text:
Woods of Warwick
Illustration type
Title to poem is illustrated.
Facsimile of poet's signature.
Hand-drawn lettering.
Multiple illustrations that are related.
Hand-drawn lettering in the style of handwriting or cursive.
At least one illustration occupies a full page that either precedes or follows poem text, and is rotated 90 degrees.
At least one illustration is placed adjacent to the poem.
At least one illustration is placed below the poem text.
At least one illustration is placed within the poem.
At least one illustration is an inhabited headpiece.
Scene from Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. A man (Bassanio) examines three caskets of gold, silver, and lead, which are placed on an ornately decorated table. He touches his hand to the cloth that covers the table, from which fringe and flowers hang. Men and women watch him from different parts of the room; three men in the background appear to be mid-conversation. A woman (Portia) stands at the forefront of illustration. Her back is almost fully turned to the viewer and she holds her hand up to her mouth as she watches Bassanio. In the background, a large curtain is pulled to the side, revealing an adjoining room. Beyond the curtain, there is an ornate archway decorated with two cherubs. Full-page illustration contained within a single-ruled border.
A portrait of William Shakespeare is contained within an ornate circular frame. "SHAKSPERE" is centered at the bottom of the frame. To the left of the frame, a figure with the body of the man and the head of a donkey sits in grass. A branch with leaves extends out from either side of the portrait. The hand-drawn title, "WOODS OF WARWICK", is placed to the right of the frame. 1/3 page.
Facsimile of Harriet Prescott Spofford's signature. 1/32 page.
A fairy poses: it holds its legs together and extends its arms straight down while flexing its palms. The fairy wears a belted dress with a ruffled collar and jewellery. Its long, curly hair flows up into the air behind its two antennae. The fairy has flared wings with multiple layers. 1/16 page.
Rectangular illustration of a waxing crescent moon surrounded by five bats and set against a dark sky. 1/32 page.
A fairy is shown in profile view. It holds a wand with a star on the end; the fairy holds its other hand straight up in the air. It wears a long, loose dress with ribbons around its waist. 1/16 page.
A man walks through a forest carrying a book. There are trees and foliage scattered throughout the scene. 1/2-page illustration contained within a single-ruled border.
A bee flies, smiles, and looks directly at the viewer. 1/64 page.
Three flies fly together. 1/64 page.
A fairy flies with a staff or wand held in front of it. The fairy is shown in profile view. 1/64 page.
A fairy stands in grass with its arms and wings outstretched. There are three insects flying next to the fairy. The sun or moon is low in the sky. 1/64 page.
A man sits against the base of a tree and looks towards a group of fairies that fly beside him. One fairy holds a staff and another fairy holds a wand. There are flowers and tall grass around the man. 1/2 page.
A man wears a laurel crown and faces the viewer. 1/64 page.
A mask or a beast-like face is centered and facing the viewer. A vegetal and foliate pattern emerges out from the left and right side of the face. 1/64 page.
Two young satyrs gather together and hold pan flutes. One satyr sits on the grass and the other satyr stands with his arm wrapped around him. The standing satyr gestures toward a fairy that flies low to the ground and faces them. The fairy gestures back toward the satyrs and they appear to be in conversation. There is a turtle on the ground, between the satyrs and the fairy. The background is filled with trees and foliage. A third, older satyr stands in the bushes. 1/4-page illustration contained within a single-ruled border.
A body of water is surrounded by trees and foliage. The top towers of a castle can be seen above the tree line. The waxing crescent moon is high in the sky. 1/8-page illustration contained within a single-ruled border.
Spofford, Harriet Prescott
Garrett, Edmund H.
Illegible Illustrator
Atalanta 3:25, 16–20, October 1889.
Pleasant, pleasant woods of Warwick, when the shaws are thick with summer
Notes and attribution research
Full-page illustration entitled "The Choice of the Casket."
Alison Chapman (ed.) and the DVPP team, "Woods of Warwick," Digital Victorian Periodical Poetry Project, Edition 0.98.5beta, University of Victoria, 14th October 2022, https://dvpp.uvic.ca/atalanta/1889/pom_1946_woods_of_warwick.html.


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David Chettle (David John "Dave" Chettle; * 14. September 1951) ist ein ehemaliger australischer Langstreckenläufer.

Karriere
1974 wurde Chettle Dritter bei der Australischen Meisterschaft im Marathon und Zwölfter beim Fukuoka-Marathon.

Im Jahr darauf kam er bei den Crosslauf-Weltmeisterschaften 1975 in Rabat auf den 105. Platz. Nach einem zweiten Platz bei der Australischen Marathon-Meisterschaft wurde er in Fukuoka Zweiter in 2:10:20 h, der drittschnellsten Zeit des Jahres.

Beim Marathon der Olympischen Spiele 1976 in Montreal gab er nach 25 km auf.

1977 belegte er bei den Crosslauf-WM in Düsseldorf den 116. Platz. Im darauffolgenden Jahr siegte er beim Kyōto-Marathon und beim australischen Ausscheidungsrennen für die Commonwealth Games 1978 in Edmonton, bei denen er auf Rang 15 einlief.

Bei den Crosslauf-WM 1979 in Limerick lief er auf Rang 120 ein. Im selben Jahr wurde er Zweiter und 1980 Vierter beim Montreal-Marathon.  Beim Boston-Marathon 1981 wurde er Achter, und beim Chicago-Marathon 1982 kam er auf den 15. Platz.

1977 wurde er Australischer Meister im Crosslauf.

Persönliche Bestzeiten

 10.000 m: 28:19,0 min, 15. Dezember 1977, Melbourne
 Marathon: 2:10:20 h, 7. Dezember 1975, Fukuoka

Weblinks

 Athletenporträt bei der ARRS

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1976
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 1980
Olympiateilnehmer (Australien)
Australischer Meister (Leichtathletik)
Crossläufer (Australien)
Marathonläufer (Australien)
Australier
Mann
Geboren 1951

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This page explains the 3 ways to participate with activities on the site.
Below are the details of the events running at the moment.
This event started in March 2015 and aims to analyse all the mods created from Mapping Competitions/Challenges.
On the first weekend of every month, a mod is livestreamed on the RTSL Twitch channel by Darren Weekes AKa CustomGamer and then uploaded to the TVR Playlist on RTSL YouTube channel.
This event started in February 2015 and aims to update all the mods in the Hall of Fame but also include lesser known but still classic mods to the list.
On the third weekend of every month, a mod is updated and livestreamed on the RTSL Twitch channel by Don AKA Unq and then uploaded to the CotM Playlist on RTSL YouTube channel.
This event updated one map or mod for Half-Life every day for 100 days during the Summer of 2011.
The maps and mods were downloaded over 15,000 times and nearly 1000 Recommendation Images were used.
This event updated 40 or so maps and mods for Opposing Force.
This event updated the three Half-Quake mods over two weekends in December 2011.
Half-Quake is made by Muddasheep and he has a special way of looking at things - a sadistic way!
He enjoys torturing players via various techniques. His mods have a visual style that has been copied but never equalled.
This long-running event allowed readers to replay and re-experience all the core Half-Life games.
Plenty of new information was presented and everybody learnt something new - even people who had played the games many, many times.
Each chapter in each game has its own post on the site.
This event generated quite a lot of new content, including a story competition and podcasts.
Challenges allow mappers to improve their skills and time management.
Watch Phillip and laugh at his oxymoronish "Awesome crappiness" playing style.


Inorganics include salts, metals, and substances made from single elements and any other compounds that do not contain carbon bonded to hydrogen.
Inorganics, in general, are ionic compounds, consisting of cations and anions joined by ionic bonding. Examples of inorganics (which are ionic compounds) are magnesium chloride MgCl2, or sodium oxide Na2O. Important salts of inorganics are the oxides, the carbonates, the sulfates and the halides. Many inorganic compounds are characterized by high melting points. Inorganics include coordination compounds, main group compounds, transition metal compounds, organometallic compounds, cluster compounds, bioinorganic compounds and solid state compounds.
Inorganics are used in a wide variety of applications. The main applications are: catalysis, crystal growth technology, photovoltaic materials, optical fibres and lasers. Inorganics play a crucial role in nanotechnology, electronics and semiconductors. They have a major impact in modern medicine as these have potential to diagnose a variety of diseases and conditions relating to cancer care, infection control, diabetic control, neurological, cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory diseases, ulcers inhibition, and have promising therapeutic properties. Inorganics, specifically, metals play a crucial role in biological systems, such as iron in hemoglobin which has a pivotal role in oxygen transport, and the metal ions at the centre of enzymes which help regulate several biological processes.


The newly renovated Dum Pukht restaurant at the ITC Maratha in Mumbai serves up the total experience of India's princely dining traditions from the Royal Courts of Lucknow. Dum Pukht presents the Grand Cuisine of India, known for its slow-cooked gastronomy, using authentic recipes from the royal kitchens of Awadh.
Inspired by a garden and infused with hints of Persian refinement, the décor at the new Dum Pukht restaurant features indigenously hand-embroidered tablecloths and fine linens. Persian arches, floral motifs from Awadh and the intricate inlay woodwork in the ceiling trays and on the walls throughout the interior of the restaurant are reminiscent of an era marked by rich traditions of regional art and culture. The upholstered white and dark wood furnishings are punctuated with bright saffron colored seating and silver cushions in the dining room and vestibule.


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text:
A Historical Moment For Genocide
Our newest blog series is about to start–Get Educated, One Topic At A Time! Learn about a variety of global issues and countries around the world as we highlight each week the work of one of our Education Department Interns , who are hard at work creating Topic Guides covering everything from Child Poverty to Foreign Direct Investment for our classroom-based Model UN program. Check out the first post below and check back each Monday for the next post in the series.
While the International Criminal Court (ICC) is making headlines today for issuing an arrest warrant for Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi, international law and justice reached another milestone recently. On Friday, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda issued the first conviction of a woman on the charge of genocide under international law.
The woman, Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, served as family minister for the Rwandan government during the Rwandan Genocideof 1994. Nyiramasuhuko directed and aided militia groups in attacking members of Rwanda's Tutsi minority.
The genocide, which the Rwandan government covertly supported at the time, took place over the course of 100 days in 1994 (April-July) and resulted in the deaths of about 800,000 individuals. The relationship between Rwanda's two ethnic groups – the Hutu and the Tutsi – had been violent and contentious for decades. Prior to European involvement in sub-Saharan Africa, the minority Tutsi population dominated the Rwandan elite and established a monarchy. The Germans and Belgians, who administered Rwanda before and after World War I respectively, preserved this system and limited the opportunities available to the majority Hutu population for decades.
However, after World War II and the beginning of decolonization, the Belgians pushed for reform in Rwanda but faced resistance from the Tutsi. By the late 1950's, the Belgians had called for elections in Rwanda, which led to the rise to power of the majority Hutu. Following independence from Belgium in 1962, the dynamic between the two groups reversed as the Hutu dominated the political elite via their huge majority. Under Hutu rule, Tutsis were required to carry identification cards (eerily reminiscent of the Nazi policy of Jewish identification), were limited to a small percentage of public sector jobs, and faced widespread discrimination in the private sector.
From the 1960's to the 1990's, anti-Tutsi violence routinely broke out in Rwanda, resulting in thousands of deaths and a massive flow of Tutsi refugees to Rwanda's neighboring countries. Although the Rwandan government officially condemned this violence, evidence suggests that it actually supported it in some cases. By the 1990's, evidence suggests that the Hutu-dominated Rwandan government began covertly training and arming Hutu militias (known as the Interahamwe, "those who stand together") to attack Tutsis inside Rwanda. The anti-Tutsi Rwandan Genocide in 1994 was largely carried out by such groups and it is these groups that Nyiramasuhuko has been convicted of aiding.
The United Nations faced enormous criticism regarding its response to the genocide. Despite the fact that the UN had 2,500 armed peacekeepers in Rwanda in 1994, they did not intervene to stop the violence. In fact, members of the UN Security Council (including the United States) actually voted to reduce the number of UN troops in Rwanda in response to the violence. The resulting devastation marked what is quite possibly the UN's greatest failure. Today, a Tutsi leader of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), which fought the Rwandan government and ended the genocide, is President of Rwanda. He has controversially banned the use of the terms "Hutu" and "Tutsi" in any official capacity to avoid inflaming past tensions.
Ever since, the UN has gone to great lengths to learn from its mistakes in Rwanda rather than hide from them. International intervention since Rwanda has been more frequent and more effective. Most recently, the UN Security Council approved measures to protect civilians from government-led massacres in Libya, which NATO has taken responsibility for carrying out. In addition, the UN created the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), which has convicted over two dozen individuals for their roles in the genocide. Nyiramasuhuko is the latest Rwandan official to be convicted. The ICTR demonstrated that international tribunals can be effective, and influenced the creation of the International Criminal Court (ICC), which has jurisdiction over all its member states to convict individuals for crimes against humanity, in 2002. Although the United States is not a member of the ICC, it did support a UN resolution that referred Moammar Gadhafi to the ICC, which has since indicted him.
Although the Rwandan Genocide will forever live on as a painful stain on history, its legacy serves as a constant reminder of the tragedy of genocide and how the international community should respond to prevent them in the future. Next year, the UNA-GB will help further the UN's mission to educate the public about genocide with a simulation of the crisis leading up to the Rwandan Genocide at our annual Regional Model United Nations conference.
– Nicholas Blake, Education Intern
Tags: boston, genocide, Greater Boston, human rights, international law, Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, Rwanda, Rwandan genocide, una-gb, unagb, united nations, united nations association
ICC Charges Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir with Genocide
My name is Patrick and I am a Programs and Membership intern this summer at the UNA-GB. A Boston native, I am currently an undergraduate studying History and International Relations at Tufts University.
On Monday, July 12, the International Criminal Court made international and judicial history when it officially charged current Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir with three counts of genocide.
Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir is the first head of state charged with genocide by the ICC.
Based in the Dutch city of the Hague, the ICC had previously issued an arrest warrant for al-Bashir on five counts of crimes against humanity and two counts of war crimes in May 2009, but the announcement of yesterday's arrest warrant is the first to specifically reference "genocide" and is a dramatic change from the Court's assertion of just over a year ago that there was no sufficient evidence to support such a charge. He is the first sitting head of state to ever have been indicted by the ICC and the first charged with genocide.
The conflict in Darfur, controversially and contentiously categorized as state-sponsored genocide, has been raging since February 2003 and continues despite a peace treaty signed in February earlier this year. Ethnic conflict between the North's Afro-Arabs and the South's black Africans, who have claimed to be systematically oppressed by the Sudanese government, has led to a UN-estimate of over 300,000 deaths and close to 3 million displaced in the western-most region of Darfur. As the violence has increased and the number of refugees has grown, neighboring countries such as Chad and Eritrea become implicated as well, allegedly throwing their support behind the many black African factions. Reports of murder and rape coming out of the region have been widespread over the past half-decade, despite the involvement of the African Union, the United Nations, and numerous international human rights groups.
UNAMID aid arrives on the ground in Darfur
President al-Bashir is accused of fostering traditional North-South ethnic tensions to enable his Arab-led government to successfully carry out genocide against Sudan's black community under the veil of domestic strife and civil war. The new ICC warrant claims, "There are reasonable grounds to believe that (Omar al-Bashir) acted with specific intent to destroy in part the Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa ethnic groups" in Darfur, which includes "genocide by killing, genocide by causing serious bodily or mental harm and genocide by deliberately inflicting on each target group conditions of life calculated to bring about the group's physical destruction."
Whereas the International Court of Justice, the principal judiciary arm of the United Nations, handles cases involving states and national governments, the ICC, legally independent but financially and politically affiliated with the UN, claims individuals jurisdiction over individuals. A comparison of the two organizations can be found here.
The ICC came to fruition with the ratification of the Rome Treaty in 2002 (which the United States both voted against and has since stated it does not intend on becoming a member – see our affiliate USA for the International Criminal Court). While the ICC includes all of Europe and most of Latin American and Africa as its members, it does not have the support of most of the Middle East, nor four of the world's largest and most influential states – India, China, Russia, and the United States. As Sudan having never ratified the Rome Treaty, Al-Bashir does not recognize the jurisdiction of the ICC and refuses to stand trial.
The International Criminal Court in the Hague, Netherlands
A lecture on war crimes and international justice sponsored by the UNA-GB is being planned for the late fall, and we are extremely interesting in engaging with the international community and the people of Boston on the issue.
Be sure to stay informed and check back soon for more information.
-Patrick
Tags: Darfur Conflict, genocide, ICC, International Criminal Court, Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, UN, una-gb, united nations, United Nations Association of Greater Boston

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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You are also free to choose a fund that is based on any index that you want. For example, there are index funds set up for just about every market sector there is — energy, precious metals, banking, emerging markets — you name it. All you have to do is decide that you want to participate, then contribute money and sit back and relax. Your stock portfolio will then be on automatic pilot.
Also, if you pursue an income stream like affiliate marketing, your blog can be a source of content that allows you to link to affiliate sites in a way that is seamless and natural. For example, if you are an affiliate marketer for a company that sells productivity tools, you can blog about your own struggles to stay on top of your to do list. Then, you can mention how much those tools have helped you.
You know the fantasy: write some ebook (or better yet, hire freelancers in Mumbai to research and write it for you at $.20/word!) on some niche topic, set up AdWords and Facebook campaigns targeted to the right keywords (you can hire those Mumbai guys to do your keyword research too), put up a cheap landing page (with copy written by... guess who!), press "Go!" on the PPC campaign, and voilà. . . just wait for the money to roll in while you sleep!
Now that you've chosen your market, find a way to start sharing your message, whether it's a blog or podcast or Youtube channel, or whatever platform makes the most sense for your target market. Flynn says this is where you'll start to build a fan base — and collect subscriber emails. You don't need to get the whole world to follow you to make this work out financially. Wired cofounder Kevin Kelly wrote an article about 1,000 True Fans, which basically says that if you have 1,000 people paying you $100 a year, that's a $100,000 a year. "You don't need to serve everybody," says Flynn.
The second category of passive income is drawing on sources that do not require capital to start, maintain, and grow. These are far better choices for those who want to start out on their own and build a fortune from nothing. They include assets you can create, such as a book, song, patent, trademark, Internet site, recurring commissions, or businesses that earn nearly infinite returns on equity such as a drop-ship e-commerce retailer that has little or no money tied up in operations but still turns a profit.
We pitched to an angel investor group. They were very excited about the idea but wanted to know who amongst us (doctor, accountant, salesman) was doing the coding. When they heard we were outsourcing it, the wind went out of their sails immediately. They did want to meet with us again once we brought a coder on board but that person proved elusive to find. Coders in our area are looking for the steady paycheck, not willing to gamble on a startup.
If you're worried about launching a new product, and think you might need some feedback to make it really good, Flynn recommends "pre-selling" an idea — for instance, offering a limited number of spots or seats into, say, a course you create and giving the test group specialized attention so you can see how to improve the content. Once it's revised (or, if it's software, once all the bugs are removed), you could open it up to your whole audience.
Crowdfunded real estate companies like Fundrise are similar to today's peer-to-peer lending companies. Like Lending Club and Prosper, they offer a platform that matches real estate investors with investment choices. They help people looking to invest money in real estate in a passive manner. Also, investors can avoid bargaining with sellers. No need to get involved in the transfer of ownership and management of those properties either.


We're happy to offer not only the finest Fredericksburg bed and breakfast accommodations, but all the information you need to find the best events and sights during your stay. Here's what's happening in Fredericksburg in March.
March 18-20: Fredericksburg Trade Days. One of the most important occasions in the old frontier lifestyle was the occasional trade day, when people would come from far and wide with their handmade goods, home cooked delicacies and finest animals to buy, sell, swap and barter. That tradition is alive and well in Texas Hill Country with Fredericksburg Trade Days, one of the most popular recurring local events. At Fredericksburg Trade Days you'll find endless rows of vendors selling handcrafted goods, including antiques, crafts, clothing, jewelry, and ranch furniture—plus food, live music and a beer garden. The event is held outdoors and in the barn at the delightful Sunday Farms. Details.
March 19: Hill Country Indian Artifacts Show. Perfect for both the serious collector and the casual enthusiast—or just for a fun day with the family! The Hill Country Indian Artifacts Show is one of Texas' largest gatherings for the display and sale of authentic Native American artifacts. Numerous vendors from across the country will be there, showing off goods including stone tools, beads, pottery, and of course lots and lots of arrowheads! Books, contemporary cultural artifacts, and jewelry will also be available. Don't miss this one of a kind event. Details.
Pioneer Museum House. This is a Fredericksburg gem, a truly original local museum with historic structures built in the pioneer days! Operated by our local Historical Society, the Pioneer Museum House will take you through historic buildings and remains and show you what it was really like to live back in the days of Old West exploration. Kids and adults will be equally thrilled. Open Monday – Saturday, 10-5. Details.
George's 290 Wine Tours. George has 15 years of experience in Texas wine country and leads terrific local tours, with tastings, sightseeing and all the history and wine knowledge you could hope for from a true professional. Details.
The Garrison Brothers Distillery. Looking for something a little "harder"? Learn the secrets of real Texas whiskey making, and sample some of the state's finest bourbon with the Garrison Brothers! Details.
Cave Without a Name. Not everything worth seeing in Texas is above ground. The state has hundreds of miles of caves, many of them uncharted, and some of the best accessible in comfort and style right here in Hill Country. The Cave Without a Name features flowstones, "soda straw" formations, stalactites and more—all with wide, easy to use pathways and perfect lighting. Details.


Personal Injury Accident Attorney and Lawyer in Gaylord, Kansas. Brad Pistotnik Law helps injury victims and is an accident attorney practicing across the State of Kansas including Gaylord and Smith County. Brad Pistotnik Law has personal injury attorneys and personal injury lawyers who are truly experienced in getting money for people involved in personal injury accidents. Our personal injury lawyers handle auto accidents, car accidents, motorcycle accidents and our personal injury attorneys handle truck accidents, tractor-trailer accidents and semi accidents.
The city of Gaylord, Kansas is located on Highway 9 in Smith County in North Central Kansas. Gaylord offers a friendly, midwest- living environment in a highly agricultural based area with a low crime rate. Gaylord was founded in 1870. It was named for C. E. Gaylord, a native of Marshall County who was one of the town's founders. The Gaylord post office opened in June 1871. The Gaylord government consists of a mayor and five council members. Gaylord has many interesting and unique people making it a cultural and interesting place to visit.
People needing an accident attorney or lawyer in the Gaylord and Smith County area can get an accident attorney quickly by looking at BradPistotniklaw.com for a free consultation. Brad can be reached at any time at 800-241-BRAD. He can be reached on his cell phone at 316-706-5020. Tony Atterbury can be reached at 316-617-9237.
The ZIP code for Gaylord is 67638. Gaylord has a 2013 population of approximately 110 people. Gaylord and Smith County are known for having very dangerous highway areas for traffic accidents that are fatal. Gaylord can be reached from a group of highways including State Highway 9, US Highway 281 and other roads. Gaylord's highways have substantial traffic flow of tractor-trailers, big rigs and 18 wheelers. The shoulders on these roads are very narrow. A large number of Kansans are killed or severely injured every year due to the negligence of large trucks driving across the state on these dangerous highways to avoid toll and weigh stations. Be careful when traveling on State Highway 9 and US Highway 281 so that you and your family are safe.


Conceptually my works focus on the human condition. Human as a whole with their fear, pain, hope, vulnerability and strength. The theme I pursue comes from some social issues that have affected me deeply but I construct my paintings in a way that is open to interpretations. This creates a certain mood or conveys a feeling without being overly specific. I wish not to illustrate but to evoke humanness and emotional intensity.
I admire the philosophy of emptiness in composition and decidedly placed the focus on the figure to expose its significance and appreciating the human body and soul. Mostly they are naked because they are about human nature, not culture.
I usually depict more than one thought or feelings in my works. The sleeping series describe vulnerability of us in a chaotic and unstable society. Also a transitory state between life and death or rebirth into another world and connection to the soul. Sometimes we sleep to remove ourselves from the sharpness of reality or to escape to a dulled existence where our thoughts wander through fantasy and our battles are fought by a different self.
I am also fascinated by portrait paintings. Painting a portrait for me is out of a compulsion to document my feelings. It can be a self-portrait which is a self-discovery at a deeper level. Or a portrait of a person from the past which I connect with. Or even a non-verbal communication with a person. My portraits are not concerned with likeness but it is important that I create a mystery and atmosphere that convey human energy and emotion.
The process of my works has evolved from a traditional style to a more contemporary approach. They take months to complete as there are many layers of change, refinement, and glazing required to achieve the feeling I am looking for.
I work in series to develop range of possibilities in one subject and usually work on two or more paintings within the same window of time. The times I am waiting for a layer to dry, I can work on another one. This process of development allows my pieces to share a common expressive thread.


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Cluster chemistry
In chemistry, a cluster is an ensemble of bound atoms intermediate in size between a molecule and a bulk solid. Clusters exist of diverse stoichiometries and nuclearities. For example, carbon and boron atoms form fullerene and borane clusters, respectively. Transition metals and main group elements form especially robust clusters.[1]
The phrase cluster was coined by F.A. Cotton in the early 1960s to refer to compounds containing metal–metal bonds. In another definition a cluster compound contains a group of two or more metal atoms where direct and substantial metal metal bonding is present.[2] The prefixed terms "nuclear" and "metallic" are used and imply different meanings. For example, polynuclear refers to a cluster with more than one metal atom, regardless of the elemental identities. Heteronuclear refers to a cluster with at least two different metal elements.
The main cluster types are "naked" clusters (without stabilizing ligands) and those with ligands. Typical ligands that stabilize clusters include carbon monoxide, halides, isocyanides, alkenes, and hydrides.
1 Applications of clusters in catalysis
1.1 Definition of cluster catalysis
1.2 Examples of reactions catalysed by metal carbonyl clusters
1.3 Fischer-Tropsch catalysis
1.4 Clusters in the synthesis of thiacrown ethers
2 Methods of study
2.1 Computational studies
3 Electronic structure
4 History and classification
4.1 Transition metal carbonyl clusters
4.2 Transition metal halide clusters
4.3 Boron hydrides
4.4 Fe-S clusters in biology
4.5 Zintl clusters
4.6 Gas-phase clusters and fullerenes
5 Extended metal atom chains
Applications of clusters in catalysis
Metal cluster compounds, especially those having numbers of carbonyl ligands, have been evaluated as catalysts for a wide range of reactions, especially related to carbon monoxide utilization,[3] but no industrial applications exist. The clusters Ru3(CO)12 and Ir4(CO)12 catalyze the Water gas shift reaction, also catalyzed by iron oxide, and Rh6(CO)16 catalyzes the conversion of carbon monoxide into hydrocarbons, reminiscent of the Fischer-Tropsch process, also catalyzed by iron compounds.
Although having no role in industrial catalysis, clusters are common catalysts in nature. Most prevalent are the iron-sulfur proteins, which are involved with electron-transfer but also catalyse certain transformations. Nitrogen is reduced to ammonia at an Fe-Mo-S cluster at the heart of the enzyme nitrogenase. CO is oxidized to CO2 by the Fe-Ni-S cluster carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. Hydrogenases rely on Fe2 and NiFe clusters.[4]
Metal clusters here refer to polyatomic assemblies having at least one metal-metal bond, such as Fe-Ni Clusters. Cluster catalysis can be separated into three types, including (1) homogeneous, relatively low-nuclearity clusters that are soluble in solvents, (2) heterogeneous, insoluble cluster networks or colloids that can be suspended in a solvent, and (3) heterogeneous, relatively high-nuclearity nanoparticles that can be either clean surface or surface-ligated, supported or free.
Definition of cluster catalysis
Although synthetic clusters have few practical applications in catalysis, the promise of their applications has led to extensive academic research. Catalysis as a unique type of catalysis can be defined with various degrees of rigor. The strictest definition requires that at least two active sites on two different metal atoms be involved in the reaction cycle. Some define cluster catalysis to include clusters that have only one active site on one metal atom. The definition can be further relaxed to include clusters that are completely intact during at least one reaction step, and can be fragmented in all others.[5]
The participation of clusters in a catalytic reaction can be evaluated using the following set of criteria:[5]
Turnover frequency increases with increasing cluster concentration
Product selectivities are different when using a polynuclear cluster than when using a mononuclear complex
Combination of 2 or more metals in a cluster significantly enhances the reaction rate, changes the product selectivity, or allows a reaction to proceed that was not catalyzed when using a homonuclear cluster (this further indicates mixed metal catalysis)
Modification of a cluster or the reaction conditions in a way that promotes metal-metal bond formation results in an increased reaction rate
Catalytic asymmetric induction occurs with a chiral metal cluster in which the asymmetry is an inherent property of the cluster
Metal clusters have several properties that suggest that they may prove as useful catalysts. The absence of large bulk phases leads to a high surface-to-volume ratio, which is advantageous in any catalyst application as this maximizes the reaction rate per unit amount of catalyst material, which also minimizes cost.[6] Catalysts are characterized by active adsorption and reaction sites that lower an activation barrier to a particular chemical transformation. Metal clusters contain these sites as a rule, as surface metal atoms are inherently undercoordinated, leading to a low adsorption energy barrier.[5] In general, as the number of atoms in a metal particle decrease, their coordination number decreases, and significantly so in particles having less than 100 atoms.[7] This is illustrated by the figure at right, which shows dispersion (ratio of undercoordinated surface atoms to total atoms) versus number of metal atoms per particle for ideal isocahedral metal clusters.
Metal clusters are sometimes characterized by a high degree of fluxionality of surface ligands and adsorbates associated with a low energy barrier to rearrangement of these species on the surface.[8][9] The rearrangement of ligands on a cluster exterior is related to the diffusion of adsorbates on solid metal surfaces. Interconversion ligands between terminal, double-, and triply bridging sites is often facile. It has further been found that metal atoms themselves can easily migrate in or break their bonds with the cluster structure.[10][7]
Examples of reactions catalysed by metal carbonyl clusters
Although metal carbonyl clusters are rarely used, they have been subjected to many studies aimed at demonstrating their reactivity. Some of these examples include the following
Core Metals
Alkene hydroformylation Mo-Rh Mo2RhCp3(CO)5 [11]
Alkene hydroformylation Rh Rh4(CO)10+x(PPh3)2-x (x=0,2) [12]
CO hydrogenation Ru-Os H2RuOs3(CO)13 [11]
CO hydrogenation Ru-Co RuCo2(CO)11 [11]
CO hydrogenation Ir Ir4(CO)12 [10][12][13]
CO hydrogenation Fe Fe3(CO)12 [14]
Alkene hydrogenation Os-Ni H3Os3NiCp(CO)9 [11]
Alkene hydrogenation Ni Ni2+xCp2+x(CO)2 (x=0,1) [12]
Alkyne hydrogenation Os-Ni Os3Ni3Cp3(CO)9 [11]
Hydrogenation of aromatics Ni Ni2+xCp2+x(CO)2 (x=0,1) [12]
Acetaldehyde hydrogenation Ni Ni4(Me3CNC)7 [12]
Alkene isomerization V-Cr VCrCp3(CO)3 [11]
Hydrocarbon isomerization Fe-Pt Fe2Pt(CO)6(NO)2(Me3CNC)2 [11]
Butane hydrogenolysis Rh-Ir Rh3+xIr3-x(CO)16 (x=0,1,2) [11]
Methanol hydrocarbonylation Ru-Co Ru2Co2(CO)13 [11]
Hydrodesulfurization Mo-Fe Mo2Fe2S2Cp2(CO)8 [11]
CO and CO2 methanation Ru-Co HRuCo3(CO)12 [11]
Ammonia synthesis Ru-Ni H3Ru3NiCp(CO)9 [11]
Fischer-Tropsch catalysis
Species that are typical ligands for a metal cluster represent obvious reactant-catalyst combinations.[5][8] For example, hydrogenation of CO (Fischer-Tropsch synthesis) can be catalyzed using several metal clusters, as shown in the table above. It has been proposed that coordination of CO to multiple metal sites weakens the triple-bond enough to allow hydrogenation.[10] As in the industrially significant heterogeneous process, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by clusters yields alkanes, alkenes, and various oxygenates. The selectivity is heavily influenced by the particular cluster used. For example, Ir4(CO)12 produces methanol, whereas Ru2Rh(CO)12 produces ethylene glycol.[10] Selectivity is determined by several factors, including steric and electronic effects. Steric effects are the most important consideration in many cases, however electronic effects dominate in hydrogenation reactions where one adsorbate (hydrogen) is relatively small.[5] Where steric effects are dominating, selectivity can be different depending on the arrangement or types of ligands.
Clusters in the synthesis of thiacrown ethers
The cyclooligomerization of thiotanes illustrates the influence of steric effects on selectivity.[5] The reaction is shown at right. The selectivity ratio S3(CH2)9/S6(CH2)18 is 6.0 for Os4(CO)12 and 1.5 for W(CO)6, rationalized by greater steric effects in the Os cluster, leading to a preference for the smaller ring product.
In some cases, a metal cluster must be "activated" for catalysis by substitution of one or more ligands, such as acetonitrile.[15] For example, Os3(CO)12 will have one active site after thermolysis and the dissociation of a single carbonyl group. Os3(CO)10(CH3CN)2 will have two active sites.[5]
Electronic effects can be illustrated by bimetallic catalysts Fe-Pt and Fe-Rh, where Pt and Rh each contribute a different electronic character to the cluster.[11] Rh atoms can coordinate to the carbon atom of a carbonyl group and an alkyl group simultaneously, whereas Pt coordinates to the carbonyl and a hydrogen atom. The result is that Fe-Pt produces methanol and Fe-Rh produces alkanols. These reactions are illustrated below:
Metal clusters have been studied using both experimental and computational methods. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography has been used for many years to determine the solid state structure of transition metal clusters prepared experimentally.[16][17] Reactivity studies are also useful, especially in determining the catalytic properties of clusters.
Computational studies
Computational studies have progressed from sum-of-energies calculations (incorporating Huckel theory-type approximations) to Density Functional Theory (DFT). An example of the former is empirical packing energy calculations, where only interactions between adjacent atoms are considered. The packing potential energy can be expressed as follows:
where index i refers to all atoms of a reference molecule in the cluster lattice and index j refers to atoms in surrounding molecules according to crystal symmetry, and A, B, and C are parameters.[9] The advantage of such methods is ease of computation, however accuracy is dependant on the particular assumptions made. DFT has been used more recently to study a wide variety of properties of metal clusters.[18][19][20] Its advantages are being a first-principles approach without need of parameters and the ability to study clusters without ligands of a definitive size. However the fundamental form of the energy functional is only approximately known, and unlike other methods there is no hierarchy of approximations which allow a systematic optimization of results.[20]
Tight bonding molecular dynamics has been used to study bond lengths, bond energies, and magnetic properties of metal clusters, however this method is less effective for clusters with less than 10-20 metal atoms due to a larger influence of approximation errors for small clusters.[21] There are limitations on the other extreme as well that exist with any computation method, that the approach to bulk-like properties is difficult to capture because at these cluster sizes the cluster model becomes increasingly complex.
Metal clusters are frequently composed of refractory metal atoms. In general metal centers with extended d-orbitals form stable clusters because of favorable overlap of valence orbitals. Thus, metals with a low oxidation state for the later metals and mid-oxidation states for the early metals tend to form stable clusters. Polynuclear metal carbonyls are generally found in late transition metals with low formal oxidation states.
The polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory or Wade's electron counting rules predict trends in the stability and structures of many metal clusters.
History and classification
The development of cluster chemistry occurred contemporaneously along several independent lines, which are roughly classified in the following sections. The first synthetic metal cluster was probably calomel, which was known in India already in the 12th century. The existence of a mercury to mercury bond in this compound was established in beginning of the 20th century.
Transition metal carbonyl clusters
The development of metal carbonyl compounds such as Ni(CO)4 and Fe(CO)5 led quickly to the isolation of Fe2(CO)9 and Fe3(CO)12. Rundle and Dahl discovered that Mn2(CO)10 featured an "unsupported" Mn-Mn bond, thereby verifying the ability of metals to bond to one another in molecules. In the 1970s, Paolo Chini demonstrated that very large clusters could be prepared from the platinum metals, one example being [Rh13(CO)24H3]2-.
Transition metal halide clusters
Linus Pauling showed that "MoCl2" consisted of Mo6 octahedra. F. Albert Cotton established that "ReCl3" in fact features subunits of the cluster Re3Cl9, which could be converted to a host of adducts without breaking the Re-Re bonds. Because this compound is diamagnetic and not paramagnetic the rhenium bonds are double bonds and not single bonds. In the solid state further bridging occurs between neighbours and when this compound is dissolved in hydrochloric acid a Re3Cl123- complex forms. An example of a tetranuclear complex is hexadecamethoxytetratungsten W4(OCH3)12 with tungsten single bonds and molybdenum chloride (Mo6Cl8)Cl4 is a hexanuclear molybdenum compound and an example of an octahedral cluster. A related group of clusters with the general formula MxMo6X8 such as PbMo6S8 form a Chevrel phase, which exhibit superconductivity at low temperatures. The eclipsed structure of potassium octachlorodirhenate(III), K2Re2Cl8 was explained by invoking Quadruple bonding. This discovery led to a broad range of derivatives including di-tungsten tetra(hpp), the current (2007) record holder low ionization energy.
Boron hydrides
Contemporaneously with the development of metal cluster compounds, numerous boron hydrides were discovered by Alfred Stock and his successors who popularized the use of vacuum-lines for the manipulation of these often volatile, air-sensitive materials. Clusters of boron are boranes such as pentaborane and decaborane. Composite clusters containing CH and BH vertices are carboranes.
Fe-S clusters in biology
In the 1970s, ferredoxin was demonstrated to contain Fe4S4 clusters and later nitrogenase was shown to contain a distinctive MoFe7S9 active site.[22] With the development of bioinorganic chemistry, a variety of synthetic analogues of these clusters have been described.
Zintl clusters
Zintl compounds feature naked anionic clusters that are generated by reduction of heavy main group p elements, mostly metals or semimetals, with alkali metals, often as a solution in anhydrous liquid ammonia or ethylenediamine. Examples of Zintl anions are [Bi3]3−, [Sn9]4−, [Pb7]4−, and [Sb7]3−. Although these species are called "naked clusters," they are usually strongly associated with alkali metal cations. Some examples have been isolated using cryptate complexes of the alkali metal cation, e.g., [Pb10]2− anion, which features a capped square antiprismatic shape.[23] According to Wade's rules (2n+2) the number of cluster electrons is 22 and therefore a closo cluster. The compound is prepared from oxidation of K4Pb9 [24] by Au+ in PPh3AuCl (by reaction of tetrachloroauric acid and triphenylphosphine) in ethylene diamine with 2.2.2-crypt. This type of cluster was already known as is the endohedral Ni@Pb102− (the cage contains one nickel atom). The icosahedral tin cluster Sn122− or stannaspherene anion is another closed shell structure observed (but not isolated) with photoelectron spectroscopy.[25][26] With an internal diameter of 6.1 Angstrom it is of comparable size to fullerene and should be capable of containing small atoms in the same manner as endohedral fullerenes.
Gas-phase clusters and fullerenes
Unstable clusters can also be observed in the gas-phase by means of mass spectrometry even though they may be thermodynamically unstable and aggregate easily upon condensation. Such naked clusters, i.e. those that are not stabilized by ligands, are often produced by laser induced evaporation - or ablation - of a bulk metal or metal-containing compound. Typically, this approach produces a broad distribution of size distributions. Their electronic structures can be interrogated by techniques such as photoelectron spectroscopy, while infrared multiphoton dissociation spectroscopy is more probing the clusters geometry.[27] Their properties (Reactivity, Ionization potential, HOMO-LUMO-gap) often show a pronounced size dependence. Examples of such clusters are certain aluminium clusters as superatoms and certain gold clusters. Certain metal clusters are considered to exhibit metal aromaticity. In some cases, the results of laser ablation experiments are translated to isolated compounds, and the premier cases are the clusters of carbon called the fullerenes, notably clusters with the formula C60, C70, and C84. The fullerene sphere can be filled with small molecules in Endohedral fullerenes.
Extended metal atom chains
Extended metal atom chain complexes (EMAC) are a novel topic in academic research. An EMAC is composed of linear chains of metal atoms stabilized with ligands. EMACs are known based on nickel (with 9 atoms), chromium and cobalt (7 atoms) and ruthenium (5 atoms). In theory it should be possible to obtain infinite one-dimensional molecules and research is oriented towards this goal. In one study [28] an EMAC was obtained that consisted of 9 chromium atoms in a linear array with 4 ligands (based on an oligo pyridine) wrapped around it. In it the chromium chain contains 4 quadruple bonds.
^ Inorganic Chemistry Huheey, JE , 3rd ed. Harper and Row, New York
^ Introduction to cluster chemistry by D. M. P. Mingos, David J Wales 1990 ISBN 0-13-479049-9
^ Cluster Chemistry: Introduction to the Chemistry of Transition Metal and Main Group Element Molecular Clusters Guillermo Gonzalez-Moraga 1993 ISBN 0-387-56470-5
^ Bioorganometallics: Biomolecules, Labeling, Medicine; Jaouen, G., Ed. Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2006.3-527-30990-X.
^ a b c d e f g Rosenberg, E; Laine, R (1998). Concepts and models for characterizing homogeneous reactions catalyzed by transition metal cluster complexes. New York: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–38. ISBN 0-471-23930-5.
^ Jos de Jongh, L (1999). Physical properties of metal cluster compounds. Model systems for nanosized metal particles. New York: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1434–1453. ISBN 3-527-29549-6.
^ a b Martino, G (1979). "clusters: Models and precursors for metallic catalysts". Growth and Properties of Metal Clusters. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company. pp. 399–413. ISBN 0-444-41877-6.
^ a b Suss-Fink, G; Jahncke, M (1998). Synthesis of organic compounds catalyzed by transition metal clusters. New York: Wiley-VCH. pp. 167–248. ISBN 0-471-23930-5.
^ a b Calhorda, M; Braga, D; Grepioni, F (1999). Metal clusters - The relationship between molecular and crystal structure. New York: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1491–1508. ISBN 3-527-29549-6.
^ a b c d <Douglas, Bodie; Darl McDaniel, John Alexander (1994). Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry (third ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. pp. 816–887. ISBN 0-471-62978-2.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Braunstein, P; Rose, J (1998). Heterometallic clusters for heterogeneous catalysis. New York: Wiley-VCH. pp. 443–508. ISBN 0-471-23930-5.
^ a b c d e Smith, A; Basset, J (3 February 1977). "Transition metal cluster complexes as catalysts. A review". Journal of Molecular Catalysis 2 (4): 229–241. doi:10.1016/0304-5102(77)85011-6.
^ Ichikawa, M; Rao, L; Kimura, T; Fukuoka, A (17 January 1990). "Transition Heterogenized bimetallic clusters: their structures and bifunctional catalysis". Journal of Molecular Catalysis 62 (1): 15–35. doi:10.1016/0304-5102(90)85236-B.
^ Hugues, F; Bussiere, P; Basset, J; Commereuc, D; Chauvin, Y; Bonneviot, L; Olivier, D (1981). "Catalysis by supported clusters: Chemisorption, decomposition and catalytic properties in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of Fe3(CO)12, [HFe3(CO)11]- (and Fe(CO)5) supported on highly divided oxides". Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis 7 (1): 418–431. doi:10.1016/S0167-2991(09)60288-3.
^ Lavigne, G; de Bonneval, B (1998). Activation of ruthenium clusters for use in catalysis: Approaches and problems. New York: Wiley-VCH. pp. 39–94. ISBN 0-471-23930-5.
^ Bruce, M; Rodgers, J; Snow, M; Wong, F (25 June 1982). "Synthesis and reactions of some iron-nickel clusters: Crystal and molecular structure of [Ni(PMe3)2-(eta-C5H5)][Fe2Ni(mu3-C2Ph2)(CO)6(eta-C5H5)]". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 240 (3): 299–309. doi:10.1016/S0022-328X(00)86796-0.
^ Braunstein, P; Sappa, E; Camellini, A; Camellini, M (29 May 1980). "Synthesis and X-ray structure of (eta-C5H5)2Ni2Fe(CO)3S, the first iron-nickel cluster with a sulphur atom nearly symmetrically bridging three metal atoms". Inorganica Chimica Acta 45 (2): L191–L193. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)80141-3.
^ Nakazawa, T; Igarashi, T; Tsuru, T; Kaji, Y (12 March 2009). "Ab initio calculations of Fe–Ni clusters". Computational Materials Science 46 (2): 367–375. doi:10.1016/j.commatsci.2009.03.012.
^ Ma, Q; Xie, Z; Wang, J; Liu, Y; Li, Y (4 January 2007). "Structures, binding energies and magnetic moments of small iron clusters: A study based on all-electron DFT". Solid State Communications 142 (1-2): 114–119. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2006.12.023.
^ a b Pacchioni, G; Kruger, S; Rosch, N (1999). Electronic structure of naked, ligated, and supported transition metal clusters from 'first principles' density functional theory. New York: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1392–1433. ISBN 3-527-29549-6.
^ Andriotis, A; Lathiotakis, N; Menon, M (4 June 1996). "Magnetic properties of Ni and Fe clusters". Chemical Physical Letters 260 (1-2): 15–20. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(96)00850-0.
^ "Metal Clusters in Chemistry" P. Braunstein, L. A. Oro, P. R. Raithby, eds Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1999. ISBN 3-527-29549-6.
^ A. Spiekermann, S. D. Hoffmann, T. F. Fässler (2006). "The Zintl Ion [Pb10]2−: A Rare Example of a Homoatomic closo Cluster". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 45 (21): 3459–3462. doi:10.1002/anie.200503916. PMID 16622888.
^ itself made by heating elemental potassium and lead at 350°C
^ Tin particles are generated as K+Sn122− by laser evaporation from solid tin containing 15% potassium and isolated by mass spectrometer before analysis
^ Li-Feng Cui, Xin Huang, Lei-Ming Wang, Dmitry Yu. Zubarev, Alexander I. Boldyrev, Jun Li, and Lai-Sheng Wang (2006). "Sn122−: Stannaspherene" (Communication). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (26): 8390–8391. doi:10.1021/ja062052f. PMID 16802791.
^ Fielicke A, Kirilyuk A, Ratsch A, Behler J, Scheffler M, von Helden G, Meijer G (2004). "Structure determination of isolated metal clusters via far-infrared spectroscopy". Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2): 023401. Bibcode 2004PhRvL..93b3401F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.023401. PMID 15323913.
^ Rayyat H. Ismayilov, Wen-Zhen Wang, Rui-Ren Wang, Chen-Yu Yeh, Gene-Hsiang Lee and Shie-Ming Peng (2007). "Four quadruple metal–metal bonds lined up: linear nonachromium(II) metal string complexes". Chem. Commun. (11): 1121–1123. doi:10.1039/b614597c. PMID 17347712.
http://cluster-science.net - scientific community portal for clusters, fullerenes, nanotubes, nanostructures, and similar small systems
Cluster (physics)
Water molecules form clusters as well: see water clusters
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cluster — clusteringly, adv. clustery, adj. /klus teuhr/, n. 1. a number of things of the same kind, growing or held together; a bunch: a cluster of grapes. 2. a group of things or persons close together: There was a cluster of tourists at the gate. 3. U.S … Universalium
Chemistry — For other uses, see Chemistry (disambiguation). Chemistry is the science of atomic matter (that made of chemical elements), its properties, structure, comp … Wikipedia
Cluster — A cluster is a small group or bunch of something. Contents 1 In science 2 In astrophysics 3 In biology and health sciences 4 In computing … Wikipedia
Cluster (physics) — In physics, the term clusters denotes small, multiatom particles. As a rule of thumb, any particle of somewhere between 3 and 3x107 atoms is considered a cluster. Two atom particles are sometimes considered clusters as well[citation needed]. The… … Wikipedia
Cluster couplé — Méthode du cluster couplé Méthodes numériques pour le calcul de la structure électronique Hartree Fock Théorie de la perturbation de Møller Plesset Interaction de configuration Méthode du cluster couplé Champ multi configurationnel auto cohérent… … Wikipédia en Français
chemistry — /kem euh stree/, n., pl. chemistries. 1. the science that deals with the composition and properties of substances and various elementary forms of matter. Cf. element (def. 2). 2. chemical properties, reactions, phenomena, etc.: the chemistry of… … Universalium
Cluster analysis — The result of a cluster analysis shown as the coloring of the squares into three clusters. Cluster analysis or clustering is the task of assigning a set of objects into groups (called clusters) so that the objects in the same cluster are more… … Wikipedia
Cluster diagram — A Cluster diagram or clustering diagram is a general type of diagram, which represents some kind of cluster. A cluster in general is a group or bunch of several discrete items that are close to each other. [1] The cluster diagram figures a… … Wikipedia
cluster — noun 1》 a group of similar things or people positioned or occurring closely together. ↘a natural subgroup of a population, used for statistical sampling or analysis. 2》 Chemistry a group of atoms of the same element, typically a metal, bonded … English new terms dictionary


text:
package gw.lang.reflect.interval;

public final class ComparableInterval<E extends Comparable<E>> extends AbstractInterval<E, ComparableInterval<E>>
{
  public ComparableInterval( E left, E right )
  {
    this( left, right, true, true, false );
  }

  public ComparableInterval( E left, E right, boolean bLeftClosed, boolean bRightClosed, boolean bReverse )
  {
    super( left, right, bLeftClosed, bRightClosed, bReverse );
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Greta Van Fleet Announces "March of The Peaceful Army 2019 World Tour Dates
Angel Lezark October 10th, 2018 - 8:46 PM
Prepare! The Peaceful Army is officially marching into your territory in 2019. Greta Van Fleet has officially announced dates for a world tour beginning in January. The tour is in support of the band's debut album Anthem of the Peaceful Army set for release October 19. Their world tour kicks off in Sydney, Australia on January 29 followed by dates in Europe, the UK and North America through June.
Just four kids from the small town of Frankemuth, Michigan, Greta Van Fleet is Josh Kiszka on vocals and twin brother Jake Kiszka on guitar, both 22, younger brother Sam on bass and keys, 19, and Danny Wagner, also 19 on drums. The group sparked attention in March of 2017 with their debut single "Highway Tune", sounding a lot like a certain 1970's rock band. Agree or disagree on where the band borrows influence from, a GVF concert is an experience that would be regrettable to miss. With their energetic fusion of rock, blues and soul Greta Van Fleet attracts a diverse crowd of all ages from teenie-boppers to baby-boomers bridging the generational gap between music lovers, uniting everyone in peace, love and harmony.
"Highway Tune" stayed at the #1 position on the U.S. Rock Radio charts for five consecutive weeks and fans have been eagerly awaiting Anthem of the Peaceful Army. In August they released the video for "When the Curtain Falls". These young and eccentric musicians have been keeping busy, still wrapping up a nearly sold out 2018 world tour and it looks like things are only going up from here for Greta Van Fleet as they transition right into the next.
Confirmed dates are outlined below with more to be announced.
1/29 Enmore Theatre, Sydney, Australia
2/3 Eatons Hill Hotel, Brisbane, Australia
2/5 Forum Theatre, Melbourne, Australia
2/8 Logan Campbell Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
2/22 Palau Sant Jordi, Barcelona, Spain
2/24 Alcatraz, Milan, Italy
2/25 Zenith, Munich, Germany
2/27 AFAS Live, Amsterdam, Netherlands
2/28 Lotto Arena, Antwerp, Belgium
3/3 Zenith, Paris, France
3/5 Newcastle 02 Academy, Newcastle, UK
3/7 02 Academy, Glasgow, UK
3/8 02 Academy Leeds, Leeds, UK
3/10 Rock City, Nottingham, UK
3/11 Montford Hall, Liverpool, UK
3/13 Olympia Theatre, Dublin, Ireland
5/7 Bayfront Park Amphitheatre, Miami, FL
5/9 Daily's Place Amphitheatre, Jacksonville, FL
5/10 Orlando Amphitheater at Central Florida Fairgrounds, Orlando, FL
5/12 Fox Theatre, Atlanta, GA
5/15 Charlotte Metro Credit Union Amphitheatre, Charlotte, NC
5/16 Red Hat Amphitheater, Raleigh, NC
5/18 The Stone Pony Summer Stage, Asbury Park, NJ
5/21 MECU Pavilion, Baltimore, MD
5/22 The Dome, Rochester, NY
5/25 Forest Hills Stadium, Queens, NY
5/28 Echo Beach, Toronto, ON CANADA
6/2 Jacobs Pavilion at Nautica, Cleveland, OH
6/4 Breese Stevens Field, Madison, WI
Photo Credit: Kalyn Oyer
Angel Lezark
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text:
Partnership approach offers new model for airline competition, says Eithad Airways President and CEO
Posted By: adminon: April 22, 2016 In: International BusinessNo Comments
The partnership approach adopted by Etihad Airways offers a new model for airline competition, said President and CEO James Hogan, speaking at The Wings Club in New York yesterday.
In an industry dominated by legacy airlines, and with such high barriers to entry, no new network carrier could hope to compete effectively in its own, he said. Yet without new competition, consumers around the world would suffer.
Delivering the keynote address at the monthly Wings Club meeting, Mr Hogan said:
"Global air travel is a business with incredibly high barriers to entry – not just in terms of cost, but in market access, infrastructure requirements and the challenge of competing against such entrenched mega-carriers.
"The highest barrier is network. You can't build a global network overnight – in fact, you'd need decades, and billions of dollars, to build networks that could compete against the major airline groups.
"That's where partnership comes in. From day one, we've taken an open partnership approach, working with scores of airlines on codeshare agreements. Then we took that a step further with minority equity investments in strategically important airlines.
"Together, we have been able to create a new competitive choice for air travellers in key markets around the world. That's good for consumers, good for tourism and good for trade."
Mr. Hogan said Etihad Airways' equity investment strategy was a key element of that approach.
"We have a two-pronged approach. From a strategic level, we are looking for the equity partners to bring network connectivity, generate additional revenues and create economies of scale. All our partners are delivering on this level.
"That has helped to create the seventh largest airline group in the world and is delivering hundreds of millions of dollars to our business.
"Each partner then has its own business plan, which is the responsibility of their own management and Boards of Directors. Many of these, such as Air Serbia, Air Seychelles, Jet Airways and Virgin Australia, are now delivering on this level too. We are supporting the restructuring of businesses that require it, such as Alitalia and airberlin."
Mr. Hogan said Etihad Airways' entry into the United States market had also brought major benefits to the country.
"We are a tiny player in the US air travel market, with less than 0.01 per cent of daily international departures. However, we have been able to offer major benefits to the United States.
"We connect the US, through our hub in Abu Dhabi, with scores of markets which are simply not served by other carriers. That means we are feeding hundreds of thousands of travellers, leisure and business, into the US. Hundreds of thousands of those get fed onto the US carriers.
"We've also been a close business partner with US corporations – most obviously with Boeing and other aerospace suppliers, but we've also created major partnerships with Sabre, Honeywell, IBM, Adobe and many others.
"Our total impact on the US economy is more than US$ 440 million a year."
Mr Hogan said he believed much of the issues raised about Etihad Airways by the Open Skies campaign stemmed from a lack of understanding of the airline's business model.
"There are many myths about our business. But the truth is that we run as a commercial organisation, with a shareholder that demands a clear return on its investment. We get no subsidies or state support. We have a well remunerated, highly satisfied workforce.
"What we have had is the investment required to compete in such a capital-intensive business. That's a smart investment when you consider the many advantages Abu Dhabi offers as the focus for a global network airline – as long as there is a return. That's where our unique partnership model comes in."
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Capgemini earns Frost & Sullivan's '2021 Company of the Year' Award for Best Practices in Digital Transformation Services in Life Sciences
Capgemini launches a dedicated Quantum Lab and announces a new agreement with IBM to advance industry applications of quantum computing


text:
package com.intellij.ui.mac.foundation;

import com.sun.jna.NativeLong;

/**
 * Could be an address in memory (if pointer to a class or method) or a value (like 0 or 1)
 *
 * User: spLeaner
 */
public class ID extends NativeLong {

  public ID() {
  }

  public ID(long peer) {
    super(peer);
  }

  public final static ID NIL = new ID(0);

}


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Amtrak station proposed for former Michigan State Fairgrounds site
From The Detroit News:
Star athlete turned entrepreneur Earvin "Magic" Johnson is a part of a group that submitted a proposal to redevelop the Michigan State Fairgrounds in Detroit into a site for a movie theater, housing and restaurants.
Johnson, the Lansing native, Michigan State basketball great and part owner of the Los Angeles Dodgers, is working with Lansing businessman Joel Ferguson and Detroit entrepreneur Marvin Beatty in putting together a mixed-use project.
The 500,000-square-foot development is expected to include a movie theater, small park, restaurants, townhouses and senior living complex, as well as a grocery store.
The project, which could bring an estimated 1,300 jobs to the Detroit area, would include an Amtrak station.
The Magic Plus LLC proposal was one of three bids submitted weeks ago, but was the only potential project allowed to move forward. A spokesman for the Michigan Land Bank Fast Track Authority said the plan is under review.
Ferguson could not be reached for comment.
"Our value is the ability to revitalize the Michigan Sate Fairground property into a destination for living, for shopping and for entertainment," the bid proposal says. "Our plans are to bring smart retail options, current and modern housing choices and a variety of entertainment opportunities that are available to other communities around the state and found throughout the country."
The project is expected to be adjacent to the Gateway Marketplace project that is under construction. The 350,000-square-foot Gateway project along Eight Mile and Woodward includes a Meijer anchor store, McDonald's, Marshalls and K & G fashions stores. The $72 million project is set to open next year.
The potential for synergy between the two projects pleases Tami Salisbury, executive director of the Eight Mile Boulevard Association. Despite the demise of the Michigan State Fair, Salisbury is excited that someone may develop the property.
"Coupled with the Gateway project, we couldn't be more thrilled to see more projects," she said. "… I'm hoping to see some high-caliber restaurants."
A five-member Michigan State Fairgrounds Advisory Committee will scrutinize development plans for the site. Member Frank Hammer said the committee is eager to delve into the "actual nuts and bolts" of the proposals.
The mixed-use proposal seems like a move in the right direction, but some believe there should be a continuation of the fair on the site, Hammer said.
"We don't want the local business entities that service our communities to go into mothball because of a development that's at the state fairgrounds," he added.
Johnson's movie theaters are in urban areas around the country, including Harlem and South Central Los Angeles. He is involved in Detroit Venture Partners, a firm that finances startup companies, with Quicken Loans Inc.'s Dan Gilbert and ePrize founder Josh Linkner.
Detroit Mayor Dave Bing declined comment.
From The Detroit News: http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20120901/BIZ/209010322#ixzz25nf5hDls
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Pros & Cons of Blind Recruitment
St. Gallen's Gudrun Sander considers whether using anonymous job ads and blind-profiles is a good way to foster diversity
Gudrun Sander
@GudrunSander
Prof. Dr. Gudrun Sander is Adjunct Professor for Business Administration at the University of St. Gallen and Director for Diversity and Mana…
By downloading this resource your information will be shared with its authors. Full privacy statement.
Job ads for sought-after positions can easily generate over 100 applications. HR departments are required to put together a pool of interesting applicants within a very short period of time, which leaves little time to review each individual application. Every person has conscious or unconscious biases which also come into play during recruitment processes. Just a person's name or gender can determine whether or not his or her application makes it into the pool.
Should job applications be fully anonymized in the future, in order to protect people from discrimination, as the Swiss Federal Commission against Racism (EKR) proposes? In Germany, experiments with anonymized applications have been conducted with positive results. Similar studies have been carried out in Switzerland as well. These have found that people who do not have the same chances with job applications, for example, because they are women or have foreign-sounding names, have much higher chances of getting a job in an anonymized process. This has led some companies in Switzerland to stop collecting data on the gender of job applicants. But is this the right solution?
If applications are submitted anonymously and applicants are no longer required to indicate their gender, then no gender-based data analyses can be conducted. This means that companies can no longer determine how many women, men, older or younger people, foreigners or Swiss are applying for various positions in their organization. At the St. Gallen Competence Centre for Diversity & Inclusion, we have been analyzing company data for years to determine who is applying for jobs, who is being hired and who gets promoted. This provides companies with valuable insights on how attractive they are as a potential employer, whether enough women or minorities are applying for jobs, or whether their recruitment and promotion processes are fair, etc. Companies participating in the St. Gallen Diversity Benchmarking can also see where they stand in comparison to peer companies.
The discussion about whether or not applications should be anonymized is important. Whether we are HR managers, executives or employees, we all have unconscious biases. Specially designed training sessions can help to reduce these, but their effectiveness increases when coupled with facts about unconscious biases inside the organization. This is only possible when HR data is available and can be analyzed.
In our opinion, information about gender, age or nationality does not necessarily need to be omitted from job applications. A better alternative would be to leave this information out until the first round of selections has taken place. This can help to avoid discrimination while ensuring the necessary data is available for subsequent analyses.
Join Prof. Dr. Gudrun Sander and colleagues on the St. Gallen Executive School Women Back to Work program - for women graduates planning to return to the workforce or reposition themselves after a career break
Dates: 23 March 2020 │Format: In-class study │Location: St. Gallen, Switzerland
This article was originally published in St. Gallen Executive School's online magazine Vista.
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New York, December 7, 2016 -- Continuing one of its favorite annual traditions, EarthCam is announcing the most interesting, unique and exciting webcams that captivated viewers around the world in 2016. With the help of a special panel of judges, EarthCam's 25 Most Interesting Webcams of 2016 feature must-see destinations, funny animals and some things that are just plain bizarre.
Spanning 14 countries, the 18th annual list of honorees includes a Romanian pub owner, a Swiss florist and an Iraqi imam. This year's eclectic mix of live webcams provide a virtual passport to visit legendary Acropolis in Greece, travel the intricate canals of Venice and spy on the sleepy streets of Silver City, New Mexico. Feeling hungry? Step inside the kitchen of Dauphins Restaurant in Mobile, Alabama, where the chefs are no doubt whipping up their French Creole specialties. For architecture fans, live webcams at NFL Mercedes-Benz Stadium are the perfect way to get exclusive behind-the-scenes access to the ongoing construction progress and see exactly what it takes to build today's massive high-tech stadiums.
Head to Wrigley Field and visit the live webcam that captured the moment Chicago Cubs fans will never forget as their team was crowned the 2016 World Series Champions. For unforgettable scenic views, join tourists as they experience the EdgeWalk outside the CN Tower, 1,207 feet above the city of Toronto. Visit iconic landmarks including the London Eye and Krabla Holy Shrine in Iraq. Are wildlife cams at the top of your list? You're in luck! Fall in love with Henry, Ganuk and Inukshuk at the Cochrane Polar Bear Habitat in Canada. An animal shelter in Estonia sheds light on the importance of adoption, while also providing streaming video of its playful resident cats. Iceland delivers the weird factor this year, with a live webcam tracking the decomposition of the last McDonald's hamburger served in the country in 2009.
Led by cult comedian and webcam fan, Paul Reubens – aka Pee-wee Herman, the judging panel chose the top 25 list based on image quality, uniqueness and overall achievements in webcam technology. Other judges include movie producer, Barry Josephson; Jen Carfagno, Meteorologist and Host of AMHQ at The Weather Channel; Joe Bonanno, Manager of Venue Technology Engineering for the Daytona International Speedway and 2015 top 25 winner; and a group of children – ages 5 and 8 – who are representing the 'Kid's Vote' this year.
To see the entire list of this year's winners and to share your favorites on social media, visit www.earthcam.com/top25.