Home News Is land a zero-sum game?
Is land a zero-sum game?
Somebody once said a week in politics is a long time, and if events around land reform in KwaZulu-Natal are anything to go by, this may be true.
No sooner had Zulu King Goodwill Zwelithini tossed down the gauntlet at his land imbizo over the delicate matter of the Ingonyama Trust, than President Cyril Ramaphosa beat a path to his door in Ulundi to pour oil on troubled waters.
The king had made it quite clear that any suggestion that the Ingonyama Trust might be undone and the land under its control expropriated, amounted to a declaration of war against the Zulu people, and he exhorted his subjects to prepare to defend his suzerainty over the 28 000 km² – some 25% of KwaZulu-Natal's land area – incorporated in the trust.
The hasty retreat that Mr Ramaphosa beat on this contentious issue bears scrutiny, and here's why.
The original suggestion that the Ingonyama Trust be scrapped came about as the result of a high-level panel investigation into land reform, headed by past president Kgalema Motlanthe.
That recommendation comes as no surprise, since it has been around for some time now.
It is only when somebody who commands the allegiance of the single largest ethnic group in the country – the amaZulu people – challenges that recommendation that suddenly the findings of the high-level panel are dismissed as nothing more than "a recommendation".
That Mr Ramaphosa does not enjoy the unqualified support of the citizens of KwaZulu-Natal is hardly a secret, and since it is the most populous province, it is in his – and by extension the ANC's – best interests to secure the support of the Zulu king, in the hope that said monarch will exhort his subjects to support the ANC at the polls next year.
The ANC in KwaZulu-Natal is anything but united, and the Ingonyama Trust issue simply deepens those divisions, aided and abetted by those who lost out at the 54th elective conference at Nasrec in December, who feel that under Mr Ramaphosa, the patronage taps have been closed.
Although the Zulu king is the only trustee of the Ingonyama Trust, he relies on amakosi, the traditonal leaders of the Zulu nation, to administer the land and it is the amakosi who get to decide who gets access to what land, and under what circumstances.
up to the 2019 election.
Although the parties admit they are still at odds over the issue of communal land – Contralesa wants that land to remain in the hands of traditional leaders, the EFF wants it exproriated and administered by the state – the prospect of an election accord whereby Contralesa publicly supports the EFF must be sounding alarm bells for the ANC and Mr Ramaphosa, which may well explain why he has bent his knee to the Zulu monarch.
After his meeting with King Goodwill Zwelithini, Mr Ramaphosa made it clear that the 13% of land currently under the control of traditional leaders, communal land which includes the Ingonyama Trust land, is sacrosanct and will not be touched during the land reform process.
"Communal land is going to continue to be under the control of traditional leaders because they hold that land on behalf of our people. The land we are going to target for expropriation is the 87% of the land. We are going to do so within the confines of our laws and constitution," Mr Ramaphosa is reported to have said.
The public hearings on expropriation without compensation taking place around the country, in support of the constitutional review committee's deliberations on whether or not to amend the Section 25 property clause, although not yet complete, do seem, anecdotally at least, to be in support of this position.
That the land question must be resolved, and as rapidly as possible too, is self-evident, but it is the nature of the deal that is finally struck, that is now in question.
Last time I checked, 13% plus 87% equalled 100%, which suggests that the deal under consideration is zero-sum – a win-lose game.
Aside from the fact that such a determination is unlikely to pass Constitutional Court muster, there is also the practical matter of the impact complete expropriation without compensation will have on the financial sector, and by extension, our economy, and inward investment.
That Mr Ramaphosa would do all that he can to shore up the electoral prospects of the ANC with an election looming, makes good sense, but for him to suggest a pre-determined outcome to the processes currently under way amounts to little other than disingenuous populist rhetoric.
The racial divisions we confront as a nation are deep and wide, and the resolution of the land question will play a cardinal role in how these divisions are addressed.
A zero-sum, winner takes all philosophy will exacerbate an already fraught situation, whereas a modus vivendi, a compromise, will afford us the opportunity to heal the bitter divisions we confront.
Question is, do we have the will as a nation, to strike the compromises that will result in most of us being happy with the outcome of the land reform process?


text:
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

using Sce.Atf.Adaptation;
using Sce.Atf.Applications;
using Sce.Atf.Dom;

namespace Sce.Sled.Shared.Dom
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Complex Type for a call stack entry
    /// </summary>
    public class SledFindResultsListType : DomNodeAdapter, IItemView, ITreeListView
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Get or set the name
        /// </summary>
        public string Name
        {
            get { return GetAttribute<string>(SledSchema.SledFindResultsListType.nameAttribute); }
            set { SetAttribute(SledSchema.SledFindResultsListType.nameAttribute, value); }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets FindResults sequence
        /// </summary>
        public IList<SledFindResultsType> FindResults
        {
            get { return GetChildList<SledFindResultsType>(SledSchema.SledFindResultsListType.FindResultsChild); }
        }

        #region IItemView Interface

        /// <summary>
        /// Fills in or modifies the given display info for the item
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="item">Item</param>
        /// <param name="info">Display info to update</param>
        public void GetInfo(object item, ItemInfo info)
        {
            if (item.Is<SledFindResultsListType>())
            {
                info.Label = Name;
                info.ImageIndex = info.GetImageIndex(Atf.Resources.FolderImage);

                return;
            }

            var itemView = item.As<IItemView>();
            if ((itemView == null) || ReferenceEquals(itemView, this))
                return;

            itemView.GetInfo(item, info);
        }

        #endregion

        #region ITreeListView Interface

        /// <summary>
        /// Get children for a parent
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="parent">Parent object</param>
        /// <returns>Enumeration of the children of the parent object</returns>
        public IEnumerable<object> GetChildren(object parent)
        {
            yield break;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get root level objects
        /// </summary>
        public IEnumerable<object> Roots
        {
            get { return FindResults; }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Get columns
        /// </summary>
        public string[] ColumnNames
        {
            get { return SledFindResultsType.TheColumnNames; }
        }

        #endregion
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Why did I pick the name, Domino? Because events just happen one after the other.
Information Systems. I never used that degree except in creating my own website.
When my husband and I retired, we started traveling between Arizona and Idaho.
development, and first contact in space.
covering science fiction and mysteries, so that became my genre.
but life and work got in the way. I've always been accused of having a vivid imagination.
Now I'm putting it to good use.
in Where Did They Go? This was the easiest thing I have ever done. I did it in 11 days!
too long to get back to me. You see, I'm 70 and I have to write as much as I can.
The Eye of the Matrix to start off another series in the young adult sci-fi genre.
about my stories. I use Coreldraw which is something like photoshop.
and first person in my urban fantasy stories. Why? Nano is easier to write in 1st person.
one in my writing club. My sister and another friend always find different things for me.
pass that knowledge on. I wish he were still alive and we could write his books together.
you can download. I haven't got into doing audio yet.
stay alive long enough to finish my novels.
meets one of the younger aliens for the first time while he is in pursuit of the killer(s).
he saves from a rich boyfriend. He's quiet unless there is something important to say.
he's smart and willing to take chances in his job to make the world right.
many people kept saying it was bad for me. Now, the science community says its good for you. So there.
like it quiet when I write.
after The Cruise, and after The Eye of the Matrix. You won't be disappointed.
My book Amazon kindle links for each book can be found either in my author page or here.


text:
Gillblotch Leatherjacket, Pervagor janth
Gillblotch Leatherjacket, Pervagor janthinosoma (Bleeker, 1854)
Scientific name: Pervagor janthinosoma
Alternative name/s:
Ear-spot Filefish, Redtail Leatherjacket, Red-tailed Leatherjacket
Mark McGrouther, Sascha Schulz
A Gillblotch Leatherjacket at a depth of 15 m, Fly Point, Nelson Bay, New South Wales. Image: David Atkinson
© David Atkinson
janthinosoma
Pervagor
Monacanthidae
Tetraodontiformes
The Gillblotch Leatherjacket grows to 14cm in length.
The Gillblotch Leatherjacket is usually seen in shallow lagoons and coral reefs. It can be very common in coral reef habitats but is secretive and is not usually noticed.
The species can be recognised by its orange-red caudal fin, the dark blotch over the gill opening and narrow black lines on the sides of the body.
It occurs at depths of 1 m to 20 m.
The species occurs in tropical marine waters of the Indo-Pacific, from East Africa, north to Japan, south to Australia and east to Tonga.
In Australia the Gillblotch Leatherjacket is known from the north-western coast of Western Australia and from northern Queensland to southern New South Wales.
The map below shows the Australian distribution of the species based on public sightings and specimens in Australian Museums. Click on the map for detailed information. Source: Atlas of Living Australia.
Allen, G.R. 1997. Marine Fishes of Tropical Australia and South-east Asia. Western Australian Museum. Pp. 292.
Allen, G.R. & R. Swainston. 1988. The Marine Fishes of North-Western Australia. A Field Guide for Anglers and Divers. Western Australian Museum. Pp. 201.
Hoese, D.F., Bray, D.J., Paxton, J.R. & G.R. Allen. 2006. Fishes. In Beesley, P.L. & A. Wells. (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Volume 35. ABRS & CSIRO Publishing: Australia. parts 1-3, pages 1-2178.
Randall, J.E., Allen, G.R. & R.C. Steene. 1997. Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Crawford House Press. Pp. 557.
Monacanthidae fishes of sydney harbour fish
Deepwater Clingfish, Kopua kuiteri Hutchins, 1991
Leopard Blenny, Exallias brevis (Kner, 1868)
Crimsontip Gudgeon, Butis butis (Hamilton, 1822)
Glover's Anglerfish, Rhycherus gloveri Pietsch, 1984
Freshwater Moray, Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker, 1853)
Sabre Squirrelfish, Sargocentron spiniferum (Forsskål, 1775)
Pacific Blue Eye, Pseudomugil signifer Kner, 1865
Titan Triggerfish, Balistoides viridescens (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
Flathead Pomfret, Taractes asper Lowe, 1843
Footballer Sweep, Neatypus obliquus Waite, 1905
Short Boarfish, Parazanclistius hutchinsi Hardy, 1983
Fimbriate Moray, Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett, 1832)
Threadfin Leatherjacket, Paramonacanthus filicauda (Günther, 1880)
Bennett's Puffer, Canthigaster bennetti (Bleeker, 1854)
Steephead Parrotfish, Chlorurus microrhinos (Bleeker, 1854)
Southern Pygmy Leatherjacket, Brachaluteres jacksonianus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
Blacksaddle Filefish, Paraluteres prionurus (Bleeker, 1851)
Celebes Flathead, Thysanophrys celebica (Bleeker, 1854)
Unicorn Leatherjacket, Aluterus monoceros (Linnaeus, 1758)
Cocos Frillgoby, Bathygobius cocosensis (Bleeker, 1854)
Sixspine Leatherjacket, Meuschenia freycineti (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
Blacksaddle Toby, Canthigaster valentini (Bleeker, 1853)
Barred Leatherjacket, Cantherhines dumerilii (Hollard, 1854)
Yellowfin Leatherjacket, Meuschenia trachylepis (Günther, 1870)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Le district de Gjilan/Gnjilane (en albanais :  ; en serbe cyrillique :  ; en serbe latin : ) est une subdivision administrative du Kosovo. Selon le recensement kosovar de 2011, il compte . Le centre administratif du district est la ville de Gjilan/Gnjilane.

Le district de Gjilan/Gnjilane, créé par la MINUK, n'est pas reconnu par la Serbie ; les communes/municipalités de Kllokot/Klokot, Partesh/Parteš et Ranillug/Ranilug ne sont pas non plus reconnues.

Géographie

Historique

Communes/Municipalités

Démographie

Évolution historique de la population

Répartition de la population par nationalités (2011)

En 2011, les Albanais représentaient 93,79 % de la population et les Serbes 4,93 %.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Districts du Kosovo
 Districts de Serbie
 Communes du Kosovo
 Municipalités de Serbie

District au Kosovo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


If you've never done Bulgarian split squats before, prepare yourself for a little pain and a lot of glute shaping. Amanda shows you how it's done!
Amanda Latona uses Bulgarian split squats to correct muscle and strength imbalances in her lower body. "The elevated rear leg allows for a fuller range of motion in the front leg, and can recruit more glute muscles," she says.
More glute activation helps you build a firm, strong booty. Latona is an expert in this area, so listen up and follow her form!
3-4 sets of 10-12 reps each leg; You can either alternate legs, or do three sets on one leg before switching to the other.
What's your favorite training music?
"My favorite music to train to is hip hop. I get down and get dirty with Tiggy and NiZA and T.I."


Why not buy them all?
When friends just caaan't beee found!
I assure you, that's "Harry Potter!"
Why not pay me now?
A very happy birthday to Art Garfunkle - who we hope will forgive us - and many thanks to Liz K., Lynnette W., Paul A., Michelle S., Rachel H., Lexi, C.H., & Katie S. for helping us appreciate the sound of silence.
That song normally makes me cry. Now, for different reasons. So funny!
I was JUST thinking about my fridge which is full of stubbled otter and wondering how to put that phrase into a song. Thanks for helping me out.
p.s. I had to look at that photo for a long, long time before I could figure out why a dirty shag carpet was included in today's CW.
WHAT in the name of all that's gooey is that last thing?
We are laughing more that you will know- wo wo wo.
Look forward to these messes every day.
Am I the only one who liked the last cake? If you're into roadkill, that was clever and quite well-done :) Love that song, and the parody was awesome!
Now that's some road kill!
You had me at "stubbled otter"!
That doesn't even LOOK like a cake! It looks like a rug! A DEAD rug!!!
How do people get paid for this????
Assuming that the customer actually ordered a road-kill small mammal cake (and that's another story for another day), that last cake is actually very well done, right down to the tread marks and pebbles. PLUS a refreshing show of restraint in not using any red gel icing.
OMG, LOVE LOVE LOVE the roadkill cake!!
Little known fact: Art Garfunkle was a founding member of the soft-rock acoustic band "Stubbled Otter," and tried to get a world tour sponsored by Gillette. The negotiations were quite hairy for a while, and some folks got worked up in a lather over the details as the negotiation time was running out, but, Art finally got a deal (by a close shave) in the nick of time. Unfortunately, acoustic music was being replaced by enhanced electronic sounds, and Gillette cancelled the contract and backed the all-electronic band, The Norelco's. That, sadly, was the end of Garfunkle's musical perfession. Across town, however, was a young lad named, ironically enough, Art Garfunkel, who just kept on singing, hoping to find a partner someday to record with.
"Fridge full of stubbled otter"
I don't understand cakes like # 6. At what occasion would this appear and why would a cake be included?
Trying to find out where you are located. Would love a cake, can you mail them if your nor close?
"One of the greats" is right! I grew up listening to (and loving) Simon & Garfunkel. One of the prettiest songs I've ever heard is "For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her". What a sweet voice. Nice contrast to these "Bridge Over" wrecks, which should actually be dumped INTO the water (troubled or otherwise)!
Is it bad that I almost want that last cake? Maybe in a skunk iteration?
Though his brothers looked to the stars, Elmo realized he needed a much smaller, safer World.
At least the, er, "decorator" of Cake #6 got "you're" right. I was expecting "your" or even "your'".
For what possible reason would anyone want to "celebrate" a "you're dead to us" moment with cake?
Is it bad that I want to give the maker of cake #6 a gold star for using the correct spelling of you're?
Cake #6 is particularly vicious, but kudos for correctly using "you're"!
Interestingly enough, the otter's last thought as the tire passed over him was "Not again." If we understood why he thought that, we would understand the Universe much better than we do now.
Somewhere in my house I have a book entitled Flattened Fauna, about identifying road kill.
But I digress. Someone otter do something about that last cake.
This will go down in history as one of the greatest lines in all of blogdom. Awesome!
And I want to bring that snowman home with me. It's raining now, but it's supposed to snow later. He will be right at home.
Not to quibble, but I live in whistle-pig* country, and I wonder if that last isn't more likely to be a stubbled whistle-pig (very sad face) than otter?
Well, at least the road kill cake was ... well executed!
Is "stubbling" over something the same as "stumbling" over it? And is it worse to stubble/stumble over a rug, or a wreck?
I need it by 3 pm.
Karate Lady, I'd like to think I caused a surge in searches for "ear candles" in the last day or so. It will be my legacy.
Are the cupcakes in #2 made with rhubarb? That's the only thing I know of with that color combination.
Oh my gosh, that last one is... wow. This might sound weird, but it's actually really well done. I genuinely thought it was a stuffed animal at first, something that's actually furry and not... frosting-y. I won't lie, I'm impressed by it. It's an odd thing, yes, and not exactly the most appetizing image for a cake to be made in, but... whatever, I love it. I am not ashamed.
Michelle, now you have to tell us! Which disaster is yours? I kinda hope it's the third one, because those faces are sort of terrifying and it's funny how it looks like it was intended to be a tray with cupcakes that are all the same, but it wound up being three columns each with one very distinctive horrible face type. :P I mean that in the most loving way possible.
LOVE LOVE LOVE the roadkill cake!!! Had to tilt my head back and forth like a dog trying to figure out who would want one, but gave up and decided to love it instead!!
Since Tim had lost his right eye in that horrific BB gun accident (who knew his mother's familiar warning would turn out to be TRUE this time?), he did indeed have a Happy Birthday.
Oh, Cake Wreckies, if I may call you that, what a great post!!
I laughed so hard my son came in to make sure I wasn't choking. Sadly, he did not understand the S&G song reference.
@drgns4vr: somewhere in my house, I also have that same book!
@rolypolyducky: a whistle-pig? Well, it's either one...or the otter. And thank you for answering that age-old question: why did the whistle-pig cross the road?
Smug as they had been before in their luxuriant fur and superior numbers, what their balder, wiser brothers chortled out (and then would go no farther, simply saying "YOU'LL find out what the poinsettias do...mmf--hee!") made the Red Furries suddenly quite worried indeed.


text:
William Nkontchou Sopgui est un financier camerounais.

Biographie

Enfance, éducation et débuts
William Nkontchou Sopgui fait partie de la fratrie des Nkontchou. Ils sont originaires de Baham et enfants de Joseph et de Justine Nkontchou. Leur père a fait partie des premiers fonctionnaires du ministère des finances au Cameroun.

Il fait des études à Polytechnique de Paris et à Harvard dans le Massachusetts.

Carrière
William Nkontchou Sopgui a dirigé l'ECP à Paris et fonde l'AFIIP.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Personnalité Bamiléké


pre-drilled in multiple locations to easily add printer and encoder mounting brackets. The smooth drive belt provides consistent speed for reliable, scannable barcoding and product transfer. Systems include a lower shelf with holes for cable management and provide storage for supplies such as spare printheads, printer and UV LED control boxes, spare ink, and more.
Model EC1248 – (L) 48.9″ (W) 20.2″ Conveyor (W) 12″ (Weight) 160 lbs.
Model EC1848 – (L) 48.9″ (W) 26.2″ Conveyor (W) 18″ (Weight) 250 lbs.
Model EC2472 – (L) 72″ (W) 32.2″ Conveyor (W) 24″ (Weight) 300 lbs.


National University of Singapore, which was founded in 1905, is Singapore's oldest and most prestigious university. National University of Singapore had been ranked as the world top fifty universities in the first 18 by "Higher Education Supplement" of The Times in November 5, 2004. In Asia, it is among the top three with Tokyo University and Peking University.


A swimming pool in the east of Iceland. Rarely, this pool is inside only!
Situated in the cozy town of Djúpivogur, this swimming pool is a rare breed in Iceland. That is because it is indoor only! Now that may not be rare in your country, but in Iceland, it's pretty unique.


The Sixers wound up getting the No. 3 pick this year.
With Lonzo Ball projected by many mock drafts to be the top player on the board, the Sixers at No. 1 will have their choice between the draft's top prizes and will likely lean toward Fultz - the all-around scoring and distributing 6-foot-4 point guard - who can be the ideal compliment to Philly's current crop of bigger players like Ben Simmons and Joel Embiid. Prior to raising it, they explained that Hinkie had the same championship dreams that all fans have for the Sixers. The Sixers would receive both picks in that scenario.
The Sixers have gotten a top-three pick in the past four drafts.
It's not ideal. Landing Markelle Fultz or Lonzo Ball would have fit perfectly with their team. Colangelo is also not ruling out signing an impact player in free-agency. 36, 39, 46 and 50) are expected to begin pre-draft workouts after Memorial Day.
They still need a lot to go their way, They have to get those guys healthy, and they have to figure out how to grab the right players to fit next to a point forward who struggles to shoot and Embiid's specific talents. There are a couple of pieces that may slide there. "Otherwise, you see how he is health-wise for the season".
Villanova's Josh Hart, Purdue power forward Caleb Swanigan and Kansas point guard Frank Mason are just a few of the names that could be available when the 76ers make their second-round picks.
Asked following Wednesday's media availability at the team's training facility if extending Embid is a priority, Sixers president of basketball operations Bryan Colangelo replied, "It's something we'll talk about at the appropriate time. We think we're going to add a great player or we're going to have some leverage in discussions with other teams about certain situations that we might entertain", Colangelo said.
Sam Hinkie would entirely trust that statement.
Approximately 200,000 computers in at least 150 countries were infected with the ransomware known as "WannaCry" on Friday, May 12. The ransomware in question, WannaCry , relies on a hole in the Windows 10 code which Microsoft issued a patch on March 14.
Prior to Game 6 against Houston , the medical team of San Antonio put Leonard in a "questionable" status. With this highly-anticipated game just around the corner, experts are starting to give their picks.
Asked if North Korea's missile program was developing faster than the South had expected , he said: "Yes". Reaching the US West Coast would require a missile with a range of more than 8,000 km.
On Tuesday, people close to the matter said Comey kept detailed notes of his multiple conversations with Trump. Other Republicans have voiced significant concern with what Trump allegedly did.
That would surely include Trump's firing last week of FBI Director James Comey. Flynn's tenure of just 24 days is the shortest in the history of the office.
The White House is lit in blue to honor police officers killed in the line of duty on Monday, May 15, 2017, in Washington. Kennedy declared this day as Peace Officers' Memorial Day, and this week around the country will be National Police Week .
Walker's office said the application process for interested applicants will last for about two weeks, followed by interviews. He defeated challenger Chris Moews in the August 2014 Democratic primary to ensure re-election that year.
Dennis Quaid will suit up as President Dubs for the second season of FX's award-winning anthology, Entertainment Weekly reports. American Crime Story was picked up for an additional three seasons following The People's premiere.
There are no words that can express the love the city of NY and Yankee fans had, and continue to have, for "The Captain". Never one to say much, The Captain fought back tears as he thanked his teammates, family, and the Yankee faithful.


Airstep Plus from Congoleum is a comfortable floor that is so soft it is as if you are walking on air. Airstep Plus flooring from Congoleum has Scotchgard protection, and it resists stains and dirt. It also installs easily because it is a loose lay floor.


Many women who are diagnosed with early stage breast cancer choose a breast-conserving surgical treatment called a lumpectomy. A lumpectomy preserves the majority of the breast by removing only the cancer and surrounding tissue; whereas, a mastectomy involves the complete removal of the affected breast. For most women who decide to have a lumpectomy, it is important for them to receive follow up treatment with radiation therapy in order to reduce the risk of a cancer recurrence.
Breast cancer is a common malignancy occurring in women in the United States, with almost 200,000 new cases diagnosed each year. Breast cancer is characterized by the presence of cancer cells in the tissue or ducts of the breast. Node-negative breast cancer refers to early stage cancer that is confined within the breast with no evidence of spread to nearby lymph nodes.
The National Cancer Institute has adopted a schedule for delivery of radiation over a 5 week period following a lumpectomy. However, radiation therapy is associated with side effects such as fatigue, skin burns, and cosmetic changes. Additionally, patients often need to take time off from work in order to attend radiation treatment sessions. Therefore, clinical studies have been performed to evaluate shorter radiation treatment schedules while maintaining the highest survival benefit for patients.
A study recently completed by researchers of the Hamilton Regional Cancer Centre in Ontario, Canada, evaluated a 3-week radiation schedule for women following a lumpectomy. Over 1,200 women with early stage, node-negative breast cancer received either a 5-week or 3-week schedule of radiation therapy as follow-up treatment after a lumpectomy. Almost 5 years after treatment, there were no comparable differences between the two groups regarding cancer recurrence, cancer-free survival, or overall survival.
These results indicate that a shorter radiation therapy schedule of 3 weeks is as effective as the standard 5-week schedule for follow-up treatment in women who have had a lumpectomy. A shorter schedule could lead to reduced side effects associated with radiation, a more convenient schedule, and a more cost-effective treatment while maintaining optimal treatment effectiveness. However, radiation oncologists in the U.S. will probably continue with the standard 5-week radiation therapy until results from other clinical trials confirm this data.
Women with breast cancer who choose to have a lumpectomy may wish to discuss the risks and benefits of this radiation schedule and/or participation in a clinical trial evaluating other promising new treatments with their physician.


UC Berkeley Police raided the Memorial Stadium grove tree-sit Tuesday morning, cutting down the lines that linked trees and removing equipment used by the activists who are protesting the planned axing of the collection of Coastal Live Oaks and other trees to make way for a four-level high tech gym and office complex. A Daily Planet reporter was shoved in the back by one officer after he had been ordered away from the stadium rim, the only place offering a clear view of the activities below. The same officer confronted Doug Buckwald, a supporter of the tree-sitters. The stadium rim, as well as the sidewalk in front of the grove on Gayley Road, had been declared crime scenes, police said. A large crowd had gathered, thanks to phone calls and emails sent by supporters of the protest. An Alameda County Superior Court judge is expected to rule Wednesday on a lawsuit that has challenged the gym and other projects planned in the southeast area of the campus.


text:
Even Children Are not Immune from Israeli Snipers and Torture
Stop the Torture, Shooting, Shackling and Imprisonment of Palestinian Children
The shooting of Hasan below and the continued incarcertation and physical abuse, amounting to torture, of Palestinian children as young as 13/14, is tolerated by the Western media who hear, say and see nothing. Of course if it was Hamas….
The article below that relates to Israel's treatment of Palestinian children in general, including its imprisonment of them, its beatings and shackling of them, which we have covered before.
Voices from the Occupation
Name: Hasan W.
Date of Incident: 22 May 2010
Age: 17 Location:
The Gaza Strip, Occupied Palestinian Territory
Nature of Incident: Shot whilst collecting building material On 22 May 2010, a 17-year-old boy is shot in the leg whilst collecting building material in the Gaza Strip, 300 metres from the border fence with Israel.
Seventeen year old Hasan lives with his parents and seven brothers and sisters in Jabalia, a town in the north of the Gaza Strip, close to the Erez Checkpoint with Israel. Hasan dropped out of school in the seventh grade 'because I wasn't good enough and couldn't pass my classes' and struggles to find work in Gaza where a severe physical and economic blockade has been imposed by Israel since at least June 2007.
The family's economic situation is bleak. 'My father sells gas containers,' says 17-year-old Hasan, 'but he has little work because of the gas shortage caused by the blockade. He only works a few days a month, and the money he makes barely meets the needs of our ten-member family.' In February, Hasan heard about a job opportunity from his cousin, where he could earn between 30 and 50 NIS per day (US $8 to 13) collecting gravel near the border with Israel and used for building material. Although modest, this income was desperately needed by the family. 'We don't have much gravel in Gaza because Israel doesn't allow the entry of construction materials, so I decided to go there. I would wake up everyday at dawn, prepare the donkey cart, and later sell the gravel for 3 NIS (US $0.80) a bucket to the people trading in construction materials,' recalls Hasan.
On Saturday, 22 May 2010, Hasan went as usual to the industrial zone to collect gravel with his cousin. 'Many other youngsters and children were working in the same area with us,' remembers Hasan. 'There were around 100 workers or even more. Israeli soldiers were observing us from the watch tower on the border, and would sometimes fire bullets in the air or at us, or at the donkeys. Sometimes they actually shot the donkeys.' At around 6:30am, Hasan heard a gun shot. 'I was collecting gravel with the other workers about 300 metres from the border fence, when one of the Israeli soldiers in the watch tower fired a shot which hit me in the right leg. I immediately fell to the ground in great pain. Everyone started running away, except for one youngster who I didn't know, who came and tried to help me, but he couldn't lift me.' In the meantime, the soldiers kept firing and the boy who came to help Hasan also had to run away.
'I stayed on the ground for about 15 minutes whilst my leg was bleeding,' recalls Hasan, 'then my cousin arrived and took me to the main street in his donkey cart.' Soon afterwards an ambulance arrived and rushed Hasan to Kamal Odwan Hospital, where his wound was treated and his shattered leg was placed in plaster. 'My leg was in plaster for two months,' says Hasan, 'and now I still can't walk properly and feel pain whenever I move it. I don't know when I will be able to walk again, and I know I won't be able to go back to collecting gravel, even though my family needs the money, and there are no other alternatives.'
According to the UNDP and the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, during the first half of 2009, the youth unemployment rate in Gaza for 15 to 19 year-olds reached 57.5 percent.
Action Alert: Stop Israel's Abuse of Palestinian Children
According to the Palestine Section of Defense for Children International, each year, about 700 Palestinian children from the West Bank are prosecuted in Israeli military courts. Out of 100 sworn affidavits collected by lawyers in 2009, 69% of the children were beaten and kicked, 49% were threatened, 14% were held in solitary confinement, 12% were threatened with sexual assault, including rape, and 32% were forced to sign confessions written in Hebrew, a language they do not understand. Israel's treatment of detained Palestinian children is considered to be torture by the United Nations under international law.
Al-Awda, The Palestine Right to Return Coalition calls on all its members, supporters and people of conscience to contact the White House to demand that the Obama administration direct the Israeli leadership to immediately release and end to the systematic and institutionalized abuse of all Palestinian children in Israeli prisons in accordance with international law. The US government, which supports Israel to the tune of billions of taxpayer dollars a year while most ordinary Americans are suffering in a very bad economy, is bound by its laws to cut off all aid to Israel until it ends all of its violations of human rights and basic freedoms in a verifiable manner.
To contact the White House, please use the online form at Alternatively write to:
President Barack Obama The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington, DC 20500 Phone : 202-456-1414 Fax: 202-456-2461
Letters in the US may be faxed online via: To contact your Representatives and Senators, go to: members can be reached through the Capitol switchboard toll free at: 1-877-331-2000 Please cc your correspondence to alerts@al-awda.org
Al-Awda, The Palestine Right to Return Coalition PO Box 131352 Carlsbad, CA 92013, USA Tel: 760-918-9441 Fax: 760-918-9442 E-mail:
Al-Awda, The Palestine Right to Return Coalition (PRRC) is the largest network of grassroots activists and students dedicated to education and advocacy for the restoration of Palestinian human, national, legal, political and historical rights in full with particular emphasis on the right of Palestinians to return to their homes and lands of origin from which they have been dispossessed since 1948. PRRC is a not for profit tax-exempt educational and charitable 501(c)(3) organization as defined by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) of the United States of America. Under IRS guidelines, your donations to PRRC are tax-deductible.
To donate, go to and follow the instructions. To become a member, go to
UN receives over 100 complaints of police, IDF abuse of West Bank teenagers this year
Since September 2009, DCI has given the UN details of more than 100 cases in which the military authorities allegedly abused minors who were held in detention.
By Amira Hass
The way the army and police treat Palestinian minors arrested in the West Bank is the focus of complaints filed recently with both Israeli legal authorities and the United Nations.
The Palestinian branch of Defence for Children International (DCI ) has taken affidavits from dozens of minors who have been arrested. According to DCI-Palestine Section, the minors' testimonies describe a policy of routine and painful abuse, involving various forms of physical and psychological pressure, in order to extract confessions from minors in custody.
The Association for Civil Rights in Israel and Yesh Din, two Israeli rights groups, say the provisions of the relevant military laws play a major role in the abuse perpetrated on imprisoned Palestinian minors. Both groups sent a letter to Military Advocate General Avichai Mendelblit in June with recommendations for changes in this law.
On August 15, DCI and an Israeli organization, the Public Committee Against Torture in Israel, filed two complaints alleging cruelty and sexual abuse of A.M., a 15-year-old from the village of Beit Ummar, near Hebron. A.M. was arrested by soldiers on May 26. He was questioned and held for five days, then released after he admitted to having thrown stones. His testimony was reported by Haaretz on June 10.
During A.M.'s remand hearing on May 30, attorney Iyad Misk claimed the teenager had been both sexually and physically abused.
The judge, Lt. Col. Avshalom Meushar, responded that "there was no evidence in the [case] file" to support this claim. "The substance of the confession made by the suspect, and the detailed nature of his answers, constitute evidence that the answers he gave were not provided under pressure or torture, but of his own free will," the judge added.
The teen claimed that at the time of his arrest and while he was being transported to the Etzion lock-up, the soldiers hurt him in various ways. He also said his confession to the police interrogator was extracted by torture and sexual threats.
A spokesman for the police's Shai (Samaria and Judea ) District told Haaretz at the time that the minor's allegations conflicted with the evidence in his case file. During his testimony to the police investigator, the spokesman said, the minor did not complain that any violence had been used against him.
An Israel Defense Forces spokesman said at the time that an investigation would be launched into the soldiers' conduct. Two months after the report in Haaretz, the Military Advocate General's Office finally sought testimony from A.M. But the meeting, scheduled for this week, did not take place, because the MAG representative refused Misk's request that the boy's testimony be given with his attorney present.
In their letter of complaint to Attorney General Yehuda Weinstein and attorney Herzl Sbiro, who heads the Justice Ministry department responsible for investigating police misconduct, DCI and the Public Committee Against Torture asked for a criminal investigation to be launched against the person who questioned A.M. The organizations wrote that A.M. had told them the investigator attached an electric cable to the boy's genitals and threatened to give him an electric shock unless he confessed to throwing stones.
The two groups also wrote to Lt. Col. Sigal Mishal Shehori, who is in charge of operational affairs for MAG. In that letter, they demanded a criminal investigation into the conduct of the officers and soldiers involved in A.M.'s arrest. A.M. said the soldiers abused and laughed at him while he was handcuffed in a painful position.
"Many complaints are received by the Committee [Against Torture] regarding abuse by soldiers and violence against Palestinian prisoners," the letter said. "This suggests the existence of a serious and widespread practice of violence and abuse of Palestinian prisoners by soldiers."
"This violent and systematic behavior was described extensively in a report published by the Public Committee Against Torture in Israel more than two years ago ... to show you that a clear policy to contain the phenomenon of abuse of prisoners by IDF soldiers must be instituted," it added.
In both letters, the authors asked that an attorney be allowed to be present while giving testimony to MAG or Justice Ministry investigators, as it is natural for minors to feel frightened and threatened by interrogators who are part of the same military system that arrested them.
Meanwhile, on August 3, DCI sent details on the case of S.A., another 15-year-old from Beit Ummar, to the UN special rapporteur on torture.
Both the teenager and soldiers who witnessed the incident say he was used as a human shield when security forces entered his village on April 16, at a time when an event was taking place in the village to mark Palestinian Prisoner Day.
The soldiers allegedly forced the teenager to march in front of them so they would not be hit by stones thrown by local youths.
S.A. said the soldiers demanded that he confess to having thrown stones, beat him and forced him to drink tainted water that made him vomit. The story was reported by the Palestinian news agency Maan, which also reported that the IDF spokesman had said the case would be investigated.
Many of the Palestinian minors are brought before a military judge when they are already scared and exhausted as a result their incarceration, often after having been arrested in the middle of the night. They are then tried on the basis of a military law that, even after it was slightly changed last year, "seriously violates the rights of minors and contravenes the protection they must be given in criminal proceedings," according to ACRI and Yesh Din.
In a June 15 letter to the MAG's office, they requested certain changes to improve the situation, including treating Palestinians as minors until the age of 18 (as Israelis are ) rather than 16, and refraining from imprisoning Palestinians under the age of 14.
The IDF Spokesman's Office said in response that after S.A. and A.M. are questioned by the Military Police, the findings will be delivered to the military advocate general. ACRI's request was received by the MAG on August 16, it added, and will studied thoroughly.
The military prosecution has recently received a number of requests relating to the legal status of minors held in West Bank military courts, the statement continued, and "these requests are currently being examined by all the relevant bodies, including the Justice Ministry."
Why do you believe what the enemies of Israel tell you? Do you believe people like David Irving or Davd Ike? You purport yourself to be a pseudo intellecutal but are oblivious to the need for objectivity. What you really need is psychotherapy to work out why you hate yourself so much. You appear to have so much anger and hate inside you. Go on holiday, take up yoga, tai-chi, something at least. Why is bashing Israel your favourite pastime? I am lucky to have 2 jobs and the time to post on your blogs. Prehaps you have too much time on your hands......
Go to Israel and find out the truth.
Tony Greenstein said...
Our anonymous Zionist posted 8 times today with various levels of vitriol and abuse, so they will not be posted. I've let this one through as it says everything anon says anyway.
It is a fact that the Israeli army is firing on children who stray to close to the Gaza fence. The Israeli state isn't even denying what has been done, I suspect they are proud of it, so why is this believing what the 'enemies of Israel' say?
No I don't believe people like David Irving or Davd Ike. Their lies are easily shown to be such. What Israel is doing is a fact and it is our anonymous Zionist who is behaving like Irving, denying that which is plain to all.
Maybe our anonymous Zionist would like to deny all the statements of Israel's judeo Nazi rabbis as well, despite them being published and openly admitted? Does he condemn them? Who knows.
I fear anonymous, knowing full well that everything we write is true, is left with appeals to my being member of the Jewish race/nation as some form of crude blackmail. 'Blood is thicker than water' etc. Fine, isn't that what the Nazis used to say about loyalty to the Volk? Strange how our Zionists take on these unsavoury habits.
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text:
METROPOLITAN COLLEGE
Recognition of Degrees
Αcademic Board
Campus / Infrastructure
Hellenic Colleges Association
License of operation
ΒA (Hons) Marketing Management
Faculty of Shipping and Maritime Studies
BSc (Hons) Maritime Law and Business
Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management
ECOLE HOTELIERE DE LAUSANNE | VET BY EHL PROGRAMME
Faculty of Computing
Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education
Faculty of Architecture, Engineering & the Built Environment
BA (Hons) Architecture
BEng (Hons) Electrical & Electronic Systems
Faculty of Culture & Communication
MA Special Educational Needs
ΜSc Clinical and Community Psychology
MArch Architecture and Urbanism
Faculty-led Study Abroad Programmes
BSc (Hons) Maritime Transport & International Logistics
Warsash School of Maritime Science and Engineering Programmes
BEng (Hons) Marine Engineering and Management
BSc (Hons) Psychology – English, BPS accredited
BSc (Hons) Music Technology and Production
FACULTY OF LAW-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMES
ΜSc Electronic and Electrical Systems Engineering
Why choose the BSc (Hons) Shipping and Port Management?
The shipping industry is one of global significance, generating billions of dollars of revenue annually and offering an ever-growing number of opportunities for professional careers.
Students gain key knowledge and specific expertise in business, management, law, the supply chain and finance – all of the essential skills required to apply for a range of roles in this major global industry.
The course meets the needs of employers and professional bodies, as it is validated by the Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers-ICS and the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport-CILT.
The course's academic staff has a wide range of industry backgrounds, with expertise in port and ship operations, ship finance, maritime law, chartering, general management and logistics, ensuring that teaching combines academic theory with a wealth of commercial knowledge.
Students have the opportunity to experience the maritime industry first-hand during educational visits.
Solent University in Southampton is a global leader in Maritime and Shipping Studies, as well as in research across a range of important issues.
International recognition of the awarded degree both in Greece and abroad via the AMC Career Office and the network of collaborating companies in the maritime and shipping industries.
Opportunity to learn foreign languages as part of the programme.
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Ports are the economic drivers of a country's economy and ships are the principal mode of delivery. As countries develop and their economies grow, reliance on ships and ports also grows. The BSc (Hons) Shipping and Port Management constitutes a comprehensive programme of study in the area of Shipping, a key link in the global supply chain, as about 90 per cent of world trade is carried by the shipping industry. On our ship and port management degree students gain key knowledge and specific expertise in ship, port and transport operations, maritime law, marine finance and general management – all of the essential skills required to apply for a range of roles in this major global industry. One of the cornerstones of this programme is providing students with realistic experiences so as to acquire the necessary specialised skills on Shipping and Port Management and helping them appreciate the complexities and particularities of modern businesses of the specific sector. During the first two years, students acquire the basic knowledge on the shipping sector, while on the third year they focus on Port Management. By exploiting the latest trends and characteristics of the Greek and international shipping and port industry, it incorporates all contemporary aspects of shipping and port management theory and practice, helping students develop their research skills, business intelligence, team spirit and communicative flair.
Transport Geography
Managing Financial Information
Maritime Operations
Business Skills Development
Current Marine Issues
Management of Marine Organisations
Chartering Practice
Ship Management and Operations
Extended Project
Marine Pollution Management
Strategic Management and Marketing
Terminal Planning and Development
Maritime Law and Risk Management
With strong industry links and opportunities for work placements, graduates are well equipped to enter a variety of roles in the shipping and port industry. Suitable roles for graduates include (among others):
Port and terminal management and operations
Ship finance
Ship broking
The programme is addressed to high-school leavers who wish to pursue a career in the area of Shipping and Port Management.
Required documentation:
Copy of High School Certificate
Letters of Recommendation by High School teachers
Copy of Identity Card
Passport-sized photos
Copy of English language certificate
Other certificates/degrees
AMC Application Form
A personal interview complements the evaluation of the above documentation.
The academic staff of the Faculty of Shipping and Maritime Studies consists of distinguished lecturers, holders of Masters and PhD degrees with extensive research and management consultancy work, teaching experience at Greek and foreign Universities plus professional recognition in the shipping industry.
In their majority they are also top business executives who can familiarize students with the latest advances in the shipping sector and help them put to practice the theoretical knowledge they acquire in class.
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Select Programme BACHELORS - FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICSBA (Hons) Business ManagementBSc (Hons) Economics for BusinessBA (Hons) Marketing ManagementBACHELORS - FACULTY OF HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENTBA (Hons) International Hospitality and Tourism ManagementBA Culinary Arts and Food Service DevelopmentBA Culinary Arts, Baking and PatisserieVET BY EHL PROGRAMMEHotel Administration Diploma VET BY EHLService Professional Diploma VET BY EHLRooms Professional Diploma VET BY EHLKitchen Professional Diploma VET BY EHLBACHELORS - FACULTY OF LAW-UNIVERSITY OF LONDON INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMMESBachelor of Laws (LLB)BACHELORS - FACULTY OF SHIPPING & MARITIME STUDIESBSc (Hons) Maritime BusinessBSc (Hons) Maritime Law and BusinessBSc BSc (Hons) Shipping and Port ManagementBSc (Hons) Maritime Transport and International LogisticsWARSASH MARITIME ACADEMY PROGRAMMESBSc (Hons) Marine Operations ManagementBEng (Hons) Marine Engineering and ManagementBACHELORS - FACULTY OF COMPUTINGBSc (Hons) ComputingBSc (Hons) Computer NetworksBACHELORS - FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCESBSc (Hons) Speech and Language TherapyBSc (Hons) NursingBSc (Hons) MidwiferyBSc (Hons) PhysiotherapyBSc (Hons) Biomedical SciencesBSc (Hons) DieteticsBSc (Hons) Occupational TherapyBSc (Hons) Sports Coaching and Physical EducationBSc (Hons) PodiatryBACHELORS - FACULTY OF SPORT SCIENCES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATIONBSc (Hons) Sports Coaching and Physical Education BA (Ηοns) Sport Management BACHELORS - FACULTY OF HUMAN SCIENCESBSc (Hons) Psychology BACHELORS - FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENTBA (Hons) Architecture (RIBA part 1)BEng (Hons) Civil Engineering & ConstructionBEng (Hons) Electrical and Electronic SystemsMASTERS - FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICSMBA International BusinessMSc Digital and Social Media MarketingMASTERS- FACULTY OF SHIPPING & MARITIME STUDIESMSc (Hons) International Shipping and LogisticsMSc (Hons) InternationalMaritime BusinessMASTERS - FACULTY OF HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENTMSc International Hospitality, Events and Tourism Management MASTERS - FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES MASTERS - FACULTY OF SPORT SCIENCES AND PHYSICAL EDUCATIONMA Sport Development and ManagementMSc Applied Sport and Exercise Nutrition MASTERS - FACULTY OF HUMAN SCIENCESMSc PsychologyMSc Business PsychologyMASTERS - FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENTMArch Arhitecture and Urbanism (RIBA Part II) MSc Civil Engineering and the Built EnvironmentMSc Electronic Systems Engineering Invalid Input
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Ports are the economic drivers of a country's economy and ships are the principal mode of delivery. As countries develop and their economies grow, reliance on ships and ports also grows.
The BSc (Hons) Shipping and Port Management constitutes a comprehensive programme of study in the area of Shipping, a key link in the global supply chain, as about 90 per cent of world trade is carried by the shipping industry. On our ship and port management degree students gain key knowledge and specific expertise in ship, port and transport operations, maritime law, marine finance and general management – all of the essential skills required to apply for a range of roles in this major global industry.
One of the cornerstones of this programme is providing students with realistic experiences so as to acquire the necessary specialised skills on Shipping and Port Management and helping them appreciate the complexities and particularities of modern businesses of the specific sector. During the first two years, students acquire the basic knowledge on the shipping sector, while on the third year they focus on Port Management.
By exploiting the latest trends and characteristics of the Greek and international shipping and port industry, it incorporates all contemporary aspects of shipping and port management theory and practice, helping students develop their research skills, business intelligence, team spirit and communicative flair.
With strong industry links and opportunities for work placements, graduates are well equipped to enter a variety of roles in the maritime industry. Suitable roles for graduates include (among others):
The programme is addressed to high-school leavers who wish to pursue a career in the area of economics.
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Anzick (12,707-12,556), Ancient One, 52 Ancestors #42
Posted on October 18, 2014 by Roberta Estes
His name is Anzick, named for the family land, above, where his remains were found, and he is 12,500 years old, or more precisely, born between 12,707 and 12,556 years before the present. Unfortunately, my genealogy software is not prepared for a birth year with that many digits. That's because, until just recently, we had no way to know that we were related to anyone of that age….but now….everything has changed ….thanks to DNA.
Actually, Anzick himself is not my direct ancestor. We know that definitively, because Anzick was a child when he died, in present day Montana.
Anzick was loved and cherished, because he was smeared with red ochre before he was buried in a cave, where he would be found more than 12,000 years later, in 1968, just beneath a layer of approximately 100 Clovis stone tools, shown below. I'm sure his parents then, just as parents today, stood and cried as the laid their son to rest….never suspecting just how important their son would be some 12,500 years later.
From 1968 until 2013, the Anzick family looked after Anzick's bones, and in 2013, Anzick's DNA was analyzed.
DNA analysis of Anzick provided us with his mitochondrial haplogroup, D4h3a, a known Native American grouping, and his Y haplogroup was Q-L54, another known Native American haplogroup. Haplogroup Q-L54 itself is estimated to be about 16,900 years old, so this finding is certainly within the expected range. I'm not related to Anzick through Y or mitochondrial DNA.
Utilizing the admixture tools at GedMatch, we can see that Anzick shows most closely with Native American and Arctic with a bit of east Siberian. This all makes sense.
Full genome sequencing was performed on Anzick, and from that data, it was discovered that Anzick was related to Native Americans, closely related to Mexican, Central and South Americans, and not closely related to Europeans or Africans. This was an important discovery, because it in essence disproves the Solutrean hypothesis that Clovis predecessors emigrated from Southwest Europe during the last glacial maximum, about 20,000 years ago.
The distribution of these matches was a bit surprising, in that I would have expected the closest matches to be from North America, in particular, near to where Anzick was found, but his closest matches are south of the US border. Although, in all fairness, few people in Native tribes in the US have DNA tested and many are admixed.
This match distribution tells us a lot about population migration and distribution of the Native people after they left Asia, crossed Beringia on the land bridge, now submerged, into present day Alaska.
This map of Beriginia, from the 2008 paper by Tamm et all, shows the migration of Native people into (and back from) the new world.
Anzick's ancestors crossed Beringia during this time, and over the next several thousand years, found their way to Montana. Some of Anzick's relatives found their way to Mexico, Central and South America. The two groups may have split when Anzick's family group headed east instead of south, possibly following the edges of glaciers, while the south-moving group followed the coastline.
Recently, from Anzick's full genome data, another citizen scientist extracted the DNA locations that the testing companies use for autosomal DNA results, created an Anzick file, and uploaded the file to the public autosomal matching site, GedMatch. This allowed everyone to see if they matched Anzick. We expected no, or few, matches, because after all, Anzick was more than 12,000 years old and all of his DNA would have washed out long ago due to the 50% replacement in every generation….right? Wrong!!!
What a surprise to discover fairly large segments of DNA matching Anzick in living people, and we've spent the past couple of weeks analyzing and discussing just how this has happened and why. In spite of some technical glitches in terms of just how much individual people carry of the same DNA Anzick carried, one thing is for sure, the GedMatch matches confirm, in spades, the findings of the scientists who wrote the recent paper that describes the Anzick burial and excavation, the subsequent DNA processing and results.
For people who carry known Native heritage, matches, especially relatively large matches to Anzick, confirm not only their Native heritage, but his too.
For people who suspect Native heritage, but can't yet prove it, an Anzick match provides what amounts to a clue – and it may be a very important clue.
In my case, I have proven Native heritage through the Micmac who intermarried with the Acadians in the 1600s in Nova Scotia. Given that Anzick's people were clearly on a west to east movement, from Beringia to wherever they eventually wound up, one might wonder if the Micmac were descended from or otherwise related to Anzick's people. Clearly, based on the genetic affinity map, the answer is yes, but not as closely related to Anzick as Mexican, Central and South Americans.
After several attempts utilizing various files, thresholds and factors that produced varying levels of matching to Anzick, one thing is clear – there is a match on several chromosomes. Someplace, sometime in the past, Anzick and I shared a common ancestor – and it was likely on this continent, or Beringia, since the current school of thought is that all Native people entered the New World through this avenue. The school of thought is not united in an opinion about whether there was a single migration event, or multiple migrations to the new word. Regardless, the people came from the same base population in far northeast Asia and intermingled after arriving here if they were in the same location with other immigrants.
In other words, there probably wasn't much DNA to pass around. In addition, it's unlikely that the founding population was a large group – probably just a few people – so in very short order their DNA would be all the same, being passed around and around until they met a new population, which wouldn't happen until the Europeans arrived on the east side of the continent in the 1400s. The tribes least admixed today are found south of the US border, not in the US. So it makes sense that today the least admixed people would match Anzick the most closely – because they carry the most common DNA, which is still the same DNA that was being passed around and around back then.
Many of us with Native ancestors do carry bits and pieces of the same DNA as Anzick. Anzick can't be our ancestor, but he is certainly our cousin, about 500 generations ago, using a 25 year generation, so roughly our 500th cousin. I had to laugh at someone this week, an adoptee who said, "Great, I can't find my parents but now I have a 12,500 year old cousin." Yep, you do! The ironies of life, and of genealogy, never fail to amaze me.
Utilizing the most conservative matching routine possible, on a phased kit, meaning one that combines the DNA shared by my mother and myself, and only that DNA, we show the following segment matches with Anzick.
Chr Start Location End Location Centimorgans (cM) SNPs
2 218855489 220351363 2.4 253
4 1957991 3571907 2.5 209
17 53111755 56643678 3.4 293
Being less conservative produces many more matches, some of which are questionable as to whether they are simply convergence, so I haven't utilized the less restrictive match thresholds.
Of those matches above, the one on chromosomes 17 matches to a known Micmac segment from my Acadian lines and the match on chromosome 2 also matches an Acadian line, but I share so many common ancestors with this person that I can't tell which family line the DNA comes from.
There are also Anzick autosomal matches on my father's side. My Native ancestry on his side reaches back to colonial America, in either Virginia or North Carolina, or both, and is unproven as to the precise ancestor and/or tribe, so I can't correlate the Anzick DNA with proven Native DNA on that side. Neither can I associate it with a particular family, as most of the Anzick matches aren't to areas on my chromosome that I've mapped positively to a specific ancestor.
Running a special utility at GedMatch that compared Anzick's X chromosome to mine, I find that we share a startlingly large X segment. Sometimes, the X chromosome is passed for generations intact.
Interestingly enough, the segment 100,479,869-103,154,989 matches a segment from my mother exactly, but the large 6cM segment does not match my mother, so I've inherited that piece of my X from my father's line.
X 100479869 103154989 1.4 114
This tells me immediately that this segment comes from one of the pink or blue lines on the fan chart below that my father inherited from his mother, Ollie Bolton, since men don't inherit an X chromosome from their father. Utilizing the X pedigree chart reduces the possible lines of inheritance quite a bit, and is very suggestive of some of those unknown wives.
It's rather amazing, if you think about it, that anyone today matches Anzick, or that we can map any of our ancestral DNA that both we and Anzick carry to a specific ancestor.
Indeed, we do live in exciting times.
Honoring Anzick
On a rainy Saturday in June, 2014, on a sagebrush hillside in Montana, in Native parlance, our "grandfather," Anzick was reburied, bringing his journey full circle. Sarah Anzick, a molecular biologist, the daughter of the family that owns the land where the bones were found, and who did part of the genetic discovery work on Anzick, returns the box with his bones for reburial.
More than 50 people, including scientists, members of the Anzick family and representatives of six Native American tribes, gathered for the nearly two-hour reburial ceremony. Tribe members said prayers, sang songs, played drums and rang bells to honor the ancient child. The bones were placed in the grave and sprinkled with red ocher, just like when his parents buried him some 12,500 years before.
Participants at the reburial ceremony filled in the grave with handfuls, then shovelfuls of dirt and covered it with stones. A stick tied with feathers marks Anzick's final resting place.
Sarah Anzick tells us that, "At that point, it stopped raining. The clouds opened up and the sun came out. It was an amazing day."
I wish I could have been there. I would have, had I known. After all, he is part of me, and I of him.
Welcome to the family, Anzick, and thank you, thank you oh so much, for your priceless, unparalleled gift!!!
If you want to read about the Anzick matching journey of DNA discovery, here are the articles I've written in the past two weeks. It has been quite a roller coaster ride, but I'm honored and privileged to be doing this research. And it's all thanks to an ancient child named Anzick.
Utilizing Ancient DNA at Gedmatch
Analyzing the Native American Anzick Clovis Native American Results
New Native American Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups Extrapolated from Anzick Match Results
Ancient DNA Matching, A Cautionary Tale
More Ancient DNA Samples for Comparison
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This entry was posted in Admixture, Ancestor Mapping, Ancient DNA, Anthropology, Autosomal, Biogeographical Analysis (BGA), Chromosome Mapping, Ethnicity, Forensics, GedMatch, History, Inheritance, Migration, Mitochondrial DNA, Native American, Research, Tools, X Chromosome, Y DNA and tagged 52 Weeks of Ancestors, Examples by Roberta Estes. Bookmark the permalink.
28 thoughts on "Anzick (12,707-12,556), Ancient One, 52 Ancestors #42"
Jimmy on October 18, 2014 at 3:59 pm said:
Hello Roberta in the Clovis Gedmatch , Trish (Loretta Lynn Morrrison) Kit F240238 has her largest CM's at a Little Over 7. She has also Tried to insert into Mothers of Acadia. they said they can't get in because no lineage, so she is ungrouped. last note Deb.Estes Any Kin?
On her X chromosomes
Lucy G. on October 18, 2014 at 4:08 pm said:
D4h3a is my maternal Haplogroup from my mom. Our family has been in Arizona for generations. I have not found other members in Arizona who match our family Haplogroup. We were told my great maternal grandmother was either Pima or Yaqui indian from South-central Arizona. Actually how rare is Haplogroup D4h3a in Arizona and where is the largest concentration? Thank you.
robertajestes on October 18, 2014 at 5:33 pm said:
We don't know how rare it is in Arizona.
Kalani on October 18, 2014 at 5:15 pm said:
Thanks for this article! Very interesting.
But I still don't get why people assumed that there would be no relation to Anzick. Or are we talking about autosomally only? Or is the assumption because not many NA would be tested, and that most of the people would not match because they're admixed?
This was presumed because Anzick's autosomal DNA was presumed to have "washed out" in the recombination between then and now. And if the population hasn't been so very small at one point, with very little different DNA, that would have been true.
Kalani on October 19, 2014 at 3:55 am said:
But how does DNA wash out, especially in Anzick's case? Recombination doesn't wash a DNA out. And if we're talking Anzick's time, we are talking about a group of people who were less mobile, therefore being more alike each other, as in the case of Polynesians who ended up being interrelated many times over.
robertajestes on October 19, 2014 at 4:02 am said:
I think the assumption was that it would either have washed out through recombination or become too fragmented to be found today. Same with Neanderthal and Denisovan. And it hasn't.
ah, I got it. Makes sense now. I understand what you mean by fragmented.
Jillian Dacyk on October 18, 2014 at 6:24 pm said:
Very moving……..thank you once again for writing on this topic. The description of the original burial is also fascinating. I absolutely love the revelations we are getting now from ancient DNA.
Geneo Jay on October 18, 2014 at 8:40 pm said:
An interesting book to read would be "No Bone Unturned" by Jeff Benedict.
We can use this DNA to connect us or disconnect us, but now how, in the future, do we deal with ancient remains. Do we DNA each person or group of person who claims lineage to a set of remains to see who has the closest match, then give them say about what to do with them? Or, do we find anyone who is a match and ask them what they would like to do with the remains? Or do we ask one person or group of person, and depending if we agree with their answer, ask another descendent?
Do scientists and researchers now have to worry about every set of ancient remains they find and the court battles that may follow about who is a "closer" descendant?
Interesting times. Interesting times.
Mark Deutsch on October 19, 2014 at 12:24 am said:
Beautifully written Roberta. It's truly exciting to know there's a little bit of Anzick in many of us. And fortunately there are more and more samples being given by Native peoples, which for whatever reason were not included by the paper's authors in Figure 2, above. I remember the post you did awhile back on the testing done by a group of Canadian first peoples. There was also a paper published a few months ago on the high incidence of Native mtDNA in Cuba. The science keeps on advancing and soon we'll be able to compare our DNA with hundreds if not thousands of those no longer with us.
cathee58 on October 19, 2014 at 12:40 am said:
I have absolutely no NA DNA, there goes some claims of the Indian wife of an early settler, or the female captive bringing back mixed children. At least not in my line, anyway. Sad. I had hoped. Everyone thinks that I have NA ancestry because of my long straight hair.
Thanks for all of this great info!
Van Landry on October 19, 2014 at 2:17 am said:
Wow, what an interesting article. So glad you wrote it. I had seen the previous articles on ancient DNA and compared my kits to a few of them. There were no matches in the results, so I quit checking. When I read that you matched and that you connect it to your Acadian ancestry, I had to check it out. And… wait for it… there are some matching segments! Actually your mom and my dad's matches to Anzick are comparable. And my phased results look similar to your phased results. Which is nice since neither me nor my dad showed any Native American heritage. (Even though the paper trail leads to Acadians in Nova Scotia that married Micmac.)
Even more interesting is the segment on Chromosome 2 that you attribute to your Acadian ancestry. My dad matches you on that segment. (He is 218960874-220267932, 2.1cM). Sadly, I did not have that segment passed on. But when I compare your mom to my dad at these same levels (min 2 cM, min 200 SNPs) they have a multitude of matching segments.
Robin on October 19, 2014 at 3:36 pm said:
With the new kit, my match went down 🙁
Here it is now:
Minimum threshold size to be included in total = 500 SNPs
Mismatch-bunching Limit = 250 SNPs
Minimum segment cM to be included in total = 5.0 cM
5	4462168	6517724	6.4	705
7	129805176	131747556	5.1	526
Largest segment = 6.4 cM
Elle on October 21, 2014 at 5:27 pm said:
Hi Roberta,
Here is a story about a 7,500 year old Native American burial found recently in San Francisco. I hope the local Ohlone tribe and their list of "most likely descendants" allow DNA testing before reburial. It would be sad not to find out more about who this individual was and how he/she connects to today's Native American populations.
At 7,500 years old, I could be a most likely descendent based on DNA alone. Too bad I am not an official member of the local tribe.
http://m.sfgate.com/bayarea/nevius/article/Construction-crew-s-discovery-of-human-remains-5835634.php#comments
Armando on October 24, 2014 at 12:31 pm said:
Here is another story about the Native Americans swiftly populating the Americas. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/10/141023-paleo-indians-migration-pucuncho-basin-andes-south-america-archaeology/?
The Anzick DNA results have been uploaded to FTDNA
http://www.fc.id.au/2014/10/ancient-dna-matches-in-familytreedna.html
Dawn on November 20, 2014 at 5:33 am said:
How did you generate the fan chart of your ancestors? Do you have special software?
robertajestes on November 20, 2014 at 6:01 am said:
Charting Companion Software. I love it. http://dna-explained.com/2014/02/03/charting-companion-from-progeny-software/
Denise Neufeld on November 25, 2014 at 2:23 pm said:
Thank you for writing this article….I was skeptical at first and jumped to my own conclusions before ready all the blog articles you wrote explaining how and why.
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Roberta Estes on May 25, 2019 at 12:14 am said:
As of May 2019, the kit number at GedMatch for the Anzick file is F999919.
Laura on May 26, 2019 at 10:59 pm said:
What does 'Base pairs with full match' mean on Gedmatch? I don't have any known NA ancestry but I wanted to run my kit against the Anzick file just for the heck of it just to see what it would look like and while it is mostly red (Base Pairs with No Match) and yellow (Base Pairs with Half Match), I see some sticks of green here and there. What does that mean for someone who does not have NA?
No, it just means that by happenstance you math on both sides. That happens to everyone.
Laura on May 27, 2019 at 1:40 am said:
That's what I though – that when you don't have NA in your background and something like that shows up, it means that a very long time ago. your ancestors were near other people but not 'of' them, is that what you mean?
Roberta Estes on May 27, 2019 at 4:41 am said:
No, it means that every DNA location is made up one 1 of 4 nucleotides, so there is a nontrivial chance that you can match someone simply by chance at each location. That's why we compare segments of DNA, not just individual locations. Those tiny slivers are by chance.
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CBn Reviews 'Live And Let Die'
Over the last several months, members of the CBn Forum have been reviewing all the James Bond films in the "Countdown Threads". If you wish to join in on the forum discussion all you have to do is register. Now here are some select reviews, varying in opinions, of Live And Let Die…
'Live And Let Die' by 00-FAN008
'Live And Let Die' litho by Jeff Marshall
Another big-time favourite of mine starring Roger. I seem to remember that I watched the film several times over in my youth; I guess I enjoyed it that much!
One of the best things about Live And Let Die, for me, was the villians. Specifically, Tee-Hee and Baron Samedi, who had their own unique and interesting traits; Tee-Hee with his silver claw, and Baron Samedi: "the man who cannot die". Yaphet Kotto was also an enjoyable villian onscreen as Mr. Big; a very plausible villian. However, I thought his death was very ridiculous to a certain degree.
Another great thing about Live And Let Die was the 70's. Bond was a very adaptable character who could blend in well with the times without aging a bit, and I thought it was really cool to see Roger Moore in a 1970's setting.
'Live And Let Die' by DLibrasnow
The initial Bond movie by Roger Moore is a mixed bag in my book. Whereas the supporting villains are excellent, the main villain is underwhelming and his plot (flooding the US with drugs) is rather ho-hum compared to bigger plots like destruction of the world (Moonraker) or the nuclear attack of British cities (For Your Eyes Only).
Roger Moore also seems to still be finding his way in the part and apart from a few glimmers of what he would eventually deliver the movie and his performance seems to be on remote control.
Some of the definite highlights include the crocodile farm sequence and the boat chase in the bayous and some of the drawbacks include Sheriff J.W. Pepper and Jane Seymour's lackluster performance.
I did like the whole voodoo thing though, I thought that was an interesting element and very unusual for a Bond movie.
'Live And Let Die' by Freemo
Meh. Good, but hard to get really excited about. Ever seen two people have a passionate debate regarding the merits of Live And Let Die? No, it's just "sort of good". Has a certain flavor to it though, with the voodoo themes and the 70's style. I guess whether or not you like this film comes down to whether or not you like those things.
I like Bond tricking Solitarie with the cards, and the crocodile farm, and the title song ofcourse, but apart from that I don't think the film ever really rises above "middle of the pack". Good, but not great.
'Live And Let Die' by Genrewriter
A great debut for Moore and a stellar cast of villains make this a wonderful 007 outing, but the film is marred slightly by the incredibly bad death of Kananga. Still, the music, action and set design are all top notch with the main title theme standing out from pretty much everything else as the best part of the movie.
'Live And Let Die' by Qwerty
Live And Let Die is a good James Bond film on pretty much all merits. It's just not one that has enough spectacle, or plot, or whatever else, to make it count in my top five for instance. I'm sure it floats around near the #10 borderline often though. With Live And Let Die, we get a very solid performance from Roger Moore as James Bond. It's his opening film, and it's very much like Dr. No in a way — opening films for the two best Bond's (in my opinion), and both are solid flicks for both of them.
Live And Let Die does have some very good, and very underrated villains in it though. I always look at the villains as being alongside, with the main star in James Bond, to be the most important aspect of the film. The villains provide the mission for Bond (often enough) and need to be a good challenge. I liked Yaphet Kotto's quiet menace against Moore's Bond, and Tee Hee proves to be a well used henchman who doesn't get too comical that he becomes unbelievable. I liked Jane Seymour's Solitaire as well – nothing brilliant, but a very good Bond girl.
The locations are fair, Harlem looks…well like some of the tougher parts of New York, it's expected. The plot in this film, I thought, could have been fleshed out more and perhaps better explained or further crafted in the screenplay, but it is serviceable.
On the whole, a solid film.
'Live And Let Die' by Scottlee
Despite the cool New Olreans jazz band sequence (the short, black guy with the knife still creeps me out), the pre-credits wimps out by not including the new Bond in it, and there are other faults to the film. Gloria Hendry is dreadful, chase sequences are slightly over-used (more so the bus sequence than the boat chase), and baddie's end hideout looks small and cheap. Oh, and main title track aside, George Martin is not a good 'scorer' of films, a statement I make knowing full well the guy shares the exact name of my father. Sorry, dad. Finally, where the hell is Q? Criminal omission.
Good points? There are a few more than there are bad. Moore gives a credible effort, although he wouldn't really reach his peak until his third Bond. Jane Seymour is lovely to look at, and her character has a likeable personality. The villains are all great. Kananga is well put across, TeeHee delightful, Baron Samedi just a legend both character wise and in the history of movies full stop. Whisper and Adam are less impressive, but provide decent back-up when needed. It's also curious to note that 3 of those aforementioned ruffians could be both argued to be dead/not dead come the end of the picture.
Did I beg the question, though, up until now, of how Bond 'got away' from Adam and company at the flying school? He (007) ended up in practically the same place he started in! And whether or not you liked Sheriff Pepper is a matter of opinion and mood. The crocodile sequence is classic Bond, by the way.
Live And Let Die is a good Bond, but rough around the edges.
'Live And Let Die' by Skudor
The best thing here is the gorgeous young Jane Seymour. What really brings it down is the supernatural mumbo jumbo, the tarot card reading etc. What it does have is an edgy, dangerous feel that so many other Bond movies fail to give – but this comes at the expense of including the irritating voodoo. As usual for me, Roger Moore's Bond isn't enough to bring up the rating, and the villain played by Yaphet Kotto is very wooden. Tee Hee is a good henchman, and in the Oddjob tradition he is a credible threat to Bond. The fight on the train is good.
The title song rocks!
'Live And Let Die' by Turn
A lot of people look at Live And Let Die as dated and a victim of giving into the blaxploitation wave of the early 1970s. I'm sure there's some deeper meaning article about what it all means (Zencat may have some angle on this, much like his Goldfinger article). But I just find it a pretty entertaining movie. To borrow something DLibrasnow said in one of his reviews, this is the point where I will start to really show my enthusiasm for the higher-ranking films of the series.
While pretty far down my list, there's a lot going on in Live And Let Die to keep involved in. The whole voodoo theme is a natural for a Bond film, and a somewhat sad reminder that we don't get anything like that anymore. It's like a SPECTRE watching over the whole film.
While Moore had yet to hit his stride as Bond, he does well in his debut. I've always considered Jane Seymour to be one of the most attractive Bond women, although over the years the Solitare character has really slipped down my list. In some scenes she seems strong, especially those with the cards, but those seem less effective when she turns into a simpering damsel in distress. And we finally get a decent Felix after the disappointing Norman Burton in Diamonds Are Forever. Hedison was a natural and actually gets to take part in the action, although I can't figure out why he didn't aid Bond on the island.
I really like the villainous network in Live And Let Die. Richard Maibaum complained that he would have come up with something better than "cooking up drugs in the jungle" caper. But I don't think that aspect of it overwhelms Kananga isn't a great Bond villain, but an interesting one. When he gets angry, such as when he belts Solitare, it's frightening. Then when he does a 360 and acts all charming at the climax, it's unsettling because you know he's losing his mind. Tee Hee is an intersting Jaws/Odd Job variation; Whisper is off-beat; the cab driver is one of those characters we also don't get to see anymore. He's not dangerous, but he lends to it; Adam doesn't get much development, but he's still dangerous.
Then we get Baron Samedi, whose presence just looms over the film. The scene in the graveyard as Bond and Solitare escape is one of the series' finest examples of the bizzare (another thing we don't get anymore). And the final image of him on the train is second only to the last shot of On Her Majesty's Secret Service as far as endings go. And it's one of the best images of the series.
The George Martin score has divided a lot of fans. I love it and feel it's appropriate for the era. It was one of the first two remastered scores I bought. McCartney's theme song is my favorite, and the credits are among the most memorable. I also liked the marketing for this one. The poster is one of the best with a ton of imagery (compare it to the Die Another Day poster and see what I mean).
I enjoy the Tom Mankiewicz script and feel he is one of the more underappreciated members of the creative team. The confrontation scene in Kananga's office in the Filet of Soul is one of the better scenes of its type in the series. Sheriff Pepper really didn't bother me although he does make the boat chase seem dragged out. And Q's absence didn't hurt it, really.
One of Live And Let Die's faults is it seems like one long chase movie as Bond is pursued by car, motorcycle, helicopter, plane, boat, etc. He just always seems in danger and never has the upper hand. Of course, you could say that about a lot of films, but here I really enjoyed it for the most part. Live And Let Die is a unique film in the Bond series.


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As a training company, there are many trainers you work with, and you want to be sure the visitors can easily learn about them. As a brand, you want to promote the licensed trainers of yours.
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Vodafone Mobile Wi-Fi R205 review
By Dave Oliver
Clear status updates on screen, memory card support, lightweight and compact
Only 2GB data allowance per month
£65 (PAYG with £10 top-up)
The Vodafone Mobile Wi-Fi R205 is a 3G wireless router that you can take with you anywhere for connecting your laptop or tablet while you're on the go. But is it worth the bother?
Well, it's neat, presentable, and at 96x50x14mm it's eminently pocketable. In appearance it looks very similar to Three's Mi-Fi, also made by Chinese manufacturer Huawei, but this one is a little lighter at 80g (rather than 90g).
It's extremely easy to use. The tiny OLED monochrome screen has zero wow factor, but it clearly and neatly displays all the information you need at a glance: signal strength and number of users, connection duration, roaming indicator, upload and download data volume, battery life and text message alerts. Oh, and a large Vodafone UK logo in the middle, just in case you forget.
Vodafone starts blocking ads on sites that promote hate speech and fake news
By Victoria Woollaston
Handily, if you double press the start key, it will flash up your SSID and network key so you'll never forget or lose them (or have to open up the device, as is the case with some other mobile Wi-Fi devices).
Setting it up is pretty much as easy as switching it on. It will establish a connection with the network automatically and then you can link your tablet, phone or laptop to it the way you would with any other Wi-Fi 802.11b or g network.
You don't have to set up any special configuration settings via your computer, but there is the option to do so if you wish. It will work with PC, Apple or Android devices and gives you extra info including your SIM card's phone number, though which you can receive text messages. It will also give you more detailed statistics of your online status and show your text messages, as well as an overview of data stored on your microSD which others can share via your online account.
Vodafone says the battery should last for four and a half hours between charges and that was borne out by our trial, give or take about ten minutes. It's still not a lot of time, though you can charge it while it's plugged into your laptop.
Vodafone fined £4.6 million for mis-selling and 'inaccurate' customer billing
By Matt Burgess
When it's connected to the mains it promises a range of 60m, though this is reduced if there are obstructions such as walls between the router and the device it's connecting to. This drops significantly to just 10m when you're working off battery power but since it's so portable, it shouldn't be a problem to take it with you.
We tried it with an iPhone and a Motorola Xoom 2 tablet, neither of which had any problem detecting the network or connecting to it. Annoyingly though, if your connection drops for whatever reason, rather than reconnecting you to your last web page, you'll find yourself directed to your Vodafone account page, which makes no sense, and soon gets irritating.
Vodafone promises up to 21.6Mbps download and 5.7Mbps upload speeds, and while these are obviously very dependent on where you happen to be, we never actually saw anything close to these around north London (4.8 and 2.6Mbps were as good as we could get).
You can buy it on PAYG for £65 (with a £10 top-up SIM) or get it free on an 18-month contract for £15 a month with 2GB data. That's good compared to the Three Mi-Fi's £18.99 a month for 24 months, but that device comes with 15GB data, which makes the Vodafone provision seem measly. It's horses for courses, depending on the reception where you're likely to be using it, and just how much you need to download each month.
The Vodafone Mobile Wi-Fi R205 offers a versatile portable Wi-Fi hotspot for virtually all kinds of laptops and tablets.
Vodafone's a bit stingy with the data allowance but otherwise it's a reasonably well priced and capable device.
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