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Analysis of Pressure Drop in a Concentrated Solar Collector with Direct Steam Production
Sara Sallam, Mohamed Taqi, Naoual Belouaggadia
Solar thermal power plants using parabolic trough collectors (PTC) are currently a powerful technology for generating electricity. Most of these solar power plants use thermal oils as heat transfer fluid. The latter is heated in the solar field and transfers the heat absorbed in an oil-water heat exchanger for the production of steam driving the turbines of the power plant. Currently, we are seeking to develop PTCs with direct steam generation (DSG). This process consists of circulating water under pressure in the receiver tube to generate steam directly into the solar loop. This makes it possible to reduce the investment and maintenance costs of the PTCs (the oil-water exchangers are removed) and to avoid the environmental risks associated with the use of thermal oils. The pressure drops in these systems are an important parameter to ensure their proper operation. The determination of these losses is complex because of the presence of the two phases, and most often we limit ourselves to describing them by models using empirical correlations. A comparison of these models with experimental data was performed. Our calculations focused on the evolution of the pressure of the liquid-vapor mixture along the receiver tube of a PTC-DSG for pressure values and inlet flow rates ranging respectively from 3 to 10 MPa, and from 0.4 to 0.6 kg/s. The comparison of the numerical results with experience allows us to demonstrate the validity of some models according to the pressures and the flow rates of entry in the PTC-DSG receiver tube. The analysis of these two parameters' effects on the evolution of the pressure along the receiving tub, shows that the increase of the inlet pressure and the decrease of the flow rate lead to minimal pressure losses.
Direct steam generation, parabolic trough collectors, pressure drop.
Design and Analysis of Annular Combustion Chamber for a Micro Turbojet Engine
Rashid Slaheldinn Elhaj Mohammed
The design of high performance combustion chambers for turbojet engines is considered as one of the most challenges that face gas turbine designers, since the design approach depends on empirical correlations of data derived from the previous design experiences. The objective of this paper is to design a combustion chamber that suits the requirements of a micro-turbojet engine with 400 N output thrust and operates with kerosene as fuel. In this paper, only preliminary calculations related to the annular type of combustion chamber are explained in details. These calculations will cover the evaluation of reference quantities, calculation of required dimensions, calculation of air distribution and pressure drop, estimation of number and diameters for air admission holes, as well as aerodynamic considerations. The design process is then accompanied by analytical procedure using commercial CFD ANALYSIS tool; ANSYS 16 CFX software. After conducting CFD analysis, the design process will be then iterated in order to gain satisfactory results. It should be noted that the design of the fuel preparation and installation systems is beyond the scope of this work, and it will be discussed separately in another work.
Annular combustion chamber, micro-turbojet engine, CFD ANALYSIS, pressure drop.
Thermal Hydraulic Analysis of the IAEA 10MW Benchmark Reactor under Normal Operating Condition
Hamed Djalal
The aim of this paper is to perform a thermal-hydraulic analysis of the IAEA 10 MW benchmark reactor solving analytically and numerically, by mean of the finite volume method, respectively the steady state and transient forced convection in rectangular narrow channel between two parallel MTR-type fuel plates, imposed under a cosine shape heat flux. A comparison between both solutions is presented to determine the minimal coolant velocity which can ensure a safe reactor core cooling, where the cladding temperature should not reach a specific safety limit 90 °C. For this purpose, a computer program is developed to determine the principal parameter related to the nuclear core safety, such as the temperature distribution in the fuel plate and in the coolant (light water) as a function of the inlet coolant velocity. Finally, a good agreement is noticed between the both analytical and numerical solutions, where the obtained results are displayed graphically.
Forced convection, friction factor pressure drop thermal hydraulic analysis, vertical heated rectangular channel.
Prediction for the Pressure Drop of Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone in Sub-Sea Production System
Xu Rumin, Chen Jianyi, Yue Ti, Wang Yaan
With the rapid development of subsea oil and gas exploitation, the demand for the related underwater process equipment is increasing fast. In order to reduce the energy consuming, people tend to separate the gas and oil phase directly on the seabed. Accordingly, an advanced separator is needed. In this paper, the pressure drop of a new type of separator named Gas Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC) which is used in the subsea system is investigated by both experiments and numerical simulation. In the experiments, the single phase flow and gas-liquid two phase flow in GLCC were tested. For the simulation, the performance of GLCC under both laboratory and industrial conditions was calculated. The Eulerian model was implemented to describe the mixture flow field in the GLCC under experimental conditions and industrial oil-natural gas conditions. Furthermore, a relationship among Euler number (Eu), Reynolds number (Re), and Froude number (Fr) is generated according to similarity analysis and simulation data, which can present the GLCC separation performance of pressure drop. These results can give reference to the design and application of GLCC in deep sea.
Dimensionless analysis, gas-liquid cylindrical cyclone, numerical simulation; pressure drop.
CFD Modeling of Air Stream Pressure Drop inside Combustion Air Duct of Coal-Fired Power Plant with and without Airfoil
Pakawhat Khumkhreung, Yottana Khunatorn
The flow pattern inside rectangular intake air duct of 300 MW lignite coal-fired power plant is investigated in order to analyze and reduce overall inlet system pressure drop. The system consists of the 45-degree inlet elbow, the flow instrument, the 90-degree mitered elbow and fans, respectively. The energy loss in each section can be determined by Bernoulli's equation and ASHRAE standard table. Hence, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used in this study based on Navier-Stroke equation and the standard k-epsilon turbulence modeling. Input boundary condition is 175 kg/s mass flow rate inside the 11-m2 cross sectional duct. According to the inlet air flow rate, the Reynolds number of airstream is 2.7x106 (based on the hydraulic duct diameter), thus the flow behavior is turbulence. The numerical results are validated with the real operation data. It is found that the numerical result agrees well with the operating data, and dominant loss occurs at the flow rate measurement device. Normally, the air flow rate is measured by the airfoil and it gets high pressure drop inside the duct. To overcome this problem, the airfoil is planned to be replaced with the other type measuring instrument, such as the average pitot tube which generates low pressure drop of airstream. The numerical result in case of average pitot tube shows that the pressure drop inside the inlet airstream duct is decreased significantly. It should be noted that the energy consumption of inlet air system is reduced too.
Airfoil, average pitot tube, combustion air, CFD, pressure drop, rectangular duct.
Experimental Investigation of Plane Jets Exiting Five Parallel Channels with Large Aspect Ratio
Laurentiu Moruz, Jens Kitzhofer, Mircea Dinulescu
The paper aims to extend the knowledge about jet behavior and jet interaction between five plane unventilated jets with large aspect ratio (AR). The distance between the single plane jets is two times the channel height. The experimental investigation applies 2D Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and static pressure measurements. Our study focuses on the influence of two different outlet nozzle geometries (triangular shape with 2 x 7.5° and blunt geometry) with respect to variation of Reynolds number from 5500 - 12000. It is shown that the outlet geometry has a major influence on the jet formation in terms of uniformity of velocity profiles downstream of the sudden expansion. Furthermore, we describe characteristic regions like converging region, merging region and combined region. The triangular outlet geometry generates most uniform velocity distributions in comparison to a blunt outlet nozzle geometry. The blunt outlet geometry shows an unstable behavior where the jets tend to attach to one side of the walls (ceiling) generating a large recirculation region on the opposite side. Static pressure measurements confirm the observation and indicate that the recirculation region is connected to larger pressure drop.
2D particle image velocimetry, parallel jet interaction, pressure drop, sudden expansion.
Experimental Study on the Effects of Water-in-Oil Emulsions to the Pressure Drop in Pipeline Flow
S. S. Dol, M. S. Chan, S. F. Wong, J. S. Lim
Emulsion formation is unavoidable and can be detrimental to an oil field production. The presence of stable emulsions also reduces the quality of crude oil and causes more problems in the downstream refinery operations, such as corrosion and pipeline pressure drop. Hence, it is important to know the effects of emulsions in the pipeline. Light crude oil was used for the continuous phase in the W/O emulsions where the emulsions pass through a flow loop to test the pressure drop across the pipeline. The results obtained shows that pressure drop increases as water cut is increased until it peaks at the phase inversion of the W/O emulsion between 30% to 40% water cut. Emulsions produced by gradual constrictions show a lower stability as compared to sudden constrictions. Lower stability of emulsions in gradual constriction has the higher influence of pressure drop compared to a sudden sharp decrease in diameter in sudden constriction. Generally, sudden constriction experiences pressure drop of 0.013% to 0.067% higher than gradual constriction of the same ratio. Lower constriction ratio cases cause larger pressure drop ranging from 0.061% to 0.241%. Considering the higher profitability in lower emulsion stability and lower pressure drop at the developed flow region of different constrictions, an optimum design of constriction is found to be gradual constriction with a ratio of 0.5.
Constriction, pressure drop, turbulence, water cut, water-in-oil emulsions.
Reducing Pressure Drop in Microscale Channel Using Constructal Theory
K. X. Cheng, A. L. Goh, K. T. Ooi
The effectiveness of microchannels in enhancing heat transfer has been demonstrated in the semiconductor industry. In order to tap the microscale heat transfer effects into macro geometries, overcoming the cost and technological constraints, microscale passages were created in macro geometries machined using conventional fabrication methods. A cylindrical insert was placed within a pipe, and geometrical profiles were created on the outer surface of the insert to enhance heat transfer under steady-state single-phase liquid flow conditions. However, while heat transfer coefficient values of above 10 kW/m2·K were achieved, the heat transfer enhancement was accompanied by undesirable pressure drop increment. Therefore, this study aims to address the high pressure drop issue using Constructal theory, a universal design law for both animate and inanimate systems. Two designs based on Constructal theory were developed to study the effectiveness of Constructal features in reducing the pressure drop increment as compared to parallel channels, which are commonly found in microchannel fabrication. The hydrodynamic and heat transfer performance for the Tree insert and Constructal fin (Cfin) insert were studied using experimental methods, and the underlying mechanisms were substantiated by numerical results. In technical terms, the objective is to achieve at least comparable increment in both heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop, if not higher increment in the former parameter. Results show that the Tree insert improved the heat transfer performance by more than 16 percent at low flow rates, as compared to the Tree-parallel insert. However, the heat transfer enhancement reduced to less than 5 percent at high Reynolds numbers. On the other hand, the pressure drop increment stayed almost constant at 20 percent. This suggests that the Tree insert has better heat transfer performance in the low Reynolds number region. More importantly, the Cfin insert displayed improved heat transfer performance along with favourable hydrodynamic performance, as compared to Cfinparallel insert, at all flow rates in this study. At 2 L/min, the enhancement of heat transfer was more than 30 percent, with 20 percent pressure drop increment, as compared to Cfin-parallel insert. Furthermore, comparable increment in both heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop was observed at 8 L/min. In other words, the Cfin insert successfully achieved the objective of this study. Analysis of the results suggests that bifurcation of flows is effective in reducing the increment in pressure drop relative to heat transfer enhancement. Optimising the geometries of the Constructal fins is therefore the potential future study in achieving a bigger stride in energy efficiency at much lower costs.
Constructal theory, enhanced heat transfer, microchannel, pressure drop.
Prediction of Air-Water Two-Phase Frictional Pressure Drop Using Artificial Neural Network
H. B. Mehta, Vipul M. Patel, Jyotirmay Banerjee
The present paper discusses the prediction of gas-liquid two-phase frictional pressure drop in a 2.12 mm horizontal circular minichannel using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The experimental results are obtained with air as gas phase and water as liquid phase. The superficial gas velocity is kept in the range of 0.0236 m/s to 0.4722 m/s while the values of 0.0944 m/s, 0.1416 m/s and 0.1889 m/s are considered for superficial liquid velocity. The experimental results are predicted using different Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models. Networks used for prediction are radial basis, generalised regression, linear layer, cascade forward back propagation, feed forward back propagation, feed forward distributed time delay, layer recurrent, and Elman back propagation. Transfer functions used for networks are Linear (PURELIN), Logistic sigmoid (LOGSIG), tangent sigmoid (TANSIG) and Gaussian RBF. Combination of networks and transfer functions give different possible neural network models. These models are compared for Mean Absolute Relative Deviation (MARD) and Mean Relative Deviation (MRD) to identify the best predictive model of ANN.
Minichannel, Two-Phase Flow, Frictional Pressure Drop, ANN, MARD, MRD.
Optimization of Fin Type and Fin per Inch on Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of an Air Cooler
A. Falavand Jozaei, A. Ghafouri
Operation enhancement in an air cooler depends on rate of heat transfer, and pressure drop. In this paper for a given heat duty, study of the effects of FPI (Fin Per Inch) and fin type (circular and hexagonal fins) on heat transfer, and pressure drop in an air cooler in Iran, Arvand petrochemical. A program in EES (Engineering Equations Solver) software moreover, Aspen B-JAC and HTFS+ softwares are used for this purpose to solve governing equations. At first the simulated results obtained from this program is compared to the experimental data for two cases of FPI. The effects of FPI from 3 to 15 over heat transfer (Q) to pressure drop ratio (Q/Δp ratio). This ratio is one of the main parameters in design, and simulation heat exchangers. The results show that heat transfer (Q) and pressure drop increase with increasing FPI steadily, and the Q/Δp ratio increases to FPI=12 and then decreased gradually to FPI=15, and Q/Δp ratio is maximum at FPI=12. The FPI value selection between 8 and 12 obtained as a result to optimum heat transfer to pressure drop ratio. Also by contrast, between circular and hexagonal fins results, the Q/Δp ratio of hexagonal fins more than Q/Δp ratio of circular fins for FPI between 8 and 12 (optimum FPI)
Air cooler, circular and hexagonal fins, fin per inch, heat transfer and pressure drop.
Gas-Liquid Two Phase Flow Phenomenon in Near Horizontal Upward and Downward Inclined Pipe Orientations
Afshin J. Ghajar, Swanand M. Bhagwat
The main purpose of this work is to experimentally investigate the effect of pipe orientation on two phase flow phenomenon. Flow pattern, void fraction and two phase pressure drop is measured in a polycarbonate pipe with an inside diameter of 12.7mm for inclination angles ranging from -20o to +20o using air-water fluid combination. The experimental data covers all flow patterns and the entire range of void fraction typically observed in two phase flow. The effect of pipe orientation on void fraction and two phase pressure drop is justified with reference to the change in flow structure and two phase flow behavior. In addition to this, the top performing void fraction and two phase pressure drop correlations available in the literature are presented and their performance is assessed against the experimental data in the present study and that available in the literature.
Flow patterns, inclined two phase flow, pressure drop, void fraction.
Investigation of the Flow Characteristics in a Catalytic Muffler with Perforated Inlet Cone
Gyo Woo Lee, Man Young Kim
Emission regulations for diesel engines are being strengthened and it is impossible to meet the standards without exhaust after-treatment systems. Lack of the space in many diesel vehicles, however, make it difficult to design and install stand-alone catalytic converters such as DOC, DPF, and SCR in the vehicle exhaust systems. Accordingly, those have been installed inside the muffler to save the space, and referred to the catalytic muffler. However, that has complex internal structure with perforated plate and pipe for noise and monolithic catalyst for emission reduction. For this reason, flow uniformity and pressure drop, which affect efficiency of catalyst and engine performance, respectively, should be examined when the catalytic muffler is designed. In this work, therefore, the flow uniformity and pressure drop to improve the performance of the catalytic converter and the engine have been numerically investigated by changing various design parameters such as inlet shape, porosity, and outlet shape of the muffler using the three-dimensional turbulent flow of the incompressible, non-reacting, and steady state inside the catalytic muffler. Finally, it can be found that the shape, in which the muffler has perforated pipe inside the inlet part, has higher uniformity index and lower pressure drop than others considered in this work.
Catalytic muffler, Perforated inlet cone, Catalysts, Perforated pipe, Flow uniformity, Pressure drop.
Hydraulic Studies on Core Components of PFBR
G. K. Pandey, D. Ramadasu, I. Banerjee, V. Vinod, G. Padmakumar, V. Prakash, K. K. Rajan
Detailed thermal hydraulic investigations are very essential for safe and reliable functioning of liquid metal cooled fast breeder reactors. These investigations are further more important for components with complex profile, since there is no direct correlation available in literature to evaluate the hydraulic characteristics of such components directly. In those cases available correlations for similar profile or geometries may lead to significant uncertainty in the outcome. Hence experimental approach can be adopted to evaluate these hydraulic characteristics more precisely for better prediction in reactor core components. Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), a sodium cooled pool type reactor is under advanced stage of construction at Kalpakkam, India. Several components of this reactor core require hydraulic investigation before its usage in the reactor. These hydraulic investigations on full scale models, carried out by experimental approaches using water as simulant fluid are discussed in the paper.
Fast Breeder Reactor, Cavitation, pressure drop, Reactor components.
Experimental Investigation of Surface Roughness Effect on Single Phase Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Micro-Tube
Mesbah. M. Salem, Mohamed. H. Elhsnawi, Saleh B. Mohamed
An experimental investigation was conducted to study the effect of surface roughness on friction factor and heat transfer characteristics in single-phase fluid flow in a stainless steel micro-tube having diameter of 0.85 mm and average internal surface roughness of 1.7 μm with relative surface roughness of 0.002. Distilled water and R134a liquids were used as the working fluids and testing was conducted with Reynolds numbers ranging from 100 to 10,000 covering laminar, transition and turbulent flow conditions. The experiments were conducted with the micro-tube oriented horizontally with uniform heat fluxes applied at the test section. The results indicated that the friction factor of both water and R134a can be predicted by the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar flow and the modified Miller correlation for turbulent flow and early transition from laminar to turbulent flows. The heat transfer results of water and R134a were in good agreement with the conventional theory in the laminar flow region and lower than the Adam's correlation for turbulent flow region which deviates from conventional theory.
Pressure drop, heat transfer, distilled water, R134a, micro-tube, laminar and turbulent flow.
Numerical Study of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Laminar Flow in Cylindrical Elliptic Pipes
Olumuyiwa A. Lasode, Tajudeen O. Popoola, B. V. S. S. S. Prasad
Fluid flow in cylinders of elliptic cross-section was investigated. Fluid used is Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). LPG found in Nigeria contains majorly butane with percentages of propane. Commercial available code FLUENT which uses finite volume method was used to solve fluid flow governing equations. There has been little attention paid to fluid flow in cylindrical elliptic pipes. The present work aims to predict the LPG gas flow in cylindrical pipes of elliptic cross-section. Results of flow parameters of velocity and pressure distributions are presented. Results show that the pressure drop in elliptic pipes is higher than circular pipe of the same cross-sectional area. This is an important result as the pressure drop is related to the pump power needed to drive the flow. Results show that the velocity increases towards centre of the pipe as the flow moves downstream, and also increases towards the outlet of the pipe.
Elliptic Pipes, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Numerical Study, Pressure Drop.
Two Phase Frictional Pressure Drop of Carbon Dioxide in Horizontal Micro Tubes
M. Tarawneh
Two-phase frictional pressure drop data were obtained for condensation of carbon dioxide in single horizontal micro tube of inner diameter ranged from 0.6 mm up to 1.6 mm over mass flow rates from 2.5*10-5 to 17*10-5 kg/s and vapor qualities from 0.0 to 1.0. The inlet condensing pressure is changed from 33.5 to 45 bars. The saturation temperature ranged from -1.5 oC up to 10 oC. These data have then been compared against three (two-phase) frictional pressure drop prediction methods. The first method is by Muller-Steinhagen and Heck (Muller-Steinhagen H, Heck K. A simple friction pressure drop correlation for two-phase flow in pipes. Chem. Eng. Process 1986;20:297–308) and that by Gronnerud R. Investigation of liquid hold-up, flow-resistance and heat transfer in circulation type evaporators, part IV: two-phase flow resistance in boiling refrigerants, Annexe 1972. Then the method used by FriedelL. Improved friction pressures drop in horizontal and vertical two-phase pipe flow. European Two-Phase Flow Group Meeting, Paper E2; 1979 June, Ispra, Italy. The methods are used by M.B Ould Didi et al (2001) "Prediction of two-phase pressure gradients of refrigerant in horizontal tubes". Int.J.of Refrigeration 25(2002) 935- 947. The best available method for annular flow was that of Muller- Steinhagen and Heck. It was observed that the peak in the two-phase frictional pressure gradient is at high vapor qualities.
Two-phase flow, frictional pressure drop, horizontalmicro tube, carbon dioxide, condensers.
Experimental Investigation of Convective Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Al2O3/Water Nanofluid in Laminar Flow Regime inside a Circular Tube
H. Almohammadi, Sh. Nasiri Vatan, E. Esmaeilzadeh, A. Motezaker, A. Nokhosteen
In the present study, Convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of Al2O3/water nanofluid in laminar flow regime under constant heat flux conditions inside a circular tube were experimentally investigated. Al2O3/water nanofluid with 0.5% and 1% volume concentrations with 15 nm diameter nanoparticles were used as working fluid. The effect of different volume concentrations on convective heat transfer coefficient and friction factor was studied. The results emphasize that increasing of particle volume concentration leads to enhance convective heat transfer coefficient. Measurements show the average heat transfer coefficient enhanced about 11-20% with 0.5% volume concentration and increased about 16-27% with 1% volume concentration compared to distilled water. In addition, the convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid enhances with increase in heat flux. From the results, the average ratio of (fnf/fbf) was about 1.10 for 0.5% volume concentration. Therefore, there is no significant increase in friction factor for nanofluids.
Convective heat transfer, Laminar flow regime, Nanofluids, Pressure drop
Thermal Performance Analysis of Nanofluids in Microchannel Heat Sinks
Manay E., Sahin B., Yilmaz M., Gelis K.
In the present study, the pressure drop and laminar convection heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids in microchannel heat sink with square duct are numerically investigated. The water based nanofluids created with Al2O3 and CuO particles in four different volume fractions of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% are used to analyze their effects on heat transfer and the pressure drop. Under the laminar, steady-state flow conditions, the finite volume method is used to solve the governing equations of heat transfer. Mixture Model is considered to simulate the nanofluid flow. For verification of used numerical method, the results obtained from numerical calculations were compared with the results in literature for both pure water and the nanofluids in different volume fractions. The distributions of the particles in base fluid are assumed to be uniform. The results are evaluated in terms of Nusselt number, the pressure drop and heat transfer enhancement. Analysis shows that the nanofluids enhance heat transfer while the Reynolds number and the volume fractions are increasing. The best overall enhancement was obtained at φ=%2 and Re=100 for CuO-water nanofluid.
Microchannel Heat Sink, Nanofluid, Heat transfer enhancement, pressure drop
The Effect of Cyclone Shape and Dust Collector on Gas-Solid Flow and Performance
Kyoungwoo Park, Chol-Ho Hong, Ji-Won Han, Byeong-Sam Kim, Cha-Sik Park, Oh Kyung Kwon
Numerical analysis of flow characteristics and separation efficiency in a high-efficiency cyclone has been performed. Several models based on the experimental observation for a design purpose were proposed. However, the model is only estimated the cyclone's performance under the limited environments; it is difficult to obtain a general model for all types of cyclones. The purpose of this study is to find out the flow characteristics and separation efficiency numerically. The Reynolds stress model (RSM) was employed instead of a standard k-ε or a k-ω model which was suitable for isotropic turbulence and it could predict the pressure drop and the Rankine vortex very well. For small particles, there were three significant components (entrance of vortex finder, cone, and dust collector) for the particle separation. In the present work, the particle re-entraining phenomenon from the dust collector to the cyclone body was observed after considerable time. This re-entrainment degraded the separation efficiency and was one of the significant factors for the separation efficiency of the cyclone.
CFD, High-efficiency cyclone, Pressure drop, Rankine vortex, Reynolds stress model (RSM), Separation efficiency.
A Numerical Study of Single-phase Forced Convective Heat Transfer in Tube in Tube Heat Exchangers
P. Mohajeri Khameneh, I. Mirzaie, N. Pourmahmoud, M. Rahimi, S. Majidyfar
Three dimensional simulations in tube in tube heat exchangers are investigated numerically in this study. In these simulations forced convective heat transfer and laminar flow of single-phase water are considered. In order to measure heat transfer parameters in these heat exchangers, FLUENT CFD Solver is used in this numerical method. For the purpose of creating geometry and exert boundary and initial conditions in the present model, finite volume method in Computational Fluid Dynamics is used in this study. In the present study, at each Z-location, variation of local temperatures, heat flux and Nusselt number at the whole tube is investigated in detail. Thereafter, averaged computational Nusselt number in this model is calculated. In addition, conceivable pressure drops have been obtained at each Z-location in this model. Then, pressure drop values in the present model are explored. Finally, all the numerical results for this kind of heat exchanger will be discussed precisely.
Heat exchanger, Laminar flow, CFD, Nusseltnumber, Tube in tube, pressure drop.
CFD simulation of Pressure Drops in Liquid Acquisition Device Channel with Sub-Cooled Oxygen
David J. Chato, John B. McQuillen, Brian J.Motil, David F. Chao, Nengli Zhang
In order to better understand the performance of screen channel liquid acquisition devices (LADs) in liquid oxygen (LOX), a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of LOX passing through a LAD screen channel was conducted. In the simulation, the screen is taken as a 'porous jump' where the pressure drop across the screen depends on the incoming velocity and is formulated by Δp = Av + Bv2 . The CFD simulation reveals the importance of the pressure losses due to the flow entering from across the screen and impacting and merging with the channel flow and the vortices in the channel to the cumulative flow resistance. In fact, both the flow resistance of flows impact and mergence and the resistance created by vortices are much larger than the friction and dynamic pressure losses in the channel and are comparable to the flow resistance across the screen. Therefore, these resistances in the channel must be considered as part of the evaluation for the LAD channel performance. For proper operation of a LAD in LOX these resistances must be less than the bubble point pressure for the screen channel in LOX. The simulation also presents the pressure and velocity distributions within the LAD screen channel, expanding the understanding of the fluid flow characteristics within the channel.
Liquid acquisition devices, liquid oxygen, pressure drop, vortex, bubble point, flow rate limitation.
Hydrodynamic Simulation of Fixed Bed GTL Reactor Using CFD
Sh. Shahhosseini, S. Alinia, M. Irani
In this work, axisymetric CFD simulation of fixed bed GTL reactor has been conducted, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In fixed bed CFD modeling, when N (tube-to-particle diameter ratio) has a large value, it is common to consider the packed bed as a porous media. Synthesis gas (a mixture of predominantly carbon monoxide and hydrogen) was fed to the reactor. The reactor length was 20 cm, divided to three sections. The porous zone was in the middle section of the reactor. The model equations were solved employing finite volume method. The effects of particle diameter, bed voidage, fluid velocity and bed length on pressure drop have been investigated. Simulation results showed these parameters could have remarkable impacts on the reactor pressure drop.
GTL Process, Fixed bed reactor, Pressure drop, CFDsimulation.
Experimental Study of the Pressure Drop after Fractal-Shaped Orifices in a Turbulent Flow Pipe
A. Abou El-Azm Aly, A. Chong, F. Nicolleau, S. Beck
The fractal-shaped orifices are assumed to have a significant effect on the pressure drop downstream pipe flow due to their edge self-similarity shape which enhances the mixing properties. Here, we investigate the pressure drop after these fractals using a digital micro-manometer at different stations downstream a turbulent flow pipe then a direct comparison has been made with the pressure drop measured from regular orifices with the same flow area. Our results showed that the fractal-shaped orifices have a significant effect on the pressure drop downstream the flow. Also the pressure drop measured across the fractal-shaped orifices is noticed to be lower that that from ordinary orifices of the same flow areas. This result could be important in designing piping systems from point of view of losses consideration with the same flow control area. This is promising to use the fractal-shaped orifices as flowmeters as they can sense the pressure drop across them accurately with minimum losses than the regular ones.
Fractal-shaped orifice, pressure drop, turbulent flow.


Lydia tries to deal with the recent events that happened and Dante is trying to keep them safe. 10 likes for more!
She nodded and as soon as he let go of her Lydia ran into the house. She skidded to a stop just before the living room. The person she saw was Isaac, he was lying on his back with one arm above his head and his other one reaching out to the side. There was a giant gaping hole in his neck. His blood spilled out onto the wooden floor.
A gut wrenching scream came out of her mouth, if it hadn't been for Dante she would have fell onto the floor. Every time she tried to move closer to Isaac, Dante held her back until she didn't fight it any longer. In the span of two hours, Lydia lost her dad and her best friend.
She didn't care about crying in front of Dante; all the emotions Lydia was trying to bottle up came pouring out in the form of screams and sobs. She did need to cry and have someone coddle her after all because she was human.
Lydia didn't want to go further into the house and see how many other familiar faces she knew. She didn't understand why this was happening and she didn't know where to go next. She needed someone to tell her what to do. Her brain was telling the rest of her body that she needed to move but all she could do was lie limp in Dante's arms.
He was going to question her but something told him he shouldn't. So Dante got in the car and let her drive. As they were leaving Dante saw Lydia's friend Isaac standing by the front door. He didn't tell her because he didn't think she would be able to handle it. Whatever this virus was, it was taking less time to kill its host. Dante wish he didn't see that or any of it.
He couldn't help but look over at her even though she told him not to. Dante had no idea what to say to her. She was just a kid and in a matter of hours her entire life was flipped. "I'm so sorry Lydia." "It's not your fault, you didn't kill them."
Lydia thanked her and walked back over to where Dante was sitting with his knee bobbing up and down. While she was filing out the form Dante was muttering to himself, "What are you mumbling?" Lydia asked while smiling up at the woman so she wouldn't think anything was wrong.
He shook his head, "Nothing, we just need to get out of here as soon as possible. We don't know who might be infected." "Okay, I'm almost done." Three guys in military uniforms came from the front door and walked past them. They walked up to the receptionist and showed her something. She pointed to where Lydia and Dante sitting.


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Tag: fires
Mapping Climate Change's Impact on California's Fire Seasons
ProPublica (screenshot)
ProPublica maps the change in California's fire seasons. "As California continues battling its worst wildfire season on record, new research shows that fall fire weather days—days with high temperatures, low humidity and high wind speeds—will double in parts of the state by the end of the century and will increase 40% by 2065. […] In the north, a summer fire season has been driven by high temperatures and low humidity. In Southern California, fall fire season is driven by east winds. With climate change, though, both the summer and fall fire seasons have grown longer, and are melting into each other, overlapping in time and space." [Joshua Stevens]
Link•Categories Weather and Climate•Tags California, climate change, fires, global warming, wildfires
California Wildfires: Mapping the Bigger Picture
Published on 7 October 2020 by Jonathan Crowe
Two maps:
John Nelson's 100 Years of Wildfire is a static map showing a century of California wildfires, simplified into zones of 100 square miles. The map measures the cumulative burn area for each zone over that entire time: this can exceed 100 or even 200 percent if large fires are frequent enough, or the whole damn area burns down more than once.
The California Fire Observatory combines longer-term data about forest cover with up-to-date information about wildfire hotspots and wind speed. "We map the drivers of wildfire hazard across the state—including forest structure, weather, topography & infrastructure—from space. […] By providing these data for free we hope to support the development of data-driven land management strategies that increase wildfire resilience—for forests and communities—enabling people and nature to thrive." [Maps Mania]
Link•Categories Weather and Climate•Tags California, fires, wildfires
More on the Western U.S. Wildfires
Published on 14 September 2020 14 September 2020 by Jonathan Crowe
NASA Earth Observatory
NASA Earth Observatory has had several stories on the western U.S. wildfires, gathered here. This story summarizes the situation; satellite images of the smoke generated by the fires can be seen here, here and here.
In today's Sunday edition of @washingtonpost pic.twitter.com/qHosujRKrG
— Lauren Tierney (@tierneyl) September 13, 2020
Marena Brinkhurst of Mapbox has a comprehensive list of open data sources relating to the wildfires, smoke, and air quality.
Mark Altaweel at GIS Lounge looks at how GIS is being used to map wildfires, smoke and air pollution.
Previously: California Wildfires, 2020 Edition.
Link•Categories Disasters, GIS, Weather and Climate•Tags California, earth observatory, fires, NASA, Oregon, satellite imagery, Washington Post, wildfires
Tracking Amazon Fires
Published on 26 August 2020 by Jonathan Crowe
Last year saw an uptick in fire activity in the Amazon basin. This year a new tool has been released that aims to help classify the fires being observed. The Amazon Dashboard classifies each fire as a deforestation fire, a savanna fire, a small clearing and agricultural fire, or an understory forest fire, and tracks whether the fire is in a protected or indigenous territory. NASA Earth Observatory:
The fire analysis tool is already bringing new clarity and insight to the 2020 fire season. In July, Brazil announced a 120-day ban on fires in the Amazon rainforest; it was presented as an effort to limit ecological damage from fires this year. However, the NASA-led fire analysis indicates that there has been a proliferation of fires in key deforestation hotspots in the southern Amazon states of Pará, Mato Grosso, and Amazonas.
Previously: Mapping the Amazon Fires.
Link•Categories Weather and Climate•Tags Amazon rainforest, Brazil, deforestation, fires, wildfires
California Wildfires, 2020 Edition
NOAA/ESRL
Wildfire status tracking. The California Governor's Office of Emergency Services posts a daily map showing the status of active wildfires in the state. It's basically a one-page PDF you can print and hand out: decidedly old school and not remotely interactive. The New York Times has a series of maps tracking the various wildfire complexes. See also the Los Angeles Times interactive wildfires map, the address of which will probably work next year too. [Maps Mania/Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs]
Forecasting. NOAA's High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) atmospheric model includes an experimental smoke forecast. It and other smoke and fire models are available as hourly static images (see above) or via this interactive map. [Maps Mania/UWCIMSS]
Google is adding wildfire boundaries to Search and Maps: it will provide warnings to nearby users and have an impact on driving directions. [Engadget/TechCrunch/The Verge]
Link•Categories Disasters, Weather and Climate•Tags California, fires, Google, Google Maps, wildfires
Mapping the Amazon Fires
Published on 29 August 2019 26 August 2020 by Jonathan Crowe
Let's start with the current situation map from Brazil's own space agency, the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espacias (INPE), which I'm surprised is still online. In July Brazil's president, Jair Bolsonaro, accused the widely respected agency of lying about the scale of deforestation in the Amazon; INPE's chief, Ricardo Galvão, was forced out earlier this month after defending the agency. After that, INPE said that fires were up 84 percent over the same period last year. (The ESA, for its part, tracked nearly four times as many fires in August as they did last year.)
Other raw data sources include the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), fire activity data from which can be viewed here; and MODIS data from NASA's Terra and Aqua satellites. For a live feed of MODIS data on the Amazon fires, see the MODIS Wildfire Dashboard.
Meanwhile, NASA's Earth Observatory posted MODIS imagery of several Amazon fires, and had this curious statement that seemed to minimize the scale of the problem: "As of August 16, 2019, an analysis of NASA satellite data indicated that total fire activity across the Amazon basin this year has been close to the average in comparison to the past 15 years. […] Though activity appears to be above average in the states of Amazonas and Rondônia, it has so far appeared below average in Mato Grosso and Pará, according to estimates from the Global Fire Emissions Database, a research project that compiles and analyzes NASA data."
A subsequent NASA Earth Observatory post seems to contradict the one I mentioned earlier, pointing to "a noticeable increase in large, intense, and persistent fires burning along major roads in the central Brazilian Amazon" which "are more consistent with land clearing than with regional drought" and noted fire detections "higher across the Brazilian Amazon" since 2010.
Contextualizing the amount of fires seems to be a recurring theme in the reporting: the number of fires are up sharply over last year, but close to the average when taking a longer view. It's helped a lot of bad and insincere actors make it harder to get to the heart of what's going on over there. They can't, after all, deny the satellite imagery or the remote sensing: we can see the fires. We can detect the emissions of smoke, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide (1, 2, 3). We can map them. And those maps can help us understand what's going on.
On the NGO front, InfoAmazonia has produced the above map comparing fires over the last 24 hours with historical fire data. (They have other maps on this subject as well.)
Note, too, the reference above to burning along major roads. Tim Wallace crunches MODIS date from 2012 onward and teases out some patterns in the fires.
And the New York Times, where Tim used to work, has a map correlating the position of the current Amazon fires along the edges of past deforestation. The Times also has maps showing maps on a month-by-month basis and comparing August 2019 with the August average over the past decade.
[CityLab, Maps Mania]
Link•Categories Weather and Climate•Tags Amazon rainforest, Brazil, deforestation, fires, INPE, NASA, wildfires
U.S. Wildfire Causes, 1980-2016
Published on 29 December 2017 29 December 2017 by Jonathan Crowe
Jill Hubley has mapped the causes of wildfires in the United States from 1980 to 2016, based on Federal Wildland Fire Occurrence Data. The map toggles between main causes (human and natural) and specific cause; there's also a chart ranking the causes.
The highest and lowest ranked causes are highlighted when the chart loads. These represent the cumulative ranking across all years. Lightning, a natural cause, often floats to the top, but that's only because on the human side, the vote is split between more than twenty options. Lightning doesn't predominate in all states, though. In Alabama, the number one cause is pyromania. In Indiana, it's brakeshoes. In Minnesota, it's field burning. There are a couple of overall trends, too. Smoking is going down as a cause, and powerlines are going up.
[CityLab/Benjamin Hennig]
Link•Categories Weather and Climate•Tags fires, USA, wildfires
How to Build a Fire Map
Published on 7 December 2017 by Jonathan Crowe
Last October Robin Kraft posted an online map of the northern California wildfires showing satellite imagery from before and after the fires (see previous entry); today he's posted a blog entry explaining how he built it, in great technical detail. The timing is not accidental: "There is another fire raging in Los Angeles right now — if DigitalGlobe and Planet release their data, you can use this guide to make your own map."
Link•Categories Disasters, GIS, Weather and Climate•Tags California, fires, Mapbox, satellite imagery, wildfires
The New York Times Maps the Tubbs Fire
Published on 23 October 2017 22 October 2017 by Jonathan Crowe
The destruction wrought by the Tubbs Fire in northern California, and the speed at which it spread, is mapped with excruciating detail by the New York Times graphics team.
Link•Categories Disasters, Weather and Climate•Tags California, fires, Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, wildfires
California Wildfires: Mapping Sonoma County
Sonoma County's wildfire information page points to a number of useful maps: fire perimeter boundary maps, current evacuation areas, road closures, rapid evaluation safety assessment (RESA) maps. The City of Santa Rosa's emergency information page also has maps specific to that city; Heavy also has a roundup. See also Cal Fire's structural status information map. [The Mercury News]
Previously: Mapping the Northern California Wildfires.
Link•Categories Disasters, Weather and Climate•Tags California, fires, Sonoma County, wildfires
Mapping the Northern California Wildfires
Maps and satellite imagery of the wildfires in Northern California include the San Francisco Chronicle's interactive map; Robin Kraft's interactive map showing satellite imagery from before and after the fire; this New York Times page mapping building damage in Santa Rosa; the Washington Post's coverage of the devastation; and NASA Earth Observatory's images of the smoke plumes here and here.
Link•Categories Disasters, Weather and Climate•Tags California, fires, satellite imagery, wildfires
Where Disaster Strikes
Published on 15 February 2017 24 May 2017 by Jonathan Crowe
Where Disaster Strikes: Modern Space and the Visualization of Destruction, an exhibition of disaster maps, is taking place now until 19 April at Harvard's Pusey Library.
Floods, fires, earthquakes, volcanoes, bombings, droughts, and even alien invasions: disaster can take many forms. And, although disasters are always felt dramatically, a disaster's form and location impacts who records its effects and what forms those records take. "Where Disaster Strikes" investigates the intertwined categories of modern space and disaster through the Harvard Map Collection's maps of large destructive events from the London Fire to the present.
Open to the public. The exhibition also has a substantial online presence.
Link•Categories Antique Maps•Tags cities, earthquakes, exhibitions, fires, Harvard, libraries, war
Smoke and Smog
Published on 9 July 2013 11 November 2017 by Jonathan Crowe
Forest fires near Eastmain, Quebec had a dramatic impact on air quality around here last week; I woke up hacking and wondering why. (Air filters to maximum!) The above photo, taken by the MODIS sensor aboard NASA's Aqua satellite on June 28, gives some idea of the situation on the eastern shores of James Bay. (The photo also shows a brown-stained James Bay, the result of tannin-stained water from bogs spilling into the bay in spring.) Image credit: NASA Earth Observatory.
Image•Categories Weather and Climate•Tags fires, NASA, Quebec, satellite imagery, wildfires

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


They both came from "good stock". Herbert Payson was the son of Henry, a successful banker and stock broker and the grandson of Edward, long time minister for the Second Parish, commonly called the Payson Memorial, Church.
Sally Carroll Brown Payson was the daughter of John Marshall and granddaughter of John Bundy Brown. Two names needing little introduction to regular readers and Portland history buffs. Sally grew up in her father's house on Vaughan Street. We looked at that house in 2013. After John Bundy died, the area of his estate known as "Bramhall" was subdivided. Sally, like her cousin Helen, acquired a lot on Bowdoin Street to build a house for her growing family.
And like her cousin, Sally and Herbert called on Portland's premier architectural team of John Calvin and John Howard Stevens to create a home suitable for their status and family size. Unlike the Holt's at 55 Bowdoin, just across the service road, which mixed Colonial Revival and Arts and Crafts elements, Stevens created a powerful statement of Georgian Revival architecture for the Paysons.
Georgian Revival was, and still is, a subset of the Colonial Revival movement. Drawing it's inspirations from the more formal buildings on the late colonial or Georgian era. The original form was noted for strict symmetry with a substantial level of ornamental detail. The revival saw a little less symmetry and, in most cases, an increase in the amount and detail of the ornament.
Johns Calvin and Howard tended to work in a more conservative mode which fit the city's overall mindset. Details were reduced in both quantity and intensity with designs relying more on solidity and massing for impact. The image above of the western end of 71 Bowdoin illustrates this quite well. The details are simple. One arched top window on the second floor in the 'antique' mode and a very modern compressed arch above the triple windows of the third floor are all there is to break the pattern set on the main facade. The scale and massiveness of the wall, with its textured Flemish bond, does the heavy lifting as far as visual impact is concerned.
Herbert and Sally were married in 1893. By the time they moved into our subject in 1907 they had 5 children and would have one more in 1908. The 1910 census found them on Bowdoin Street with their 2 older girls and 4 younger boys along with a German governess. The also had 2 Irish and 1 English female servants living with them.
The first 15 years of the 20th century saw the remaining lots on Bowdoin sold and built on. All of the houses on the street from Vaughan Street to the Western Promenade, but for one, would be designed by John Calvin Stevens. From the Chaplin/Small double and Dennett houses of the 1880s, both directly across the street from our subject, through Stevens' 'first house' at #52 Bowdoin from 1884 through the Richard Webb house of 1907 at #29 and ending with the aforementioned Holt house we can see almost 30 years of Stevens development as an architect and the city's changing tastes.
In 1934, Herbert and Sally created a company they called Thornhurst Farm Inc. It would serve as a holding company for the family's real estate. The name Thornhurst Farms from the summer property her father had built on the Falmouth Foreside. Sally had inherited a share of the property when John Marshall Brown passed away 1907. In 1935, they transferred ownership of our subject house to Thornhurst. They lived on at Bowdoin Street until Herbert Payson died in 1940. Sally seems to have stayed on a few years more as Thornhurst remained the owners of record until it was sold to Hilda Palmer in 1945. Sally died in 1948. She and Hebert were buried in Pine Grove Cemetery in Falmouth.
Hilda Libby Ives Palmer was born in Cape Elizabeth on May 29, 1909. Her father was Howard R Ives, a partner in Verrill, Hale, Booth & Ives, a local law firm and her mother was Hilda Libby, an ordained minister and the daughter of a former mayor of Portland. Hilda grew up on Carroll Street and at 'Cragmoor', the family's summer home on the Cape Elizabeth shore. She attended local schools including Waynflete, where she taught before marrying John Palmer in June of 1930. John's family ran a clothing and footwear store on Congress Street in the Brown Memorial block.
John and Hilda traveled to Europe after their marriage, sailing from Liverpool to Montreal on the White Star Line's "Laurentic", then taking the train to Portland on their return. They had 3 daughters and 1 son during the decade of the 30's. The Palmers owned the property until August of 1959 when they sold and moved to Yarmouth. John died in 1980 and Hilda in 2001.
The house is still a one family home and is in very good condition. The owners are a former candidate for Governor of Maine and her husband.
← Glimpses. 40 Deering Street.


text:
Neve Campbell Will Officially Return For 'Scream 5'
Surprise, Sidney...
It's now official: Neve Campbell will reprise her role as Sidney Prescott in the upcoming fifth Scream movie. She joins other original cast members, Courteney Cox and David Arquette, in returning for the latest sequel. This will be the first Scream film since 2011 and the death of original director Wes Craven in 2015.
In Craven's place, Scream 5 is being directed by the team known as Radio Silence, who gave this statement on the casting news to Bloody Disgusting:
We're pinching ourselves! It's hard to express how much the character Sidney Prescott shaped our love of movies and to have the chance to work with Neve is truly a dream come true. It just wouldn't be a Scream movie without Neve and we're so excited and honored to join her in Woodsboro.
Campbell said that "after spending time speaking with Radio Silence, they have shown such love, respect and admiration for Wes Craven and all that he's created in the Scream franchise" she was "beyond excited" to return to the series. The original trilogy of films, created by writer Kevin Williamson with Craven, completely rewrote the rules of slasher movies in the mid-'90s, and inspired an entire wave of meta-textual horror. The fourth filmed followed a decade after the first three Screams; a TV spinoff later ran for three seasons on MTV.
Scream 5 is scheduled to be released in theaters on January 14, 2022. The film is expected to go into production next spring in North Carolina.
Gallery — The Best Horror Movie Posters in History:
Source: Neve Campbell Will Officially Return For 'Scream 5'
Filed Under: neve campbell, Scream, Scream 5
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'Scream 5' Is Officially Called 'Scream' – And Production's Already Wrapped
The Original 'Scream' Cast Is Having a Virtual Reunion
Courteney Cox Will Return For 'Scream 5'


Fashion and textile students took to the catwalk with clothes made entirely from recycled plastic shopping bags.
The Chelmsford College level three BTec learners showed off their garments at the intu Lakeside shopping centre, in Essex, alongside fashion displays from the centre's shops, which donated the shopping bags for the students' creations.
Julie Leahy, curriculum leader for the art and design faculty, said: "The students were extremely excited about being involved in such a high-profile show.
Students used bonding, stitching, knitting and weaving to create wearable upcycled outfits.


text:
package yan.com.taobaodb.adapter.util;

import android.content.Context;
import android.content.res.TypedArray;
import android.graphics.Canvas;
import android.graphics.Rect;
import android.graphics.drawable.Drawable;
import android.support.v7.widget.LinearLayoutManager;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.util.AttributeSet;
import android.view.View;

/**
 * 分频器项目装饰类
 * Created by yan on 2015/10/22.
 */
public class DividerItemDecoration  extends RecyclerView.ItemDecoration{

    private Drawable mDrawable;
    private boolean mShowFirstDivider = false;
    private boolean mShowLastDivider =false;

    public DividerItemDecoration(Context context,AttributeSet attributeSet){
        final TypedArray array = context.obtainStyledAttributes(attributeSet,new int[]{
                android.R.attr.listDivider
        });
        mDrawable = array.getDrawable(0);
        array.recycle();
    }
    public DividerItemDecoration(Context context,AttributeSet attributeSet,boolean showFirstDivider,
                                 boolean showLastDivider){
        this(context,attributeSet);
        mShowFirstDivider = showFirstDivider;
        mShowLastDivider = showLastDivider;
    }
    public DividerItemDecoration(Drawable drawable){
        mDrawable = drawable;
    }
    public DividerItemDecoration(Drawable drawable,boolean showFirstDivider,boolean showLastDivider){
        this(drawable);
        mShowFirstDivider = showFirstDivider;
        mShowLastDivider = showLastDivider;
    }

    //得到偏移量
    @Override
    public void getItemOffsets(Rect outRect, View view, RecyclerView parent, RecyclerView.State state) {
        super.getItemOffsets(outRect, view, parent, state);
        if (mDrawable == null){
            return;
        }
        if (parent.getChildPosition(view)<1){
            return;
        }
        if (getOrientation(parent) == LinearLayoutManager.VERTICAL){
            outRect.top = mDrawable.getIntrinsicHeight();
        }else {
            outRect.left = mDrawable.getIntrinsicWidth();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onDrawOver(Canvas c, RecyclerView parent, RecyclerView.State state) {
        if(mDrawable == null){
            super.onDrawOver(c, parent, state);
            return;
        }
        //需要初始化,以避免编译器警告
        int left = 0, right = 0, top = 0, bottom = 0, size;
        int orientation = getOrientation(parent);
        int childCount = parent.getChildCount();

        if (orientation == LinearLayoutManager.VERTICAL) {
            size = mDrawable.getIntrinsicHeight();
            left = parent.getPaddingLeft();
            right = parent.getWidth() - parent.getPaddingRight();
        } else { //horizontal
            size = mDrawable.getIntrinsicWidth();
            top = parent.getPaddingTop();
            bottom = parent.getHeight() - parent.getPaddingBottom();
        }

        for (int i = mShowFirstDivider ? 0 : 1; i < childCount; i++) {
            View child = parent.getChildAt(i);
            RecyclerView.LayoutParams params = (RecyclerView.LayoutParams) child.getLayoutParams();

            if (orientation == LinearLayoutManager.VERTICAL) {
                top = child.getTop() - params.topMargin;
                bottom = top + size;
            } else { //horizontal
                left = child.getLeft() - params.leftMargin;
                right = left + size;
            }
            mDrawable.setBounds(left, top, right, bottom);
            mDrawable.draw(c);
        }

        //显示最后的分频器
        if (mShowLastDivider && childCount > 0) {
            View child = parent.getChildAt(childCount - 1);
            RecyclerView.LayoutParams params = (RecyclerView.LayoutParams) child.getLayoutParams();
            if (orientation == LinearLayoutManager.VERTICAL) {
                top = child.getBottom() + params.bottomMargin;
                bottom = top + size;
            } else { // horizontal
                left = child.getRight() + params.rightMargin;
                right = left + size;
            }
            mDrawable.setBounds(left, top, right, bottom);
            mDrawable.draw(c);
        }

    }

    //得到方向
    private int getOrientation(RecyclerView parent) {
        if (parent.getLayoutManager() instanceof LinearLayoutManager) {
            LinearLayoutManager layoutManager = (LinearLayoutManager) parent.getLayoutManager();
            return layoutManager.getOrientation();
        } else {
            throw new IllegalStateException(
                    "DividerItemDecoration can only be used with a LinearLayoutManager.");
        }
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Category: Sport
Bedwas seek first win against Llanelli
Following on from the opening Saturday's visit of Neath, Bedwas once again welcome visitors from West Wales, this time in the shape of Llanelli. Looking ahead to the game, Bedwas Head Coach…
WRU posts £1 million profit
The Welsh Rugby Union group has announced an after tax profit of £1 million for the last financial year. Its annual report, published this week, also reveals record funding levels for the…
Kiwi Tito backs Wales to end All-Blacks win drought
Cardiff Blues captain Paul Tito reckons Wales can beat New Zealand for the first time in 56 years this autumn Wales open their campaign on November 7 with a mouth-watering clash against…
Owen ready for rugby return
Michael Owen is ready to come back from eight months of injury to try and force his way back into the Wales team. Former Dragons skipper Owen has not played for Guinness…
Fixture list announced for Premiership rugby
Monday, August 3, 2009 Tuesday, August 4, 2009
The fixture list for this season's Principality Premiership has been announced. Bedwas will play host Neath while Cross Keys will visit Llanelli on August 29. This year, for the first time, the…
Henson rubbishes talk about quitting rugby
Sunday, August 2, 2009 Monday, August 24, 2009
Gavin Henson has denied he is to quit rugby after he was given indefinite leave by the Ospreys. Henson, 28, has been relieved of duties while he battles persistent Achilles and groin…
WRU boss congratulates England for RWC 2015
Roger Lewis, the WRU chief executive, has said England's successful bid to host the World Cup in 2015 is a fantastic opportunity for Wales. As part of England's bid, the Millennium Stadium…
Williams should be fit for autumn tests
Tuesday, July 28, 2009 Friday, April 6, 2012
Wales' record try scorer Shane Williams should be back in action for the autumn tests after undergoing shoulder surgery.


text:
Q: ClosedXML: Access existing pivot table I created a workbook, added data to a sheet and from that data created a pivot table on another sheet. I would like to be able to open said table on another occasion later in the code, but I can't figure out how to do this. Using this:
IXLPivotTable pivot = pivotSheet.PivotTables.PivotTable("temp");

or
IXLPivotTable pivot = pivotSheet.PivotTable("temp");

does not work, even though the table's name is temp. I even used the Open XML SDK Tool to read the XLSX file's XML code and found out that indeed the table is named temp.
What am I doing wrong here? It always throws a System.Collections.Generic.KeyNotFoundException on said line of code, i.e. it can't find the table.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Can Technology Mend Our Broken Minds
Neuroscientist Adam Gazzaley envisions how AI and virtual reality might heal the human mind.
By Adam Gazzaley UCSF Magazine Winter 2020
Illustration: Abigail Goh
Anxiety. Depression. ADHD. Dementia. The human brain is in trouble. More than half a billion people worldwide suffer from debilitating impairments in cognition. While there are many sources fracturing our cognition, we must face the reality that our brains simply have not kept pace with the rapid changes in our environment – specifically, the introduction and ubiquity of information technology.
This new environment challenges our brains and behaviors at a fundamental level. Scientists have documented the influence of information overload on attention, perception, memory, decision-making, and emotional regulation. We also see strong associations between the use of technology and rising rates of depression, anxiety, suicide, and attention deficits, especially in children.
But the same technologies contributing to the cognition crisis could help solve it.
Adam Gazzaley, MD, PhD, is a professor of neurology, physiology, and psychiatry and the founder and executive director of Neuroscape at UCSF. He holds UCSF's David Dolby Distinguished Professorship. Photo: Steve Babuljak
By leveraging sophisticated sensors to collect and interpret data about us, mobile technologies could one day help us to better and more deeply understand ourselves in the real world and in real time.
These tech-based assessments could be optimized to yield a much more nuanced perspective of our abilities, allowing us to explore the eddies and tides in cognition from childhood to our senior years, in response to life's unpredictable joys and traumas. They could become the next generation of cognitive assessments.
Of course, this approach will need to advance carefully, protecting sensitive data and preempting its abuse. It will require that we overcome deeply rooted biases around our inclination to think of cognition as a reflection of "who we are." (Consider how we refer to someone as being inattentive, but as having high blood pressure.)
Once we better understand our cognition, we can work to enhance it, creating powerful technological experiences that maximally harness our brain's plasticity to boost our cognition, refine our behavior, and ultimately elevate our minds.
A technology-based, closed-loop approach could generate experiences that selectively activate brain networks and then apply constant pressure to those networks with interactive challenges. Over time, such an approach would drive the brain's plasticity to optimize its function.
Imagine playing a video game in which your data is collected with sensor technology – performance metrics, emotional responses, body movements, brain activity – and used in real time to guide the environment you are experiencing, personalizing challenges and rewards to improve your cognition. Many laboratories and companies, including my own, are actively pursuing this vision right now.
What better use is there for AI than in enhancing HI – human intelligence?
Adam Gazzaley, MD, PhD
Take all of this one step further, and think of the role that artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality might play. Picture yourself deeply immersed in a multisensory virtual environment in which your full-body interactivity is coordinated by an AI that knows you more deeply than any human being could, including yourself. It would pick up on subtle shifts in perception, mood, aggression, attention, and memory to strengthen your brain's function by driving its natural plasticity. It wouldn't control you; it would give you control over your own mind, helping prevent a slippery slide into major depression, anxiety, ADHD, or dementia.
What better use is there for AI than in enhancing HI – human intelligence? If we are creative and forward-thinking, we can achieve what may be technology's ultimate promise: the establishment of an environment that fosters the next phase in the evolution of the human mind.
Advances in medicine have elevated the overall health of humanity to a level that far exceeds past gains. But for our species to continue to thrive in this increasingly complex world, we must turn our lens inward and look for cracks in the mirror.
When it comes to the functioning of our brains and minds, we are at a crisis point. Now is the time to take stock of what we truly value about being human, embrace it, and mend our broken minds.
This piece was adapted from an essay by Gazzaley titled "The Cognition Crisis," which originally appeared in OneZero, a Medium publication.
Dive into the future of health in this special issue of UCSF Magazine.
AI Will Give Your Doctor Superpowers
Fresh Questions About Oxytocin as the 'Love Hormone' Behind Pair Bonding


text:
Emmys: RuPaul Wins Best Reality Host 4th Year in a Row, Tying Jeff Probst's Record
5:41 PM PDT 9/14/2019 by Kirsten Chuba , Allison Crist
Amy Sussman/Getty Images
RuPaul poses with the Outstanding Host for a Reality or Competition Program Award for "RuPaul's Drag Race" during the 2019 Creative Arts Emmy Awards on September 14, 2019 in Los Angeles, California.
'RuPaul's Drag Race' is up for a total of 14 awards at this year's ceremony.
RuPaul of RuPaul's Drag Race continues to build his Emmy collection, winning for best host of a reality or competition program for the fourth consecutive year at the Creative Arts Emmys on Sunday.
As a result, RuPaul is now tied with Survivor host Jeff Probst's record for most wins in the category.
Backstage, RuPaul explained he was "having a hard time putting words together," but he ultimately expressed his gratitude for the win and the art of drag.
"I show up to work because I love drag queens, love dramatic people, love being around people who march to a different drummer," RuPaul said.
He later added, "Drag is dangerous. Drag is not politically correct. I know people say, 'You're mainstream,' but drag will never be mainstream."
Rupaul said he hopes to continue expanding Drag Race's reach.
"We have a Canadian version, U.K. version, a Thailand version, a Chilean version — how much bigger would I like it to get? How many countries are there?" he said. "I think it's a good show. There are drag queens all over the place, I think we can do a lot of them."
Drag Race, up for 14 awards at this year's ceremony, made history in 2018, becoming the first series to win best reality host and best reality competition program in the same year.
The show was recently renewed for a 12th season on VH1, while spinoff RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars was greenlit for a fifth season.
The 2019 Creative Arts Emmy Awards took place over two nights (Saturday and Sunday) at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles and will air on FXX next Saturday, Sept. 21, at 8 p.m. ET/PT, ahead of the Primetime Emmy Awards telecast on Fox on Sunday, Sept. 22, at 8 p.m. ET/5 p.m. PT.
Kirsten Chuba
Allison Crist


September 9, 2018.- Sixth of eight rounds in the 2018 Eastern Canadian Rally Championship (ECRC), the Rallye Défi took place this past weekend in the Montpellier (MRC Papineau, Outaouais) region of Quebec. The event was held under perfect conditions, under a blue sky as far as the eye could see, and crowned Jean-Sébastien Besner and his co-driver Yvan Joyal as ECRC winners in their Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution.
This was the Montreal driver's third victory of the season, as he entered the event already in the lead of the championship standings, and then dominated the class from start to finish. In the end, Besner/Joyal were victorious by a margin of three minutes and forty-four second ahead of Simon Vincent and Hubert Gaudreau (Subaru WRX STI), who lost all hopes of a win when they fell victim to a flat tire after hitting a rock in one of the first stages. Nonetheless, Vincent/Gaudreau managed to conserve second place in the ECRC, finishing forty-two seconds in front of Nicolas Laverdière and Vincent Trudel (Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution).
In addition to their overall podium, Laverdière/Trudel also won the Production 4 Wheel Drive Class, while ECRC second place, Novice class victory, and fourth place overall went to Jérôme Mailloux, co-driven by Ian Guité in their Ford Focus 4WD. Despite suffering from damage following a contact, Mailloux/Guité were once again impressive as they made their way in front of the thousands of spectators lining the course of this popular event.
The Top 5 was rounded out by last July's Black Bear Rally winners Sébastien Clark and Yanick Marin (Subaru WRX STI). They finished ahead of the duo made up of Jonathan and Jeremy Drake (Subaru 2.5 RS) and two-wheel drive winners Ontarians Chris and Dan Cyr in their Toyota GT86. For Canadian Drift Champion Pat Cyr, this was his second 2WD win in the ECRC series, demonstrating his competitive rally talent, despite still being a novice driver in the sport.
The Top 10 was completed by rookie Réjean Perron, co-driven by Alexandre Marcoux (Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution); Julien Rondeau and Jonathan Raymond, second in 2WD in their Honda Civic; and Michael Ketchum /Jonathan Desgroseillers, winners of Production 2WD with their Mazda 323.
The following ECRC outing of the season will take place on October 19 & 20, again in Quebec, this time for the Rallye de Charlevoix. One of the highlights of the season, with its city stages and breathtaking views, this rally will be the penultimate event of the 2018 calendar.


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Mònica is back home – Lifted by Grúas Minguella's Liebherr LTC 1050-3.1
Topics: Austria, Grassmayr, Grúas Minguella, Innsbruck, La Seu Vella Cathedral, Lérida, Liebherr, LTC 1050-3.1
She rings again! Eight years ago, on 7 May 2014, Mònica one of the two original 15th century bells at La Seu Vella Cathedral in Lérida, Catalonia, left its location for the first time since installation in 1486. A crack that could have caused it to break apart needed to be repaired at the Grassmayr workshop in Innsbruck, Austria. It wasn't until eight years later that it was finally returned to the top of the bell tower due to various bureaucratic hurdles – the tower is a listed building.
The contract to mount the restored bell in its original position was awarded to the crane specialist Grúas Minguella in Lérida. The company's Liebherr LTC 1050-3.1 mobile crane took on this difficult task and lifted the 1.5t bell, which is an essential part of the bell tower of Lérida Cathedral and also part of the historical heritage of La Seu Vella, to a height of 40m with a radius of 15m.
"One of the main challenges for this manoeuvre was providing access to the work site for the crane. In order to get to the construction site, the LTC 1050-3.1 had to pass through two stone arches that are only 3m high and offer extremely little space," says Tomás Minguella, Managing Director of Grúas Minguella. The Liebherr LTC 1050-3.1 compact crane was a good choice for this job due to its compact dimensions, especially in terms of its height and manoeuvrability. "To ensure the highest level of safety due to the historical value of the Mònica bell, we carried out a simulation of the lift in advance and worked out a special lifting plan," Minguella continues.
"For Grúas Minguella, it was a great honour to be able to support this project, because it allowed us to contribute to the history and development of our region," concludes Tomás Minguella.
Raising the bell was not Grúas Minguella's first assignment at La Seu Vella Cathedral. Twenty-five years ago, the company used a Liebherr LTM 1030 mobile crane to carry out maintenance work on Mònica. However, since the boom of the LTM 1030 was shorter than that of the current LTC 1050-3.1, the 30t crane was supported on stacked timber at the time, which allowed it to be raised by almost 2m to reach the required height.
Grúas Minguella has relied on Liebherr machines since day one due to the latter's high-quality products and excellent customer service. The company has a fleet of 13 cranes, all built by Liebherr. Grúas Minguella was also one of the first companies in Spain to procure the Liebherr LTM 1450-8.1 mobile crane. The 450t machine is currently the largest crane in its fleet.
Grúas Minguella was founded in 1948 and was initially mainly involved in the repair of heavy machinery. In 1975, the company moved to Lérida and was the first crane operator in Catalonia, Aragon and Valencia to have mobile cranes with a lifting capacity of up to 100t. Currently, the company's business activities are focused on the industrial, energy, hydraulics and public works sectors. Grúas Minguella celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1998.
Source Liebherr
Bruns Kranvermietung Selects their First Liebherr Mobile Crane
Delivery of New Liebherr Cranes for King Lifting Started
Kran & Transport Lausitz Selects a Liebherr LTM 1050-3.1
Orion Passes Another Milestone Setting Sail for Rostock


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Charlotte Connelly – Blog
History of Science and Technology blog
"Mobile phones and film making in Africa" talk at the National Museum of Scotland to introduce screenings as part of their film festival, African Cinema in the Digital Age
"Untangling Ohm's Apparatus" at the Object Lessons and Nature Tables conference, The Museum of English Rural Life [link]
Invited paper: "The many politics of displaying Cameroon's mobile culture" at Mobile Africa Revisited, The University of Leiden, The Netherlands [link to video]
"Collecting and representing Cameroonian communications stories" at Artefacts Conference, National Museums Scotland
"Mathematical Muddles and Troublesome Tuning: How Music Works" at Science Museum Lates
"Domesticating electrical equipment: tinkering and the British identity" at Electrifying the City: Spaces and Places for Electricity in Twentieth Century Britain
"Working with museum objects for research" workshop and presentation given to students studying the Topics in the History of Physical Sciences course at UCL
"How the electric telegraph sparked lively debate between scientists and engineers" at BSHS annual conference
"How do you run a successful telegraph company when you don't know how the electric telegraph works?" for Science Museum Talks
Interviewed for a range of broadcast and print about the Visions of the Great White South exhibition I curated for the Scott Polar Research Institute, hosted by Bonhams. [The Guardian] [BBC World Service] [BBC Breakfast] [Le Point]
Interview about the 'brown dog affair' and vivisection for Radio 4 programme, Scenes from Student Life [link]
Interview and demonstration of building a voltaic pile, like that invented by Alessandro Volta in 1799, in front of a live audience for the Naked Scientists radio show. The show is broadcast on BBC Radio 5 Live and ABC Radio National, Australia. [link] [my blog post]
Interviewed in a Science Museum film, 'The Making of Information Age: Cameroon Mobile Phone Call Box' [link]
Featured across a range of broadcast, print and online media marking the 20th birthday of the IBM Simon, arguably the world's first smartphone. [Press Association video report] [The Mail Online] [BBC Online] [E&T magazine] [The Independent]
Interviewed on BBC Radio 4's Today programme and the BBC World Service's Newshour about the influence and impact of GPS and SatNav services on our lives. [listen from 36:00]
Panellist on Tech Tent, broadcast on the BBC World Service. [link]
Interviewed by Sky News for their iPad app, talking about the Science of Star Trek.
Recorded a podcast with the BBC College of Production about my Expert Women training experiences. [link]
Interviewed live on BBC World News for the World Service television channel about the 40th anniversary of the first mobile phone call.
Expert contributor on BBC 2's 'The Genius of Invention' Episode 3: Communication. Discussing Samuel Morse, Charles Wheatstone and the development of the electric telegraph. [link to program pages]
Radio contributor to Radio 4's 'Last Word' program. Discussing impact of Tingye Li's pioneering work on lasers. [link]
Television interviews for the 20th anniversary of the SMS message for BBC lunchtime news, Sky News, Al Jazeera and CNN. [link to CNN clip]
Interview about Cassette Technology for Resonance FM [link]
Careers Podcast – interview for UCL department of Science and Technology Studies [link]
Connelly, C. 2017. "How Antarctica became home to a new kind of scientific diplomacy". The Guardian. [link]
Blyth, T. (ed.) 2014. "[the six essays within the Cell and Broadcast chapters]" in Information Age: Six Networks That Changed Our World. London: Scala [link]
Kavanagh, J. McSweeney, K. Naula, D. and Connelly, C. 2014. "Journey into participation: a viewpoint from the Science Museum, London." Participation now [link]
Connelly, C. 2011. "Object of the Issue: Charlotte Connelly debates how to display the BESM-6, a Russian Supercomputer"Viewpoint 95 p.7
Connelly, C. 2010. "A Regal Recording?" Stories from the Stores Blog (Science Museum) [link]
Connelly, C. 2010. Wounded Souls: Exhibition Blog [link]
Connelly, C. 2007. "The story behind The Evolution of Genetic Systems, by Cyril Dean Darlington," in Cain, Joe (ed). 2006-. First class essays (London: Department of Science and Technology Studies, University College London). [link]
Charlotte Connelly – Blog, Proudly powered by WordPress.


Many – and I mean many – Internet marketers have gotten their start through affiliate marketing. Consider this – you can start making money without creating a product, without dealing with support nightmares and even without a website. And you can get started immediately.
You get paid by bringing buyers to sellers. When they buy, you get a "piece of the action" — called a commission. So, if a prospect buys a $50 product, and the product pays 50% commission – you will make $25.
In other words, you are like a commission-only salesperson. Except that you don't have to do all the selling – or, often, much selling at all. You don't have to do take any "orders". You don't have to meet prospects "face-to-face." All you have to do, often, is simply introduce interested people to the product. And it all happens online.
Considering that you can advertise on the Internet often for free or very inexpensively, it may be the perfect place to start, or expand, your efforts in creating an online income and an Internet business.
Finding products to sell is a small fraction of the Affiliate Marketing Plan. The "meat" of affiliate marketing is finding buyers. Trust me, if there are buyers, there will be products to sell.
In general, there are two really great types of buyers – people who will buy no matter what the economy is doing.
The first group is called "desperate buyers" — they have a problem and they need a solution – now. For instance, people who are in pain. Or, they're facing a financial crisis (like an impending foreclosure). They are looking for a solution as quickly as possible – and these folks have a credit card hot in their hands searching earnestly for a solution.
The second group is "passionate (or rabid) buyers." You know these people. Maybe you are one yourself. They are people who buy everything on a particular topic. Maybe it's golf. Or baseball. Or Harry Potter. Food and cooking. These can also be people who buy anything put out by a particular manufacturer (remember Beanie Babies?).
Groups of folks with a common interest we call "niches." Now, not all niches have buyers. We call niches with buyers "niche markets." But we don't want just a niche market – we want a niche market full of red-hot buyers.
So where do we find these rabid buyers?
Well, there are a number of places to look.
But, first of all, I'd recommend keeping your eyes and ears open.
What are those things that your friends and relatives simply can't live without? What's Oprah talking about?
Actually, one way to find hot buyers is to look at what are hot sellers. This actually can kill two birds with one stone – not only can you find hot markets, you can find the products that are popular with buyers.
Nearly all marketplaces – eBay, Amazon, Clickbank – and the like will also have a list of hot products.
With Amazon, there is – http://amazon.com/gp/bestsellers/books/ A useful rule-of-thumb is if a particular book is ranked 20,000 or higher.


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Q: Reading a recursive field on post_save of django model I'm using signals to save log from table inserts. I created a model using recursive field, but when I use this field on post_save def, this is returning None value.
My model:
class Member(models.Model):
    user = models.ForeignKey(User, null=False, blank=False)
    manager = models.ForeignKey("self", null=True, blank=True) #Recursive field

signals.post_save.connect(add_history_member, sender=Member)

My signal def:
def add_history_member(sender, instance, signal, created, **kwargs):
    if created:
        item = MemberHistory(name_user=instance.user.first_name)

        if instance.manager: #this ruturns None
            item.name_manager = instance.manager.first_name

        item.save()

I have no idea why this problem is occurring.


Celebrity Cruises just celebrated the steel cutting of it's newest class of ships, the Edge-class. They also announced that the ships will be named Celebrity Edge and Celebrity Beyond.
Now currently under construction at STX France, the ships will be an entirely different class of vessels for the Royal Caribbean brand.
Both the Edge and Beyond appear to be smaller than the Solstice class of vessels, carrying just 2,900.
The Edge will debut in 2018 and the Beyond in 2020. There will also be two more Edge-class vessels that will debut in 2021 and 2022.
In the above image we can see a rough outline of the new vessels.


Did you suffer a slip and fall on city property in Oklahoma? You may be entitled to compensation. Watch this video to learn more.
Can I sue the city if I fell on a sidewalk or curb?
The question often comes to me about suing a city, municipality, or school if the sidewalks or curbs are not in good repair, or they have some unique construction problems. The answer is yes, you can sue a municipality or school. However, you need to determine that they had notice of these problems and they haven't fixed them, that these various issues with construction and maintaining of sidewalks/curbs had been brought to their attention and they failed to act, that there's been other injuries there, that they're unsafe for the public. Again, if you hire an attorney early on in the case, he can hire experts that will have this knowledge. They can look at situations. They can take pictures of the evidence and preserve it, whether it's potholes, cracks, or uneven concrete. Whatever it is, they can make a determination. If they determine that the city, school, or municipality was negligent in failing to maintain or construct these types of structures, then you do have a claim.
Were you or a loved one seriously injured after a trip or fall and have questions about a slip and fall on city property? Contact a Stillwater slip and fall lawyer at Murray Law Firm today for a free confidential consultation and case evaluation. Let our experience work for you.


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