Fred A. Manuele, author of On the Practice of Safety, considers occupational ergonomics to be "the art and science of designing the work to fit the worker to achieve optimum productivity and cost efficiency, and minimum risk of injury." To best fulfill the goal to achieve these benefits through ergonomics, a sound program should be developed: A program that includes a written plan, education and training, and effective procedures to identify, analyze and evaluate work for ergonomic risk factors.
As with other workplace safety and health issues, managers and employees both play key roles in setting the stage: developing and carrying out an ergonomics program. It's important that management understand the benefits of an effective ergonomics program.
Ergonomics programs should not be regarded as separate from those intended to address other workplace hazards. Aspects of hazard identification, case documentation, assessment of control options, and health care management techniques that are used to address ergonomic problems use the same approaches directed toward other workplace risks of injury or disease. Although many of the technical approaches described in this course are specific to ergonomic risk factors and MSDs, the core principles are the same as efforts to control other workplace hazards.
Proactive ergonomics activities emphasize efforts at the design stage of work processes to recognize needs for avoiding risk factors that can lead to musculoskeletal problems. The goal is to design operations that ensure proper selection and use of tools, job methods, workstation layouts, and materials that impose no undue stress and strain on the worker.
Ergonomics issues are identified and resolved in the planning process. In addition, general ergonomic knowledge, learned from an ongoing ergonomics program, can be used to build a more prevention-oriented approach.
Management commitment and employee involvement in the planning activity are essential. For example, management can set policy to require ergonomic considerations for any equipment to be purchased, and production employees can offer ideas on the basis of their past experiences for alleviating potential problems.
Planners of new work processes involved in the design of job tasks, equipment, and workplace layout, must become more aware of ergonomic factors and principles. Designers must have appropriate information and guidelines about risk factors for MSDs and ways to control them. Studying past designs of jobs in terms of risk factors can offer useful input into their design strategies.
assign lead roles to designated persons who are known to "make things happen,"
have the support of the local union or other worker representatives.
allow full discussion of the policy and the plans for implementation.
set concrete goals that address specific operations and give priority to the jobs posing the greatest risk.
provide release time or other compensatory arrangements during the workday for employees expected to handle assigned tasks dealing with ergonomic concerns.
It's important to furnish information to all those involved in or affected by the ergonomic activities. Misinformation or misperceptions about such efforts can be damaging: If management is seen as using the program to gain ideas for cutting costs or improving productivity without equal regard for employee benefits, the program may not be supported by employees. For example, management should be up-front regarding possible impacts of the program on job security and job changes. All injury data, production information, and cost considerations need to be made available to those expected to make feasible recommendations for solving problems.
Worker involvement in safety and health issues means obtaining worker input on several issues.
The first input is defining real or suspected job hazards.
Another is suggesting ways to control suspected hazards.
A third involves working with management in deciding how best to put controls into place.
Employee participation in an organization's efforts to reduce work-related injury or disease and ergonomic problems may take the form of direct or individual input. A common involvement process is participation through a joint labor-management safety and health committee, which may be company-wide or department-wide in nature. Membership on company-wide committees includes union leaders or elected worker representatives, department heads, and key figures from various areas of the organization.
Two factors are critical to the different forms of worker involvement. One is the need for training both in hazard recognition and control and in group problem solving. The second is that management must share information and knowledge of results with those involved.
No single form or level of worker involvement fits all situations or meets all needs. Much depends on the nature of the problems to be addressed, the skills and abilities of those involved, and the company's prevailing practices for participative approaches in resolving workplace issues.
In addition, worker and management representatives are considered essential players in any ergonomics program effort.
In small businesses, two or more of the functions noted on this list may be merged into one unit, or one person may handle several of the listed duties. Regardless of the size of the organization, persons identified with these responsibilities are crucial to an ergonomics program. Purchasing personnel in particular should be included, since the issues raised can dictate new or revised specifications on new equipment orders.
How best to fit these different players into the program could depend on the company's existing occupational safety and health program practices. Integrating ergonomics into the company's current occupational safety and health activities while giving it special emphasis may have the most appeal.
Taking a proactive approach to ergonomics is so important to the success of the program. Maximizing employee involvement is one of the keys to a successful proactive ergonomics program. When employees identify and help devise solutions, they gain a degree of ownership. We value what we own. Ownership increases the probability that "EC" (ergonomically correct ;-) behaviors are performed when employees are not being directly supervised.


It's easy for children — particularly Squirrel personality types — to get thrown off their game when they're in a new situation. For kids, "new" might mean an airplane ride to Grandma's or something as simple as using the restroom at the mall. Squirrels are particularly prone to distraction and ditching routines, so remind your child that you will continue to play the games you've been playing at home even when you're out and about. Your little Squirrel loves new situations, so adapting the games will continue to keep her interested. And when you get back home, you can talk about all the bathrooms you've seen and compare them to your home potty. Here are some tips for when you're on the go.
Prepare your Squirrel ahead of time. "I wonder how long it will take us to play the Potty Game at Grandma's (the restaurant, the shopping mall, etc.)? Do you think it will take more time or less? Why? Hmm. What do you think we could do when we get there to go super fast?" When you arrive at a new destination, find the nearest potty, or count the number of potties to keep your Squirrel interested. So when it's time to go, your little learner will be confident knowing the location of the nearest loo. Be sure to pack your homemade Potty Book in your diaper bag. You can read the book together when trying out all the new potties on your journey.
Give your child the option to wear Pull-Ups®, even if he's been regularly wearing underpants. It simply helps decrease the travel stress for everyone. Using Pull-Ups now and again while on a long trip won't throw off your long-term potty training plan. Stick to it as much as is reasonable, knowing there might be setbacks when your family is off the usual routine. A child who is sometimes in undies but who will be going on a long trip might do best if Pull-Ups are used because "things are going to be so different today and sometimes we won't be able to play our potty game if the pilot says we must stay in our seats. So it's OK to use your Pull-Ups today." But a child who regularly wears undies might feel quite insulted at having to wear Pull-Ups again, and instead, parents should bring one along and have it handy "just in case" for use during the trip.
Regardless of your child's choice — undies or Pull-Ups — keep playing your potty games and using the Time to Potty app. You may need to let your child know when it may take longer than usual to find a potty, so don't let him feel discouraged. Here are some helpful scripts for taking the show on the road.
"How do you think we go potty in the airplane/train/bus? When we use the Time to Potty app, do you think it will take longer or shorter to find a potty? Why? This should be fun, let's find out!"


text:
FOCUS: US ECONOMY AFTER THE ELECTIONS
FOCUS: US ECONOMY AFTER THE ELECTIONS /node/1759286
The White House is seen Friday, Nov. 6, 2020, in Washington. (AP)
https://arab.news/m6yay
Updated 06 November 2020
Cornelia Meyer
The week that was:
The US presidential election remains a cliffhanger with both candidates neck and neck. At the time of this column the odds were in favor of former vice president Joe Biden.
Markets rallied in post-election exuberance with growth stocks, especially tech, taking the lead. On Wednesday the S&P 500 gained the most in modern stock market history, adding some $600 billion, most of which could be attributed to Big Tech. This is interesting because they disappointed last week despite 3Q earnings.
In China tech stocks have performed well, with companies hoping for better US-China trade relations and the tech wars abating under Biden. Green Tech has equally rallied, hoping on the US rejoining the Paris Accord on Climate Change and new green policies in the US.
Oil made good some of last week's losses with Brent at $39.81 per barrel and WTI $37.57 per barrel at midday CET. US EIA's reported US crude inventories to have fallen 8 million barrels for the week ending Oct. 31. However, the outlook is less than rosy with lockdowns in Europe and growing coronavirus cases in North America affecting demand. At the same time Libyan supply has come back with a vengeance and is expected to reach 1 million barrels per day before year end.
As England went into lockdown, Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak extended the furlough scheme through March 2021. Employees under the scheme will receive 80 percent of their salaries. The scheme will cost the Treasury £1 billion (SR4.92 billion) per month per 1 million insured.
The Bank of England (BoE) is leaving interest rates stable at 0.1 percent. The central bank has sent a survey to lenders to gauge the impact of negative interest rates, should they become necessary. The BoE has no plans to lower interest rates further at this point, but announced further bond purchases to the tune of £150 million. BoE Gov. Andrew Bailey reiterated the need for more fiscal stimulus and indicated that he was open to increase the central bank's bond purchasing program.
The health of mortgage lending books of the country's banks is of particular concern to the BoE, because mortgage lenders have steadily increased how much they charge and unemployment is on the rise.
The Chinese government put a spanner in the works of the $35 billion IPO of Jack Ma's Ant Group on the Shanghai and Shenzhen exchanges. The IPO was billed to become the largest in history.
The Chinese government changed the rules for microlenders, including a 30 percent funding ratio for loans, capping individual loan sizes at $45,000, only allowing online microlenders to operate within their provincial territory and limiting control of any company to one nationally operating microlender.
This was a blow to Ant's Credit Tech, which contributed 40 percent to the Ant Group's earnings in 1H 2020. Credit Tech provided small unsecured loans to 500 million customers from July 2019 through June 2020. The subsidiary owns two microlenders and its revenue grew 59 percent during the first six months of 2020.
Meanwhile the earnings season continued:
Saudi Aramco's net profit stood at SR44.21 billion ($11.7 billion), down 44.6 percent compared to the same quarter in 2019. This compared positively to the second quarter when net profits stood at SR24.75 billion, reflecting historically low oil prices and historically high production cuts by OPEC+. The company will maintain its dividend of $18.75 billion.
Aramex 3Q profits attributable to shareholders dropped by 59 percent compared to the same quarter last year, coming in at AED46.2 million ($12.5 million). The reason for the steep drop in profitability was a one-time non-recurring provision. Last quarter revenues came in at AED1.51 billion down 19 percent compared with 3Q 2019.
Uber had rallied earlier in the week after California voters approved Proposition 22, which allows Uber drivers to register as independent contractors rather than employees. Uber reported revenues of $3.13 billion and a loss of 65 cents per share. The company lost 4 percent in after-hours trading when the results were released. Deliveries outpaced bookings for rides and mobility.
In Europe, Commerzbank, Societe Generale, ING and UniCredit SpA reported. Except for Commerzbank they were all profitable. They were all able to lower their loan loss provisions compared with Q2. This is a rear-view image, because restrictions and lockdowns will have a materially adverse effect on the economic outlook.
Commerzbank had a loss of €63 million ($74.8 million) and revenues of €2.2 billion. Loan loss provisions stood at €272 million. Societe Generale displayed a remarkable turnaround from a net loss of €1.26 billion in Q2 to a net income of €862 million in Q3 of 2020. This was nearly 49 percent above analysts' expectations. ING reported a net result of €788 million, beating expectations. Provisions stood at €215 million. The bank vowed to return 50 percent of net profits to shareholders, which is not possible due to the ECB's ban on dividends and share buy-backs for banks. The bank will put the appropriate amounts aside to be distributed once legally possible. UniCredit's 3Q revenues reached €4.4 billion and underlying net profit came in at €700 million.
Joe Biden looks set to win the presidency. However, the prospects of a large stimulus package look smaller, given that the Senate looks to have a Republican majority.
Former Goldman Sachs chief economist and Chatham House chairman Jim O'Neill told Bloomberg that he thinks a Biden presidency with a split congress would be positive for the economy, because it would keep in check the proponents of extreme economic policy measures on both sides of the aisle.
The Fed's FMOC left interest rates unchanged between 0.00 percent and 0.25 percent. Fed Chair Jerome Powell reiterated that rates would remain low until inflation reached the 2 percent target over time and employment picked up. Like Bailey, Powell indicated that he would be ready to increase the Fed's bond purchasing program, but warned that fiscal stimulus was of paramount importance. He labeled the current economic crisis the largest of a lifetime.
Meanwhile the dollar exchange rate may continue its slide after the elections are done. US interest rates have approached levels seen in the rest of the OECD and a continued expansionary Fed policy combined with more fiscal stimulus are bound to represent a downward drift for the currency.
Where we go from here:
The Brexit saga continues while there is precious little time left for the UK and EU to come to an agreement on a trade deal.
The various lockdown measures throughout Europe will be reflected in unemployment numbers going forward.
US first time jobless claims for the week ending Oct. 31 came in at 751,000, which represents a decline for the third week in a row, but remains higher than forecast. These numbers will not improve substantially until the country can halt the spread of the virus. Non-farm payrolls for October added 638,000 jobs, bringing unemployment down to 6.9 percent, which is a bigger than expected decline of one full percentage point. However, going forward we shall have to see the impact of the record high coronavirus case numbers (above 100,000 per day) on the job market.
— Cornelia Meyer is a Ph.D.-level economist with 30 years of experience in investment banking and industry. She is chairperson and CEO of business consultancy Meyer Resources. Twitter: @MeyerResources
Topics: coronanomics
Focus: Will China save the day?
Focus: IMF economic forecast and US bank earnings

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Birth certificates: These must be an original Births Deaths and Marriages certified copy, NOT a photocopy or a JP certified copy. If you were born overseas and your birth certificate is impossible to obtain, you may provide a foreign passport or, as a last resort, complete a Commonwealth Statutory Declaration.
Evidence that any prior marriages are terminated: This may be a divorce certificate, death certificate or annulment certificate (Court ordered, not religious). It may be necessary to provide a document trail of your name changes if you have been previously married, i.e. birth certificate, original marriage certificate and death or divorce certificate.
Change of Name Certificate: If you have changed your name via Deed Poll or through Births Deaths and Marriages, please provide your 'Change of Name Certificate'.
If any of the above documents are not in English, a NAATI certified translation is required along with the original document.
© 2019 Vivienne Celebrant. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Wilson Announce 'Thank You, Goodnight. LIVE' – Available January 29; "Dumptruck" Out Now
Posted by The ReZident | Jan 4, 2021 | NewZ | 0 |
'Twas the night of December 28, 2019, when all through The Crofoot Ballroom, creatures were stirring, moshing and expelling guttural screams. Detroiters WILSON were on stage delivering one last dose of their signature "fuckery sound," which they hold so close. Smashing drums, deafening bass, roaring guitars and searing vocals were enjoyed by WILSON fans — from the world over, not just locals. Knowing this could very well be the final time, WILSON performed an unforgettable set that many would call sublime.
THANK YOU, GOOD NIGHT. LIVE captures the show in all its glory and gives a taste to all those fans who could not attend. The energy, the attitude, the fuckery, and even the heartbreak are all visceral in this collection of 10 songs from the band's last ever performance.
THANK YOU, GOOD NIGHT. LIVE (NovelGoot) will be available at all DSPs on January 29, 2021, with pre-orders beginning January 15. The song "Dumptruck" is now available as the first release from the album. "Dumptruck" is a sonic punch to the face as it kicks in with gang vocals chanting, "This shit bumps, this shit fucks, this shit dumps like a dump truck."
(Photo by Mirak Habbiyyieh)
Knowing it was ambiguous if the band would continue after 2019, WILSON decided to play one last very special show in their hometown of Detroit, Michigan as a thank you to all of their longtime fans and supporters. Having all of the rooms at The Crofoot Ballroom in nearby Pontiac, MI at their disposal, the band held a pre-party for a limited number of fans in the Pike Room as well as a silent auction of WILSON lifeline items like backdrops, music video props and costumes, stage props, and even Chad's beard which he had shaved off in 2016. All proceeds went to the charities Lighthouse Of Oakland County and MusiCares.
The sold-out 1200 capacity venue saw people attending from all over the US, as well as hosting fans from Sweden, Germany and the UK who dared not miss this once-in-a-lifetime event. For the band, the show was extremely emotional with the energy and anxiety going through the roof. With family, friends and fans new and old in attendance, the band roared through 19 songs from 2015's RIGHT TO RISE and 2018's TASTY NASTY albums, of which the band have curated their 10 favorites for this collection.
The room was loud with WILSON's manic performance and approving roars from the audience. It had that ripe, but sweet smell that only a hall full of sweaty humans and a floor soaked with years of stale beer can create. "The emotion dripped from all of our eyes," says lead singer Chad Nicefield. (Though that could've also come from the smell.) They've captured all of that with this release, defining their legacy and cementing their place in the annals of Detroit Rock City history.
"I had the show recorded at the time for the purpose of us to listen back to it and hold that moment in our hands and minds forever," says Nicefield. "I don't think any of us had even thought about releasing a live record at that time. It wasn't until our friend Josh Sobeck (one of our favorite live Sound Engineers) randomly sent me a mix of 'Dumptruck' he had put together that we imagined showing this moment to anyone else. Thankfully he did, though! One listen to that track and it was clear as could be…the fans deserve to own this moment with us. So, cheers to you all, the REAL Masters Of Ceremony! This one goes out to the house that Fuckery built! See you all again one day, maybe?"
To which Lloyd Christmas would say, "So you're saying there's a chance?"
In the meantime, while it is bittersweet that the band chose to end their decade long run as WILSON that night (for now, anyway), it is exciting and completely appropriate that they would gift their fans with one last full blast of their signature "fuckery sound," and that is THANK YOU, GOOD NIGHT. LIVE.
THANK YOU, GOOD NIGHT. LIVE
1. Dumptruck
2. Wrong Side Of History
3. Give Em Hell
4. Windows Down!
5. Summertime Treat (Tasty Nasty)
6. The Flood
7. All My Friends
8. Fuck Up My High
9. Like A Baller
10. House Of Fuckery
Album Credits:
Produced by Josh Sobeck & Chad Nicefield
Recorded by Ryan Thomas at The Crofoot Ballroom
Edited by Chad Nicefield
Mixed by Josh Sobeck at Phoenix Productions
Mastered by Josh Sobeck at Phoenix Productions
Full Blast Fuckery – 2013 – New Damage/Wilson
Right To Rise – 2015 – Razor & Tie
Tasty Nasty – 2018 – Sony Red
WILSON Online:
https://www.facebook.com/wilsonparties/
https://www.instagram.com/wilsonparties/
https://twitter.com/wilsonparties
About WILSON: WILSON formed in Detroit in 2010 and played their final show at The Crofoot Ballroom in Pontiac, MI on December 28, 2019. The band's unique brand of in-your-face rock 'n' roll was influenced by hip-hop and all things '90s. WILSON featured Chad Nicefield (vocals), Jason Spencer (lead guitars), Kyle Landry (rhythm guitars), James Lascu (bass) and Matt Puhy (drums).
PreviousLuna In Sanguinem – Global Bloodbath [killer old school US death thrash ft. Num Skull members]
NextAndrei Poliakov "LA PROMENADE IN PARIS IN THE SUNSHINE" will be released on the 22nd of January
BLACK WATER RISING Return With New Single Paralyzed
Experimental Musician Billy Yfantis Releases Sci-Fi/Space Album "Entering the Solar System"
SIMON COLLINS ANNOUNCES RELEASE DATE FOR NEW ALBUM "BECOMING HUMAN" DUE SEPTEMBER 4, 2020
7d Media To Release King Crimson's The Discipline Era Transcriptions (score book)


text:
Brandt's visit to E. Germany keeps East-West dialogue alive
By Elizabeth Pond Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor
In a still uncertain time in East-West relations as well as Soviet-East European relations, Willy Brandt is helping to keep inter-German dialogue alive. At the same time he is keeping up his party's bid to be the special representative of Ostpolitik -- the ``East policy,'' or d'etente that Mr. Brandt introduced as West German chancellor in the early 1970s.
For the moment the longer-term effect is overshadowed by the sheer drama of Brandt's first meeting with Erich Honecker, the man whose spy toppled Brandt from the chancellery a decade ago. In a kind of belated amends, East German party and state chief Honecker gave Social Democrat Brandt the red-carpet welcome usually reserved for heads of government.
No throngs turned out for Brandt's Sept. 18 to 20 visit, of course. The authorities wanted no repetition of Brandt's trip to Erfurt in the early 1970s, when crowds of East Germans spontaneously chanted ``Wil-ly, Wil-ly'' for the West German leader. But there were well-wishers on the sidewalks of Weimar to applaud discreetly when Brandt appeared. There was elaborate hospitality, with an official guest house at Brandt's disposal. And there were five hours of conversation between Brandt and Honecker.
No, the West Germans told reporters, the subject of G"unter Guillaume -- the East German spy on chancellor Brandt's staff whose discovery precipitated Brandt's resignation in 1974 -- never came up. Nor, apparently, did the embarrassing current mass migration of East German spies from West Germany back to their country of origin.
What did come up were the kinds of things that West and East German leaders always talk about, whether the visiting politicians are Franz Josef Strauss from the right or Willy Brandt from the left.
These topics include above all the perennial Western request for freer travel between East and West Germany; West Germans would like to pay less head tax for every day they spend in East Germany, and they would like to see more East Germans under retirement age being allowed to visit the West. After their talks, Brandt told the press, he now expects the East Germans to loosen their travel restrictions somewhat.
Brandt and Honecker also discussed making a joint party proposal for a Central European zone free of tactical nuclear weapons, along the lines of the chemical weapons-free zone proposed a few months ago by their two parties.
For the East Germans the contact with the West German Social Democrats serves both as a lever on official policy in Bonn and as a kind of protective coloring (toward a sometimes suspicious Moscow) for continued inter-German contact. Pending the outcome of the Soviet-American summit in November, no German seems to be clear what policy toward Eastern Europe is actually going to prevail in the new Moscow leadership. Mixed signals have come from a hard-line Pravda article last June, preaching that there mus t not be major East European deviations from the Soviet model, and from the Soviet magazines Kommunist and New Times, which wrote more tolerantly in August.
Evidence of East Berlin's holding operation in inter-German relations include top news-media play to the visit to East Germany earlier this month by Bavarian leader Strauss; permission granted to a prospective 20,000 East Germans to emigrate to West Germany this year (half of last year's extraordinary number but well above the more normal 1983 figures); reduction in the numbers of Tamils who pour into West Berlin from the East Berlin airport seeking asylum; and flexibility in negotiations on a long-stal led cultural agreement, on the environment, and other issues.
From the Monitor archives: Joy in Berlin as the Wall falls
The Monitor's View A rare apology in the Middle East. Cherish it.
Germany marks 25 years of unity in the face of new challenges


Ants are considered to be common insects as we fairly see them everywhere may it be on our own homes or not. However, a post about an ant's bite has gone viral on social media as the bite gave a life-thre@tening allergic reaction to a married couple.
We learned that the post was from Krystyna Salting who shared her and her husband's experience after getting bit by an ant, which according to her is very common in the Philippines.
In her post, Krystyna shared how she and her husband easily dismissed the bite as they thought they got the allergic reaction from food.


Hello BAC Group, here is some information about our chat room here on the front page of the website. I hope you can take time to get used to the settings, I tell you I've still not sussed the video chat settings but I'll get there.
Bellow is a diagram of all the settings and I hope we get to chat soon and have a time of fellowship together and do a bible study.


Looking for an automatic coffee machine?
Automatic coffee machines give you more control than capsule coffee machines while still being super quick and easy. Most automatic coffee machines come with pre-programmed coffee recipes to make your favourite hot beverages, or you can pick your espresso length and strength along with milk. These machines have built it grinders, so all you have to do is add the beans and fill the milk up, and you are ready to go! Top of the line automatic coffee machines come with touch screen control so you can select your coffee with ease and automatic cleaning programs that make sure Come talk to one of our experts online or in store about finding the right automatic coffee machine for you.


text:
Black Jack Blues wins Carolina Cup steeplechase
Black Jack Blues led from start to finish in the Carolina Cup Steeplechase on Saturday.
With Ross Geraghty aboard, the 9-year-old gelding finished the 13-fence, 2 1/4-mile course in 4:06.80 on firm turf. Two-time stakes winner Country Cousin was more than six lengths back in second and All Together finished third.
''It couldn't have gone any better,'' Black Jack Blues trainer J.W. Delozier said. ''It looked like he jumped great. It was his first race of the season and this is his typical running style. I haven't had a chance to talk to Ross yet, but I couldn't have been any happier. It looked like everything went very smoothly. I wasn't sure if he was going to handle this ground, but he seemed to get across it just fine. He got the job done.''
Country Cousin stayed closed to Black Jack Blues for the first half of the race, and All Together pulled up alongside the leader with less than five jumps to go, but the winner never faltered.
''When that other horse came to him it was just the thing he needs to set the fire under him,'' Delozier said.
Black Jack Blues won his first two starts in the National Steeplechase Association without trailing as well.
The $50,000 Carolina Cup was one of five steeplechase races on a card which included one flat race.
Willie McCarthy was in the saddle when High Hope Stables' Baltic Shore won the day's co-feature, the $30,000 Woodward-Kirkover. Baltic Shore is trained in Camden by Arch Kingsley.
Jeff Murphy rode a pair of winners on the day, teaming with Randleston Farm's Duc De Savoie for a victory in the $25,000 Camden Plate before piloting Magalen O. Bryant's Quiet Flaine to the front of the $15,000 Sport of Queens Hurdle.
River Bend Stables' Dance Faster won the day's lone race over timber fences, the $20,000 C.P. and Edith Wills DuBoseCup. Darren Nagle was in the saddle for the victory.
The afternoon kicked off with Jubilee Stables' Wantan winning the 1 1/2-mile Kershaw Plate flat race. Camden resident Bernie Dalton was aboard the winner.


She wears a dress that she confidently flaunts, puts on her heels, beautifies her face and highlights those eyes that speak of her fearlessness, and she carry all her accessories with a charming grace.
She walks down the aisle, looks straight into the eyes of those men with whom her courage and self-esteem had been vying, passes a smile reflecting her satisfaction, takes a puff of cigar along with a glass of red wine.
There she is- celebrating her success. These moments mark her jubilation.
She overcame all those aspersions. She fought bravely against her demonic self and raised herself against the derogatory remarks.
She is victorious. She is celebrating her bravery. She stood fearless against anything that was intended to impede her progress.
She dreamt of standing at pinnacle of success and today, she is right there.
All because, she was fearless.


text:
Helminthosphaeria corticiorum är en svampart som beskrevs av Höhn. 1907. Helminthosphaeria corticiorum ingår i släktet Helminthosphaeria och familjen Helminthosphaeriaceae.  Arten är reproducerande i Sverige. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Sporsäcksvampar
corticiorum

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


At Oasis we are very proud of the relationships we have created with our customers. Below are What Our Customers Say about us! If you would like to add a review or testimonial, please visit our Review Us Page.
Fantastic pool service. Service Manager JP goes above and beyond to make sure everything is perfect. Service Tech James has given us great water all season. After a recent rain and me forgetting to cover the pool the water clouded up a bit but with one text JP and James had it looked after when they said they would and how they said they would. Our season is fairly short here and I really appreciate what these guys have done for us all season.
Purchased a hot tub and 15ft above ground pool from Oasis. Our sales rep. Roger was easy to deal with. He answered most our questions accurate and in a timely manner. His customer service skills are great. Install of the hot tub went great. The pool install had some issues but they quickly got corrected once they heard from me and my family. Brian offered the service of how to operate each purchase and gave me the knowledge to become comfortable in maintaining the hot tub and pool. Did have some issues with the A frame ladder so decided to build a deck around 1/4 of the pool and Roger was kind enough to provide us with new stairs and return the other set. Like every purchase it never goes 100% the way you want it to but at the end of the day we are very happy that we dealt with Roger and Oasis.
I want to formally thank the staff at Oasis for the service work recently completed on our hot tub. The repairs took a while due to some parts that required ordering, however I was kept up on what was going on by the staff involved.
At all times, whether on the phone or on site, the staff of Oasis were polite and professional. We used the tub tonight and all was repaired 100%. This type of service goes a long way to selling more product as we have no problem telling friends and family of our positive experience. Again thank you, and Merry Christmas to all your staff.
I wanted to say thank you to all the staff at Oasis for their efforts during our pool construction and for their on-going service commitment to ensure everything is completely operational. The construction team worked very hard during the build phase even through the adversity created by a cruel Manitoba summer storm. The service team definitely stepped up after the install to ensure complete customer satisfaction. This was definitely not the easiest pool install by any means and, although it took longer then expected for the initial build, I was extremely happy with the final result and my kids were ecstatic when we finally turned the key so they could swim.
The follow up service has been great and the team stepped up to help fix the damage caused by the spring flooding this year. The water lab and in-store folks are also a great pleasure to deal with, it makes me feel like part of the family when I am greeted by name each time I come to the store. Thank you all very much.
Jason, I want to thank you, JP, and Derek for all of your help. We had the new Oasis Spa installed last Saturday and are thrilled with it! As you know we replaced a two year old comparable spa from one of your competitors. For a very small increase in price we have a spa that is significantly superior. The finish, ergonomics, jets, and options on your spa are clearly better. Also, the cover and pumps on your unit are significantly better made than what they replaced. Your guys have been terrific to deal with and have looked after us extremely well.
I got a hottub from Oasis 8 years ago. I continue to get great help with water sampling and keeping my tub in good shape. They have been wonderful to do business with.
I wanted to let you know of the great experience I had at Oasis Leisure Centre. Your staff was most helpful and patience. I had a problem with my pool one morning and had plans of having 3 families coming over that afternoon. Your staff, along with Geoff Slotin, took the time to help me out and by that afternoon, I was able to entertain my friends.
I have since, told not just those three families but a friend who is seriously considering installing a pool how easy it is to deal with Oasis Leisure Centre, not just from getting the pool installed but the questions that first time pool owners have even after all is done.
Word of mouth is the best advertisement out there; I can honestly tell you without hesitation I will certainly recommend Oasis Leisure Center. Keep up the great work and customer service.
Glad to hear you can all come by to the pool party! We couldn't have done this without you guys!
I can't begin to tell you how much fun we have had in these few short weeks. If I haven't told you already, Tom was fabulous to work with. He went out of his way to make me happy. Good man! My kids loved Alex and Jared and they were good sources of entertainment, all while working hard. Lastly, Jason, he spent countless ,countless hours tweeking our plan over the winter and early spring. He also deserves credit for helping to design our pool house, without him, I'm not sure the folks who built it would have got it completely right. He needs to come admire a job well done! Nice touch on the website with the before and after thing! I think that is neat!
Now that everything is done (almost), we can finally relax and enjoy it! We truly love everything that we choose to do. Once everything is done with landscaping,furniture etc. Jason should really come out and take some more pictures.


text:
Tag Archive for: violence against women
You are here: Home / violence against women
Launch of EU Agency of Fundamental Rights (FRA) Violence Against Women: EU Wide Survey
March 5, 2014 /in Press Releases /by Comms
Rape Crisis Network Ireland (RCNI) Press Release
Launch of EU Agency of Fundamental Rights (FRA) Violence Against Women: an EU wide survey
RCNI, as the national Institute on Rape and Sexual violence and the lead national agency on data collection are delighted to be partnering with Safe Ireland, the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights and the National Women's Council of Ireland today to launch the 1st Europe wide prevalence study of domestic and sexual violence 'Violence against women: an EU wide survey.'
In light of these findings the RCNI calls on the Irish government to protect all funding to front line services and the vital support to those services which is the RCNI and Safe Ireland.
Fiona Neary, RCNI Director said, 'This survey confirms that sexual violence against women and girls is pervasive and pandemic across Europe with 8% of Irish women saying they had experienced sexual violence since the age of 15 as against the European average of 11%.
'Since 2009 core funding for rape crisis frontline services has been cut by 16.5% with further cuts confirmed for 2014. These cuts were to a sector that was already chronically under resourced and have been so unevenly distributed that in fact the Centre with the lowest funding was cut by over 30%. At the same time secondary sources of funding, such as public donations and programme grants have also been severely reduced or stopped.
'Ireland must continue to build on the work that has started – the on-going cuts to services and insecurity of national data collection programmes must be addressed by the state immediately, the challenge is to build on this foundation to work alongside the RCNI and the Rape Crisis sector to create the infrastructure and the cultural change that will prevent rape and sexual violence.'
'The research finds that women and girls in different countries have a wide variety of experiences. It is clear that prevalence studies on violence against women simultaneously measure not only prevalence but also, to a greater or lesser extent, a country's attitude towards talking about these crimes.
'In some EU Member States it remains a taboo to talk about sexual violence, especially sexual violence within the family. The majority of Irish women who had experienced sexual violence from a non partner who did not go to the police (48%) or any other services (66%) said this was because they would deal with it themselves or because the perpetrator was a friend or it was a family matter. Women named a very high level of fear of assault in our society (28% saying they feared assault in the past 12 months) with surprising numbers of women in work reporting harassment (55% of women experienced sexual harassment, 32% were harassed by a boss, colleague or customer).
'Without concerted intervention Ireland will remain a country where women feel they have no choice but to face sexual violence alone. Until our families, schools, health care and other institutions name sexual violence, we should not expect girls and women who are victimised to do so.'
'RCNI calls on the Irish government to respond to FRA conclusions, that adequately resourcing responses to victims and supporting systematic evidence generation is vital. The practice of passing the responsibility for this issue to limited remit agencies and departments resulting in gaps and missed opportunities must end. Whole of government action is needed to bring about credible long-term prevention work across all age groups in all statutory settings.
Cliona Saidlear
FRA, Violence Against Women: an EU wide survey, is available here http://fra.europa.eu/DVS/DVT/vaw.php
FRA findings on Sexual Violence Occurrence Ireland Average (%) EU Average (%)
Sexual violence by a partner or a non-partner since the age of 15 8 11
Sexual violence by a partner since the age of 15 6 7
Sexual violence by a non-partner since the age of 15 7 6
Number of perpetrators in the most serious incident of physical and/or sexual violence by a non-partner3 or more perpetrators
2 or more perpetrators
1 perpetrator 1012
Reasons for not contacting the police following the most serious incident of physical and/or sexual violence by a non-partner since the age of 15?Deal with it myself/involved a friend/family matter
Shame, embarrassment? 48
Experiencing any form of stalking since the age of 15
Experiencing stalking in the form of cyberstalking since the age of 15 12
Experiencing any form of sexual harassment:Since the age of 15
Six most severe forms*
In the past 12 months
Six most severe forms* 48
Worrying about being physically or sexually assaulted by any
perpetrator in the 12 months prior to the interviewBy someone from work, school or training
By a previous partner
By another acquaintance or a friend
By an unknown person 285
Avoiding places or situations for fear of being physically or sexually assaulted in the 12 months prior to the interviewAvoiding to leave the home on her own
Avoiding to be alone with a colleague or boss at workAvoiding to take certain streets or going to certain areas 69
* The six (out of total of 11) most severe forms of sexual harassment were considered: 1) Unwelcome touching, hugging or kissing, 2) Sexually suggestive comments or jokes that made you feel offended, 3) Somebody sending or showing you sexually explicit pictures, photos or gifts that made you feel offended, 4) Somebody indecently exposing themselves to you, 5) Somebody made you watch or look at pornographic material against your wishes, 6) Unwanted sexually explicit emails or SMS messages that offended you.
Copyright © 2012 European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
https://www.rcni.ie/wp-content/themes/rcni/images/rcni-logo-975.png 0 0 Comms https://www.rcni.ie/wp-content/themes/rcni/images/rcni-logo-975.png Comms2014-03-05 09:43:002014-03-05 09:42:44Launch of EU Agency of Fundamental Rights (FRA) Violence Against Women: EU Wide Survey
One in Three Women in Europe Experience Violence – Europe's Biggest Study
One in three – or 33% – of women in Europe say that they have experienced physical or sexual violence since the age of 15 by a partner or non-partner, according to the findings of Europe's biggest-ever study on violence against women carried out by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (EU FRA).
Over one in five – 22% – have experienced physical or sexual violence by a partner and 43% have experienced some form of psychological violence by either a current or former partner.
The shocking statistics reveal that women are being abused at home, at work, in public and on-line every day across the 28 EU member states. The full statistics, including initial comparisons for Ireland, will be revealed at a seminar hosted tomorrow (March 5th) by SAFE Ireland, the EU FRA, the National Women's Council of Ireland, and Rape Crisis Network Ireland (Mansion House, 10:15 am to 2 pm).
Patricia Prendiville, Irish Board member of the EU FRA, said: "The figures in this survey cannot and should not be ignored. Physical sexual and psychological violence against women is an extensive human rights abuse in all EU member states including Ireland."
The FRA survey on violence against women is based on face-to-face interviews with 42,000 women, including 1,500 Irish women, aged between 18 and 74. The women were interviewed in their own homes. The survey is the most comprehensive worldwide on women's experience of violence.
The survey also reveals that over half of all women (55%) have experienced some form of sexual harassment with one in three victims saying that the perpetrator was a boss, colleague or customer. One in three women – 33% – have childhood experiences of physical or sexual violence at the hands of an adult.
For more information contact: Edel Hackett, Tel: 087-2935207
https://www.rcni.ie/wp-content/themes/rcni/images/rcni-logo-975.png 0 0 Comms https://www.rcni.ie/wp-content/themes/rcni/images/rcni-logo-975.png Comms2014-03-05 09:36:212014-03-05 09:35:34One in Three Women in Europe Experience Violence – Europe's Biggest Study
RCNI Categories
RCNI Categories Select Category Blog Press Releases
RCNI Tags
age of consent aggression alcohol Beyonce charity child abuse Children consent domestic domestic violence female sexuality funding gender based violence Governance harrassment incest LGBT Minister James Reilly misandry misogyny mullen national women's council of ireland NUIG objectification Padraig McNeela pregnancy after rape rape Rape Crisis Network RCC Member Centres rcni reporting research safe ireland Senator Ronan Mullen sex sexual abuse sexuality sexual objectification sexual violence Statistics teenager terminaton Tusla victim blaming Violence


text:
Time Slips
Traveling through history by any means possible! Please be advised you will find "Spoiler" previews and reviews here
About Time Slips and the Royals
Something Wicked this way comes… Gerard DeJewel and Elizabeth Rivers
Books and Reviews!
Diana Gabaldon's Defense of Frank Randall
FamilyAncestry Surnames/Families list
Melusina's Story- A Royals link to Avalon
Musical inspiration
Outlander: Lallybroch
Royals cast of characters!
Royals Project Builds
Sims 4 Creations
The Men of White Towers!
The real Geillis Duncane, persecuted witch of Scotland
The WoodLyon Saga
Viking Saga: Judith's story
Vikings Saga Cast, Characters and reference information
Time Traveler's guide to Christmas: Pre-Christian roots
Music to accompany your holiday time travel journey: https://timeslipsblog.wordpress.com/2014/12/16/musical-inspiration-christmas-music/
History of Christmas in early England
Previous post: https://timeslipsblog.wordpress.com/2014/12/12/time-travelers-guide-to-christmas-part-one/
As I mentioned in the previous post, this next discussion will focus on earlier forms of celebrating Christmas. As we work through the history, you will find that many of the customs and traditions you follow now as Christmas celebrations are passed on from much earlier pre-Christian winter Solstice celebrations. Some of them are remnants of Roman traditions but the majority of them that we are most familiar with stem from ancient Germanic and Nordic beliefs and customs. As we saw in the previous post, the earliest Norse migration into northern Scotland and the later Saxon and Viking migrations into the southern portions of the British Isles infused the cultures there with those Germanic and Norse traditions. The earliest Romans also left their mark in some ways, but towards the end of their occupation of the land, they had become Christians and would eventually bring Christianity to the land.
Roman traditions and beliefs
The druids, the Celtic priestly caste who were believed to originate in Britain, were outlawed by Claudius, and in 61 they vainly defended their sacred groves from destruction by the Romans on the island of Mona (Anglesey). However, under Roman rule the Britons continued to worship native Celtic deities, such as Ancasta, but often conflated with their Roman equivalents, like Mars Rigonemetos at Nettleham.
The degree to which earlier native beliefs survived is difficult to gauge precisely. Certain European ritual traits such as the significance of the number 3, the importance of the head and of water sources such as springs remain in the archaeological record, but the differences in the votive offerings made at the baths at Bath, Somerset, before and after the Roman conquest suggest that continuity was only partial. Worship of the Roman emperor is widely recorded, especially at military sites. The founding of a Roman temple to Claudius at Camulodunum was one of the impositions that led to the revolt of Boudica. By the 3rd century, Pagans Hill Roman Temple in Somerset was able to exist peaceably and it did so into the 5th century.
Eastern cults such as Mithraism also grew in popularity towards the end of the occupation. The Temple of Mithras is one example of the popularity of mystery religions amongst the rich urban classes and temples to Mithras also exist in military contexts at Vindobala on Hadrian's Wall (the Rudchester Mithraeum) and at Segontium in Roman Wales (the Caernarfon Mithraeum).
Fourth century Chi-Rho fresco from Lullingstone Roman Villa, Kent, which contains the only known Christian paintings from the Roman era in Britain.
It is not clear when or how Christianity came to Britain. A 2nd-century "word square" has been discovered in Mamucium, the Roman settlement of Manchester. It consists of an anagram of PATER NOSTER carved on a piece of amphora. There has been discussion by academics whether the "word square" is actually a Christian artefact, but if it is, it is one of the earliest examples of early Christianity in Britain. The earliest confirmed written evidence for Christianity in Britain is a statement by Tertullian, c. 200 AD, in which he described "all the limits of the Spains, and the diverse nations of the Gauls, and the haunts of the Britons, inaccessible to the Romans, but subjugated to Christ". Archaeological evidence for Christian communities begins to appear in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Small timber churches are suggested at Lincoln and Silchester and baptismal fonts have been found at Icklingham and the Saxon Shore Fort at Richborough. The Icklingham font is made of lead, and visible in the British Museum. A Roman Christian graveyard exists at the same site in Icklingham. A possible Roman 4th century church and associated burial ground was also discovered at Butt Road on the south-west outskirts of Colchester during the construction of the new police station there, overlying an earlier pagan cemetery. The Water Newton Treasure is a hoard of Christian silver church plate from the early 4th century and the Roman villas at Lullingstone and Hinton St Mary contained Christian wall paintings and mosaics respectively. A large 4th century cemetery at Poundbury with its east-west oriented burials and lack of grave goods has been interpreted as an early Christian burial ground, although such burial rites were also becoming increasingly common in pagan contexts during the period.
The Church in Britain seems to have developed the customary diocesan system, as evidenced from the records of the Council of Arles in Gaul in 314: represented at the Council were bishops from thirty-five sees from Europe and North Africa, including three bishops from Britain, Eborius of York, Restitutus of London, and Adelphius, possibly a bishop of Lincoln. No other early sees are documented, and the material remains of early church structures are far to seek. The existence of a church in the forum courtyard of Lincoln and the martyrium of Saint Alban on the outskirts of Roman Verulamium are exceptional. Alban, the first British Christian martyr and by far the most prominent, is believed to have died in the early 4th century (although some date him in the middle 3rd century), followed by Saints Julius and Aaron of Isca Augusta. Christianity was legalised in the Roman Empire by Constantine I in 313. Theodosius I made Christianity the state religion of the empire in 391, and by the 5th century it was well established. One belief labelled a heresy by the church authorities — Pelagianism — was originated by a British monk teaching in Rome: Pelagius lived c. 354 to c. 420/440.
A letter found on a lead tablet in Bath, Somerset, datable to c. 363, had been widely publicised as documentary evidence regarding the state of Christianity in Britain during Roman times. According to its first translator, it was written in Wroxeter by a Christian man called Vinisius to a Christian woman called Nigra, and was claimed as the first epigraphic record of Christianity in Britain. However, this translation of the letter was apparently based on grave paleographical errors, and the text, in fact, has nothing to do with Christianity, and in fact relates to pagan rituals.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain#Religion_2
While this may not seem related to our discussion of early Christmas traditions, it is important to know some of the early history of the land in order to better understand how the various beliefs and traditions came to merge together and become what we observe and practice today. It is of course, extremely important to any time traveler who might find themselves in such an earlier time period either by choice… or as the result of any miscalculation or error in the time travel mechanism! While Crag na dun Time Travel has perfected it's travel, there is always the slight chance of malfunction resulting in a misplacement in time. In these rare cases, Crag na dun Travel will offer full refund and reimbursement upon your return. Please keep some receipt of travel to the time period as your proof of error on their part! Now, back to our discussion…
During the Roman occupation of the British Isles, they most likely left traces of their own midwinter celebrations. Their occupation of the area lasted for some time, from about 45Ad to the late 5th century. Over those centuries, they made the transition from paganism to Christianity but many still practices and observed their Pagan festivals even after turning to Christianity. One such festival was that of Saturnalia.
Saturnalia was an ancient Roman festival in honor of the deity Saturn, held on the 17th of December of the Julian calendar and later expanded with festivities through to the 23rd of December. The holiday was celebrated with a sacrifice at the Temple of Saturn, in the Roman Forum, and a public banquet, followed by private gift-giving, continual partying, and a carnival atmosphere that overturned Roman social norms: gambling was permitted, and masters provided table service for their slaves. The poet Catullus called it "the best of days."
In Roman mythology, Saturn was an agricultural deity who was said to have reigned over the world in the Golden Age, when humans enjoyed the spontaneous bounty of the earth without labor in a state of social egalitarianism. The revelries of Saturnalia were supposed to reflect the conditions of the lost mythical age, not all of them desirable. The Greek equivalent was the Kronia.
Although probably the best-known Roman holiday, Saturnalia as a whole is not described from beginning to end in any single ancient source. Modern understanding of the festival is pieced together from several accounts dealing with various aspects. The Saturnalia was the dramatic setting of the multivolume work of that name by Macrobius, a Latin writer from late antiquity who is the major source for information about the holiday. In one of the interpretations in Macrobius's work, Saturnalia is a festival of light leading to the winter solstice, with the abundant presence of candles symbolizing the quest for knowledge and truth. The renewal of light and the coming of the new year was celebrated in the later Roman Empire at the Dies Natalis of Sol Invictus, the "Birthday of the Unconquerable Sun," on December 25.
The popularity of Saturnalia continued into the third and fourth centuries AD, and as the Roman Empire came under Christian rule, some of its customs have influenced the seasonal celebrations surrounding Christmas and the New Year.
The poet Catullus describes Saturnalia as the best of days. It was a time of celebration, visits to friends, and gift-giving, particularly of wax candles (cerei), and earthenware figurines (sigillaria). The best part of the Saturnalia (for slaves) was the temporary reversal of roles. Masters served meals to their slaves who were permitted the unaccustomed luxuries of leisure and gambling. Clothing was relaxed and included the peaked woollen cap that symbolized the freed slave, which looks an awful lot like Santa Claus's peaked red hat . A member of the familia (family plus slaves) was appointed Saturnalicius princeps, roughly, Lord of Misrule.
So, the tradition of Saturnalia left us with gift giving, candles, Santa's red hat… and the Lord of Misrule!
In England, the Lord of Misrule — known in Scotland as the Abbot of Unreason and in France as the Prince des Sots — was an officer appointed by lot at Christmas to preside over the Feast of Fools. The Lord of Misrule was generally a peasant or sub-deacon appointed to be in charge of Christmas revelries, which often included drunkenness and wild partying, in the pagan tradition of Saturnalia.
The Church held a similar festival involving a Boy Bishop. This custom was abolished by Henry VIII in 1541, restored by the Catholic Queen Mary I and again abolished by Protestant Elizabeth I, though here and there it lingered on for some time longer.[1] On the Continent it was suppressed by the Council of Basle in 1431, but was revived in some places from time to time, even as late as the eighteenth century.
In the spirit of misrule, identified by the grinning masks in the corners, medieval floor tiles from the Derby Black Friary show a triumphant hunting hare mounted on a dog.
While mostly known as a British holiday custom, the appointment of a Lord of Misrule comes from antiquity. In ancient Rome, from the 17th to the 23rd of December, a Lord of Misrule was appointed for the feast of Saturnalia, in the guise of the good god Saturn. During this time the ordinary rules of life were subverted as masters served their slaves, and the offices of state were held by slaves. The Lord of Misrule presided over all of this, and had the power to command anyone to do anything during the holiday period. This holiday seems to be the precursor to the more modern holiday, and it carried over into the Christian era.
In the Tudor period the Lord of Misrule is mentioned a number of times by contemporary documents referring to both revels at court and among the ordinary people.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule
In addition to the already listed contributions, the Romans were also responsible for the eventual tradition and holiday of Boxing Day, which is celebrated throughout the British Isles.
The exact etymology of the term "boxing day" is unclear. There are several competing theories, none of which is definitive. The European tradition, which has long included giving money and other gifts to those who were needy and in service positions, has been dated to the Middle Ages, but the exact origin is unknown. It is believed to be in reference to the Alms Box placed in places of worship to collect donations to the poor. Also, it may come from a custom in the late Roman/early Christian era, wherein metal boxes placed outside churches were used to collect special offerings tied to the Feast of Saint Stephen, which in the Western Church falls on the same day as Boxing Day.
In Britain, it was a custom for tradespeople to collect "Christmas boxes" of money or presents on the first weekday after Christmas as thanks for good service throughout the year.This is mentioned in Samuel Pepys' diary entry for 19 December 1663. This custom is linked to an older English tradition: since they would have to wait on their masters on Christmas Day, the servants of the wealthy were allowed the next day to visit their families. The employers would give each servant a box to take home containing gifts and bonuses, and maybe sometimes leftover food.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day
Anglo-saxon period, traditions and beliefs
The Romans left the British Isles around the end of the 5th century and were replaced by the Angles/ Saxon invasion and migration into the area. They arrived during the 5th century and remained a dominant force until 1066 and William the Conqueror took over the land.
The Anglo-Saxons were a people who inhabited Great Britain from the 5th century. They included people from Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe, and their descendants; as well as indigenous British groups who adopted some aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture and language. The Anglo-Saxon period denotes the period of British history between about 450 and 1066, after their initial settlement, and up until the Norman conquest.
The Anglo-Saxon period includes the creation of an English nation, with many of the aspects that survive today including regional government of shires and hundreds; the re-establishment of Christianity; a flowering in literature and language; and the establishment of charters and law. The term Anglo-Saxon is also popularly used for the language, in scholarly use more usually called Old English, that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons in England and eastern Scotland between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century.
The history of the Anglo-Saxons is the history of a cultural identity, and how this developed from divergent groups, grew with the adoption of Christianity, was used in the establishment of various kingdoms, and, in the face of a threat from Danish settlers, re-established itself as one identity until after the Norman Conquest. The outward appearance of Anglo-Saxon culture can be seen in the material culture of buildings, dress styles, illuminated texts and grave goods. Behind the symbolic nature of these cultural emblems there are strong elements of tribal and lordship ties, and an elite that became kings who developed burhs, and saw themselves and their people in Biblical terms. Above all, as Helena Hamerow has observed, "local and extended kin groups remained…the essential unit of production throughout the Anglo-Saxon period".
Use of the term Anglo-Saxon assumes that the words Angles, Saxons or Anglo-Saxon have the same meaning in all the sources. Assigning ethnic labels such as "Anglo-Saxon" is fraught with difficulties, and the term itself only began to be used in the 8th century to distinguish "Germanic" groups in Britain from those on the continent. Catherine Hills summarised the views of many modern scholars that attitudes towards Anglo-Saxon and hence the interpretation of their culture and history has been "more contingent on contemporary political and religious theology as on any kind of evidence."
The history of the Saxons is far too in depth and extensive to delve into here and does not pertain all that much to our discussion of early Christmas traditions and beliefs. The most important thing to keep in mind and consider is that they were made of a variety of northern Germanic tribes. While some of these tribes were early converts to Christianity, many of them were not and brought with them their more Norse beliefs.
Many of the early Saxons had similar beliefs to the later Viking invaders, though as time passed they became the minority and were eventually over taken by those who had converted to Christianity.
For a more detailed and in depth look at these early Saxons, their struggle to hold on to their old ways and their eventual demise under the Christian influence, I would highly suggest you read this series of books by Octavia Randolph. I suggest here mainly because she deals with the early Saxon beliefs and how closely they were connected to the Norse/Vikings beliefs of the time. She also has excellent descriptions of some of their traditions and celebrations! It is a series of four books that tell a young woman's journey through the Viking conquests of early England and then her life in the northern lands of Danemark, and Gotland.
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/23123223-the-circle-of-ceridwen
In Circle of Ceridwen, Octavia Randolph discusses in great detail, the Saxon belief in Woden and it's close connection to the Viking belief in Odin.
Woden in Anglo-Saxon England
"If a West Saxon farmer in pagan times had walked out of his bury or ton above the Vale of Pewsey some autumn day, and looking up to the hills had caught sight of a bearded stranger seeming in long cloak larger than life as he stalked the skyline through the low cloud; and if they had met at the gallows by the cross-roads where a body still dangled; and if the farmer had noticed the old wanderer glancing up from under a shadowy hood or floppy brimmed hat with a gleam of recognition out of his one piercing eye as though acclaimed a more than ordinary interest, a positive interest, in the corpse;… and if all this had induced in the beholder a feeling of awe; then he would have been justified in believing that he was in the presence of Woden tramping the world of men over his own Wansdyke."
Anglo-Saxon polytheism reached Great Britain during the 5th and 6th centuries with the Anglo-Saxon migration, and persisted until the completion of the Christianization of England by the 8th or 9th century.
For the Anglo-Saxons, Woden was the psychopomp or carrier of the dead, but not necessarily with the same attributes as the Norse Odin. There has been some doubt as to whether the early English shared the Norse concepts of Valkyries and Valhalla. The Sermo Lupi ad Anglos refers to the wælcyrian "valkyries", but the term appears to have been a loan from Old Norse; in the text, it is used to mean "(human) sorceress".
The Christian writer of the Maxims found in the Exeter Book (341, 28) records the verse Wôden worhte weos, wuldor alwealda rûme roderas ("Woden wrought the (heathen) altars / the almighty Lord the wide heavens"). The name of such Wôdenes weohas (Saxon Wôdanes with, Norse Oðins ve) or sanctuaries to Woden survives in toponymy as Odinsvi, Wodeneswegs.
Royal genealogy
Woden listed as an ancestor of Ælfwald of East Anglia in the Textus Roffensis (12th century).
As the Christianisation of England took place, Woden was euhemerised as an important historical king and was believed to be the progenitor of numerous Anglo-Saxon royal houses.
Discussing the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, Bede, in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People (completed in or before 731) writes that:
The two first commanders are said to have been Hengist and Horsa … They were the sons of Victgilsus, whose father was Vecta, son of Woden; from whose stock the royal race of many provinces deduce their original.
The Historia Brittonum, composed around 830, presents a similar genealogy and additionally lists Woden as a descendent of Godwulf, who likewise in Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda is said to be an ancestor of "Vóden, whom we call Odin".
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, composed during the reign of Alfred the Great, Woden was the father of Wecta, Beldeg, Wihtgils and Wihtlaeg and was therefore an ancestor of the Kings of Wessex, Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. As in Bede's Ecclesiastical History, a history of early Anglo-Saxon migration to Britain incorporating Woden as an ancestor of Hengist and Horsa is given:
These men came from three tribes of Germany: from the Old Saxons, from the Angles, and from the Jutes … their commanders were two brothers, Hengest and Horsa, that were the sons of Wihtgils. Wihtgils was Witta's offspring, Witta Wecta's offspring, Wecta Woden's offspring. From that Woden originated all our royal family …
Descent from Woden appears to have been an important concept in Early Medieval England. According to N. J. Higham, claiming Woden as an ancestor had by the 8th century become an essential way to establish royal authority. Richard North (1997) similarly believes that "no king by the late seventh century could do without the status that descent from Woden entailed."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%8Dden
Pre-cursor to Santa Claus
The reason that Woden and Odin become important in our discussion of Christmas is that they are both considered pre-cursors to Father Christmas and Santa Claus!
Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern period, Woden persisted as a figure in folklore and folk religion, notably as the leader of the Wild Hunt found in English, German, Swiss, and Scandinavian traditions.
Woden is thought to be the precursor of the English Father Christmas, or Father Winter, and the American Santa Claus.
A celebrated late attestation of invocation of Wodan in Germany dates to 1593, in Mecklenburg, where the formula Wode, Hale dynem Rosse nun Voder "Wodan, fetch now food for your horse" was spoken over the last sheaf of the harvest. David Franck adds, that at the squires' mansions, when the rye is all cut, there is Wodel-beer served out to the mowers; no one weeds flax on a Wodenstag, lest Woden's horse should trample the seeds; from Christmas to Twelfth-day they will not spin, nor leave any flax on the distaff, and to the question why? they answer, Wode is galloping across. We are expressly told, this wild hunter Wode rides a white horse.
A custom in Schaumburg is reported by Jacob Grimm: the people go out to mow in parties of twelve, sixteen, or twenty scythes, but it is managed in such a manner that, on the last day of harvest, they are all finished at the same time, or some leave a strip that they can cut down at a stroke, or they merely pass their scythes over the stubble, pretending that there is still some left to mow. At the last strokes of their scythes, they raise their implements aloft, plant them upright, and beat the blades three times with their strops. Each spills on the field a little of his drink—whether beer, brandy, or milk—then drinks it himself, while they wave their hats, beat their scythes three times, and cry aloud Wôld, Wôld, Wôld!. The women knock all of the crumbs out of their baskets onto the stubble. They march home shouting and singing. If the ceremony was omitted, the hay and corn crops would be bad in the following year. The first verse of the song is quoted by Grimm,
"Wôld, Wôld, Wôld!
Hävens wei wat schüt,
jümm hei dal van Häven süt.
Vulle Kruken un Sangen hät hei,
upen Holte wässt manigerlei:
hei is nig barn un wert nig old.
Wôld, Wôld, Wôld! "
Heaven's giant knows what happens,
He, looking down from heaven,
Providing full jugs and sheaves.
Many a plant grows in the woods.
He is not born and grows not old.
As the Saxons became Christians, their beliefs in the old Gods and old ways were considered Pagan by the Church. It was a constant struggle for the Church to eliminate the Pagan beliefs and traditions so they began to incorporate the Pagan beliefs into their preaching as a way to draw the people in. This took place from the beginnings of the Church as an organized powerful and political force. No matter how they tried though, they were unable to get people to give up many of their long held traditions and celebrations of the mid-winter Solstice. Their earliest means of incorporating the mid-winter Solstice was to set the birth of Jesus at the same time, referring to him and the event as the "Sun of Righteousness".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas
The Saxons became Christians and the lower portions of the British Isles were settled into small separate kingdoms and territories ruled by newly Christian overlords who fought amongst themselves for power and control but generally followed the laws of the Church, which held most of the power at the time. If they still practiced or observed Pagan traditions, they did it privately.
The arrival of the Norse Vikings brought back old ways, beliefs and traditions.
It is important to note here that the Saxon migration, as well as the later Viking migration only applies to the lower portion of the British Isles. Scotland was not really involved in this restructuring of the land and was dealing with it's own changing dynamics. As I have previously mentioned, there was already a Norse migration and influence on the Northern portions of Scotland, the Church was also making it's way into converting the Scottish lands, and there was what might be considered as a form of genocide of the remaining Druids and Picts of the areas. Little remains of either culture to determine what their traditions or beliefs might have entailed. what we can note here is that the inhabitants of the Highland areas had a clan or tribal system that might be similar to those of Germanic or Norse tribal or clan systems.
For a better feel and sense of what was taking place in the northern areas of Scotland during these early times, I would suggest reading
For our purposes, we are focusing on the beliefs and traditions that we can more easily trace back to their original roots.
Maggie Griggs makes the trip back in time in Veil of Time by Claire R. McDougall.
A compelling tale of two Scotlands-one modern, one ancient-and the woman who parts the veil between them.
The medication that treats Maggie's seizures leaves her in a haze, but it can't dull her grief at losing her daughter to the same condition. With her marriage dissolved and her son away at school, Maggie retreats to a cottage below the ruins of Dunadd, once the royal seat of Scotland. But is it fantasy or reality when she awakens in a bustling village within the massive walls of eighth-century Dunadd? In a time and place so strange yet somehow familiar, Maggie is drawn to the striking, somber Fergus, brother of the king and father of Illa, who bears a keen resemblance to Maggie's late daughter. With each dreamlike journey to the past, Maggie grows closer to Fergus and embraces the possibility of staying in this Dunadd. But with present-day demands calling her back, can Maggie leave behind the Scottish prince who dubs her mo chridhe, my heart?
https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/18144050-veil-of-time
Now, while the area of Dunnad and Kilmartin are filled with ancient Stone circles and Standing Stones, Maggie did not make use of them for her trip through time. They were an integral part or mechanism for her travel though as she had not experienced the time travel previously to her visit to Dunadd as an adult. Also, the Druidess priestess and others she met in the past seemed to feel that the Stones were responsible for her travel as well as for any number of other events. Maggie was suffering from a number of traumatic events in life and decided to spend some time by herself in an isolated cottage at the base of the Dunnad hill fort. She is working on her doctoral thesis- on the history of Witchcraft in Scotland and trying to finish it before facing a life altering and possible mind altering major operation to cure her of her epileptic seizures. It seems that the combination of the seizures and what ever mystical properties might be at this area are initially the trigger to send her back through time to the year 735 when Dunnad was at the height of it's importance in history.
The book gives a very good description and visualization of Mid-winter solstice celebrations as they might have taken place during that time! It also references the Druidic influences and Pict representation in that area and time.
https://timeslipsblog.wordpress.com/?s=veil+of+time
In our next segment, we will explore what happens when the Saxons of England face their past and their future with the arrival of the Norse Vikings who bring with them the old beliefs and traditions once more.
Settled Christian Saxons face their past and their future with arrival of Vikings
King Ecgbert of Wessex
This entry was posted on December 13, 2014, in Ancient British history, ancient Norse, Ancient Romans, Ancient Rome, Ancient Scotland, Boxing Day, Christmas traditions and beliefs, Circle of Ceridwen by Octavia Randolph, Eleanor's journal entries, Father Christmas, historical facts, Historical fantasy fiction, history, history of Christmas, King Ecbert of Wessex, King of Misrule, Norse yule traditions, Odin, Pagan holidays, Picts, Pre-cursor to Santa Claus, Saturnalia, Saxon beliefs, story telling, Time Slips, Time travel, Veil of Time by Claire R. McDougall, Viking era Denmark, Vikings the History channel, Winter Solstice, Woden, yule and tagged ancient Norse, Ancient Romans, ancient Scotland, books and reviews, Boxing Day, Circle of Ceridwen by Octavia Randolph, Eleanor's journal, fantasy, fiction, history, history of Christmas, King of Misrule, Norse migrations, Odin, Saturnalia, Saxon history and beliefs, timeslips, Veil of Time by Claire R. McDougall, Vikings, Vikings history channel, Woden.	1 Comment
judywork1957
Welcome to my personal historical fantasy corner of the world! Within this realm you will find historical facts, fiction and fantasy from the ancient to the present time. You will find Romans, Celts, Saxons, Vikings, Scottish and English. You will find books, movies and television programs related to all of that history... And, you will also find "Spoiler" previews, reviews on various programs and books- Please take heed of this spoiler message!
(no title) June 30, 2019
Vikings Aftermath on Facebook
judywork1957 on From Maryland to Illinois; Dec…
Sarah A. Collins on From Maryland to Illinois; Dec…
allisonlewisphotogra… on Horik and Ragnar, part of the…
Terri Cross on Family history because our liv…
Tammy Harrison on Family history because our liv…
My favorite poses for sims3! It's almost impossible to do the illustrations for my story telling without the use of pose player for sims3. This excellent creator does wondeful work and I trust her creations completely!
Medievalists.net Where the middle ages begin Everything you want to know or didn't realize you wanted to know about the medieval ages!
Little Flecks of Inspiration A great writer's blog!!!
Vanderburg Squared A wonderful sims3 story blog!
Elizabeth Chadwick: Living the History Official website for Elizabeth Chadwick, award winning historical author!
Of Kings and Castles – The Kingdom of Castle Keep A fantastic sims3 medieval legacy story!
Sisters of the Bruce J.M. Harvey's wordpress blog for the Sisters of the Bruce!
Blue Bells Trilogy Wow! I just happened to stumble across this site and this time travel trilogy, now I must put them on my to read list!
Scottish Gaelic An interesting and helpful site for some Gaelic words and prayers!
Bill's Sims Creations Bil Sim is a talented sims creator as well as an all around great guy! Check out his work!
Simpy Ruthless Ruthless is an excellent sims3 builder and you can view her work here! She is an amazing builder of all things Victorian!
Simatography is a supportive community with a special interest in movie making (machinima) and photography (simtography). We encourage the sharing and celebration of creativity at all skill levels. We are not here to judge or to criticize. We are here to have fun, to
Diana Gabaldon's Outlander Series Author Diana Gabaldon's website for Outlander series
My pinterest page My personal pinterest page includes Ancient Scotland, Scotland, Medieval Castles, Outlander, Time Slips
My Sims 4 Blog List and links to availbe custom content for Sims 4
Bear McCreary official site official website for musician, Bear McCreary
Sarah Woodbury, Romance and fantasy in medieval Wales Author Sarah Woodbury's website
Medieval Cookery Medieval recipes, menus, herbs, spice and information
The Wino That I know Wine reviews
BBC- Food Recipes Cooking and recipes
Traditional Scottish Recipes
Ladies of Lallybroch Fan site for fans of Diana Gabaldon's work
Outlander Dreams It's an Outlander Dreams Blog Party!
Fauxlander.com One of the most creative, original and funny Outlander blogs I've seen so far!
Medieval Histories news and information about medieval age
Thor News ThorNews Supplier of Norwegian culture!
Berkeley Bowl Marketplace, Berkeley California Excellent grocery experience in the Bay Area!
Design and decor inspiration
Tour of Manor homes Photo album of inspiration photos used for design and decor of White Towers Manor
My medieval castle pictures on pinterest A collection of various real castles and places I use for inspiration!
Healthy living and nutrition
East Bay Advocare healthy living and nutrition
AdvoCare My daughter has spent the past year or so making some amazing changes in her life and some of them have been with the assistance of this healthy living and nutrition system
historical cooking
History Extra- Official website for BBC History Magazine BBC History Magazine
BBC Last Kingdom official site official website for Last Kingdom series on BBC
history/books
Vikings Afertmath on facebook Vikings history channel community group on facebook
Alison Weir official web site One of my favorite historical authors!
My Good Reads Page Books, Books and more Books to come!
Philippa Gregory Official website Really, No explanation should be needed! This author has made history fun and interesting for us!
Hundred Year's War Historical research and information references for Story background
Jacquetta of Luxembourg Historical research and information references for Story background
House of York Historical research and information references for Story background
House of Lancaster Historical research and information references for Story background
Henry VIII of England Historical research and information references for Story background
J.M. Harvey's website Website for J.M. Harvey and Sisters of the Bruce
Starz Outlander official page Starz official page for Outlander series
Outlander Kitchen Historical and Character-Inspired Recipes from the fictional world of Diana Gabaldon!
Blackmore's Night Some excellent medieval themed Music inspiration!
Sims 4 links
Sims3 links
The Simmers Society A sims3 community for everyone interested in Sims3!
The Royals Project at Simmers Society Royals Project background information and details thread at Simmers Society
Royals Project on Sims 3 site Royals project thread on EA's official Sims3 site
Original Royals Photo Album on Facebook Photo album for the original Royals Castle project on facebook
Nell's Glen photo album Photo album for Nell's Glen project
White towers project, A sims3 build project White Towers Manor- An English Manor home where Lady Eleanor is currently residing with a houseful of guests!
My sims3 creations You can find all of my builds and sims here available for download!
Woodlyon Keep Photos, details and information for Woodlyon keep build on Sims3 site
ThumbsUpWine- YouTube Video wine information and reviews
Eleanor's journal entries
18th century Scottish weapons
A leaf on the Wind of All Hallows
Aalborg Denmark
Aethelwulf in history
Aethelwulf of Vikings saga
ancestry dna
Ancient British history
ancient medicinal uses of urine
ancient Norse
Ancient Scotland
Arlene Radasky
Aslaug of Vikings saga
Athelstan of vikings saga
Athelstan vikings saga
Atholl Brose
baby alfred of vikings saga
baby siggy of vikings saga
Banner of St. Denis
Baron of St. Amand
Battle of Ellendun
BBC Last Kingdom
Beauchamp genealogy
Bebbanburg and Bamburgh Castle
Belinda Apps
Berkeley Bowl Marketplace
Bjorn Ironside
Bjorn Lothbrok
Bjorn of Vikings history channel
Black Jack Randall
black jack weapons
books and reviews
Brahan Seer of Scotland
Brahan Seer's Fraser prophecy
Brenda Blonde
Caboc Cheese
Caledonian Club of San Francisco
Callinish Stones
Carol McGrath author
Carolingian empire and dynasty
Castlerigg Stone Circle
celtic and norse music
Celtic Blood Vows
Cerdic of Wessex
Charlamagne
Charlamagne and the Saxon wars
Charles III France
Charles the Fat
Charles the Simple
Christmas traditions and beliefs
christmas tree history
Cimbri tribe
Circle of Ceridwen by Octavia Randolph
Claire Randall
Clan Macleod
Clava Cairns near Inverness
Clive Standen as Rollo
Comte St Germain
Count Odo of France
creator of Vikings on history channel
Crowdie Cheese
Danish monarchy
DeSenlis history and genealogy
Diana Gabaldon's Defense of Frank Randall
Dougal MacKenzie
Druid Dancing and Calling
Druidism
Duncan LaCroix as Murtagh Fitzgibbons
Dunnad Scotland
Dunvegan Castle
Dwarfism inherited
Earl Haraldson
Earl Haraldson Vikings Saga
Early American Folk Music
Edith of Wessex
Egyptian connection to Scotland
Elizabeth Chadwick author
Empress Helena
Eric Northman
Fairie pools
Fairies in Celtic tales
Fausta and Crispus
Fauxlander.com
Floki in history
Floki Vikings Saga
Frank Randall
Freyja and Folkvangr
Ganger-Hrólf
Geillis Duncane persecuted witch
Gillian Edgars
Gisela of France
Gisla of Vikings saga
Goats R Us
Grant ORourke as Rupert MacKenzie
Guide to gemstones and crystals
Gustaf Skarsgard
Guthrum
Guthrum of Last Kingdom
Harbard of vikings saga
Helen Hollick
Helga of Vikings saga
Hengist and Horsa
Highland Gatherings
Himmerland
Historical fantasy fiction
Eleanor's journal entries
History and legends of Roland
history of Anglo-Saxon embroidery
history of Anglo-Saxon women
history of Denmark
history of Fancia
history of Germany
History of Hedeby
history of Iceland
history of kingship
history of Normandy
history of Paris
history of Trier Germany
history of Wessex
History of wine in Germany
House of Plantagenet
I am the Chosen King
Illinois history
Jacobite risings
Jamie Fraser
Jarl Borg and his first wife
Jessalyn gilsig
John Kavenagh as the Seer
Judith in history
Judith of Lens
Judith of Vikings saga
Justin Pollard historian
Kalf of Vikings saga
Kattegat village
Khalil Gibran on friendship
King Aella
King Aelle of vikings saga
King Arthur theories
King ecbert of vikings saga
King Ecbert of Wessex
King Horik of vikings saga
King of Misrule
Lady Judith of Vikings saga
Lagertha in Viking history
Lagertha of Vikings saga
Last of the Mohicans
Laura Vosika author
Leaf on the Wind of all Hallows
legend and folklore
Leif Erikson
Lindesfarne
Lindesfarne Gospels
Lindholm Høje
Llywelyn ap Gruffud
Lost Dreams by Jayne Stone
Lothbrok family
Lotte Verbeek as Giulia Farnese
Lottie Verbeek as Geillis Duncan
Master Raymond
Medieval cooking
medieval dress
Medieval France
Melisande Robicheaux
Michael Hirst
Michael Hirst Vikings Saga Creator
Michael Hirt Vikings creator
Mrs. Graham of Outlander
Mrs. Graham outlander
mushrooms as food of the Gods
National Road
Norse history
Norse mythology and religion
Norse Sagas
Norse yule traditions
Northampton Castle
Odda the Elder
Odda the younger
Opus Anglicanum
Outlander Both sides
Outlander Cast
Outlander Dragonfly in Amber
Outlander Dreams Blog Party
Outlander Lallybroch
Outlander St Kilda's kirk
Outlander the book
Outlander wedding
Outlander-Duke of Sandringham
Outlander/Garrison Commander
Outlanderkitchen
Outlanderkitchen.com
Outlandish Companion
Owen family history
Pagan holidays
Patricia Bracewell author
Pennsylvania Dutch
Percy Wainright Beauchamp
Picts and Roman conquest
Porunn of Vikings Saga
Porunn's fate
Prentis Hancock as uncle Lam
Princes of the Tower
Princess Kwenthrith
Queen Eadburh
Quentin Lambert Beauchamp
Ragnar of Vikings history channel
Rhenish/Rhine Wine
Right to Rule
Roger Wakefield
Rognvald Eysteinsson
Roland of Vikings saga
Rollo in history
Rollo in Scotland
Rollo Lodbrok
Rollo of history
Rollo of vikings saga
Rollo Vikings Saga
Rollo's descendants
Romans and saxons in Britain
Romans in Britain
Romans in Francia and Gaul
San Diego Comi-Con
Sarah Woodbury
Saxon beliefs
Saxon history
Saxon Wars
Saxons and Jutes
Scotland's vote
Scots Rarebit
Scottish Clan map
Scottish Nationalist Party in 1960's
Seer's prophecies
Seiðr
shared dreams
Sheperd's Pie
Shield Maidens
Shieldmaidens
Shinty
Sigfred of viking history
Siggy of Vikings saga
Siggy Vikings Saga
Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye
Simon Callow
Simon De Senlis I
Sims 4 custom content
Sims World TV
sims3 building
Sims3 store items
Sims4 creations
Standing Stones in Denmark and Sweden
Standing Stones of Orkney
Stephen Walters as Angus Mhor
Still room
Stone Cricles
Stone of Scone
Stone Ship sites in Scandinavia
Tales of Ragnar Lodbrok's sons
The Fox by Arlene Radasky
The Last Kingdom BBC production
The Last Kingdom by Bernard Cornwell
The Last Kingdom series
The Wicked Man
The Winter Mantle by Elizabeth Chadwick
Thomas the rhymer
Tobias Menzies
Tomnahurich Hill
Torstein's injury and fate
Torvi of vikings saga
Travel planning for Scotland and England
traveling Scotland and England
Travis Fimmel as Ragnor Lodbrok
Uhtred of Bebbanburg
Uhtred the Bold
Up Helly Aa
Urine therepy
Veil of Time by Claire R. McDougall
Viking and Anglo-Saxon sewing
Viking attacks on Paris
Viking era Denmark
Viking Reborn
Viking Saga
Viking sieges on Paris
Vikings at Comi-con
Vikings Breaking Point
Vikings cast and characters
Vikings deleted scene
vikings deleted scenes
Vikings finale: Dead
Vikings in Iceland
Vikings in northern Germany
Vikings in Trier
Vikings Paris
Vikings Reborn: Judith's story
vikings renewed
Vikings Saga
Vikings saga Torvi
Vikings saga: Floki
Vikings scarred: Death at the party
Vikings Scarred: death of siggy
Vikings Scarred: Kwentirith's cure
Vikings season 1 and 2 recap scenes
Vikings season 1 episode 4: Trial
Vikings season 1 Raid
Vikings season 2 finale
Vikings season 3 mercenary part two
Vikings season 3 preview
Vikings season 4
Vikings season 4 Good Treasons
Vikings Season 4 Initial thoughts
Vikings season 4 To kill a queen
Vikings season3 episode1
Vikings season3 Wanderer
Vikings the History channel
Vikings Thryi's wedding
Vikings Torstein tribut
Vikings Usurper: Bjorn's Destiny
Vikings Usurper: Rollo's agony
Vikings Warrior's fate
Vikings: Dead
Vikings: Gates of Paris
Vikings: To the Gates
Vkings Saga
Vkings Saga: Dispossessed
Waltheof of Northumbria
Water Compass
Welsh Quakers
Whelsh Rarebit
White Witch of Rose Hall
Why did Claire stay with Jamie
William the Conquerer
William Wallace
Wilton Abbey
Witches of Eastwick
wool making
Workman family history
Written in My Own Heart's Blood
young Bjorn of Vikings Saga