It seems that Japan contains a higher number of internationally significant architects and designers relative to its geographic size than anywhere else in the world. Japanese designers regularly implement radical experiments in new materials and building systems that successfully address imminent energy and resource challenges. These technological achievements are combined with an acute awareness of the ephemerality of materials as well as an engagement with the "floating world" of changing cultural behaviors and shifting societal patterns.
In Matter in the Floating World, materials guru Blaine Brownell (author of the bestselling Transmaterial series)travels to the offices of twenty leading material and design innovators in Japan, including Tadao Ando, Shigeru Ban, Kengo Kuma, and Kazuyo Sejima, to find the connections between materiality and transience in their work. The dialogues in Matter in the Floating World are organized into four sections'lightness, atmosphere, flow, and emergence that embody various approaches to materiality and evanescence in Japanese architecture and design.
Blaine Brownell is an architect, author, educator, and former Fulbright scholar. He earned a B.A. in Architecture with a Certificate in East Asian Studies at Princeton University in 1992, and a Master in Architecture from Rice University in 1998. Brownell is considered one of the preeminent scholars of advanced materials for architecture and design.


The Karl Edward Wagner Award is also known as the British Fantasy Special Award. This is an award that may be presented to individuals or organisations. The award is typically given to someone who has made an important contribution to the genre or the Society throughout his/her lifetime, to the organisers of a special event or a significant publication that took place in the relevant year.
If you would like to know more about how winners are selected, please take a look at our page about the awards, including past winners, it's history and the constitution. For a full list of the nominees for each category, please see our 2017 Nominee Shortlists.
Image: Awards crafted by the talented Sarah Goss.
Hoping the Best Fantasy Novel award is still called the 'Robert Holdstock Award'?


How does a polarizer work?
Malus law calculator is a helpful tool which explains the functional principle of polarizers. Depending on the relative position between the direction of light polarization and the axis of a polarizer, the different amount of light can be transmitted. By knowing the initial intensity of light and the polarization orientation, you can easily find the output intensity, which comes out of the polarizer, based on Malus law.
Light can be described as mutually oscillating electric and magnetic fields forming an electromagnetic wave. These oscillations are perpendicular to each other and simultaneously perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
The light is said to be linearly polarized if the orientation of oscillations is constant in time. It is common to say that the direction of light polarization is the same as the one of electric field oscillation. Polarized light can be obtained due to reflection on the boundary of two media with different refractive indexes if the angle of incidence equals Brewster's angle or by passing light through some dichroic crystal.
Polarizers are usually made out of oblong shaped molecules, all aligned in the same direction. It turns out that if the polarization of the incident beam is the same as alignment orientation, then the light is most likely to be absorbed. If the polarization is perpendicular to the long axis of molecules, then it is transmitted almost entirely and that direction is the axis of the polarizer. If the angle of polarization is something in between, it passes through only partially and its initial irradiance decreases. The exact value can be determined thanks to the Malus law.
intensity is the output irradiance.
Let's say that you want to check how the intensity of polarized light changes, while you rotate your polarizer.
Or simply enter data to this Malus law calculator and save your time!
You can always express obtained results as the percentages of initial intensity.
Have you ever wondered why it is possible to remove light reflections on water surface only by rotating the polarizing filter in your camera? Now you know the secret and, what's more, you can easily predict the effect using Malus law calculator. Polarized sunglasses are also based on this phenomenon so that they are able to block a vast majority of polarized light during sunny days.
Malus Law Calculator can be embedded on your website to enrich the content you wrote and make it easier for your visitors to understand your message.


Paulette Iwenjiora is 23 years old and loves to sing, act and dance.
Her dream is to create an organisation or school for people to build on their performing arts skills.
She believes she can do all things through Christ who strengthens her.


text:
The Reemergence of a Dynamic Landscape: A New Delta Ecology
Studio: Thesis
Advisors: D. Turnbull, H. Eber and U. Grau
Located in the Sacramento – San Joaquin Delta, this proposal is an effort to rethink the inhabitation of a landscape in crisis. Beginning in the 1850's this Delta was converted from fresh water tidal marshland into a series of islands constructed with levees around the perimeter, and drained in order to "reclaim" land for agricultural production. Due to various factors, this reclaimed farmland began to compact, contributing to the current condition; with the islands contained by the levees more than 20' lower than their natural height.
This project proposes a return to the dynamic condition of the original landscape by systematically reimagining agricultural production, which allows for the inundation of the islands as needed. In doing so, the risk of levee failure and resulting property damage can be mitigated. This new landscape allows for the creation of new modes of connecting the region. By concentrating the inhabitation and commerce of these islands at the proposed infrastructural elements, the region can streamline the circulation of goods while also creating valuable public space that will serve as a place of recreation. In conclusion, the problems the region faces as a result of the dereliction of its natural ecology and the inefficiencies of its built infrastructure require a bold re-visioning of the regions ecology, commerce, and modes of transit.
End of Year Exhibition
California and its Watersheds
Site Timeline
USGS photo of land subsidence
Alteration of Delta Landscape
These sections show the change from a tidal marshland, to an artificial landscape of islands protected by man made levees. These islands have been dried out and due to the nature of soil have compacted, making them seem as if they are large bathtubs for agricultural production. This has created a precarious condition on the levees and has resulted in 166 levee failures since 1900.
Franks Tract
Franks Tract was flooded in the 1930's and never again reclaimed. The USGS has recently done research that shows that the soil has begun to recover, returning back to its original state.
Franks Tract Sections
These sections show the growth of soil at the site of Franks Tract. The red indicates the new soil growth.
Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Region
This map shows the shipping routes that travel through the delta, the yellow, and the seasonal fluctuation of salt water intrusion.
Two Solutions
This drawing shows the two islands that were chosen to investigate this thesis project.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Well not really Poppit Sands mermaid, but as your drive out of St Dogmaels have you ever noticed the Mermaid statue by the jetty just as you leave. Its looking a little weather warn at the moment but just behind the bus stop there is a Mermaid !
The reason being is that there is a legend in St Dogmaels . The tale goes like this. There was once a fisherman named Peregrine who lived in St. Dogmaels. Peregrine was fishing one day at Cemaes Head when he caught a mermaid in his net. She begged for Peregrine to put here back in the sea but he refused. He tied her up in his boat and set off back to St Dogmaels. But as he sailed the mermaid pleaded and wept and eventually Peregine relented and let her go just by the sand bar on the Teifi.
As a thank you the mermaid promised to tell Peregrine if ever there was a storm approaching in the future to keep him safe. On the 30th September 1789 Peregrine was out fishing with over local fisherman. The weather looked good but as they approached the sand bar Peregrine saw the mermaid and she warned him of the approaching storm and said he should turn back. Peregrine turned around, but none of the other fisherman listened and just laughed and continued along their way. Needless to say there was a massive storm and all the boats and fisherman (other than Peregrine) were lost, smashed to pieces!
So next time you pass the mermaid just think of Peregrine.


text:
Le château d'Armadale est un manoir en ruines à Armadale, sur l'île de Skye, dans l'archipel des Hébrides; cet archipel fait partie de la zone administrative écossaise de Highland. Armadale est l'ancien siège des MacDonald de Sleat.

Histoire
Un manoir fut construit à Armadale vers 1790. En 1815, James Gillespie Graham conçut un château qui fut édifié à côté du manoir. Dans une imitation du style architectural dit seigneurial écossais (Scottish baronial style) de la renaissance écossaise, le château était davantage destiné à l'esthétique qu'à la défense. Après 1855, une partie brûlée du manoir fut remplacée par une aile centrale selon les plans de David Bryce.

Actuellement

Depuis 1925, le château a été abandonné par la famille MacDonald et tombe en ruine. En revanche, les jardins autour du château sont entretenus et un musée se trouve sur le site, consacré à l'histoire du Clan Donald et de l'île de Skye.

Articles connexes
 Liste des châteaux écossais

Liens externes

Le centre du Clan Donald au château d'Armadale
Château d'Armadale

Notes et références

Château dans le Highland
Île de Skye

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Testing the impact of a events on time series Context
I'm working with product data for a retail company. I have the daily impressions (number of times it was viewed online) for all products over a 30 day period (can get more data).
Here is the data for one product:
on_sale = [False, False, False, False, False, False, False, True, True, True,
True, True, True, True, False, False, False, False, False, False,
False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False, False]
impressions = [1,0,0,5,1,0,6,16,17,18,16,17,15,12,4,3,5,4,2,3,2,1,2,4,2,0,3,5,13,3]
So this product was on sale from index 7 to index 13.

We expect that when a product is on sale, it will see an increased number of impressions.
We have introduced a new piece of logic that identifies all on sale products and moves them up into a 'better' advertising campaign, with the aim of increasing their impressions over and above what the normal level of impressions for that on sale product would be.
Question
What is the best way to test the impact of this new piece of logic?
In particular, how can I test the impact of moving on sale products into a better campaign (in terms of impressions) relative to what we'd expect for the same on sale products without moving them up a campaign?
I imagine some sort of A/B test where I randomly take some of the on sale products and apply the new logic to them (i.e. move the products up) and compare the change in impressions to a control group of on sale products that I don't apply the new logic to.
Any insight into this problem would be great. I am looking for test that can be implemented in python.

A: Sounds like Google's CausalImpact method  might be useful (python implementation here). Briefly, you use pre-sale data to train a model that forecasts impressions, then forecast them for the sales period, and estimate the sales effect as a difference between observed and predicted impressions. CausalImpact uses a specific bayesian model to produce forecasts which is useful to estimate uncertainty, but in general this idea could be used with any (good enough) model.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Tournaments > 2018 > Philippines > Manila Megastack 9
Tournament: Manila Megastack 9
Date: Apr 27 - May 6, 2018
Venue: City of Dreams Manila, Philippines
Event: No Limit Hold'em - Main Event (Event #20) (May 4 - 6, 2018)
Buy-in: ₱27,000 + ₱3,000
Prize: ₱10,000,000
Apr 27, 2018 No Limit Hold'em - (Event #1) ₱4,400 + 600
Apr 27 - 29, 2018 No Limit Hold'em - Kickoff (Event #2) ₱8,800 + 1,200
Apr 28, 2018 No Limit Hold'em Turbo (Event #3) ₱7,040 + 960
Apr 29, 2018 No Limit Hold'em - Knockout (Event #4) ₱4,400 + 600
Apr 29, 2018 No Limit Hold'em - Super Deepstack (Event #5) ₱13,500 + 1,500
Apr 29, 2018 No Limit Hold'em - Turbo (Event #6) ₱4,400 + 600
Apr 30, 2018 No Limit Hold'em - Deepstack (Event #7) ₱4,400 + 600
Apr 30, 2018 No Limit Hold'em (Event #8) ₱13,500 + 1,500
Apr 30, 2018 No Limit Hold'em (Event #9) ₱4,400 + 600
May 1, 2018 No Limit Hold'em (Event #10) ₱2,640 + 360
May 1, 2018 No Limit Hold'em - Freezeout (Event #11) ₱13,500 + 1,500
May 1, 2018 Bubble Rush (Event #12) ₱4,400 + 600
May 2, 2018 Pot Limit Omaha/No Limit Hold'em (Event #13) ₱18,000 + 2,000
May 2, 2018 No Limit Hold'em - Deepstack (Event #14) ₱8,800 + 1,200
May 2, 2018 No Limit Hold'em - Turbo (Event #15) ₱4,400 + 600
May 3, 2018 Pot Limit Omaha/No Limit Hold'em (Event #16) ₱4,400 + 600
May 3 - 4, 2018 No Limit Hold'em - Freezeout (Event #17) ₱45,000 + 5,000
May 4, 2018 No Limit Hold'em - Single Day High Roller (Event #19) ₱90,000 + 10,000
May 4, 2018 No Limit Hold'em - Turbo (Event #21) ₱13,500 + 1,500
May 4 - 6, 2018 PSLIVE No Limit Hold'em - Main Event (Event #20) ₱27,000 + 3,000
May 5, 2018 No Limit Hold'em - Knockout (Event #22) ₱8,800 + 1,200
May 5, 2018 No Limit Hold'em - Midnight Turbo (Event #24) ₱4,400 + 600
May 5 - 6, 2018 No Limit Hold'em - SuperStack (Event #23) ₱18,000 + 2,000
May 6, 2018 No Limit Hold'em - Knockout (Event #25) ₱4,400 + 600
May 6, 2018 No Limit Hold'em - Turbo Edition Main Event (Event #26) ₱13,500 + 1,500
1st Unknown Player $77,173 ₱4,000,000 — —
2nd Jae Wook "Justin" Shin $46,555 ₱2,413,000 — —
3rd Yeo May Sum $28,863 ₱1,496,000 — —
4th Kenneth Buck $21,859 ₱1,133,000 — —
5th Hsing Hsiung Tai $14,860 ₱770,240 — —
6th Jiankeng Pan $11,364 ₱589,000 — —
7th Chun Kong Kwok $9,454 ₱490,000 — —
8th Ting Shum Kwok $7,872 ₱408,000 — —
9th Romeo Catayas $6,637 ₱344,000 — —
10th Le Ngoc Khanh $5,595 ₱290,000 — —
11th Kar Ooi Low $4,553 ₱236,000 — —
12th William Ysmael $4,553 ₱236,000 — —
13th Tan Hai Shien $3,666 ₱190,000 — —
14th Jose Nehme $3,666 ₱190,000 — —
15th Kuan Yu Chen $3,666 ₱190,000 — —
16th Rodrigo Sequite $2,798 ₱145,000 — —
17th Jin Wei Kwek $2,798 ₱145,000 — —
18th Icheng Lin $2,798 ₱145,000 — —
19th Ngoc Anh Cao $2,450 ₱127,000 — —
20th Jinho Hong $2,450 ₱127,000 — —
21st Linh Tran $2,450 ₱127,000 — —
22nd Manuel Mascunana $2,103 ₱109,000 — —
23rd Mark Anthony Amparo $2,103 ₱109,000 — —
24th Ivan Chev Tabucal $2,103 ₱109,000 — —
25th Alan Honyin Tsang $1,891 ₱98,000 — —
26th Dilip Ajitkumar Menon $1,891 ₱98,000 — —
27th Rick Jason Ambata $1,891 ₱98,000 — —
28th Tatsuhiko Terai $1,698 ₱88,000 — —
29th Kyungkeun Lee $1,698 ₱88,000 — —
30th Takayuki Sakamoto $1,698 ₱88,000 — —
31st Kwangyeop Choi $1,698 ₱88,000 — —
32nd Fu Bang Huang $1,698 ₱88,000 — —
33rd Shoei Okabe $1,698 ₱88,000 — —
34th Tobias Wolf $1,698 ₱88,000 — —
35th Andy Xueyan Li $1,698 ₱88,000 — —
36th Kejie Ye $1,698 ₱88,000 — —
37th Mike Takayama $1,543 ₱80,000 — —
38th Ha Duong $1,543 ₱80,000 — —
39th Hai Anh Tran $1,543 ₱80,000 — —
40th Nguyen Luong Tuan $1,543 ₱80,000 — —
41st Jaesong Hwang $1,543 ₱80,000 — —
42nd Yuka Asaka $1,543 ₱80,000 — —
43rd Noel Araniel $1,543 ₱80,000 — —
44th Marcel Mcgray $1,543 ₱80,000 — —
45th Chong Foo Tan $1,543 ₱80,000 — —
46th Atsushi Matsumura $1,389 ₱72,000 — —
47th Tomohiro Terada $1,389 ₱72,000 — —
48th Alex Xiang Wei Lee $1,389 ₱72,000 — —
49th Oleg Mordassov $1,389 ₱72,000 — —
50th Julius Lagman $1,389 ₱72,000 — —
51st Panu Erkinpoika Rantala $1,389 ₱72,000 — —
52nd Tsui Han Hsiao $1,389 ₱72,000 — —
53rd Joseph Dante Reyes $1,389 ₱72,000 — —
54th Yakai Li $1,389 ₱72,000 — —
56th Julien Tran $1,254 ₱65,000 — —
57th Henrik Tollefsen $1,254 ₱65,000 — —
58th Si Yang Phua $1,254 ₱65,000 — —
59th Byungwook Ahn $1,254 ₱65,000 — —
60th Florencio Campomanes $1,254 ₱65,000 — —
61st Shinsuke Imamura $1,254 ₱65,000 — —
62nd Shigehiro Makino $1,254 ₱65,000 — —
63rd Yoko Suganuma $1,254 ₱65,000 — —
64th Chin Sun Tan $1,177 ₱61,000 — —
65th Ellezer Castillo $1,177 ₱61,000 — —
66th Sen Mu $1,177 ₱61,000 — —
67th Benjamin Wu $1,177 ₱61,000 — —
68th Seung Yong Yi $1,177 ₱61,000 — —
69th Kevin Kar Wai Ang $1,177 ₱61,000 — —
70th Ruizhi Pang $1,177 ₱61,000 — —
71st Martin "Dick" Corpuz $1,177 ₱61,000 — —
72nd Thomas Lee $1,177 ₱61,000 — —
73rd John Dalessandri $1,119 ₱58,000 — —
74th Jimmy Chua Chun Meng $1,119 ₱58,000 — —
75th Tung Lin Tsai $1,119 ₱58,000 — —
76th Jaehyun Lim $1,119 ₱58,000 — —
77th Haresh Nathan $1,119 ₱58,000 — —
78th Mike Wong $1,119 ₱58,000 — —
79th Jose "Boyet" Drilon $1,119 ₱58,000 — —
80th In Sin $1,119 ₱58,000 — —
81st Jae Kyung Sim $1,119 ₱58,000 — —


Baskervilles is a family-founded organisation where everyone in the family can get fit and have fun!
Started over 30 years ago by Robin and Barbara Baskerville (who were teachers), Baskervilles now employs over 50 full and part-time coaches with a wealth of experience in gymnastics. Robin and Barbara's three children are now involved in the business, along with a select team of professionals who work to provide a stimulating and educational environment for our gymnasts.
Baskervilles is now a not-for-profit organisation, which means that we put all of our profits back into the business for the benefit of our members – this helps aid our gymnasts' development to achieve their potential at all levels.
Baskervilles work to provide an environment for all individuals, regardless of age, race, colour, creed, religion, gender, sexual preference, impairment or disability. We're registered with the British Gymnastics Association and work to strict national safety and performance standards.
We have extended our offering over the past couple of years, running weekly gymnastics classes at our Satellite Centres at Oldfield School and Broadlands Academy. Our Satellite Centres cater for children in their local communities. Gymnasts who show great potential then transfer to our Hub Centre at Englishcombe Court, Bath, to train at a higher level.
The main part of our work is with children, where we specialise in competitive and non-competitive gymnastics and freestyle training.
We also offer fun-filled Pre-School classes and Softplay sessions for little ones, as well as Children's Birthday Parties. From 2016, we have also added Cheerleading to our offering.
Adults are well catered for at Baskervilles too. We run a host of Fitness Classes in our fully equipped gym as well as Adult Gymnastics Classes – why let children have all the fun?! Everybody is welcome at Baskervilles – the most important thing to us is that you enjoy your fitness and get results, which is exactly what we aim to provide!
In November 2014, Barbara and Robin Baskerville were awarded the prize for 'Outstanding Services to Sport in Bath' at the Bath Chronicle's Annual Sports Awards. In October 2015, Baskervilles were runners up in the 'Try it, Love it, Live it' category at The West of England Sport Trust (Wesport)'s Celebration of Sport Awards, for our work in making Gymnastics accessible to communities through our Satellite Centres.
Baskervilles were awarded the title of 'Community Club of the Year 2016/17' at the Bath Chronicle Sports Awards in November 2016, and are currently finalists in the Education category of the Bath Life Awards, with the winners announced in February 2017.


Toss the chicken legs in Italian dressing in a bowl and let marinate for 2 hours. Pre heat the oven to 375°F Place the corn flakes and cheese in a food processor and pulse until course or smash together in a bag. Dredge the chicken in the cornflake mixture and place on a greased baking sheet and bake for 45 minutes or until the chicken reaches an internal temperature of 165° F and is golden brown.
Place a skillet over medium heat then add the oil to the pan. Sauté the next 4 ingredients until soft, remove from heat and cool completely. Place the vegetables, black beans and oats into a bowl and mash together. You can use a food processor and pulse to combined. Chill the bean mixture in the fridge for 1-2 hours then form the into patties. Place a pan over medium heat, cover the pan with 1 table spoon of oil and brown the patties on both sides.
Pre heat a large skillet over medium heat. Add the butter to the pan and sauté the corn, onion and bell pepper for 15 minutes or until lightly browned. Season with salt, pepper and lime juice.
Mango is a tropical fruit loaded with vitamins (Vitamin C) , minerals, antioxidants and most important, flavor. They are used in cuisines around the world including Central and South America, Jamaica and the west Indies, African, Middle Eastern, European, Asian and Indian. It can be used in sweet desserts like ice cream, drinks, sorbet, cakes and flambés as well as savory dishes like spicy chutneys, salsas, dips and sauces.
You can find mangoes fresh, dried, canned as well as frozen. Fresh Mangoes are in season in the states and Mexico from May to September. They can be found year round in most markets and can come from as far as Thailand and India. Check out this video and learn how to slice a fresh mango to enjoy today. This method of slicing a mongo can also be used to skin lots of round fruits and veggies like pineapples, oranges, lemons, limes, melons, apples, pears, potatoes and squashes.
Place the first 4 ingredients into bowl. Place the next 5 ingredients into a bowl and whisk until smooth. Place 2 tablespoons of the dressing over the salad and toss lightly to coat.
Parsnips are a truly under appreciated root veggie. Whether raw or cooked, steamed, fried, baked, mashed or sautéed, parsnips pack nutritional and flavorful punch that can't be beat. With the sweetness of a carrot with the starchiness of a potato, parsnips can be used in a million different ways and please the whole family. Try this recipe for simple pan roasted parsnips and feel free to add various root veggies like carrots, turnips or even beats.
Pre heat the oven to 400 F. Place the butter in an oven safe pan, let it melt then add the parsnips, salt and seasonings. Toss this together, then place the pan in the oven and cook for 40 minutes, tossing after 20 minutes. Cook until parsnips are tender and golden brown.
Check out this new video that myself and the fine folks at Bad Ferret Films produced. The goal of this video is to teach you how to make deliciously moist salmon every time. For this method we lightly season the fish then sear it on both sides to seal in moisture and increase flavor. Once we form a flavorful crust, pop the filet into the oven to finish cooking through. This only takes a couple of minutes to cook through with perfect results every time. This style of cooking is typical of how restaurants cook all sorts of meats and seafood.
For this method of cooking you can season the salmon with all types dry rubs. Sauces and wet marinades can be used after the cooking is done to glaze the fish. Do not use sugary marinades to pan sear your food because the marinade will burn your food and pan. I like to top the filet with tomato and basil for any easy topping. To change up the flavors feel free to top the salmon with salsa, chopped grilled veggies, olives, beans, pesto or grilled fruits.
Pre heat a skillet over medium heat and season the salmon with salt, pepper and herbs. Add half of the oil to the pan, when it smokes place the salmon in the pan and allow it to cook for 4 minutes. Turn the salmon* over and then place in a 350 F oven for 5 minutes to cook through. While the salmon is cooking place the tomato, basil, onion and the rest of the oil into a bowl and toss to combine. Remove the salmon from the oven, place on a platter and top with the tomato mixture to garnish.
* The video does not show me turning the salmon over, but this is very important for even cooking. Keeping the skin on while cooking protects the salmon filet and increases the flavor and moisture in the filet.
Remove the skin from the cooled potato and shred on a grater. Place 1 cup of flour, salt and cinnamon on a flat surface and make a well in the middle. Place the potato and egg in bowl and start to mix the wet ingredients together incorporating a small amount of flour until the dough forms. Lightly knead the dough on the floured surface adding a small amount of flour until it is light and does not stick to the surface.
Cut off a small portion of the dough, roll into a snake, then cut the snake into small 3/4-inch portions. Roll the gnocchi across the back of a fork to make the indentations, place on a sheet tray and freeze for 10 minutes. Boil the pasta in salted water until they float to the top, about 90 seconds. While that is cooking, warm the butter in a pan over medium heat. When the butter starts to brown add the sage and cinnamon, cook for one minute, add the gnocchi and sauté for one minute and serve immediately.


text:
Justia Patents Audio Message Storage, Retrieval, Or SynthesisUS Patent for System and method for providing access to a unified message store logically storing computer telephony messages Patent (Patent # 6,661,877)
System and method for providing access to a unified message store logically storing computer telephony messages
Jul 3, 2001 - Oracle
A system and method for providing access to a unified message store logically storing computer telephony messages is disclosed. A multiplicity of heterogeneous storage objects corresponding to computer telephony messages are stored in a unified message store. An application software layer exchanging the heterogeneous storage objects with a computer telephony server is exported. The computer telephony server is interfaced via a container subsystem defining encapsulated methods including organization strategy methods and storage strategy methods. A unified inbox generating an indicator for at least one of the computer telephony messages is provided. The unified inbox exports user controls for accessing the corresponding heterogeneous storage objects stored in the unified message store.
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CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATION
This patent application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to provisional patent application Serial No. 60/236,613, filed Sep. 29, 2000, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates in general to computer telephony messaging and, in particular, to a system and method for providing access to a unified message store logically storing computer telephony messages.
The need for complete message exchange integration has become increasingly important in the modem age of divergent electronic communications. Current electronic information exchange takes many forms. In a typical corporate setting, printed communication can take the form of electronic mail (email) and facsimiles, while recorded verbal communication can take the form of voicemails.
Each of these forms of electronic messaging presents unique advantages and trade-offs. For example, the delivery of email is assured, provided the email address is correct and current, and the email server is available. Email can be sent as a secure communication and delivery also can be confirmed by return email receipt. However, email is typically downloaded from an email server and stored locally on a user computer system. Ubiquitous access is consequently constrained by the necessity of having access to the local email store.
By comparison, the actual delivery of facsimile messages is a manual process and is inherently unreliable, as physical paper facsimiles can be lost, misdirected, or not received due to transmission failure. The delivery of facsimiles can be confirmed via facsimile protocols. Facsimile messaging, however, is the least accessible form of electronic message exchange, as a dedicated telephone number is required, the received facsimiles are not typically stored in an exchangeable digital electronic format, and delivery requires the handling of physical printed paper copies. Moreover, secure facsimiles only protect the transmission process and not actual delivery.
Finally, the delivery of voicemail, as conventionally implemented with most voicemail messaging systems, is assured and inherently confirmed upon recordation into a voicemail messaging system. Voicemail messaging offers the most accessible form of electronic messaging as voicemail messages can be retrieved over most available telephone lines.
Recent advances in standardizing message storage formats have enabled facsimile and voicemail messages to be stored in a unified message store. Unified messaging solutions allow the digital electronic message representations to be consolidated into a logically unified message exchange system. The use of digital messaging representations allows different types of messages to be accessed by a variety of compatible devices, including conventional email applications, Web browsers, telephones, personal data assistants (PDAs), and Wireless Access Protocol (WAP)-enabled devices, as well as facsimile machines (receive only).
Although convenient, digital electronic messaging for voicemail, facsimile and email present a number of unique challenges. First, each of these message types has different storage requirements. Until recently, these formats were not standardized and tended to be proprietary solutions with different physical playback requirements. Moreover, generalized solutions tend to be restricted to one storage format and fail to present a complete solution. For instance, an email store has different characteristics than would be used with a relational database, Internet file system, or Web database.
The first generation of digital electronic messaging systems recognized the need to maintain each type of electronic message, email, facsimile and voicemail, in a separate message store. These systems used message store synchronization as an add-on to conventional messaging systems. These storage systems were not standardized and messages were accessed using an ad hoc collection of message-specific applications. As well, the user interfaces and physical playback requirements varied based on the message type. For example, email messages were viewable via an email application, while voicemail messages required a separate audio playback application. Moreover, each of these applications tended to be proprietary and lacked integration with other messaging systems. As well, synchronization was difficult to achieve and the user experience varied greatly, based on the form of application used for each different message format.
Second generation attempts at integrating digital electronic messaging systems resolve the ad hoc approach in favor of a logically consolidated messaging application. Various messages types originating from heterogeneous computer telephony devices, including emails, facsimiles, and voicemails, are accessed through a virtually consolidated inbox. However, the individual messages are still separately maintained in their own legacy message stores. This approach imposed an administrative burden on maintaining each individual system and increased the overall system complexity necessary to dynamically process messaging requests through each of the separate message stores. Although an advancement over the first generation, the consolidated view approach failed to provide a flexible solution for accessing multiple storage devices and formats.
Therefore, there is a need for a unified solution capable of displaying and navigating through multiple types of digital electronic messages stored in a single unified message store. Such an approach provided a transparent, device-independent solution to accessing messages originating from physically interfaced heterogeneous computer telephony devices.
The present invention provides a Web based unified message inbox for accessing computer telephony messages stored in a unified message store. The Unified message inbox is presented as a graphical user interface with controls for displaying and navigating through the stored messages, including email, facsimiles, voice mail, and video mail. The unified inbox provides transparent access to messages exchanged with physically interfaced heterogeneous computer telephony devices.
An embodiment of the present invention is a system and method for providing access to a unified message store logically storing computer telephony messages. A multiplicity of heterogeneous storage objects corresponding to computer telephony messages are stored in a unified message store. An application software layer exchanging the heterogeneous storage objects with a computer telephony server is exported. The computer telephony server is interfaced via a container subsystem defining encapsulated methods including organization strategy methods and storage strategy methods. A unified inbox generating an indicator for at least one of the computer telephony messages is provided. The unified inbox exports user controls for accessing the corresponding heterogeneous storage objects stored in the unified message store.
Still other embodiments of the present invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein is described embodiments of the invention by way of illustrating the best mode contemplated for carrying out the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other and different embodiments and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the spirit and the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.
FIG. 1 is a network diagram showing a heterogeneous communications environment, including a system for providing access to a unified message store logically storing computer telephony messages, in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a network diagram showing the system for flexibly storing computer telephony messages of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the functional layers defined within the system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the modules of the storage subsystem of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a data structure of a pseudo code information header for computer telephony messages stored in the unified message store of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6A is a block diagram showing the modules of the resource software layer of FIG. 3.
FIG. 6B is a block diagram showing the modules of the email server of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6C is a block diagram showing the modules of the wireless server of FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a screen shot of a Web page showing, by way of example, the graphical user interface used in the system of FIG. 2.
FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing a method for providing access to a unified message store logically storing computer telephony messages, in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a network diagram showing a heterogeneous communications environment 10, including a system 11 for providing access to a unified message store 12 logically storing computer telephony messages, in accordance with the present invention. The unified messaging server 11 is a logical collection of individual servers, including a telephone server 21, email server 22 and wireless server 23, which respectively enable a plurality of heterogeneous computer telephony devices, including a computer system 14, personal data assistant 15 (or WAP-enabled device) to access digital electronic messages maintained in the unified message store 12 over an internetwork 13 or intranetwork (not shown). As well, telephony devices, including a telephone 17 and facsimile 18, can likewise access the unified message store 12 through a publicly-switched telephone network (PSTN) 16. Finally, short messaging service (SMS)-enabled devices, such as pagers 19 and cellular telephones 20, can access the unified message store 12 over an SMS network (not shown).
Internally, the infrastructure required to support each of these heterogeneous devices is brokered by the unified messaging server 11. For example, message access using the computer system 14 is provided by implementations of the simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), standard mail protocol servers (IMAP4 and POP3), and browser-based thin clients (HTML and WML). Likewise, the SMS-capable devices can be supported through wireless notification gateways (SMS and WCTP). Various network topologies and configurations and other types of digital electronic message exchange devices could be provided herein, as would be recognized by one skilled in the art.
FIG. 2 is a network diagram showing the system 30 for flexibly storing computer telephony messages of FIG. 1. For simplicity, only computer system-type devices are shown, although other heterogeneous computer telephony devices are also supported, as described above with reference to FIG. 1. The unified messaging server 11 is coupled to a unified message store 12 supporting four types of individual message stores: an email store (ES) 31, a relational database (RDB) 32, an Internet file system (iFS) 33, and a Web database (Web DB) 34. Other databases or structural stores are possible, as would be recognized by one skilled in the art. Individual clients 35 can be connected to the unified messaging server 11 over an intranetwork 36. Similarly, remote clients 38 and remote servers 39 can be interconnected to the unified messaging server 11 over an internetwork 13, including the Internet, by way of a gateway 37. The clients 35, remote clients 38, and remote servers 39 can access the various stores in the unified message store 12 via the unified messaging server 11 for message retrieval and storage.
In the described embodiment, the unified messaging server 11 is structured as a Unified Inbox using the familiar graphical user interface and controls of a conventional email application, as further described below beginning with reference to FIG. 7. The Unified Inbox is implemented as Web pages interpreted by a browser application 40 executing on the clients 35 and remote client 36. The email store 31 is a flexible MIME-compliant mail store, with an extensible application programming interface support, as described in Oracle Email Server, Developer's Guide, Release 5.2, Oracle Corporation, Redwood Shores, Calif. (January 2001), the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. The relational database 32 is a structured hierarchical database such as the Oracle relational database management system, Release 9i, licensed by Oracle Corporation, Redwood Shores, Calif. The Internet file system 33 and Web database 34 are also licensed by Oracle Corporation and are described in Oracle Internet File System, Developer's Guide, Release 1.1, Oracle Corporation, Redwood Shores, Calif. (September 2000), the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference.
The individual computer systems, including the unified messaging server 11, clients 35, remote client 38, and remote server 39, are general purpose, programmed digital computing devices consisting of a central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), non-volatile secondary storage, such as a hard drive or CD ROM drive, network interfaces, and peripheral devices, including user interfacing means, such as a keyboard and display. Program code, including software programs, and data are loaded into the RAM for execution and processing by the CPU and results are generated for display, output, transmittal, or storage.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the functional layers 50 defined within the telephone server 21 of FIG. 1. The unified messaging server 11 is a logical collection of individual servers which includes an Enterprise Computer Telephony Forum (ECTF)-based telephony server, architected into four logical layers: application software layer 51, server layer 52, resource software 54, and resource hardware layer 56. In the described embodiment, the server layer 52 is based on the telephony application objects framework, and ECTF S.100 compliant server model, licensed by Dialogic Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif. The server layer 52 provides an abstract layer server model that includes a messaging protocol to allow language and platform independent communications between heterogeneous computer telephony devices and end user applications, such as a Unified Inbox.
On the application software layer 51 side, the server layer 52 exports an application programming interface called the application interface adapter layer 53. This layer provides a request and response messaging interface between the application software layer 51 and the server layer 52, including functions for call control, media processing and control, and system servicing.
The application software layer 51 consists of individual end-user applications interfaced to the server layer 52 via the application interface adapter layer 53. By way of example, the applications include the browser-based Unified Inbox, as further described below beginning with reference to FIG. 7.
On the resource software layer 54 side, the server layer 52 exports an application programming interface called the resource software abstraction layer 55. This layer provides a set of dynamic linked libraries called service interface adapters between the server layer 52 and resource software layer 54, such as further described below with reference to FIG. 6A. Server request messages are converted into callbacks that control signal processing in heterogeneous computer telephony devices. Similarly, the resource software layer 54 can interface with the server layer 52 and application software layer 51 through request response and event messages.
The resource hardware layer 56 is specific to the computer telephony platform and interfaces only with computer telephony-capable hardware devices, such as telephone 17, facsimile 18, and cellular telephones 20 (all shown in FIG. 1), for application processing.
The functional layers 50 are further described in CT Media 2.0 Container Developer's Guide & Reference for Windows 2000, Dialogic Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif. (2000), the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
Computer telephony messages are maintained in the unified message store 12. The server layer 52 includes a storage subsystem 57 that provides an interface to the unified message store 12. All storage requests are received and processed through the server layer 52 by way of the storage subsystem 57. The storage subsystem 57 exports an application programming interface to the server layer 52 and to individual storage objects, as further described below with reference to FIG. 4.
The modules comprised in each layer are computer programs, procedures or modules written as source code in a conventional programming language, such as the C++ programming language, and are presented for execution by the CPU as object or byte code, as is known in the art. The various implementations of the source code and object and byte codes can be held on a computer-readable storage medium or embodied on a transmission medium in a carrier wave. The modules operate in accordance with a sequence of process steps, as further described below beginning with reference to FIGS. 6A-C.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the modules 60 of the storage subsystem 57 of FIG. 3. The container subsystem 61 controls the information flow between the server layer 52 and the unified message store 12 (shown in FIG. 1). The storage subsystem 57 defines a container subsystem 61 that encapsulates individual structured storage objects logically maintained in the unified message store 12. The container subsystem 61 provides abstraction so that the underlying physical storage types are transparent to calling applications. And although each specific application will generally use only one of the storage types to store all messages, the storage subsystem 57 is capable of supporting all storage types.
Each storage object includes a data block and embedded organization strategy methods and storage strategy methods, such as described in the related commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/898,407, entitled "System And Method For Flexibly Storing Computer Telephony Messages As Structured Objects In A Unified Message Store," filed Jul. 3, 2001, pending, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. The storage subsystem 57 logically includes the container subsystem 61 that encapsulates the organization strategies 62 and storage strategies 63. The organization strategies 62 define and implement the functionality for processing various electronic messaging data types, as generated by the heterogeneous computer telephony devices. The storage strategies 63 implement the functionality for processing storage objects as physical storage types.
In the described embodiment, email messages have organization strategies 62 that are defined based on the type of data being stored. Email messages are stored using text-compliant organization strategies 64. Facsimile messages are stored using TIFF-compliant organization strategies 65. Audio and video messages are stored in one of either WAVE-compliant storage strategies 66 or ADPCM-compliant storage strategies 67. The structured storage objects are maintained in the unified message store 12 based on the type of storage system and include an email store storage strategy 68, a relational database storage strategy 71.
Each of the storage objects is indexed in the unified message store 12 using information common to all message types. FIG. 5 is a data structure of a pseudo code information header 75 for computer telephony messages stored in the unified message store 12 of FIG. 1. The information header 75 includes basic identification information to identify the sender ("From" field), recipient ("To" field), subject ("Subject" field), data type ("Type" field), date ("Date" field), message size ("Size" field), as well as the message content ("Body" field). For facsimile and voicemail messages, a binary large object ("Blob") field is included.
In the described embodiment, email messages are stored in a MIME compatible format, while facsimile and voicemail messages are stored in a VPIM format as described in RFC 2421, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
FIG. 6A is a block diagram showing the modules 80 of the resource software layer 54 of FIG. 3. A plurality of logically defined submodules 81-83 provide lower layer functionality by interfacing to the operating system, physical resources, and computer telephony devices, including telephones 17 and facsimiles 18. The resource manager 81 controls operating system calls and resource utilization on the client 35. The voicemail module 82 and fax module 83 provide resource-specific support.
In particular, the voicemail submodule 82 includes two service interface adapters, text-to-speech (TTS) 84 and automatic speech recognition (ASR) 85, for respectively converting written text into spoken words and converting spoken words into written text.
FIG. 6B is a block diagram showing the modules 86 of the email server 22 of FIG. 1. A plurality of logically defined submodules 87-88 provide lower layer functionality by interfacing to the operating system, physical resources, and email devices, including computer systems 14 and personal data assistants 15. The submodules, including standard mail protocol servers 87 and browser-based thin clients 88, provide resource-specific support. The standard mail protocol servers submodule 86 is used by the browser-based thin clients submodule 88 to provide connections to the unified message store 12 (shown in FIG. 1).
In particular, the standard mail protocol servers submodule 87 includes three service interface adapters, Internet Message Access Protocol Version 4 (IMAP4) 89, Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 90, and Post Office Protocol Version 3 (POP3) 91, for respectively allowing a client to access email and route messages between email servers, such as described in R. Orfali, "Client/Server Survival Guide," pp. 411-416, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (3d ed. 1999), the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
The browser based thin clients submodule 88 includes two service interface adapters, Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) 93 and Wireless Markup Language (WML) 94, for respectively generating content and a user interface for Web pages and WAP-enabled devices.
FIG. 6C is a block diagram showing the modules 94 of the wireless server 23 of FIG. 1. A logically defined submodule 95 provides lower layer functionality by interfacing to the operating system, physical resources, and wireless devices, including pagers 19 and cellular telephones 20. The wireless notification gateway 95 provides resource-specific support and includes two service interface adapters, Short Messaging Service (SMS) 96 and Wireless Control Transfer Protocol (WCTP) 96, for respectively sending messages to SMS-capable and WCTP-capable devices.
FIG. 7 is a screen shot of a Web page 100 showing, by way of example, the graphical user interface 101 used in the system 11 of FIG. 2. In the described embodiment, the graphical user interface 101 is generated as a HTML Web page for viewing on a browser application 40 (shown in FIG. 2). The graphical user interface 101 provides controls 102 for displaying and navigating through computer telephony messages 103 stored in the unified message store 12 (shown in FIG. 1).
A set of messages 111 is stored into a Unified Inbox 105 organized by type 106, sender 107, subject 108, date 109, and size 110. Access to computer telephony messages of different types is transparently handled through the email server 22. Facsimile, voicemail and video mail messages are included as attachments viewable with a text-based placeholder message. Access to voicemail and video mail messages causes an audio or video playback control to appear (not shown). Other forms of user controls are feasible. Depending on bandwidth availability, the playback control can be either download-based or streaming. Higher bandwidth connections will simply download an attachment for playback locally on the client while lower bandwidth connections will stream the playback to conserve bandwidth and save on download time. Although described above with reference to a Web interface, the graphical user interface 101 could also be provided as phone, PDA and wireless interfaces, as would be recognized by one skilled in the art.
FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing a method 120 for providing access to a unified message store 12 (shown in FIG. 1) logically storing computer telephony messages, in accordance with the present invention. The graphical user interface 101 is generated by the unified messaging server 11 (shown in FIG. 2) as a Web page for presentation through a browser application 40. An end user on a client 35 or remote client 38 can display and navigate through a Unified Inbox 105 via the graphical user interface 101 and requests to access the computer telephony messages 103 are processed by the unified messaging server 11.
The Unified Inbox 105 is initialized (block 123) upon a first request for access to the Web page 100. Requests are then iteratively processed (block 125) in an iterative processing loop (blocks 124-126). During the processing of each request (block 125), the actual message formats used for each particular type of message, that is, email, voicemail, wireless and so forth, are transparent to the Unified Inbox 105 and access is provided by the encapsulated methods described above with reference to FIGS. 6A-6C. The routine terminates after all requests have been processed.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described as referenced to the embodiments thereof, those skilled in the art will understand that the foregoing and other changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
1. A method for managing heterogeneous messages, comprising the steps of:
receiving, at a unified digital server, digital messages from each of a plurality of heterogeneous sources, said digital messages including at least two members selected from the group consisting of:
video mail without an email container,
voice mail without an email container, and
facsimiles without an email container;
storing said received digital messages as a first set of digital messages in a unified message store that is capable of managing a plurality of storage types;
wherein each storage type of said plurality of storage types represents a combination of an organization strategy and a storage strategy; and
transmitting a set of information identifying a second set of digital messages to a client for presentation through a user interface, wherein the second set of digital messages is a subset of the first set of digital messages;
wherein the step of storing said received digital messages includes the steps of receiving digital messages that are associated with a first application at a container subsystem that presents an abstraction interface that renders transparent to said first application a first underlying storage type; and
the container subsystem storing said digital messages associated with said first application using said first underlying storage type;
receiving digital messages that are associated with a second application at said container subsystem that presents said abstraction interface that renders transparent to said second application a second underlying storage type that is different than said first underlying storage type; and
the container subsystem storing said digital messages associated with said second application using said second underlying storage type.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the second set of digital messages includes messages from at least two distinct heterogeneous sources.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein said user interface is presented through one member selected from the group consisting of: a personal digital assistant, a wireless telephone with a graphical user interface, a wireless telephone without a graphical user interface, a wired telephone with a graphical user interface, a wired telephone without a graphical user interface, and a web page.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
upon receiving a command to transmit a particular message in the second set of digital messages, downloading the particular message to a client only if said client has a bandwidth capability that currently supports downloading messages; and
upon receiving a command to transmit a particular message, streaming the particular message to the client only if said bandwidth capability does not currently support downloading messages.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein said particular message is voice mail.
6. The method of claim 4, wherein said particular message is video mail.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein each of said storage strategy associated with each of said storage type includes one member selected from the group consisting of: an email server database strategy, a relational database strategy, an Internet file system strategy, and a web database strategy.
8. A computer-readable medium carrying one or more sequences of instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, causes the one or more processors to perform the method recited in any one of claims 1 - 7.
5608786 March 4, 1997 Gordon
5675507 October 7, 1997 Bobo, II
5742905 April 21, 1998 Pepe et al.
6233318 May 15, 2001 Picard et al.
6427002 July 30, 2002 Campbell et al.
6445776 September 3, 2002 Shank et al.
6487533 November 26, 2002 Hyde-Thomson et al.
6498835 December 24, 2002 Skladman et al.
6507817 January 14, 2003 Wolfe et al.
Filed: Jul 3, 2001
Date of Patent: Dec 9, 2003
Assignee: Oracle International Corporation (Redwood Shores, CA)
Inventors: Jae Jun Lee (Redwood Shores, CA), Byung-Hee Choung (Burlingame, CA), Tom Charles Kraikit (San Francisco, CA), Jerald Duane Jensen (Castro Valley, CA), Varouzhan Ebrahimian (San Mateo, CA), Kurt Lee Christofferson (Burlingame, CA), Kenneth Chun Hei Kwok (San Mateo, CA), Himabindu Dharmavaram (San Jose, CA), Philip Daman Sarin (San Francisco, CA), Indira Iyer (San Mateo, CA), Sunnia Hsi-Peng Lin (Belmont, CA), Howard Mario Narvaez (Milipitas, CA)
Primary Examiner: Allan Hoosain
Attorney, Agent or Law Firms: Hickman Palermo Truong & Becker LLP, Brian D. Hickman, Christopher J. Brokaw
Current U.S. Class: Audio Message Storage, Retrieval, Or Synthesis (379/67.1); Statistical Analysis (e.g., Time, Date, Length Of Message, Etc.) (379/88.09); Multimedia System (e.g., Voice Output Combined With Fax, Video, Text, Etc.) (379/88.13); Presentation Format Conversion (379/88.14); Interaction With An External Nontelephone Network (e.g., Internet) (379/88.17); Interacting Voice Message Systems (379/88.18); Message Storage In Centralized Location (e.g., Central Office, Pbx, Etc.) (379/88.25); Multimedia (379/908)
International Classification: H04M/164;


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text:
Il BRD Arad Challenger 2013 è stato un torneo di tennis facente parte della categoria ATP Challenger Tour nell'ambito dell'ATP Challenger Tour 2013. È stata la 3ª edizione del torneo che si è giocata a Arad in Romania dal 3 al 9 giugno 2013 su campi in terra rossa e aveva un montepremi di €42,000+H.

Partecipanti singolare

Teste di serie

* Ranking al 27 maggio 2013.

Altri partecipanti
Giocatori che hanno ricevuto una wild card:
  Patrick Ciorcilă
  Petru-Alexandru Luncanu
  Bjoern Probst
  Dragos Torge

Giocatori che sono passati dalle qualificazioni:
  Marcel-loan Miron
  Pere Riba
  Franko Škugor
  Denis Zivkovic

Partecipanti doppio

Teste di serie

* Ranking al 27 maggio 2013.

Altri partecipanti
Coppie che hanno ricevuto una wild card:
  Alexandru-Daniel Carpen /  Dragos Cristian Mirtea
  Patrick Ciorcilă /  Victor Crivoi
  Sebastian Kraila /  Petru-Alexandru Luncanu

Vincitori

Singolare

 Adrian Ungur ha battuto in finale  Marius Copil 6–4, 7–6(7–3)

Doppio

 Franko Škugor /  Antonio Veić hanno battuto in finale  Facundo Bagnis /  Julio César Campozano 7–6(7–5),4–6, [11–9]

Collegamenti esterni

ATP Challenger Tour 2013


text:
I'm naming my kids Roadhog
I have only played one game of competitive mode. With the kind of internet connection that I have right now, I don't want to cost not only me to suffer penalties, but also my teammates. Once I move out of my parents' house, I should be good to go. But from everything that I've seen and heard so far, I think that the best decision they made was the one hero per user.
A friend that I play with said that they fought a team of Bastions and Torbs and it was just a waste and not happy that he lost because the opposing team just decided to do that. I'm glad that they gave Ana more bullets to her gun and I think they gave her like a speed boost or something, she feels really fast when I shoot consecutively. I've also noticed that people barely play Hanzo after all these hitboxes got toyed with. Now he's like... useless. And McCree, well, I don't think I need to say anything about the changes with him. I'm playing a lot more with him just because he's really freaking fun, and I want to work on his ultimate timing better as well. I rush in with it too much.
I would like to play competitive, but right now I just can't with the internet I have :/
Want to share two fun matches:
We made the other team quit. Only like, one or two people from the beginning stayed, everyone else just... I think this was awesome,
Also, this match... Let's just say an all Lucio fight in Ilios will just never end. Haha, it's a bit of a long video, that's how long the match was :-D I think yesterday was "All One Hero Day" because that's what we kept fighting against. It got annoying after this match, mostly because we got burnt out fighting all Lucios and such... But I will say this was fun.
Although you still can't hear me on Discord yet you can hear everyone else which is really bugging the crap out of me for unknown reasons.
Also!!!! Overwatch: First Strike will be out this November digitally, it's the first in their graphic novel series that will show us the beginning of Overwatch. With this, the datamined stuff, oh boi
McCree should be a Pharah-killer but without damage drop-off at distances he just becomes too much.
Whoa whered you find these images? I hope these become skins because I really like the Lucio and Zarya ones.
https://twitter.com/LacedUpLauren/status/760276286849753088/photo/1
Karate Zen needs to be a skin.
I like those Olympic skins, all seem like they could be in the game
Tracer would get disqualified immediately if she participated in track and field.
I have the same feeling Lucio would get disqualified for using his roller blades... Not sure how well they would work on grass tho
Super lame how you can't buy the skins with credits, and they're only available until 8/22.
Oh. My. Lord
This new brawl looks fvcking awesome!!! I'm hoping my guild doesn't have to raid tonight, I so want to do this!
This mode is too epic!!!
I also got Play of the Game too!
Does everyone here play this on pc? Or is there some ps4 players?
Do you get extra XP from Lucioball?
BBBLP said:
I got 2200 for a win
Nope, gives you the same amount of xp like it does in quick play.
Anyone been following the "alternate reality" going on? Blizzard have been dropping many hints and secret messages. Pretty cool, but people solving this stuff... idk what to think
After ridiculous amounts of grinding between me and the gf, I finally got the one thing I wanted out of this event. The oh-so glorious prize of Junkrat's new highlight intro. I also unlocked nearly every item for Symetra in the process lol
Very very disappointed to find out that Speedo Roadhog is only a spray. I was hoping so hard that it'd be a skin
Yeah, Sombra is somewhat hidden in the Summer Games trailer during Lucio's new highlight intro.
Kinda interesting.
Also, this just happened to me (no audio though)
Last edited: Aug 5, 2016


For our cycling friends, we have our closed and private parking + a garage is available on request to store your bikes.
If you prefer to have your bike dry, you can ask at the reception for access to our garage.
On request, when you booked.


Mrs. Prince and Co.: Word Family goodies!
the first two weeks of school.
at the beginning of the year compared to 2nd graders.
Waaayyyy different, but I love it!
I'm hoping this is the end of my blogging dry spell.
I wanted to share my latest products with you guys.
from the teacher store that I've had my eye on for quite some time.
But it's a whoppin' $20!
Seriously!?! It's just cardstock people!
use these now that I'm in first grade.
The file includes 22 different word family posters.
and write them on the posters!
I get several requests and have the time to find clipart and update them!
You can purchase the word family posters here.
resources to go along with the posters!
Then, they'll have this resource in their desk to use when writing.
these for whole group activity at first.
but I still make this an interactive whole group activity.
to find the word family words.
to project it and use the wireless slate.
and illustrate. Great for literacy centers!
reading block and literacy centers!
I'll be sending them your way!
Lots of great stuff! Wow!
I'll be emailing them to ya!
Thanks! How are you guys doing?!? Hope you are enjoying your new students!
We are! They are a chatty, sparkly group that is going to keep us on our toes, but laughing this year!! How is first going?


text:
Can Povidone-Iodine (Betadine) Act On The Survival Rate and Gill Tissue Structure of Oranda Goldfish (Carassius Auratus)?
Ahmad Mohamadi Yalsuyi, Mohammad Forouhar Vajargah, Abdolmajid Hajimoralo, and 3 more
Industrial chemical solutions are widely used as a method to disinfection of aquaculture water and environments. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the toxicity effect of povidone-iodine (betadine) as a disinfectant solution on the survival and gill tissue of Oranda goldfish (Carassius auratus). For these purposes, 225 fingerling Oranda goldfish with an average weight 5 ± 0.67 were divided into 15 groups with 3 replication. Fish were exposed to series of concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220 and 240 ppm) of Betadine for 96h. The mortality of fish and the samples of gill were observed at 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72 and 96h after exposure. The results of the present study showed that the half-life Betadine was less than 24h and mortality were not record after 24h. The highest mortality rate were at 240 ppm, and LC50 24h of Betadine was 158.800 ppm. Histopathological results showed that lethal concentrations of Betadine lead to hyperemia, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and adhesion of secondary lamellar of the gill. Moreover, fish that were exposed to these concentrations displayed clinical signs such as anxiety, darkening of the skin. Overall results showed that betadine had short half-life in the aquatic environment and are toxic to fish at very high concentrations therefore it can be considered as practically non-toxic and be useful for disinfection of the aquatic environment.
Large Animal Medicine
Small Animal Medicine
Oranda goldfish
Aquaculture as a growing industry faces with many limitations that can lead to reduced production (Yalsuyi and Vajargah, 2017a, b). Water pollutants, dehydration and climate change are some of these limitations (Sattari et al., 2020; Bueno et al., 2015). However, diseases can be marked as the most important cause of aquaculture growth limiter and its economic losses (Fred and Meyer, 1991). FAO (2014) reported that only acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease in Penaeid shrimps (AHPND) results with serious economic losses in shrimp farms of China, Vietnam, Thailand and Malaysia in 2010. Also, Kubitza et al. (2013) reported that about 15% of the mortality of farm-fish is directly related to diseases. Consequences of the disease are not limited only to mortality, they can lead to economic loss trough different ways, such as increasing feed conversion rate, reducing productivity and growth (Monir et al., 2015). According to previous studies, the globally estimated average economic loss of aquaculture due to diseases was about 5 billion of US dollars per year (Shinn et al., 2015).
Managers of aquaculture farms are constantly trying to control diseases by different methods: use of food additives ( vitamins, enzymes and antibiotics) in diet to strengthen the immune system (Overton et al., 2010; Vajargah et al., 2018; Hoseinifar et al., 2020; Hamed et al., 2021; Morshedi et al., 2021; Rashidian et al., 2021); the use of chemical disinfectants. Disinfectants are a relatively common method of prevention and management of pathogens in aquaculture (Katharios et al., 2007; Harikrishnan et al., 2021; Forouhar Vajargah, 2021). Disinfectant compounds can very vary and are used in several different shapes (Bregnballe, 2015). For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) or salt is a common disinfectant compound that it is used as a disinfectant compound in hatcheries and freshwater fish farms (Boyd and Mcnevin, 2015). Formalin solution is also a famous disinfectant in aquaculture (Hodkovicova et al., 2019). It is used to eliminate pathogen agents (Guimaraes et al., 2012). However, the use of these chemical compounds have some limitations. Formalin is highly toxic and has a stable structure remaining in the environment for a long time (Buchmann al., 2004). The results of Buchmann et al. (2004) study showed lengthy exposure (24 h) to formalin at lower concentrations caused a decrease in mucous cell density of rainbow fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Leal et al. (2018) stated half-life of formalin was more than 30 h during which formalin led to several damages on fish and alteration mucosal cells. The common methods didn't showed efficient on formalin removal from water environments, and the advanced oxidation processes can be a good alternative. However, these methods are expensive and sometimes haven't economic justification (Leal et al., 2018).
The development of aquaculture and the need of farms for more effective chemical disinfectants, along with restrictions on the use of chemical compounds (e.g. formalin and green malachite) led to the introduction of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) as more effective disinfectants for use in aquaculture (Shah and Mraz, 2020; Sinha et al., 2021a, b). Metallic nanoparticles such as silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), cadmium nanoparticles (Cd-NPs) and copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) are more effective and they have a more stable structure than previous compounds and protect the environment against pathogens for a longer period of time (Yalsuyi and Vajargah, 2017; Mohsenpour et al., 2020). Thus, their applications in aquaculture are expanding rapidly (Yalsuyi et al., 2017). However, the previous studies showed that these compounds were high toxicity for fish and other aquatic organisms, Their sub-lethal concentration induced l tissue lesions such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of gills, necrosis of liver, alteration epithelial and mucosal cells and reduce reproduction and growth of fish (Vajargah et al., 2018; Forouhar Vajargah et al., 2020). Ag-NPs can remain in natural water for several months and their half-life is more than 28 days (Zhang et al., 2019). Ag-NPs were "highly toxic" and "toxic" for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eleuthero-embryo-larva and juvenile (Johari et al., 2013) showed Silver nanoparticles increased cortisol and cholinesterase in fish blood, reduce growth rate and survival rate, damaged tissue and increase stress of fish. All this suggest that direct applications in aquatic environment or aquaculture should be banned. Therefore, there are concerns about emissions of these substances and their wide distribution in nature and in a more comprehensive approach, the use of efficient and environmentally friendly compounds is an inevitable necessity (Dreher, 2004; Nel et al., 2006).
Povidone-iodine (Betadine) is a water-soluble compound. It is used as a common disinfectant around the world. Betadine is usually produced as a 10% solution of povidone-iodine, and it is used millions of kilograms each year in the world (Huschek et al., 2004; Vajargah et al., 2017). The connection of iodine to S-H and N-H groups in amino acids (i.e. cysteine, lysine) can lead to denaturation of structural and enzymatic proteins in cells. Also, iodine can react to fatty acids and nucleotides (Zawada et al., 2014). Finally, these changes in the cytoplasm and membranes of cells can lead to their mortality. Iodine has a short half-life in aquatic environments (Vajargah et al., 2017). The results of Lin et al. (2018) study showed that the half-life of iodine was about 5 h. iodine also is a strong biocide that even has good performance at 0 ○C. It doesn't damage metal and/or plastic tanks. Iodine has better performance as compared with chlorine compounds. Vajargah et al. (2017) reported that povidone-iodine (Betadine) was practically non-toxic for Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and didn't irritate skin and mucous membranes at sub-lethal concentrations (below 80 mgl− 1of povidone-iodine). However, there are few reports to mention the use of povidone-iodine in aquaculture (Chen et al., 2018). The biocide efficacy of iodine is dependent on environmental factors (Amend, 1974). The organic matter colloids can significantly reduce the antibacterial effect of povidone iodine (Rodriguez Ferri et al. 2010). The present study aims to evaluate the toxicity effect of povidone-iodine as a disinfectant solution, trough the survival chances and histology of gill tissue of Oranda goldfish (Carassius auratus), famous commercial freshwater species.
In order to the test, 250 fingerling Oranda goldfish (Carassius auratus) with an average weight 5 ± 0.67 were bought from the freshwater ornamental fish farm in Langeroud city (Guilan providence, Iran) and transferred to the laboratory environment. Fish were adapting to laboratory conditions into 5 tanks (400 l) for 2 weeks. Water physicochemical parameters were checked every day and were: DO 7.5–8.5 ppm, NH3 < 0.05, temperature 21 ± 2 C° and CaCo3 230 ppm. The fish were fed by Biomar feed equivalent 2% of biomass weight twice a day during the adaption period (Vajargah et al., 2021).
Static acute toxicity test was performed following guidelines the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD standard method (1994), references (Rodriguez Ferri et al., 2010; Vajargah et al., 2017) and laboratory facility. After the adaption period, 225 individuals were transferred in the test tanks (55×50×30 cm aquarium) and divided in 15 groups (treatments) with 3 replication 24 before began of the acute toxicity test (LC50 96h). The treatments were 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 220 and 240 ppm of the nominal concentration of Betadine (povidone-iodine solution 10% - Darudarman Salafchegan Co., Tehran, Iran). Each group was 15 fishes and they weren't fed during the test. The mortality of fishes was recorded at 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72 and 24 h after povidone-iodine exposure. Water physicochemical parameters were the same as during that adaption period (DO 7.5–8.5 ppm, NH3 < 0.05, temperature 21 ± 2 C° and CaCo3 230 ppm).
According to Mohsenpour et al. (2020) and Forouhar Vajargah et al. (2018) studies the gills samples were collected at 6, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after povidone-iodine exposure and they were fixed by formalin solution (Formaldehyde 10%, Sigma-Aldrich®, Missouri, United States). The formalin of the sample was replaced 24 h after sampling. An automatic tissue processor (TP1020, Leica Microsystems Incorporation, Buffalo Grove, IL) was used the prepare tissue slides which were analyzed, light microscopy (Model RH-85 UXL, UNILAB®).
The lethal concentration of povidone-iodine (for 50% of the population) in intervals of 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours (24 h LC50), 48 h, 72 h and 96 h were estimated through probit test with a 95% confidence (Forouhar Vajargah et al., 2018). According to the Hedayati et al. (2017) study, the correlation between different concentrations of povidone-iodine on mortality was checked by Spearman test (2-tail) in SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics 20). The histopathological lesions were determined and bolded according to Mohsenpour et al. (2020) study.
No mortality was observed during the adaptation period. A significant correlation was observed between fish mortality rate and Betadine concentration. (Fig. 1). The highest mortality was reported at concentration 240 ppm. The mortality of fish were not followed after 24 h of Betadine exposure. The highest the mortality rate of fish was recorded after 6 h Betadine exposure (Table 1). The LC50 24h Betadine (nominal lethal concentration after 24h) was 158.800 ppm, while the LC50 6, 12 and 18 hours were bolded in Table 2.
The Mortality rate of fingerling Oranda goldfish, Carassius auratus after different concentrations of Betadine exposure (povidone-iodine solution 10% - Darudarman Salafchegan Co., Tehran, Iran)
Concentration (ppm)
Number 0f fish
No. of mortality
Note: all Concentrations of Betadine are nominal
lethal concentration of Betadine (povidone-iodine solution 10% - Darudarman Salafchegan Co., Tehran, Iran) for Oranda Goldfish, Carassius auratus.
151..066
The fish exposed to nominal lethal concentrations of Betadine showed some clinical signs such as fast swimming, anxiety, a tendency to swim near the surface, and finally death with an open mouth.
The lethal concentration of Betadine lead to hypertrophy, hyperplasia, hyperemia and secondary lamellar adhesion, hemorrhage and necrosis of gills (Fig. 2). Also, there was a significant correlation between Betadine concentration and gill lesion (Table 3).
The correlation between Betadine concentration (povidone-iodine solution 10% - Darudarman Salafchegan Co., Tehran, Iran) the damages of the gills of Oranda Goldfish (Carassius auratus)
Tissue damages
Hyperemia
Secondary lamellar adhesion
Note: all Concentrations of Betadine are nominal. Also, None (-), Mild (++), Moderate (+++) and Severe (++++) of tissue damages.
The povidone-iodine complex itself has no antimicrobial activity. Iodine gets free from povidone-iodine solution in an aqueous medium and its concentration reaches an equilibrium (Ripa et al., 2002). The germicidal process is an iodine-consuming process and along with that iodine is retrieve by the povidone-iodine complex until its concentration reaches equilibrium again (Selvaggi et al., 2003). Free iodine like chlorine (Cl) can destroy or oxidizes pathogen vital structures (such as enzymes, DNA and RNA). These destructions can result with inhibition of production and release of microorganism enzymes such as lipase, β-glucuronidase (Fig. 3) and finish with death (König et al., 2017).
Even though the mechanism of action of povidone-iodine (free iodine) is like chlorine, it is much less toxic than chlorine. Zhein et al. (2010) studied the survival ratio of Carassius auratus juveniles subjected to free chlorine. They reported LC50 96h of free chlorine was 0.3 ppm. The results of the present study showed a concentration of 90 ppm of povidone-iodine was approximately non-toxic. Also, chlorine has a long half-life in an aqueous medium. The results of the present study showed all of the deaths occurred within the first 24 hours and weren't recorded mortality after that time. These results were the same as the results of the Forouhar Vajargah et al. (2017) study.
Tissue lesions of an aquatic organism are one of the common consequences of the use of chemical compounds (Forouhar Vajargah et al., 2018; Vaclavik et al., 2020; Stara et al., 2020a, b; Sula et al., 2020; Vajargah et al., 2021). Chloramine-T at concentrations 25 and 30 ppm led to hypertrophy and hyperplasia gills of goldfish (Carassius auratus) 24 h after exposure (Altinok, 2004). The histopathological results showed a concentration of less than 60 ppm of Betadine (povidone-iodine solution 10%) didn't lead to significant tissue damages; in addition, the gills lesions were mild in a concentration less than 140 ppm of Betadine. The fish exposed to nominal lethal concentrations of Betadine showed some clinical signs such as fast swimming, anxiety, a tendency to swim near the surface, and finally death with an open mouth.
Tissue damage of fish can be caused by the oxidative activity of free iodine.. Free iodine after passing through of cell membrane and connection to S-H and N-H groups in amino acids (i.e. cysteine, lysine) can lead to denaturation of structural and enzymatic proteins in cells. In addition, iodine can react to fatty acids and nucleotides and deform structures of DNA and RNA (Zawada et al., 2014). However, according to published information about toxicity categories for terrestrial and aquatic organisms by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA, 2017), Betadine (povidone-iodine solution 10%) was particularly non-toxic for goldfish (Table 4).
Ecotoxicity categories of materials for aquatic organisms; listed by their 96h LC50.
Toxicity category
Very highly toxic
96h-LC50 < 0.1
0.1 < 96h-LC50 < 1
1 < 96h-LC50 < 10
10 < 96h-LC50 < 100
96h-LC50 > 100
Note. All data of acute concentrations of pollutants are from U.S. EPA (2017)
The result clearly showed that Betadine (povidone-iodine solution 10%) was particularly non-toxic and its half-life is very short. It is very easy to use cheap and available. The concentrations less than 100 ppm of Betadine didn't lead to death and concentrations less than 60 ppm didn't induced any gills damages. Due to the results of the present study and previous studies about Betadine antimicrobial activity, we can recommend it as a useful disinfectant choice in aquaculture. However, knowledge of Betadine affectivity on common aquatic parasites needs more studies, together with Betadine possible effects on molecular, biochemical and physiological levels can be aim of future studies.
Acknowledgments: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors thank Dr. Aliakbar Hedayati and all the people that helped them to complete this study.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.F.V. and A.M.Y.; methodology, A.M.Y. and C.F.; software, M.F.V.; validation, A.H., C.F. and M.M.G.; formal analysis, M.F.V. and A.M.Y.; investigation, A.M.Y; resources, A.M.Y.; data curation, C.F. and A.H.; writing original draft preparation, A.M.Y.; writing—review and editing, M.D.P., C.F. and A.M.Y; supervision, A.H.; project administration, A.M.H and M.F.V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Data Availability: The datasets in this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. All data and materials are available for publication.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Ethical approval: Institutional guidelines for the ethical issue were followed. The experimental protocol (No. IR-GAUEC178e-2019) was authorized by the Institutional Animal Care and Ethics Committee of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Golestan, Iran.
Consent to Participate: Not applicable.
Consent to Publish: All authors give consent for publication.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Code Availability: Not applicable.
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