text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Current cosmological data \cite{Spergel:2006hy} indicate that about 23\% of the energy in the Universe is in the form of cold dark matter (CDM).
The origin and the nature of the CDM is one of the biggest puzzles in theoretical particle physics today.
Since all known particles are ruled out as dark matter candidates, the dark matter problem provides one of the strongest phenomenological motivations for new physics beyond the Standard Model (SM).
Among the many possibilities, supersymmetry (SUSY) is perhaps one of the best motivated new physics scenarios: it resolves the fine-tuning problem of the SM, and may provide natural dark matter candidates among the spectrum of new particles.

It is not SUSY itself that guarantees the stability of the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP), but rather an additional $\boldsymbol{Z_2}$ symmetry ($R$-parity \cite{Rparity}) which is introduced to solve the proton decay problem: without $R$-parity or some similar type of stabilization mechanism, the superpartners of the SM fermions would be expected to mediate proton decay at an unacceptably high rate.
$R$-parity has attractive features.
First, it protects the proton from decaying via renormalizable lepton number violating operators and baryon number violating operators.
Second, it allows TeV scale SUSY to evade the stringent bounds from electroweak precision data.
Finally, in the presence of $R$-parity, the LSP is stable and can be a viable dark matter candidate.
For all these reasons, the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) with $R$-parity has been the most popular supersymmetric extension of the SM, and most SUSY dark matter studies have been confined to this setup \cite{Jungman:1995df}.
Within the MSSM, the lightest neutralino (a mixture of neutral gauginos and higgsinos) has been the only viable CDM candidate since the other possibility (the left-handed sneutrinos) has been ruled out by combining two constraints for a viable dark matter: relic density and direct detection \cite{Falk:1994es}.

In spite of its success and popularity, the MSSM with $R$-parity still has two major problems: the $\mu$-problem \cite{Kim:1983dt} and the potential proton decay problem due to dimension 5 operators \cite{dim5pdecay}.
The MSSM does not explain why the only mass parameter in the superpotential ($\mu$ parameter) is at the electroweak scale instead of the fundamental (Planck or GUT) scale.
Furthermore, $R$-parity allows for dimension 5 lepton and baryon number violating operators such as $QQQL$ and $U^cU^cD^cE^c$ which may still violate the bound on the proton lifetime.
A natural solution to these problems would probably require that the MSSM be extended by a new mechanism or a new symmetry.
The $U(1)'$-extended MSSM (UMSSM) \cite{UMSSM} is a straightforward extension of the MSSM with a non-anomalous TeV scale Abelian gauge symmetry.
It can solve the $\mu$-problem and the dimension 5 operator problem very naturally with an appropriate charge assignment.
An extra Abelian gauge symmetry is also suggested by many new physics scenarios including grand unification \cite{GUT_U1}, extra dimension \cite{Masip:1999mk}, superstring \cite{Cvetic:1995rj}, little Higgs theories \cite{littleHiggs}, strong dynamics \cite{Hill:2002ap}, and Stueckelberg mechanism \cite{Stueckelberg}.

The UMSSM retains most attractive features of the MSSM, and also brings new aspects in relation to the dark matter problem.
First, it extends the set of possible LSP dark matter candidates: the superpartners of the Higgs singlet $S$ and the $Z'$ gauge boson are now additional components of the neutralinos \cite{UMSSMneutralino}.
The (predominantly right-handed) sneutrino also becomes a thermal CDM candidate if it couples to $Z'$ \cite{Lee:2007mt}.
Furthermore, a new gauge symmetry also naturally introduces exotic particles required to cancel gauge anomalies \cite{exotics}.
When a neutral massive field is among the exotics, it could be a CDM candidate as well: it could be the LSP and stable due to $R$-parity, but it is also plausible that it is not the LSP, yet still is stable due to a new discrete gauge symmetry \cite{IbanezRoss, Luhn}
, which may emerge naturally as a residual symmetry after the $U(1)'$ gauge symmetry is broken.
Because of its gauge origin, the discrete gauge symmetry does not suffer from domain wall problem \cite{domainwall} or symmetry violation by gravity effects \cite{Krauss:1988zc}.
With the presence of two discrete symmetries very naturally introduced, the dark matter sector is enriched with coexisting multiple dark matter particles.
Most previous studies on SUSY dark matter assume that the dark matter is made up of a single component.
Then it is usually required that the LSP makes up 100\% of the CDM in the Universe or, if the nature of the LSP is such that its annihilation rate is too high, SUSY dark matter is simply treated as a subdominant component of the CDM, without discussing the dominant component or providing the quantitative consistency with experimental constraints.

In this paper, we consider the $U(1)'$-extended MSSM with a residual discrete gauge symmetry ($\boldsymbol{Z_2}$ for simplicity) arising from the $U(1)'$ gauge symmetry.
We consider a simple case where a SM singlet exotic is a stable particle under the new $\boldsymbol{Z_2}$ symmetry.
Together with the LSP which is stable under $R$-parity, there can be up to three dark matters due to the kinematics (see Appendix \ref{sec:triangle}).
We also illustrate explicit examples for multiple dark matters that satisfy the relic density and direct detection constraints forming a viable texture of dark matters in the Universe.

In Section \ref{sec:UMSSM}, we describe the possible remnant discrete symmetry of the $U(1)'$ extension of the MSSM.
In Section \ref{sec:relic}, we discuss the relic density and annihilation channels.
In Section \ref{sec:direct}, we discuss the direct detection.
In Section \ref{sec:analysis}, we perform numerical analysis on the relic density and the direct detection.
In Section \ref{sec:conclusion}, we summarize our results.
In Appendix \ref{sec:triangle}, we list the conditions where the multiple particles are stable.
In Appendix \ref{sec:lagrangians}, we list the relevant lagrangians in our model.

\section{$U$-parity and the lightest $U$-parity particle}
\label{sec:UMSSM}
There are already at least two SM singlet chiral superfields in our model, the Higgs singlet $S$ that spontaneously breaks the new symmetry with its vacuum expectation value (vev) and the right-handed neutrino $N^c$ that explains the neutrino mass.
Higgs is not suitable for the odd particle under a parity since its replacement with a vev would destroy the discrete symmetry.
Right-handed neutrino that forms $LH_2N^c$ is not good either for the odd particle since lepton doublet also should have the odd parity and it is the active light neutrino that would be the lightest odd particle under new parity.
We will consider a new SM singlet ($X$) -- neither $S$ nor $N^c$ -- that may be required from the anomaly cancellation condition, as our new dark matter candidate\footnote{For an example of a SM singlet required for the anomaly cancellation in a $U(1)'$-extended MSSM, see Appendix III of Ref.~\cite{Lee:2007fw}.}.

It is natural to think about possible remnant discrete symmetry \cite{IbanezRoss, Luhn} from our $U(1)'$ gauge symmetry.
A discrete gauge symmetry $\boldsymbol{Z_N}$ would emerge if the discrete charges and the $U(1)'$ charges satisfy the following relation:
\begin{equation}
z[S] = N, \qquad
z[F_i] = q[F_i] + n_i N
\label{eqn:chargerelation}
\end{equation}
where $z[F_i]$ and $q[F_i]$ stand for the $U(1)'$ charge and the $\boldsymbol{Z_N}$ charge for a field $F_i$, respectively.
$z[F_i]$, $q[F_i]$, $n_i$ and $N$ are all integers after an appropriate normalization of charges.
Higgs singlet $S$ is supposed to have $q[S] = 0~ (\text{mod}~ N)$ to keep the discrete symmetry after it is replaced by its vev (e.g. both $SXX$ and $\left<S\right>XX$ should be singlet under the discrete symmetry).

We assume a $\boldsymbol{Z_2}$ ($N=2$) discrete parity, which we shall call $U$-parity ($\boldsymbol{U_p}$), as a remnant discrete symmetry of the $U(1)'$ gauge symmetry.
We assign even $\boldsymbol{U_p}$ to the SM fields, and odd $\boldsymbol{U_p}$ to the $X$ field.
We assume either a scalar ($\phi_X$) or a fermion ($\psi_X$) component (whichever lighter) of the superfield $X$ is the Lightest $U$-parity Particle (LUP).
The discrete charges are then
\begin{equation}
q[X] = 1, \qquad
q[{\rm SM~ fields}] = 0 \qquad (\text{mod}~ 2) \ . \label{eqn:discretecharges}
\end{equation}
The $\boldsymbol{Z_2}$ symmetry allows terms that contains $X$ only in even numbers such as $SXX$.
To satisfy the condition~(\ref{eqn:chargerelation}) of the discrete gauge symmetry, we need to assign $U(1)'$ charges as $z[S]$ multiplied by an integer to the SM fields, but not to the $X$ field.
We assume $SXX$ is the only term with $X$ in the superpotential (thus, $\psi_X$ is a Majorana particle), and we can assign either even or odd $R$-parity ($\boldsymbol{R_p}$) to $\phi_X$ (and the other to $\psi_X$).
It is obvious that the MSSM and the UMSSM superpotentials can allow such a charge assignment.

To be an anomaly-free theory, the $U(1)'$ charges should satisfy the gauge anomaly conditions when whole particle spectrum is considered.
We do not restrict ourselves to a specific particle spectrum, and just require the LUP to be a SM singlet exotic, while various exotic particles may exist with odd or even $U$-parity.
We assume all exotics are vector-like for the SM gauge group so that the SM gauge group  anomaly conditions are not altered.
If a $\boldsymbol{Z_N}$ is a discrete gauge symmetry originated from a $U(1)'$ gauge symmetry, the discrete charges should satisfy the discrete anomaly conditions \cite{IbanezRoss, Luhn}:
\begin{eqnarray}
\left[SU(3)_C\right]^2 - U(1)' &:& \sum_{i=\text{quark}} q_i = 0 \quad (\text{mod}~ N) \\
\left[SU(2)_L\right]^2 - U(1)' &:& \sum_{i=\text{doublet}} q_i = 0 \quad (\text{mod}~ N) \\
\left[\text{gravity}\right]^2 - U(1)' &:& \sum_i q_i = 0 \quad (\text{mod}~ N) \\
\left[U(1)_Y\right]^2 - U(1)' &:& \sum_i y_i^2 q_i = 0 \quad (\text{mod}~ N) \\
U(1)_Y-\left[U(1)'\right]^2 &:& \sum_i y_i q_i^2 = 0 \quad (\text{mod}~ N) \\
\left[U(1)'\right]^3 &:& \sum_i q_i^3 = 0 \quad (\text{mod}~ N)
\end{eqnarray}
where $i$ runs through all SM fields and the exotic fields, and $y_i$ stand for the hypercharges normalized to integers for all fields.
If there is only one exotic field $X$, the discrete charges of eq.~(\ref{eqn:discretecharges}) satisfy theses discrete anomaly conditions automatically except for the $\left[\text{gravity}\right]^2$-$U(1)'$ and $\left[U(1)'\right]^3$, which means we need more exotics with nonzero discrete charges.
We will not give further constraints from the full gauge anomaly-free conditions keeping the possibility of various exotic fields open.

Although $S H_2 H_1$ term (i.e. effective $\mu$ term) greatly motivates the low energy scale of the $U(1)'$ resolving the $\mu$-problem, it is technically involved to perform numerical analysis for all channels when the Higgs doublets and the Higgs singlet are coupled (through Yukawa term as well as $D$-term).
Therefore, for the sake of simplicity, we will limit our numerical analysis to the case of $z[H_1] = z[H_2] = 0$ with which the $\mu$-problem is not solved in the way of Ref.~\cite{UMSSM}, i.e. by forbidding the original $\mu$ term $H_2 H_1$ and allowing the effective $\mu$ term $S H_2 H_1$.
The analysis of the UMSSM and the LUP dark matter in a more general setup where the Higgs doublets have non-vanishing $U(1)'$ charges and $\mu$-problem is resolved will be discussed in other publication.
In the limit of vanishing charges for Higgs doublets, $S H_2 H_1$ term as well as $S S^* H_i H_i^*$ terms from the $D$-term will be forbidden making the Higgs singlet $S$ an isolated physical eigenstate and Higgs doublets $H_1$, $H_2$ the same as those of the MSSM. (For general properties of Higgses in the UMSSM in comparison with other models, see Ref.~\cite{UMSSMHiggs}.)
The $Z$ and $Z'$ mixing will be zero, and the $Z'$-ino ($\widetilde Z'$) and singlino ($\widetilde S$) components of the neutralino sector are also completely decoupled from the MSSM neutralinos since the mixing terms are proportional to $z[H_i]$.

The superpotential is then given by, assuming three right-handed neutrino Dirac mass terms,
\begin{equation}
W = \mu H_2 H_1 + y_U H_2 Q U^c + y_D H_1 Q D^c + y_N H_2 L N^c + y_E H_1 L E^c + \frac{k}{2} S X X \ .
\end{equation}
Here, the Yukawa terms give the following relations among family universal\footnote{Family non-universal $U(1)'$ charges may induce dangerous flavor-changing neutral currents \cite{Langacker:2000ju}. However, the flavor-changing $Z'$ may explain the discrepancies in rare $B$ decays with appropriate parameter choices \cite{Banomaly}.} $U(1)'$ charges:
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eqn:charge_assign}
&&z[Q] = -z[U^c] = -z[D^c] = n_Q z[S] \\
&&z[L] = -z[N^c] = -z[E^c] = n_L z[S] \\
&&z[X] = -\frac{1}{2} z[S]
\end{eqnarray}
where $n_Q$ and $n_L$ are integers.
With these charge assignments, Majorana neutrino mass term $N^c N^c$ (unless $n_L = 0$) or $S N^c N^c$ are not allowed in general.
We will assume neutrinos are Dirac throughout this paper\footnote{Additional relativistic degrees of freedom would contribute to the $^4$He abundance, but be diluted by large $Z'$ mass. It may explain the discrepancy of the $^4$He measurement \cite{superweakBBN, Barger:2003zh}.}.
Therefore, we have three free parameters (including $z[S]$ not normalized to $N$) for the $U(1)'$ charges in our numerical study: $n_Q$, $n_L$, $z[S]$.

The dangerous dimension 5 proton decay operators $QQQL$, $U^cU^cD^cE^c$, and $U^cD^cD^cN^c$ have commonly total $U(1)'$ charge $(3 n_Q + n_L) z[S]$ (up to overall sign) with the above charge assignment, and  are forbidden if condition
\begin{equation}
3 n_Q + n_L \ne 0  \label{eqn:dim5}
\end{equation}
is satisfied.

In the $R$-parity violating supersymmetric model or any other model which does not have a stable dark matter candidate, the LUP can provide a good CDM candidate with an addition of the $U(1)'$ gauge symmetry.
Depending on the detail of charges and spectrum, the $U(1)'$ may also ensure longevity of the proton without $R$-parity (for example, see Ref.~\cite{Lee:2007fw}).

\section{Relic density}
\label{sec:relic}
The relic density of dark matter is precisely measured as $\Omega_\text{CDM} h^2 = 0.111^{+0.011}_{-0.015}$ ($2\sigma$ allowed range) by the WMAP+SDSS \cite{Spergel:2006hy}.
Present day relic density of a dark matter component is given by
\begin{equation}
\Omega h^2 = \frac{8 \pi}{3} \frac{s(T_0) M}{M_{Pl}^2 ( 100~ \text{km/s/Mpc})^2} Y(T_0)
             = 2.742 \times 10^8 \frac{M}{~\rm GeV} Y(T_0)
\end{equation}
where $M_{Pl}$ is Plank mass, $s(T_0)$ is the entropy density at present time, $h$ is the normalized Hubble constant and the relic abundance $Y(T)$ is defined as the number density divided by the entropy density. The abundance of the dark matter $Y(T)$ can be calculated by solving the Boltzmann equation
\begin{equation}
\frac{dY}{dT} = \sqrt{\frac{\pi g_*(T)}{45}} M_{Pl} \left<\sigma v \right> (Y(T)^2 - Y_{\text{eq}}(T)^2)
\end{equation}
where $g_*$ is an effective number of relativistic degree of freedom and $Y_{\text{eq}}(T)$ is the thermal equilibrium abundance.
$\left<\sigma v \right>$ is the thermally averaged annihilation cross-section times relative velocity.

For our numerical calculation, we use {\tt micrOMEGAs} \cite{Belanger:2006is} which performs rapid relic density calculation for $2 \to 2$ processes.
We implement, on top of the MSSM fields and interactions, additional fields and interactions of the UMSSM as well as three right-handed Dirac neutrinos with negligible masses.
The relevant lagrangians of the model are listed in Appendix \ref{sec:lagrangians}.

We take vanishing soft trilinear terms limit ($A = 0$) in our numerical analysis.
A non-vanishing $A_{SXX} S\phi_X\phix$ soft term would separate masses of two components of complex $\phi_X$ field, after $S$ is replaced by its vev, which we want to avoid for numerical simplicity.
With assumption of the zero charges for Higgs doublets (as discussed in Section \ref{sec:UMSSM}), and sufficient mass splittings (so that co-annihilations are irrelevant), the annihilation channels for $\psi_X$ and $\phi_X$ are given as follows.
\begin{enumerate}
\item $\psi_X \psi_X \to f \bar f$ ($Z'$ mediated $s$-channel)
\item $\psi_X \psi_X \to \widetilde f \widetilde f^*$ ($S$ mediated $s$-channel, $Z'$ mediated $s$-channel)
\item $\psi_X \psi_X \to S S$, $Z' Z'$ ($S$ mediated $s$-channel, $\psi_X$ mediated $t$-channel)
\item $\psi_X \psi_X \to S Z'$ ($Z'$ mediated $s$-channel, $\psi_X$ mediated $t$-channel)
\item  $\psi_X \psi_X \to \widetilde S \widetilde S$ ($Z'$ mediated $s$-channel, $\phi_X$ mediated $t$-channel)
\item  $\psi_X \psi_X \to \widetilde Z' \widetilde Z'$ ($\phi_X$ mediated $t$-channel)
\item  $\psi_X \psi_X \to \widetilde S \widetilde Z'$ ($S$ mediated $s$-channel, $\phi_X$ mediated $t$-channel)
 \item  $\psi_X \psi_X \to \phi_X \phi_X^*$ ($S$ and $Z'$ mediated $s$-channel, $\widetilde S$ and $\widetilde Z'$ mediated $t$-channel)
\item  $\psi_X \psi_X \to \phi_X \phi_X(\phi_X^* \phi_X^*)$ ($\widetilde S$ and $\widetilde Z'$ mediated $t$-channel)
\item $\phi_X \phi_X^* \to f \bar f$ ($Z'$ mediated $s$-channel)
\item $\phi_X \phi_X^* \to \widetilde f \widetilde f^*$ ($S$ mediated $s$-channel, $Z'$ mediated $s$-channel, 4 point interaction)
\item $\phi_X \phi_X^* \to S S$ ($S$ mediated $s$-channel, $\phi_X$ mediated $t$-channel, 4 point interaction)
\item $\phi_X \phi_X^* \to Z'Z'$ ($S$ mediated $s$-channel, $\phi_X$ mediated $t$-channel, 4 point interaction)
\item $\phi_X \phi_X^* \to S Z'$ ($Z'$ mediated $s$-channel, $\phi_X$ mediated $t$-channel)
\item $\phi_X \phi_X^* \to \widetilde S \widetilde S$ ($Z'$ mediated $s$-channel, $\psi_X$ mediated $t$-channel)
\item $\phi_X \phi_X^* \to \widetilde Z' \widetilde Z'$ ($\psi_X$ mediated $t$-channel)
\item $\phi_X \phi_X^* \to \widetilde S \widetilde Z'$ ($S$ mediated $s$-channel, $\psi_X$ mediated $t$-channel)
\item $\phi_X \phi_X^* \to \psi_X \psi_X$ ($S$ and $Z'$ mediated $s$-channel, $\widetilde S$ and $\widetilde Z'$ mediated $t$-channel)
\item  $\phi_X \phi_X(\phi_X^* \phi_X^*) \to \psi_X \psi_X$ ($\widetilde S$ and $\widetilde Z'$ mediated $t$-channel)
\item  $\phi_X \phi_X(\phi_X^* \phi_X^*) \to \widetilde S \widetilde S$, $\widetilde Z' \widetilde Z'$, $\widetilde S \widetilde Z'$ ($\psi_X$ mediated $t$-channel)
\end{enumerate}
The $\psi_X$ annihilation includes features of Ref.~\cite{Brahm:1989jh}, and $\phi_X$ annihilation includes features of Ref.~\cite{Lee:2007mt}.
Additional neutralinos $\widetilde Z'$ and $\widetilde S$ mix with each other, and we will call the mass eigenstates of them as $\chi'$ from now on.

\section{Direct detection}
\label{sec:direct}
There are many direct detection experiments that attempt to detect the dark matter particles via nuclear recoil as the Earth passes through dark matter halo of our galaxy (for examples, see Refs. \cite{Bernabei:2000qi, Sanglard:2005we, Akerib:2005kh, Lee.:2007qn, Angle:2007uj}).
Most experimental limits of the direct detection are given in terms of the cross-section per nucleon on the assumption of sole dark matter.
Here, we will first discuss the general formalism for multiple dark matters.

Let us introduce a parameter $\epsilon_i$ which parametrizes the fraction of the energy density of a dark matter $i$ in our local dark matter halo and also in the whole universe.
\begin{equation}
\epsilon_i = \frac{\rho_i^{\text{halo}}}{\rho_{\text{CDM}}^{\text{halo}}} \simeq
\frac{\Omega_i}{\Omega_{\text{CDM}}}
\end{equation}
where $\Omega_{\text{CDM}} h^2 = \sum_i {\Omega_i h^2}$, and  $\sum_i {\epsilon_i} = 1$.
The event rate per unit detector mass per unit time is given, from a dimensional analysis, by
\begin{equation}
R \sim n \sigma \left<v\right> / M_N
\end{equation}
where $M_N$ is a nucleus mass and $n$ is a number density of the dark matter.
A precise differential rate \cite{Jungman:1995df}, for each component $i$, is given by
\begin{equation}
\frac{dR_i}{dE_R} = \frac{\sigma_{0, i} \rho_i}{\sqrt{\pi} v_0 M_i \mu_{N, i}^2} F^2(E_R) T_i(E_R)
\end{equation}
where $\sigma_{0}$ is the elastic scattering cross-section of a dark matter off a nucleus, $\mu_{N} = M M_N / (M+M_N)$ is the effective mass of a dark matter and a nucleus, and $v_0 \simeq 220 ~\text{km/s}$ is the circular speed of the Sun around the galactic center (neglecting the relative velocity of the Sun and the Earth).

Let us assume a simple form factor of $F(E_R) \approx 1$, and a pure Maxwellian speed distribution which gives
\begin{equation}
T_i(E_R) = \exp{(-v_{i, \text{min}}^2/v_0^2)}
\end{equation}
where $v_{i, \text{min}} =  \sqrt{\frac{E_T M_N}{2\mu_{N, i}^2}}$ is the minimum velocity of a CDM that can produce an energy deposit above the detector threshold energy $E_T$.
Then the direct detection rate for each component is
\begin{equation}
R_i =  \int_{E_T}^{\infty} \frac{dR_i}{dE_R} dE_R = \frac{\sigma_{0, i} \rho_i}{M_i M_N}\frac{2v_0}{\sqrt{\pi}}\exp{(-E_T/E_0^i)}
\end{equation}
where $E_0 = 2\mu_{N}^2v_0^2/M_N$, and the total detection rate is a sum of the contributions from each component.
This total rate is the quantity constrained by the experiments.
\begin{equation}
R = \sum_i R_i = C\sum_i{\frac{\epsilon_i\sigma_{0, i}}{M_i}\exp{(-E_T/E_0^i)}} < R_{\text{exp}}
\end{equation}
where $C = 2\rho_{\text{CDM}}^{\text{halo}}v_0/(\sqrt{\pi} M_N)$.

Because of different masses of the CDM species, the usual constraint on the cross-section is not applicable in general for multiple dark matter cases.
However, in some special cases where the relevant mass is effectively only one, those constraints can still be used.
For example, let us consider a special case of where only one dark matter component $(\xi)$ interacts with a nucleus while the others do not.
The experimental bound on the detection rate $R < R_{\text{exp}}$ can be rewritten for the cross-section
\begin{equation}
\epsilon \sigma_{0} < M \exp{(E_T/E_0)} C^{-1}R_{\text{exp}}
\label{eqn:effsigma}
\end{equation}
where $\epsilon$, $\sigma_{0}$, $E_0$, $M$ are those of the dark matter $\xi$.
It is the cross-section per nucleon that is usually compared to the experimental data, which is obtained by
\begin{equation}
\sigma_n = \frac{\mu_n^2}{\mu_N^2} \frac{\sigma_0}{A^2}
\end{equation}
where $\mu_n = M M_n/ (M + M_n)$.
The {\em effective cross-section} for the single detectable dark matter case is then given by $\sigma_{n, \text{eff}} = \epsilon\sigma_{n}$, and the experimental constraint is imposed on $\epsilon \sigma_{n}$ instead of $\sigma_{n}$.

Returning to our model, the dominant channels for the direct detection of $\psi_X$ and $\phi_X$ are $Z'$ mediated $t$-channels.
If we had $SH_2H_1$ term, there would have been other channels such as $H_i$ mediated $t$-channel (where $H_i$ is a general mixture of Higgs doublets and a Higgs singlet).
For the MSSM LSP, we consider the lightest neutralino ($\chi^0$).

The effective low-energy lagrangian for elastic scattering of the CDM and a quark is given by
\begin{equation}
{\cal{L}}_{\text{eff}} = {\cal{L}}_{\psi_X-q} + {\cal{L}}_{\phi_X-q} + {\cal{L}}_{\chi^0-q}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
{\cal{L}}_{\psi_X-q} &=&
 G_{Z'}z[X]z_A[q]\overline{\psi_X}\gamma^{\mu}\gamma_5\psi_X\overline{q}\gamma_{\mu}\gamma_5q\\
{\cal{L}}_{\phi_X-q} &=&
 iG_{Z'}z[X]\left(\phi_X^*\partial_{\mu}\phi_X - \partial_{\mu}\phi_X^*\phi_X \right) \left({z_V[q]\overline{q}\gamma^{\mu}q} + {z_A[q] \overline{q}\gamma^{\mu}\gamma_5q}\right)\\
{\cal{L}}_{\chi^0-q} &=& f_{q}\overline{\chi^0}\chi^0\overline{q}q + d_{q}\overline{\chi^0}\gamma_{\mu}\gamma_5\chi^0\overline{q}\gamma^{\mu}\gamma_5q
\end{eqnarray}
and $G_{Z'} = g^2_{Z'}/{M^2_{Z'}}$, $z_V[q] = \frac{1}{2} (z[q_L] + z[q_R])$, $z_A[q] = \frac{1}{2} (z[q_R] - z[q_L])$.
The $f_q$ term results from Higgs exchange and squark exchange.
The $d_q$ term is due to $Z$ exchange and squark exchange.
In the non-relativistic limit the $\psi_X$ interaction and the $d_{q}$ term are spin-dependent interactions, while the other interactions are spin-independent and dominate due to the coherence effect.

With a choice of the MSSM-like lightest neutralino (i.e. mass eigenstates of $\widetilde S$ and $\widetilde Z'$ are heavier than the lightest mass eigenstate of $\widetilde B$, $\widetilde W_3$, $\widetilde H_1$, $\widetilde H_2$) and heavy squarks, the effective scalar coupling of a the neutralino dark matter to up-type and down-type quarks are approximately given by \cite{Jungman:1995df}
\begin{equation}
f_u \simeq \sum_{H_i = h, H} \frac{g_2 T_{H_i \chi^0 \chi^0} T_{H_i u u}}{2 M_{H_i}^2}, \qquad f_d \simeq \sum_{H_i = h, H} \frac{g_2 T_{H_i \chi^0 \chi^0} T_{H_i d d}}{2 M_{H_i}^2}
\end{equation}
with
\begin{eqnarray}
T_{h \chi^0 \chi^0} = (N_{40} \cos\alpha + N_{30} \sin\alpha) (N_{20} - \tan\theta_W N_{10}) \\
T_{H \chi^0 \chi^0} = (N_{40} \sin\alpha - N_{30} \cos\alpha) (N_{20} - \tan\theta_W N_{10})
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
T_{h u u} = -\frac{g_2 m_u \cos\alpha}{2 M_W \sin\beta} \qquad T_{h d d} = +\frac{g_2 m_d \sin\alpha}{2 M_W \cos\beta} \\
T_{H u u} = -\frac{g_2 m_u \sin\alpha}{2 M_W \sin\beta} \qquad T_{H d d} = -\frac{g_2 m_d \cos\alpha}{2 M_W \cos\beta}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\alpha$ is the mixing angle that diagonalizes the CP even Higgs mass matrix, and $\tan\beta = \left<H_2\right> / \left<H_1\right>$.

In the non-relativistic limit, the spin-independent cross-section of a CDM and target nucleus is given by
\begin{equation}
\sigma_0^{SI} = \frac{\mu_N^2}{\pi} \left( Z \lambda_p + (A-Z) \lambda_n \right)^2
\end{equation}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
\psi_X: &&\lambda_p (\psi_X) = 0, \quad \lambda_n (\psi_X) = 0 \label{eq:psixsigma} \\
\phi_X: &&\lambda_p (\phi_X) = G_{Z'} z[X] ( 2 z_V[u] + z_V[d]), \quad \lambda_n (\phi_X) = G_{Z'} z[X] ( z_V[u] + 2 z_V[d]) \\
\chi^0: &&\lambda_p (\chi^0) = 2 f_p = 2 m_p \left( f_{T_s} \frac{f_s}{m_s} + \frac{2}{27} f_{TG} \sum_{q = c, b, t} \frac{f_q}{m_q} \right), \quad \lambda_n (\chi^0) = 2 f_n \simeq 2 f_p
\end{eqnarray}
with non-negligible nucleon parameters given by $f_{T_s} = 0.12$, $f_{TG} = 0.84$ ($s$-quark, heavy quarks contribution for both proton and neutron) \cite{Ellis:2000ds}.
The spin-independent cross-section for $\psi_X$ dark matter is zero.
Then, with all three dark matters present, the experimental bound can be
written as
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\epsilon_{\phi_X}\sigma_{0, \phi_X}^{SI}}{M_{\phi_X}}\exp{(-E_T / E_0^{\phi_X})} +
\frac{\epsilon_{\chi^0}\sigma_{0, \chi^0}^{SI}}{M_{\chi^0}}\exp{(-E_T / E_0^{\chi^0})} < C^{-1}R_{\text{exp}}.
\end{eqnarray}

\section{Numerical Analysis}
\label{sec:analysis}
In this section, we present the numerical results of the relic densities and direct detection cross-sections.
For definiteness of our numerical analysis, we make following choices for our parameter values.
\begin{enumerate}
\item We assume the $U(1)'$ gauge coupling constant and charge assignments as following:
\begin{equation}
g_{Z'} = g_1 = \sqrt{\frac{5}{3}} g_Y
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\label{eqn:charge_assign2}
n_Q = 1 \qquad n_L = 5 \qquad z[S] = 0.3
\end{equation}
which correspond to
\begin{equation}
z[q_L] = z[q_R] = 0.3 \qquad z[\ell_L] = z[\ell_R] = 1.5 \qquad z[X] = -0.15 \ .
\end{equation}
The above choice of $n_Q$ and $n_L$ satisfies the condition (\ref{eqn:dim5}) to avoid dangerous dimension 5 proton decay operators, and the relatively small $U(1)'$ coupling to quarks help avoiding the direct detection constraints for the $\phi_X$ dark matter.

\item We choose the dark matters so that the lightest neutralino ($\chi^0$) is always the LSP, and either the $\psi_X$ (with $\boldsymbol{R_p}$ even) or the $\phi_X$ (with $\boldsymbol{R_p}$ even) is the LUP out of several possibilities.

\item We choose the parameter values as
\begin{equation}
M_2 = \mu \quad \ll \quad M_1
\end{equation}
so that $\chi^0$ is wino or higgsino-like.
The wino or higgsino-like LSP has been considered not a good cold dark matter candidate since their annihilation rate is too high to satisfy the measured CDM relic density.
In the multiple dark matters scenario, they are actually preferable LSP dark matter candidates that can coexist with other dark matter.
Since $M_2$ and $\mu$ are the diagonal components of the chargino mass matrix, we usually get a light chargino ($\chi_1^\pm$) also, and the co-annihilation between $\chi^0$ and $\chi_1^\pm$ becomes important for the relic density calculation of $\chi^0$.
We need to scan $M_2$ for analysis, but for other gaugino masses we choose
\begin{equation}
M_1 = 1000 ~\rm GeV \qquad M_3=1000 ~\rm GeV \qquad M_{1'}=100 ~\rm GeV
\end{equation}
and choose $M_A = 500 ~\rm GeV$, $\tan\beta =40$ and $M_S = 800 ~\rm GeV$.

\item We assume degenerate masses for squarks and sleptons and vanishing trilinear terms
\begin{equation}
M_\text{squarks} = 1100 ~\rm GeV \qquad M_\text{sleptons} = 600 ~\rm GeV \qquad A_\text{all} = 0 \ .
\end{equation}
The large squark masses will make the squark contribution to the direct detection small.

\item We assume all exotics (except $X$) that might be required for the anomaly cancellation are very heavy, and neglect their contributions to the relic density.

\end{enumerate}

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{relic_chi.ps}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{direct_chi.ps}
\caption{(a) Relic density and (b) direct detection effective cross-section ($\epsilon_{\chi^0}\sigma_{\chi^0}$) versus the LSP dark matter ($\chi^0$) mass in the presence of the LUP dark matter $\psi_X$.
We fix $M_{\psi_X} = 474 ~\rm GeV$ and $M_{\phi_X} = 1400 ~\rm GeV$, $M_{Z'} = 1000 ~\rm GeV$.
Dashed curve is the relic density for $\psi_X$  and solid one is the total relic density of $\psi_X$ and $\chi^0$.
Vertical line is the exclusion limit by the LEP bound on chargino mass.}
        \label{fig:chi}
\end{figure}

In Figure \ref{fig:chi}, we illustrate the relic density and the effective spin-independent cross-section versus the LSP mass.
We assume the LSP is $\chi^0$ and the LUP is $\psi_X$ with $\boldsymbol{R_p}$ even and $M_{\psi_X} = 440 ~\rm GeV$.
$\phi_X$ is assumed to be very heavy ($M_{\phi_X} = 1400 ~\rm GeV$) so that it is not stable.
The green band is the $2\sigma$ region measured by WMAP+SDSS.
The relic density curve of the $\psi_X$ is mostly flat since its annihilation cross-section is not sensitive to the $M_{\chi^0}$, and the CDM relic density is dominantly accounted for by the LUP dark matter for the given parameter values.
The poles in the relic density curve of the $\chi^0$ are due to the resonances through $W^\pm$ (in the co-annihilation of $\chi^0$ and $\chi_1^\pm$), $Z$, $h$ and $H/A$.
The $\chi^0$ does not couple to the $Z'$ and we fix $M_{Z'} = 1000 ~\rm GeV$ for $\psi_X$ dark matter.
$M_{\chi_1^\pm} \sim M_{\chi^0}$ and $M_{\chi^0} < 100 ~\rm GeV$ is ruled out by the LEP constraint on chargino mass of $M_{\chi_1^\pm} > 104 ~\rm GeV$ \cite{LEP2SUSY} as indicated by the vertical line in the figure.
The light Higgs mass also satisfies the LEP bound of $M_{h} > 114 ~\rm GeV$ over all range of the plot.
We limit the range of the neutralino mass in the plot to be $M_{\chi^0} < 500 ~\rm GeV$ so that it is always the LSP where slepton masses are fixed at $600 ~\rm GeV$.
Although the relic density of the LSP dark matter varies with $M_{\chi^0}$, the total relic density is almost constant over the entire $M_{\chi^0}$.
Therefore the finely measured relic density does not give a severe constraint on the LSP property except for its upper bound on the relic density.

Since the $\psi_X$ does not have a spin-independent cross-section with a nucleus (eq.~(\ref{eq:psixsigma})), the subdominant LSP dark matter is the only {\em detectable} dark matter by the spin-independent nuclear recoil experiment.
The effective cross-section is proportional to the relic density, and the curve is valid for the entire $M_{\chi^0}$ region, since the $\Omega_\text{CDM} h^2 \ne 0.1$ region  ($M_{\chi^0} \lesssim 20 ~\rm GeV$) is already excluded by the LEP chargino mass bound.
We assumed $\Omega_\text{CDM} h^2 = 0.1$ for calculation of $\epsilon_i = \Omega_i / \Omega_\text{CDM}$ in the effective cross-section ($\epsilon_{\chi^0} \sigma_{\chi^0}$) for the entire range of $M_{\chi^0}$.
The green curves show the current CDMS and XENON experimental constraints on the direct detection.
It is easy to satisfy the constraints since the flux of the detectable dark matter is smaller than that of the entire dark matters.

\begin{figure}[t]
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{relic_phix.ps}
\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{direct_phix.ps}
\caption{(a) Relic density and (b) direct detection cross-section versus the LUP dark matter ($\phi_X$) mass in the presence of the LSP dark matter $\chi^0$.
We fix $M_{\psi_X} = 1400 ~\rm GeV$, $M_{\chi^0} = 150 ~\rm GeV$, $M_{Z'} = 500, 1000, 2000 ~\rm GeV$.
Dashed curve is the relic density for $\phi_X$  and solid one is the total relic density of $\phi_X$ and $\chi^0$.
Thick black bands are where the total $\Omega_\text{CDM} h^2$ satisfies the WMAP+SDSS limit.}
        \label{fig:phix}
\end{figure}

In Figure \ref{fig:phix}, we illustrate the relic density and the direct detection cross-section versus the LUP mass.
We assume the LUP is $\phi_X$ with $\boldsymbol{R_p}$ even and the LSP is $\chi^0$.
$\psi_X$ is assumed to be very heavy ($M_{\psi_X} = 1400 ~\rm GeV$) so that it is not stable.
We show curves for $M_{Z'} = 500$, $1000$, $2000 ~\rm GeV$ to illustrate the dependence on $Z'$ mass.
The relic density curve of the $\chi$ is flat since its annihilation cross-section is not sensitive to the $M_{\phi_X}$.
The CDM relic density is mostly dominated by the LUP dark matter.

In the $\phi_X$ curves, we can observe effects of the annihilation channels we discussed in Section \ref{sec:relic}.
We will discuss several of them here.
We see the $Z'$ resonance poles at $M_{\phi_X} \sim M_{Z'}/2$ as expected.
Among resonances through the $S$, only the $\phi_X \phi_X^* \to \chi' \chi'$ for $M_{Z'} = 500 ~\rm GeV$ is open at $M_{\phi_X} \sim M_S/2 = 400 ~\rm GeV$.
This channel is kinematically forbidden for $M_{Z'} = 1000$ or $2000 ~\rm GeV$, since $M_{\chi'}\sim M_{Z'}\pm M_{1'}/2$ when $M_{Z'} \gg M_{1'}$.
This $S$ resonance of $M_{Z'} = 500~\rm GeV$ is the only region where $\phi_X$ relic density is smaller than that of $\chi^0$.
The new channel $\phi_X \phi_X^* \to \widetilde \ell \widetilde \ell^*$ opens up for $M_{\phi_X} > M_\text{sleptons}=600 ~\rm GeV$, making the relic density drop significantly.
This dark matter annihilation channel where the final states are heavy supersymmetric particles (much heavier than the LSP) is a novel feature of this model that can not be found in the single LSP dark matter scenario like the MSSM.
The effect of $\phi_X \phi_X^* \to Z'Z'$ is relatively small, but it is still noticeable for $M_{Z'} = 500 ~\rm GeV$ at $M_{\phi_X} \sim M_{Z'}$.
The $\phi_X \phi_X^* \to S S$ channel for $M_{\phi_X} > M_S = 800 ~\rm GeV$ is also distinguishable only for relatively light $Z'$ case.
This is because the dominant contribution in this channel comes from the $F$-term which is proportional to $k^2$.
The $k$ is not an independent variable in our choice of input parameters, and it is small for large $Z'$ mass.
From eqs.~(\ref{eq:B3}) and (\ref{eq:B7}), $k$ is given as $k = g_{Z'} z[S] M_{\psi_X}/M_{Z'}$.
Due to the variety of channels, it is not difficult to find points with right relic density.
Those points were marked as thick black band in the direct detection plot.

Since the LUP is dominant ($\epsilon_{\phi_X} \simeq 1$), the effective direct detection curve is practically the cross-section of the LUP, except for the $S$ resonance pole for $M_{Z'} = 500 ~\rm GeV$ which does not satisfy the relic density constraint anyway.
Therefore, we plot only the direct detection curve for the $\phi_X$.
Most part of the $M_{Z'} = 500 ~\rm GeV$ curve with the choice of parameter values is excluded by the direct detection experiment, while the $M_{Z'} = 1000, 2000 ~\rm GeV$ curves survive.
The overall size of $\phi_X$ direct detection rate with TeV scale $Z'$ is comparable to the current ongoing dark matter experiment.
The cross-section decreases if $Z'$ coupling to quarks gets smaller.
If charges are quark-phobic ($z[q_L], z[q_R] \sim 0$), a light $Z'$ would also survive the current constraint by the direct detection and the Tevatron \cite{Abulencia:2006iv} experiment.

Besides the two examples we explored here, there are more possibilities such as all three dark matters coexist as well as only the LUP dark matter exists without the LSP.
Also the LSP and LUP may form the same supersymmetric multiplet (dark matter supermultiplet) in a case, for example, $\psi_X$ is the LSP and $\phi_X$ is the LUP.

In the MSSM with a single LSP dark matter, the direct detection and the collider experiment is correlated and it is expected that both experiments detect the dark matter of the same property in the form of nuclear recoil and missing energy, respectively.
With multiple dark matters, the expectations may change.

For the neutralino LSP dark matter, the annihilation cross-section should be larger than the single dark matter scenario since it is responsible for only fraction of the CDM relic density.
While the smaller flux will diminish the chance of the direct detection (in the case $\chi$ is the only detectable dark matter), the increased coupling may enhance the chance of detection at the collider.
The wino or higgsino-like LSP dark matter may also imply interesting phenomenology in the indirect dark matter search.
For example, a large higgsino component could mean large capture rate in the Sun and correspondingly large neutrino fluxes probable in the IceCube experiment \cite{IceCube}.

For the LUP dark matter, the spin-independent direct detection rate by the LUP dark matter itself could be null ($\psi_X$ case) or large ($\phi_X$ case).
The LHC/ILC may detect them if they are within the reach of colliders.
$\psi_X$ and $\phi_X$ couple only to $Z'$ and $S$, and the prediction will change depending the $Z'$ coupling to quarks and leptons.
For example, the quark-phobic $Z'$ will result in null direct detection rate even for $\phi_X$ dark matter and the LHC will not be able produce $Z'$ resonance from the typical Drell-Yan process.

Overall, with the presence of multiple dark matters with different sensitivity to the direct detection and to the colliders, the property of the dark matter measured in one experiment may not be consistent with that in the other experiment.

\section{Conclusion}
\label{sec:conclusion}
TeV scale SUSY is a very well motivated new physics scenario.
The minimal version of the supersymmetric SM (MSSM) may not be the correct realization of the TeV scale SUSY though, and its popular dark matter candidate (LSP) may not be the correct or full description of the dark matter.
Various issues of the MSSM actually suggests it needs to be extended to include new ingredients such as new Abelian gauge symmetry $U(1)'$.
The concept of the supersymmetric dark matter may also be extended in the alternative supersymmetric models.

We considered a residual discrete symmetry ($U$-parity) which naturally emerges from the extension of the MSSM with the $U(1)'$.
It provides a new dark matter candidate (LUP) as a stand-alone alternative or coexisting complementary one to the usual LSP dark matter.
We showed that two well-motivated $\boldsymbol{Z_2}$ symmetries ($R$-parity and $U$-parity) can allow various interesting possibilities and numerically illustrated a few examples that satisfy the experimental constraints for the viable dark matter.

The enriched dark matter properties suggest that the phenomenology for the supersymmetric dark matter (such as physics at the upcoming collider experiments) may be drastically different from the MSSM predictions.
For example, the missing energy at the collider experiment may be originated from two or more massive stable particles, and it will be necessary to develop a technique that can distinguish that from one dark matter case.

\section*{Acknowledgment}
HL and SN are supported by the Department of Energy under grant DE-FG02-97ER41029.
We are grateful to K. Matchev and C. Luhn for useful discussions.
HL is grateful to Professor K. Choi at KAIST, and Professor P. Ko at KIAS for the hospitality in his visits.

\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


A first important thing to evaluate is the chairs and couches position. Ideally, they should be facing the door, or at least never with their backs towards it. People who are in feng shui living rooms should always be able to see the door from where they are sitting without having to turn for it. Seats should also be placed following a octagonal or circular shape.
Corners or dark areas should be lightening up through the use or combination of clear colors, plants, mirrors or light. That would attract chi to them which otherwise wouldn't flow through those areas. It is important that chi is able to flow through all the living room space, among the furniture and in the corners as well.
The television or any other metal based objects should not have a central position in your feng shui living room. A fireplace would be an ideal element to have as room center and, in case you have it, you should place the furniture based on where it is placed. It is important that the living room should invite people to have good conversation and should make them feel comfortable and relaxed in it.
Mirrors are an important element to have into account in a feng shui living room. A mirror strategically placed can have many advantages; it can bring more light to a specific spot or reflect a symbolic element in it. It can also make the room look wider and can be used to reflect the door allowing to see it from a chosen spot.
The feng shui living room's main table should be tidy and invite people to sit at it. Besides, this table symbolizes health and therefore it should be clean and neat. Placing natural flowers or plants on it would also be good for the health of the people who sits at it.


A cat cafe in Australia has been making an incredible difference in the world of animal adoption, and their success is inspiring others to follow in their footsteps!
Because MeowMe Cat Cafe lets customers hang out with cats and kittens while they make their purchases, study, or just relax from a long day, 15 cats each day get to meet and greet hundreds of strangers. Many of the people who meet and interact with the cats would never have made time in their days to go to their local animal shelters, much less make an adoption.
The cafe didn't want people to miss out on having an adorable furry friend just because they didn't connect with a picture of a cat on social media. While many adoption centers get the word out about the cats that are available for adoption, a lot of people aren't going to take the time to find out whether a particular cat would be a good fit because it can get too complicated. The cafe makes the meetings between strangers and friends nearly effortless. Diners can meet cats, get to know them, and in many case (more than 80 so far!) leave with a furry friend! Because the cats are already familiar with the people coming to see them, transitions from the cafe to their new homes is usually fairly effortless. The cafe is making a big difference and hopes to continue working with local shelters to re-home as many stray and surrendered kitties as possible in the coming year!


Grove City High School Bands - GCHS Band Alumni!
Are you LOST IN THE SAUCE? The GCHS Band Boosters are seeking our ALUMNI! We want to keep you informed with all of the new and exciting things our band is doing!


My Name Is Mr. Robert J. DiBella, The President & CEO of The Savings Bank (TSB). On assumption, Get back to us immediately so that I can know how to look into your matter urgently and make sure you receive your fund immediately without any delay.
Statement of Confidentiality/Privacy: the information in this email and in any attachment contains confidential information and is intended solely for the attention and use of the named addressee(s). It may not be disclosed to any person without authorization. If you are not the intended recipient, or a person responsible for delivering it to the intended recipient you are not authorized to and must not disclose, copy, distribute or retain this message or distribute or retain this message or any part of it. any part of it.


A small indoor space should be found that can be used to germinate marijuana seeds; these vegetative starts are placed outside to mature in the spring after last freezes are over. The space can be a closet, a section of a bedroom, a basement area, an attic or unused bathroom. Some people devote entire bedrooms to growing marijuana.
The space should be vented. Opening the door of a closet can be enough ventilation if the space is not lit by big lights that generate a lot of heat. Separate exhaust and incoming air vents are best. One at the top of the room to exhaust air into the attic or out the roof, and one to bring in air from an outside wall or under-floor crawl space. Use fans from old computer cabinets, available from electronic liquidators for $5 each. Dimmer switches can be used to regulate the speed/noise of the fans. Use silicon to secure the fans to 4-6" PVC pipe pushed thru a round hole cut in the floor and ceilings. Use lots of silicon to damp the fans vibrations, so that the walls do not resonate to the fans' ocsilations.
A shelf above the main grow area can be used to clone cuttings and germinate seedlings. It is a perfect place to germinate your cannabis seeds because of moisture and warmth, but avoid storing the marijuana seeds there as they may be triggered to sprout with high moisture, causing unwanted germination. It will allow you to double the area of your grow space and is an invaluable storage area for plant food, spray bottles and other gardening supplies. This area stays very warm, and no germination warming pad will be needed, so this arrangement saves you $.


Dr. Munk is an expert at using injectables like BotoxTM and fillers to turn back the clock, tighten and revolumize the skin non-invasively, resulting in a natural and refreshed appearance.
Gain a better understanding what to expect by viewing 3D procedure animations from the comfort of your own home. You can also call us to schedule a 3D consultation to help you get the ideal results.
View real before and after cases from actual patients to see some of Dr. Johnson's work.


text:
48th Union World Conference: New vaccine needed to eliminate TB, researchers say
By Rabita Aziz on October 18, 2017 .
Science Speaks covered the 48th Union World Conference on Lung Health in Guadalajara, Mexico Oct. 11-14.
GUADALAJARA, Mexico – For all the emphasis on new tuberculosis treatments and repurposed drugs to meet the World Health Organization's End TB goals at the Union World Conference on Lung Health, one elusive tool remains the missing piece in achieving the goal of eliminating TB: an effective vaccine that provides long-term protection. Without that, United Kingdom Parliamentarian Nick Herbert said here, elimination of TB is impossible.
The WHO End TB strategy, which aims to reduce TB deaths by 95 percent and cut new cases by 90 percent by 2035, assumes that a new TB vaccine will be available in the next two decades, said Johans Vekemans of the WHO.
"No new TB vaccine, no End TB," he emphasized.
While 12 vaccine candidates are currently in the pipeline, of which two are being tested in China and India, researchers said a new vaccine is unlikely to be developed without more basic science research on tuberculosis immunology. One of the biggest barriers to vaccine development is that scientists have yet to identify correlates of protection – measurable signs that a person is protected from developing TB infection or disease. Without knowing those, Dereck Tait of Aeras said, scientists cannot know what kind of immune response a vaccine would need to stimulate in order to be effective.
"A big problem with vaccination studies is that the ultimate indication is prevention of TB disease," he said. "But we don't have correlates of protection, so we'll go into very large studies with limited indications that the vaccine will be efficacious in humans."
Inadequate funding is another barrier to TB vaccine development, Tait said. The Treatment Action Group has estimated that $445 million is needed every year for TB vaccine development. Only $80.7 million was available in 2015, however, leaving an annual funding gap of $364 million.
Researchers emphasized that 12 candidates in the pipeline is still progress. A decade ago only one was in development, and that was the first candidate to go into large clinical trials in half a century, Mike Frick of the Treatment Action Group said.
"We're in an exciting juncture in TB vaccines at the moment," Tait said. "We'll see results from two trials in the first few months of 2018, another two in the latter part of the year, and results from a fifth trial in 2019."
This entry was posted in 48th Union World Conference on Lung Health, TB on October 18, 2017 .
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2 thoughts on "48th Union World Conference: New vaccine needed to eliminate TB, researchers say"
Shreemanta K Parida October 24, 2017 at 4:49 am
It is crucial to gaze through critically the half empty glass towards our current efforts and initiatives on TB vaccine development and strategically fill the gaps! Unless more emphasis and research on immunocorrelates are done in the community on individuals exposed and eventually protected without getting disease would give us the best clues! Are the funding agencies focusing on these???? Possibly not.
Also there is a need to do head to head comparative clinical trials with multi-arm trial with single control group to make best use of the available resources to be objectively assess best candidate(s) to progress forward. These efforts should also be managed and propelled by someone who has no direct stake in Amy of the Vaccine candidates when the developers should only be involved in scientific details n not in operations.
We need to be critical, open and transparent to make effective Vaccine development than pushing our own agenda.
It is crucial to gaze through critically the half empty glass towards our current efforts and initiatives on TB vaccine development and strategically fill the gaps! Unless more emphasis and research on immune correlates are decipherably performed in the community on individuals exposed and eventually protected without getting disease, we will be far from having the clues to make effective interventions! Are the funding agencies focusing on these priorities???? Possibly NOT.
Also there is a need to conduct head to head comparative clinical trials with multi-arm trial with single control group to make best use of the available resources to objectively assess best candidate(s) to progress forward. These efforts should also be managed and propelled by a group who has no direct stake in any of the potential vaccine candidates when the developers should only be involved in scientific details n not in operations to keep things scientifically robust, transparent and effective with clear objectivity and goals.
We need to be critical, open and transparent to make effective Vaccine development than pushing our own agenda. We should reflect that we will be judged by next two three generations for our failures or success. Hence we better be more sensible and responsible to contrinute our one cent to the collective efforts in right way to save lives and make a difference to the communities.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Agile Otter Blog: Preplanning Poker: Is This Story Even Possible?
The story says "attach an e-commerce server."
Well, maybe it says "As a product manager I want my system to incorporate an ecommerce server so that I can collect money."
Can you get that done this iteration? It sounds like a three-story-point effort to me, right?
This story doesn't have a plot. It is a state of being. I don't think that saying "once upon a time there was a little girl" would qualify me as a story teller.
Right away I'm nervous. What the heck does it mean? What do we want to do here?
Let's not throw this into the sprint backlog with (of all things) a story point number on it. Let's certainly not stick somebody's name on it. Let's think a little.
We're not aligned on what this "story" means.
You already know about planning poker, and the benefits of silently estimating first, then comparing results. You know that it helps avoid anchoring and arguing and lets you see the degree of separation in estimates in the team. It's a nice consensus-seeking idea.
The astute among you might notice that the acronym for this set of cards accidentally spells DARES. I guess that's okay if we're trying to determine whether we dare tackle this feature as given.
You picked defer. Why is this not a good time to add this feature? Why is later better? Is there something far more important to do? Too few developers and testers available this week? Is it scheduling? Availability of people? Is there a dependency such that it would be very hard now, but another feature will soon finish after which this one is easy to complete?
You picked accept. You think that this task is very well-defined and the criteria for success are obvious. You're ready to go, and you know how to do the work. I'm shocked, given the nature of the story but tell us what you know and what inspires your enthusiasm.
You picked reject. You don't think that the system needs an eCommerce system? Why? Do you have another way you'd rather we received money? Do you think this system should not receive money? Do you think that we should use this system in a way other than a money-gathering device? Why should we never do this?
You picked explore. You think it's a good idea, and we should get involved, but you believe that there are technical issues involved that we don't understand. Is it platforms? Licensing? APIs? Languages? Authorization/Authentication issues? Architectural concerns? Dependencies? What do we need to know in order to move forward? I think you are likely right - this may not be something you simply bolt on without some exploration of vendors and technologies and market segments.
You picked split. That means that this story is not really scoped well. Maybe it needs to be rewritten as a series of stories, or a series of releases, so that each increment of this feature will be well-understood and can be tested and possibly documented. In this case, I agree with you. We might need to know who needs to pay, and for what, and what the flow is around each payment scenario. Each point of payment will likely need several stories to cover all the ways it can succeed or fail.
I have played this game without cards at a few client sites. Sometimes I'm surprised at how vague a story can seem to me, but be perfectly clear to the local development team. Other times I'm surprised in the opposite way.
We have had great story mapping and story splitting sessions result from these quick 5-way triage games (is that a quintage?) It takes only minutes and you can get a lot of focused discussion and backlog grooming done in a very short time.


The world's 10 largest economies lost $445 billion USD annually through cyber-crime last year. Concerned about cyber security? You're not alone.
Fewer than 10 per cent of companies currently purchase cyber-specific insurance policies, suggesting businesses are ill-prepared to face the growing threat to intellectual and data property rights.
A new report from Allianz Global Corporate & Specialty (AGCS) indicates the global cyber insurance market is forecast to grow to more than $20 billion USD by 2025, a compound annual growth rate of over 20 per cent. The bulk of that increase will be felt in North American markets, according to the report.
The risks to businesses from the worldwide web has increased exponentially year to year, with companies reporting it as the fifth largest risk in this year's "Allianz Risk Barometer", compared to its 15th place ranking just two years ago.
Loss of reputation to the company whose data has been breached is the biggest factor. With negative media coverage to such incidents, the word about data theft can mean the ruination of many companies, leading to damaged reputation, loss of market share and a critical loss of trust. Nearly three-quarters of customers would leave an organization after a data breach, a potentially catastrophic loss of future revenue.
Business interruption is also an inevitable hassle with any cyber-crime, regardless of whether the outside world finds out about the breach. Companies ill-prepared for such events must then spend time and resources by making hasty, frantic upgrades to their system that should already have been planned and implemented from the outset.
Damages are paid out to customers who have lost data, but the other big concerns are loss of trade secrets, and website and e-commerce downtime. Extortion from hackers with Trojan horses is still very much a 2015 issue.


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Ateneo's Mathinic makes mathematics tick for new normal
As teachers scramble for ways to find a viable and effective way of teaching mathematics in the new normal, the Ateneo de Manila University (ADMU), funded by the Department of Science and Technology – Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD), developed an online platform that makes math more interesting, compelling, and engaging for students.
DOST, UP develop severe wind hazard maps
As the Philippines enters the rainy season, researchers from the Department of Science and Technology and the University of the Philippines unveiled the development of severe wind hazard maps for susceptible buildings around the country.
DOST-PCIEERD announces 4th Young Innovators Program shortlisted applicants
The Department of Science and Technology – Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD) announced on Monday (July 20, 2020) the 16 shortlisted applicants for its fourth edition of the Young Innovators Program.
DOST partners with PCAFI and Air21 Global to meet local food needs in the new normal
Manila -- The Department of Science and Technology (DOST), Philippine Chamber of Agriculture and Food, Inc. (PCAFI), and Air21 Global forged a partnership to implement a smart food value chain program to guarantee food security in the new normal.
DOST-PCIEERD deploys 4 new techs to fight COVID-19
As the Philippines battles the COVID-19 pandemic, the Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD) deployed four (4) new technologies developed by Filipino researchers to help in the fight against the coronavirus.
DOST-PCIEERD encourages more Pinoys to join 10,700 data science scholars
The Department of Science and Technology – Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD) is encouraging qualified Filipinos to maximize their time at home amid the COVID-19 pandemic by enrolling in an online training...
RapidPass holders accelerates to 500K
Holders of Rapidpass speeds up to 500, 000 individuals following the consolidation of passes being given by government to frontliners and other essential services into the technological service.
DOST releases specimen collection booth design to the public
To aid in mass testing to better combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) released the design of their supported specimen collection booth (SCB) to the public.
DOST to fund ventilator suitable for COVID-19 treatment
With the spread of COVID-19 in the Philippines, the Department of Science and Technology – Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD) together with the Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (DOST-PCHRD) is looking for designs of ventilators and respirators to augment the health care system grapple with COVID-19 patients needing these medical devices.
PH app developers fight COVID-19 with online innovations
The Department of Science and Technology – Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development (DOST-PCIEERD) acknowledges innovative Filipinos who have come up with brilliant technologies to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Farokh Maneksha Engineer  (born 25 February 1938) is an Indian former cricketer.  He played 46 Test matches for India, played first-class cricket for Bombay in India from 1959 to 1975 and for Lancashire County Cricket Club in England from 1968 to 1976. Engineer was the last from his community to play for India, as not a single Parsee male has represented the country after him.

Early life
Engineer was born into a Parsi family in Mumbai. His father Maneksha was a doctor by profession, while mother Minnie was a housewife. He studied at the Don Bosco High School in Matunga and then studied at Podar College, Matunga where Dilip Vengsarkar, Sanjay Manjrekar, and Ravi Shastri also studied and who also went on to play for their country. Engineer's love for sports came from his father who played tennis and was himself a club cricketer. His older brother, Darius, was also a good club cricketer and inspired the young Farokh to take up the sport. Engineer initially wanted to be a pilot, right from his childhood days, he was passionate about flying. He qualified for a private pilot's license at Bombay Flying Club and used to fly Piper Cherokees or Tiger Moths quite low and would often dive under bridges. His mother did not want him to be a pilot, and so he continued concentrating on his cricket. He was a mischievous kid, and once during a lecture in class he was talking to his classmate, Shashi Kapoor. His professor threw a duster at him, and to everyone's surprise, Engineer caught the duster. His brother Darius took Farokh to the East Stand of the Brabourne Stadium, where he saw Denis Compton fielding and started calling to him. Compton was impressed by him and gave him a piece of chewing gum which he saved as his prized possession for many years. His father enrolled him in Dadar Parsi Colony Sporting Club where he learnt the nuances of the game from the seniors and later became a regular member of the team.

Early domestic career
Engineer began keeping wicket at the Dadar Parsi Colony team, after being encouraged by his brother to take it up. Darius himself played for Mysore in Ranji Trophy. He spun the ball so viciously that his fingers used to bleed, this inspired young Farokh to take up the game. The wicket-keeper back then would never even try and stop the ball down the leg side. In the first match that he kept wickets, he was involved in two leg-side stumpings which was absolutely unheard of during those days. Farokh became a regular member of the club mainly due to his wicket-keeping skills. His life was simple. Farokh used to attend his college in the morning and by the afternoon, he would take a train from Dadar to Churchgate and go to the Cricket Club of India. Engineer played his debut first-class match in December 1958 for the Combined Universities side against the touring West Indies, while playing for Bombay University. The West Indies side plundered the Combined University side mainly because of two fiery pace bowlers, Wes Hall and Roy Gilchrist. Engineer scored 0 and 29 in that game. Farokh wanted to get into the Bombay team, during that time the Bombay team was the prepotent of the Domestic Teams, as most of the players were already Test Cricketers. Bombay then had Naren Tamhane, as their wicketkeeper, before Tamhane's place was usurped by Farokh Engineer, no Indian wicketkeeper had played more Tests than Tamhane (21).

Rivalry

Engineer vs. Kunderan

After the Joshi and Tamhane battle which went on until '60-61, which was the last year for both of them, Indian cricket witnessed another rivalry, between Kunderan and Engineer, both who loved batting more than keeping. Both crowd pullers, Kunderan 'hooked' them on while Engineer 'drove' them crazy. Kunderan rose to fame with a run-a-minute, 71 at Madras against the Aussies in '59-'60, playing outrageous strokes. He also scored a double century on his debut in the Ranji Trophy match for Railways against Jammu-Kashmir. Engineer rose to fame with a seven-catch haul in a Ranji match in '60-'61 (Bombay vs Delhi), equalling Limaye's '57-'58 record. Both Engineer and Kunderan were similar in the sense that they had a knack of taking difficult catches while dropping easier ones. The China war put Kunderan temporarily out of business as the team which he represented, Railways and Services were withdrawn from the competition; he just played one Ranji match. Engineer forged ahead; he even started to open. But in 1964, when England toured India, Kunderan came back following an injury to Engineer, where he had a chipped finger, and scored nearly a double century as an opener (194) and also hit a 100 and 55 to take his series tally to 525 runs. His keeping though slipped a bit. The selectors kept him out of all the three Tests against Australia in 1964, but he was not even replaced by Engineer, he was replaced by K.S. Indrajitsinhji. Engineer resumed battle with Kunderan in the 1965 series against New Zealand. Kunderan played in only one Test as an opener, with Engineer performing the role of the wicketkeeper. Kunderan's chance came again in '66-'67 against the West Indies when he blasted 79 runs with 15 fours in the first Test. Next Test he opened and hit 39 in 45 minutes before Hall yorked him. The selectors felt that his keeping was not up to the mark and in spite of Kunderan scoring 104 in 2 hrs with 4 sixes and 11 fours two days after the second Test in a tour match against the West Indies, it was Engineer who played in the next Test in Chennai. Engineer silenced the critics and the public outcry against Kunderan's exclusion by nearly scoring a century before lunch (94). He went on to score 109 and thereafter he never looked back at Kunderan, who he had left behind. The game of musical chairs between the two continued until 1966–67, when Kunderan packed his bags and settled in Scotland.

Test career
Engineer was to make his debut in Test cricket at Mumbai in December 1960, against England led by Captain Ted Dexter. Chairman of Selectors, Lala Amarnath chose Engineer over Kunderan for his superior keeping skills. Farokh was all set to debut on his home ground, The Brabourne Stadium. On the eve of the Test match, Engineer was practising his shots against short bowling. One of Raj Singh Dungarpur's deliveries took the top edge of his bat and hit him on his right eye. Farokh was out of the Test match. Thus, Kunderan played at Bombay but scored only five runs. Engineer was fit for the second Test at Kanpur and made his debut. He scored an important 33 and played for the remainder of the series. When the side toured the West Indies next, Engineer was the first-choice wicketkeeper. He played in the first three matches before an injury forced him out of the playing eleven. He was among the few Indian Batsman who were not afraid of the fast bowling duo of Wes Hall and Charlie Griffith who tormented the Indian players during the series. When England toured India led by M. J. K. Smith, in the winter of 1963, Farokh was the first choice as the wicket-keeper, but illness kept Farokh out of the first test match in Mumbai, and Kunderan who was in the reserves, got a chance and scored a brilliant knock of 192. This helped Kunderan seal his place in the playing eleven as a wicketkeeper-batsman, who could also open the innings. With the brilliance of Kunderan, Engineer was ignored by the selectors when Australia arrived in India to play a three-Test series in 1964. It was only in March 1965, when New Zealand toured India, under John Reid, that Engineer could manage to make a comeback to the national side. This time he also decided to open the innings, in addition to keeping wicket. Soon he came to be regarded as a full-fledged opening batsman and selectors started looking around for a good partner for him at the top of the batting order. Engineer's best innings as a batsman came during the third Test of the series against the visiting West Indians at Chennai in 1967. He had not played in the first two Tests which the visitors won. The deadly Hall-Griffith combo was supported by Gary Sobers and Lance Gibbs but Engineer was not at all intimidated by these top-class performers and nearly scored a century before lunch on the opening day of the match. This knock brought Engineer back into the national side and helped him cement his place there for the next four years. During the period from 1967 until 1970, Engineer was a member of the playing eleven in all matches that India played. He opened the innings as well except during the short Test series against the touring New Zealand side in 1969 when India experimented with many young players. This was also the period when the famous spin quartet was making its impact felt for the first time in international cricket and Engineer's presence behind the stumps was a vital factor, his performances with the bat and behind the stumps during the tour of England in 1967 saw him secure a contract to play for Lancashire. He moved to Lancashire in 1968, he also stopped playing for Mumbai in Ranji Trophy, while making himself available for the national side. Engineer's short shrift with domestic cricket was not appreciated by the selectors. When the Indian side to tour the West Indies in 1971 was chosen, Merchant insisted that Engineer was not chosen because he had not played any Domestic Cricket. Pochiah Krishnamurthy of Hyderabad was the wicketkeeper during this series but it soon became evident he was not in the same league as Engineer. Hence when the squad to tour England was selected in April 1971, Engineer was included, despite Engineer informing the selectors that he would be available only for the Test matches and not for the rest of the tour because of his commitments with Lancashire. This series proved crucial for Engineer as he played two important innings in the third Test at The Oval that India won. Engineer had moved to his position in the middle order during the tour of England in 1971. He continued to bat in that position during the series at home against England led by Tony Lewis. However, in the last Test at Mumbai, he was asked to bat at the top of the order again and he responded with a career-best knock of 121 in the first innings. During the tour of England in 1974, he was one of the few batsmen to put up a fight during the second and third Tests that India lost. During the home series against the West Indies in 1974-75, there were reports in the media that Engineer would be asked to lead the side in the second Test at Delhi after captain Pataudi was ruled out and stand-in skipper Sunil Gavaskar suffered a fracture to his thumb. Engineer was also congratulated by a senior Board official on the night before the match. But some last-minute developments put paid to his hopes and it was S Venkataraghavan who went out for toss the next day. But Engineer kept his composure and got on with his job, contributing substantially with the bat in the third Test at Kolkata, where India won by 85 runs. In the next test at Chennai, Engineer was brilliant behind the stumps, diving full length to catch an edge off the bat of Viv Richards and effecting a lightning-quick stumping to remove Clive Lloyd. Unfortunately, he failed with the bat and was dismissed for a pair in the Mumbai Test, which turned out to be his final appearance in Test matches.

Lancashire

Engineer was one of the first Indians to play as a professional in county cricket. Engineer played for English County club Lancashire from 1968 to 1976, which he played alongside West Indian great Clive Lloyd.  When he made his debut, Lancashire had not won a major honour since 1950. After the 1967 tour of England, renowned cricket commentator John Arlott wanted Engineer to play for his beloved Hampshire. At the same time, Worcestershire and Somerset were also interested in Engineer, but Engineer finally decided on Lancashire for its great history and beautiful ground. By the time he left them after 1976, the team had won the Gillette Cup four times and the John Player League twice. Post-retirement, he decided to reside in Lancashire and also served as its vice-president. He got used to life in Manchester. He was provided with a house and a car to commute daily, the club also found a house for Engineer in Timperley, a suburb in South Manchester. Later, Engineer became a revered figure in Lancashire which had become his second home. Lancashire were the undisputed one-day kings in the 1970s and Engineer, became their popular talisman. His benefit match at Lancashire fetched him £26000, an astonishing sum for the era. During a county match between Derbyshire and Lancashire, Umpire Dickie Bird led both the teams off the field, at Buxton in June 1975. It was the first time in history that snow had stopped a first-class match, "Crazy country. What kind of summer is this?" said West Indies skipper Clive Lloyd as he waded through the snow. Farokh became a fan favorite in Lancashire. So much so, that once a cop stopped him for speeding on the streets of Manchester but let him off, saying: "My father would kill me if I booked you." Farokh's stay at Lancashire, was because of Old Trafford's beauty and the crowd support they received, he recollects that during his time in Lancashire, fans would come from miles to see the team play, from the Old Trafford dressing room the team could see Warwick Road railway station and before the game, they would see packed trains emptying the passengers on the platform, the players also received regular fan mails, their lockers would be stuffed full of requests for autographs and invitations to parties. The John Player Sunday League was a revolution. Farokh's favorite innings in that competition was against Glamorgan at Southport, where he scored 78*.

In popular culture
A Bollywood film titled 83 has been released in 2021 about the event of India's first world cup win, in England in 1983. The film features  Boman Irani as Engineer and is directed and produced by Kabir Khan and Anurag Kashyap respectively.

References

External links

1938 births
Living people
Indian cricketers
India Test cricketers
India One Day International cricketers
Mumbai cricketers
West Zone cricketers
Lancashire cricketers
Indian Universities cricketers
Indian Starlets cricketers
Indian cricket commentators
Cricketers at the 1975 Cricket World Cup
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
Cricketers from Mumbai
Parsi people from Mumbai
Parsi people
Parsees cricketers
Wicket-keepers

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Thomas Cook confirmed it received compensation from the Greek hotel where two children were killed by carbon monoxide poisoning.
The travel company has not revealed the amount it was paid out but according to The Mail on Sunday it received around £3.5m to cover refunds, loss of profits and other expenses following the deaths of Bobby and Christianne Shepherd.
In October 2006 the two children, aged six and seven, died from poisonous fumes leaked by a faulty boiler at the Louis Corcyra beach hotel in Corfu. Their parents claim to have received around £350,000.
After it was clear that the hotel was responsible for the tragedy all parties affected were compensated and Thomas Cook received a compensation that partly compensated for the costs related to the incident.
The systems which were in place in 2006, which were intended to prevent such a tragedy, have since been thoroughly revised and address the criticisms made by the jury. Thomas Cook works with dedicated specialist external health and safety experts to audit holiday properties.
Everyone at Thomas Cook was shocked and deeply saddened by the tragic loss of Robert and Christianne Shepherd in 2006. Thomas Cook recognises that the pain caused by this terrible accident will never go away and must be still very hard for friends and family to bear.
Chief executive Peter Fankhauser has written a letter of apology to the family.
Earlier this week an inquest jury delivered an unlawful killing verdict and said that Thomas Cook had "breached their duty of care" with an inadequate health and safety audit of the hotel.
However, it also accepted the company had been misled by the hotel about its gas supply. Three hotel employees were found guilty of manslaughter at a 2010 a criminal trial held in Corfu.


A compilation of important essays for further study in creativity and innovation for drill units.
This book is an adaption for the World Drill Association of four papers written for Winter Guard International and Drum Corps International: "So, You Want to be a Judge" by Shirlee Whitcombe and "The Process of Assigning Scores," " The Principle and Process of Achievement" and "Accountability" by George Oliviero. Home studies for each adjudication caption are included. It complements the "WDA Adjudication Manual and Rule Book." Paperback. 138 pages.


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RCIPS auxiliary constable Darren McLean flew out on Monday (14 January) morning to pursue his dream of becoming the first Caymanian police helicopter pilot.
Mr. McLean began his secondment to Trinidad & Tobago for the helicopter pilot training programme.
He will be training with the national helicopters there for the next three to four years. Air Operations Unit Executive Officer Steve Fitzgerald has spent the last 18 months training Mr. McLean and he said he is confident the young Caymanian officer will succeed.
"He's gonna be doing long transit rig work that will build his hours up, then he'll move up to the search and rescue defense force and build up more there. He has already gained a lot of experience with us in 18 months in working operational police work with the RCIPS aircraft. This has put him in a good place, he knows what's needed and I'm absolutely positive he'll do it well," said Mr. Fitzgerald.


ScenicRout designs and cuts scenic pieces for theatrical productions.
At ScenicRout we can cut your designs or work closely with you to design what will work for you. We have a quick turn around time and an attention to detail.


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B.A - JMC
Bachelor of Arts - Journalism & Mass Communication
Eligibility: 10+2 or Equivalent Qualification
BBA-ACCA
Bachelor of Business Administration - ACCA
Bachelor of Computer Applications
M.A - JMC
Master of Arts - Journalism & Mass Communication
Eligibility: Bachelor Degree
M.COM - ACCA
Master of Commerce (ACCA)
M.Sc Data Science
Master of Science(Data Science)
Student Notification
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Bachelor of
Arts - Journalism & Mass Communication
Programme Duration
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The BA (Journalism) an undergraduate Programme that covers the broad discipline of media studies. It involves a theoretical understanding of the history, content and cultural impact of all types of media along with an applied learning focus in areas such as print, radio, television and new media, and their specific tools and techniques. It also informs students about various technology, equipment and software involved in mass media. The duration of the course is three years and is divided into six equal semesters.
The Programme offers an insight to mass communication theories- history/models, Print Journalism, Advertising, Photography, Television and Radio Production and Writing, Convergent Journalism, Social Media, Public Relations, etc.
UGC-entitled degree programme
Earn a degree from NAAC A+ accredited university
Built-in Internship/Job opportunity with access to job portal with 300+ hiring partners
Cost-effective with EMI options
BAJMC
03 Years ( Six Semesters)
10+2 with at least 50% marks in aggregate or its equivalent examination in any stream conducted by a recognized Board / University / Council in the aggregate OR 45% marks in 10+2 in any stream with at least 55% in English as the subject.
INR 1,35,000
Learners can pay by year or semester. Easy financing
options available.
Annual Payment: INR 45,000 * 3
(Annual Payment * Duration in years) = INR 1,35,000
Semster Payment: INR 22,500 * 6
(Semester Payment * Duration in sem) = INR 1,35,000
Namit Hans MA in Journalism and PG Diploma in Mass
communication from GJU and IIMC
Namit has worked with Indian Express and Catch News as a journalist. He has written for several organisations like India times, Malta Digest, International Business Times, and many more. He has also worked on the grassroots as a Gandhi Fellow in rural Rajasthan. He has taught Journalism and Mass Communication at University of Delhi for over three years.
Namit Hans He has done MA in Journalism and PG Diploma in Mass communication from GJU and IIMC respectively. He has worked with University of Delhi as an assistant professor previously
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Learn more about why this degree can help you upskill for today's professional environments, the subjects you will learn, course credits and much more.
Minimum Credit required for degree: 120
Introduction to Mass Communication 4
National & International Issues & Affairs 4
Fundamentals of Print Media 4
Media and Society 4
Universal Human Values,Ethics and Life 4
Mass Media Industry & Management 4
Media Laws & Ethics 4
Interview Principles & Practices 4
Mobile Journalism 4
Fundamentals of TV Journalism 4
Fundamentals of Radio Journalism 4
Development Communication 4
Environmentals Science, Waste & Disaster Management 4
Universal Human Values,Ethics and Life Skills-2 4
Fundamentals of Public Relations 4
Fundamentals of Advertising 4
Digital Media 4
Media Research 4
Investigation Journalism 4
Print Design & Visualization 4
Social Media Content & Marketing 4
Creative Advertising 4
Cultural Communication 4
Dynamics of Newsroom 4
Integrated Marketing Communication 4
Capstone Project 8
TA Sessions
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Chandigarh University Online engages with the best talent from both academia and industry to provide its students with world-class learning experiences and future-ready learning outcomes.
Prof. Sunayan Bhattacharjee MMC with Journalism Specialization
July 2008 — April 2010
Dr. Sunayan has industry experience with renowned organizations such as TOI, Reuters News and The Cinemaholic and a teaching experience of more than 10 years.
Prof. Sunayan Bhattacharjee Cleared the University Grants Commission (UGC) National Eligibility Test (NET) in Mass Communication and Journalism for the Month of June, 2012 in September, 2012. MMC with Journalism Specialization July 2008 — April 2010
Dr. Kriti Khurana PhD in English, Guru Gobind Singh
Indraprastha University
Dr. Kriti Khurana has almost seven years of experience as an educator with four years of experience in higher education. She holds a PhD in English with specialization in Campus Narratives.
Dr. Kriti Khurana BA (Hons.) English Literature, Delhi University, 2007-2010 Masters Degree in English and Communication Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, 2010-2012 PhD in English, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University. 2012-2017
Vartikka Kaul PhD in Cinema Studies - JNU
Vartikka Kaul holds a PhD in Cinema Studies from Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi and is an experienced educator from the field of media studies.
Vartikka Kaul holds a PhD in Cinema Studies from Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi and is an experienced educator from the field of media studies. She has taught face-to-face and online at institutions affiliated with GGS Indraprastha University, Delhi; Mumbai University, Maharashtra; and Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. She has also consulted in the area of academic quality management and has professional experience as a producer and features editor at a leading news channel.
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Manisha Chachra is pursuing PhD in Political Studies from Jawaharlal Nehru University. She has an MPhil degree and Masters in Political Studies from Jawaharlal Nehru University.
Manisha Chachra is pursuing PhD in Political Studies from Jawaharlal Nehru University. She has an MPhil degree and Masters in Political Studies from Jawaharlal Nehru University. Manisha is UGC NET qualified and has taught at Satyawati College, Delhi University and have delivered guest lectures at Boston University and Sri Venkateswara College, Delhi University. She has published in various reputed media organisations such as Indiaspend, The Hindu Centre for Politics and public policy, Tehelka and NewsMinute, and The Quint. Along with this, she has research publications in various journals and has presented her papers at national and international level conferences.
Dr. Ritu Sen Phd Literature Film Studies
Dr Ritu Sen is an instructor with CU. She holds a PhD in Literature Film Studies from Rajasthan University) and a Post Graduate Diploma in Communication Studies from the Xavier's Institute of Communication
Dr Ritu Sen is an instructor with CU. She holds a PhD in Literature Film Studies from Rajasthan University) and a Post Graduate Diploma in Communication Studies from the Xavier's Institute of Communication, Mumbai. She has been teaching at the post-graduate level for over a decade. She teaches a special Programme on Creative Fiction and Content Writing. She has a proven track record of successful assignments in editing, syllabus designing, workshop moderation (Communication, Creative Writing, Film Appreciation) and creative content writing.
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is this emu parks best buy?
Natalie and her team have been excellent to work with. Her advice with preparing the home for sale proved to be a huge advantage. Working hard and leaving no stone un turned to find the best buyer in a competitive market. Natalie and her team were able to achieve a great price in a short time. I couldn't ask for a better agent.
The best agent is the one that listens to you and knows the target market and knows her clients - those looking to buy and those looking to sell. The best agent sells it 3 days after signing paperwork and before you've even the marketing process and before its even listed on realestate.com.au.
Very professional and friendly service. Thinks outside of the square.
Natalie was totally professional at all times. She knew exactly what we we're looking for and managed to find it on our last day in the area. Our dream home in our dream location. We can't thank her enough, she went above and beyond what would be expected.
Natalie Gesler and the team at @ Real Estate Yeppoon have a great knowledge of Yeppoon and surrounding areas. They are always easy to contact, whether by phone / email etc. They have a very polished but approachable team and easy to work with.
Natalie was very professional through the entire buying process and always available to help us with queries and questions. Natalie also kept us informed about available properties in the area leading to us finding our dream home!


About 12 years ago, Trading Spaces on TLC made its emergence, and I loved it! Sometimes the designs were a little (or a lot) much for me, and sometimes I could see rooms like that in my own future house). Genevieve Gorder was one of those first designers, and she liked to do her designing and work barefoot.
Now you'll find her on HGTV's Dear Genevieve and as one of the judges on Design Star. When the opportunity to create a handcrafted gift just for her came up through The Artisan Group, I jumped on it. You'll not find many home decor accessories here, but you will at my sister shop, Seasons Of Wool.
What, Oh What, Is Genevieve's Style?!?
Making a gift or piece for anyone without their input can be a bit stressful. No matter how well you know someone, there is always that nagging thought in the back of your head that says, "but what if they don't like it?" I did some research and found some images of of Genevieve's home in New York. I saw pops of color - especially reds, black and white, a little blue, and a little yellow. Not a lot of any of these colors, just enough to give some interest. I looked into her new line of rugs with Capel and noticed bold geometric patterns and dots. I knew that I needed to create something for her that would pop. And that was small enough to fit into a little tiny package.
I decided to steer clear of bags, and fashion accessories. I couldn't really find anything I thought would be a fit. Instead I chose a tiny set of felted wool nesting bowls in pink, red, and a blue gray. Each bowl was needle felted with bold black and white modern floral elements.
And when I say tiny, I mean TINY! The largest is only 3 1/2" across and 2 1/4" tall. The smallest is a near 2 1/2" across and 1 1/2" tall! A lot of pop in a very small package!
I absolutely love how they turned out. I love how the black and white is carried through from one bowl to another, tying together the three colors. I love how I managed to needle felt on such a small surface! And I love the beautiful utilitarian aspects of the gift. I hope Genevieve feels the same.
Here in Ohio this week it is hot. Really hot (106 is the forecasted high for today and tomorrow, plus humidity. Uggh!). I love crafting with my girls, so we are taking advantage of the heat with a little indoor crafting. I decided to introduce my girls (ages 7 and 10) to the art of paper bead making. I remember making tons of beads out of newspaper and colorful magazines as a kid. And I was right, they love it too! And even better - very few supplies are needed.
Something to wrap your bead around - end of a paintbrush, q-tip, skewer, pencil, etc.
I like to use colorful magazines, but really, the choice is up to you. You want black and white beads? Choose the ones with words on them. We used old gardening and bird magazines. Lots of color there! Newspaper would work, or even computer paper with your own drawings.
You can use an exacto knife or scissors. There are many shapes you can cut the paper in. The one my kids and I found we liked best was a long skinny triangle. You can make them wavy or straight. Cut the edge off one end of of your sheet of paper (long or short way) so that you have an angle. Continue to cut your paper into triangles until you have the desired amount, or until you've exhausted the colors you want.
Decide which side of your paper you want to show. Brush the opposite side with glue. Leave a small portion of the wide end free of glue. This helps to keep the bead from sticking to your rolling device.
Step 4. Roll Your Bead!
Place your rolling device at the fat, or wide, end and tightly roll up your bead. Smooth the paper as you go. As you roll, angle the paper and move it around a little to get the shape you want. It might take a little practice, but even the oddly shaped beads are cool.
Slide it off the rolling tool. Don't press on the middle of the bead as you do this, or you may end up smashing your bead. Or unrolling it.
Brushing with the fingernail polish or varnish is optional, but really does shine up your bead. And it helps protect it. These are awaiting the final coat of polish.
So, there you go! If you decide to get your hands sticky and try making some of your own, I'd love to see what you come up with!