This chapter describes the commands used to configure and monitor Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) on Cisco NCS 5000 Series Routers using Cisco IOS XR software. The commands in this module configure IP Version 4 (IPv4), IP Version 6 (IPv6), Virtual Private Network Version 4 (VPNv4) routing sessions.
For detailed information about BGP concepts, configuration tasks, and examples, see the Implementing BGP chapter in the BGP Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 5000 Series Routers .
Currently, only default VRF is supported. VPNv4, VPNv6 and VPN routing and forwarding (VRF) address families will be supported in a future release.
To enable handling of self-originated VPN routes containing ACCEPT_OWN community attribute, use the accept-own command in neighbor VPNv4 or VPNv6 address family configuration mode. To disable this functionality, either use the no form of this command or use the command with inheritance-disable keyword.
Disables handling of self-originated VPN routes containing ACCEPT_OWN community attribute and prevents inheritance of Accept Own from a parent configuration.
No specific guidelines impact the use of this command.
To install a backup path into the forwarding table and provide prefix independent convergence (PIC) in case of a PE-CE link failure, use the additional-paths install backup command in an appropriate address family configuration mode. To prevent installing the backup path, use the no form of this command. To disable prefix independent convergence, use the disable keyword.
This feature is not supported.
Disables installing backup path into the forwarding table.
To configure receive capability of multiple paths for a prefix to the capable peers, use the additional-paths receive command in address-family configuration mode. To disable receive capability, use the no form of this command. To disable add-path receive capability for all neighbors belonging to a particular VRF address-family, use the disable option.
Disables advertising additional paths receive capability.
Use the disable keyword option to disable add-path receive capability for all neighbors belonging to a specified VRF address-family.
This command has no keywords or arguments.
Use the additional-paths receive command to allow add-path receive capability to be negotiated for a specified address family. When the additional-paths receive command is configured, the receive capability is automatically enabled for all internal BGP neighbors for a specified address family. When this command is either not configured or explicitly disabled, none of the neighbors are allowed to negotiate receive capability for the address family.
After enabling the receive capability, the session needs to be reset for the configuration to take into effect.
To configure additional paths selection mode for a prefix, use the additional-paths selection command in address-family configuration mode. To disable the additional-paths selection mode for a prefix, use the no form of this command. To disable the additional-paths selection mode for a particular VRF address-family, use the disable option.
Specifies the name of a route policy used for additional paths selection.
Disables add-path selection for a particular VRF address-family.
To configure additional paths selection mode for some or all prefixes, use the additional-paths selection command by specifying a route-policy.
Use the additional-path selection command with an appropriate route-policy to calculate backup paths and to enable Prefix Independent Convergence (PIC) functionality. Refer BGP Prefix Independent Convergence Unipath Primary/Backup section in BGP Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 5000 Series Routers for details on the PIC functionality.
To configure send capability of multiple paths for a prefix to the capable peers, use the additional-paths send command in address-family configuration mode. To disable the send capability, use the no form of this command.
Disables advertising additional paths send capability.
Use the disable option to disable add-path send capability for all neighbors belonging to a particular VRF address-family.
Use the additional-paths send command to allow add-path send capability to be negotiated for a specified address family. When the additional-paths send command is configured, the send capability is automatically enabled for all internal BGP neighbors for the specified address family. When the command is either not configured or explicitly disabled, none of the neighbors are allowed to negotiate send capability for the address family.
After enabling the send capability, the session needs to be reset for the configuration to take into effect.
To enter various address family configuration modes while configuring Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), use the address-family command in an appropriate configuration mode. To disable support for an address family, use the no form of this command.
Specifies IP Version 4 (IPv4) unicast address prefixes.
Specifies IP Version 6 (IPv6) unicast address prefixes.
An address family must be explicitly configured in the router configuration mode for the address family to be active in BGP. Similarly, an address family must be configured under the neighbor for the BGP session to be established for that address family. An address family must be configured in router configuration mode before it can be configured under a neighbor.
Use the address-family command to enter various address family configuration modes while configuring BGP routing sessions. When you enter the address-family command from router configuration mode, you enable the address family and enter global address family configuration mode.
The IPv4 unicast address family must be configured in router configuration mode before configuring the IPv4 labeled-unicast address family for a neighbor in neighbor configuration mode.
The IPv4 unicast address family must be configured in router configuration mode before configuring the IPv4 labeled-unicast address family for a neighbor in neighbor configuration mode. The IPv6 unicast address family must be configured in router configuration mode before configuring the IPv6 labeled-unicast address family for a neighbor in neighbor configuration mode.
To advertise the best–external path to the iBGP and route-reflector peers, when a locally selected bestpath is from an internal peer, use the advertise best-external command in an appropriate address family configuration mode. To prevent advertising the best–external path, use the no form of this command. To disable advertising the best–external path, use the disable keyword.
Disables best–external configuration for the VRF.
To identify the peers to whom the permanent paths must be advertised, use the advertise permanent-network command in the neighbor address family configuration mode. To stop advertising the permanent p, use the no form of this command. The permanent paths will always be advertised to peers having advertise permanent-network configuration, even if a different best-path is available. The permanent path is not advertised to peers that are not configured to receive permanent path.
The permanent path supports only prefixes in IPv4 unicast and IPv6 unicast address-families under the default Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF).
This command has no arguments or keywords.
To set the minimum interval between the sending of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routing updates, use the advertisement-interval command in an appropriate configuration mode. To remove the advertisement-interval command from the configuration file and restore the system to its default interval values, use the no form of this command.
Minimum interval between sending BGP routing updates (in seconds). Range is 0 to 600.
If this command configures a neighbor group or session group, all neighbors using the group inherit the configuration. Values of commands configured specifically for a neighbor override inherited values.
To create an address family group for Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) neighbors and enter address family group configuration mode, use the af-group command in XR Config mode. To remove an address family group, use the no form of this command.
Enters address family configuration mode.
No BGP address family group is configured.
Use the af-group command to group address family-specific neighbor commands within an IPv4 or IPv6 address family. Neighbors that have address family configuration are able to use the address family group. Further, neighbors inherit the configuration parameters of the entire address family group.
You cannot define two address family groups with the same name in different address families.
The following example shows how to create address family group group1 and enter address family group configuration mode for IPv4 unicast. Group1 contains the next-hop-self feature, which is inherited by neighbors that use address family group1.
To create an aggregate entry in a Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routing table, use the aggregate-address command in an appropriate configuration mode. To remove the aggregate-address command from the configuration file and restore the system to its default condition, use the no form of this command.
(Optional) Generates autonomous system set path information and community information from contributing paths.
(Optional) Generates autonomous system confederation set path information from contributing paths.
(Optional) Filters all more-specific routes from updates.
(Optional) Specifies the name of a route policy used to set the attributes of the aggregate route.
When you do not specify this command, no aggregate entry is created in the BGP routing table.
You can implement aggregate routing in BGP either by redistributing an aggregate route into BGP using the network command or the aggregate-address command.
Use of the as-set keyword creates an aggregate entry using the same rules that the command follows without this keyword. However, the advertised path for this route is an AS_SET, a set of all autonomous systems contained in all paths that are being summarized.
Do not use this form of the aggregate-address command when aggregating many paths because this route must be continually withdrawn and updated as autonomous system path reachability information for the summarized routes changes.
Use the as-confed-set keyword to create an AS_CONFED_SET in the autonomous system path of the aggregate from any confederation segments in the paths being summarized. This keyword takes effect only if the as-set keyword is also specified.
Use of the summary-only keyword creates an aggregate entry (for example, 10.0.0.0/8) but suppresses advertisements of more-specific routes to all neighbors. If you want to suppress only advertisements to certain neighbors, use the route-policy (BGP) command in neighbor address family configuration mode with caution. If a more-specific route leaks out, all BGP speakers (the local router) prefer that route over the less-specific aggregate you generate (using longest-match routing).
Use the route-policy keyword to specify a routing policy for the aggregate entry. The route-policy keyword is used to select which more-specific information to base the aggregate entry on and which more-specific information to suppress. You can also use the keyword to modify the attributes of the aggregate entry.
The following example shows how to create an aggregate address. The path advertised for this route is an autonomous system set consisting of all elements contained in all paths that are being summarized.
To enable sending and receiving of accumulated interior gateway protocol (AiGP) attribute per eBGP neighbor, use the aigp command in appropriate configuration mode. To disable this functionality, either use the disable keyword or use the no form of this command.
Disables sending or receiving AiGP attribute.
To send Accumulated Interior Gateway Protocol (AiGP) value in cost community, use the aigp send-cost-community command in appropriate configuration mode. To disable sending AiGP value in cost community, either use the no form of this command or the disable keyword.
Specifies the Cost community ID. The range is 0 to 255.
poi Point of insertion for bestpath calculation.
igp-cost Configures that cost community be used after iGP distance to next hop.
pre-bestpath Configures cost community as first step in best path calculation.
Disables sending AiGP value in cost community.
Cost community point of insertion can be configured either to be pre-bestpath or after igp cost. The transitive keyword is not required for iBGP sessions. However, the transitive keyword is required for eBGP sessions to convert AiGP metric into cost-community and advertise to the eBGP neighbors.
To allocate Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) labels for specific IPv4 unicast or IPv6 unicast or VPN routing and forwarding (VRF) IPv4 unicast routes so that the BGP router can send labels with BGP routes to a neighboring router configured for labeled- or VPN routing and forwarding (VRF) IPv6 unicast sessions, use the allocate-label command in the appropriate configuration mode. To restore the system to its default condition, use the no form of this command.
Uses a route policy to select prefixes for label allocation.
Use the allocate-label command with a route policy to trigger BGP to allocate labels for all or a filtered set of global IPv4 routes (as dictated by the route policy). The command enables autonomous system border routers (ASBRs) that have labeled IPv4 unicast sessions to exchange Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) labels with the IPv4 routes to the other autonomous system (AS) in Layer 3 Virtual Private Network (L3VPN) inter-AS deployments.
The allocate-label all command is functionally equivalent to the allocate-label route-policy route-policy-name command when the route policy is a pass-all policy.
See MPLS Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 5000 Series Routers for information on using the allocate-label command for L3VPN inter-AS deployments and carrier-supporting-carrier IPv4 BGP label distribution.
To allow an AS path with the provider edge (PE) autonomous system number (ASN) a specified number of times, use the allowas-in command in an appropriate configuration mode. To restore the system to its default condition, use the no form of this command.
(Optional) Number of times a PE ASN is allowed. Range is 1 to 10.
Hub and spoke VPN networks require looping back of routing information to the hub PE through the hub customer edge (CE). See MPLS Configuration Guide for Cisco NCS 5000 Series Routers for information on hub and spoke VPN networks. This looping back, in addition to the presence of the PE ASN, causes the looped-back information to be dropped by the hub PE.
The allowas-in command prevents the looped-back information from being dropped by replacing the neighbor autonomous system number (ASN) with the PE ASN in the AS path. This allows the VPN customer to see a specified number of occurrences of the PE ASN in the AS path.
To configure the router's Autonomous system number (ASN) notation to asdot format, use the as-format command in XR Config mode. To restore the system to its default condition, use the no form of this command.
Specifies the Autonomous system number (ASN) notation to asdot format.
The default value, if the as-format command is not configured, is asplain.
To configure a provider edge (PE) router to override the autonomous system number (ASN) of a site with the ASN of a provider, use the as-override command which works for both VRF and non-VRF neighbor address family configuration mode. To restore the system to its default condition, use the no form of this command.
(Optional) Prevents the as-override command from being inherited from a parent group.
Automatic override of the ASN is disabled.
Use the as-override command in conjunction with the site-of-origin (SoO) feature, identifying the site where a route originated, and preventing routing loops between routers within a VPN.
To disable AS PATH loop checking for outbound updates, use the as-path-loopcheck out disable command in an appropriate address family configuration mode. To re-enable the default AS PATH loop checking, use the no form of this command.
AS PATH loop checking for outbound updates is enabled if there is only one neighbor and disabled if there are multiple neighbors in the update group.
Configure the as-path-loopcheck out disable command to disable the default behavior of PE router not announcing BGP routes to the CE router if the routes contain an AS number matching the AS number of the receiving CE router.
To configure attribute-filter group command mode, use the attribute-filter group command in an appropriate configuration mode. To disable attribute-filter group command mode, use the no form of this command.
Specifies the name of the attribute-filter group.
Attribute-filter group command mode is disabled.
Use the attribute-filter group command in neighbor configuration mode to configure a specific attribute filter group for a BGP neighbor.
To specify a bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD) multiplier and minimum-interval arguments per neighbor, use the bfd command in neighbor address family independent configuration mode. To return to the system defaults, use the no form of this command.
Specifies the BFD session's multiplier value for the neighbor.
Specifies the BFD session's minimum-interval value for the neighbor.
No default per neighbor parameters are set.
If the minimum interval is changed using the bfd minimum-interval command, the new parameter updates all affected BFD sessions under the command mode in which the minimum interval was changed.
If the multiplier is changed using the bfd multiplier command, the new parameter is used to update only the BFD sessions associated with the affected neighbor gets affected.
The assumption is that when BFD fast-detect is enabled under neighbor address family independent configuration, the values for the multiplier and minimum-interval values are always derived from the per-neighbor values if they are configured; otherwise, they are to be taken from the global BGP configuration mode. In the event that this has not been explicitly stated, then these values are taken to be the default values. Also, the bfd arguments can be configured under neighbor-group and session-group and the inheritance adheres to the standard way of BGP configuration inheritance.
Accordingly, there are four cases in which bfd-fast detect is enabled.
This is shown in table below where the BFD value is either multiplier or minimum-interval. Local indicates per NBR value, global is the BGP global value.
To enable loop checking in the autonomous system path of the prefixes advertised by internal Border Gateway Protocol (iBGP) peers, use the bgp as-path-loopcheck command in an appropriate configuration mode. To restore the system to its default condition, use the no form of this command.
When you do not specify this command, loop checking is performed only for external peers.
To enable Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) attribute download, use the bgp attribute-download command in an appropriate configuration mode. To disable BGP attribute download, use the no form of this command.
BGP attribute download is not enabled.
When BGP attribute download is enabled using the bgp attribute-download command, BGP reinstalls all routes whose attributes are not currently in the RIB. Likewise, if the user disables BGP attribute download using the no form of the command, BGP reinstalls previously installed routes with a null key, and removes the attributes from the RIB.
Use the bgp attribute-download command to enable the Netflow BGP data export function. When attribute download is enabled, BGP downloads the attribute information for prefixes (community, extended community, and as-path) to the Routing Information Base (RIB) and Forwarding Information Base (FIB). This enables FIB to associate the prefixes with attributes and send the Netflow statistics along with the associated attributes.
To disable an automatic soft reset of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) peers when their configured route policy is modified, use the bgp auto-policy-soft-reset disable command in an appropriate configuration mode. To re-enable automatic soft reset of BGP peers, use the no form of this command.
Automatic soft reset of peers is enabled.
If the inbound policy changes, it is not always possible to perform a soft reset. This is the case if the neighbor does not support route refresh and soft-reconfiguration inbound is not configured for the neighbor. In such instances, a message is logged in the system log indicating that a manual hard reset is needed.
To ignore the autonomous system path length when calculating preferred paths, use the bgp bestpath as-path ignore command in an appropriate configuration mode. To return the software to the default state in which it considers the autonomous system path length when calculating preferred paths, use the no form of this command.
The autonomous system path length is used (not ignored) when a best path is selected.
Use the bgp bestpath as-path ignore command to ignore the length of autonomous system paths when the software selects a preferred path. When the best path is selected, if this command is specified, all steps are performed as usual except comparison of the autonomous path length between candidate paths.
To compare identical routes received from external BGP (eBGP) peers during the best-path selection process and select the route with the lowest router ID, use the bgp bestpath compare-routerid command in an appropriate configuration mode. To disable comparing identical routes received from eBGP peers during best-path selection, use the no form of this command.
The software does not select a new best path if it is the same as the current best path (according to the BGP selection algorithm) except for the router ID.
Use the bgp bestpath compare-routerid command to affect how the software selects the best path, in the case where there are two paths of equal cost according to the BGP selection algorithm. This command is used to force the software to select the path with the lower router ID as the best path. If this command is not used, the software continues to use whichever path is currently the best path, regardless of which has the lower router ID.
To configure a router that is running the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) to not evaluate the cost community attribute during the best-path selection process, use the bgp bestpath cost-community ignore command in an appropriate configuration mode. To restore the system to its default condition, use the no form of this command.
The behavior of this command is enabled by default until the cost community attribute is manually configured.
Use the bgp bestpath cost-community ignore command to disable the evaluation of the cost community attribute to help isolate problems and troubleshoot issues that relate to BGP path selection. This command can also be used to delay the activation of cost community attribute evaluation so that cost community filtering can be deployed in a large network at the same time.
To allow the comparison of the Multi Exit Discriminator (MED) for paths from neighbors in different autonomous systems, use the bgp bestpath med always command in an appropriate configuration mode. To disable considering the MED attribute in comparing paths, use the no form of this command.
The software does not compare MEDs for paths from neighbors in different autonomous systems.
The MED is one of the parameters that is considered by the software when selecting the best path among many alternative paths. The software chooses the path with the lowest MED.
By default, during the best-path selection process, the software makes a MED comparison only among paths from the same autonomous system. This command changes the default behavior of the software by allowing comparison of MEDs among paths regardless of the autonomous system from which the paths are received.
To enable Multi Exit Discriminator (MED) comparison among paths learned from confederation peers, use the bgp bestpath med confed command in an appropriate configuration mode. To disable the software from considering the MED attribute in comparing paths, use the no form of this command.
The software does not compare the MED of paths containing only confederation segments, or paths containing confederation segments followed by an AS_SET, with the MED of any other paths.
The MED for paths that start with an AS_SEQUENCE or that start with confederation segments followed by an AS_SEQUENCE only is compared with the MED of other paths that share the same first autonomous system number in the autonomous system sequence (the neighbor autonomous system number). This behavior is not affected by the bgp bestpath med confed command.
The MED is not compared with path 3 because it has an external autonomous system number (that is, an AS_SEQUENCE) in the path. If the bgp bestpath med confed command is not enabled, then MED is not compared between any of these paths. Consequently, the software selects path 2 as the best path because it has the lowest IGP metric.
To have the software consider a missing Multi Exit Discriminator (MED) attribute in a path as having a value of infinity, making the path without a MED value the least desirable path, use the bgp bestpath med missing-as-worst command in an appropriate configuration mode. To disable considering the MED attribute in comparing paths, use the no form of this command.
The software assigns a value of 0 to the missing MED, causing the path with the missing MED attribute to be considered as the best possible MED.
To disable reflection of routes between route-reflection clients using a Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) route reflector, use the bgp client-to-client reflection disable command in address family configuration mode. To re-enable client-to-client reflection, use the no form of this command.
(Optional) Cluster ID for which intra-cluster route reflection is to be disabled; maximum of 4 bytes. Cluster ID can be entered either as an IP address or value. Range is 1 to 4294967295.
By default, the clients of a route reflector are not required to be fully meshed and the routes from a client are reflected to other clients. However, if the clients are fully meshed, route reflection is not required.
By default, the clients of a route reflector that are part of the same cluster are not required to be fully meshed and the routes from a client are reflected to other clients. However, if the clients are fully meshed, route reflection is not required. If the cluster-id is not specified, then this command disables intra-cluster route reflection for all clusters.
To configure the cluster ID if the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) cluster has more than one route reflector, use the bgp cluster-id command in an appropriate configuration mode. To remove the cluster ID, use the no form of this command.
Cluster ID of this router acting as a route reflector; maximum of 4 bytes. Cluster ID can be entered either as an IP address or value. Range is 1 to 4294967295.
A cluster ID is not configured.
Together, a route reflector and its clients form a cluster. A cluster of clients usually has a single route reflector. In such instances, the cluster is identified by the software as the router ID of the route reflector. To increase redundancy and avoid a single point of failure in the network, a cluster might have more than one route reflector. If it does, all route reflectors in the cluster must be configured with the same 4-byte cluster ID so that a route reflector can recognize updates from route reflectors in the same cluster.
A single route reflector can also support multiple clusters. Each cluster is identified by a unique cluster-id. The cluster-id configured by the bgp cluster-id command is taken as the default. If bgp cluster-id is not configured, the router ID for the default VRF identifies the default cluster. A neighbor can be associated with one cluster only, and the corresponding cluster-id is configured in neighbor configuration mode. If the cluster-id is not configured for a neighbor and the neighbor is a route reflector client, then the neighbor is assigned to the default cluster.
The following example shows how to configure the local router as one of the route reflectors serving the cluster. Neighbor 192.168.70.24 is assigned to the default cluster with cluster-id 1.
To specify a Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) confederation identifier, use the bgp confederation identifier command in an appropriate configuration mode. To remove the confederation identifier, use the no form of this command.
Autonomous system (AS) number that internally includes multiple autonomous systems.
Range for 2-byte Autonomous system numbers (ASNs) is 1 to 65535.
Range for 4-byte Autonomous system numbers (ASNs) in asplain format is 1 to 4294967295.
Range for 4-byte Autonomous system numbers (ASNs) is asdot format is 1.0 to 65535.65535.
No confederation identifier is configured.
One way to reduce the internal BGP (iBGP) mesh is to divide an autonomous system into multiple autonomous systems and group them into a single confederation. Each autonomous system is fully meshed within itself, and has a few connections to another autonomous system in the same confederation. Although the peers in different autonomous systems have external BGP (eBGP) sessions, they exchange routing information as if they are iBGP peers. Specifically, the confederation maintains the next hop and local preference information, and that allows you to retain a single Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) for all autonomous systems. To the outside world, the confederation looks like a single autonomous system.
Use the bgp confederation identifier command to specify the autonomous system number for the confederation. This autonomous system number is used when BGP sessions are established with external peers in autonomous systems that are not part of the confederation.
The following example shows how to divide the autonomous system into autonomous systems 4001, 4002, 4003, 4004, 4005, 4006, and 4007 with the confederation identifier 5. Neighbor 10.2.3.4 is a router inside the confederation. Neighbor 172.20.16.6 is outside the routing domain confederation. To the outside world, there appears to be a single autonomous system with the number 5.
To configure the autonomous systems that belong to the confederation, use the bgp confederation peers command in an appropriate configuration mode. To remove the autonomous system from the confederation, use the no form of this command.
Autonomous system (AS) numbers for Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) peers that belong to the confederation.
No BGP peers are identified as belonging to the confederation.
The autonomous systems specified in this command are visible internally to a confederation. Each autonomous system is fully meshed within itself. The bgp confederation identifier command specifies the confederation to which the autonomous systems belong.
To specify multiple autonomous systems, enter BGP confederation peer configuration mode then enter one autonomous-system-number for each command line.
To enable Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) route dampening or change various BGP route dampening factors, use the bgp dampening command in an appropriate configuration mode. To disable route dampening and reset default values, use the no form of this command.
(Optional) Time (in minutes) after which a penalty is decreased. Once the route has been assigned a penalty, the penalty is decreased by half after the half-life period (which is 15 minutes by default). Penalty reduction happens every 5 seconds. Range of the half-life period is from 1 to 45 minutes.
(Optional) Value for route reuse if the flapping route penalty decreases and falls below the reuse value. When this happens, the route is unsuppressed. The process of unsuppressing routes occurs at 10-second increments. Range is 1 to 20000.
(Optional) Maximum penalty value. Suppress a route when its penalty exceeds the value specified. When this happens, the route is suppressed. Range is 1 to 20000.
(Optional) Maximum time (in minutes) a route can be suppressed. Range is 1 to 255. If the half-life value is allowed to default, the maximum suppress time defaults to 60 minutes.
(Optional) Specifies the route policy to use to set dampening parameters.
Use the bgp dampening command without arguments to enable BGP route dampening with the default parameters. The parameters can be changed by setting them on the command line or specifying them with a routing policy.
To change the default local preference value, use the bgp default local-preference command in an appropriate configuration mode. To reset the local preference value to the default of 100, use the no form of this command.
Local preference value. Range is 0 to 4294967295. Higher values are preferable.
Enabled with a value of 100.
Generally, the default value of 100 allows you to easily define a particular path as less preferable than paths with no local preference attribute. The preference is sent to all networking devices in the local autonomous system.
To disable the software from enforcing the first autonomous system path (known as the AS path) of a route received from an external Border Gateway Protocol (eBGP) peer to be the same as the configured remote autonomous system, use the bgp enforce-first-as disable command in an appropriate configuration mode. To re-enable enforcing the first AS path of a received route from an eBGP peer to be the same as the remote autonomous system, use the no form of this command.
By default, the software requires the first autonomous system (in the AS path) of a route received from an eBGP peer to be the same as the remote autonomous system configured.
By default, the software ignores any update received from an eBGP neighbor that does not have the autonomous system configured for that neighbor at the beginning of the AS path. When configured, the command applies to all eBGP peers of the router.
To disable immediately resetting the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) sessions of any directly adjacent external peers if the link used to reach them goes down, use the bgp fast-external-fallover disable command in an appropriate configuration mode. To disable this function and perform an immediate reset of BGP sessions when a link between peers is lost, use the no form of this command.
Disables BGP fast external failover.
BGP sessions of any directly adjacent external peers are immediately reset if the link used to reach them goes down.
By default, BGP sessions of any directly adjacent external peers are immediately reset, which allows the network to recover faster when links go down between BGP peers.
To enable graceful restart support, use the bgp graceful-restart command in an appropriate configuration mode. To disable this function, use the no form of this command.
Graceful restart support is not enabled.
Use the bgp graceful-restart command to enable graceful restart functionality on the router, and also to advertise graceful restart to neighboring routers.
The bgp graceful-restart command with no options must be used to enable graceful restart before using the bgp graceful-restart purge-time , bgp graceful-restart restart-time , bgp graceful-restart stalepath-time , or bgp graceful-restart graceful-reset commands.
When graceful restart is enabled, the BGP graceful restart capability is negotiated with neighbors in the BGP OPEN message when the session is established. If the neighbor also advertises support for graceful restart, then graceful restart is activated for that neighbor session. If the neighbor does not advertise support for graceful restart, then graceful restart is not activated for that neighbor session even though it is enabled locally.
If you enter the bgp graceful-restart command after some BGP sessions are established, you must restart those sessions before graceful restart takes effect. Use the clear bgp command to restart sessions.
To invoke a graceful restart when configuration changes force a peer reset, use the bgp graceful-restart graceful-reset command in an appropriate configuration mode. To disable this function, use the no form of this command.
Graceful restart is not invoked when a configuration change forces a peer reset.
BGP graceful restart must be enabled using the bgp graceful-restart command before enabling graceful reset using the bgp graceful-restart graceful-reset command.
To specify the maximum time before stale routes are purged from the routing information base (RIB) when the local BGP process restarts, use the bgp graceful-restart purge-time command in an appropriate configuration mode. To set the purge timer time to its default value, use the no form of this command.
Maximum time before stale routes are purged. Time in seconds. Range is 0 to 6000.
BGP graceful restart must be enabled using the bgp graceful-restart command before setting the purge time using the bgp graceful-restart purge-time command.
To specify a user-predicted local BGP process maximum restart time, which is advertised to neighbors during session establishment, use the bgp graceful-restart restart-time command in an appropriate configuration mode. To set this restart time to its default value, use the no form of this command.
Maximum time advertised to neighbors. Time in seconds. Range is 1 to 4095.
BGP graceful restart must be enabled using the bgp graceful-restart command before setting the restart timer using the bgp graceful-restart restart-time command.
To specify the maximum time to wait for an End-of-RIB message after a neighbor restarts, use the bgp graceful-restart stalepath-time command in an appropriate configuration mode. To set the stalepath timer time to its default value, use the no form of this command.
Maximum wait time. Time in seconds. Range is 1 to 4095.
BGP graceful restart must be enabled using the bgp graceful-restart command before setting the stalepath time using the bgp graceful-restart stalepath-time command.
If the stalepath time is exceeded before an End-of-RIB message is received from a neighbor, paths learned from the neighbor are purged from the BGP routing table.
To enable delay for Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) batch import processing, use the bgp import-delay command in an appropriate configuration mode. To disable delay in batch import processing, use the no form of this command.
Specifies batch import processing delay in seconds. Range is 0 to 10 seconds.
Specifies batch import processing delay in milliseconds. Range is 0 to 999 seconds.
To enable delay for Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) batch label processing, use the bgp label-delay command in an appropriate configuration mode. To disable delay in batch import processing, use the no form of this command.
Specifies batch label processing delay in seconds. Range is 0 to 10 seconds.
Specifies batch label processing delay in milliseconds. Range is 0 to 999 seconds.
To disable logging of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) neighbor resets, use the bgp log neighbor changes disable command in an appropriate configuration mode. To re-enable logging of BGP neighbor resets, use the no form of this command.
BGP neighbor changes are logged.
Logging of BGP neighbor status changes (up or down) and resets is used for troubleshooting network connectivity problems and measuring network stability. Unexpected neighbor resets might indicate high error rates or high packet loss in the network, and should be investigated.
Status change message logging does not substantially affect performance, unlike, for example, enabling per-BGP update debugging. If the UNIX syslog facility is enabled, messages are sent by the software to the UNIX host running the syslog daemon so that the messages can be stored and archived on disk. If the UNIX syslog facility is not enabled, the status change messages are kept in the internal buffer of the router, and are not stored to disk.
The neighbor status change messages are not tracked if the bgp log neighbor changes disable command is disabled, except for the last reset reason, which is always available as output of the show bgp neighbors command.
Up and down messages for BGP neighbors are logged by the software by default. Use the bgp log neighbor changes disable command to stop logging BGP neighbor changes.
To control the maximum number of neighbors that can be configured on the router, use the bgp maximum neighbor command in an appropriate configuration mode. To set the neighbor limit to the default value, use the no form of this command.
Maximum number of neighbors. Range is 1 to 15000.
Any attempt to configure the neighbor limit below 1 or above 15000 fails. Similarly, attempting to configure the limit below the number of neighbors currently configured fails. For example, if there are 3250 neighbors configured, you cannot set the limit below 3250.
To ignore as-path onwards while computing multipath, use the bgp multipath as-path command in XR Config mode.
Ignores as-path related check for multipath selection.
Ignores everything as-path onwards for multipath selection.
When multiple connected routers start ignoring as-path onwards while computing multipath, it causes routing loops. Therefore, you should not configure the bgp multipath as-path ignore onwards command on routers that can form a loop.
This example shows how to ignore as-path while computing multipath.
To match packets based on an incoming source, destination IP address or action (such as redirect, drop, PBTS) and redirect it to a specific VRF, use the bgp policy propagation input flow-tag command in the interface configuration mode.
Enables flow-tag policy propagation on the specified interfaces.
The packets are matched based on an incoming destination IP address and redirected to a specific VRF.
The packets are matched based on an incoming source IP address and redirect it to a specific VRF.
Use this command to apply the flow-tag to a specified interface. The packets are matched based on an incoming source, destination IP address or action (such as redirect, drop, PBTS) and redirected to a specific VRF.
You will not be able to enable both QPPB and flow tag feature simultaneously on an interface.
To allow the redistribution of internal Border Gateway Protocol (iBGP) routes into an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), such as Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS) or Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), use the bgp redistribute-internal command in an appropriate configuration mode. To disable the redistribution of iBGP routes into IGPs, use the no form of this command.
By default, iBGP routes are not redistributed into IGPs.
Use of the bgp redistribute-internal command requires the clear route * command to be issued to reinstall all BGP routes into the IP routing table.
Redistributing iBGP routes into IGPs may cause routing loops to form within an autonomous system. Use this command with caution.
To configure a fixed router ID for a Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)-speaking router, use the bgp router-id command in an appropriate configuration mode. To disable a fixed router ID, use the no form of this command.
IP Version 4 (IPv4) address to use as the router ID. Normally, this should be an IPv4 address assigned to the router.
If no router ID is configured in BGP, BGP attempts to use the global router ID if one is configured and available. Otherwise, BGP uses the highest IP address configured on a loopback interface.
If you do not use the bgp router-id command to configure a router ID, an IP address is not configured on any loopback interface, and no global router ID is configured, BGP neighbors remain down.
To configure scanning intervals of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)-speaking networking devices, use the bgp scan-time command in an appropriate configuration mode. To restore the scanning interval to its default value, use the no form of this command.
Scanning interval (in seconds) of BGP routing information. Range is 5 to 3600 seconds.
The default scanning interval is 60 seconds.
Use the bgp scan-time command to change how frequently the software processes scanner tasks, such as conditional advertisement, dynamic MED changes, and periodic maintenance tasks.
To set the maximum initial delay for a Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)-speaking router to send the first updates, use the bgp update-delay command in an appropriate configuration mode. To restore the initial delay to its default value, use the no form of this command.
Delay in seconds for the router to send the first updates. Range is 0 to 3600.
(Optional) Specifies that the router always wait for the update delay time, even if all neighbors have finished sending their initial updates sooner.
When BGP is started, it waits a specified period of time for its neighbors to establish peering sessions and to complete sending their initial updates. After all neighbors complete their initial updates, or after the update delay timer expires, the best path is calculated for each route, and the software starts sending advertisements out to its peers. This behavior improves convergence time. If the software were to advertise a route as soon as it learned it, it would have to readvertise the route each time it learned a new path that was preferred over all previously learned paths.
Use the bgp update-delay command to tune the maximum time the software waits after the first neighbor is established until it starts calculating best paths and sending out advertisements.
To modify the upper bounds on update message queue lengths or to enable desynchronization, use the bgp write-limit command in an appropriate configuration mode. To return the bounds to their default values and to disable desynchronization, use the no form of this command.
Per-update group limit on the number of update messages the software queues. Range is 500 to 100000000. Group limit cannot be greater than the global limit.
Global limit on the number of update messages the software queues. Range is 500 to 100000000.
Use the bgp write-limit command to configure both a per-update group and a global limit on the number of messages the software queues when updating peers. Increasing these limits can result in faster Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) convergence, but also may result in higher memory use during convergence. In addition, this command can be used to enable desynchronization. Desynchronization can decrease memory use and speed up convergence for the fastest neighbors if one or more neighbors in an update group process updates significantly slower than other neighbors in the same group. However, enabling desynchronization can cause a significant degradation in overall convergence time, especially if the router is experiencing high CPU utilization. For this reason, enabling desynchronization is discouraged.
To enable Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Monitoring Protocol (BMP) logging for a neighbor, use the bmp-activate server command in neighbor configuration mode. To disable BMP logging for a neighbor, use the no form of this command.
Enables monitoring by the BMP server specified by the server-id variable. You can configure multiple bmp-activate commands under same neighbor with different server IDs to enable monitoring by multiple BMP servers.
To configure Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Monitoring Protocol (BMP) server and to enter BMP server configuration mode, use the bmp server command in XR Config mode. To remove a particular BMP server configuration, use no form of this command.
Specifies BMP server ID. Server ID range is 1 to 8.
Specifies BMP server description. Description can be up to 250 alphanumeric characters.
Sets IP DiffServ CodePoint (DSCP).
The DSCP value can be a number from 0 to 63, or it can be one of the following keywords: default , ef , af11 , af12 , af13 , af21 , af22 , af23 , af31 , af32 , af33 , af41 , af42 , af43 , cs1 , cs2 , cs3 , cs4 , cs5 , cs6 , or cs7 .
Specifies the hostname of BMP server.
The hostname of the BMP server can be specified in IP address format (standard dot-decimal notation for IPv4 or colon-hexadecimal notation for IPv6) format or the string name which can be resolved into an IP address by the router.
Sets the delay, in seconds, before initial connect request is sent to a BMP server. The delay that you can set ranges from 1 to 3600 seconds. The default is 7 seconds.
Delay to initiate route refresh requests to BMP enabled neighbors.
Configures the initial refresh options to handle refresh requests sent by the router to its BMP-enabled neighbors.
Sets the delay, in seconds, before an initial refresh request is sent by the router to its BMP-enabled neighbors. The delay range is 1 to 3600 seconds with a default of 1 second. The default is not to skip refresh requests.
Configures the router to skip sending any refresh requests to its BMP-enabled neighbors.
The default is internet (6) .
Shuts down the TCP connection to BMP server.
Specifies statistics reporting period, in seconds, to BMP servers. The reporting period that you can set ranges from 1 to 3600 seconds.
Specifies the source (physical or virtual interface) to reach the BMP server.
Use the show interfaces command to see a list of all interfaces currently configured on the router.
For more information about the syntax for the router, use the question mark ( ? ) online help function.
Specifies VPN routing and forwarding (VRF) instance.
For default values refer Syntax Description table.
To advertise capability of receiving additional paths to the peer, use the capability additional-paths receive command in neighbor or neighbor-group or session-group configuration mode. To disable the capability of receiving additional paths, use the no form of this command.
Disables advertising capability of receiving additional paths.
Use the capability additional-paths receive command to selectively enable or disable additional paths receive capability negotiation for a particular neighbor or neighbor-group or session-group. Configuring additional-paths receive command in global address-family mode is a pre-requisite for negotiating additional paths receive capability with the peer.
If you enter the capability additional-paths receive command after some BGP sessions are established, you must restart those sessions for the new configuration to take effect. Use the clear bgp command to restart sessions.
To advertise capability of sending additional paths to the peer, use the capability additional-paths send command in neighbor or neighbor-group or session-group configuration mode. To disable the capability of sending additional paths, use the no form of this command.
Use the capability additional paths send command to selectively enable or disable additional paths send capability negotiation for a particular neighbor or neighbor-group or session-group. Configuring the additional-paths send command in global address-family mode is a pre-requisite for negotiating additional paths send capability with the peer.
You must restart the BGP sessions for the new configuration to take effect. Use the clear bgp command to restart sessions.
To advertise prefix list-based Outbound Route Filter (ORF) capability to the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) peer, use the capability orf prefix command in an appropriate configuration mode. To remove the capability orf prefix command from the configuration file and restore the system to its default condition in which the software does not advertise the capability, use the no form of this command.
Sets the capability to receive the ORF from a specified neighbor.
Sets the capability to send the ORF to a specified neighbor.
Sets the capability to receive and send the ORF from or to a specified neighbor.
Sets the capability to no for ORF receive or send from or to a specified neighbor.
The routing device does not receive or send route prefix filter lists.
The advertisement of the prefix list ORF capability by a BGP speaker indicates whether the speaker can send prefix lists to the specified neighbor and whether it accepts prefix lists from the neighbor. The speaker sends a prefix list if it indicated the ability to send them, and if the neighbor indicated it was willing to accept them. Similarly, the neighbor sends a prefix list to the speaker if it indicated the ability to send them and the speaker indicated the willingness to accept them.
The capability orf and prefix list filter specified by orf route-policy must be explicitly configured.
If the neighbor sends a prefix list and the speaker accepts it, the speaker applies the received prefix list, plus any locally configured outbound filters, to limit its outbound routing updates to the neighbor. Increased filtering prevents unwanted routing updates between neighbors and reduces resource requirements for routing update generation and processing.
Use the capability orf prefix command to set whether to advertise send and receive capabilities to the specified neighbor.
Sending a receive capability can adversely affect performance, because updates sent to that neighbor cannot be replicated for any other neighbors.
If this command is configured for a neighbor group or neighbor address family group, all neighbors using the group inherit the configuration. Values of commands configured specifically for a neighbor override inherited values.
To suppress 4-byte AS capability from being advertised to the BGP peer, use the capability suppress 4-byte-as command in the appropriate configuration mode. To remove the capability suppress 4-byte-as command from the configuration and restore the system to the default condition, in which the software advertises the capability, use the no form of this command.
Prevents capability suppress 4-type-as being inherited from the parent.
4-byte-as capability is advertised to the BGP peer.
By default, the software advertises the 4-byte AS capability to BGP peers. To override this default behavior, use the capability suppress 4-byte-as command under the command modes listed in the ''Command Modes'' section. If configured under the neighbor group or session group, all neighbors using the group inherit the configuration. Use the no option to remove the command.
The BGP session resets automatically, if the 4-byte AS capability of an existing BGP session is changed by configuring capability suppress 4-byte-as or capability suppress 4-byte-as inheritance-disable .
To reset a group of Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) neighbors, use the clear bgp command in XR EXEC mode.
(Optional) Specifies IP Version 4 address prefixes.
(Optional) Specifies unicast address prefixes.
(Optional) Specifies IPv4 multicast distribution tree (MDT) address prefixes.
(Optional) Specifies IP Version 6 address prefixes.
Use the clear bgp command to reset the sessions of the specified group of neighbors (hard reset); it removes the TCP connection to the neighbor, removes all routes received from the neighbor from the BGP table, and then re-establishes the session with the neighbor.
If the graceful keyword is specified, the routes from the neighbor are not removed from the BGP table immediately, but are marked as stale. After the session is re-established, any stale route that has not been received again from the neighbor is removed.
To clear Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) route dampening information and unsuppress the suppressed routes, use the clear bgp dampening command in XR EXEC mode.
Specifies IP Version 4 address prefixes.
Specifies IP Version 6 address prefixes.
(Optional) IP address of the network about which to clear dampening information.
(Optional) Network mask applied to the IP address.
If no IP address is specified, dampening information for all routes is cleared.
To clear all Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) external peers, use the clear bgp external command in XR EXEC mode.
(Optional) Clears all external peers with a hard reset and a graceful restart. This option is available when an address family is not specified.
To clear Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) flap counts for a specified group of routes, use the clear bgp flap-statistics command in XR EXEC mode.
(Optional) Network for which flap counts are to be cleared.
(Optional) Network mask of the network for which flap counts are to be cleared.
(Optional) Neighbor address. Clears only flap statistics for routes received from this neighbor.
To reset the number of received notifications and the cumulative processing time for the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) next hop, use the clear bgp nexthop performance-statistics command in XR EXEC mode.
Specifies IPv4 multicast distribution tree (MDT) address prefixes.
For VRF, specifies IPv4 unicast or labeled-unicast address families.
For VRF, specifies IPv6 unicast address families.
To reregister a specified next hop with the Routing Information Base (RIB), use the clear bgp nexthop registration command in XR EXEC mode.
Address of the next hop.
Use the clear bgp nexthop registration command to perform an asynchronous registration of the next hop with the RIB. The show bgp nexthops command output shows a critical notification as the LastRIBEvent for the next hop when the clear bgp nexthop registration command is used.
To clear the connection-dropped counter, use the clear bgp peer-drops command in XR EXEC mode.
IP address of a specific network neighbor.
To clear the performance statistics for all address families, use the clear bgp performance-statistics command.
Specifies VPN routing and forwarding (VRF).
For VRF, specifies all VRFs.
To clear Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routes that are self-originated, use the clear bgp self-originated command in XR EXEC mode.
Self-originated routes are routes locally originated by the network command, redistribute command, or aggregate-address command.
To clear all Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) neighbors that shut down due to low memory, use the clear bgp shutdown command in XR EXEC mode.


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Die Transzendenz des Ego (frz. La Transcendance de l'Ego) ist das erste originäre philosophische Werk Jean-Paul Sartres. Ein Teil wurde 1934 während seines Aufenthaltes in Berlin verfasst, wo Sartre Husserls Phänomenologie studieren wollte. 1936 wurde die Schrift in der Zeitschrift Les Recherches philosophiques (Philosophische Forschungen) veröffentlicht. Mit seiner Monografie setzt sich Sartre mit einer inneren Problematik der phänomenologischen Schule auseinander, weshalb die Bezugnahme auf Husserl nicht erstaunt. Auffällig ist eher, dass Kant in Sartres Denkprozess hier einen besonderen Platz einnimmt. Die Begrifflichkeit ist daher zugleich von Husserl und Kant geprägt. In den folgenden Werken Sartres spielen Begriffe wie "transzendentales Bewusstsein" aber keine Rolle mehr.

Die These von Sartres Schrift ist, dass das Ego kein "Bewohner" des Bewusstseins ist. Das bedeutet, dass es nicht die Basis des Bewusstseins bildet, sondern ein Gegenstand des Bewusstseins ist. Mit dieser ersten These am Anfang des Gedankengangs verbindet sich schließlich am Ende des Werkes eine zweite: Das Bewusstsein ist transzendental, es ist eine unpersönliche Form von Spontaneität. Diese philosophische Position Sartres ist ungewöhnlich, da er vom Bewusstsein ausgehend nicht zu einer Theorie des Subjekts gelangt.

Die Methode, die der Untertitel benennt, "Skizze einer phänomenologischen Beschreibung" ist deskriptiv. Es handelt sich darum, eine Erfahrung des Denkens wiederzugeben, deren Ausgang von Intentionalität geprägt ist.

Im ersten Teil stellt Sartre dar, dass das Ego-Ich aus zwei unterschiedlichen Komponenten besteht, dem spontanen Je-Ich und dem objektiven Moi-Ich.

Im zweiten Teil untersucht Sartre, wie das Ego sich konstituiert. Nachdem er das Problem deutlich gemacht hat, legt er dessen Entstehungsgeschichte dar.

Aufbau
I. Das Je und das Moi
 A) Theorie der formalen Präsenz des Je
 B) das Cogito als reflexives Bewusstsein
 C) Theorie der materiellen Präsenz des Moi
II. Die Konstitution des Ego-Ichs
 A) Die Bewusstseinszustände als transzendentale Bewusstseins-Einheiten
 B) Konstitution der Handlungen
 C) Die Qualitäten als mögliche Einheiten der Zustände
 D) Konstitution des Ego-Ichs als Pol der Handlungen, der Zustände und der Qualitäten
 E) Das Je-Ich und das Bewusstsein im Cogito
Schlussfolgerung

Ausgangspunkt in der Philosophie Kants
Ausgangspunkt Sartres ist der berühmte Satz Kants: "Das 'ich denke' muss alle unsere Vorstellungen begleiten können" Sartre fragt sich, ob das Je-Ich alle unsere Vorstellungen begleitet. Die Antwort fällt negativ aus und dies hat Kant vorausgeahnt, weil er die Formulierung "muss…können" wählte, was Sartre besonders hervorhebt. Es gibt also Vorstellungen ohne das Je-Ich.

Sartre wählt als Beispiel die Lektüre. Wenn das Buch gut ist, nimmt es die Aufmerksamkeit des Lesers gefangen und er vergisst sich, es gibt kein Je-Ich mehr, er wendet die Seiten um, ohne sich zu sagen "Ich blättere die Seiten um". Man muss also zwei Zustände unterscheiden: "Ich weiß, dass ich jetzt dieses mache und danach jenes mache" und "Es gibt Bewusstsein, dieses und danach jenes zu machen". Man muss also feststellen, dass es Fälle von Bewusstsein ohne das Je-Ich gibt. Diese Tatsache zeigt für Sartre an, dass es einen Bereich des unpersönlichen Bewusstseins gibt.

Für Kant ist das Je-Ich eine Bedingung der Möglichkeit der Erfahrung. Es ist für Kant transzendent, den Dingen überlegen, und transzendental, unabhängig von der Erfahrung und sie überschreitend. Man muss dieses also vom empirischen Ich unterscheiden, also von dem Ich, das ich in der Erfahrung vorfinde.

Auf dieser Grundlage muss man das transzendentale vom empirischen Bewusstsein unterscheiden. Die Beziehung ist nur eine Bedingung der Möglichkeit, nicht der Notwendigkeit. "Das transzendentale Bewusstsein ist nur die Gesamtheit der notwendigen Bedingungen eines empirischen Bewusstseins".

Hiervon ausgehend ist es sinnlos, sich zu fragen, was ein transzendentales Bewusstsein sein kann, da es sich nicht auf der Ebene von Erfahrungen bildet, sondern aller Erfahrung als Bedingung der Möglichkeit vorausgeht. Sartre will das Problem nicht umgehen, dass ein Ich manchmal im Bewusstsein existiert, aber er möchte auf dem Boden der Tatsachen bleiben, und daher bezieht er Husserl in seine weiteren Überlegungen ein.

Eine Phänomenologie des Ego
Mit Husserl und der Phänomenologie wird das transzendentale Bewusstsein "eingeklammert", es ist keine Gesamtheit von Bedingungen, sondern ein "absolutes Faktum", es ist "ein Absolutes". Das transzendentale Bewusstsein kann also auch absolutes Bewusstsein genannt werden. Seine Absolutheit erklärt sich daraus, dass es reines Bewusstsein von sich selbst ist. In diesem Sinne muss auch verstanden werden, dass es Intentionalität ist. Dieses Gesetz des Bewusstseins bedeutet nichts anderes, als dass Bewusstsein dadurch bestimmt ist, dass es immer Bewusstsein von etwas ist, wie Husserl von Brentano gelernt hatte. Sartre versteht Intentionalität aus der Tatsache, dass:

Diese Minimaldefinition des Bewusstseins in seiner Radikalität, Einfachheit und Strenge findet sich auch Sartres Werk "Das Sein und das Nichts".

In vielen Abschnitten spricht Sartre vom Bewusstsein, ohne klarzustellen, um welches es sich handelt. Dabei geht es ihm meist um das transzendentale oder absolute Bewusstsein, aber es gibt sechs Formen und daher auch sechs verschiedene Definitionen des Bewusstseins; transzendentales, empirisches, reflexives, unreflektiertes und reflektiertes und schließlich reflektierendes Bewusstsein.

Hinsichtlich Kant wird die Perspektive verändert. Durch die Intentionalität, die in einem Sich-Beziehen auf etwas ihr Anderes besteht, wird das Bewusstsein mit dem Gegenstandsbezug zu einem einheitlichen Bewusstsein. Indem es aus sich selbst heraustritt, vereinigt es sich in Richtung auf ein Objekt und in der Zeit. Bei diesem phänomenologischen Verständnis des Bewusstseins handelt es sich nicht mehr um das transzendentale Ich Kants, sondern um das Husserlsche, das vereinigt und zugleich individualisiert. Das Je-Ich wird also völlig nutzlos und überflüssig. Es kündigt nur den "Tod" des Bewusstseins an.

Ein Unterschied zwischen Sartre und Husserls besteht hier darin, dass Husserls Position nicht einheitlich und konsistent ist.

Zunächst hat er in den Logischen Untersuchungen das Ich als ein synthetisches und transzendentales Produkt des Bewusstseins betrachtet, mithin als Objekt des Bewusstseins. In der Folge ging Husserl jedoch einen Schritt zurück und machte das transzendentale Je-Ich wieder zur Basis des Bewusstseins, das dieses hervorbringt und besitzt, anstatt nur ein Bewohner des Bewusstseins zu sein, wie Sartre sagt.

Die folgenden Passagen belegen dies:

Zum Vergleich:

Das Problem Sartres ist die Vereinigung der Vorstellung des Ichs als Bewohners mit der ersten Definition des Bewusstseins. Er lehnt dies ab, da so das Bewusstsein als solches bedroht wäre. Die Intentionalität macht das Bewusstsein zu einem nichtsubstantiellen Absoluten, reine Spontaneität. Das Moi-Ich ist dagegen opak, es zerstört die Klarheit des Bewusstseins. Das transzendentale Ich ist der Tod des Bewusstseins. Es einzuführen, macht das Bewusstsein zur solipsistischen Monade.

Kritik des Begriffs des Unbewussten
Sartre bezieht sich nicht direkt auf Freud, sondern eher auf die französischen Moralisten, besonders La Rochefoucauld und seine Theorie der Eigenliebe, die Sehnsucht nach sich selbst als geheime Triebkraft aller unserer Handlungen. "Nach Meinung der Moralisten ist die Selbstliebe und damit auch das Selbst in allen Gefühlen unter tausend Formen versteckt. Ganz allgemein will dieses Ich in der Funktion dieser Selbstliebe, die es trägt, für sich selbst alle Dinge. Die Struktur aller meiner Handlungen ist dieser Selbstbezug, Die Rückkehr zu mir selbst wäre der konstituierende Akt des Bewusstseins".
 Sartre schreibt La Rochefoucauld die Erfindung des Unbewussten zu, ohne dass dieser den Begriff erfunden hätte.
 Sartre sieht bei den Psychologen den Fehler, die reflexiven Akte mit den irreflexiven zu verwechseln.
 In einem Beispiel macht Sartre den Unterschied deutlich: Jemand kommt einem Freund zu Hilfe. Für sein Bewusstsein existiert in diesem Moment nur eine Sache: Freund-Hilfe-bringen.
 Die Theoretiker der Eigenliebe sehen diesen ersten Moment des Begehrens nicht als vollständig und autonom an, sondern imaginieren sich einen unglücklichen Zustand, den ich durch den Akt des Helfens beenden möchte. Diese Verbindung setzt aber eine Reflexion voraus. (S. 40)
 Die Theoretiker der Eigensucht setzen als die Reflexion als primäres und im Unbewussten verstecktes Element voraus, was aber der Vorstellung des Unbewussten gerade widerstreitet.
 Sartre folgert daraus, dass das irreflexive Bewusstsein als autonom betrachtet werden muss. Die Reflexion "vergiftet" das Begehren. Bevor sie vergiftet werden, sind sie rein.
Die Analyse der psychologischen Theorie eines innerweltlichen Bewusstseins führt zum selben Ergebnis wie die phänomenologische Analyse: Das Ich ist nicht in den irreflexiven Zuständen des Bewusstseins und auch nicht hinter ihnen. Das Ich entsteht nur mit dem reflexiven Akt als noematisches Korrelat einer reflexiven Intention.

Literatur
 Jean-Paul Sartre: La Transcendance de l'ego. Vrin, Paris 1992 [1936].
 Jean-Paul Sartre: Les Carnets de la drôle de guerre. Gallimard, Paris 1983.
 Philippe Cabestan: Dictionnaire Sartre. Ellipses, Paris 2009.
 Philippe Cabestan, Arnaud Tomes: Le Vocabulaire de Sartre. Ellipses, Paris 2001.
 Vincent de Coorebyter: Sartre face à la phénoménologie. Ousia, Brüssel 2000.
 Jean-Marc Mouillie: Sartre, conscience, ego et psyché. PUF, Paris 2000.

Einzelnachweise

Philosophisches Werk
Werk von Jean-Paul Sartre

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
N. Korea crowns leader Kim Jong-un as party's general secretary #SootinClaimon.Com
#SootinClaimon.Com : ขอบคุณแหล่งข้อมูล : หนังสือพิมพ์ The Nation.
https://www.nationthailand.com/ann/30401032?utm_source=category&utm_medium=internal_referral
N. Korea crowns leader Kim Jong-un as party's general secretary
Jan 11. 2021 North Korean leader Kim Jong-un speaks during the second day of the eighth congress of the ruling Workers' Party in Pyongyang last Wednesday, in this photo released by the North's official Korean Central News Agency the next day. North Korea has launched the rare party congress, the first in nearly five years, amid expectations Pyongyang will unveil its policy directions on the economy and foreign affairs in the face of stalled denuclearization negotiations. (KCNA-Yonhap)
By The Korea Herald/ANN
North Korea has endorsed leader Kim Jong-un as the general secretary of the ruling Workers' Party at its ongoing congress, state media said Monday, in an apparent move to tighten his grip on power.
The election took place at the sixth-day session of the party's eighth congress in Pyongyang on Sunday, following the North's revision of party rules to reinstate the secretariat system that was scrapped in 2016, according to the North's official Korean Central News Agency (KCNA).
"The 8th Congress … unanimously adopted a decision on electing Kim Jong-un as general secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea in reflection of the unanimous will and desire of all the delegates and other Party members, all the people and service personnel of the People's Army," the report said.
The general secretary title was previously held by Kim's late predecessors, his grandfather Kim Il-sung and father Kim Jong-il.
Since Kim took office following his father's death in late 2011, the North has called Kim Jong-il the "eternal general secretary" of the party and Kim Il-sung the "eternal president" of North Korea.
During an election that took place the same day, Kim's younger sister, Kim Yo-jong, was not included as an alternate member of the party's powerful political bureau.
Speculation has swirled that the younger Kim, previously an alternate member of the politburo, could be promoted to a higher position as she appeared to have undertaken a prominent role in inter-Korean affairs and other key issues.
Jo Yong-won, a senior party official who was often spotted accompanying the leader during his field trips last year, was promoted to a member of the presidium of the political bureau, a position held by only five people in the North including leader Kim.
Pak Pong-ju, a former member of the presidium, was removed from all party positions apparently due to his age.
North Korea's First Vice Foreign Minister Choe Son-hui was demoted to an alternate member of the party's central committee from a member amid an impasse in the North's nuclear negotiations with the United States.
The North Korean leader has held three meetings with US President Donald Trump, but denuclearization talks have made little progress since their no-deal summit in Hanoi in February 2019.
During an earlier session of the congress, Kim defined the US as the North's "foremost principal enemy" and vowed to bolster its nuclear arsenal, which experts see as aimed at pressuring the incoming Joe Biden administration.
Jang Kum-chol, head of the North's United Front Department that deals with inter-Korean affairs, also appears to have been replaced by Kim Yong-chol, as he was not included on the list of party department directors while Kim was on the list.
Kim Song-nam, first vice director handling relations with China, was promoted to director.
Experts say the North's leader is now expected to boost his new leadership style in full swing while inheriting the history and tradition of his predecessors.
"Yet diplomacy with the US and economic recovery remain the biggest challenges for North Korea, and without properly resolving these tasks, it will be difficult for Kim to secure his authority as the general secretary," Lim Eul-chul, a professor at the Institute for Far Eastern Studies at Kyungnam University, said.
North Korea has faced a triple whammy of the fallout of back-to-back typhoons in summer, a protracted border closure due to the coronavirus pandemic, and global sanctions on its economy.
KCNA said the congress was to continue with a seventh-day session on Monday.
The event appears to be coming to an end, but it is unclear exactly when the congress will close as the North has not made public the schedule. The previous congress in 2016 was held for four days. (Yonhap)
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Effect of the high molecular weight chitosan and sodium alginate on Candida albicans hydrophobicity and adhesion to cells.
Effect of Chitosan and Sodium Alginate on the adherence of autochthonous C. Albicans to oral epithelial cells (in vitro).
[High molecular weight chitosan and sodium alginate effect on secretory acid proteinase of Candida albicans].
Comparative study of preventive protocols in children at high cariogenic risk.


At only 38 years old, Charlotte Gainsbourg is already a legend in the making; tackling acting, music and fashion with equal grace, Gainsbourg has forged a path distinctly her own.
In a new creative collaboration with director and photographer Melodie McDaniel exclusively for AnOther, Gainsbourg, wearing the Balenciaga Pre-Fall collection, stars in an experimental video piece that documents her day-to-day life in Los Angeles amid the glamorous ghosts of Hollywood's famed Chateau Marmont.
Having easily eluded the towering shadow of her parents' fame – the combined force of Serge Gainsbourg and Jane Birkin – Gainsbourg is creating a legacy that may just prove to be greater than the sum of her familial parts.
Below, she takes time out of a hectic US tour to chat about life, close calls with death and signing up (again!) to work with infamous auteur, Lars Von Trier.
It's interesting that I chose this path. In retrospect, I think I might have been intimidated, pursuing the same paths as my parents – music, acting – but I was only 12 when I started so I don't think there was anything conscious about it. As a child I didn't analyse it, I just enjoyed it; I liked it, so I did it. It was that simple really. And then once I was old enough to make a conscious choice about what I was going to do with my life, I guess it was already decided.
So many people have said, "Oh my God, you're working with Lars again?" but I'm actually very happy to work with Lars again. I am going into this new project in some ways with my eyes closed. I've read the script of course, it's a very Lars version of science fiction, but I'm not sure what to expect, which is of course very exciting to me.
He must have actually been very nurturing as a director on the set of Antichrist, in order to allow you get to a place that dark.
You're the first person to say that actually, and it's totally true. He was very nurturing. There were times in filming that were particularly hard and he would be very kind and place his hand on my shoulder – like a father almost.
Did you have the same openness about which medium to pursue – acting, music?
I made my choices very subconsciously at first. It's strange. I don't really identify myself with labels like « artist » or « musician. » What I do and the decisions I make – whether to make music or be in a film – are very instinctive and I only understand much later, in retrospect, my reasons for doing things. I try not to be to analytical and try to trust my instincts instead. To trust a bit in fate.
Again, I don't tend to analyse. After the accident I didn't consciously go out and say, "I'm going to do an album and call it MRI and it will be cathartic." It all happened randomly and it was only afterwards that everything made some sort of strange sense. I was thinking about the experience of the MRI, the sounds that surround you when you are in the machine and I wanted to experiment with those. I loved Beck and met with him and it just felt like a natural progression. He had written the lyrics "drill my brain full of holes" without having any idea of what I'd gone through. It was a total coincidence. It was through conversations with Beck and memories of that time in my life that the accident became the focus in some ways.
I loved working with him, there were no negative aspects of any kind. He was very sweet. Although who knows what will happen with this next project, maybe he'll become a monster!
What attracts you to the people you work with? For example, Lars, Beck or Melodie McDaniel for the Another film?
It's hard to say why you're attracted to certain collaborators. Some of it is obvious. With Beck, I'd been a fan of his music for a long time. It was the same with Lars von Trier. I had loved his films. And I loved Melodie's photography. I think you admire someone's work and part of you yearns to be a part of it. Then it's about meeting each other and discovering some part of their world that you fit into, that you can find a part of yourself in.
Charlotte Gainsbourg's album IRM is available to buy now. You can see her perform live in London on July 22 as part of her European tour.


Lot's of News for today 5/1/2017. Scroll down for more.
NEWPORT NEWS, Va. – "Authorities in Virginia say a Newport News police officer shot and killed an armed man at a restaurant.
News outlets report Newport News police spokesman Brandon Maynard says officers received a call Saturday about a violent person at the Pondo Cafe. Arriving officers heard a gunshot from inside the restaurant, but couldn't immediately enter because it was locked.
LEESBURG, Va. (AP) — "Schools won't have to cut more salt from meals just yet and some will be able to serve kids fewer whole grains, under changes to federal nutrition standards announced Monday.
Pretty interesting. Click on the graph to go to the website to interact with it. When you get there just move you'r mouse over it to see cities miles and type of missile.
May 1 (UPI) — "Japan's political opposition and civic groups are objecting to Tokyo's policies after the largest naval ship in the nation, the Izumo, left Yokosuka naval base to protect a U.S. supply ship.
"President Donald Trump said Monday the Republican health-care bill being negotiated in Congress ultimately will protect Americans with pre-existing conditions as well as Obamacare does.
"Republican and Democratic lawmakers forged a $1.07 trillion spending package that would fund the government through the end of September, but does not include some of President Trump's cornerstone promises including funding for a border wall or funding cuts to sanctuary cities.
May Day. Communism, Socialism and Liberalism.


His early years started in Houma Louisiana where he learned from a collection of blues artists including Henry Gray, Raful Neal, and Tabby Thomas that brought with them a living memory of the history of the music and imparted that knowledge and skill to him personally over the years.
Fast forward 30 years and he is now secured as one the most in demand artists where he regularly tours the US for concerts at venues throughout, and lucky for us that includes many stops in New England with great regularity, and headlining festivals.
The first I'd heard of Tab came to me years before I realized who he was. It was an album that my grandparents bought for a birthday gift, but it was a while before I came to truly circled back to the music as my tastes matured and the meaning of a song became more important than an electronic beat.
In the fall of 2017 I saw him live for the first time at The Bull Run in Shirley MA and was completely blown away by the energy and passion he pours into his work. Somehow making it appear as if it is completely effortless and at the same time as though he is working his hardest for the music he gives us. An effort that is appreciated across the board and consistent success!
With a relaxed good humor, seriously the guy is gifted in comedic chops, he carries the night through stories and music. He openly cares what the audience wants to hear when he asks for requests, albeit with a strong swipe of wit based on his mood as to which of those requests he wants to play.
Not long after that first show I made sure that I was at the next. Again at the Bull Run, where he turned out another great show easily matching and upping his game. A few months later I was attending the North Atlantic Blues Festival in Rockland ME. Tab was the headliner that closed out the 2 day festival and brought every last bit of energy onto that stage. He brought a perfect end to an amazing weekend full of world class music!
With influences like Buddy Guy, BB King, Albert King, and Albert Collins is it any wonder that the guy is commanding some of the largest audiences across the Blues scene?
Touring with his drummer, Jeffery 'Jellybean' Alexander and bass player, Corey Duplechin, he brings a big sound with a small crew. And it is absolutely dripping with soulful tunes with a rock edge just around the corner.
Jeffery 'Jellybean' Alexander , the New Orleans native, tours with Tab and brings that funky NOLA beat with him all over the country. He can play it out loose and funky and right up tight and rocking. One thing that is for sure is that he has an immense talent held with poise and professionalism while having fun that is evident throughout.
Corey Duplechin, another Louisiana native, started out at the age of 15 working the local bars as a bass player and has grown ever since then. Touring with his longtime friend, Tab, you can see the two of them play off of one another with a practiced and natural groove. Corey has an impeccable sense of timing which is displayed on a good rockin' blues tune but it stands out even more on the soulful slow blues that you can't help but to be drawn into.
Having once again seen Tab with his fantastic bass player and drummer at The Bull Run just a few days after North Atlantic, because you can't get enough of this good thing, I was struck by how familiar yet unique each show is. He plays the songs you want to hear, exposes you to the new, and makes each show unique by inviting the audience to participate as well as in his own sense of humor that often gets stronger an stronger as the night goes along.
If you're a fan of good southern Delta and New Orleans funky soulful blues, then you won't find someone doing it on the scale and in the same caliber of Tab Benoit.
His passion for the music also lends to supporting causes near and dear to him like the Louisiana Wetlands. With his Voice of the Wetlands work he has brought together an all star lineup of artists from the region to raise awareness of the conservation needs for the wetlands in the Bayou. I encourage you to read more here and lend your support to this great cause!
Watch out for his next pass through your area! You do NOT want to miss Tab Benoit as he brings that fresh southern Cajun gumbo up north for us to enjoy!


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I'm listening to Christmas carols already, and that brings up a little pet peeve: "Winter Wonderland" isn't a Christmas song, and I'm not sure why everyone keeps treating it like it is. It's about a cold snowy day in winter, and that's it. If it is on a album of Christmas songs, it is just filler because they ran out of legitimate Christmas carols.
I don't have anything against "Winter Wonderland" -- it's a catchy song, and I commonly find myself singing it. It's sweet, with the wacky couple enjoying a winter day with snow parsons and conspiracies. (But I don't like the verse that switches POV to kids building a snowman. What's that doing there? And who says "kiddies"?) But it's not a Christmas song...
I just saw a tutorial on how to embed Instagram posts in LiveJournal, so I'm trying it... https://instagram.com/p/CJnwfGpsVPh Did it work?…
A whole lotta hurt... In a belly shirt!
Sharing this ad because it's ridiculous, but also to ask if Kya was a (somewhat) popular game back then, or did it disappear without a trace?…
Girl Flash is available for birthday parties, weddings, bar mitzvahs...
In glamorpuss #7, Dave Sim created a bunch of one-joke super-model superheroes. But he placed one of them in the public domain, for anyone to use!…


text:
Posted on Nov 16, 2003 by Rob
Student Government Elections are November 19th and 20th
As you may know, the elections for student government at Michigan will be held this week, Wednesday 19 and 20th. The voting is conducted online throughout the 48-hour voting period through this website, which appears to be much-improved over previous years. The website now requires you to authenticate with your uniquename and password to review the voter information. Since there always seems to be confusion about who can vote, and for whom, I'll quickly explain how the process works. Also, the Daily has seemed to have dropped the ball: the only coverage of the student government election seems to be this column written by my friend Ari Paul about the University Party, and this story about last week's decision to limit soliciting in the dorms. Student government may seem petty and annoying, but it's an important principal, and MSA alone provides a variety of unique resources to students, whether they know or like it or not, among them student group funding, funding to subsidize student health insurance, AirBus, and Advice Online.
Who will you vote for? Every school or college at the University has at least one representative on the umbrella student government organization, the Michigan Student Assembly (MSA). The number of seats for each school is proportional to the size of the school, with the minimum of one. Students in the following schools will be voting for an MSA representative this Fall: Business, Dentistry, Engineering, LSA, Medical, Music, Nursing, Public Policy, Public Health, Rackham, Social Work. Some of the smaller schools which only have one representative (Such as Architecture) elect their representative in the Winter, since all representatives serve one-year terms.
In addition, three colleges have their own student governments, so students in those colleges will vote for both an MSA representative, and representatives for their college government. These three are LSA Student Government, the U-M Engineering Council, and "Rackham" students, which includes most humanities grad students, vote in the Rackham Student Government election. Finally, Residential College students will vote for people to serve them on the East Quad Governing Assembly, and engineers will elect their class officers.
Who's running for all these offices? Visit the voting website anytime to review a list of candidates and their bios, if they've submitted them.
What's all this business about parties? There are three active student political parties for the elections this fall. As far as I know, only the MSA and LSA-SG elections are "partisan." The only party that can be said to have a consistent ideology is DAAP, however since they are the political wing of BAM-N, they have something of a bad reputation, however there have been some DAAP candidates I have supported in the past. Students First and the University Party both basically lack any political ideology, seeking to do "stuff" for students to make our petty bourgeois lives that much easier. In general, however, Students First has run many more liberals, progressives, and students of color, and the University Party has had more conservatives. However, there are a number of notable exceptions: liberals in the U party, arch conservatives in Students First, so it makes generalizing difficult. To get a better idea of these parties, I suggest perusing a variety of endorsement emails send during the election last spring. Also, if you've been around a couple years, you know these parties have a tendancy to come and go, as a quick review of my page of past election results will show. Here are the party's websites, where you can find platforms, pictures, and bios of most candidates:
> Students First
> The University Party
> The Defend Affirmative Action Party
Why do I know all this? Because I served on MSA for a year an a half as the Student Rights Commission Chair and as an elected representative with the "University Democrats," even running that party's campaign one semester. I've also been notified that I've been appointed to the Central Student Judiciary, a body that exists theoretically as the judicial counterweight to MSA's legislative body. I say theoretically because the organization basically disintegrated in the past year, and does very little aside from settle disputes that arise during MSA elections and occasionally help sort out power struggles within student groups. It's an open secret that there is a fair amount of cheating in every MSA election, and in fact former MSA president Bram Elias's secret Michigamua nickname is "Won it by Computer Bias," since the party he founded (The Blue Party) was caught stealing uniquenames and passwords using a packet sniffer in a university computer lab. Because of the nature of the voting website at the time, the votes couldn't be "undone," and the people who had their data stolen were simply allowed to vote again. I've heard convincing circumstantial evidence that this sort of thing goes on every election, and as a CSJ justice if hear anything about cheating you better bet you'll hear about it.