text:
VP-426C
18G 4K HDR HDMI ProScale™ Digital Scaler with HDMI, USB–C and VGA Inputs
Max. input resolution:4K@60 (4:4:4)
Max. data rate:18Gbps (6Gbps per graphic channel)
HDCP 2.2 & 1.4 compliant
USB–C, HDMI and, legacy, VGA inputs
Analog audio embedding and de–embedding
OSD menu and front panel input selection
VP−426C is a high−performance digital scaler for HDMI, USB Type−C and computer graphics signals. The unit up− or down−scales the selected video signal to resolutions up to 4K@60 (4:4:4) at a maximum data rate of 18Gbps (6Gbps per graphic channel). The user selects the HDMI, USB Type−C, or VGA input and the scaled output is sent to the HDMI output.
High–Performance Professional Scaler — Up–scales or down–scales HDMI, USB type–C and VGA signals to any resolution up to 4K@60 (4:4:4). The scaler supports HDR10 and CEC as specified in HDMI 2.0 and HDCP 2.2/1.4, and features Input Auto–Switching, Constant Sync on the output even if the input video signal is lost or interrupted, and a built–in ProcAmp for convenient signal adjustment.
Fast, Smooth Manual and Auto Switching Between Sources — Select the HDMI, USB Type–C or VGA input, or configure the device to automatically select the active source.
Flexible Analog Audio Embedding and Extraction (De–embedding) — The user can select the unbalanced analog audio input to embed into the HDMI output signal. On the output, the user can select to extract the audio signal and output it as balanced analog audio.
EDID Handling — Reading and storage of the video acceptor's EDID.
Convenient Control — Control the unit using an OSD (On–Screen Display) via front panel buttons and input selector, video freeze and resolution reset front panel buttons. Additionally, connect to the contact closure connector for remote switching of sources. All settings are saved in non–volatile memory.
User–Friendly Operation — LED indicator for each input and for power status. Local firmware upgrade via the USB type–A port ensures lasting, field–proven deployment.
Projection systems in conference rooms, boardrooms, hotels and churches.
Home theatre up–scaling.
1 HDMI: On a female HDMI connector
1 USB-C: On a female USB–C connector (USB3.1, DP Alternate Mode)
1 Computer Graphics (VGA): On and 15–pin HD connector
1 Unbalanced Stereo Audio: On a 3.5mm mini jack
1 Balanced Analog Stereo Audio: On a 5–pin terminal block
4 Contact Closure Switches: On a 4–pin terminal block
1 USB: On a USB–A connector for firmware upgrade
Max. Input Resolution: 4K@60 (4:4:4)
Max. Data Rate: 18Gbps (6Gbps per graphic channel)
Input HDMI/USB-C Resolutions: 480i/576i, 480p/576p, 640x480@60/67/72/75/85Hz, 720p@50/60Hz, 800x600@56/60/72/75Hz, 1024x768@60/70/75Hz, 1080i@50/60Hz, 1080p@24/25/30Hz, 1080p@50/60Hz, 1280x1024@60/75Hz, 1280x720@60Hz, 1280x768@60Hz, 1280x800@60Hz, 1280x960@60Hz, 1360x768@60Hz, 1366x768@60Hz, 1400x1050@60Hz, 1600x1200@60Hz, 1600x900@60 RB, 1680x1050@60Hz, 1920x1080@60Hz, 1920x1200@60 RB, 2048x1080@24/25/30/50/60Hz, 2560x1600@60 RB, 2560x1440@60 RB, 4K/2K@50/60Hz (4:2:0), 4K/2K@24/25/30/50/60Hz (4:4:4)
Input VGA Resolutions: 640x480@60/67/72/75/85Hz, 800x600@56/60/72/75Hz, 1024x768@60/70/75Hz, 1280x1024@60/75Hz, 1280x720@60Hz, 1280x768@60Hz, 1280x800@60Hz, 1280x960@60Hz, 1360x768@60Hz, 1366x768@60Hz, 1400x1050@60Hz, 1600x1200@60Hz, 1600x900@60 RB, 1680x1050@60Hz, 1920x1080@60Hz, 1920x1200@60 RB
Output Resolutions: 640x480@60Hz, 720x480p@60Hz, 720x576p@50Hz, 800x600@60Hz, 1024x768@60Hz, 1280x1024@60Hz, 1280x720@60Hz, 1280x720P@50/60Hz, 1280x768@60Hz, 1280x800@60Hz, 1360x768@60Hz, 1400x1050@60Hz, 1440x900@60Hz, 1600x1200@60Hz, 1680x1050@60Hz, 1920x1080@60Hz, 1920x1080P@24/25/30/50/60Hz, 1920x1200 RB@60Hz, 2048x1080@50/60Hz, 2560x1080P@50/60Hz, 2560x1440 RB@60Hz, 2560x1600 RB@60Hz, 4K/2K@50/60Hz (4:2:0), 4K/2K@24/25/30/50/60Hz (4:4:4)
Latency: 1–2 frames
Content Protection: HDCP 2.2 & 1.4
Controls: Input selector, video freeze and resolution reset front panel buttons, OSD menu
Indicators: Selected input and power LEDs
Size: MegaTOOLS®
Type: Aluminum
Cooling: Convection ventilation
Included: Power adapter, bracket set, rubber feet
C-GMA/GMA 15−pin HD & 3.5mm Stereo Audio Cable 1 - 15-pin HD (M) 1 - 3.5mm (M) 1 - 15-pin HD (M) 1 - 3.5mm (M) U Lengths − 3−75ft (0.9−22.9m)
C-GM/GM 15−pin HD to 15−pin HD Cables 1 - 15-pin HD (M) 1 - 15-pin HD (M) N/A Lengths − 1−150ft (0.3−45.7m)
BC-3X2T7S 14 Conductor Presentation/VGA Bulk Cable Bare End Bare End N/A Length − 100m (328ft)
C-GM/xl 15−pin HD to Open End Installation Cable with EDID 1 - 15-pin HD (M) Bare End N/A Lengths − 6−150ft (1.8−45.7m)
C-MGM/MGM 15−pin HD Micro Cable 1 - 15-pin HD (M) 1 - 15-pin HD (M) Lengths − 1−35ft (0.3−10.7m) Micro Cable
CP-GM/5BM(M) 15-pin HD to 5 BNC Molded Breakout Cable - Plenum Rated 1 - 15-pin HD (M) 5 - BNC (M) N/A Lengths − 3−30.5m (10−100ft)
VIDEO–DIGITAL–USB–TYPEC3–1GEN2–V
C-USB31/CC USB 3.1 GEN−2 Cable USB–C (M) to USB–C (M) − 3ft 1 - USB-C 1 - USB-C Length − 3ft (1m)
C-A35M/A35M 3.5mm Stereo Audio Cable 1 - 3.5mm (M) 1 - 3.5mm (M) U Lengths − 3−100ft (0.9−30.5m)
CP-A35M/A35M 3.5mm Audio Cable − Plenum Rated 1 - 3.5mm 1 - 3.5mm U Lengths − 10−150ft (0.9−46m)
COMMUNICATIONS–USB–TYPEC3–1GEN2
C-USB31/CA-3 USB 3.1 GEN−2 Cables USB–C (M) to USB–A (M) − 3ft 1 - USB-C USB-A Length − 3ft (0.9m)
C-USB31/CB USB 3.1 GEN−2 Cables USB–C (M) to USB–B (M) − 3ft 1 - USB-C 1 - USB-B Length − 3ft (1m)
C-USB31/CMicroB USB 3.1 GEN−2 Cables USB−C (M) to USB−MicroB (M) − 3ft 1 - USB-C USB-Micro Length − 3ft (1m)
CLS-AOCU31/CC USB 3.1 GEN−2 Optical USB−C (M) to USB−C (M) Cable 1 - USB-C 1 - USB-C No external power needed Plug & play Available lengths — 3 to 15.2m (10 to 50ft)
COMMUNICATIONS–USB–TYPEC2–0
C-USB/C USB 2.0 Type−C Cable 1 - USB-C 1 - USB-A 1 - USB-B 1 - USB-C 1 - USB-Micro Lengths − 3ft to 10ft (1m to 3m) USB (M) Connector A − Type−C USB (M) Connector B − available in the following configurations: Type−C, Type−B, Type−A, Micro−B
Kramer Scaler Table
VP–426C Quick Start
VP–424C, VP–426C User Manual
VP–426C Firmware Version 1.14
Upgrade procedure described in the User Manual.
VP–424C_426C Release Notes


text:
Effect: Sustenance
Type: Canoe
Composition: Wood
Place: Asia & the Pacific
Use: Fishing Canoe
Size: 12' 2"
Date: Late 20th century
Donor: Gift of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office, Washington, D.C.
Museum Location: 50
Subsistence fishing is a prime economic activity for the Yami people who made this canoe.
"Tatara", Fishing Canoe, late 20th century
Orchid Island (Lanyu), Taiwan, Republic of China
Gift of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office, Washington, D.C.
On the beach after sunset many men gathered, ready to set out to sea. Some were working hard to tie up ropes for the oars, some were sorting fishing nets, others were smoking and chatting. These Yami men appeared extremely calm while preparing to go to sea in the slanting rays of the setting sun. They were familiar with the rhythm of the waves. It was the strong smell of ocean water and fish that especially delighted the Yami people during this season. Since ancient times when the flying fish folklore started, there had never been any island resident who did not love the ocean. The slanting rays of the setting sun shone between the crests of the waves and frequently glittered with the silver-white sparks, as if the fallen scales of flying fish were calling the Yami people's fishing fleet. The waves very rhythmically spread over the expansive surface of the ocean.
The force by which the men stuck the oars into the ocean generated small whirlpools time after time. The fleet thus swiftly moved forward to track down the sea area where the flying fish flocked. Pure moonlight shone on the ocean. The boats near and far were clearly visible. There were so many stars in the sky that you could not see them all. The emotions you felt here were totally different from those on land. The silvery light shimmered on the waves rising here and falling there. The brave Yami men in every boat waited silently for the sign of fish to appear.
– Excerpt from "The Call of the Flying Fish", In Leng-hai ch'ing-shen—hai-yang ch'ao-sheng-che (Cold Sea and Deep Affection—An Ocean Pilgrim) by Hsia-man Lan-po-an, 1997
Translated by Cathy Chu
The boat built by the Botel Tobago [Orchid Island] natives . . . is entirely unlike the boats built by any other peoples. There are several sizes of the truly splendid craft made in Botel Tobago [Orchid Island], ranging from a small canoe with a capacity for two persons, up to a large boat which will old twenty passengers. They moved their craft about at will, the high bow cutting through the waves; and in landing they passed through a rather dangerous surf without the least difficulty.
– Courtesy of Taipei Review
The tatara, as well as the larger ipanitika, is regarded as an extension of a man's body. Boat making is a sacred mission for the Yami. The traditional colors of the canoes are red, from lateritic soil; black from soot on the bottom of cooking pots; and, white from lime.
Every piece of wood used in the construction of the canoe is fresh cut from live trees. It is taboo to use any dead wood in boat construction.
– James Davidson, 1903
The Island of Formosa Past and Present
Origin: Lanyu, Orchid Island, Republic of China, Taiwan

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Office of Management and Budget. Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases. https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/oira/social-cost-of-carbon. Accessed: January 8, 2017.
This web site links to a completely unofficial mirror of the Whitehouse.gov Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases page and linked blog entries and technical support documents, as last updated on August 26, 2016 and downloaded for preservation on January 8, 2017.
Due to changes in style sheets at Whitehouse.gov, it may not display exactly the way it originally appeared, but its content is identical to the original, with the exception that the link to "Federal Register Notice: Request for Comment on the Social Cost of Carbon for Regulatory Impact Analysis" goes directly to a PDF of the Federal Register notice instead of to FederalRegister.gov.


Be part of this exclusive evening that will reveal the inner workings and history of our local university publisher. Open to members and their guests. Attendance is limited, so secure your spot early! Please list all in your party when you RSVP to info@bookclubofwashington.org.
Directions, parking options and building entry information will be sent to those who have registered closer to the date.


In order to use CTO Stream (either to submit ethics applications or to review ethics applications as a REB of Record), a site must have a Participation Agreement in place with CTO.
A site can decide to join CTO first as a participating research site, and their REB (if there is one) may elect to undergo Qualification at a later time should they wish. A site does not need to have a local REB in order to sign on as a participating site.
If you have questions about the Participation Agreement, please contact the CTO Help Desk at streamline@ctontario.ca. The CTO Participation Agreement can be found on the Tools and Resources Page.
Below is the current list of Ontario sites that can use CTO Stream.


text:
Stictobaris är ett släkte av skalbaggar. Stictobaris ingår i familjen vivlar.

Kladogram enligt Catalogue of Life:

Källor

Vivlar
Stictobaris

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Background: Alterations of oral microbiota are the main cause of the progression of caries. The goal of this study was to characterize the oral microbiota in childhood caries based on single-molecule real-time sequencing.
Methods: A total of 21 preschoolers, aged 3–5 years old with severe early childhood caries, and 20 age-matched, caries-free children as controls were recruited. Saliva samples were collected, followed by DNA extraction, Pacbio sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses of the oral microbial communities.
Results: Eight hundred and seventy six species derived from 13 known bacterial phyla and 110 genera were detected from 41 children using Pacbio sequencing. At the species level, 38 species, including Veillonella spp., Streptococcus spp., Prevotella spp., and Lactobacillus spp., showed higher abundance in the caries group compared to the caries-free group (p < 0.05). The core microbiota at the genus and species levels was more stable in the caries-free micro-ecological niche. At follow-up, oral examinations 6 months after sample collection, development of new dental caries was observed in 5 children (the transitional group) among the 21 caries free children. Compared with the caries-free children, in the transitional and caries groups, 6 species, which were more abundant in the caries-free group, exhibited a relatively low abundance in both the caries group and the transitional group (p < 0.05). We conclude that Abiotrophia spp., Neisseria spp., and Veillonella spp., might be associated with healthy oral microbial ecosystem. Prevotella spp., Lactobacillus spp., Dialister spp., and Filifactor spp. may be related to the pathogenesis and progression of dental caries.
Caries is one of the most common infectious diseases that occurs in children who consume refined carbohydrate-rich diets (Bradshaw and Lynch, 2013). Caries is a destructive process leading to sustained decalcification of tooth enamel and dentin (Andlaw, 1960). When the infection has progressed enough to allow bacteria to overwhelm the dental pulp tissue, a toothache can result, and if left untreated, the pain worsens with exposure to heat, cold, or sweet foods and drinks (Marcenes et al., 2013). In highly progressed cases, infection can spread from the affected tooth to the surrounding soft tissues, resulting in complications such as phylogenetic osteomyelitis (Baur et al., 2012) and bacterial endocarditis (Gundre et al., 2011), which can be life threatening. Once caries occurs, the damage to teeth is irreversible; thus, preventive intervention of caries in children is of particular clinical significance (2009). A systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study in 2010 showed that the global prevalence of dental caries of permanent teeth was up to 35.29% (Vos et al., 2012). In addition to diet and host factors, the occurrence and development of dental caries is closely related to the imbalance of the oral microbiota (Yang et al., 2012). Acidogenic and acidophilic microorganisms play an important role in the etiology of the disease (Yang et al., 2012).
In common with the microbiota in other parts of the human body, the role of the oral microbiota has been a research hotspot for a very long history (Crawford and Shankle, 1961). The Human Microbiome Project (HMP), which was launched by the NIH in 2007, provided the first glimpse of the microbial diversity of healthy humans, both in the oral cavity and other anatomical sites (Human Microbiome Project, 2012a,b). Numerous comparative studies have shown that oral microbiotas exhibit significant differences in the relative abundance of various genera, families, or phyla in childhood caries (Yang et al., 2012; Teng et al., 2015). In 2010, Ling et al. compared the difference in oral bacterial diversity between caries and caries-free children using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology (Ling et al., 2010). Subsequent studies investigated the shifting bacterial profiles in different caries states (Jiang et al., 2013, 2014). However, the short reads generated by the second-generation sequencing platform introduce biases depending on which variable regions are applied and cannot provide effective resolution below the bacterial genus level, limiting the oral microbial ecology studies in caries.
Recent studies have shown that one of the most significant issues with NGS is the difficulty of assembling short-length reads (Orkunoglu-Suer et al., 2015). Thus, in spite of the low cost and extremely high throughput, the NGS platform, including Roche 454 and MiSeq, is sometimes less accurate as a result of short read lengths (Mosher et al., 2014). Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) has been an operational definition used to classify groups of closely related bacteria, however, the short-read approach by NGS introduces biases depending on which variable regions are used and cannot provide effective resolution below the bacterial genus level. The PacBio RS II platform, a newly emerging third-generation DNA sequencer produced by Pacific Biosciences, Inc., is based on single-molecule real-time (SMRT) DNA sequencing system that provides the highest consensus accuracy and longest read lengths of any available sequencing technology (Eid et al., 2009; Otto, 2011; Jiao et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2015). Although, the SMRT has been applied to the lung microbiota (Toma et al., 2014) and some environmental samples (Mosher et al., 2014), its use in oral microbiota research is still an open area.
In 2013, Mosher and colleagues reported that the PacBio RS SMRT sequencing platform with XL/C2 chemistry revealed higher error rates when compared with the Roche 454 GS FLX chemistry (Mosher et al., 2013). One year later the same group reanalyzed the previously constructed libraries with the updated PacBio RS II system with P4/C2 chemistry. The results show that the PacBio sequencing platform surpassed the accuracy of Roche/454 pyrosequencing platform (Mosher et al., 2014). A recent study show that the PacBio sequencing error rate is now in the same range of the previously widely used Roche 454 sequencing platform and current MiSeq platform, since errors can be effectively reduced by consensus while building contigs from the reads (Wagner et al., 2016).
Our unpublished data have shown that PacBio outperformed other sequencers, such as Roche 454 and MiSeq, in terms of the length of reads, and it reconstructed the greatest portion of the 16S rRNA genome when sequencing the oral microbiota. At the genus level, 0.68% of genera were unknown or unclassified using the MiSeq platform, whereas on the PacBio platform, all of the microorganisms were classified. At the species level, 50.3% of oral bacteria were unknown or could not be classified by the MiSeq platform, but only 0.03% of microorganisms were unidentified when using the PacBio RS II platform. Therefore, compared to NGS, the PacBio platform can establish a higher estimate of richness and identify organisms at a higher resolution (Mosher et al., 2014). Thus, SMRT sequencing is more appropriate for studies of the relationship between the microbiota and related diseases on the species level.
From this point of view, further study of the oral microbiota by means of applying the SMRT technique is necessary for a deeper understanding the etiology of caries. Saliva is thought to be a mirror that reflects the oral microbial characteristics and various disease states in an individual (Lima et al., 2010). Therefore, salivary analysis has become an important resource for the evaluation of the oral microbiota with physiological and pathological implications, and it is a useful tool for disease diagnosis. Additionally, saliva collection is simple and non-invasive, and saliva is easy to store.
The aim of this study was to characterize the oral microbiota by comparing and analysing saliva from 20 children with caries and 21 caries-free children of Han Chinese origin based on the SMRT DNA sequencing system.
Forty-one children aged 54–74 months were analyzed and followed up for 6 months, including 21 who were free of caries (dmfs = 0) and 20 caries individuals (dmfs ≥ 11). The children were unrelated individuals of both genders, selected from the same kindergarten in the Hangzhou urban area. Their family economic status was below the average level of this region. Any subject who met the following criteria was excluded from the study: having fewer than 18 teeth, having received antibiotics or fluoride treatment in the previous 3 months, or having active bacterial or viral infections in other parts of the body.
Dental caries was diagnosed according to the criteria of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System II (ICDAS-II; Ismail et al., 2007) by comprehensive examinations by two professional dentists who were previously trained and calibrated for the evaluation and sampling procedures. According to the caries categories, ICDAS™ codes 0–2 were defined as caries-free, and ICDAS™ codes 3–6 were defined as caries. The dmfs index measures the number of decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces in epidemiologic surveys of dental caries. It was adopted in this study to evaluate each child's caries status and thus to define and distinguish the caries-free children and the caries children. Researchers in this study have been trained for the standard biosecurity and institutional safety procedures.
This study was carried out in accordance with the ethical committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University (Approval Number: 2013-8). Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or guardians of all participants prior to enrolment, which is in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
The subjects were instructed neither to eat and drink nor to perform any oral hygiene procedure 2 h before sampling. Saliva samples were collected from all subjects in the morning between 9:00 and 11:00 a.m. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected according to a protocol, modified from a previous study (Ebersole et al., 2013). The children were initially asked to rinse their mouth mouths thoroughly with deionized water prior to sampling, followed by collection of at least 5 ml unstimulated saliva in a plastic cup. Finally, the samples were transferred into sterile cryogenic vials. Then the samples were placed into liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until use.
Bacterial DNA was extracted using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) as previously described (Jiang et al., 2013, 2014). The enriched microbial DNAs were purified by ethanol precipitation. The DNA concentration was estimated by the absorbance ratios at A260/A280 and A260/A230 using a NanoDrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Elactron corporation, USA), and molecular size was estimated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNAs were stored at −20°C until use.
PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene hypervariable V1–V9 regions was performed with bacterial primers 27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′) and 1492R (5′-GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′). The products were extracted with the AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction kit (Axygen, USA) and were then examined by agarose gel electrophoresis. Based on the electrophoretic results, the PCR products were quantified by Quantifluo™-ST (Promega, USA). The products from different samples were then mixed at equal ratios for pyrosequencing between the two groups.
Purified amplicons were sequenced using Single Molecule Real Time (SMRT) technology on a PacBio RS II sequencer. DNA library construction was performed following the manufacturer's instructions (PacBio). Barcoded 16S rRNA amplicons (V1–V9 hypervariable region) of all samples were sequenced using the PacBio RS II platform. A total of 11 samples were placed per SMRT cell for amplicon sequencing. In order to decrease the sequencing error rate, Pacbio circular consensus sequencing (CCS) reads were derived from the multiple alignments of sub-reads. In CCS, the DNA polymerase reads a ligated circular DNA template multiple times, which can effectively generate a consensus sequence from multiple reads of a single molecule (Travers et al., 2010; Wagner et al., 2016). Raw sequences were initially processed through the PacBio SMRT portal. Sequences were filtered for a minimum of 3 passes, and a minimum predicted accuracy of 99% (minfullpass = 3, minPredictedAccuacy = 99). The predicted accuracy of 99%, which is defined as the threshold below which a CCS is considered as noise. The files generated by the PacBio platform were then used for amplicon size trimming to remove sequences outside the expected amplicon size (<1,000 and >2,000 bp). Sequencing adapters and low-quality sequences were then filtered out using the software package of Mothur version (v.1.30.1; Schloss et al., 2009). UCHIME is used for detection and removal of chimeric sequences with two or more segments (Edgar et al., 2011). Finally, the high quality filtered sequences were generated for the downstream analysis (Figure 1). Sequence files and metadata for all samples used in this study have been deposited in SRA (PRJNA388240; SRP108162).
Figure 1. Sequencing results of full-length 16S rRNA amplicons (V1–V9) from 41 oral samples.
The high-quality reads were aligned in accordance with Silva alignment protocols and clustered into OTUs (Pruesse et al., 2007; Quast et al., 2013).
QIIME (Caporaso et al., 2010) was used for OTU clustering, and OTUs that reached the 97% similarity level were used for analyses of alpha-diversity (Shannon index and Simpson index), richness (Ace index and Chao index), and coverage, as well as rarefaction curves, by using Mothur software (Schloss et al., 2009; version v.1.30.1).
abund is the threshold value of OTU, which defaults to 10.
The species-level OTUs and relative richness of phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species for each sample between the caries and caries-free groups were compared. Phylotypes with median relative abundances >0.01% in either the caries or caries-free groups were included for comparison.
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare difference in diversity indices and multiple comparison between the groups was performed using Student–Newman–Keuls (S-N-K) test. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for bacterial relative abundance at different levels. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant difference among species. Graphical outputs were performed using customized R scripts and SPSS for Windows (version 19.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
A total of 41 preschool children were enrolled in this study (Table S1). All subjects (including 20 who were caries and 21 caries-free) were divided into a caries group and a caries-free group according to dental examination results and follow-up information after 6 months (Table S2). Saliva samples were collected, and bacterial diversity was analyzed by employing single molecule real-time sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. After filtering out low quality reads and host contamination, a total of 702,304 post-trimming 16S rRNA gene reads were obtained, with 17,129 reads per sample on average (Table S3). The average read length was 1,466 bp, and 94.2% of all valid sequences were distributed between 1,400 and 1,600 bp (Figure 1).
The 16S rRNA gene reads were then assigned to individual species-level OTUs at 3% dissimilarity. In total, 3,287 OTUs were detected in these 41 children, with 876 species derived from 13 known bacterial phyla and 110 genera. A total of 2,443 OTUs were found in the caries group, and 2,432 OTUs were found in the caries-free group. The number of OTUs in each sample between the caries and caries-free groups is shown in Figure S1. In total, 1,588 OTUs were common to both cohorts, representing 65.3 and 65.0% of the caries and caries-free groups, respectively. Eighty-three OTUs were found to be associated with caries, and 38 OTUs were enriched in the caries-free group (p < 0.05). This clearly indicated that considerable microfloral differences were present between the two cohorts.
The alpha-diversity indices were calculated from the OTU abundance profiles. The community diversity, Good's coverage and richness of the oral microbiota are shown in Table S4. From the comparisons of the community diversity indices (Shannon and Simpson index), it was found that the caries group displayed slightly higher diversity than the control group (Figure S2). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups (p > 0.05). Good's coverage was 100% for sequences in each of the samples, indicating that the 16S rRNA gene sequences identified in the two groups represented almost all the bacterial sequences present in the saliva samples.
The species richness of the oral microbiota in the saliva of each individual was estimated by richness indices (OTU number, Chao, and ACE index; Figure S3) and rarefaction analysis (Figure 2). A slightly higher richness was found in the children with caries, but there was no statistical significance (p > 0.05).
Figure 2. The rarefaction and extrapolation sampling curves based on the data from the 41 oral samples. (H for caries free group, C for caries group). (A) Shannon Wiener curves. (B) Rarefaction curves. (C) Specaccum curve. (D) Rank-abundance distribution curve.
The shape of the rarefaction curves evidenced that a plateau was completely reached in both of the groups, and the same result was observed for the Shannon Wiener curves, indicating that microbial richness of the sampled saliva was almost completely sequenced at the current sequencing depth (Figures 2A,B). Comparisons of the rarefaction curves in the children with caries and the caries-free children revealed that the two groups displayed similar richness. We constructed Specaccum curves for each sample and for all OTUs detected to assess the current state of sampling. The saturated Specaccum curve indicated that the sampling (41 samples) was comprehensive (Figure 2C). A rank-abundance distribution curve for the oral microbial communities was constructed to visualize species richness and species evenness. According to this curve, the difference in the species evenness and richness was not significant (Figure 2D).
By analysing the saliva microbiota of children with and without caries, a total of 13 phyla, 110 genera, and 877 species were detected. The overall structure of the oral microbiota for each group is shown in Figures 3–5. The relative abundance of phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species between the caries and caries-free cohorts were compared, and any phonotype with a median relative abundance below 0.01% was excluded.
Figure 3. (A) Microbial community barplot with cluster tree at phylum level. (B) Relative abundance of phylotypes in each group at the phylum level. (C) Phylum that enriched in caries free group. (D) Phylum that enriched in caries group.
The most abundant phylum was Firmicutes, followed by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, and TM7, which represented 99.97 and 99.98% of the oral microbiota in children with and without dental caries, respectively (Figure S4). Compared with the caries-free controls, children with caries had fewer Proteobacteria but higher levels of Firmicutes (fdr < 0.05; Figure 3).
At the genus level, Streptococcus, Veillonella, Neisseria, Haemophilus, and Prevotella dominated the communities in both groups (Figure S4). A total of 7 bacterial genera, including Lactobacillus, Mogibacterium, Dialister, Veillonellaceae uncultured, Centipeda, Filifactor, and Anaeroglobus, showed higher abundance in the caries group, whereas 3 genera, including Rothia, Actinobacillus, and Defluviitaleaceae uncultured, had lower abundance (Figure 4).
Figure 4. (A) Relative abundance of phylotypes in each group at the genus level. Genera that enriched in caries (B), and caries free (C) groups.
At the species level, Veillonella uncultured bacterium, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, Neisseria flavescens, and Neisseria uncultured bacterium were found at relatively high abundances in both the children with caries and the caries-free children (Figure S4). The subjects with caries exhibited relatively increased abundance of 38 species, including Veillonella spp. (Veillonella atypical and Veillonella denticariosi, etc.), Streptococcus spp. (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, etc.), Prevotella spp. (Prevotella histicola, Prevotella multisaccharivorax, and Prevotella nigrescens, etc.), Lactobacillus spp. (Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus mucosae, etc.), Selenomonas spp., Mogibacterium spp., Actinomyces viscosus, and Dialister pneumosintes, etc. (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Species that enriched in caries (A), and caries free (B) groups.
Compared with the children with caries, in the caries-free children, there were 21 abundant species, including Neisseria spp. (Neisseria cinerea ATCC 14685 and Neisseria polysaccharea, etc,), Haemophilus spp. (Haemophilus parahaemolyticus and Haemophilus paraphrohaemolyticus, etc,), Streptococcus spp., Rothia spp., and Aggregatibacter aphrophilus, suggesting that the oral microbial community differs in phylogenetic structure between children with caries and caries-free children (Figure 5).
Across a range of species that exhibited statistically significant differences in abundance, "caries-specific" and "caries-free-specific" taxa (present in the caries or the caries-free population but absent in the other) were found (Figure S5). H. paraphrohaemolyticus HK411, Neisseria sicca 4320, Neisseria sp. oral clone AP132, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae MCCM 00189, and Streptococcus sp. oral clone ASCE06 were found in caries-free children but were absent in the children with caries, which suggests that these bacteria might be crucial in supporting a healthy oral ecosystem. The caries-specific taxa, including Lactobacillus spp., Prevotella spp., Streptococcus spp., and Veillonella spp., etc., may play an important role in the occurrence and development of caries (Figure S5).
From Figure S5, we can see that Lactobacillus sp. C56 was found in half of the children with caries but was absent in the caries-free children. Streptococcus mutans was found in nearly 80% of the children with caries, while it was only found in one caries-free child. The distribution of D. pneumosintes in children with caries and caries-free children was 50 and 14.3%, respectively. Mogibacterium pumilum, which has been isolated from the periodontal pockets of patients with periodontal disease and infected root canals (Nakazawa et al., 2000), was detected in the saliva samples of 11 children with caries. The detected rate in the children with caries and the caries-free children was 55 and 14.3%, respectively.
Streptococcus rubneri, which was first obtained from throat samples of healthy humans (Huch et al., 2013), was found in the saliva samples of 14 caries-free children but was only found in samples from 2 of the caries children. This difference suggests the importance of this bacterium in maintaining a healthy oral micro-ecological environment.
The core microbiota of all subjects at the genus and species levels was included in Figure 6. Core taxa associated with the caries and caries-free groups were compared. Ultimately, 13 core taxa from 110 genera were present across all individuals; 18 core taxa from 100 genera were found in the caries group; and 16 core taxa from 80 genera were present in the caries-free group. At the species level, 31 core taxa from 876 species were present across all individuals; 37 core taxa from 743 species were observed in the caries group; and 39 core taxa from 694 species were present in the caries-free group.
Figure 6. Core microbiome of caries and caries free group at the genus and species level. Each column represents a group. For each column, the black cells indicate that the species or genus listed on the left has fallen into the "core microbiome" of this group and white cells indicate that the species or genus listed on the left could not be observed in all the samples of this group. T, total subjects; C, Caries children; H, Caries free children.
To better interpret the core microbiota, we calculated the percentage of the core taxa according to the genus and species abundance of the entire community. The bacteria that showed 100% frequency in all subjects were defined as the whole core microbiota (W-core microbiota), the bacteria present in 95% of all subjects were defined as the 95% core microbiota, etc. (Table S5). As Table S5 shows, the abundance of the W-core microbiota in the caries-free group was higher than in the caries group at both the genus and species levels. The same trends were also found for the 95, 90, and 85% core microbiotas at different taxonomic levels. We speculate that the structure of the core microbiota in caries-free children is more stable than that in the children with caries for different bacterial taxonomic profiles.
The oral condition of the children in both groups was followed up 6 months after sample collection. According to the results of the follow-up oral examinations, 16 subjects in the caries-free group (21 subjects) maintained a caries-free state, with dmfs remaining at zero; however, development of new dental caries was observed in 5 children (Table S2). Thus, the 41 subjects were divided into a caries group (C group), a transitional group (H-C group), and a caries-free group (H group) based on the follow-up results.
To assess the microbial community structure alteration in the microbiota associated with caries, all the children were clustered via principal component analysis (PCA) based on the relative abundance of OTUs (Figure 7). The caries and caries-free groups displayed structural shifts, along with a considerable overlap (Figure 7), indicating that there should be a transition state between being caries-free and having caries. This phenomenon showed that many caries-free children might eventually suffer from dental caries, which was proven in the follow-up examination after 6 months (Table S2). Similarly, the shifts of the oral microbiota between the two groups were evaluated using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (n-MDS) ordination based on a beta diversity distance measure (Figure 7).
Figure 7. (A) Principle Component Analysis among caries and caries free children was based on euclidean metric distance. (B) Principal co-ordinates analysis between the two groups was based on other similarity measures. Each symbol represented a sample.
The relative abundance of all species was further compared, and the changes in the transitional oral microbiota during the development of dental caries were then analyzed. Compared with the caries-free children, 6 species, including P. histicola, Prevotella sp. C561, V. denticariosi, Corynebacterium matruchotii ATCC 33806, Filifactor alocis ATCC 35896, and Veillonella sp. oral clone VeillG1, showed elevated abundance in the transitional and caries groups(Figure 8A). Haemophilus spp., Neisseria spp., Rothia spp., A. aphrophilus, Bergeyella sp. oral clone AK152, and S. rubneri, which were more abundant in the caries-free group, exhibited a relatively low abundance in both the caries group and the transitional group after the 6 month follow-up (Figure 8B).
Figure 8. Species that up-regulated (A) and down-regulated (B) in the progression of dental caries.
Elucidating and analysing the genetic diversity of complex microbial populations requires reliable and sensitive sequencing techniques. PacBio RS II sequencing, which has the ability to provide longer sequences and sequencing reads, was used on the entire 16S rRNA gene. Compared to earlier sequencing techniques, this platform can establish a higher estimate of richness and provide the ability to identify organisms at a higher resolution (Mosher et al., 2014).
In our study, a total of 702,304 high-quality sequences were produced, and 877 species were analyzed, which suggests that this approach is useful for estimating the details of the oral microbiota at a more in-depth level. In previous studies, many researchers focused on the relationship between microorganisms and the development of caries; however, most of the cariogenic bacteria were only identified at the genus level (Jiang et al., 2013, 2014). Species-level and even strain-level resolution is thought to be important for caries prognosis (Yang et al., 2012). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to characterize the oral microbiota in childhood caries at the species level based on single-molecule real time sequencing.
In this study, the OTU number, Chao and ACE index were all identical in each sample. The reason is that according to the formula of richness indices, none of the 3287 OTUs has only one reads and the value of n1 is zero. From the richness indices, a slightly higher species richness was found in the children with caries, but there was no statistical significance.
Discovering the core microbiota is important for understanding the stable components across complex microbial assemblages. The core microbiota has been defined as a set of microbial organismal lineages that are shared in a given microecosystem across all or the majority of microbiotas (Hong et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2015). Our previous study has indicated that there might be a core microbiota in the oral cavity, and some bacteria have been found in all subjects at the genus level (Jiang et al., 2013). From Figure 6, we can see that Abiotrophia spp. and Neisseria spp., among others, might be associated with a healthy oral microbial ecosystem, whereas Prevotella spp. and Veillonella spp. may be the risk factors related to dental caries. Compared with a previous study on core microbiome in 37 adolescents, 53.8% of the core genera detected in this study including Campylobacter, Fusobacterium, Granulicatella, Lachnoanaerobaculum, Prevotella, Streptococcus, and Veillonella are consistent. However, only 4 species including Granulicatella adiacens, S. mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Veillonella parvula were consistent with previous results (Johansson et al., 2016). Therefore, we speculated that a core microbiome is linked to age, races and regions at the species level. A recent study by Xuedong Zhou and colleagues has also demonstrated that the core oral microbiota is better defined based on age and oral niches (Xu et al., 2015). Here, we compared the core microbiota of Chinese children with or without caries at the genus and species levels, respectively. The analysis of core species in caries children has greatly enriched and deepened the concept about core microbiota in disease states. A shift in the oral core microbiota was observed in the two groups, which strongly supports our previous study.
Of the 14 bacterial phyla covered by the Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD), 13 were detected in our research. From Figure 3A, we can see that two groups of bacteria are dominant in the oral cavity, the Firmicutes and the Proteobacteria. Here, we show that the relative proportion of Proteobacteria is decreased in children with caries in comparison to the group of caries-free children. Our findings indicate that dental caries have a microbial component, which might have potential therapeutic implications. Our previous research, which analyzed dental plaque in children with severe ECC, showed that children with caries had fewer Proteobacteria and more Firmicutes than did the caries-free controls, which is consistent with the results of this study (Chen and Jiang, 2014).
At the genus level, the abundance of Rothia in this study was lower in the children with caries (p < 0.05), which is consistent with the trends of our previous data by 454 sequencing (Chen and Jiang, 2014) and unpublished data using metagenomics sequencing methods, although this result was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). However, Jagathrakshakan and Thomas' sequencing analysis indicated a higher prevalence of Rothia in a group with caries compared to controls (Jagathrakshakan et al., 2015). The cause of these inconsistent findings might be the difference between research methods and the different ages, races and origins of the enrolled subjects. These conflicting results require further study.
At the species or strain level, the acidogenic-aciduric bacterial species Lactobacillus was generally accepted as the leading candidate in the causation of caries prior to the 1950s, before S. mutans began to dominate the literature in 2008 (Badet and Thebaud, 2008). In previous investigations, Lactobacillus was highly prevalent in the caries group but almost absent from caries-free children (Gross et al., 2010; Shimada et al., 2015). In this study, Lactobacillus spp., including L. fermentum, L. gasseri, L. mucosae, Lactobacillus sp. C56, and Lactobacillus vaginalis, were found in more than 20% of the children with caries. In the caries-free group, however, Lactobacillus spp. had a low prevalence, and the above five species were not found (Figure S5). However, it was hypothesized that Lactobacillus must rely on other acid producers, such as S. mutans, to initiate caries because of its weak adhesive force (Jiang et al., 2014).
Among the hundreds of oral bacterial species S. mutans is assumed to be the species most strongly associated with human dental caries. It is recognized to be the primary pathogen in caries because of its ability to form a rigid biofilm on tooth surface and to continuously produce acid (Marchant et al., 2001). In this study, S. mutans was abundant in children with caries, being found in nearly 80% of them, while it was only found in one of the caries-free children. Our research indicated that S. mutans appeared to be prevalent and strongly associated with caries, which was consistent with previous studies. This finding was expected, since it is well documented that S. mutans has a high capacity to adhere to enamel, produces lactic acid and contributes to caries pathogenesis. Higher prevalence of S. mutans has frequently been associated with cariogenesis, though not all children with caries test positive for S. mutans. Interestingly, according to the results of the follow-up oral examinations, the caries-free child with S. mutans detected maintained a caries-free state 6 month later. This finding suggested us that although S. mutans has been recognized as cariogenic bacteria, it also can be detected in oral samples from caries-free children, which suggested that caries is an outcome of the overall activity of a heterogeneous mixture of microorganisms. Streptococcus mutans is not the only cariogenic bacteria and other bacterial species might also be responsible for caries initiation and development. What's more, interactions between bacteria in multispecies biofilms can affect the cariogenic ability of S. mutans. While S. mutans is known to occur with higher prevalence, several other acidogenic species have also been reported to co-prevail within niche areas, such as supra- and sub-gingival plaque substances and dentinal caries (Jagathrakshakan et al., 2015).
Dialister was isolated from the root canals of patients with endodontic infections and a deep periodontal pocket by Downes in 2003 (Downes et al., 2003). The presence of this species was thought to be a factor of chronic apical abscesses (Tennert et al., 2014) and peri-implantitis (da Silva et al., 2014); however, the association between D. pneumosintes and caries had not previously been identified.
The commensal organisms Neisseria spp., including N. sicca 4320 and Neisseria sp. oral clone AP132, were found only in the caries-free children, which has not been reported previously. Similarly, H. paraphrohaemolyticus HK411 was found in 1/3 of the caries-free children but was absent in all of the children with caries. From the results, we speculated that the above strains may play an important role in the balance of the oral microbiota as antagonistic cariogenic bacteria strains. Besides, to our knowledge, a correlation between P. histicola, Selenomonas flueggei, M. pumilum, and Mogibacterium timidum and caries has not been previously reported.
Based on the results of 6 months follow up, we speculate that the species elevated in the transitional group including Prevotella spp., Veillonella spp., Corynebacterium spp., and Filifactor spp. might be the caries-associated microbes in children. In addition, among them, P. histicola, which was first isolated from the human oral cavity in 2008 (Downes et al., 2008), exhibited a relatively high abundance in the transitional group, even higher than in the caries group. This result suggests that P. histicola might play an important role in the pathogenesis of dental caries. However, Veillonella species probably do not directly contribute to caries. They utilize lactic acid for growth and therefore benefit from the acidic environment within carious lesions (Delwiche et al., 1985; Do et al., 2015). Haemophilus spp., Neisseria spp., Rothia spp., and Streptococcus spp., which exhibited a relatively low abundance in the transitional group might be associated with maintaining the status of being caries-free. However, a more large-scale investigation is needed to further confirm which microbes play an important role in maintaining the status of a caries-free micro-ecological environment and the microbes that play a key role in initiating caries.
Some recognized caries pathogens associated with severe ECC, such as Scardovia wiggsiae (Tanner et al., 2011a,b), were not significantly different between the two groups in this study. The possible reasons partly because the samples were collected from populations of different regions and from different oral nichs and partly because different methods were applied. Also, we should note that the sequencing data generated in this study showing only an association between oral microbiota and dental caries. More verification research is clearly needed to determine the cariogenic mechanism of certain microorganisms.
In this research, we demonstrated the diversity and complexity of the microbial community associated with caries at the species or strain level and were able to infer that after the first colonization of S. mutans on a tooth surface, other species such as Lactobacillus, Prevotella spp., and Veillonella spp. then stick to the tooth surface. Subsequently, various organic acids are produced, and dental caries occurs. Other bacterial species, such as D. pneumosintes, also be associated with caries. According to the results of follow-up oral examinations, the pivotal species in the progression of dental caries were discovered; however, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the process of caries development. Thus, further work is needed to reveal the pathogenic mechanism and signal transduction pathways associated with oral cariogenic bacteria in the process of dental caries.
(1) Changes in the abundance of certain taxa, such as an overabundance of Lactobacillus spp., Prevotella spp., and Veillonella spp. species, distinguished microbiota associated with caries from caries-free microbiota; furthermore, children with and without caries possessed different arrays of Streptococcus species.
(2) Dental caries is not dominated by one particular bacterium but is, in fact, a complex community formed by tens of bacterial species. The core microbiota in children with and without caries have shown that the caries-free oral micro-ecological niche is more stable.
(3) A certain group of bacteria plays a considerable role in the process of dental caries pathogenesis. "Caries-specific" and "caries-free-specific" taxa were detected, and the pivotal species in the progression of dental caries at the species level were discovered.
(4) Caries microbiotas were slightly more variable in oral community structure, whereas the caries-free groups were relatively conserved.
(5) Over-represented and under-represented species were observed in the transitional state from caries-free to caries-containing microbiotas.
(6) Compared to traditional 16S rRNA sequencing technology, the third-generation sequencing PacBio RS II system improved read lengths and annotation of the nucleotide sequences of oral bacteria to the strain level.
Sequence files and metadata for all samples used in this study have been deposited in SRA (PRJNA388240; SRP108162). The number of sequences obtained and children Metadata which includes sample ID, gender, age, weight, dmft, and dmfs. have all been included as additional files Tables S2, S3, respectively.
HC, YuW, JZ, XC, WJ, YiW, PZ, YT, and XL carried out experiments; WJ, SW, LX, and JZ provided technical and intellectual support; YuW, JZ, and HC analyzed experimental data and participated in writing the manuscript; YuW and HC participated in organizing manuscript; HC conceived the project, designed the experiments, organized, wrote, revised and finalized the manuscript with the help of all authors.
Figure S1. OTU distribution between caries and caries free children from 41 oral samples.
Figure S2. Comparison of α-diversity and coverage between caries and caries free children. (A) Shannon index, which can reflect how evenly the OTUs are distributed among oral microbiome; (B) Simpson index, which is to measure the degree of concentration when oral microbime are classified into OTUs; (C) Coverage, which is calculated from the length of the original genome (G), the number of reads(N), and the average read length(L) as N*L/G.
Figure S3. Richness of oral saliva from 41 samples in our research. (A) OTU number; (B) Ace index; (C) Chao index.
Figure S4. Relative abundance of bacteria in the caries and caries free children. (A) Top10 phylum in caries group; (B) Top10 phylum in caries free group; (C) Top10 genera in caries group; (D) Top10 genera in caries free group; (E) Top10 species in caries group; (F) Top10 species in caries free group.
Figure S5. (A) The distribution of the species that enriched in caries children in the 41 samples in our research. *Species exist only in caries children; (B) The distribution of the species that enriched in caries free children in the 41 samples in our research. *Species exist only in caries free children.
Trial registration: NCT02341352. Registered 13 January 2015. retrospectively registered.
Copyright © 2017 Wang, Zhang, Chen, Jiang, Wang, Xu, Tu, Zheng, Wang, Lin and Chen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


For this new parade in Barcelona, Bóboli present a simple and elegant collection inspired by the glamorous city of New York, as much by the great buildings and the theaters of Broadway as by the most rebellious skaters and graffiti artists. Hues run the gamut of gray with red adding touches of color and white touches providing light.
The garments are very rich and worked and feature combined overlays. We present garments and accessories for girls and boys in both knitwear and flat woven fabric.


After studying Chemical Engineering in UK, I got interested in renewable energies. I came across the internship opportunities offered abroad in India by EduCARE India NGO in micro-scale renewable / alternative energy projects in EduCARE India. I spend the month of July in induction training and settling down. Prof Kalia, a resource person / mentor with EduCARE India listened to my interest and ideas. He gave me some solar panels and diodes asking me to learn and build a small and economical solar light solar panel that can serve the rural poor. I needed more materials. The month of August had brought the challenge of sourcing and buying the materials required to make the solar light prototypes. Considering that I am used to online sources being quite reliable and usually the cheapest option, trying to source materials in India brought about a whole different experience for me. Here it is the opposite, where generally a material sourced online tends to cost more than buying in person. I have had to practice being very patient, as online or telephone communication was also proving to be quite a challenge. Despite numerous emails and phone calls, the correspondence was not progressing.
Through consulting another external mentor, Prof. Abhijeet directed me to Asia's biggest electronics market in Delhi, where I could find everything I needed. Being new to electronics myself, this would also prove to be an educational trip as having a market setting provides a very close up look to numerous equipment available. Despite having to journey to Delhi by my ownself, this trip was incredibly useful, learning to work and lead my work independently, as asked of interns at EduCARE India. Winding through the narrow alleyways filled with small stalls, selling every possible electronics component imaginable was overwhelmingly interesting. Had I not planned to journey back to Punjab that night I could have spent days exploring this market with a lot of fascination. The navigation through this somehow ordered chaos was an experience all on its own. The stream of people going through spaces barely wide enough for 2 people side by side, trying to avoid being hit by boxes being carried over your head by porters forcing their way through the crowd, trying and failing to keep track of what direction I was going in, making the mistake of thinking I could return to a stall if I didn't find a cheaper price elsewhere and not being able to find it again. It was fascinating and exhausting at the same time. After spending more than 6 hours walking through the market and managing to buy everything on my list, I was definitely ready to sit down for a relaxing meal before my journey back to Punjab.
As cost is a big consideration for the product development, this market setting where one can haggle proved to be very useful. It is also important to try and make the product as environmentally friendly as possible. Taking inspiration from the "Litre of light" project in the Phillipines, making use of plastic bottles as the container for the light can be very beneficial to reuse / recycle some of the plastic waste in the local community. In order to make the product more appealing, an idea is to engage the incredible creativity of the local children to design an artistic exterior for the bottle. The biggest challenge in designing the prototype is how to keep it as simple as possible and how to achieve the highest brightness using the lowest amount of power as possible.
On the less technical side – after two and a half months of working at EduCARE I decided it was time to take a break. Therefore, I had decided to time my holiday to visit my family in Gujarat with the religious festival called Navratri which is dedicated to the Godess Durga. The festival lasts for 9 days and to celebrate everybody gets together every night for a few hours to dance "garba" which is a incredibly energetic and fun group folk dance. It is all-inclusive as you see a mixture of all ages and different backgrounds dancing together. Having grown up celebrating this festival in London, being able to experience it in Gujarat is something I have always wished for and is now something that I will never be able to forget.


How many times a week do you wake up with a groan, dreading the fact that you have to go to work? How much of this drudgery do you think is associated with the fact that your workplace is pretty uninviting? Believe it or not, using office commercial design to make your workplace more inviting can help your employees not to dread coming in so much. In fact, if your workplace comes across as a fantastic place to spend hours a day, your employees might enjoy coming in!
While it might be hard to believe that an inviting and attractive workplace can encourage employees to be more productive, why not try updating some furniture or another aspect of the office to see for yourself? You must keep in mind that your employees will be spending hours and hours every day sitting behind their desks, typing away. By investing in some office chairs and even some workstations that have been ergonomically designed, you can ensure the comfort of your employees.
Another thing that office commercial design can help with is the prevention of illnesses and other ailments that could potentially befall your employees at some point during their career. While you don't necessarily think of your workplace as being somewhere riddled with dangers, sitting behind a desk all day can lead to some health issues, the most prevalent of these being carpal tunnel syndrome. With an office space that is comfortable and ergonomic, you may see a decrease in these sorts of cases.
A brand new design can also work towards making your office much more inviting. While it is unlikely that your employees hate their jobs (why would they be there if they did), there is certain monotony about going to the same place five days a week for eight hours at a time. By choosing a bold and energizing color palette and some funky furniture, you can help your employees to feel more at ease with the office – they might even look forward to Monday mornings.
When it comes to office commercial design, don't allow yourself to fall into your old, boring ways. Take the opportunity to make your workplace more attractive and ergonomic, as this can help to boost the morale and productivity of your employees (as well as encourage them to fall in love with the workplace that you have created for them). When choosing pieces for your office, ask yourself whether you would be happy to use or see them.


Do you know this company? Do you have positive or negative experience with FIRST CHURCH OF CHRIST, SCIENTIST, MORRO BAY, CALIFORNIA? Rate the company and help other users.
THE BOULDER SOARING CLUB, INC.
HEAVY DUTY TRUCK LEASING, INC.


text:
OpenWeatherMap este un serviciu online care oferă date meteorologice, inclusiv date meteorologice curente, prognoze și date istorice dezvoltatorilor de servicii web și aplicații mobile. Pentru sursele de date, utilizează servicii de difuzare meteorologică, date brute de la stațiile meteo din aeroport, date brute de la stațiile radar și date brute de la alte stații meteorologice oficiale. Toate datele sunt prelucrate de OpenWeatherMap într-un mod în care încearcă să furnizeze date precise de prognoză online și hărți meteo, cum ar fi cele pentru nori sau precipitații. Dincolo de asta, serviciul este axat pe aspectul social, implicând proprietarii stațiilor meteo în conectarea la acest serviciu și, prin urmare, creșterea preciziei datelor meteo. Ideologia este inspirată de OpenStreetMap și Wikipedia care oferă informații gratuite și disponibile pentru toată lumea. Acesta folosește OpenStreetMap pentru afișarea hărților meteo.

Versiunea API
OpenWeatherMap oferă o API cu puncte finale JSON, XML și HTML și un nivel de utilizare gratuită limitat. Efectuarea a mai mult de 60 de apeluri pe minut necesită un abonament plătit începând de la 40 dolari pe lună. Accesul la date istorice necesită un abonament începând de la 150 USD pe lună. Utilizatorii pot solicita informații meteo curente, prognoze extinse și hărți grafice (care indică acoperirea de nori, viteza vântului, presiunea și precipitațiile).

Date meteorologice curente
Datele curente sunt actualizate la fiecare zece minute; ceea ce poate fi căutată după oraș sau prin coordonate geografice de pe Pământ.

Prognoze
Prognozele meteo pot fi căutate după oraș sau pe coordonate. Previziuni de trei ore sunt disponibile pentru până la 5 zile, în timp ce prognozele zilnice sunt disponibile până la 16 zile.

Căutare
Sistemul de geocodificare OpenWeatherMap permite utilizatorilor să selecteze orașele după nume, țară, cod poștal sau coordonate geografice. Este posibilă căutarea după o parte din numele orașului. Pentru ca rezultatele căutării să fie mai exacte numele orașului și țara ar trebui să fie împărțite prin virgulă.

Hărți
Serviciul OpenWeatherMap oferă o mulțime de hărți meteorologice, inclusiv precipitații, nori, presiune, temperatură, vânt și multe altele. Hărțile pot fi conectate la aplicații mobile și site-uri web. Hărțile meteo pot fi conectate ca straturi la o gamă largă de hărți, inclusiv plăci directe, WMS, OpenLayers, Leaflet, hărți Google și hărți Yandex.

Licențiere
Toate datele pe care le oferă OpenWeatherMap sunt utilizate în condițiile unei licențe Creative Commons sub atribuirea ShareAlike. Cu toate acestea, orice acces care depășește 60 de solicitări de date de bază pe minut, precum și descărcarea în vrac a citirilor și prognozelor meteo, necesită un abonament plătit.

Referințe

Legături externe

 OpenDataFoundation, Opening the Weather
 Open GIS Conference 2012

Companii


text:
Q: Bad practice to use function pointers to members of a class T as parameters in functions of a template class? First off, sorry for the title. I couldn't really condense what I'm trying to ask into one phrase :(
I was reading this post, and it somehow got me thinking on function pointers. Specifically, I was wondering why it's "bad" (or, at least, rarely seen) to pass class member functions as function parameters, and then use that pointer on an existing object within that function.
Let's assume I have a template class "Container", which stores a single variable of type T and provides a method to get a const reference to this variable.
template<class T>
class Container {
public:
    Container(T anObject) {
        m_data = anObject;
    }
    const T& getData() const {
        return m_data;
    }
private:
    T m_data;
};

Now, I would like to be able to execute member functions of T on m_data, but I don't want to make getData() non-const because that would enable all kinds of other mischief with the returned reference. My solution is to add a new public function, modifyData(...), to Container, which takes a function pointer to a member function of T as a parameter and executes it on m_data; like so:
// ...
void modifyData( void(typename T::*funcptr)(void) ) {
    (m_data.*fptr)();
}
// ...

As-is, this will crash and burn if T is a pointer. For testing, I just created a specialized template for Container<T*> to address this, but I'm sure there would be a more elegant way.
A very construed example shows that this seems to work as intended:
// example class to be used with Container
class Data {
public:
    Data() {m_count = 0; }
    void incrementCount() { m_count++; }
    int getCount() const { return m_count; }
private:
    int m_count;
};

// ... in main.cpp:
Data dat;
Container<Data*> DCont(dat);
std::cout << cl.getData()->getCount() << std::endl; // outputs 0
DCont.modifyData<Data>(&Data::incrementCount);
std::cout << cl.getData()->getCount() << std::endl; // outputs 1

// compiler catches this:
// DCont.modifyData<SomeOtherClass>(&Data::incrementCount);
// this probably does something bad:
// DCont.modifyData<SomeOtherClass>(&SomeOtherClass::someFunc);

Now, instinctively this just seems like a horribly twisted way of doing things, and I've never seen code that works like this. But my question is, is there a performance/security reason why something like this is bad, or is it something that's just considered bad practice? If it's "just" bad practice, then why is that?
Obvious limitations that I could think of are that something like
    // DCont.modifyData(&SomeOtherClass::someFunc);
will probably crash at runtime, but I think that could be addressed by checking the type of U against T in incrementData(). Also, as it is, modifyData only accepts void (*)() functions, but this could probably be addressed with variadic templates.
This example is obviously very construed and not implemented so well, but I think (hope?) it's good enough to explain what I'm talking about.
Thanks!
EDIT: There seems to be some confusion as to what the question is. Basically, this is the scenario I'm talking about: You have a bunch of classes from some library that you're trying to store in the container, and another function that generates certain containers; Now, you want the user to be able to call existing member functions on the objects within these containers, but not to modify the actual objects (like when returning a non-const reference with the getter). An actual implementation would probably use some sort of variadic template to be useful, but I need to think that through some more before posting example code.
In short, I'd like to limit a user's access to container members to only member functions of that member. Is there an easier way of doing this, or does this way not work in the way I was intending?

A: I don't have any problem with your architecture - I don't see it as bad practice. To me it seems quite a laborious way to protect data and doesn't really help you much in that the user can use any void function to modify the contained data which isn;t really a contract on what can and can't be changed.
I think the reason this construct is so rarely seen is that your requirement and goals of the container class are unusual.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Looping a different number of times (determined by value in data) for each line I have to create a loop, but the size of this loop have to change according the  cell value. But I don't know how to reference a specific cell.
Example - my dataset has 2 rows:
Id    value
1     10
2     20

For the first row I have to run this loop 10 times, but for the second row I have to run 20 times.
How I can do this?

A: How about this:
loop # = 1 to 1000. /*use the maximum number or runs necessary.
   do if # <= value.
       some transformations.
   end if.
end loop.

This will run the transformations on all cases every time, but will stop when the number of required runs for each line is reached.


text:
Old East-West Divide Is Deepening in Ukraine
By Agnieszka Pikulicka-Wilczewska
It wasn't a good idea to drive a car with plates from Donetsk. Driving through the streets of Kiev, Lesia Litvinova, a volunteer with one of the local organizations helping new arrivals from the Donbass, felt overwhelmed. Hearing insults has now become part of her experience on the road.
Ever since the Euromaidan protests early last year and the beginning of the war in the Donbass — which has been accompanied by a huge inflow of internally displaced persons (IDPs) into the rest of Ukraine — the old prejudices about the inhabitants of the eastern part of Ukraine have been on the rise.
Accused by many of supporting the Russian-backed separatists, people from the Donbass have often found it difficult to adjust to the realities of their new cities. Blamed for the war, they arrive in new towns often without any contacts and have nowhere to go, which reinforces their feeling of isolation.
But according to Lesia Litvinova, those who have decided to move to Kiev and other cities far from the war zone are usually those who don't support the actions of the separatists and have run away from political persecution and war.
The Ukrainian government, faced with war in the east as well as economic difficulties, has not made any coordinated effort to tackle the prejudices and stereotypes against the IDPs or disseminate information related to their displacement.
The efforts to improve the general situation of the IDPs have also been largely inadequate, with volunteer organizations virtually taking over the role of the state in supporting the IDPs.
Nevertheless, a benefit system has been established, which entitles every registered internally displaced individual to 440 hyrvnas ($20) a month for the first two months of displacement, and 220 hyrvnas ($10) for the following two months. Pensioners and families with children are entitled to higher benefits, but the amounts are not enough to make ends meet.
Adding to that, IDPs face a number of difficulties concerning access to health care, psychological trauma, inadequate living conditions and a lack of employment opportunities. The two latter issues have been particularly significant, with many employers and landlords in Ukraine stating that applications from former residents of the Donbass will not be considered.
These prejudices combined with the economic crisis have led to deeper social tensions. Tensions are usually even worse in small towns, where IDPs often live next door to the families of soldiers fighting the separatists in eastern Ukraine.
However, according to Galina, an escapee from Luhansk and a volunteer with one of Odessa's organizations working with the IDPs, harmful stereotypes are also widespread in the rebel-held territories. People in Luhansk often resent the new authorities in Kiev. "When there is a shelling, you don't know who is shooting. And then they tell you that it's the Ukrainian army," she said.
''For three months there was no water or electricity, mobile phones didn't work and there was no access to information. People believed in what they were told; that Ukrainians want to kill everyone and that there are concentration camps in Ukraine," she added.
But anti-Ukrainian sentiment in eastern Ukraine is not a new phenomenon. There have never been any major Ukrainian patriotic groups in Luhansk, and Russian was the only language of instruction in the majority of schools. Galina learned Ukrainian at school, but it wasn't compulsory. Luhansk did not develop a strong loyalty to Kiev.
Soon afterward, out of the fear of persecution, Galina left for Odessa. She has recently received a permit to go to Luhansk so that she can visit her elderly mother. But she's not sure if she's going to use it.
Vika, a volunteer living in Kiev, left her home in Luhansk along with her husband and three children during military operations in the area. When the fighting was over and she returned to visit her family, she was greeted with suspicion.
During a visit to her former school, her old teacher warned her that people may not like the fact that she had moved to Kiev and that she should be careful. "I don't want my three kids to grow up in Luhansk," Vika said, "it would be a step backwards."
However, it would be incorrect to assume that all the people who remained in the rebel-held territories support the separatists. Many of those who decided to stay did so out of fear of indiscriminate shelling, a lack of knowledge about how to leave, disability or simply because they had nowhere else to go and didn't want to leave their whole life behind.
And the situation of those who remained has often been dramatic. Many humanitarian organizations were forced out of the territory by the rebels, including the International Rescue Committee. Access to some of the most vulnerable people, especially inhabitants of remote villages in the Luhansk region, has been very limited and a large number of people have been left without any assistance.
To make matters worse, since last year, the Ukrainian government has suspended salary payments to public sector workers and stopped payments such as pensions and social benefits to inhabitants of rebel-held territories. This decision has reinforced the feeling of abandonment and isolation on the part of the population and generated more resentment toward the government in Kiev.
In order to receive their payments, people were forced to travel to government-controlled areas; yet this has often proved difficult, due to frequent shelling and destroyed infrastructure. The introduction of a permit system to enter government-controlled areas has made things even more difficult.
At the same time, since early April, the self-proclaimed Donetsk and Luhansk people's republics started paying pensions in Russian rubles and there have been reports suggesting that the rebels have been paying salaries to public sector workers, although on an irregular basis.
This development has further isolated the Donbass region from the rest of Ukraine and it will make the resolution of the conflict even more difficult.
Internal displacement in Ukraine will be a protracted process and there have been few cases so far of people returning home. The Minsk agreements did not stop the exchange of fire in the east and the number of people fleeing from the Donbass is constantly growing.
What's more, there is little to suggest that the situation of the internally displaced, or those remaining in the rebel-held territories, will improve any time soon. The mutual resentment, stereotypes, propaganda and often inadequate policies of the government in Kiev make any prospect for future reconciliation difficult, regardless of what happens in the Donbass.
Agnieszka Pikulicka-Wilczewska is blogs editor at E-International Relations and editor of Ukraine and Russia: People, Politics, Propaganda and Perspectives.
The views expressed in opinion pieces do not necessarily reflect the position of The Moscow Times.
opinion Ivan U. Klyszcz
Lavrov's Africa Trip Reveals Limits to Russian Soft Power
The focus of Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov's visit to South Africa, Eswatini, and Angola this week has been the portrayal of Russia as a partner...
opinion Leonid Gozman
Europe's Freedom Depends on Ukraine Winning a Decisive Victory Over Russia
The biggest disappointment of the allied conference held at the U.S. military base in Ramstein, Germany on Friday was the failure of the negotiators to...
opinion Konstantin Skorkin
What the Return of Kremlin Ally Medvedchuk Means for the War in Ukraine
Viktor Medvedchuk, for a long time a leading pro-Russia figure in Ukrainian politics, had until now been lying low since he turned up in Russia last year...
opinion Angelina Davydova
How Russia's War Is Impacting the Global Environmental Agenda
The impact of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on biodiversity and the climate was not part of the official agenda at two recent major UN environmental...


text:
CRM for Banks Event Hosted by Hitachi Solutions Philippines Corporation
Hitachi Solutions Philippines Corporation will share how bankers can leverage new digital technologies to elevate customer engagement.
The Engage for Banking solution provides an opportunity for banks to leverage on cutting-edge Microsoft technology to improve their customer services and uncover new opportunities. - Manuel Tanseco, Vice President of Hitachi Solutions Philippines Corporation
MANILA, Philippines (PRWEB) March 06, 2018
Microsoft Cloud Customer Relationship Management Partner, Hitachi Solutions Philippines Corporation, will be hosting a lunch and learn event for bankers in Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines on March 7th, 2018. The Engage for Banking Event will discuss the challenges that the banking industry is facing today and how Microsoft Dynamics 365 and Hitachi Solutions Philippines can help by providing a CRM solution built specifically to give bankers a complete, customer-centric view of their business.
Hitachi Solutions' Engage for Banking, previously Hitachi Solutions' CRM for Banks, has been redesigned specifically for Microsoft Dynamics 365. The solution enables bankers to better understand, track, and manage customer relationships that promotes more business wins and improve customer loyalty.
Engage for Banking includes the following industry specific modules:
The event will cover the solution capabilities around Sales, Lead Management, Pipeline Management, Relationship Management, New Account On-boarding, Marketing Campaigns, Knowledge Base, Customer Service and Case and Complaint Handling.
Engage for Banking Event (Manila, Philippines)
Date: March 7th, 2018
Time: 11:00 am to 1:00 pm PHT
"We have a deep understanding of the banking industry and we are glad to offer awareness events that share how our industry specific solutions can help organizations adapt to different technological challenges," said Manuel Tanseco, Vice President of Hitachi Solutions Philippines Corporation. "The Engage for Banking solution provides an opportunity for banks to leverage on cutting-edge Microsoft technology to improve their customer services and uncover new opportunities."
For more information on the Engage for Banking Event please email info(at)hitachisolutions(dot)com.
About Hitachi Solutions Philippines Corporation
Hitachi Solutions Philippines Corporation helps its customers with industry specific solutions built on Microsoft Dynamics 365 enhanced with world class Business Analytics, and Portals and Collaboration. Recognized as worldwide Microsoft Dynamics Cloud Partner in 2017, Microsoft ERP Partner of year for Philippines in 2015 and 2016 and Microsoft Dynamics Partner of the Year in Asia Pacific in 2015, Microsoft CRM Global Partner of the Year in 2014 and the 2014 Dynamics Global Outstanding Reseller of the Year, Hitachi Solutions Group provides global capabilities with regional offices in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, India, Japan, China, and Asia Pacific. For more information, please visit: http://apac.hitachi-solutions.com.
About Hitachi Solutions, Ltd.
Hitachi Solutions, Ltd., headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, is one of the core IT Companies of Hitachi Group and a recognized leader in delivering proven business and IT strategies and solutions to companies across many industries. The company provides value-driven services throughout the IT life cycle from systems planning to systems integration, operation and maintenance. Hitachi Solutions delivers products and services of superior value to customers worldwide through key subsidiaries in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, India, China, and Asia Pacific. For more information on Hitachi Solutions, please visit: http://www.hitachi-solutions.com.
About Hitachi, Ltd.
Hitachi, Ltd. (TSE: 6501), headquartered in Tokyo, Japan, delivers innovations that answer society's challenges with our talented team and proven experience in global markets. The company's consolidated revenues for fiscal 2016 (ended March 31, 2017) totaled 9,162 billion yen ($81.8 billion). Hitachi is focusing more than ever on the Social Innovation Business, which includes power & infrastructure systems, information & telecommunication systems, construction machinery, high functional materials & components, automotive systems, healthcare and others. For more information on Hitachi, please visit the company's website at http://www.hitachi.com.
Nina Gonzales
Hitachi Solutions Philippines Corporation
+63 +63 (2) 821-6104
@HitachiSolAPAC
Hitachi Solutions Asia Pacific


In lives of rapidly accelerating complexity, trust becomes a rare and desired thing. The principles that once protected our most confidential information provide the concept behind "Confidential". It employs the technique with which banks protect the content of their letters. Some of the text is hidden – locked between two pages – and can only be read by ripping them apart. Some words are superimposed and thus obliterated, with the next page revealing the solution.


text:
Даулатпур (, ) — город на западе Бангладеш, административный центр одноимённого подокруга. Площадь города равна 15,41 км². По данным переписи 2001 года, в городе проживало 13 989 человек, из которых мужчины составляли 51,59 %, женщины — соответственно 48,41 %. Плотность населения равнялась 908 чел. на 1 км². Уровень грамотности населения составлял 26,8 % (при среднем по Бангладеш показателе 43,1 %).

Ссылки
 Даулатпур в Banglapedia

Города Бангладеш


The Jet Fighter Flight is the big daddy of the Adrenaline . Jet Fighter Flight, 15-minute – Melbourne . and few venues can facilitate formation plane flights .
Welcome to Australia's number 1 Jet Fighter rides operator in Sydney and Melbourne as seen on the biggest loser and AFL footy show. Join us for airplane fighter plane flights .
Pilot Chris Tulk carves up the skies over head Melbourne with his passenger Tammy in the Jet Provost. This amazing air flight is enhanced by the side by side .
Get more excitement during F1 Australia with a Top Gun Jet Fighter Flight! You will purchase an unforgettable experience complete of adrenaline in Melbourne.
JET FIGHTER RIDES. Jet Ride operate throughout Australia and travel to Melbourne Victoria every 3 months so contact Mark for the next Melbourne dates in the L39 .
Boasting almost 20 years experience in Jet Fighter adventure air flights, 24 years experience in Jet Fighter operations, and over 30 000 combined flight hours, we are not .
Jet Flight Simulator Melbourne is proud to announce that Project Sentry, our Virtual Reality fighter plane plane experience, has achieved Initial Operating Capability (IOC .
Adrenaline air flight & scenic flights in an L-39 Albatros fighter airplane or YAK 52TW warbird with Australia's award winning adventure plane operator.
MiGFlug – Jet Fighter Flights in Supersonic Military Fighter .
Jet fighter plane plane plane rides – fighter pilot for a day, the unique experience gift. MiGFlug offers priceworthy plane fighter flights and supersonic Edge of Space stratosphere flights.
Jet Fighter Flights experiences in Melbourne- VIC – Gift .
Jet Fighter Flights Experiences Check out the range of Jet Fighter Flights experiences Melbourne-VIC We have 4 -Jet Fighter Flights adventures near Melbourne.
Get more excitement during F1 Australia with a Top Gun Jet Fighter Flight! You will take an unforgettable experience complete of adrenaline in Melbourne.
The greatest Jet Fighter Fights in Melbourne (Echuca). Expert pilots with many years experience. Our Jet Fighter Flight Gift Vouchers make the perfect gift for a person .
Experience gifts for a plane and flying enthusiasts. Send them on a Jet Fighter experience! Buy flying experience vouchers on the internet from RedBalloon.
120 Minute F/A-18 Fighter Jet Simulator Experience . Melbourne, VIC… 120 Minute Jet Flight Simulator Experience $ 249 $499.
The the most excellent Jet Fighter Fights in Melbourne (Echuca). Expert pilots with many years experience. Our Jet Fighter Flight Gift Vouchers make the perfect gift for a person .
Join us for Jet Fighter Rides Sydney or Melbourne, the ride of a lifetime! Fly with Australia's few experienced Jet Fighter Flight Operator! Jet Fighter Rides from .
Boasting almost 20 years experience in Jet Fighter adventure flights… Camden NSW to serve the Sydney market, and Wangaratta Victoria to serve the Melbourne market.
Jet Fighter Joy Flights in Victoria near Melbourne. Book .
Compare Melbourne Jet Fighter Flight experiences and book online. This is the ultimate flying experience!
XJET offers airplane fighter plane plane adventure flights directly out of Melbourne. XJET airplane fighter adventure flights allows adrenalin seekers to flight over the heart of Melbourne.
Get more excitement during F1 Australia with a Top Gun Jet Fighter Flight! You will buy an unforgettable experience complete of adrenaline in Melbourne.
XJET offers plane fighter plane plane adventure flights directly out of Melbourne. XJET plane fighter adventure flights allows adrenalin seekers to flight over the heart of Melbourne.
Jet fighter plane plane plane rides – fighter pilot for a day, the unique experience gift. MiGFlug offers priceworthy airplane fighter flights and supersonic Edge of Space stratosphere flights.
About Us. International Jet Fighter Race pilot Captain Mark Pracy has provided thousands of dream flights for many Top Gun passengers from Melbourne, as a .
Adrenaline air flight & scenic flights in an L-39 Albatros fighter plane or YAK 52TW warbird with Australia's award winning adventure airplane operator.
XJET offers airplane fighter plane plane adventure flights directly out of Melbourne. XJET plane fighter adventure flights allows adrenalin seekers to flight over the heart of Melbourne.
Adrenaline air flight & scenic flights in an L-39 Albatros fighter airplane or YAK 52TW warbird with Australia's award winning adventure airplane operator.
Experience gifts for a plane and flying enthusiasts. Send them on a Jet Fighter experience! Buy flying experience vouchers on-line from RedBalloon.
Welcome to Australia's number 1 Jet Fighter rides operator in Sydney and Melbourne as seen on the biggest loser and AFL footy show. Join us for plane fighter plane flights .
The Jet Fighter Flight is the big daddy of the Adrenaline . Jet Fighter Flight, 15-minute – Melbourne . and mainly venues can facilitate formation airplane flights .


text:
import {bootstrapWebWorker} from "angular2/src/web_workers/worker/application";
import {TodoApp} from "./index_common";

export function main() {
  bootstrapWebWorker(TodoApp);
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


money-related income. our business is to participate fully in keeping our money to the state. but sometimes money matters are a problem in our business, and we seek a solution to the astrologer for money problem solution . it is enough to stop the growth of the subject in our career. the market is very rapidly if we are one step behind the other, it is impossible to catch them or take their business on the road again. as we know that money is a basic and important necessity of life. without it, no one can live or to give a happy life, there is no need to find a solution to the problem of money. this economical problem automatically changes our attitude, behavior and character. status of satisfaction, comfort is lost somewhere. people find themselves in the reverse order. they feel negative in your mind, and it is pushing them to the problem of money.
the problem of money to invite a lot of problems in life. such as your business begins to break down, your near and dear ones to start doing away from you, your losing your position in society, you start to suffer from depression and other diseases, as well as your debts are starting to grow. if you do not want to invite all of these problems, then you should get in touch with our aman shastri ji know the right medicine to solve the financial problems in their lifetime. astrologer for money problem solution best idea to solve the financial problems. astrologer read our horoscope and the position of the stars and the houses, which the investigating many ways. he is trying to find a solution to change the position of the stars and make them well, we can easily get rid of monetary problems.
astrologer for money problem solution , so what in the world in accordance with the people's money to divide the poor, middle and rich. but the name of the line is a known writer, that if your birth from a poor family, then there is no sin or fault if you die with a bad tag, it's your fault. for a while your problem is related to astrology, but you ignore, because they created the position of a planet and birth chart. when they meet, the high level solution you decide money issues.