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Growth and Physiological Responses of Rangpur Lime Seedlings Irrigated by a Prototype Subirrigation Tray
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Authors: Carlos Vinicius Garcia Barreto1, Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi2, Flávio Bussmeyer Arruda3, and Roberto Testezlaf4
1 Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial (INPI), 1 São Bento Street, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil 20081-240
| 2 Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 1111 Miller Plant Science Building, Athens, GA 30605
| 3 Biophysics Center, Agronomic Institute (IAC), 1481 Barão de Itapura Avenue Campinas, SP, Brazil 13020-920
| 4 School of Agricultural Engineering (FEAGRI), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 501 Cândido Rondon Street, Campinas, SP, Brazil 13083-875
https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.50.1.123
Citrus rootstock production in Brazil commonly uses manual overhead irrigation systems to water plants. Manual irrigation systems present low efficiency, apply more water than needed, and result in release of nutrients and pesticides into the soil with a potential to contaminate groundwater. Closed irrigation systems that avoid the disposal of nutrient solutions like subirrigation can be used to increase production efficiency and reduce the environmental contamination. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of subirrigation applied by a prototype tray on plant growth and morphological and physiological responses of Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck 'Limeira') seedlings subjected to different water levels in conic containers filled with pine bark substrate. We tested three treatments: T1) subirrigation with water reaching two-thirds of the container height (8 cm); T2) subirrigation with water reaching one-third of the container height (4 cm); and T3) control with manual overhead irrigation. Subirrigation resulted in higher plant growth of Rangpur lime seedlings. At 90 days after sowing (DAS), we observed significant effects of T1 over the other treatments on plant growth, as indicated by higher total dry mass (P = 0.0057), shoot/root ratio (P = 0.0089), shoot height (P = 0.0004), leaf area (P = 0.0005), and root length (P = 0.0333). The number of bifurcations was 400% higher in T3 than at the subirrigated treatments, which can lead to an increase in the labor costs for pruning. Seedlings grown under T1 presented leaf water potential 13% higher compared with T3 at predawn, which was the time of highest stomatal efficiency, presenting the lowest water loss, maximum stomatal closure, and higher transpiration at lower stomatal resistance. T2 plants displayed intermediate water status with a water potential 5% higher than T3. T3 plants showed a higher transpiration rate under maximum stomatal closure, reducing leaf water potential. The subirrigated treatment with water level of two-thirds of container height (8 cm) induced higher plant growth and shortened the crop cycle, anticipating the transplanting to the next phase (grafting) with the possibility of reducing production costs in the nursery.
Keywords: capillary action; citrus rootstock; irrigation management; equipment development; water-saving technology
Citrus industry is a prominent agribusiness in Brazil, generating thousands of direct and indirect jobs and a substantial income to all in the production chain. Citrus represents almost 50% of the country's fruit production (Brazilian Ministry of Planning, Budget and Management, 2012). Brazil is the world's largest orange producer with a cultivated area of 580,770 ha and a production of 15,384,048 t in 2011. In addition, Brazil is the largest exporter of frozen concentrated orange juice with a revenue of U.S. $3.2 billion in 2012 (Brazilian Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade, 2012).
The success of the Brazilian citrus industry can be attributed to the use of high-quality seedlings, critical for maximum yield and health of orchards. The State of São Paulo banned the commerce and transportation of citrus rootstocks and citrus plants produced in field nurseries (Gonçalves et al., 2011), establishing a seedlings production system based on certified nurseries using screen houses that follows strict sanitary regulations. The mandatory use of antiaphid screens for protection against pests and disease vectors allows the production of healthy seedlings, permits traceability, and guarantees genetic quality, reducing disease spread in the field and increasing both tree longevity and productivity (Carvalho et al., 2005).
Manual overhead irrigation is used in 92% of the nurseries (Almeida, 2003; Salvador, 2010). This irrigation system involves overestimated irrigation volumes and high frequency to guarantee adequate substrate moisture (Ferrarezi et al., 2014). Mismanaged irrigation can increase plant losses and lead to uneven growth as a result of poor uniformity in substrate water content (Augusto et al., 2007; Landis et al., 2006). Manual irrigation systems also promote excessive water loss resulting from runoff and salt accumulation with potential to contaminate surface and groundwater (Soares, 2003).
As an alternative, subirrigation applies water to the bottom of pots using the substrate capillary action to wet the roots. The system has zero runoff (Uva et al., 2001), provides higher substrate soil moisture (Geneve et al., 2004), improves root water distribution, and induces greater root development (Augusto et al., 2007). One of many advantages of subirrigation is the maintenance of uniform substrate moisture. Excessive or deficient substrate water content levels negatively influence plant growth (Fachini et al., 2004; García-Sánchez et al., 2007). Subirrigation also has the potential to improve vegetative growth of citrus rootstocks (Teixeira et al., 2009) and shorten the crop cycle with minimal water wastage (Landis, 2005; Verdial et al., 1998). Moreover, this system eliminates the disposal of water with nutrients and pesticides into the environment because it is a closed system that recycles nutrient solution (Million et al., 1999).
Although subirrigation has a number of advantages over manual methods, improper use can result in increased salt concentration in the substrate surface (Richards and Reed, 2004) and changes in the root/shoot ratio of citrus rootstock seedlings in cases of prolonged saturation (Hartmond et al., 1987). This can result in lower specific root area and inhibition of seedlings canopy development, delaying the plant development (Ranney et al., 1991).
Roots under water saturation or drought stress for prolonged periods promote alterations in leaf gas exchange, resulting in morphological changes and hormonal imbalance in plants (Sojka, 1992). Irrigation management of nursery crops must address plant water requirements, which vary throughout different growth stages (Fachini et al., 2004). These changes occur as a result of a microclimate generated in a controlled environment (Machado et al., 2005; Pimentel et al., 2007) and the nutritional management used by the growers (Bañuls and Primo-Millo, 1995). These factors influence the plant physiology and, therefore, their growth, specifically shoot height and stem diameter, which are useful characteristics for transplanting citrus rootstock seedlings for grafting.
The School of Agricultural Engineering (FEAGRI) from the University of Campinas (UNICAMP), in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, has been performing studies since 2006 that aim to develop subirrigation equipment that can be used for citrus seedling growers to improve the efficiency of rootstock production in conic containers during sowing and to reduce the environmental impact. We developed a prototype tray, the "capillary irrigation equipment," to apply subirrigation on citrus rootstock seedlings production. This tray consisted of a closed reservoir in the bottom connected to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes where the containers were inserted. The equipment was tested regarding to its application on Rangpur lime seedling production.
Our objective was to evaluate the effect of subirrigation applied by a prototype tray on growth, morphological, and physiological responses of Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck 'Limeira') seedlings subjected to different water levels in conic containers filled with pine bark substrate.
The study was performed from Nov. 2009 to Jan. 2010 in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil (lat. 22°48′57″ S, long. 47°03′33″ W, and elevation of 626 m). Experimental plots were assembled in a Venlo-type greenhouse with 18.2 × 6.4 × 3 m (length × width × ceiling) and covered by 150-μm-thick agricultural polyethylene film with a frontal and side 0.87 × 0.30-mm antiaphid screen. The environmental conditions were not controlled, and the temperature ranged from 19 to 35 °C and the relative humidity from 24% to 84%.
Plant material.
We used 30-d old (30 DAS) Rangpur lime 'Limeira' seedlings grown in 12 × 2.8-cm (height × diameter) conic containers obtained from a certified commercial nursery (Citrograf Mudas, Conchal, Brazil). The average leaf area at the baseline was 18.95 cm2, and the total dry mass was 0.304 g/plant with the leaves representing 43% of the total mass. Containers were filled with fine-grained pine bark substrate (Terra do Paraíso, Holambra, Brazil) because of its favorable characteristics for capillary action (Barreto et al., 2012). The study was conducted until 90 DAS (23 Jan. 2010), when the last treatment reached an average shoot height of 18 cm, as suggested by Boaventura et al. (2004) for transplanting seedlings in 5-L bags for grafting.
Subirrigation equipment.
We developed a subirrigation prototype tray composed by two parts: a lower reservoir, made of acrylic resin and laminating fiberglass blanket (both from Redelease, São Paulo, Brazil), and a container support structure, made with 37-mm diameter PVC tubes (Tigre, Joinville, Brazil) (Fig. 1A and B). These tubes reduced the amount of nutrient solution used and maintained the spacing required in citrus production system for proper rootstock development. Uva et al. (2001) described this subirrigation equipment as a Dutch tray. The prototype dimensions (62 × 41 × 12 cm, length × width × height) (Fig. 1C and D) were based on the commercial flat trays used by growers to support the containers and in the stands available in production units, ensuring that the use of this new equipment would not require changes at the current production system. The commercial flat trays used as a reference have dimensions of 69.5 × 42 × 3 cm and 228-cell capacity (19 × 12). Our tray had 54 cells (nine × six), receiving up to 54 containers simultaneously and presenting a greater spacing among cells to favor plant growth. The bottom of the tray was beveled to facilitate drainage, which occurred through a 1.5-cm hole (Fig. 1E).
Subirrigation prototype tray composed by a lower reservoir made of acrylic resin and fiberglass and a container support structure made with 37-mm diameter polyvinyl chloride tubes. (A) Three-dimensional view, (B) photography, (C) top view, (D) side view, and (E) bottom view. Dimensions in centimeters. Figure A by Antonio Carlos Ferreira Filho.
Citation: HortScience horts 50, 1; 10.21273/HORTSCI.50.1.123
Treatments.
Plants were irrigated at different water levels, allowing the substrate wetting by capillary action. We tested three treatments: T1) subirrigation with water reaching two-thirds of the container height (up to 8 cm of water from its base); T2) subirrigation with water reaching one-third of the container height (up to 4 cm of water from its base); and T3) a control with manual overhead irrigation using a hose with a shower head. The T1 and T2 water levels were chosen based on a previous study using the same substrate (Barreto et al., 2012). The T3 treatment was the standard irrigation technique used in 92% of citrus seedlings nurseries according to Almeida (2003) and Salvador (2010).
Plants were irrigated daily at 0800 hr for 15 min in all treatments. Fertigation was performed every 3 d until 60 DAS and every 2 d after 60 DAS using a nutrient solution with an electrical conductivity of 1.9 dS·m−1 and pH 4.24. This solution was prepared using 3 mL·L−1 of FloriSol Veg (Conplant Ferti, Campinas, Brazil) plus 0.3 g·L−1 of magnesium sulfate (Produquímica, Suzano, Brazil) with final concentrations (mg·L−1) of elements as follows: total-nitrogen (N) = 198 (NH4-N = 24 and NO3-N = 174), phosphorus = 31, potassium = 187, calcium = 143, magnesium = 60, sulfur = 36, boron = 0.5, copper = 0.5, iron = 1.8, manganese = 0.5, molybdenum = 0.1, nickel = 0.1, and zinc = 0.2.
We determined the plant growth parameters of dry mass (leaves, stem, and root), leaf area, root length, shoot height, and stem diameter at 3 cm from the base at 36, 55, 75, and 90 DAS. We sampled three plants per plot, replacing the empty spots with other plants to maintain spacing and light between plants (these plants were labeled and not used for further sampling). Plant tissues were dried in a forced-air oven for 48 h at 65 °C. Because lime is a plant with hypogeal germination, the cotyledon insertion was considered as the division between the stem and roots. Leaf area was measured using an LI-3100 leaf area meter (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE).
We evaluated plant morphology at 55, 75, and 90 DAS by counting the number of bifurcations. We also measured the physiological parameters of carbon assimilation rate at 36, 55, 75, and 90 DAS; leaf water potential at 36, 55, 67, 75, and 90 DAS; and leaf temperature, transpiration, and stomatal resistance at 36, 55, and 90 DAS. We sampled three plants per plot for each sampling date. The gaseous exchange measurements from the porometer LI-1600 (LI-COR) were used to determine the average carbon assimilation rate defined by Ranney et al. (1991) (Eq. [1]):
where: La2 and La1 = leaf area in final and initial times (cm2), respectively; DM1 and DM2 = dry mass in the initial and final times (g), respectively; and T2 and T1 = final and initial time (day), respectively.
To assess the leaf water potential, we sampled the third fully expanded leaf for each data collection day using a pressure bomb Model 1002 (PMS Instrument Co., Albany, OR) and the LI-1600 porometer. On DAS 55, the evaluations were performed at 0800, 1000, 1200 and 1400 hr with the porometer, and at predawn, 0800, 1000, 1200, and 1400 hr with the pressure bomb. At 36 and 75 DAS, we measured predawn and midday leaf water potential, and measured gaseous exchange at midday. At 55 and 90 DAS, only leaf water potential readings were taken at predawn and midday.
Experimental design and statistical analysis.
The study was arranged in a randomized block design with five replications, totaling 15 trays with 54 plants in each plot. Data were analyzed using mean comparison test (Tukey honestly significant difference test) in SAS 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) and regression analyses in Sigma Plot 11 (Jandel Scientific, Corte Madera, CA). The results were considered significant when P < 0.05.
Plant growth.
The subirrigated seedlings presented greater plant growth, most likely because of higher water availability. The differences in growth also may be related to nutritional differences among irrigation treatments, because subirrigation would push more nutrients into the root zone than the overhead irrigation. Subirrigated treatments promoted the highest leaves, stems, and total dry mass at 75 and 90 DAS compared with manually irrigated plants (T3; Fig. 2A, B, and D, P < 0.001). The leaf dry mass under T1 was 83% higher than in T3 at the end of the study (Fig. 2A, P = 0.0065). We observed an increase in shoot dry mass in subirrigated treatments, which, however, was not followed by an increase in root dry mass (Fig. 2C, P > 0.05). There was vigorous vegetative growth throughout the study with significant treatment effects over time and a higher total dry mass accumulation in T1 plants at 90 DAS (Fig. 2D, P = 0.0057). Total dry mass in T1 was 64% higher than T3 and 26% higher than T2.
Leaf (A), stem (B), root (C), and total (D) dry mass, shoot/root ratio (E), and leaf/whole plant ratio (F) of Rangpur lime at 36, 55, 75, and 90 d after sowing (DAS). Plants were grown under three treatments: T1) subirrigation with water reaching two-thirds of the container height (8 cm); T2) subirrigation with water reaching one-third of the container height (4 cm); and T3) control with manual overhead irrigation. Means followed by different letters differ significantly according to a Tukey mean comparison test at 5% probability (P < 0.05). The values are the average (mean ± se) of three plants per treatment and five replications.
The change in the shoot/root ratio observed at 55, 75, and 90 DAS (Fig. 2E, P < 0.001) was beneficial because the growth was continuous with abundant foliage, allowing the seedlings transplanting for the further phases on time and with the desired size. Our results were similar to Baldassari et al. (2003), who indicated that high shoot/root ratio values are essential for avoiding citrus decline disease. Unlike the findings of Espeleta and Eissenstat (1998) and Hartmond et al. (1987), our study showed an adequate shoot/root ratio as a result of the positive effect of substrate moisture on plant growth. These authors examined continuous subirrigation using sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck 'Pineapple'), citrange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata 'Carrizo'), sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.), and Volkamer lemon (Citrus volkameriana Tan. & Pasq.) rootstocks and found lack of response as a result of stress caused by reduced oxygenation of the roots.
The leaf/whole plant ratio was higher for the subirrigated treatments, except at 36 and 90 DAS (Fig. 2F, P < 0.001). This is also in agreement with the results obtained by Espeleta and Eissenstat (1998) and Hartmond et al. (1987).
Similar to dry mass, T1 plants displayed shoot height higher than the other treatments; however, there was no significant difference in the first half of the crop cycle. Plants under T1 reached 15 cm at 52 DAS, 18 cm at 60 DAS, and 20 cm at 66 DAS (Fig. 3A). Plants under T3 achieved similar shoot heights later at 64, 79, and 90 DAS (Fig. 3A). In the intermediate condition, T2 plants displayed such values at 55, 66, and 73 DAS. Comparing the T1 plant cycle with the T3, we noted that plants under T1 grew at a faster rate, obtaining a shoot height of 15 cm 12 d earlier, 18 cm 19 d earlier, and 20 cm 24 d earlier (Fig. 3A, P < 0.001). Comparing T2 with T3, there was a difference of 9, 13, and 17 d in cycle shortening. There was no treatment differences for stem diameter (Fig. 3B, P > 0.05).
Shoot height (A), stem diameter (B), leaf area (C), root length (D), number of bifurcations (E), and carbon assimilation rate (F) of Rangpur lime at 36, 55, 75, and 90 d after sowing (DAS). Plants were grown under three treatments: T1) subirrigation with water reaching two-thirds of the container height (8 cm); T2) subirrigation with water reaching one-third of the container height (4 cm); and T3) control with manual overhead irrigation. Means followed by different letters differ significantly according to a Tukey mean comparison test at 5% probability (P < 0.05). The values are the average (mean ± se) of three plants per treatment and five replications.
The largest shoot height and stem diameter found in subirrigated plants were similar to those found by Landis (2005) studying two native plants [blue spruce (Picea pungens) and pale purple coneflower (Echinacea pallida)] using subirrigation as well. The greater plant growth in our study shortened the crop cycle, especially when comparing the highest water level (T1) with the manual overhead irrigation (T3). This precocity is important in citrus because the transplanting into 5-L bags is usually performed when plants reach a shoot height of 18 cm for grafting (Boaventura et al., 2004). According to Almeida (2003), seedlings are commonly kept in conic containers until a shoot height of 15 to 18 cm, attained when plants are ≈3 to 4 months old. Plants grown under T1 reached a shoot height of 15 cm at 52 DAS (less than 2 months) and 29.4 cm at 90 DAS, which was two times taller than the 15-cm value recommended for transplanting by Almeida (2003).
The results indicated better plant growth with water level of two-thirds of the container height (T1) for 75 and 90 DAS (Fig. 3A and C, P < 0.001). The rootstocks under this treatment had higher shoot height, leaf area, and root length (Fig. 3, P < 0.05). The control (T3) was probably subject to lower volumetric water contents compared with the other treatments. The higher hydraulic conductivity of the root system of Rangpur limes under drought (Medina et al., 1998) results in higher water consumption and hence increased need for irrigation (Machado et al., 1999; Soares, 2003). For these factors, Rangpur lime plants grown in T1 responded with more growth. Plants from T3 presented the lowest shoot development, leaf area, and root length (Fig. 3, P < 0.05), probably as result of lower water and nutrient availability. Subirrigation concentrates ions at the substrate (Richards and Reed, 2004), whereas manual overhead irrigation usually leaches out the nutrients. There was no reduction in T1 or T2 seedlings root length (Fig. 3D, P < 0.05) as a result of plant stress caused by oversaturation as reported by Ranney et al. (1991), who used subirrigation in cherry tree seedling production. In contrast, we noticed that subirrigated roots left the containers because of the water availability in the bottom reservoir (data not shown).
However, it is important to note that the effect of subirrigation on citrus rootstock seedlings is variety- and container-dependent. According to Teixeira et al. (2009), larger growing cells provided higher shoot and root growth and shoot/root ratio. These authors tested trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], citrange 'FEPAGRO C37' [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck.], and tangerine 'Sunki' (Citrus sunki hort. ex Tan.) and two container types (conic containers and isoprene trays) using subirrigation.
Plant morphology.
We observed stem bifurcations since the second sampling date, which were more pronounced for T3 (Fig. 3E, P < 0.0001). High number of bifurcations is an undesired effect, because of the increase in labor costs for pruning. Two stem bifurcations were counted in T3 and one in T2 at 55 DAS, one in T3 at 75 DAS, and one in T1 and T2 and four for T3 at 90 DAS. Throughout the experiment, there were seven bifurcated plants in the T3 group, whereas two were counted for T2 and just one for T1. The breaking of apical dominance was higher for T3 (Fig. 3E, P < 0.0001). Plants under this treatment displayed less growth, and this may be related to the irrigation system that provided less available water. The principles involved in the resumption of shoot buds are not well known and are often contradictory, mainly because it involves many factors such as photoperiod, temperature, and soil moisture availability (Medina et al., 2005).
Plant physiology.
There was no treatment effect on predawn and midday carbon assimilation rate (Fig. 3F, P > 0.05) and leaf water potential during the crop cycle (Fig. 4A and B, P > 0.05), although our treatments showed differences in plant growth. The absence of significance on these physiological parameters was probably the result of our sampling method. Leaf photosynthesis measurements are often poorly correlated with dry matter production and yield (Elmore, 1980). According to van Iersel and Bugbee (2000), reasons for this poor correlation are attributable to the fact that the entire leaf or even the canopy may not be representative of the section of the leaf that is measured, diurnal and during development changes in leaf CO2 exchange, and respiratory CO2 efflux of roots and shoots is not measured. Whole canopy measurements bypass the problem of finding a representative leaf and have been used successfully (Wells, 1991). Zelitch (1982) showed a good correlation between canopy photosynthesis throughout the growing season and yield. This correlation would be expected to improve as measurements are taken more often. Moreover, subirrigation causes an increase in volumetric water content right after water application (Ferrarezi et al., 2014), resulting in higher values of soil moisture kept for a longer period, not imposing water stress to plants that can be detected by the porometer (Geneve et al., 2004). Hence, plant growth parameters were the best indicators of treatment effects.
Leaf water potential of Rangpur lime seedlings at predawn and midday throughout the study. Plants were grown under three treatments: T1) subirrigation with water reaching two-thirds of the container height (8 cm); T2) subirrigation with water reaching one-third of the container height (4 cm); and T3) control with manual overhead irrigation. Absence of regression lines indicate no significance at 5% probability (P > 0.05). The values are the average (mean ± se) of three plants per treatment and five replications.
By correlating the values of transpiration and stomatal resistance, we obtained a stomatal adjustment curve. T1 and T2 plants tended to reduce the midday stomatal resistance and increase transpiration at 36 DAS (Fig. 5, P < 0.001), which indicates absence of stress according to Medina et al. (2005). T2 and T3 plants displayed higher water loss by transpiration (0.02 and 0.025 s·m−1) compared with T1, especially T3 (Fig. 5, P = 0.0037). The data at 55 DAS also indicated less water loss by transpiration for T1 (Fig. 5, P < 0.001). Conversely, T3 displayed higher transpiration at all levels of stomatal resistance (Fig. 5, P = 0.0002). Medina et al. (1999) indicated an increase in stomatal resistance at high temperatures such as those that occur at midday. Under this condition, improved efficiency in stomatal closure of T1 and T2 plants were noted in comparison with T3 plants (Fig. 5, P < 0.001). This phenomenon is consistent with Sojka (1992), who indicated changes in the diffusivity of gases and morphology of several species during prolonged periods of saturation. However, the stomatal regulation for water loss such as found in T3 was contrary to Medina et al. (2005). According to these authors, the amount of water transpired by the plant is directly proportional to the water available for its development. Greater water availability from T1 favored stomatal aperture and transpiration, a process essential to the carbon assimilation, which facilitated the achievement of higher growth of subirrigated citrus rootstocks seedlings. This was also observed by Teixeira et al. (2009) using subirrigation in trifoliate orange, citrange 'FEPAGRO C37', and tangerine 'Sunki'.
Correlation between transpiration and stomatal resistance at midday at 36, 55, and 90 d after sowing (DAS). Plants were grown under three treatments: T1) subirrigation with water reaching two-thirds of the container height (8 cm); T2) subirrigation with water reaching one-third of the container height (4 cm); and T3) control with manual overhead irrigation.
The increase in stomatal openings in citrus is positively linked to the increase in the turgor pressure of the guard cells and negatively correlated to adjacent cells and subsidiaries in the epidermis surrounding the guard cells (Steppe et al., 2006). The turgidity of guard cells and other tissues surrounding the stomata can play an important role in the stomatal regulation (Medina et al., 2005). The closing of the stomatal pores leads to increased stomatal resistance, which would prevent virtually all CO2 intake (Medina et al., 2005). However, when the water content in citrus leaves drops below a certain threshold value, the stomata closes with consequent reduction of transpiration and carbon assimilation (Medina et al., 2005). Thus, it is understandable that the T3 plants would present a slightly lower turgor pressure because of the lower amount of water in the plant, not favoring stomatal regulation (Fig. 5, P < 0.001).
We observed an increase of leaf temperature (Fig. 6A, P < 0.0001), transpiration (Fig. 6C, P < 0.05), and leaf water potential (Fig. 6D, P < 0.05) over time in the evaluation performed at 55 DAS. The T2 and T3 treatments displayed leaf temperature higher than the air temperature in the hottest hours of the day, a condition in which the leaf loses water and closes stomata (Medina et al., 2005). The lower stomatal resistance measured at 1000 hr for all treatments (Fig. 6B, P > 0.05) was similar to the results of Medina et al. (1999), who found greater stomatal conductance in plants grafted on Rangpur lime when performing the measurements at 0900 hr. The greater transpiration or loss of water per unit area of open stomata started at ≈1100 hr with an increase in transpiration until 1400 hr for T1 and T2 (Fig. 6C, P < 0.05). T3 plants displayed higher transpiration over daytime, except at 1400 hr (Fig. 6C, P = 0.0014). Regarding leaf water potential (Fig. 6D, P < 0.001), the lowest value was found under T3 at 0600 hr with subsequent reversal between 1000 and 1200 hr to more negative leaf water potentials. The physiological responses of T1 indicated a direct relation between higher substrate water content and better plant development (Fachini et al., 2004). Hydrated plants usually have higher transpiration (Medina et al., 1999), and this process is associated with more carbon assimilation as a result of stomatal opening (Medina et al., 2005).
Leaf temperature (A), stomatal resistance (B), transpiration (C), and leaf water potential (D) of Rangpur lime rootstocks determined every 2 h at 55 d after sowing (DAS). Plants were grown under three treatments: T1) subirrigation with water reaching two-thirds of the container height (8 cm); T2) subirrigation with water reaching one-third of the container height (4 cm); and T3) control with manual overhead irrigation. Absence of regression lines indicate no significance at 5% probability (P > 0.05). The values are the average (mean ± se) of three plants per treatment and five replications.
The subirrigation prototype tray has been proven to be suitable for the production of Rangpur lime rootstocks and capable of increasing plant growth. Subirrigated plants displayed higher total dry mass, shoot/root and leaf/whole plant ratios, shoot height, leaf area, and root length, resulting in a shortened crop cycle. Plants irrigated manually presented a higher number of bifurcations, needing labor use for pruning. Plants under T1 displayed better resilience to daily water stress because of stomatal efficiency. The lower efficiency in stomatal closure of plants under T3, which is attributed to the smaller amount of water available to support guard cell turgor, resulted in reduced carbon buildup. The treatment that supplied a water level of two-thirds of the container height (8 cm) produced the biggest Rangpur lime seedlings. The anticipation in plant cycle resulting from higher plant growth is beneficial for early transplanting for grafting, potentially increasing the nursery annualized productivity.
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Elmore, C.D. 1980 The paradox of no correlation between leaf photosynthetic rates and crop yields, p. 155–167. In: Hesketh, J.D. and J.W. Jones (eds.). Predicting photosynthesis for ecosystem models. Vol. 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
Espeleta, J.F. & Eissenstat, D.M. 1998 Responses of citrus fine roots to localized soil drying: A comparison of seedlings with adult fruiting trees Tree Physiol. 18 113 119
Espeleta,J.F.Eissenstat,D.M.1998Responses of citrus fine roots to localized soil drying: A comparison of seedlings with adult fruiting treesTree Physiol.18113119)| false
Fachini, E., Galbiatti, J.A. & Pavani, L.C. 2004 Levels of irrigation and types of substrate utilizing organic waste compost in the production of orange Engenharia Agrícola 24 578 588
Fachini,E.Galbiatti,J.A.Pavani,L.C.2004Levels of irrigation and types of substrate utilizing organic waste compost in the production of orangeEngenharia Agrícola24578588)| false
Ferrarezi, R.S., van Iersel, M.W. & Testezlaf, R. 2014 Subirrigation automated by capacitance sensors for salvia production Horticultura Brasileira 32 314 320
Ferrarezi,R.S.van Iersel,M.W.Testezlaf,R.2014Subirrigation automated by capacitance sensors for salvia productionHorticultura Brasileira32314320)| false
García-Sánchez, F., Syvertsen, J.P., Gimeno, V., Botía, P. & Perez-Perez, J.G. 2007 Responses to flooding and drought stress by two citrus rootstock seedlings with different water-use efficiency Physiol. Plant. 130 532 542
García-Sánchez,F.Syvertsen,J.P.Gimeno,V.Botía,P.Perez-Perez,J.G.2007Responses to flooding and drought stress by two citrus rootstock seedlings with different water-use efficiencyPhysiol. Plant.130532542)| false
Geneve, R.L., Kester, S.T. & Buxton, J.W. 2004 Capillary mats alter the water content in medium during mist propagation of Dendranthema HortScience 39 584 587
Geneve,R.L.Kester,S.T.Buxton,J.W.2004Capillary mats alter the water content in medium during mist propagation of DendranthemaHortScience39584587)| false
Gonçalves, F.P., Stuchi, E.S., Silva, S.R., Reiff, E.T. & Amorim, L. 2011 Role of healthy nursery plants in orange yield during eight years of Citrus Variegated Chlorosis epidemics Sci. Hort. 129 343 345
Gonçalves,F.P.Stuchi,E.S.Silva,S.R.Reiff,E.T.Amorim,L.2011Role of healthy nursery plants in orange yield during eight years of Citrus Variegated Chlorosis epidemicsSci. Hort.129343345)| false
Hartmond, U., Schaesberg, N.V., Graham, J.H. & Syvertsen, J.P. 1987 Salinity and flooding stress effects on mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal citrus rootstock seedlings Plant Soil 104 37 43
Hartmond,U.Schaesberg,N.V.Graham,J.H.Syvertsen,J.P.1987Salinity and flooding stress effects on mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal citrus rootstock seedlingsPlant Soil1043743)| false
Landis, T.D. 2005 Water potential. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. Forest Nursery Notes Summer:1–39
Landis, T.D., Dumroese, K. & Chandler, R. 2006 Subirrigation trials with native plants. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. Forest Nursery Notes Winter:1–38
Machado, E.C., Medina, C.L. & Gomes, M.M.A. 1999 Substrate water content and photosynthesis in 'Valencia' orange trees Bragantia 58 217 226
Machado,E.C.Medina,C.L.Gomes,M.M.A.1999Substrate water content and photosynthesis in 'Valencia' orange treesBragantia58217226)| false
Machado, E.C., Schmidt, P.T., Medina, C.L. & Ribeiro, R.V. 2005 Photosynthetic responses of three citrus species to environmental factors Pesquisa Agropecu. Bras. 40 1161 1170
Machado,E.C.Schmidt,P.T.Medina,C.L.Ribeiro,R.V.2005Photosynthetic responses of three citrus species to environmental factorsPesquisa Agropecu. Bras.4011611170)| false
Medina, C.L., Machado, E.C. & Gomes, M.M.A. 1999 Stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis rates in 'Valencia Orange' trees subjected to water stress Rev. Bras. Fisiol. Vegetal 11 29 34
Medina,C.L.Machado,E.C.Gomes,M.M.A.1999Stomatal conductance, transpiration and photosynthesis rates in 'Valencia Orange' trees subjected to water stressRev. Bras. Fisiol. Vegetal112934)| false
Medina, C.L., Machado, E.C. & Pinto, M.J. 1998 Photosynthesis of 'Valência' tree grafted on four rootstocks and subjected to water deficit Bragantia 57 1 14
Medina,C.L.Machado,E.C.Pinto,M.J.1998Photosynthesis of 'Valência' tree grafted on four rootstocks and subjected to water deficitBragantia57114)| false
Medina, C.L., Rena, A.B., Siqueira, D.L. & Machado, E.C. 2005 Fisiologia dos citros, p. 147–195. In: Mattos Júnior, D., J.D. De Negri, R.M. Pio, and J. Pompeu Júnior (eds.). Citros. Instituto Agronômico, Campinas, Brazil
Million, J.B., Barrett, J.E., Nell, T.A. & Clark, D.G. 1999 Inhibiting growth of flowering crops with ancymidol and paclobutrazol in subirrigation water HortScience 34 1103 1105
Million,J.B.Barrett,J.E.Nell,T.A.Clark,D.G.1999Inhibiting growth of flowering crops with ancymidol and paclobutrazol in subirrigation waterHortScience3411031105)| false
Pimentel, C., Bernacchi, C. & Long, S. 2007 Limitations to photosynthesis at different temperatures in the leaves of Citrus limon Braz. J. Plant Physiol. 19 141 147
Pimentel,C.Bernacchi,C.Long,S.2007Limitations to photosynthesis at different temperatures in the leaves of Citrus limonBraz. J. Plant Physiol.19141147)| false
Ranney, T.G., Bassuk, N.L. & Whitlow, T.H. 1991 Influence of rootstock, scion, and water deficits on growth of 'Colt' and 'Meteor' cherry trees HortScience 26 1204 1207
Ranney,T.G.Bassuk,N.L.Whitlow,T.H.1991Influence of rootstock, scion, and water deficits on growth of 'Colt' and 'Meteor' cherry treesHortScience2612041207)| false
Richards, D.L. & Reed, D.W. 2004 'New Guinea' impatiens growth response and nutrient release from controlled-release fertilizer in a recirculating subirrigation and top-watering system HortScience 39 280 286
Richards,D.L.Reed,D.W.2004'New Guinea' impatiens growth response and nutrient release from controlled-release fertilizer in a recirculating subirrigation and top-watering systemHortScience39280286)| false
Salvador, C.A. 2010 Irrigation system by capillary action in the citrus rootstocks production in seedling stage. MS thesis, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
Soares, T.M. 2003 Citrus rootstocks growth using salty water. MS thesis, Univ. of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
Sojka, R.E. 1992 Stomatal closure in oxygen-stressed plants Soil Sci. 4 269 280
Sojka,R.E.1992Stomatal closure in oxygen-stressed plantsSoil Sci.4269280)| false
Steppe, K., Dzikiti, S., Lemeur, R. & Milford, J.R. 2006 Stomatal oscillations in orange trees under natural climatic conditions Ann. Bot. (Lond.) 97 831 835
Steppe,K.Dzikiti,S.Lemeur,R.Milford,J.R.2006Stomatal oscillations in orange trees under natural climatic conditionsAnn. Bot. (Lond.)97831835)| false
Teixeira, P.T.L., Schäfer, G., Souza, P.V.D. & Todeschini, A. 2009 Vegetative development of citric rootstocks produced in different containers Ciência Rural 39 1695 1700
Teixeira,P.T.L.Schäfer,G.Souza,P.V.D.Todeschini,A.2009Vegetative development of citric rootstocks produced in different containersCiência Rural3916951700)| false
Uva, W.L., Weiler, T.C. & Milligan, R.A. 2001 Economic analysis of adopting zero runoff subirrigation systems in greenhouse operations in the northeast and north central United States HortScience 36 167 173
Uva,W.L.Weiler,T.C.Milligan,R.A.2001Economic analysis of adopting zero runoff subirrigation systems in greenhouse operations in the northeast and north central United StatesHortScience36167173)| false
van Iersel, M.W. & Bugbee, B. 2000 A multiple chamber, semicontinuous, crop carbon dioxide exchange system: Design, calibration, and data interpretation J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 125 86 92
van Iersel,M.W.Bugbee,B.2000A multiple chamber, semicontinuous, crop carbon dioxide exchange system: Design, calibration, and data interpretationJ. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.1258692)| false
Verdial, M.F., Iwata, A.Y., Lima, M.S. & Tessarioli Neto, J. 1998 Influence of floating on the growth of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings Scientia Agricola 55 25 28
Verdial,M.F.Iwata,A.Y.Lima,M.S.Tessarioli Neto,J.1998Influence of floating on the growth of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlingsScientia Agricola552528)| false
Wells, R. 1991 Soybean growth response to plant density: Relationships among canopy photosynthesis, leaf area, and light interception Crop Sci. 31 755 761
Wells,R.1991Soybean growth response to plant density: Relationships among canopy photosynthesis, leaf area, and light interceptionCrop Sci.31755761)| false
Zelitch, I. 1982 The close relationship between net photosynthesis and crop yield Bioscience 32 796 802
Zelitch,I.1982The close relationship between net photosynthesis and crop yieldBioscience32796802)| false
This research was supported by the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq), Brazil (grant no. 479.394/2006-7).
We thank Dr. Peter Otieno Alem, Ivo Zution Gonçalves, and the anonymous reviewers for their critical review of the manuscript and their suggestions. We also thank Capes Foundation (Ministry of Education, Brazil) for a scholarship to the second author as postdoctoral researcher at the University of Georgia (Proc. BEX 2620/13-8) and Conplant Ferti (Campinas, Brazil) for the fertilizer donation.
1 These authors contributed equally to this work as the joint first authors.
2 To whom reprint requests should be addressed; e-mail rhuanito@terra.com.br.
https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/50/1/article-p123.xml
Volume 50 (2015): Issue 1 (Jan 2015)
capillary action; citrus rootstock; irrigation management; equipment development; water-saving technology
Article by Carlos Vinicius Garcia Barreto
Article by Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi
Article by Flávio Bussmeyer Arruda
Article by Roberto Testezlaf


text:
Karan Kapri - October 2, 2017
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Trade shows are sponsored by trade associations for specific industries, and there are thousands of associations running shows every year. Generally trade shows aren't open to the public and can only be attended by company representatives and members of the press. To find an appropriate association for the industry you're interested in, look through the Encyclopedia of Associations published by Gale Research. You may also want to check magazines and newsletters such as Tradeshow Week or go through the Tradeshow Week Data Book. These publications should be available at your local library.
To find out when the next trade will occur in your area, contact your local convention facility. The space for such shows must be reserved well in advance, and if there's one planned during the next year, the facility manager's office will be able to give you the dates. You can also check with your local Chamber of Commerce for information about trade shows in your area. And don't forget to search the web for shows outside your area.
Exhibiting at a trade show is an excellent way to find customers to help your business grow. According to a study conducted by the Center for Exhibition Industry Research (CEIR), 86 percent of show attendees were the decision-maker or influenced buying decisions, yet 85 percent had not been called on by a salesperson before the show.
Trade shows are also economical ways of getting sales. The CEIR reports that closing a sale that begins with contact at a trade show runs about half the cost of closing a sale that doesn't have the exhibition advantage: $550 and 1.4 sales calls compared to $997 and 3.6 sales calls.
Finally, trade shows are popular, and it's easy to find one that fits your industry and your company's needs. Tradeshow Week lists more than 1,700 annual trade shows in its directory, from the American Bankers Association Convention to the World Alzheimer Congress. You can search for exactly the show you want at Tradeshow Week's online directory.
You'll improve your trade show experience by planning ahead. Obtain a map of the exposition floor and make notes of the booths you want to visit. The most important things at any trade show are the exhibitors and the attendees. Of these two, the more important are the exhibitors. You want to pick a trade show that has lots of exhibitors to draw attendees. Equally important, you want them to be the right kind of exhibitors.
Exhibitors without attendees aren't of much worth. High-quality attendees are the lifeblood of any successful trade show. Keep in mind that sheer number of attendees is not the only issue. A show that attracts a relatively small number of attendees who happen to be exactly the type of people you are looking for might easily be more successful at helping you grow than a bigger show with a broader group of attendees.
As part of advance planning, you should decide on an objective for the show. For instance, you may be attending to generate sales leads. You may be interested in testing or introducing a new product. Conducting demonstrations, identifying new applications, obtaining customer feedback, even studying the competition-these can all be legitimate reasons for attending or exhibiting at a trade show. And don't forget the opportunity to recruit new employees, distributors or dealers for your products.
You should also do some training to make sure you get the most from your booth or your interactions with exhibitors. You may go so far as to write a script for people staffing your booth to present to visitors. Qualifying is an important part of speaking to people at trade shows. You can spend a lot of time talking to the wrong people. So make sure you know who you want to talk to, whether it's a potential customer, supplier, dealer or other contact, and make sure you spend as much time as possible interacting with the target people.
Once you're at the show, you'll have to make some important decisions about how you'll spend your limited time investigating what may appear to be a nearly infinite spectrum of prospects. In addition to floor plans, most shows provide booklets with descriptions of the exhibits, as well as a listing of the times, topics and featured speakers of any seminars or panel discussions, so that attendees can better plan their time.
Don't take anything you see at face value. Check references and contacting the Better Business Bureau in the state where a particular company's headquarters are located. If a company has had a history of customer complaints, for instance, you can either eliminate it from consideration or ask more pointed questions later. If you feel hesitant about asking questions, remember what's at stake: If you avoid asking a question now, you might be sorry later.
If you don't want to wait in line at a crowded booth, you can leave a business card. Most exhibitors encourage attendees to drop off their cards by leaving a box or bowl out for cards, and many even hold drawings, offering prizes ranging from food baskets to computer systems.
Because exhibitors pay a lot of money to participate in trade shows, they want to get the most for their money. That means they will take the time to contact you later. By waiting for them to contact you after the show, you'll be able to ask questions without feeling rushed or on the spot.


text:
Q: Postfix mail for mydomain.com loops back to myself I'm using vps server with ubuntu 10.04 when i send email i got this:
Mar 19 18:09:01 mail postfix/smtp[6340]: 8FAF722294: to=<root@mydomain.com>, orig_to=<root>, relay=none, delay=0.09, delays=0.08/0.01/0/0, dsn=5.4.6, status=bounced (mail for mydomain.com loops back to myself)

I look around inforums to find the solution but in vain even i changed my Postfix settings:
My destination setting was like this
mail.mydomain.com, localhost.mydomain.com, , localhost

i changed it to this
$mail.mydomain.com, localhost, localhost.mydomain.com, mydomain.com

i made many variations but still not working.
the output of cat /etc/mailname
mail.mydomain.com

the output of postconf -n:
alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
alias_maps = hash:/etc/aliases
append_dot_mydomain = no
biff = no
config_directory = /etc/postfix
inet_interfaces = all
inet_protocols = ipv4
mailbox_size_limit = 0
milter_default_action = accept
milter_protocol = 2
mydestination = localhost.$mydomain.com, localhost, mail.mydomain.com
myhostname = mail.dimonos.info
mynetworks = 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128 ip
myorigin = $mydomain
non_smtpd_milters = inet:localhost:8891
readme_directory = no
recipient_delimiter = +
relayhost =
smtp_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtp_scache
smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name (Ubuntu)
smtpd_milters = inet:localhost:8891
smtpd_tls_cert_file = /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
smtpd_tls_key_file = /etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
smtpd_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtpd_scache
smtpd_use_tls = yes

A: Based on comments:
The problem is the sending of a mail to hotmail.com, thus the problem is unlikely to be linked to mydestination, and it appears DNS resolution is not setup.
In this case please put a value in /etc/resolv.conf either based from your ISP data (DNS servers), or use the Google server - eg for Google:
nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 8.8.4.4

then try to resolve the MX entries for hotmail.com
host -t mx hotmail.com

If that works, you can now try to send an email to hotmail.com
Note: if you use the NetworkManager, use it instead to set the DNS servers values.
Note2: if that doesn't work, please display the last lines of /var/log/mail.log
-- edit - previous answer for a local delivery problem --
The $mydomain variable (some info) is set to the local machine name minus the first component (/etc/mailname is used on Debian). When you send a mail to root@mydomain.com a MX DNS query is performed to identify what server is expected to accept the mail. The first step is to check what is that server
host -t mx mydomain.com

that will give you what you have to add to mydestination for postfix to understand the mail is to be delivered locally,
mydestination = localhost.$mydomain, localhost, mail.$mydomain

If the result is actually your domain (you can check the name with
hostname
uname -n

if you get a FQDN entity, remove the first component - e.g. for home.mydomain.com, your domain as set by posftix is domain.com. And ensure that value is in mydestination (if the value from host it is the same as $mydomain, simply set
mydestination = localhost.$mydomain, localhost, mail.$mydomain, $mydomain

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Come Watch Tywin Lannister Doing Voice-over Work in The Witcher 3
– April 21, 2015Posted in: News, PC, PlayStation 4, Steam, The Witcher, Trailers, Warner Bros. Interactive, Xbox One
For the first time in his acting career, Charles Dance, who most of you reading this will likely know as Tywin Lannister from Game of Thrones, is doing voice-over work in a video game. Of course, it only makes sense that his first gig in the games biz is working with CD Projekt RED on The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt, in which he voices the part of Nilfgaard Emperor Emhyr var Emreis.
Hit play on the video embedded up top for a peek behind the scenes at Charles Dance in the recording studio talking about his character and, you know, doing what he does best.
Tags: CD Projekt, CD Projekt RED, Charles Dance, Game of Thrones, GOG, GOG.com, PC, PlayStation 4, PS4, Steam, The Witcher, The Witcher 3, The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt, Trailers, Tywin Lannister, Warner Bros., Xbox One


Okay, I actually don't have many pictures for this. So more of an event catch-up.
We typically make a German chocolate cake for Ryan's birthday. I don't know why, whether to try and save me some trouble (his birthday fell on an extremely busy weekend toward the end of the quarter) or just for variety's sake, but Ryan asked for a cheesecake this year. I didn't have time to look up a cheesecake recipe, so I used Google to see what I could find for cheesecakes in Seattle. We'd been to Cheesecake Factory a few years ago and I remember being unimpressed by either the food or the cheesecake. I found a place in Pike's Place Market, The Confectional, that makes mini cheesecakes. And I found some people mentioning Rusty's Famous Cheesecakes, for which I found a facebook page but nothing more. But some people were adamant that Rusty's was better than Confectional, so I dug a little more. I finally gave them a call the day before Ryan's birthday, asking how I could order a cheesecake if it wasn't too late. Rusty called me back and offered to meet me at their south Seattle office on Saturday to get me a cheesecake, so that's what we did. Ordered a creme brulee cheesecake and he even threw in a few of their mini cheesecakes for free.
Creme brulee topping makes it difficult to insert candles (5 candles because Ryan turned 32, which is 2^5).
Malcolm was somewhat mesmerized by the flames.
Absolutely delicious cheesecake; I'd say it's up there with our wedding cheesecake. The crust had coconut in it, which complemented the rest of the cheesecake (plain other than the topping) wonderfully. It's a small cake, but Rusty told me they usually cut it into 12 slices and, sure enough, it probably made at least that many servings for us.
Ryan can be difficult to get gifts for. I know several things he'd like, but they're almost always far too expensive. And, while he enjoys reading, he's already got several books waiting to be read. In the end I did get him a couple of books, ones that both of us will enjoy most likely. And I knew he wanted some money for the Steam summer sale, so I did that along with a card that Gareth helped me pick out. Gareth thought this card was pretty hilarious and was very excited for Ryan to open it.
And then I went through the Chinook book to try and find something that would be new and different that Ryan might enjoy. He likes plays, but I already did play tickets for Christmas, and we're likely to buy tickets for the theatre anyway (they've been bugging me to buy season tickets and I'll probably go ahead and do it). There are some fun-looking things in the Chinook book (like an entertainment book, except way more useful, less expensive, and very small, local-store/experience oriented). In the end I opted for a kayak tour of Elliot Bay. Close enough that it'll only require a sitter for 4 or 5 hours, but something that we haven't done before. It's not like we haven't seen Elliot Bay (our temporary housing was right there), but it'll be fun to actually be out on the water. There was a coupon in there for an Orca watching kayak thing, but that lasted much longer and the travel time for us to get to the location would be longer as well. Something to keep in mind for when the kids are older.


Mercury (Hg) biomagnification in aquatic ecosystems remains a concern because this pollutant is known to affect the health of fish-eating wildlife and humans, and the fish themselves. The "rate" of mercury biomagnification is being assessed more frequently using stable nitrogen isotope ratios (δ(15)N), a measure of relative trophic position of biota within a food web. Within food webs and across diverse systems, log-transformed Hg concentrations are significantly and positively related to δ(15)N and the slopes of these models vary from one study to another for reasons that are not yet understood. Here we compared the rates of Hg biomagnification in 14 lake trout lakes from three provinces in Canada to understand whether any characteristics of the ecosystems explained this among-system variability. Several fish species, zooplankton and benthic invertebrates were collected from these lakes and analyzed for total Hg (fish only), methyl Hg (invertebrates) and stable isotopes (δ(15)N; δ(13)C to assess energy sources). Mercury biomagnification rates varied significantly across systems and were higher for food webs of larger (surface area), higher nutrient lakes. However, the slopes were not predictive of among-lake differences in Hg in the lake trout. Results indicate that among-system differences in the rates of Hg biomagnification seen in the literature may be due, in part, to differences in ecosystem characteristics although the mechanisms for this variability are not yet understood.


text:
Massa and four other race winners who came out of retirement
Felipe Massa's F1 career was supposed to have come to an end at last year's Abu Dhabi Grand Prix, but when Williams lost Valtteri Bottas to Mercedes and needed an experienced replacement, the Brazilian was quick to reverse his retirement call and return to his former team. The 11-time Grand Prix winner's decision to come back is certainly a bold one, but, as we explain, it's not without precedent…
Niki Lauda - retired in 1979, returned in 1982
When Niki Lauda decided, after two world titles and 17 races wins, to retire from F1, he did so with shockingly immediate effect: the then Brabham driver walked away midway through practice for the 1979 Canadian Grand Prix, saying "There's more to life than driving round in circles."
"It came to an end because I was bored," the Austrian elaborated to Formula1.com last year. "There was no challenge. It was only painful and the motivation was gone - very simple."
Instead, Lauda turned his attention to building up his successful airline business, and it would be a couple of years before he'd set foot in the paddock again, initially for some commentary work. It was at that point, after witnessing some big shunts, that he realised something had changed in his brain. "I was ready again to take risks," he said, "and I was amazed by this development. Then Ron [Dennis, McLaren boss] called and asked if I wanted to try a car, which was a coincidence because he did not know what stage I was getting to [psychologically]."
A secret test was arranged at Donington Park, after which Dennis told Lauda to think about whether he did indeed want to come back to F1 for real. "I was expecting him to take at least a couple of weeks to make his decision," Dennis told Motor Sport magazine in 2012, "but as we were going back down the M1 from Donington in pouring rain, Niki suddenly said, 'Yup, I'll do it.' A few months later he won his third race for us at Long Beach..."
Lauda's comeback would ultimately last four seasons, during which time he added eight race wins and a further world title to his glittering CV before bowing out once more.
Alan Jones - retired in 1981, returned in 1985
Alan Jones signed off on his first stint in F1 in the perfect way with victory at the 1981 Las Vegas Grand Prix. By that stage he was 34 and a world champion, but though still at the height of his powers, he had grown weary of endlessly travelling the world.
Buoyed by the prospect of "never seeing another airport again" the Australian retreated to his farm near Melbourne, and at one stage was so steadfast in his determination not to return to F1 that he refused a call from Ferrari when Didier Pironi's accident opened up a seat at the team in 1982 (a decision he later admitted regretting).
But eventually the lure to return became too much, and even a broken femur (sustained when falling off a horse) didn't stop him from signing up to race for Arrows at Long Beach in 1983, though that relationship ended abruptly when the promised influx of sponsorship that had tempted Jones out of retirement never materialised.
It would be a further two years before the Australian was properly tempted back to the grid, again by another opportunity he thought was too good to pass up.
As it turned out, the Haas-Lola project would prove another dead end. "[They had] all the ingredients to bake the cake, but they couldn't turn the oven on," Jones would later say of a stint that lasted 20 races and included 15 DNFs and just two points finishes.
Nigel Mansell - announced retirement in 1990, returned 1991
Technically, Nigel Mansell doesn't belong on this list, because though he declared that he would walk away from F1 at the end of the 1990 season, he subsequently signed another deal before entering into retirement.
But that's not to say that Mansell's initial announcement wasn't sincere, for at the time he'd become so disillusioned with life at Ferrari that he was prepared to chuck it all in.
At the crux of the matter was the increasingly political situation at the Italian team, with matters coming to a head at Silverstone when the Briton discovered that 'his' chassis had been passed to team mate Alain Prost at the Frenchman's request.
Mansell still took pole for the race, but would subsequently see his car's gearbox fail, and as Prost inherited victory, Mansell theatrically threw his gloves into the crowd and announced his impending departure.
"People said it was a spur-of-the-moment decision because I was upset after my car broke," Mansell said in 2009. "Others said it was just a ploy as part of the driver negotiation market. Neither of those is true. It was a genuine decision. [My wife] Rosanne and I had talked it through before Silverstone, and we'd decided we were being manipulated."
But before he could reach the F1 exit door, former team boss Frank Williams came calling once more. His fingers burnt, Mansell indicated he'd only reconsider his future if the team guaranteed him undisputed number-one status and the full backing of engine partner Renault. Initially rebuffed, Williams eventually bowed to his demands, and the rest is history.
Instead of retiring at the end of 1990 with 16 wins and several world title near misses to his name, Mansell bowed out with 31 victories and a championship - but only after another retirement proclamation in 1992 and another comeback in 94/95!
Michael Schumacher - retired in 2006, returned in 2010
When Michael Schumacher retired at the end of 2006 as the most decorated driver in the history of F1, there seemed little chance that he'd return to the top echelon of motorsport. But when Felipe Massa was badly injured at the 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix, Ferrari turned to their former hero, who was still acting as a special advisor to the team.
The comeback eventually stalled when Schumacher was unable to overcome a lingering neck injury that he'd sustained racing motorbikes, but clearly the German's interest had been piqued, and later that year came the shock announcement that the then 40-year-old would return to F1 in 2010 with Mercedes' rejuvenated works team.
"What Ferrari initiated has triggered what you see right now," said Schumacher. "I really didn't feel like it was what I wanted when Ferrari asked me [to sub for Massa] but when I felt the responsibility I thought I ought to do it.
"After three years [away] I have the energy back and I'm ready for some serious stuff. I wouldn't have entered all of this if I wasn't confident."
Reunited with Ross Brawn, co-architect of so many of his former glories, much was expected of Schumacher, but in the end his three-year return yielded just one further podium finish. "I enjoyed most of it," the seven-time world champion said. "It wasn't as successful as before but I still learned a lot for life. I found that losing can be both more difficult and more instructive than winning. Now is a good time to go."
Felipe Massa - retired in 2016, returning in 2017
In a nod to former team mate Michael Schumacher, whose decision to step away from F1 at the end of 2006 had enabled him to stay on at Ferrari, Felipe Massa chose to announce his retirement at Monza.
"My career has been more than I ever expected and I am proud of what I have achieved," he said, before embarking on something of a farewell tour over the remainder of the season with Williams, concluding with emotional final races in Brazil and Abu Dhabi.
But no sooner had the Brazilian stepped away from F1 than newly crowned Nico Rosberg announced his own retirement, kick-starting a chain of events that resulted in Valtteri Bottas leaving Williams for Mercedes and the Grove-based team tempting Massa back out of retirement to lead their 2017 challenge.
"When the media began reporting that I might return, I was touched by the response from so many fans who wanted to see me back in the sport," admitted Massa. "That was certainly a factor in the decision, so I'd like to thank the fans for their support. But, at the end of the day, when I received the call it was an offer I couldn't refuse. It was Williams! I would not have returned for any other team."
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Details about HARTWICK Plaid Shower Curtain Farmhouse Gray Cottage Country Park Designs
HARTWICK Plaid Shower Curtain Farmhouse Gray Cottage Country Park Designs
diana-rrt (16046 )
Downingtown, Pennsylvania, United States
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Last updated on Jun 13, 2019 21:14:58 SGT View all revisions
Color: Gray Style: Farmhouse
MPN: 302-45 Pattern: Plaid
Brand: Park Designs Type: Fabric Curtain
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Item location: Downingtown, Pennsylvania, United States
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The following award programs were created for our PhD students to support their ability to attend premier academic events; to recognize excellence in research; to fund innovative ideas; and to support excellence in teaching. Please see below for award descriptions, links, and recent award winners.
The BMI Travel Fellowship is for students who have been accepted to present at a conference (oral presentation/poster).
Award Amount: Up to $1,000 per student.
Apply for the BMI Travel Fellowship HERE. You may login with your CCHMC or UC credentials.
Please note: The Travel Fellowship Committee meets on a quarterly basis; we encourage students to submit applications WELL in advance in order to determine whether expenses will be supported ahead of travel.
The BMI Rising Star Award provides support for an outstanding student in BMI.
Apply for the BMI Rising Star Award HERE. You may login with your CCHMC or UC credentials.
The BMI Creative Scholar Award provides support for the next generation of BMI researchers with independent and innovative ideas that have the potential to significantly impact the field of biomedical informatics.
Apply for the BMI Creative Scholar Award/Grant HERE. You may login with your CCHMC or UC credentials.
Recipients of the BMI Teaching Fellowship will be required to serve as a Teaching Assistant (TA) for one semester during the academic year in which the fellowship is granted.
To apply for the BMI Teaching Fellowship, please complete the Teaching Fellowship Application and submit it to your Program Coordinator.
If you have any questions, please contact bmigrad@uc.edu.


Aurora Studios has announced that the full list of Pinnacle Challenges has now been unlocked in next-gen battle royale Ring of Elysium. The Pinnacle Challenges offer players the chance to earn a Season 3 Adventurer Pass as well as an exclusive portrait for the current season 2.
From now until March 26th players can complete a number of challenges to earn rewards. There are a total of 9 challenges for players to choose from and complete. Any player that completes 7 challenges will receive a Season 3 Adventurer Pass. Completing all 9 available challenges will unlock the exclusive Season 2 portrait.
When designing the Pinnacle Challenges, Ring of Elysium devs focused on giving back to the game's community for its long-term support and wanted players to be able to complete the challenges during normal gameplay. The challenges require players to complete small tasks while in game such as using the first-aid kit 10 times or equipping a superior grade vest in 3 matches.
Players that want to complete the Pinnacle Challenges can dive into the action by downloading Ring of Elysium for free on Steam here.


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Work steps such as diluting, dissolving samples in liquids or just weighing and stirring are carried out with the mixing balance at one place without changing.
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Fundamentalism in Many Places, and in Many Forms. Why?
Portland Branch Newsletter – Where to Find it!
Rudolf Steiner's Vision: How can we create a future worthy of the human being?
Anyone desiring to be added to or deleted from the newsletter's electronic mailing list can send their request by e-mail to [email protected].


Home > Technology > The Fujifilm X-A3 — Your Perfect Christmas Gift!
The Fujifilm X-A3 — Your Perfect Christmas Gift!
Nowadays, a great debate rages among the "selfie generation". In the era of smartphones with amazing camera specs, is it still worth it to have your own digital camera? With the release of the new Fujifilm X-A3, I want the answer to be yes.
Smartphones will forever have advantages. For one, these are all-in-one devices that will take care of pretty much everything you need. And, they now come in incredibly compact form factors that will not stick out of those tight jeans. However, there are just those moments that scream for a dedicated camera — things like travel, events, a beautiful scenery, a treasured mistletoe moment with your special someone, a warm moment around the Christmas tree with the family.
All these just scream for the experience of pressing a real-life shutter and adjusting a real-life lens. None of those awkward touchscreen interfaces. A real camera is just what you need.
Fujifilm has adjusted nimbly to the demands of the selfie market. In its past offering, the Fujifilm X-A2 provides users with a 175-degree tilting screen that makes selfies a breeze. For this device, they were able to make the screen tilt back just a little more, to make selfies much easier. The 180-degree screen faces you directly, so you can frame your perfect, IG-worthy shots. Throw in a powerful 24.2MP camera sensor, and those precious moments are just an arm's length away. See what I did there?
The camera has a powerful focus, which can be used for still subjects and moving images. Just point the X-A3 and snap away. Whether you're capturing falling snow, your girlfriends' smiles, or flickering firelight, you'll always find a perfect frame.
Speaking of firelight, the Fujifilm X-A3 has a very wide ISO range — in layman's terms, that means you can shoot great pictures even in low light. Shots in front of a bonfire? Check! In sunset? Check! By the moonlight? Check! Most likely, your current camera phone fails in that department.
Oh, and remember those irksome flash pics that leave everything else in the shadows? Say goodbye to that as Fujifilm's offering boasts off the "super intelligent" flash. Unlike the mini-flashlights of old, the camera can sense just how much light it needs to deliver to make crisp photos. See? A camera that knows what you need!
In the flurry of activity, a camera offers ease of use not possible in most smartphones. No need to swipe or press just for a camera app to load. The digicam makes true "point-and-shoot" possible.
To expand on this, Fujifilm equips its newest offering with all the bells and whistles needed for ease of use. You can easily take selfies of you and your family, since the camera is easy to grip even with one hand. The camera has a feature that automatically brightens your skin tone, which ensures upload-and-share worthy pics.
And they say that the real smile is in the eyes! With the X-A3, you can catch those twinkling lights reflected with the eye detection feature in addition to the standard smile detection feature. No need to say cheese, just smize.
Fujifilm also bakes in its acclaimed "film simulation" technology into the X-A3. Think of them as filters on steroids. They allow you to adjust the colors to best match the scenes. There are a total of 11 modes in the X-A3, making those filter-savvy gals feel at home. From the classic Provia to the landscape-perfect Velvia, to the new additions only available in this camera model, there's a lot of options to choose from.
Finally, the mirrorless structure of the X-A3 makes it lighter than DSLR cameras, with virtually the same picture quality. No need to lug around heavy luggage just to make lasting memories. No added weight on your Christmas gift, too!
With this camera, there's no need to carry a charger all the time — the extended battery life offers around 410 shots on each charge. Its simple USB charger makes juicing up incredibly easy, too.
With high quality pictures and full-HD videos that run at 24p and 60p, the X-A3 is guaranteed to produce great shots all the time. It comes with a lens so you can start shooting crisp family pics right away. And, with built-in WiFi connectivity, you can upload all pics as you take them.
It's not just the pics made for sharing, but the camera itself, too. Coming in three colors — brown, pink, and silver — and retro look (faux leather!), the camera is a beauty to behold. The pink one particularly goes well for a vintage punk look! But at this rate it doesn't matter which color you choose as the camera looks great with almost any fashion and would match any purse.
The final question — is it worth the $599 price tag? Definitely. It's the perfect Christmas gift, in time for the Yuletide jubilation. It's an investment, something that you can use to store your precious memories wherever you go. Consider it your perfect companion for the new year and the many more years to come — with Fujifilm's vaunted quality, it's gonna be your BFF for a long, long time.
I am a big proponent of smartphone for an everyday camera use. You have it in your pocket anyway. With advancements in camera's quality and abilities, it's tough to beat. Hard, but not impossible. Hence, can Fujifilm X-A3 compete? Does it have GPS? Does it have an ability to share via wifi or Bluetooth? I always want to know where a photo was taken and able to share instantly (i.e. no wires or cards).
I used to have a similar model camera in this brand that also had that flip screen. It did make taking selfies much easier. A solo traveller's necessity in an age where taking pictures with your phone's front camera don't really cut it quality wise.
Heck yes, I need one of these bad boys in my Christmas stocking for sure. What a beautiful little camera! I am most impressive by the flash fixer, that irks me terribly with my current camera.
Thanks for this camera review. Always good to read others opinion before buying one!
I have a camera very similiar to this and although I am still trying to figure out how to use some of the features I love it. I am constantly experimenting with different features and sometimes capture some incredible photos. I also have some rubbish ones!
It looks like a very cute camera if you are looking for a top end point and shoot. A good Christmas pressie for someone special perhaps?
Hi its 599 usd but its at par with similar models and it is a really good camera. I don't regret getting it.
ooo, I like this one, I was sold at small and light, and of course the pink color 🙂 I have been lugging around my DSLR lately and keep saying I'm going to leave it home and use my phone for pics, but they just don't turn out the same. I would love a smaller camera for everyday and short trips and save the DSLR for times when needed.
I agree that having a dedicated camera is worth the expense. I just ordered a different model, but this one looks pretty awesome as well. Do you take your blog photos with this? Pretty sweet.
Now, I do. Really happy with it. Planning to start making videos too.
Is this Fujifilm's first digital camera? I am keen to handle one and get a feel of it. Canon is quite heavy, good to know that theirs is lighter.
I have to go and be stereotypically girly here – this camera is so cute!!
I have seen that model in action and I think it is value for money. It's not the best in class but that is also because of the price tag. Also, I think this is a good companion camera for the casual photographers. Sure, the smartphone is the default camera because who doesn't have one today? But this is a compact camera that can be brought to different places. One thing I do not agree with is the selfie. I think for standalone cameras, marketing for selfie is nothing more than marketing gimmick. It's not easy to hold one and do a selfie because of its size and weight.
My boyfriend and I just use our smartphones and Yi-Cam to take pretty photos during our travels. But guess what, when I started to travel I felt like it is a must to have a good quality camera. Someday I can afford such camera and would be able to take lively images. Great reviews!
Oh my!!! I was just telling myself that I will someday have my own quality camera, a Fujifilm x-A2 to be exact. Tapos meron na palang x-a3! I can still remember how amazed I was with x-a2. I was able to see its beauty just this May 2016. I don't know when it was released but oh boy. Technology evolves really fast. Ang bilis na lang mag-upgrade ng features.
That's a fabulous camera from what I see on the Pictures. I like it's look as it is very difficult to find a great camera with a good look. This is great review and helpful form me. I have been looking for a camera myself that is user friendly.
I have a fujifilm camera too! I must say this is a good value for money 🙂 great review! Very detailed! This will be very helpful for those who are looking for which camera to buy, especially for beginners!
Wow, I've been dreaming to have a Fujifilm camera and this one should be something I should get myself excited and save more money for it. I've been using my DSLR for almost 2 years now and sometimes I find it bulky and I'm having a hard time carrying it whenever I travel to a different places. Yes, smartphone has all the advantages, but I as well prepared to have a Camera like Fujifilm X-A3. A Well written review by the way.


The MegaVoice Envoy S Audio Bible Spanish RV 1960 Version is a solar digital player that is small, sturdy, innovative, and solar powered. At 2.4 ounces it is lightweight and it is a powerful teaching and training tool for learning the Bible. It is also a wonderful way to listen to the bible and favorite passages of the Bible in a small and compact pocket size unit. Its raised buttons and four levels of navigation make it incredibly user friendly for searching through hundreds of hours of audio Bible content spoken in Spanish. This is an excellent portable audio Bible for the Blind, visually impaired, children, adults, and senior citizens.