. The Obama administration maintains it supports biofuels but recently proposed the first-ever reduction to the federal biofuel blending mandate.
The industry has bipartisan support for including algae in master limited partnerships, a tax mechanism that would allow it to compete with oil companies for investment, but the legislation is stalled.
Woods says he views the policy uncertainty as a temporary obstacle. He says he puts up with it for his three kids: two daughters who are 26 and 8 years old, and a son who is 6 years old.
"I have an unbelievable stubbornness, I think," Woods said. "I'm not going to let these guys derail my vision. I'm not going to let all of their stupidities and roadblocks and partisanship -- I'm just not going to let it stand in the way."
Twitter: @apeterka | Email: apeterka@eenews.net
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Explored one of my favorite places, the Hopkins Demonstration Farm. Saw 2 little snakes, a salamander and a newt, and fungi. It was enjoyable taking it slow and admiring the small things, like dewdrops on leaves.
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What do you think of these mountains? 🏔 📍Norway - 📷: Tobias Bjørkli - 💎 Follow @mountgoals for more!


One Wall Removed -- more living space, more islands, more storage, more prep space!!!
We are excited to welcome Adrian Anvari to our Kestle Interiors' design team!
This kitchen transformation is well underway!! New cabinetry installation is complete, microwave in place, efficient outlets added, countertop installation in progress--Stay tuned to see the reveal!!


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Marcos López fue un alarife y maestro mayor de obras español del siglo .

En 1662, materializó los planos realizados por el Francisco Bautista y Sebastián de Herrera Barnuevo para la capilla del Cristo de los Dolores de la Tercera orden de San Francisco, y de la iglesia del convento de las Trinitarias Descalzas.

También, trazó la iglesia de San Cayetano de Madrid, edificio que sería reformado en el siglo XVIII por José de Churriguera y Pedro de Ribera.

Tras el incendio de 1672 que destruyó por completo la Casa de la Panadería en la Plaza Mayor, López formó parte del equipo liderado por Tomás Román encargado a su reconstrucción, junto con Juan de León, Pedro Lázaro Goiti y Lucas Román.

En 1679, le fue encargada la construcción del Hospital de la Venerable Orden Tercera, en la calle de San Bernabé, aunque las obras fueron finalmente ejecutadas por Luis Román y sus hijos, con la ayuda de Bartolomé Hurtado.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Tovar Martín, Virginia (1974). «El arquitecto Marcos López y el convento de las Trinitarias Descalzas de Madrid.» Anales del Instituto de Estudios de Madrid, vol. 10, pp. 133-153.
 Tovar Martín, Virginia (1975). Arquitectos madrileños de la segunda mitad del siglo XVII. Universidad Complutense

Arquitectos de España del siglo XVII
Alarifes


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