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Home » California Penal Code » Penal Code 220 PC | Assault with Intent to Commit a Felony
Penal Code 220 PC | Assault with Intent to Commit a Felony
California prosecutes an assault with intent to commit a felony charge under Penal Code 220.
If you want to learn more about Penal Code 220, then you've come to the right place. You may learn more about assault charges in California below, including:
The results of a PC 220 conviction
The defenses for PC 220 accusations
An assault with intent to commit a felony charge is very serious. Convictions often result in fines and incarceration. Simply contact the Simmrin Law Group if you have additional legal questions. We provide straightforward answers about legal charges in California.
Learn More About Assault Charges in California
Assault is a criminal act on its own in California. Assault charges apply if someone attempts to use force against another person. Any harmful or offensive contact may constitute an act of assault. Individuals do not have to cause harm or pain to face assault charges.
Basic assault charges are prosecuted under Penal Code 240. This basic form of assault is considered a misdemeanor in California. Assault with intent to commit a felony is not a misdemeanor. PC 220 is a more serious charge treated as a felony.
Facts About Assault with Intent to Commit a Felony
Individuals face PC 220 charges if they commit assault and plan to carry out another felony. In general, the subsequent felony is a sex crime. The court uses PC 220 charges when individuals commit assault in conjunction with an attempt to commit:
Rape (including statutory, spousal, and rape in concert with another person)
Oral Copulation by Force or Fear
Lewd Acts with a Child Under 14
Forcible Sexual Penetration with a Foreign Object
As you can see, these are all felonies related to sex crimes. However, individuals may also face PC 220 charges if they assault someone with the intent to commit mayhem. Penal Code 203 defines "mayhem." According to PC 203, individuals commit mayhem if they:
Remove someone's body part
Disable or disfigure a body part
Render a body part useless
Disable or cut a tongue
Remove someone's eye
Slit someone's lip, nose, or ear
Mayhem does not necessarily involve sexual violence. However, it may still lead to PC 220 accusations in California. Find out more about the specifics of a mayhem charge with a criminal defense lawyer in Los Angeles. Just call (310) 997-4688.
Related: Penal Code 12022.1 PC | Committing a Felony While on Bail
Results of a Conviction for Assault with Intent to Commit a Felony
Assault with intent to commit a felony may lead to serious penalties in California. These penalties may apply even if an individual did not successfully carry out the felony. Merely attempting to commit these sex crimes or mayhem while committing assault may lead to a conviction.
Convictions under PC 220 may result in up to six years in prison. The court may increase the penalty to nine years of prison time in some cases. Generally, individuals face more prison time if they are accused of attempting to commit a sex crime against someone under 18.
You should know that PC 220 is considered a felony in California. This means that individuals convicted are considered felons. This may impact their ability to buy a house or find a job, even after they are released from prison.
Related: Penal Code 17b PC | Motion to Reduce Felony to a Misdemeanor
Focus on Defenses for PC 220 Accusations
There are legal defenses that may work for individuals accused of a PC 220 violation. A criminal defense lawyer in Los Angeles may consider your unique situation if you face this charge. In some cases, a lawyer could work to show that:
You Did Not Commit Assault
As we mentioned, California has a specific legal definition for assault. You may avoid a conviction if you did not touch someone in an offensive or harmful way. A lawyer may work to show that no acts constituting assault occurred.
You Acted in Self-Defense
You are allowed to take steps to protect yourself in California. You may use force if someone is trying to hurt you. This could help you avoid charges for assault. However, carrying out a sex crime is not an act taken in self-defense in California.
Related: Penal Code 12022.2 PC | Felony Using Armor-Piercing Ammunition
Work with a Lawyer to Handle PC 220 Charges in California
Make sure you take Penal Code 220: Assault with Intent to Commit a Felony charges seriously. A criminal defense lawyer in Los Angeles may help you with your defense. Find out about legal options to handle a PC 220 charge from the Simmrin Law Group. We provide free consultations to individuals accused of a PC 220 violation.
Learn more by calling (310) 997-4688. You may also complete our online contact form.
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almediah.fr » Science and Math » Parallel Computing for Data Science: With Examples in R, C++ and CUDA (Chapman & Hall/CRC The R Series)
Download Parallel Computing for Data Science: With Examples in R, C++ and CUDA (Chapman & Hall/CRC The R Series) eBook
by Norman Matloff
Norman Matloff Mathematics English
Norman Matloff
Chapman and Hall/CRC; 1 edition (June 4, 2015)
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Probability and Statistics for Data Science (Chapman & Hall/CRC Data Science Series). From my reading of the book, Matloff achieves his goals, and in doing so he has provided a volume that will be immensely useful to a very wide audience
Probability and Statistics for Data Science (Chapman & Hall/CRC Data Science Series). From my reading of the book, Matloff achieves his goals, and in doing so he has provided a volume that will be immensely useful to a very wide audience.
Chapman and Hall/CRC Published June 4, 2015 Reference - 328 Pages - 7 B/W Illustrations ISBN . This is a book that I will use, both as a reference and for instruction. The examples are poignant and the presentation moves the reader directly from concept to working code.
Chapman and Hall/CRC Published June 4, 2015 Reference - 328 Pages - 7 B/W Illustrations ISBN 9781466587014 - CAT K20322 Series: Chapman & Hall/CRC The R Series. eBooks are subject to VAT, which is applied during the checkout process. What are VitalSource eBooks? Chapman and Hall/CRC Published June 4, 2015 Reference - 328 Pages ISBN 9780429072161 - CAT KE75541. Michael Kane, Yale University.
Series: Chapman & Hall/CRC the R series (CRC Press). Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books you've read. File: PDF, . 4 MB. Save for later. Whether you've loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them.
Электронная книга "Parallel Computing for Data Science: With Examples in R, C++ and CUDA", Norman Matloff. Эту книгу можно прочитать в Google Play Книгах на компьютере, а также на устройствах Android и iOS. Выделяйте текст, добавляйте закладки и делайте заметки, скачав книгу "Parallel Computing for Data Science: With Examples in R, C++ and CUDA" для чтения в офлайн-режиме.
Parallel Computing for Data Science: With Examples in R, C++ and CUDA Chapman & Hall/CRC The R Series (Том 28). Автор.
Parallel Computing for Data Science: With Examples in R, C++ and CUDA is one of the first parallel computing books to concentrate exclusively on parallel data structures, algorithms, software tools, and applications in data science. Dr. Norman Matloff is a professor of computer science at the University of California, Davis, where he was a founding member of the Department of Statistics. He is a statistical consultant and a former database software developer. Parallel Computing for Data Science: With Examples in R, C++ and CUDA Chapman & Hall/CRC The R Series (Том 28).
first parallel computing books to concentrate exclusively on parallel data structures, algorithms, software tools, and applications in data science. The examples illustrate the range of issues encountered in parallel programming. It includes examples not only from the classic n observations, p variables matrix format but also from time series, network graph models, and numerous other structures common in data science.
Chapman and Hall/CRC. 328 pages 7 B/W Illus. Example: Finding the Maximal Burst in a Time Series. Example: Transformation of an Adjacency Matrix. For Instructors Request Inspection Copy. Dirk Eddelbuettel, Debian and R Projects. Example: k-Means Clustering. It includes examples not only from the classic "n observations, p variables" matrix format but also from time series, network graph models, and numerous other structures common in data science. Xie and Matloff (2014) proposed remedying this problem by plotting only the most patterns, with frequency defined in terms of nonparametrically estimated multivariate density.
Parallel Computing for Data Science: With Examples in R, C++ and CUDA is one of the first parallel computing books to concentrate exclusively on parallel data structures, algorithms, software tools, and applications in data science. It includes examples not only from the classic "n observations, p variables" matrix format but also from time series, network graph models, and numerous other structures common in data science. The examples illustrate the range of issues encountered in parallel programming.
With the main focus on computation, the book shows how to compute on three types of platforms: multicore systems, clusters, and graphics processing units (GPUs). It also discusses software packages that span more than one type of hardware and can be used from more than one type of programming language. Readers will find that the foundation established in this book will generalize well to other languages, such as Python and Julia.
Rindyt
The basic idea of the book is good and such a book is very timely. Matloff delivers with clarity and authority, which is good. The book suffers a lot, however, by the lack of a good professional edit. The leading example, though useful in containing many the features you would need as an illustrative example is, frankly, rather pedestrian and why anyone would want to do such a calculation is left unmotivated. The code listings in the book, of which there are a great number of course, are presented in a variable pitch roman font making them not only unattractive, but difficult to read quickly. It's very jarring. Worse still, though, is the large number of typos and other infelicities that mean you have to check constantly as you read. The book shows every sign of being published in a great rush, and it almost looks like the author is leaning on his readers to do the final edit! The book also has no Bibliography and the only inline references I could find were to the author's own previous book on The Art of R Programming.
Sudert
Let me preface by saying that I consider Matloff's "The Art of R Programming" to be the best book on R available. So, I had very high hopes for this book. However, this book falls far short of the quality of Matloff's book on R.
In general, I greatly agree with Venables prior review on editing and typesetting. It appears that the printing was done in the basic font used in LaTeX documents made in RStudio or a basic LaTeX editor. In my mind, Matloff was done a huge disservice by CRC Press by not doing a professional edit and making appropriate typesetting decisions.
Moving to the book's content, I found the information very informative and useful. In particular Chapters 2 - 6 were great.
That said, given how much of this information is freely available online, it's hard to justify a purchase. In addition, this edition has changed very little from the rough draft that is freely available on Dr Matloff's website. Given the poor quality edit and the lack of new / revised material vs the free draft version, I have a hard time recommending this as a purchase, though I do consider it a valuable reference. Yes, I realize that that is seemingly contradictory.
Jogas
Not worth the money, especially since there are so many good parallel materials out there for free. The book felt rushed too, like it wasn't proofread enough times or something.
Malakelv
This book is for people who have no prior experience of parallel programming so it explains basic concepts well. I didn't read it thoroughly looking for mistakes. I read it to get an understanding of parallel programming at C level in the context of R. And for that, I cannot fault this book. It was my go-to reference for my first parallel C effort: data.table::fwrite(). I then moved on to free online articles after that when I became more advanced. But I needed this book as a grounding first.
Related books to Parallel Computing for Data Science: With Examples in R, C++ and CUDA (Chapman & Hall/CRC The R Series)
Lectures in Parallel Computation (Cambridge International Series on Parallel Computation) ebook
Programming Massively Parallel Processors: A Hands-on Approach ebook
Mining Very Large Databases with Parallel Processing (Advances in Database Systems) ebook
Parallel Computer Architectures: Theory, Hardware, Software, Applications (Lecture Notes in Computer Science) ebook
Parallel Computation on Regular Arrays (Algorithms and Architectures for Advanced Scientific Computing) ebook
Computational Thinking for the Modern Problem Solver (Chapman & Hall/CRC Textbooks in Computing) ebook
GPU Computing Gems Emerald Edition (Applications of GPU Computing Series) ebook
Parallel Logic Programming ebook
Assignment Problems in Parallel and Distributed Computing (The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science) ebook
Software for Parallel Computation (NATO Asi Series: Series F: Computer & Systems Sciences) ebook


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Kms hacker
Kms hacker. how to remove hack tool: win32/autoKMS 2019-02-12
Tuesday, February 12, 2019 12:36:59 AM Victor
Hack Tool: Win 32/Auto KMS
LulzSec responded by claiming that Hijazi offered to pay them to attack his business opponents and that they never intended to take any money from him. It do not needs internet connection for the activation of the House windows 10. It will give you continuous love messages each time you start office. Archived from on 18 July 2011. He was identified as Darren Martyn of Ireland and was indicted on conspiracy charges on 6 March 2012.
PSA: DO NOT USE ILLEGAL KMS ACTIVATION TO BYPASS ACTIVATION PROBLEMS (COMMON SOLUTION SPREADING ON THE INTERNET) : Windows10
I did what I did so that maybe I would get to return to my life a bit quicker than if I had done nothing. If you face any problem, don't hesitate to knock me. On 6 March 2012, two men from Great Britain, one from the United States, and two from Ireland were charged in connection to their alleged involvement with LulzSec. Do you ever worry you may be subject to an investigation because of it? ClamWin has an intuitive user interface that is easy to use. He was also charged with a hacking attack on the U. Petrobras denied that any data had been stolen, and LulzSecBrazil removed the information from their Twitter feed a few hours later.
The Darkode Cybercrime Forum, Up Close — Krebs on Security
The arrested an 18-year-old man from on 27 July 2011 suspected of being LulzSec member. Members of the group may have been involved in a against the security firm. But, that is mainly due to the very public podium from which he speaks. Tails If you are at high risk and you have the capacity to do so, you can also access the submission system through a secure operating system called. Archived from on 26 June 2011.
How to Activate Windows 10 without Crack? [New Hack]
The information released also included the of parts of the website. The group claimed this sent five to 20 calls per second to these sources, overwhelming their support officers. Retrieved on 6 June 2011. The group helped launch , a joint effort involving LulzSec, , and other hackers. Most potentially unwanted applications monitor user behavior to unleash targeted pop-up advertisements that denigrate computer performance and impede the user experience. Even if you're legally licensed after the upgrade, this makes your machine invalidly licensed, and will cause headaches down the road if you ever call for legitimate support, sell the machine, etc.
His lawyer Gideon Cammerman stated that, while his client did help publicize LulzSec and Anonymous attacks, he lacked the technical skills to have been anything but a sympathizer. LulzSec denied the man arrested was a member. LulzSec has denied responsibility for misuse of any of the data they breached and released. A London court released Davis on bail under the conditions that he live under curfew with his parents and have no access to the internet. When you install this the You will find the difference between the other activators and this kind of activator as you will employ this activator. I hope you beat your case brother. Archived from on 14 June 2011.
Archived from on 26 June 2011. A report on the group quoted one commentator, Brandon Pike, who claimed that Lulz Security was affiliated with the group. You can use this activator to activate your Windows and Office permanently. As many people do, she used her phone for many purposes, including business, personal, and entertainment. I did what I did out of entirely selfish motives, to help myself get away from the spotlight placed on me by people who I was once similar to.
How To Remove KMS Activator (Instructions)
Archived from on 21 June 2011. This kind of tool would not cast any kind of threat for the program. They stole user data and posted a fake story on the site which claimed that and were still alive and living in New Zealand. Office 2016 Lifetime Activator Ultimate. LulzSec posted various personal information about the two on including and physical addresses.
What is KMS
He and several other master manipulators in his circle socially engineered a lot of people and wrecked havoc. The man was later identified as Jake Davis and was charged with five counts, including unauthorized access of a computer and conspiracy. I don't know the actual cause behind the failure. I also like that you run these thugs down. The of several large corporations including Sony, , and , , and were included. You do work in a world where you play with dangerous people and otherwise unsavory places. Do i ignore this message? In the instance I saw where such spyware was being deposited onto phones, the only notification was hidden deep in the terms of service.
Edit: People won't know the 180 bit and they won't know it's not a real activation or solution from Microsoft. Other members still may be active as to this time, they have not yet been identified. What follows is a brief series of dossiers on those leaders, as well as a look at who these people are in real life. Kayla owned a used by the group in their distributed denial-of-service attacks. If you used flash media to store sensitive data, it is important to destroy the media.
Advanced Version of kmsauto net 2015 becomes the most popular tool for activation of Windows as well as Office different versions. Believe me, at this point, they know you better than you know yourself. Archived from on 30 June 2011. Archived from on 13 June 2011. I am sure your visit to us must be quite satisfying and in line with your expectations from us.


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A big night for the Big Lie
Matty Mendez
Deputy Views Editor
On Saturday, for a whopping ninety-five minutes, former President Donald Trump held the stage at the Iowa State Fairgrounds in Des Moines during a demonstration that was considered by the press as one of the first of many prospective 2024 campaign stops.
Trump has yet to officially announce his presidential candidacy, as he has yet to concede the 2020 presidential election and continues to assert the blatant lie that he was the contest's true victor. It is becoming exceedingly clear that upon the first instance to cement himself as Biden's re-election opponent, the reality star will pounce.
The former president claimed that the Biden Administration and congressional Democrats are responsible for sending our nation to "the brink of ruin" and proffering his scatter-brained solutions to "Save America," a reference to the Political Action Committee he formed to retain political purchasing power in lieu of the presidency. Among the alleged tactics contributing to our nation's "destruction," Trump accused his opposition of "ripping babies from their mother's womb" and "killing babies even after birth."
During lulls in his heavy-handed rebuke of Biden for the Afghanistan withdrawal, his immigration and border policy and his supposed villainization of American parents opposing school mask mandates — among other things — Trump took to the task of rewriting history once again, running down an itemized inventory of supposed "election fraud" to invalidate his electoral college loss.
He rehashed his faithful fibs, including the unfounded claim that there were "more votes than voters" in Philadelphia, whilst introducing some fresh falsities. That specific falsehood originated from a group of Pennsylvania Republican lawmakers and, months later, made its way from Trump's eyes and ears, passed his fact-checkers in all of their voluntary ineptitude and into his rally.
Trump also parroted a disputed claim he shared to Twitter in December 2020, that "no candidate has ever won both Florida and Ohio and lost." In 1960, fellow Republican president Richard Nixon won Florida and Ohio but lost the general election to John F. Kennedy.
I believe I may have finally achieved a nuanced understanding of Trumpworld's approach to the 2020 election: In states that he won big, the elections were fair, and he won. In states where he lost by the smallest of margins, the elections were rigged, and he won. In the states that he lost by larger margins, the margins were, in actuality, small, the elections: rigged, and he lost, but he won. Am I right?
"The election was a fraud, and if we want to save our country and make America great again, we have only one choice. We must elect strong and unyielding American Republicans at every level," Trump told the rally crowd on Saturday.
In any capacity, election misinformation is toxic. However, when it is being cosigned and amplified by a former president alongside baseless attacks of the free press and a sensationalized censure of the current administration, it can have a catastrophic effect on the integrity of our political systems.
It would come as a great shock were the former president to concede and effectively relinquish the limelight, getting to work on his memoirs and subsequent presidential library while acting in accordance with the executive example of his predecessors. As the weeks and months progress and as every passing rally poses a unique opportunity to purport The Big Lie, I grow weary that Trump will obey the longstanding tradition of humility and mundanity attributed to former presidents.


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March 22, 2019 @ 10:49am » Andrew Holleran
Cam Newton Has Decided To Give Up Sex For A Month
NEW ORLEANS, LA - DECEMBER 03: Cam Newton #1 of the Carolina Panthers reacts during the first half of a game against the New Orleans Saints at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome on December 3, 2017 in New Orleans, Louisiana. (Photo by Jonathan Bachman/Getty Images)
George Costanza gave up sex on a classic episode of Seinfeld and became the smartest man in New York City. Cam Newton is apparently trying to follow in his footsteps.
The Carolina Panthers' star quarterback has decided to go coitus-free for an entire month with the goal of bettering himself mentally.
Newton had a trying 2018 season, both physically and mentally, as the Panthers struggled and the star QB dealt with injuries.
The former No. 1 overall pick in the NFL Draft announced his sex-free plan on the Late Late Show With James Corden.
"In March — and I hope this is an adult crowd — no climax," Newton told the audience. "I'm going through a transition right now."
Another guest on the show suggested that Newton should've done this in February, considering it's only 28 days long. March, of course, has 31 days.
"I wanted it to be challenging," Newton said. "I'm coming off shoulder surgery."
Newton is trying to get mentally stronger.
"It makes my mind stronger," he said. "So when the season comes around, I say if I did those things, I'm mentally stronger."
The 29-year-old quarterback was the NFL's MVP in 2015 and is coming off, arguably, his best passing season (he had career highs in completions and completion percentage).
The goal is to be better in 2019, though, and Newton is going all-out to make that happen – just not in the bedroom.
Filed Under: Carolina Panthers, NFL
About Andrew Holleran
Andrew Holleran is the managing editor at The Spun.
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Telegram unveils new features to help keep your spoilers under wraps
Today, Telegram announced the release of several exciting new features to help users keep spoilers hidden. With the introduction of spoiler formatting, drawing tools, and other improvements, the popular messaging app has made it easier than ever to share content without ruining the surprise for others. In this blog post, we'll explore the latest features in more detail and discuss how they can help you stay spoiler-free. Telegram unveils new features to help keep your spoilers under wraps
Hiding Text
Other New Features
Telegram, one of the most popular messaging apps in the world, recently added a feature that makes it easy to hide text and spoilers. By simply adding a few characters to your messages, you can hide the text from your friends or followers so they don't accidentally see it. This makes it much easier for people to share spoilers without ruining the surprise for their friends.
The spoiler formatting feature is simple and intuitive. To use it, all you have to do is add three tildes (~~~) before and after the text you want to hide. For example, if you wanted to hide the title of the latest blockbuster movie, you could write ~~~Avengers: Endgame~~~ and only those who click on the text will be able to see it. It's important to note that this feature only works on text messages, not photos or videos.
See also Algorithm Change Sparks Backlash from TikTok Users
The spoiler formatting feature is just one of the many new additions Telegram has made recently. Not only does it make it easy to hide text, but it also helps keep conversations organized and readable. By using the spoiler formatting feature, you can make sure that your friends don't get spoiled on the latest movie or TV show while also making sure your messages are still easy to read.
The popular messaging app Telegram has unveiled a range of new features to help users keep their spoilers under wraps. One of these features is the addition of drawing tools, which allow users to express themselves more creatively and add a fun element to their conversations.
The drawing tools can be accessed from the "Edit" menu when composing a message, and allows users to draw a picture, or even write out words. Users can select the type of pen, the size, and the color that they would like to use. The tool also allows users to edit their drawings by erasing, undoing and redoing any changes that they have made.
Telegram's drawing tools are a great way for users to make their messages more personal and unique. It provides an opportunity for them to show off their creativity and express themselves in ways that were not previously possible. With the addition of drawing tools, it is now easier than ever for users to communicate visually with their friends and family.
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Telegram has also added a few other new features to its platform. One of the most interesting additions is the ability to pin messages in group chats. Now, you can make sure important messages are always at the top of the chat window and easily accessible.
Additionally, Telegram has included an improved search feature so that users can find messages quicker and more efficiently. Finally, they've added support for third-party apps so that you can integrate them with your account and take advantage of additional features.
These new features make it easier than ever to communicate with your friends and family on Telegram. With the added spoiler formatting feature, drawing tools, message pinning, improved search, and third-party app integration, you can have all the latest tools at your disposal for staying connected.
If you're looking for a way to keep your spoilers under wraps, Telegram has just the feature for you. The messaging app has recently unveiled their new formatting feature that allows users to hide text with spoiler tags. This is an especially useful feature for any groups or chats with members who don't want to see spoilers or be spoiled by those who do.
See also Why You Should Disable Tablet Mode in Google Chrome
To use this feature, all you have to do is select the text or message that you would like to hide and press the 'spoiler' button in the formatting menu. The text will then be replaced with a block of black dots, and anyone who wants to see the text will need to click on it to reveal what it says.
In addition to the spoiler formatting feature, Telegram also added several other new features, including drawing tools and a redesigned photo editor. With the drawing tools, you can draw directly on photos or videos in order to send more creative messages. The photo editor also gives you access to a number of different filters and effects that can be applied to photos before sending them out.
These new features are available now for both Android and iOS users and can be accessed through the formatting menu in any group or chat. So if you're looking for a way to keep your spoilers hidden, these new features from Telegram are just what you need!
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Home News Featured News How WP frustrates PAP
How WP frustrates PAP
By Augustine Low
The Workers' Party has been frustrating the PAP by doing what it does best – staying moderate and restrained, and avoiding confrontation and tit-for-tat.
Since GE 2011, PAP Ministers and MPs have taken turns to take pot shots at the WP. When the WP stays silent on issues, it is accused of opting out or sitting on the fence. When it makes a stand on something, it is criticised for pandering to the public, claiming credit and trying to score points.
The WP strategy appears to be this: You can snipe and snap all you want, we choose to respond only when we want to, we have no intention to engage in bickering and tit-for-tat.
The PAP has adopted an offensive strategy in a bid to draw the WP out of its comfort zone. Most recently, the likes of Hri Kumar, Indranee Rajah and Josephine Teo have chastised and castigated the party for either staying silent or speaking up. But to the frustration of the PAP, the WP refuses to be baited to respond in kind.
The WP prefers to stick to its strategy of doing its work on the ground, connecting with residents one-on-one and attending to day-to-day problems.
The WP's current strategy has its roots from key lessons learnt.
Low Thia Khiang is a wily politician who observed first-hand how the JB Jeyaretnam style of politics cost him dearly. JBJ was a fearless warrior and a raging bull who attacked relentlessly, but he was felled by libel suits, bankruptcy charges and credibility issues. For all his brave efforts, JBJ failed to put together a cohesive force to challenge the might of the PAP.
Low learnt that patience and moderation would prolong longetivity in politics. He chose to concentrate on constituency politics and play an understated role in Parliament. For him, fireworks only provide short-lived euphoria. Finger pointing and strong words of condemnation are seldom necessary. For the WP, the priority is hard work on the ground. Once the WP has a stranglehold of a constituency, it is very difficult to dislodge it. This solid ground-up work was the key to it spreading its wings from Hougang to Aljunied GRC and Punggol East.
Another lesson learnt was from the AIM sage which became protracted and took up too much of the WP's time and resources. For such disputes, the full weight of the PAP – and its government agencies – will be marshalled to discredit the WP, and distract it from constituency politics. And unlike the PAP, the WP does not have a wealth of resources and manpower at its disposal and will find itself on the losing end if it were to enter into long drawn bickering.
While the WP has frustrated the PAP with its restraint and reticence, it has also ironically frustrated some of its own supporters and pro-opposition forces for the very same reasons. Expectations rose exponentially when it captured a GRC in 2011. Some supporters want a WP that is more combative, ready to pounce on missteps, and vigorously take the government to task for shortcomings.
But the anticipated fireworks have not materialised. There is some dismay that the WP has not bared its fangs enough, and not been a bigger and louder voice for people's angst and dissatisfaction. Whether this has consequences for the WP remains to be seen.
But the WP must be doing something right when it keeps frustratrating the PAP. It is adept at keeping its cards close to its chest and might yet spring another major surprise or two – like it did when it fielded its formidable A-team in Aljunied GRC in 2011. For the WP, it's all about less talk and more action.


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Die Krka-Brücke, kroatisch Most Krka, ist eine Bogenbrücke aus Stahlbeton über den kroatischen Fluss Krka in der Nähe der Stadt Skradin. Die Brücke überführt die vierspurige Autocesta A1 und wurde zwischen 2002 und 2004 errichtet. Im Juni 2005 folgte die Verkehrsfreigabe.

Technische Details und Bau
Der Bogen der Krka-Brücke hat einen Querschnitt von 10 m mal 3 m und wurde im Freivorbau mit Hilfsabspannungen aus jeweils 5,2 m langen Stahlbetonabschnitten hergestellt. Der oben aufliegende Fahrbahnträger ist in Verbundbauweise gefertigt. Für den Bau kamen insgesamt 12.000 m³ Beton und 1.700 t Bewehrungsstahl zum Einsatz.

Die Bauausführung übernahm die kroatische Firma Konstruktor Inzenjering. Spezialfirma für den Stahlbau war das ebenfalls kroatische Unternehmen Duro Dakovic Montaža, das heute ein Teil der deutschen Bilfinger Power Systems GmbH ist. Die Schrägseile für die Hilfsabspannungen lieferte die deutsche DYWIDAG-Systems International GmbH. Die Fahrbahnübergänge an den zwei Dehnfugen der Brücke stammen von der schweizerischen Firma mageba sa.

Weblinks

 Jure Radić, Zlatko Šavor, Ana Mandić: Two Notable Arch Bridges on The Croatian Adriatic Highway auf researchgate.net

Einzelnachweise

Straßenbrücke in Kroatien
Bogenbrücke
Stahlbetonbrücke
Erbaut in den 2000er Jahren
Verkehrsbauwerk in der Gespanschaft Šibenik-Knin
Brücke in Europa
Technisches Denkmal in Kroatien

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text:
\section{Introduction}
Recent developments in information technology are linked to various devices, such as, multistage storage memory devices, sensors, spintronic devices etc., which utilize electric and magnetic properties of materials. The strongly correlated systems, which exhibit mutual coupling of multiple order parameters have attracted widespread research interest due to their innovative technological applications \cite{maignan2018fe}. Multiferroic materials hold great application possibilities for the development of electronic devices because of the coexistence of ferroelectric and magnetic orders and their outstanding mutual coupling \cite{maignan2018fe,cao2017single,deng2019large,yin2016colossal}. This can lead to significant magneto-electric (ME) coupling in multiferroic materials, in which, the magnetic information can be controlled by an electric field or the electric polarization by external magnetic field
\cite{rivera2009short,schmid1994multi}. There are spin-driven (type-II) multiferroics in which specific magnetic ordering is responsible for the inversion symmetry breaking. $CuO$, $GdFeO_3$, $TbMnO_3$ etc belong to type-II multiferroics and they exhibit ME coupling \cite{agyei1990linear,tokunaga2009composite,jana2016high}.
 Apart from type-II multiferroic system, a new class of  $A_4B_2O_9$ (where, A = Fe, Co, Mn, and B = Nb, Ta) compounds crystallizing in centrosymmetric crystal structures, exhibit novel linear-ME (LME)effect. Some of the above type of materials exhibit collinear antiferromagnetic structure at the ground state\cite{jana2019low,ding2020successive,khanh2017manipulation,khanh2016magnetoelectric,liu2016magnetodielectric}.  The crystallographic structure of $A_4B_2O_9$  is derived from magnetoelectric corundum-type $Cr_2O_3$, which belongs to the centrosymmetric layered trigonal structure with $P-3c1$  space group\cite{bertaut1961etude}. The layered trigonal crystallographic structures are generally formed by two different types of honeycomb layers stacked alternately along the $c$-axis.  Recently $Mn_4Nb_2O_9$, $Co_4Nb_2O_9$ and $Fe_4Nb_2O_9$ are reported to belong to LME class\cite{jana2019low,fang2014large,fang2015magnetic,maignan2018type}.

Temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility $\chi(T)$ and neutron diffraction measurements on honeycomb $Fe_4Nb_2O_9$ (FNO) show the antiferromagnetic transition at   $T_N$ = 94K, with a strong magnetic anisotropy suggesting in-plane antiferromagnetic exchange iterations and out of plane ferromagnetic exchange interactions between Fe atoms along $c$-axis \cite{jana2019low,lee2019highly,ding2020successive}. Dielectric permittivity measurements on the same material show two anomalies at 94 and 80 K, due to magnetic transition and trigonal $P-3c1$ to monoclinic $C2/c$ structural phase transition, respectively \cite{jana2019low,ding2020successive,fiebig2005revival,ding2016one}.

Recently it is reported that in LME $Co_4Nb_2O_9$, the lattice distortion causes the change in bond strength leading to anisotropic magneto-dielectric coupling phenomenon \cite{khanh2019anisotropic}. Hence it is important to understand the effect of strain on the physical properties of FNO, as it also belongs to the LME class. FNO contains $3d^{6}$ $Fe^{2+}$ magnetic cations having high spin state (S=2), consistent with the $O^{2-}$ and $Nb^{5+}$ oxidation state. Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion of $Fe^{2+}O_6$ octahedra removes the degeneracy of $t_{2g}$ orbitals and consequently tends to localize electrons via a local lattice distortion \cite{huang2017jahn}. Carrier delocalization can be possible by lifting the JT distortion of the octahedra. In strongly correlated systems charge delocalization are identified from the electron-phonon scattering rate that can be obtained from low-frequency electronic (LFE) contributions and the softening of the high-frequency electronic(HFE) peak from Raman spectroscopy measurements \cite{gupta1996electronic,marrocchelli2007pressure,congeduti2001anomalous,yoon1998raman,
katsufuji1994electronic}.
The reduction of octahedral distortion (hence the JT coupling) can be possible by applying the external pressure on the system. Therefore studying the physical behaviour of FNO at high pressures will be very interesting, which is lacking as far as the knowledge of the authors.

 In this work, we have carried out high-pressure x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman scattering experiments on polycrystalline FNO. Detailed high pressure XRD data analysis allows us to explain the change in bond lengths formed by the heavy ions in the honeycomb layers and determine a structural phase transition from ambient trigonal $P-3c1$ to monoclinic $C2/c$ phase at about 8.8-9.3 GPa. The FNO unit cell is found to be more compressible along $c$-axis in comparison to $ab$-plane, indicating competition between two types of exchange interaction at high pressures. Our pressure-dependent Raman scattering data show a change in the slope and a minimum in the FWHM of selected Raman modes around 8.8 GPa.
The anomalous behaviour of Raman modes in combination of analysis of the structural data indicates a magnetic transition along with a possible change in lattice electrical polarization in the monoclinic phase at high pressures.

 \section{Experimental}
Powder FNO samples were synthesized through a conventional solid-state synthesis route as described in literature \cite{jana2019low}. We have carried out high-pressure XRD and Raman spectroscopy measurements using a piston-cylinder type diamond anvil cell (DAC) from EasyLab Co. (UK) having 300$\mu$m culet. Polycrystalline FNO samples were crushed into a very fine powder and loaded inside a hole of 120$\mu$m diameter drilled in a pre-indented stainless-steel gasket. The indented thickness of the gasket was about 50$\mu$m. Methanol-ethanol $(4:1)$ mixture was added as a pressure transmitting medium (PTM).
The pressure-dependent XRD measurements at room temperature were carried out at XPRESS beamline in ELETTRA synchrotron source in Trieste, Italy. The wavelength of the monochromatic x-ray beam was 0.4957 $\AA$. The incident high energy x-ray radiation was collimated to about 30 $\mu$m. The diffraction patterns were recorded using $MAR-345$ image plate detector, placed normal to the incident beam. A minute amount of fine silver powder was added along with the sample during loading of DAC. Equation of state of silver was used for the determination of pressure values {\it in situ} \cite{dewaele2008compression}. The sample to the detector distance was calibrated using $LaB_6$. Diffracted patterns were integrated to $2\theta$ vs intensity profile using FIT2D software \cite{hammersley1996two}. The XRD patterns were indexed using CRYSFIRE \cite{shirley2002crysfire} and for the refinement of the unit cell parameter, we used CHECKCELL \cite{laugier2004lmgp}. Lebail and Rietveld refinements of all the XRD patterns were carried out using GSAS software \cite{toby2001expgui}.

Pressure dependent Raman spectroscopy measurements were performed using the confocal micro-Raman system (Monovista from S\&I GmbH). Raman signals were collected in the back scattering geometry. A few ruby chips (approximate sizes of 3-5 $\mu$m) were added along with the sample during loading the DAC for pressure calibration using the ruby fluorescence technique \cite{mao1986calibration}. The sample was excited using Cobalt-samba diode pump 532nm laser source. Raman signals were collected using a infinitely corrected 20X objective lens having a large working distance and a grating of  1500 rulings/mm with a spectral resolution of about 1.2 $cm^{-1}$. For detailed Raman analysis, we have collected the Raman spectra from 100 cm$^{-1}$ to get rid of any effect of the edge filter used to remove the Rayleigh line, which was standardized from the Raman spectra of $Si$ (Supplementary Fig.S1).

\section{Results and discussions}
We have collected the XRD patterns of polycrystalline FNO at different pressures up to 30 GPa. At ambient conditions, all the diffraction peaks can be well indexed to the trigonal unit cell with $P-3c1$ symmetry. The Rietveld refinement of the ambient pattern is carried out using the initial atom positions obtained from Jana \emph{et~al.}\cite{jana2019low} and shown in Fig.1(a).
The calculated lattice parameters from the best fit are a = 5.23221(13) $\AA$, c = 14.2259(8) $\AA$, and corresponding unit cell volume V= 338(6)$\AA^3$. These are quite close to the literature values \cite{jana2019low}.
In Supplementary Fig.S2 we have plotted pressure dependence of XRD patterns at selected pressure points.
The XRD patterns of the FNO sample show no significant changes up to 8.8 GPa. Changes in the diffraction patterns are observed with the appearance of splitting of certain Bragg peaks around 9.3 GPa as shown in the Supplementary Fig.S2(a). With further increase in pressure more Bragg peaks start splitting and they are found to be well resolved by about 15.3 GPa (Supplementary Fig.S2(b)). We indexed the XRD pattern at 12.4 GPa, which returned a monoclinic structure with lattice parameters, $a$ = 8.9215(1),  $b$ = 5.1199(4), $c$ = 13.8901(2) $\AA$, $\beta = 91.461(9) ^o$, and corresponding unit cell volume V= 634.26(3) $\AA^3$.
For a better understanding of the crystal structure at high pressures, we have performed group subgroup analysis using Bilbao Crystallographic Server tools. The symmetry-related maximal subgroup of $P-3c1$ is the subgroup $C2/c$ having space group number 15. The XRD pattern at 12.4 GPa is best matched to the above lattice parameters in the C2/c space group. The new structure is very much similar to the antiferromagnetic monoclinic phase obtained by Jana et. al. below 85 K \cite{jana2019low}.
The Rietveld refinements of the monoclinic phase are carried out by calculating the atom position parameters using group-subgroup analysis using the software Powder Cell \cite{kraus1996powder,kraus2000powdercell}.
The best Rietveld fit of the XRD pattern at 12.4 GPa is shown in Fig.1(b) using new atom positions which are given in Table I. We used the same monoclinic structure to index the XRD patterns from 9.3 GPa, which gave a good match. Therefore, we observe a structural transition at about 9.3 GPa from the trigonal to the monoclinic phase.  No changes are observed upon a further increase in pressure except the broadening of peaks.

The pressure evolution of lattice parameters are shown in Fig.2(a) for both the phases. The $c$-axis does not show any drastic change across the phase transition pressure. However $a$-axis shows a jump at the transition pressures. The $b$-axis, in case of the monoclinic phase shows a slight upturn at high pressures.
The unit cell volume obtained after refinement of each XRD pattern at all pressure points (in both the phases) fitted to the 3rd order BM-EOS function \cite{angel2014eosfit7c} and is shown in Fig.2(b):
\begin{equation}
	P(V)=\frac{3 B_{0}}{2}\left[\left(\frac{V_{0}}{V}\right)^{7 / 3}-\left(\frac{V_{0}}{V}\right)^{5 / 3}\right] \times\left\{1+\frac{3}{4}\left(B^{\prime}-4\right)\left[\left(\frac{V_{0}}{V}\right)^{2 / 3}-1\right]\right\}
\end{equation}
where $B_0$ and $B'$ are the bulk modulus and the first-order pressure derivative of bulk modulus, respectively. $P$ is the pressure, $V_0$ is the ambient unit cell volume. The obtained EOS parameters are: for the trigonal phase $B_0$ = 155 $\pm$ 11 GPa, $B'$ = 5.4; and for monoclinic phase $B_0$ = 167 $\pm$ 5 GPa, $B'$ = $3.7$. Our results indicate a decrease in compressibility with the structural transition.

It is interesting to see the unit cell arrangement of FNO. The trigonal phase consists of layers of metal-oxygen polyhedra along the $c$-axis. There are two layers formed by edge shared $NbO_6$ and $Fe2O_6$ octahedra separated by a single layer formed by edge sharing $Fe1O_6$ octahedra along $c$-axis. With the application of pressure, the distortion index and the quadratic elongation of both the $Fe1-O_6$ and $Fe2-O_6$ octahedra decrease till about 8.8 GPa and then suddenly jumps in the monoclinic phase. In contrast, both the distortion index and the quadratic elongation of $Nb-O_6$ octahedra reach their respective maximum values at the phase boundary of trigonal to monoclinic phases as shown in the Fig.3(a) and Fig.3(b). Since there is a minimal change in volume across the structural transition (from 160.5 \AA$^3$ at 8.8 GPa to 160.2 \AA$^3$ at 9.3 GPa), the large distortion of $Nb-O_6$ octahedra may be driving the structural transition. The effect of small volume change can be seen from the starting of splitting of certain Bragg peaks at 9.3 GPa, which continue until they are well resolved at 12.4 GPa.  Another important part is that the ambient trigonal phase undergoes a magnetic transition to an antiferromagnetic state below 95 K \cite{maignan2018fe,jana2019low,ding2020successive}, in which the spins of Fe atoms are aligned ferromagnetically along $c$-axis and antiferromagnetically in the $ab$-plane. Therefore we monitored the changes in the separation of $Fe1-Fe1$ atoms and $Fe1-Fe2$ atoms in the $ab$-plane and along the $c$-axis, respectively in Fig.3(c). We find that for both the cases the separation decreases and the relative change for $Fe1-Fe2$ atoms along $c$-axis is more compared to that for $Fe1-Fe1$ in the $ab$-plane. However, from this information alone it is not possible to suggest the changes in magnetic behaviour of FNO at about 8.8 GPa, as the net magnetic structure depends on the competition among several  exchange interactions present in the solid.

For complementary investigation of FNO under pressure, we have carried out the Raman spectroscopy studies on the same. We shall first discuss the ambient Raman spectrum as shown in Fig.4(a). The spectrum shows 7 Raman peaks with a broad continuum, the intensity of which increases below 200 cm$^{-1}$ and shows a broad peak in the range 500 - 900 cm$^{-1}$.
FNO crystallizes in the trigonal crystal structure with the space group $P-3c1$, having two formula units and it has 30 atoms per primitive cell which leads to 57 optical phonon and 3 acoustic phonon modes in the Brillouin zone center \cite{chen2019attributions}. Group theory predicts the following representation of all the vibrational modes in the zone center boundary: $6A_{1g}+9A_{1u}+6A_{2g}+9A_{2u}+12E_{g}+18E_{u}$, in which all the $A_{1g}$ and $E_{g}$ vibrational modes are Raman active. Hence there are 18 Raman active modes but experimentally we see only seven well defined modes.
The well defined modes are labeled as: $\nu_1=220 cm^{-1}, \nu_2=282 cm^{-1}, \nu_3=396 cm^{-1}, \nu_4=490 cm^{-1}, \nu_5=598 cm^{-1}, \nu_6=650 cm^{-1}$,and $\nu_7=850 cm^{-1}$. The ambient Raman spectrum of FNO is in good agreement  with the reported spectra \cite{chen2019attributions}. Following the literature we assign $\nu_1$, $\nu_2$ and $\nu_5$ to $E_g$ modes; $\nu_3$ and $\nu_7$ as $A_{1g}$ modes \cite{chen2019attributions,rodrigues2017raman}. $\nu_3=396 cm^{-1}$ and $\nu_7=850 cm^{-1}$ are internal vibrational modes due to the stretching and breathing motions of $NbO_6$ octahedra, respectively \cite{rodrigues2017raman,rodrigues2017ordering,rodrigues2016structural}.

Next we shall discuss the general observation of the pressure evolution of Raman modes, which are shown in Fig.4(b). All the mode frequencies show a blue shift with increasing pressure as expected, due to compression in volume. We observe that  a new mode ($\nu^{'}_1$)appears at a low pressure of about 0.9 GPa. This new mode becomes stronger with pressure. The mode $\nu_2$ splits into two modes, $\nu^{'}_2$ and $\nu^{''}_2$. With increase in pressure the intensity of $\nu^{''}_2$ increases and becomes comparable to $\nu^{'}_2$.
The splitting of the two low frequency modes at such low pressure value without any structural transition is quite an interesting phenomenon. May be there are some microscopic changes in  the FNO unit cell, which can give rise to a local ordering effect resulting in the appearance of new peaks in Raman spectrum. It can be noted here that a sudden decrease in $Nb-O_6$ octahedra distortion is observed from room pressure value to 0.8 GPa (see Fig.3), beyond which it increases sharply. In fact as we discussed earlier, during the pressure induced structural transition, only a large change in the distortion of $Nb-O_6$ octahedra is observed. Therefore in all possibility, the emergence and splitting of Raman modes are probably driven by change in local structural order due to change in $Nb-O_6$ octahedral distortion.
Since we do not find any increase in the number of Raman modes above the phase transition pressure to the monoclinic structure, we believe that the $Nb-O_6$ octahedra distortion induces a formation of local monoclinic structure at the microscopic level. This is probably missed by the XRD measurements since it gives an average crystal structure. Above 9.3 GPa the monoclinic phase attains a significant proportion to be detected by the XRD.
The low frequency diffusive continuum becomes gradually flat with pressure and almost disappears above about 6.7 GPa (Fig. 4(b)). Similarly, the broad continuum in the range 500 - 900 cm$^{-1}$ decreases above about 8.8 GPa. The strong pressure dependence shows this feature to be intrinsic to the sample in origin. Similar features are seen in other strongly correlated oxide insulators showing magnetic anomalies \cite{congeduti2001anomalous,marrocchelli2007pressure,yoon1998raman,ulrich2015spin,gupta1996electronic,iliev2001raman}.

Further detailed analysis of the pressure evolution of Raman spectra are carried out by multiplying each spectrum using the Bose-Einstein thermal factor. The Raman-scattering response of FNO in the 100-950 $cm^{-1}$ frequency range can be well fitted (as shown in Fig.4(a)) with the spectral response,\cite{yoon1998raman}

\begin{equation}
S(\nu)= S_{ph}(\nu)+S_{el}(\nu),
\end{equation}

\noindent where

\begin{equation}
S_{ph}(\nu)=[1+n(\nu)] \sum_{1}^{n}\frac{A_i\nu\Gamma_i}{(\nu^2-\nu_i^2)^2+\nu^2\Gamma_i^2}
\end{equation}

\noindent represents $n$ phonon peaks ($n$ = 7 for ambient and $n$ = 9 above 0.9 GPa) with associated peak frequency: $\nu_i$, amplitude: $A_i$ and line width: $\Gamma_i$.

\begin{equation}
S_{el}(\nu)=[1+n(\nu)][\frac{A\nu/\tau}{\nu^2+1/\tau^2}+\frac{A_{el}\nu\Gamma_{el}}{(\nu^2-\nu_{el}^2)^2+\nu^2\Gamma_{el}^2}],
\end{equation}

\noindent where the first right hand side term represents low frequency electronic (LFE) response due to diffusive hopping of the carriers with a scattering rate $1/\tau$ and the second term represents high frequency electronic (HFE) contribution near $\nu_{el}\sim 550-900 cm^{-1}$. The term $[1+n(\nu)]$ represents the Bose-Einstein thermal factor. Our data fits extremely well to the above equations (Fig.4(a)).

Fig.5(a) shows the pressure evolution of significant Raman modes. All the modes show linear behaviour with respect to pressure with changes in the slope around 8.8 GPa. XRD studies have revealed a structural transition in FNO from trigonal to the monoclinic phase in the range 8.8 - 9.3 GPa. Therefore the change in slope can be attributed to the above phase transition. The slope values of the mode frequencies with  respect to pressure decrease significantly above the transition pressure. The decrease in slopes of the pressure evolution of Raman modes in the monoclinic phase with respect to those in the trigonal phase can be related to the decrease in compressibility. However, it may be noted that the slopes change by around 50$\%$ where as the compressibility changes only by 8$\%$, possibly other factors like, a change in physical properties along with the structure are responsible. The $Nb-O_6$ octahedral breathing mode, $\nu_7$ shows the maximum change in frequency with pressure. It can be related to the large distortion of $Nb-O_6$ octahedra with pressure (Fig.3). The $Fe-O_6$ octahedra show a gradual decrease in their distortion till the transition pressure. Therefore as we discussed earlier, the structural transition can also be viewed as to be driven by increased distortion in the $Nb-O_6$ octahedra, which becomes more ordered in the monoclinic phase.
Interestingly the FWHM of $\nu_1^{\prime}$, $\nu{'}_2$, and $\nu_3$ show a minimum at 8.8 GPa (see Fig.5(b)). The FWHM of $\nu_1$ keep on decreasing till the highest pressure studied. The width of other modes keep broadening with pressure. The FWHM of a Raman mode is associated with the life time of the phonon mode. The anharmonic phonon-phonon scattering events increase the FWHM and hence decrease the lifetime. Therefore, decrease in FWHM of Raman mode indicates a decrease in anharmonic phonon interactions. Application of pressure gradually induce a strain in the lattice, which is supposed to reduce the lifetime of phonons. A minimum in phonon-modes FWHM can indicate a possibility towards a strong phonon-electron interaction, which causes decrease in the life time of phonons after an electronic phase transition \cite{jana2016high, gupta2017raman, saha2018structural,bera2013sharp}.
 To look into the Raman scattering events we calculated the normalized intensity of the Raman modes. We have carried out the vector normalization  followed by Gautam et al. \cite {gautam2015review}. In the vector normalization, first of all the "norm" of the spectrum is calculated. Then to obtain the normalized Raman spectrum, each of the Raman intensities corresponding to a wavenumber is divided by the "norm" of that spectrum. Ideally the intensity of the Raman modes are supposed to reduce under pressure due to the induce lattice strain. Interestingly, the normalized integrated intensity of the $\nu_1^{\prime}$, $\nu_2^{\prime\prime}$ and $\nu_3$ Raman modes show a maximum at about 8 GPa as shown in the Fig.6. The sharpening of these modes along with the increase in the intensity till about 8 GPa shows reduction in anharmonic phonon scattering events. These results indicate an electronic transition along with the structural transition as described earlier.
At this point it is important to point out that low temperature studies on FNO has revealed an antiferromagnetic transition at about 95 K followed by a structural transition to a monoclinic phase at about 85 K, which remained in antiferromagnetic state \cite{jana2019low}. Low temperature Raman spectroscopic studies on a sister material $Mn_4Nb_2O_9$ do not show any anomalous behaviour in its Raman modes across its antiferromagnetic transition temperature of about 110-130 K \cite{chen2019attributions}.

Let us now look into the behaviour of the electronic Raman scattering response by analyzing the response of LFE and HFE contributions with pressure. The LFE scattering rate showing an almost exponential decrease with the maximum drop till about 8 GPa (Fig.7(a)). The XRD analysis confirms the gradual decrease of the distortion of both the $FeO_6$ octahedra with increasing pressure in the trigonal phase. Decrease in LFE scattering rate also indicates the sharp reduction of lattice distortion with increasing pressure. Therefore one can assume that the Jahn-Teller distortion of the octahedra decreases gradually, which consequently increases the charge delocalization leading to a possibility of insulator to metal transition.
 On the other hand, the peak value of the high frequency inelastic electronic contribution hardens up to about 8 GPa and its intensity decreases by an order of magnitude up to the about 14 GPa (Fig.7(b) and Fig.7(c)). The HFE contribution is suggested to be associated with the local polaron formations due to lattice distortions \cite{yoon1998raman}. The peak value of HFE contribution is attributed to the ionization energy of the polarons. The maximum peak value of HFE contribution is approximately equal to about 91 $meV$, which is much smaller than the polaron formation energy \cite{jaime1996high} as well as estimates obtained for band structure due to Jahn-Teller splitting \cite{satpathy1996electronic} and also estimates obtained for perovskite manganese oxides \cite{yoon1998raman}. In addition, reduction of HFE intensity shows that there is a decrease in scattering cross section of phonons with excited electrons leading to decrease in density of states at the Fermi energy \cite{gupta1996electronic}. Several other strongly correlated systems, those undergo paramagnetic insulator phase to ferro-/antiferro-magnetic metallic transition at low temperatures, have shown hardening of HFE contribution in both intensity as well as its peak position and also decrease in LFE contribution up to the transition temperature \cite{billinge1996direct,girardot2008raman,yoon1998raman}. In a high pressure Raman study on a manganese oxide perovskite system both the LFE and HFE contributions did not show the expected behaviour of insulator to metal transition and the authors predicted a new un-characterized phase at high pressures \cite{congeduti2001anomalous}. Therefore, considering our LFE and HFE contributions with pressure, we can exclude an insulator to metal transition in our system.

	Though across the low temperature phase transition the distortion index of $Nb-O_6$ octahedra remains almost same(decreases by only about 3\%), both the $Fe-O_6$ octahedra also show a significant increase in distortion index \cite{jana2019low}. In the present work, the distortion index of both the $Fe-O_6$ octahedra reduces significantly up to the transition pressure but after the transition pressure the distortion shows a sudden increase (for $Fe1-O_6$ octahedra it is 31\% and for $Fe2-O_6$ octahedra it is about 18\%).

	 The evidence of the increasing distortion index of both the $Fe-O_6$ octahedra indicate a JT distortion in the monoclinic phase which might be responsible for the emergence of the magnetic state. However, it is difficult for us to comment on the exact nature of magnetic transition in the absence of any magnetization measurements at such high pressure. We can only speculate that the magnetic nature of this high-pressure monoclinic phase will be similar to that observed in case of low temperature monoclinic phase which is shown to be antiferromagnetic.

   In a low temperature study on FNO, Maignan and Martin \cite{maignan2018fe} observed a large peak in the dielectric constant as well as large polarization current (which flipped its sign with reversal of electric field) just below the antiferromagnetic transition temperature. They attributed these observations to the large magnetoelectric effect of FNO in its antiferromagnetic state. It is well known that the normalized Raman mode intensity also depends on the polarization of that particular mode. Therefore, we expect that a change in ferroelectric polarization in the sample may show up in the behaviour of normalized Raman mode intensity. In Fig.6 we have plotted the pressure evolution of the normalized integrated intensity of $\nu_1$,  $\nu_1^{\prime}$, $\nu_2^{\prime}$, $\nu_2^{\prime\prime}$ and $\nu_3$ modes. The $\nu_1^{\prime}$, $\nu_2^{\prime\prime}$ and $\nu_3$ modes show a maximum in the intensity around 8 GPa, which also show a minimum in their FWHM at the same pressure range. The $\nu_1$ and $\nu_2^{\prime}$ mode intensities are found to keep increasing till the highest pressure value with an anomaly at about 15 GPa. The increase in the normalized integrated intensity of all the above modes with pressure may be attributed to a large change in polarization of the sample. Earlier we have discussed about development of local microscopic order in the sample as a minor monoclinic phase above 0.9 GPa driven by the $Nb-O_6$ octahedra distortion. This most probably is induced by a gradient in the lattice strain, and creates local phases with ferroelectric order. With pressure, the change in local polarization is refelcted in the increase of the Raman mode intensity. Similar strain induced nanoscale topological structures with with distinct ferroelectric phase have been observed by Yudin et. al.  {\cite {yudin2021}}.

 From our high pressure XRD study we speculate a magnetic transition along with the structural transition about 8 GPa pressure. There may be a possibility that the change in magnetic structure may induce the anomalies seen in the pressure behavior of the Raman modes due to spin-phonon interaction. But the effect on Raman mode intensity across any magnetic phase transition in the absence of any applied magnetic field has not been reported to the best of our knowledge. It has been observed that a very high magnetic field is required to produce any significant change across the magnetic transition in the Raman mode intensity \cite{sooryakumar1981raman, ji2016giant, mccreary2020distinct, li2000interface}. Since we have excluded any insulator to metal transition in FNO at high pressure one can also assume that the spin induced large change in polarization may give rise to the interesting behaviour of LFE and HFE contributions to the Raman spectra. Hence we may conclude that FNO also exhibits a manetoelectric behaviour in its high pressure monoclinic phase.

\section{Conclusion}
The phase transitions in $Fe_4Nb_2O_9$ are investigated in detail at high pressures by means of  X-ray diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy measurements. Our XRD  results show a structural transition from ambient trigonal $P-3c1$ to monoclinic $C2/c$ at high pressures. There is a large increase in both the quadratic elongation and distortion index of $Nb-O_6$ octahedra up to about 8.8 GPa followed by sudden decrease in the monoclinic phase. In contrast, both the $Fe-O_6$ octahedra get more ordered with pressure in the trigonal phase. All the prominent Raman modes show a slope change in their linear behaviour at the structural transition pressure. Some of the Raman modes show a minimum in their FWHM at the same pressure indicating an electronic transition. A decrease the diffusive scattering rate is observed in the LFE contribution to the Raman spectra indicating a charge delocalization. However, observed decrease in the amplitude of the HFE contribution and its peak frequency excludes an insulator to metal transition. The intensity of the Raman modes showing minimum in their FWHM, shows a large peak at about 8.8 GPa, indicating a large change in ferroelectric polarization in FNO at the phase transition pressure. Our results show the sample may transform to a magnetoelectric  antiferromagnetic state in its monoclinic phase.

\begin{acknowledgments}
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India to visit XPRESS beamline in the ELETTRA Synchrotron light source under the Indo-Italian Executive Programme of Scientific and Technological Cooperation. MS gratefully acknowledge the CSIR, Govt. of India for the financial support to carry out PhD work.

\end{acknowledgments}

\noindent
{\bf {Author Declarations}}

\noindent All authors have equal contribution. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

\noindent
{\bf {Conflict of interest:}} The authors declare no competing no conflict of interest.

\noindent
{\bf { Data Availability}}: The data that supports the findings of this study are available within the article and its supplementary material.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Sometimes design gets so breathtakingly simple, it really makes no sense to mention it at all, as it's seamlessly integrated into the everyday lives of us everyday people. Sometimes, however, items are so simple beyond the call of duty, further than they'd ever reasonably have to go, they've just gotta have a few words published about them. Enter "Chair?" by designer M Scherpenisse.
Is there any more basic chair than this?
Is it me or are the renders grainy?
Esmond: yeah, he didn't let it raytrace properly.
haha! interesting exploration. man, you'd have to be REALLY sure you want your chair in that one spot though, cause it's not going anywhere fast (unless you have termites).
How about just a cylinder stool?
why try to avoid gravity while it can work perfectly in your advantage???
Not all surfaces/objects we sit on are called chairs. This is not a chair.
And when it is? When do we call something a chair and when not?
There is no such thing as an "unbendable" material. I suspect this is poor journalism than poor design.
The authors on this blog should show the designers more respect.
I suggest the reader, Adam, take a look at the entire blog before he judges the author's respect for the designer. Yanko Design is a rare online publication in that it speaks directly with the designers 95% of the time when it publishes their work. In this case, Scherpenisse came to us with more of a question than a concept, asking if we could ask, through his work, what the simplest chair could be.
The reader Adam should show more integrity (as a design journalism critic?) and understand that liberties are taken when obviousness is in play. The author understands what level of reader he's dealing with: Intelligent Designer, and therefor uses such words as "magic" when the reader should know better.
That said, thanks for showing concern for Scherpenisse, he's a really cool guy and a great designer.
Breathtaking? Hardly. And simple? A chair that attaches to the ceiling? This is not simple. And I doubt it would even work. The design ( if you want to call it that) is simple, yes. But the execution of this "simple" idea is so vague that it can only be a concept, and is basically still an idea.
I'm not one to really lay into a design, but this has got to be a joke. The stress on that piece (even if they could find a proper way to mount it to the ceiling) would be ridiculous. Even if it was pure carbon fiber it would flex in the vertical portion, causing the seat to sag forward and whoever was sitting on it to slide off. Maybe that was the idea! A chair that unseats you!
I can say something nice though – the design is so mind-numbingly simple that surely no real time in thought, modeling or rendering was lost. Anyone could do the same in under five minutes.
Please, give up your idea of becoming a designer… The world dosn't need more useless junk like this – its not design, its not simple, its not fantastic its just plain stupid! Design should have a purpose – and this clearly has none!
I like this concept. Sure there is no unbendable material, but most materials are practically unbendable by human weight when used properly. And I do not understand why people say that the renders are grainy. Yes they are grainy and beautiful. Do they even have to be shiny and realistic?
About simplest chair, I think there can be various simplest chairs with respect to in which way they are simple. One can be simple in form (like this one) or production or mathematically simple or by use of minimal materials etc.


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How can the government innovation strategy position the UK for success?
Written by Neil Ross on 30 June 2021 in Opinion
The upcoming government plan should rethink the UK's R&D system and use public procurement to support innovative companies, according to Neil Ross of techUK
Following the disbanding of the Industrial Strategy Challenge Council, an innovation strategy, due to be launched in the summer, provides an opportunity to set out a refreshed strategic approach to enabling innovation and send strong signals into the UK market.
Innovation is vital; high levels of investment in research and development are associated with increased productivity and living standards. Crucially, having a store of innovative companies and cutting-edge research facilities can make a country more resilient in a crisis, as we have seen with the way the UK has been able to respond by leading in the race to develop a Covid-19 vaccine and treatments and leveraging our life science base.
To ensure that we further our leadership in cutting-edge sectors, such as life science and technology, what we need is an Innovation Strategy that achieves two things: build markets for innovation so that businesses are incentivised to invest in R&D; and create a framework to make strategic choices to support the continued research, development and evolution of cutting-edge technologies which could transform the UK economy and society.
Building markets for innovation:
Enabling businesses to invest more in R&D fundamentally means businesses seeing clear returns on investment in innovation. This does not just come from tax incentives or match funding alone.
The existing risk-averse approach in procurement limits what government is able to do, meaning advancements in govtech are limited while we are also missing an opportunity to build markets for innovation in the UK
It means looking holistically and strategically at developing supply chains, enabling partnerships between academic institutions and businesses, and creating a regulatory system that makes the UK an attractive place to test out new products. Underpinning this also means ensuring we have the right skills and infrastructure demanded by businesses and the public sector. We must also guarantee the UK has access to international markets and strong safeguards for intellectual property.
Building markets for innovation also means rethinking what innovation means in the modern economy.
The UK's tech sector is driven by services: 96% of tech sector output and 81% of exports is in services, techUK research has found.
These digital service providers are companies which apply their software and expertise to solve problems, enhance day-to-day business services, or develop new software-based solutions. This is undoubtedly innovation, but is currently poorly served by the current R&D system. R&D tax credits cannot currently be claimed against key enablers of innovation such as cloud computing, data and data analytics or even for capital investments such as factories and machinery. Both of these things need to be looked at.
There is also a key role for the public sector here to.
The UK's current approach to public procurement is seen as a major missed opportunity by techUK members, particularly SMEs. The Vaccine Taskforce, Ventilator Challenge and wider response to the pandemic has shown how government procurement can create markets for innovation. The existing risk-averse approach in procurement limits what government is able to do, meaning advancements in govtech are limited while we are also missing an opportunity to build markets for innovation in the UK that would encourage more businesses to invest in R&D. The innovation strategy and the upcoming Procurement Bill offer an opportunity to change our approach.
Making strategic choices:
The innovation strategy also provides an opportunity to refresh the UK's strategic approach to the technologies of the future.
The recently announced National Science and Technology Council should play an important steering role in identifying which key new innovations in the UK could have transformative effects on our economy and society. This includes technologies such as quantum computing, autonomous systems, artificial intelligence and open RAN where the UK already has a global edge.
However, the council will need to rely on the UK's tech sector and scientific community to ensure that there is a clear understanding and utilisation of the capabilities within the UK. This will be a careful balance, and the UK should not pick winners, but should back winners instead. This means supporting wider business and research innovation so that a host of emerging technologies many of which cannot be imagined today are not missed out on because resources are being diverted into technologies picked by committee.
The innovation strategy offers an amazing opportunity to shift the dial on how the UK approaches innovation. If the strategy can achieve the two aims of building markets for innovation and building a framework of how the UK approaches strategic technologies, it will not only be a success, but mark a major change in how we see enabling innovation as central to our national prosperity.
Neil Ross is head of policy at techUK
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Share this Story: Cannabis users developing a nose for terpenes
This article is Presented by Hexo Corp.
This story was created by Content Works, Postmedia's commercial content division, on behalf of a client.
Cannabis users developing a nose for terpenes
Denise Deveau • Postmedia Content Works
Jul 18, 2019 • July 23, 2019 • 3 minute read
Turpenes are aromatic oils lend each plant its unique smell, flavour and effect. Photo by Photo: Getty Images
For many cannabis users, it's enough to know the distinctions between the indica and sativa plant, and THC and CBD. But there's a growing number of cannabis curious folks who are exploring the nuances that terpenes bring to the cannabis experience.
When HEXO hosted a terpene bar at the 2019 Lift & Co. Cannabis Expo in Toronto, a surprisingly large number of visitors took the time to "smell-test" the various terpenes on display. Etienne Joanisse, team lead, quality management for Gatineau-based HEXO Corporation, said he was taken aback by the crowds that visited their terpene bar.
"We're finding that more and more people are getting into learning about terpenes. It's becoming an important topic for them as they explore the world of cannabis. Terpenes are not about the particular strain of cannabis. They are what provide the distinction between different cannabis experiences."
There is already a growing contingent of aficionados, who are developing the nose to distinguish the variations on a terpene theme — much like a sommelier can break down the individual components in wine by simply savouring the aroma it imparts in the glass.
While terpenes may only represent a very small percentage of a cannabis product's ingredient list, they can be an important deciding factor for many purchasers. Photo by Photo: Getty Images
Terpenes aren't simply a cannabis thing. They're found everywhere in nature. So what are they and why are they important?
In scientific terms, terpenes are volatile hydrocarbons that occur naturally in the essential oils of plants, insects, and natural compounds. In nature, some terpenes attract pollinating insects, while others are a defence mechanism against predators and pests.
These aromatic oils lend each plant its unique smell, flavour and effect. Plants often contain multiple varieties of terpenes creating different sensory effects.
In the consumer world, terpenes are widely used as natural flavour and scent additives, as well as in traditional and alternative medicines. The essential oils found in virtually any health and beauty store are a prime example of terpenes in a simple form.
There are over 200 terpenes found in cannabis, but only a handful are in high enough concentrations to be significant, Joanisse explained. Key ones include pinene, a sharp, sweet-smelling terpene found in pine needles, conifers and sage. A spicier terpene is caryophyllene, found in Thai basil, cloves, cinnamon, and black pepper.
Linalool is a terpene common to mint, scented herbs and laurels. It offers the spicy, floral "nose" found in lavender. It's also found in laurel, birch, and rosewood.
There are over 200 terpenes found in cannabis, but only a handful are in high enough concentrations to be significant. Photo by Photo: Getty Imagers
Another popular terpene, limonene, has the same citrus profile that's found in orange rinds, juniper and peppermint. Terpinolene, which is common in sage, rosemary, and cypress, has a floral/herbal profile.
Cannabis plants can have multiple terpenes that generate unique "flavour profiles" for users, Joanisse said.
"Whatever the terpene combination, the concentrations of each is very low. It's much like essential oil products, in that it only takes a drop or two to create the desired sensory effect."
For producers like HEXO, preserving the terpenes throughout the cultivation, harvesting and curing processes for cannabis buds requires great care and precision, he explained.
"Because they are highly volatile molecules, it's easier for them to evaporate. For us, it's about giving the plant what it needs to maximize the terpenes. For example, touching the plants and temperature can both have a big impact on that. By taking care to preserve the terpenes, we know that the strain will taste like."
As the industry evolves, Joanisse said HEXO is always trying to be innovative with its product development.
While terpenes may only represent a very small percentage of a cannabis product's ingredient list, they can be an important deciding factor for many purchasers, Joanisse said. To that end, HEXO offers a number of dried bud products that feature different terpene profiles.
As cannabis users familiarize themselves with terpene variations, sellers and producers are doing their part to educate them, he said.
"The terpene profile won't be found on the label because the concentrations are so low, but they can have an impact on the end user experience. HEXO provides sellers with a breakdown of all flavour profiles of our products so they can help consumers buy the right one according to their needs."
Anyone exploring their terpene options can either talk to the seller in-store, or visit their website. The more experiential buyer may opt to simply follow their nose and trust their instincts. With time and experience, consumers can discover the terpene profiles that work best for them.
For more information about HEXO Corp., visit hexo.com
This story was created by Content Works, Postmedia's commercial content division, on behalf of HEXO Corp.


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MANUAL FOR LAWYERS (2012)
mladenadm1n
The Manual for Lawyers is the crowning achievement of the triennial project "Promotion of the Rights of Trafficked Persons in Serbia with Emphasis on Legal Support – A Human Rights-Based Approach". From 2009 to 2012, this project has been implemented by ASTRA in partnership with the Netherlands Helsinki Committee, and in cooperation with a great number of experts, both from the Netherlands and from Serbia. The project was financed by the MATRA programme of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
The Manual is primarily made for those attorneys who provide legal advice to, or represent, victims of human trafficking as injured parties in judicial proceedings. In the introduction the Manual discusses human trafficking as a global phenomenon, the trafficking process and stereotypes about human trafficking and its victims. Further, it gives an overview of the Serbian legal framework and international and European law relevant for this area with special emphasis on the position of victims in criminal proceedings and beyond. The Manual also discusses physical and psychological health consequences of human trafficking and secondary victimization, specific problems related to child victims of trafficking and support mechanism for trafficking victims in Serbia, while special attention is paid to the practical aspects of first interview and communication with the victim.
As the focus of this Manual is on the protection of the rights of victims, the promotion of international standards in this area, legal options in the Republic of Serbia, and positive experiences and practices, we believe that it will also be useful to other professionals that may encounter human trafficking victims and victims of other types of violence in their work. The Manual is published in Serbian and in English.
Promotion of the Rights of Trafficked Persons in Serbia with Emphasis on Legal Support – A Human Rights-Based Approach – Conclusions and Recommendations
Principles of work
Assistance available to trafficked persons
Preventive role of ASTRA SOS Hotline
What is trafficking in human beings?
Trafficking in Serbia
Other relevant documents
Anti Trafficking Network
Local networks / coalitions / platforms / initiatives
International networks / coalitions / platforms / initiatives


The award of Avios for direct flights with code QF and operated by a oneworld alliance company is determined by the real distance flown in miles and flight class (cabin bonus).
Booking and issue of tickets charged to your Avios for Qantas flights are exempt from booking fees, but only if made through Iberia.com. There will be an additional charge per ticket when the booking is made through its Service Center (except for Platinum clients, who are exempt).


Even with the free-est of free range eggs available as discussed in my last post, some people still choose to banish eggs from their diet. Why so ?
As with the dairy issue, the avoidance of eggs on animal welfare grounds does, at first glance, seem a bit far fetched and fanatical . Alas, as with so many of these animal and environmental issues, the more you read and educate yourself, the clearer (and less nutty!) such choices become.
* Male chicks are killed in their first day of life by being gassed or ground up alive. They are considered to be waste products of the egg industry and 12 million baby chicks lose their lives like this each year in Australia. This happens in hatcheries which go on to provide chicks to backyard chook owners, battery cage "farms" and organic / free range farms. So, unless you hatch your own eggs and keep the baby chick regardless of its gender, this is what we are buying into. Rather arrogant and cruel of us.
* The egg is the end result of the hen's menstruation cycle – the eating of which is, therefore, a bit gross.
* With a growing population and shrinking arable farming land, how can our insatiable demand for eggs be humanely met ? This is usually the battery hen farmers feeble argument to defend their cruel practice but there is some validity in it. In the ideal world, where all egg laying hens were free with ample room to move, where are they all going to go ?? You can help reduce humans' greedy demand by reducing your own usage.
* Even in the free range / organic egg world, hens are sent to slaughter when they cease being an economically viable commodity. This equates from 18 months to 3 years (when their egg production wanes) when they would, if it wasn't for us, live to around 10 years. No matter how idyllic their free range roaming life was, the end result (ie the abbattoir) is not a good one. And what a way to repay an animal for providing her eggs to us for her short life.
So, what on earth can little ol' you do ??……….
Reduce / eliminate eggs from your diet. It is actually surprisingly easy to use less eggs. When baking, I use either No Egg or Chia Seeds as a replacement. You can also use apple sauce, bananas, flax seeds or silken tofu as detailed here. All cheaper and healthy options which do work as binders very well.
You can make everything typically made with eggs……..sans eggs…….from Scrambled Tofu, Chickpea Omelettes (have made these, big thumbs up), mayonnaise , zucchini fritters, egg nog, frittatas (vouched for as being delicious and eerily frittata like !) to banana bread……you can even make creme brulee. There is a wonderful ingredient known as black salt too (which is actually pink !) which you can buy from any Indian grocer. It gives everything a convincing sulfuric-y egg like flavour (and that eggy farty smell!).
Do not fear the "Vegan" options : Many of these products taste every bit of good as what you may consider the "real thing". I have yet to try and make my own mayonnaise (languishing on the "to do one day" list) so I buy "Organic Egg Free Mayo". I challenge you to do a taste test between this one and the normal, egg filled one as you will be struggling to tell the difference.
* Mad Hatter Cup Cakery in Darlinghurst, Sydney. Divine animal product free cup cakes in cute surrounds. My fella recently rated their triple chocolate cupcake as the best he has ever had. (Update – sadly they have recently closed but "like" them on facebook and some delicious egg free baking recipes will come to you).
* Addiction Food. They make sublime brownies, truffles, slices etc and support nice charities like Sea Shepherd. Widely available, mainly in Sydney.
* Gingerbread Folk : Blue Mountains based company who make egg free gingerbread treats.
* Rubyfruit : The only bad thing about this place is that it is far from me, in Leura. I have visited here numerous times and every thing I have eaten here from pies to cupcakes is heavenly.
* Mister Nice Guy's Bakeshop : In Melbourne (sigh) and the scene of where I learnt just how good (actually, superior), plant based baking could be.
Not food related but relevant all the same…..the Jumping for Joy series by photographer Tamara Kenneally will bring you greeting cards or posters teeming with images of happy rescued battery hens literally leaping with joy. I have some packs of greeting cards on stand by – they are suitable for all occasions – new baby, birthdays etc and are gorgeous. Plus, they help fund Tamara's work which involves photographing factory farmed animals to help expose this cruel, hidden world.
Label Stalk : Omigoodness, when you become a seasoned label stalker you will realise just how many products that eggs are actually in. Unless stated otherwise (exceedingly rare)….these eggs will have come from a hideous battery cage facility. Who wants to unravel all their good work by seeking out the best free range eggs or eliminating them, only to find that they are unwittingly consuming caged eggs via their mayonnaise, pastry, wine, hot cross buns, muffins, cake mix and the list goes on…. ? Try and avoid these items, and substitute with kinder options, or make your own versions, it is easier than you think !
Rescue some ex battery hens : If you are keen to keep a few eggs in your diet and want to do it in the kindest way possible, this would have to be the best way of doing it (and you by-pass the buying from the male chick killing hatchery dilemma). You would need to be willing to accept an unreliable and low supply of eggs and to care for the chooks for their lifespan and tend to any health issues they may come with. I am sure that the rewards of giving a few of these poor girls a taste of the good life, in exchange for the odd egg, would be plentiful. It is something I would love to do. NSW Hen Rescue is the go to place to adopt ex battery hens in NSW. Homes for Hens is based in Brisbane and they have some great information on the page about caring for ex battery hens. My first point of call would be one of the many fantastic animal sanctuaries we have in Australia who will be able to point you in the right direction and/or enable you to adopt from them. These sanctuaries include Little Oak Sanctuary near Canberra, Edgars Mission in Victoria and A Poultry Place and Signal Hill Sanctuary in Yass, NSW.
These photos depict some very lucky, happy chooks. They sleep in an enclosed yard with a cosy shelter and run rampant during the day on the property. They live (and supplied our morning eggs) at my favourite "escape from Sydney" getaway – Mill Paddock Cottage, in Mountain Lagoon.
If, like me, you are not lucky enough to have sufficient land and/or knowledge to house your own band of merry egg producing chooks, you need to buy eggs from the shop. Many people (actually 60% according to a recent Choice survey) make the effort to only buy free range eggs which is a wonderful thing and shows that peoples' views are changing as industries become exposed and we become more educated about what really goes on in the despicable world of factory farming.
However, this perplexing world we live in does not like to make things easy for us to be kind. Labeling is confusing and deceptive and uses words such as "farm fresh", "vegetarian" and "eco" to try and conjure up an image which is far from reality. Businesses prey on people's desire to do the right thing. There are no standardised guidelines about what "free range" actually means.
Most of the free range eggs you see in the major supermarkets (at around the $5 – $6 a dozen price range) fit into the highly questionable box in my opinion. In fact, half of the free range eggs sold in Australia come from only 3 producers (Novo, Pace Farm and Manning Valley) and some squeeze 20,000 – 40,000 birds into a hectare despite the Model Code capping it at 1,500 birds per hectare. Although Coles and Woolies appear to be do the right thing by banning the sale of their own branded caged eggs, they have set their own, arbitrary stocking density rates at 10,000 birds / hectare (this equates to 1 bird per square meter). At such high numbers, the vision one would expect from the description of free range is not viable.
So, to make the right choice, first check out this chart put out by Animals Australia which simplifies the egg world jargon.
Furthermore, there are reliable accreditation bodies which can point you in the right direction. Humane Choice and Certified Organic have the most rigorous standards – including low stocking densities, no beak or wing clipping and independent audits and are a great place to start in terms of buying genuinely free range eggs. To compare the 6 accreditation bodies so you are further informed, just click here for Sustainable Table's great guide.
This guide – Animal Welfare Labels is very informative about many of the eggs you would of seen on the supermarket shelves.
This guide from Flavour Crusader is a fantastic one for exploring all the smaller, independent egg producers available out there.
My little family goes through about a dozen eggs in 10 days. I usually buy either Organigrow, Egganic or Organic Eggs from Clarendon Farms (I find them at Thomas Dux supermarket) as they tick all the right boxes for me and I feel confident that I am actually getting what I pay for (which is around the $9-$10 / dozen mark). As is a running theme in my blog, the kindest options are overwhelmingly the most expensive ones (for good reason) so just eat less of a good thing – or even eat none at all. This is what Part 3 of this egg topic will be about. Why do some people choose not to eat eggs ? How does one cook without this apparently staple ingredient ? What about all the products we buy that contain caged eggs ?
As for wanting free range eggs when you are out and about at your favourite cafe or restaurant, the RSPCA do have their Shop Humane initiative to locate cafes who use "humanely produced" (I use this term loosely and with some reservation) animal products including eggs. I like the Organigrow link which shows which restaurants /cafes which use their genuinely free range eggs. Otherwise, unless you ask, the assumption would have to be that they use caged eggs.
I have gathered together some interesting articles which I found interesting in case you want to be the best informed free range egg buyer around. I would love your feedback on this topic – what do you look for when buying eggs ?


Volunteer groups are essential here at ACR! We generally do some sort of microsorting but it is really dependant on what we need currently at the center. When possible we will give preference to a groups particular choices. Please note, this does not guarantee that the activities selected will be offered on the day of.