Network Backup is available in v7. By default, you can make a backup of the objects for two types of Windows networks - Microsoft Windows Terminal Server and Microsoft Windows Network.
Microsoft Windows Terminal Server (presented in Microsoft Windows Server) provides computer's resources (memory, disk space) for various tasks. Technically, the terminal server is a very powerful computer (or cluster) connected on a network with terminal clients (for remote maintenance via user desktops).
Backup of Microsoft Windows Network is a built-in Windows network-based connection to the necessary objects.
1. Select the Backup task in New Task Wizard.
2. Select Network option in the Local or network drive group on Step 2 of the New Task Wizard.
Click on it to add Network to backup set.
4. Select backup destination and set up other parameters.


text:
A productive conference in South Africa
Here is the after-action report on the "1st International Conference on Military Law in South Africa" conducted this week by the South African National Defence Force:
The 1st International Conference on Military Law in South Africa, hosted by the South African National Defence Force and the Defence Legal Services Division over the period 31 October to 4 November 2016 at the CSIR International Convention Centre in Pretoria, has concluded.
The conference theme ("Contemporary Military Law") was explored with sub-themes relating to International Military Law, Human Rights Law, Operational Law and the Administration of Military Justice. The objectives of the conference - to raise public awareness of the importance of Military Law in a democracy and to stimulate interest in academic research in this specialised field of Public Law to strengthen the development of South African Military Law – were successfully met with a number of international and local academics and military professionals presenting research papers regarding the conference theme.
With delegates and presenters arriving for accreditation on Monday, 31 October 2016, the conference was officially opened on Tuesday, 1 November 2016 by Gen Solly Shoke (the Chief of the South African National Defence Force), who in his address welcomed the opportunity provided by the conference for South African military lawyers to benchmark local approaches with that of other armed forces, and expressing the wish that the conference would also provide a basis for evaluating whether any amendments to military- and other legislation may be necessary to empower commanders to instil and maintain military discipline.
Justice Sandile Ngcobo (retired Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court) delivered a thought-provoking keynote address analysing South African and international legal developments relating to the institutional independence of military courts, and concluded by outlining a template which may be used to evaluate the institutional independence of South African military courts to ensure the impartiality of its military judges.
The rest of the first day (under the sub-theme International Military Law) unpacked issues relating to the permissible and legal use of armed force by States, and the legal rules governing soldiers during such armed conflicts. Professor Sascha-Dominik Bachmann of Bournemouth University in the United Kingdom presented a paper setting out the implications of so-called "hybrid war" and the offensive and defensive use of "lawfare" (the use of litigation for political purposes aimed at impacting a State's military operations). Mr Joel Block of the University of the Witwatersrand examined Israel's automated Iron Dome Missile Defence System to illustrate issues regarding the uncertain legality of automated systems for aerial defence against missile and rocket attacks and how certain design choices may be utilised to increase both military efficiency and legality by States using, or intending to use, such systems. Mr Mark Maxwell (Deputy Legal Counsel to the United States' Africa Command) delivered a paper unpacking how linguistic imprecision in the use of the term "self-defence" may obscure the legal requirements for its use by States and soldiers in a multitude of different scenarios, and proposed alternative precise terminology to ensure that military force is used legally in these different operational situations.
Colonel Pieter Brits (Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Military Science of Stellenbosch University) examined the disparate legal regimes regulating the conduct of soldiers in international and non-international armed conflicts under the Gevena Conventions and its Protocols, and argued the case for uniform rules in such conflicts to both enhance protection for victims and clearly direct the conduct of military operations under International Humanitarian Law. The day concluded with a panel discussion (led by Ms Adama Ndao – the Acting Chief of the Conduct and Discipline Unit at the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo) regarding the regulation, combatting and prevention of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by peacekeepers during United Nations Peace Support Operations.
On Wednesday, 2 November 2016 Major Vukile Sibiya (lecturer at the Faculty of Military Science of Stellenbosch University) discussed the implications of the Implementation of the Geneva Conventions Act, 2012 for South African soldiers and their commanders in both international and non-international armed conflicts. Doctor Tobie Beukes (Senior Researcher at the Centre for Military Studies of the Faculty of Military Science of Stellenbosch University) examined the present status of private military security companies under International Law. Captain Gary Muller of the Defence Legal Services Division critically assessed the legality of the United States' Strategic Defence Initiative ("Star Wars" program) to determine whether this anti-ballistic missile system complied with the provisions of the Outer Space Treaty, 1967.
The Operational Law sub-theme saw a joint presentation by Professors Louise Jordaan and Nina Mollema (both of the University of South Africa) examining the role of the military in combating human trafficking, whilst Mr Andre Smit of the Office of the Chief State Law Advisor (International Law) assessed the powers of the South African National Defence Force to enforce South African Law at sea.
The Human Rights sub-theme included a presentation by Brigadier General (Doctor) Eric Mnisi (Defence Legal Services Division) wherein he critically reflected on the correctness and implications of the Constitutional Court's decision in 1999 to interpret the Constitution as affording soldiers the right to form and belong to trade unions, and called for a reassessment of this position by possible legislative amendment to address what he regarded to be the adverse impact of unionised soldiers on military discipline in the South African National Defence Force. Prof Paul Wambua of the Nairobi University School of Law concluded the Human Rights session by reflecting on the lessons to be learnt by the Kenyan and Ugandan armed forces from the manner in which the South African National Defence Force accommodates lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual and intersex soldiers.
The Administration of Military Justice sub-them commenced with a presentation by Major General Blaise Cathcart, the Judge Advocate General of the Canadian Armed Forces wherein he outlined the features of the Canadian military justice system, where after Major Keith Reichert, the Assistant Chief of Staff (Strategic) on Major General Cathcart's staff, reported on the Court Martial Comprehensive Review process presently being conducted to evaluate whether any revision of the Canadian military justice system is required to enhance its effectiveness or legality. Lieutenant Colonel (Doctor) Michelle Nel (Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Military Science of Stellenbosch University) presented a paper identifying what she perceived as the stagnation of Military Law despite a fundamental change in the nature and role of the South African National Defence Force after 1994 and calling for a broadening of the definition and scope of Military Law and its development by means of research and a sustained legal-academic discourse regarding its principles. The second conference day concluded with a panel discussion regarding cyber warfare led by Doctor Joey Janse van Vuuren (CSIR), Mr Sarel Robertse (Department of Justice) and Brigadier General S. Shezi (Defence Intelligence).
The Administration of Military Justice sub-theme was concluded on Thursday, 3 November 2016 with a number of topical presentations. Doctor Ronald Naluwairo, the acting Deputy Principal of the Makerere University School of Law in Uganda, analysed the historical foundation and development of Uganda's military justice system and the manner in which human rights are protected therein, concluding that most reforms have been cosmetic and have not gone far enough to entrench protection of human rights in the Ugandan armed forces. Professor Aifheli Tshivhase, Associate Professor and Head of Department (Criminal and Procedural Law) at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University considered the uncertain place of South African Military Courts in the hierarchy of courts in order to determine the appropriate yardstick by which to measure their institutional independence and thus determine the level of remuneration required to ensure that South African military judges have sufficient financial security (as one of the indicators of institutional independence).
Captain Dingaan Mathebula (Defence Legal Services Division) conducted a case law analysis to consider the manner in which South African military courts determine whether pre-trial irregularities result in actual and substantial prejudice to military accused. Lieutenant Colonel Rikus Slabbert (the Officer in Charge of the Defence Legal Services' School of Military Justice) provided an overview of the role of the School of Military Justice, where after Brigadier General Reuben Mbangatha presented an overview of the evolution and development of the South African Military Justice System from 1910 to present day. Brigadier General Thipe Matjila (Defence Legal Services) concluded the presentations with an overview of the status of, and progress with, the Military Discipline Bill which (once promulgated into law by Parliament) will further reform South African Law by adding to the revisions introduced in 1999 (when a new system of military justice was introduced to align it with the provisions of the Constitution, 1996).
Upon conclusion of the presentations, Lieutenant General Vusumuzi Masondo (Chief of Staff of the South African National Defence Force) closed the proceedings by providing an overview of some of the highlights of the week, reflecting on certain gains for the South African Military Justice project and thanking the delegates and participants for their contributions.
The conference concluded with a Gala Dinner at the CSIR International Convention Centre, and an informal excursion to interesting and historic sites around Johannesburg and Soweto on Friday, 4 November 2016.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
What Fink Thinks
by mattfinkel42
Cuse Welcomes Duke to the Carrier Dome
Tomorrow begins what should be a great tradition… an annual (if not bi-annual) Duke vs. Syracuse game. Coach K vs Coach Boeheim at the largest on-campus arena in the country. It's going to be electric. Syracuse is undefeated which only adds to the drama if I know anything about big games at the Dome – it's that the LOUD HOUSE is going to live up to its name tomorrow.
There will be a record crowd at the game, breaking the mark for largest attendance at an on-campus venue already held by Syracuse. Every time I watch a game at the Dome, I wish I was there – even those early season non-conference games. Tomorrow is going to take that feeling to another level. The buzz on campus is infectious and I know exactly how everyone in the 315 currently feels – ripe with anticipation.
#BeatDuke signs are everywhere, including on the Campus Connection buses. Tomorrow is one of the days that makes Syracuse the only place you want to be, even though it's the dead of winter. I wasn't thrilled about leaving the Big East but playing Duke every year is without a doubt the best part about joining the ACC. The storied histories of both coaches and programs will yield a great game every year and both teams desperately want to take the inaugural match-up of this new rivalry.
I love the way that Cuse has played all season… I think we will #BeatDuke and improve to 21-0. That would be our best start in program history. It's going to be a very tough game played with a lot of intensity but our crowd and consistent play should will us to victory. No matter the outcome, the scene at the Carrier Dome will make me very proud to be a S-U fan.
← ESPN Recaps the NFL Season in 160 Seconds
Reliving Super Bowl XLVI →
Mets are in the hunt for a playoff spot
Mets take 11-game winning streak to the Bronx
Brady, Belichick claim 4th Super Bowl
Giants Off to another Slow Start
Chris Pratt Raps Forgot About Dre


text:
Q: "Toast" a message via TimerTask I found some info about how to access the context from the subclass and also some info about
runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
  public void run() {
    // Do something
  }
});

But in my case it does not work. The application is still running, but the activity is maybe already destroyed. The first (main) activity is the parent activity of the one where my TimerTask is created. My code:
TimerTask tt = new TimerTask() {
  @Override
  public void run() {
    // do something (cut)

    // and at the end show info
    getParent().runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
      @Override
      public void run() {
        Toast.makeText(getParent(),
                  getResources().getString(R.string.st_toast_msg_stopped),
                  Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
      }
    });
  }
};
curTimer.schedule(tt, millisecondsUntilStop);

There is no error/ exception at log. But the toasted message is not shown. :-(
Now I have no Idea what I can else do/ try. I hope someone of you can help me.
P.S.: Maybe I use the wrong context? But I tried also some other context like the Context of the current activity, the ApplicationContext, ... .

A: Well you are using the wrong context here that is getParent(). Instead of using getParent() try to use the current_Activity.this like this,
TimerTask tt = new TimerTask() {
  @Override
  public void run() {
    // do something (cut)

    // and at the end show info
    Activity_name.this.runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
      @Override
      public void run() {
        Toast.makeText(Activity_name.this,
                  getResources().getString(R.string.st_toast_msg_stopped),
                  Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
      }
    });
  }
};

A: Rather than using a TimerTask, why not user the AlarmManager and set a PendingIntent to fire off a broadcast? When you fire of the broadcast and catch it in your own BroadcastReciever that you've made, you'll have context in your BroadcastReciever with which to display your toast. Here's a quick high level example.
Where ever you're setting up your TimerTask in your activity, do this instead:
AlarmManager alarmManager = (AlarmManager)Context.getSystemService(Context.ALARM_SERVICE);
Intent broadcastIntent = new Intent("yourBroadcastAction");
PendingIntent pendingIntent = PendingIntenet.getBroadcast(this, 0, broadcastIntent, 0);
alarmManager.set(AlarmManager.ELAPSED_REALTIME, millisecondsUntilStop, broadcastIntent);

Then just create a BroadcastReciever that has a filter for the yourBroadcastAction and in the onRecieve() method do your toast like so:
public void onRecieve(Context context, Intent intent){
  Toast.makeText(context,
              getResources().getString(R.string.st_toast_msg_stopped),
              Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Russians Want to Produce the Tu-214 Passenger Aircraft And the Tu-160M Strategic Bomber At the Same Plant to Keep Shelling Ukraine
The Tu-160 at the manufacturing plant, October 2022 / Illustrative photo from open sources
However, in a few years the russians were able to upgrade the plant's capacity by only 40%, which may restrain the production of strategic bombers
In 2022, the Kazan Aviation Plant for the first time delivered two Tu-160M strategic bombers to russia's Ministry of Defense, one of them was actually manufactured "from scratch" using USSR stocks.
In fact, deliveries of the Tu-160M were supposed to begin as early as 2021, but this did not happen due to the fact that over the past few years russia was able to update the production capacity of the Kazan Aviation Plant by only 40% of the plan. Therefore, russians had to use Soviet spare parts instead of producing new nodes. This is stated by the Jamestown Foundation.
Read more: How Quickly Ukraine Can Get Hundreds of Thousands of 35mm Ammos for the German Gepard Anti-Aircraft Tanks
Incompleted Tu-160s at the Kazan Aviation Plant, 2014 / Open source photo
The authors note that in fact the management of the Kazan Aviation Plant has long-standing and chronic problems with the efficiency of its enterprise. For instance, due to that in January 2022 they had to pay a penalty of 5.4 billion rubles to russia's Ministry of Defense for the disruption of the deadlines for the delivery of the Tu-160M.
Moreover, in April 2022, russia's government tasked the management of the Kazan Aviation Plant to establish the serial production of the Tu-214 passenger aircraft with a volume of up to 10 units per year. " The plant, which struggles to cope with the production demands for military aircraft, will also be forced to engage in operational civilian production, which will have a negative impact on the effectiveness of the execution of contracts for the production of more strategic bombers," the Jamestown Foundation suggests.
russia's Tu-214R radio electronic reconnaissance aircraft / Illustrative photo from open sources
Although it should not be ruled out that under formally civilian aircraft, there might be military "products" hidden, for example – Tu-214R reconnaissance aircraft.
The authors of the review considered the production nuances of the Tu-160M in the context of the Kremlin's efforts to modernize the "nuclear triad" of the russian federation. But here there is no doubt that russians can use their new Tu-160M for new missile attacks on the infrastructure of Ukraine.
Read more: Ukraine Asks Germany For Tornado Combat Aircraft, How Possible it Is to Get Them
TAGS Analysis on Military AviationDefense ExpressMilitary AviationWar


text:
Mary Dyer, född Marie Barrett omkring 1611 i England, avrättad genom hängning den 1 juni 1660 i Boston, Massachusetts Bay-kolonin, var en puritan som övergick till Vännernas samfund och vägrade låta sig utvisas från Boston. Hennes martyrskap bidrog till att förändra Massachusetts religiösa lagar och stoppa puritanernas förföljelse av kväkarna.

Biografi
Marie Barett föddes cirka 1611, troligen i Somersetshire. Känt är att hon gifte sig med William Dyer, fiskhandlare i London. Paret tillhörde den puritanska kyrkan, emigrerade till New England och bosatte sig i Boston 1635. Det första paret Dyer tog itu med var att bygga sitt hem och anlägga en liten trädgård. Det var brist på verktyg, men männen hjälpte varandra. Dyer fick hjälp av kvinnorna i allehanda göromål, alltifrån att kärna smör och samla fett och koka ihop det med aska för att göra tvål. Hon blev vän med Anne Hutchinson, som kommit från England två år tidigare med man och elva barn. På söndagarna var man tvungen att gå i reformerta kyrkan, annars fick man stå i skampålen utanför.

Anne Hutchinson hade haft andliga upplevelser och blivit fritänkare. Dyer och flera andra kvinnor drogs till Hutchinson. När även William Dyer och andra män sympatiserade med fritänkarna blev det ett hot för den reformerta kyrkan. Fritänkare accepterades inte av kyrkan i Massachusetts. Hösten 1637 födde Mary Dyer sitt tredje barn i en svår förlossning. Anne och en barnmorska hjälpte henne, men fostret var dödfött och svårt missbildat. William Dyer och Anne beslöt att det var bäst att begrava barnet i hemlighet. Men guvernör Winthrop fick kännedom om fallet, bannlyste och utvisade paret Dyer, Hutchinson och alla som sympatiserat med dem.

Rhode Island
De engelska kolonisatörerna Henry Vane och Roger Williams uppskattade Hutchintons mod och tankar. Vane kunde inte acceptera de puritanska lagarna i Massachusetts. Han var puritan men också för religionsfrihet och återvände till England. Roger Williams köpte Providenceplantagen i södra New England av Narragansett-indianer.

Den 7 mars 1638 samlades 18 män i William Coddingtons hem i Boston och skrev ett fördrag för kolonin Rhode Island. Däribland var William Dyer och William Hutchinson. Paren Dyer och Hutchinson sålde sina tillgångar i Boston, skickade sina bohag med båt och vandrade närmare tio mil på indianstigar till Narragansettbukten rakt söderut.

Sommaren 1638 anlände sällskapet till Providenceplantagen. De byggde sitt första läger på Aquidneckön med hjälp av indianerna. De fick låna kanoter och utforskade ön ända ner till en skyddad naturhamn i söder. Här köpte paret Dyer mark och var med och grundade Newport.

Åter till England
1640-talet var en orolig tid. I England pågick ett inbördeskrig som slutade med att kung Karl dömdes för landsföräderi och avrättades. New England-konfederationen hotades av Nederländska Västindiska Kompaniet, som gjorde anspråk på kusten från New York till Kap Cod. Rhode Island låg i skärningspunkten.

Efter Kung Karls död reste William Coddington till England för att erhålla rätten att styra Rhode Island, vilket beviljades av Oliver Cromwell. Williams hade redan ett kungligt brev från 1644. Han reste till England 1651 och tog med sig Dyers för att återta sin rätt.

Mary Dyer träffade George Fox som startat kväkarna. Deras andaktsmöten tilltalade Dyer och stämde med Hutchinsons lära och hon blev medlem i The Society of Friends. Kväkarna trodde inte på dopet, bönen eller nattvarden. 1657 reste hon tillbaka till sitt hem i Rhode Island.

Avrättning av kväkare
År 1655 hade John Endecott återkommit som guvernör över Massachussetts. Han inskränkte religionsfriheten och förbjöd religiösa minoriteter att bosätta sig i kolonin.
1658 reste Dyer till Boston för att demonstrera mot de religiösa lagarna, hon fängslades och utvisades men återkom för att besöka andra fängslade kväkare. Efter tredje besöket blev det rättegång och Dyer och andra kväkare dömdes till döden eller piskrapp från by till by ut ur kolonin. Mary Dyer avrättades offentligt genom hängning den 1 juni 1660.

Eftermäle
Nyheten om Dyers avrättning spred sig snabbt i de amerikanska kolonierna och England. Hon blev betraktad som martyr och den kung Jakob II av England utfärdade ett dekret om att kväkar i Nya England inte fick avrättas. Om de begått något brott skulle de skickas till England för att dömas efter engelsk lag. Men förföljelser av kväkare fortsatte till 1665 då Endecott dog.

År 1959 invigdes en staty av Mary Dyer i Massachussets stadshuspark vid kväkarnas center i Boston. Skulptören Sylvia Shaw Judson tillverkade ännu en skulptur som skänktes till kväkarnas center i Philadelphia 1975. I Porthsmouth, Rhode Island finns minnestavla över Anne Hutchinton och Mary Dyer. i en medicinsk örtagård. Minnestavlan skapades av botanikern Michael Steven Ford, ättling till båda kvinnorna.

Kommentarer

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Tryckta källor

Kvinnor
Kväkare
Födda 1611
Avlidna 1660
Personer i Nordamerikas historia
Personer som blivit avrättade genom hängning i England

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


COMMENT: I was visiting Old Quebec City, Canada, primarily to photograph its winter carnival activities and especially the world-class ice sculptures. After having lunch, I was exiting the Hotel Chateau Frontenac which opens onto the Place de Armes and walked into a heavy snow storm with the horse and buggy right in front of me. Half a dozen images later, the snow stopped and the horse and buggy got a customer. This has been one of my most successful fine art images.


What is the 1-800 number for Time Warner Cable? Below is a list of phone numbers for Time Warner Cable customers.
Welcome to Spectrum, formerly Time Warner Cable. This call may be monitored or recorded for quality assurance. [Para espanol marque cinco].
You can respond to this system using your voice or the touch tone keypad. To switch to touch tone only press star nine nine (*99) at any time.
Okay, starting with the area code please tell me the ten digit phone number associated with your account.


A shared interest for children's literature inspired Lyn Oxley to create a video about a fellow writer.
I've been assisting Open contributor Lyn Oxley who previously shot and edited a Day in the Life video about Bathurst newsagent Lachlan Sullivan.
A keen writer herself, Lyn has now turned her lens towards fellow Bathurst writer Jeff Doherty. Jeff is currently working on a children's illustrated book called Paper Magic.
"I wanted to show somebody who is working with children's illustrations and writing children's books so that people get to see the other side of the work," says Lyn.
Working closely with Jeff, Lyn has gained an insight into his life that would not be afforded just by looking at his finished works.
"I've learned that Jeff has to balance his illustrating with his writing side and prioritise because he has deadlines to meet for his publisher. I see a different side of it, not just the big name, there's the work that goes behind the scenes," explains Lyn.
Like any good content maker, Lyn is starting to control the look and theme of her videos. To reflect Jeff's work in children's literature, Lyn got permission from the Bathurst Library to use their children's reading area during the shoot. A large brightly coloured painting of a castle serves as the backdrop for Lyn's interview with Jeff.
It's great to see Lyn's confidence in content making growing with each project. She tells me she's been watching our online tutorials and tip sheets and she is getting more decisive in what she shoots and edits.
"It's daunting at first but you get your head around [video making] through trial and error. I'm getting faster at editing and being more selective, cutting seconds off now instead of leaving them on and tightening up the visuals and audio."
Great article Luke and a brilliant photograph too. Jeff.


text:
Salmonely tvoří samostatný rod Salmonella v čeledi Enterobacteriaceae, který zahrnuje fenotypicky i genotypicky příbuzné bakterie. Rod Salmonella obsahuje jediný druh – Salmonella enterica, tvořený sedmi biochemicky odlišnými poddruhy:

 Salmonella enterica subs. enterica,
 Salmonella enterica subs. salame,
 Salmonella enterica subs. arizonae,
 Salmonella enterica subs. diarizonae,
 Salmonella enterica subs. houtenae,
 Salmonella enterica subs. indica,
 Salmonella enterica subs. bongori

V rámci druhu Salmonella enterica existuje dnes více než 2500 sérotypů, z nichž více než polovina patří k poddruhu Salmonella enterica subs. enterica. Pohyblivé a na hostitele neadaptované sérotypy z tohoto poddruhu jsou označovány jako paratyfové (PT) salmonely. Velký zdravotní význam je v současné době připisován bakteriím Salmonella enterica subs. enterica sér. Typhimurium a Salmonella enterica subs. enterica sér. Enteritidis (zkráceně Salmonella typhimurium a Salmonella enteritidis). Jejich rezervoárem v přírodě a zdrojem infekce pro člověka je drůbež. Jsou označovány jako invazivní sérovary salmonel a onemocnění drůbeže jimi způsobované je považováno za nebezpečnou nákazu (zákon o veterinární péči č. 166/1999 Sb.)

Morfologie a kultivace
Salmonely jsou fakultativně anaerobní rovné G- tyčky velikosti 0,7-1,5 x 2,0-5,0 µm. Starší kultury mohou vytvářet pleomorfní formy nebo kokobakterie. Paratyfové salmonely jsou pohyblivé s peritrichním uspořádáním bičíků; v přírodě se ale mohou občas vyskytovat i nepohyblivé mutanty.

Rostou na běžných kultivačních půdách i syntetických médiích při teplotách 5-45 °C (optimum 37 °C) a pH 4,0-9,0 (optimum kolem 7,0) ve formě hladkých, okrouhlých a mírně vypouklých kolonií o průměrné velikosti 2-4 mm. Pro jejich odlišení od ostatních enterobakterií se používají diferenciační a selektivní média s obsahem laktózy, indikátoru pH a inhibitoru doprovodné mikroflóry.

Biochemické vlastnosti
Biochemicky jsou salmonely velmi aktivní. Typické PT salmonely zkvašují glukózu (většinou za tvorby plynu), mannitol, sorbitol, maltózu, dulcitol aj. Sacharóza, salicin, inozitol a laktóza (s výjimkou některých kmenů Salmonella arizonae) nejsou fermentovány. Atypické vlastnosti fermentace cukrů jsou kódovány metabolickými plasmidy. Dalšími typickými vlastnostmi jsou tvorba sirovodíku, dekarboxylace lyzínu a ornitinu, redukce nitrátů. Neprodukují indol, nehydrolyzují močovinu a nedesaminují fenylalanin. Pro diagnostické účely byla vypracována řada biochemických testů (souprav) komerčně dostupných.

Antigenní struktura
Za antigenní specifitu buněčné stěny je odpovědná polysacharidová složka protein-lipopolysacharidového endotoxinového komplexu. Zkříženými absorpčními studiemi bylo určeno velké množství tzv. O antigenních faktorů (somatických O-antigenů), které jsou využívány k sérologické typizaci salmonel. Z antigenních komplexů je jeden nebo více faktorů hlavních, charakterizujících sérologickou skupinu. V rámci sérologických skupin se dále rozlišují jednotlivé sérotypy podle bičíkového (flagelárního) H-antigenu. Přítomnost bičíků je kontrolována více geny, proto u salmonel dochází ke střídání více fází tohoto antigenu (specifická fáze 1 a nespecifická fáze 2). Na základě přítomnosti somatických a bičíkových antigenů je založeno Kauffmann-Whiteovo diagnostické schéma. Většina izolátů salmonel u drůbeže patří do séroskupin B, C nebo D.

Odolnost v prostředí
Salmonely jsou schopné dlouhodobě přežívat ve vnějším prostředí. Jejich multiplikace je limitována vhodnou vlhkostí, teplotou, pH a přítomností živin v prostředí. Rostou v rozmezí teplot 8-44,5 °C, za experimentálních podmínek i při dlouhodobém skladování v 5 °C. V podestýlce i krmivu byly salmonely prokázány po 16-18 měsících skladování při teplotě 25 °C. Použitá podestýlka má určitý inhibiční vliv na růst salmonel v důsledku vyššího pH způsobeného přítomností čpavku.

Většina salmonel je vnímavých na teplotu, s výjimkou několika termorezistentních kmenů (např. S. senftenberg 775W přežívá v drůbežím mase při 65-75 °C po dobu 8-15 minut). Vyšší teploty (nad 70-80 °C) je rychle ničí.

Gama záření je považováno za vhodný způsob eliminace salmonel z drůbežího masa, vaječných produktů a krmiva, přičemž kombinace vyšší teploty a ozařován je účinnější. Letální pro salmonely jsou také UV záření a ošetření ultrazvukem.

Dezinfekční prostředky v doporučovaných koncentracích celkem spolehlivě salmonely inaktivují. Používá se louh draselný nebo sodný ve 4% koncentraci, 6% chloramin B, chlorové vápno s 3 % aktivního chloru, 2% formaldehyd, dále peroxid vodíku, kyselina mléčná, octová a další. Výsledky s používáním organických kyselin k dekontaminaci krmných směsí jsou rozdílné. Smyser a Snoeyenbos (1979) testovali 12 látek včetně organických kyselin a za účinný považují pouze formaldehyd.

Adherence, invazivnost a nitrobuněčné přežívání
Salmonely jsou považovány za podmíněně patogenní mikroorganismy invazivní povahy. V jednom hostiteli mohou existovat virulentní i nevirulentní salmonely současně. Virulentní salmonely jsou schopné penetrovat přes neporušenou (intaktní) sliznici střeva, zatímco nevirulentní nikoliv. Jejich patogenní uplatnění v hostiteli závisí mimo jiné na tzv. faktorech patogenity, které působí v různých stadiích infekce. Po infekci per os musí salmonely překonat obranné mechanismy hostitele, např. kyselé prostředí žaludku, antagonismus přirozené střevní mikroflóry, ochranou bariéru hlenu na sliznicích apod. První fází po infekci hostitele je přichycení salmonel na střevní sliznici (adherence) s následnou kolonizací sliznice střeva. Adherenci podporují chromosomálně kódované povrchové struktury bakterií (adhezíny), jako jsou fimbrie typu 1 a manóza-rezistentní hemaglutininy. Kontaktem s povrchem enterocytů dochází k aktivaci metabolismu salmonel (tvorba toxinů) a jejich vstupu (invaze) do enterocytů (buněk epitelu střevní sliznice).

Schopnost replikace salmonel v hostitelských buňkách je nezbytná pro plnou expresi patogenity. Produkce sideroforů chelatinizujících železo (enterocholin, enterobactin) také podporuje přežívání salmonel in vivo.

Toxiny
V patogenitě paratyfových salmonel se uplatňují 3 typy toxinů. Endotoxin (lipid A) je součástí lipopolysacharidového (LPS) komplexu buněčné stěny salmonel. LPS zajišťuje vazbu komponenty C3 komplementu na vnější membránu buněčné stěny salmonel, čímž umožňuje fagocytózu makrofágy. U virulentních salmonel je tato vazba nedostatečná, proto jsou špatně fagocytovány. Dojde-li u infikovaných zvířat k uvolnění endotoxinu do krevního řečiště při lýze bakteriálních buněk, vyvolává horečku. Endotoxin S. enteritidis aplikovaný iv. poškozuje játra a slezinu u 2týdenních kuřat. Ztráta schopnosti syntetizovat kompletní lipopolysacharid způsobuje ztrátu virulence S. enteritidis pro myši a u S. typhimurium zhoršuje schopnost kolonizovat slepá střeva a invadovat do sleziny brojlerových kuřat. Salmonely mohou také tvořit bílkovinné proteinové toxiny – termolabilní enterotoxin, který zvyšuje sekreční aktivitu epiteliálních buněk střevní sliznice a tím i množství tekutiny ve střevě; termorezistentní cytotoxin salmonel způsobuje strukturální poškození střevních epiteliálních buněk pravděpodobně tím, že inhibuje syntézu proteinů.

Plasmidy
Patogenitu bakterií mohou také ovlivňovat plasmidy, představované extrachromozomální DNA. U řady salmonel byly charakterizovány sérotypově specifické plasmidy ovlivňující jejich virulenci. Některé kmeny S. typhimurium zbavené plasmidů jsou signifikantně méně virulentní pro myši. Zatímco přítomnost plasmidu je nezbytná pro virulenci S. enteritidis u myší, jeho odstranění neovlivňuje u orálně infikovaných kuřat kolonizaci střeva ani invazivnost do tkání. Plasmidy mohou ovlivňovat invazivnost salmonel do mezenteriálních mízních uzlin, jater a sleziny myší, růst in vivo v buňkách infikovaných myší, imunosupresi a rezistenci k séru. Analýza a charakterizace plasmidů v izolátech S. enteritidis z odlišných zdrojů má významnou hodnotu v epizootologických studiích.

Rozdílná patogenita kmenů, sérotypů a fagotypů
Patogenita paratyfových salmonel pro drůbež je velmi variabilní. Byly popsány významné rozdíly virulence mezi izoláty reprezentujícími rozdílné i stejné sérotypy, stejně tak rozdílné i shodné fagotypy. Podobně variabilní je četnost transovariálního přenosu S. enteritidis. Příčiny této variability nejsou ještě plně známy nebo na ně existují rozdílné názory.

Odkazy

Literatura

Reference

Související články

Enterobakteriální infekce ptáků
Salmonelózy drůbeže
Paratyfové infekce ptáků

Nemoci ptáků
Enterobacteriaceae


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Parliamentary elections were held in Andorra on 12 and 19 December 1985.
As political parties were not legalised until 1993, all candidates ran as independents. Following the election, Josep Pintat-Solans remained Prime Minister.

Electoral system
All 28 seats of the General Council were up for election. Each parish formed a constituency, electing four members each. Members of the Parliament were elected using a two-round plurality voting system. The voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 years old prior to the elections.

As political parties were not legalised until 1993, all candidates ran as independents, although press and newspapers considered some candidates to be government endorsed (supporting Pintat government) or opponents.

Following the election, the General Council elected the Prime Minister of Andorra and the General Syndic (speaker).

Results
Voter turnout was 80.1%. A second round was held in Sant Julià de Lòria, where one seat remained unfilled as the fourth-place candidate failed to obtain an absolute majority in the first round. For the first time, a woman was elected as a member of the General Council.

By affiliation

References

Andorra
Parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections in Andorra
Non-partisan elections
December 1985 events in Europe
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results


Some believe business websites are not as important as they once were.
As the number of apps downloaded worldwide each year continues to increase, are people shunning websites in favour of apps?
We don't think so. It is true that more and more people are interacting with businesses via their company apps, but an app is generally only downloaded once the customer is both familiar and comfortable with the company.
Your website, on the other hand, is still your number one tool for drumming up new business. First interactions with a company still take place via the good old website! It's the company business card and it presents an important first impression to your potential clients.
A smarter approach than pitting the website and the app against one another is to look at the two in unison and to use each form of technology to complement the other and your overall marketing strategy.
Websites still work, but mobile use worldwide continues to increase day by day. It has been predicted that worldwide, more than 100 million apps will be downloaded each day in 2015.
People now spend 86% of their mobile time engaging with apps. That means that when they're on their phones, they're much more likely to visit your business app than your business website.
What are the benefits of having an app?
First and foremost, mobile apps provide ease of access for your customers. Once downloaded, your customers can access your app as often as they like from their phone or tablet. Apps save your customers the time and hassle of remembering and searching for your web address. Many apps are even replacing the need for a wallet. Loyalty apps, and bank and payment apps allow the consumer to carry all their cards and information electronically at one time in one single device.
GPS technology also allows you to target and communicate with customers about special offers when they are in close proximity to your business through your company app.
How can your app and your website work together to reach your target market?
It is impossible to say that an app negates your need for a website. The two are like chalk and cheese. Consumers are either avid app users or website loyalists. In order to reach your full target market, you therefore need to have both a website and an app. Some people prefer viewing content on a web browser whilst others enjoy the simplicity of an app. There are also users who chop and change between the two.
It is integral to ensure your app and your website complement each other design-wise. Both need to have a consistent look and feel that accurately portray your brand image. That way, consumers interacting with your company in different ways will all receive the same message.
If you're interested in a personalised app or website for your business, contact your local Snap Centre.


Domaine de la Tuque Lies in the Heart of a conservation area with magnificent views of the château de Biron and its picturesque village.
We want to offer a warm welcome and are delighted to share our passion and knowledge of the wine making process and the biologic production (organic Win). We wanted to creat a coherent wine reflecting the Domaine's ability to produce wines which give both length and finish but with an instant impact; high quality wines created with passion and a return to the traditional methods of wine-making.
The vineyard grows Merlot and Cabernet and traditional varieties like Abouriou enhanced with Colombard which produces wines that are fragrant yet crisp.
Our aim is to produce wines reflecting the unique characteristics of our soil "Terroir". In our vineyard we use neither pesticides nor chemical fertilisers at any stage in the winemaking process. We mature our wines in our cellars according to the regulations laid down by organic agriculture, producing a wine which respects both the fruit and the consumer.
The cottage can accommodate 6 guests and is set in the heart of the estate with an exceptional view of the Chateau de Biron. There is a private garden with a large terrace for you to enjoy during the summer season. The accommodation consists of a 2 double bedrooms and a twin room with bunk beds, it boasts a living room with log burning fire and flat screen TV, large dining kitchen with washing facilities and a comfortable bathroom. There is also a sofa bed for additional/occasional use. The accommodation lies within the main vineyard property, which has been sympathetically restored. It allows you to stay independent in the heart of the domain. The house opens to the south of the vineyards and orchard and there is also exclusive access to the pool for guests.


Schoenberg's setting of Byron's Ode is nothing less than a personal stand against tyranny. Written while in exile in America during the Second World War, it was designed to show allegiance with Europe's struggles against Hitler.
Maximum of four tickets per person. This concert does not form part of the LCO series discount.


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Emergency Tic-tac-toe
By Susan McNeely
In this interactive game, learners review emergency medications. For every right answer, the learner earns a square on the tic-tac-toe board while playing against the computer or another contestant.
Anatomy of the Hip
Learners examine and identify the parts of the hip joint.
Blood Agar and Hemolysis
Learners examine microscope images of blood agar and the various types of hemolysis that can be detected. A quiz completes the activity.
Audiograms
Students read a description of audiograms. They review audiograms representing various degrees and types of hearing loss.
Reconciling a Business Checking Account Statement
By Virginia Riggs
Learners examine a bank statement and a reconciliation form and study how to balance a checking account.
Medical Terminology Jukebox
By Karla Hartzheim
Learners read and listen to the pronunciation of hundreds of medical terms that are arranged in a "jukebox." The terms are listed alphabetically and according to the following categories: aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, blood bank, coagulation, fungi microorganisms, hematology, protozoa, and urinalysis. This learning activity requires a computer that is equipped with speakers.
Root Words for the Medical Transcriptionist
By Patricia Pollock
Learners click on the root word of a medical term in the left-hand column and drag it to its definition in the right-hand column. There is a time limit, so students will need to train themselves to recognize these root words quickly. Students may repeat the activity as often as they wish. A total of 74 terms are given in random order.
EMT Basic Refresher: Patient Scenario #2
By Tim Sheehan
Learners follow an EMT response at a nursing home involving a patient who complains of having difficulty breathing. In this detailed activity, learners examine response procedures, resources, and medications.
CSI Coding Scene Investigation
By Amy Janssen
Learners test their knowledge in this drag-and-drop exercise by identifying coding errors in health care claim cases.
Emergency Response Box : What to do in an Emergency
Answer questions specific to AMG's Emergency Response policy.
EMS Words
Commonly used in Emergency Medical Service.
Famous in Medicine
You'll identify historical figures in the field of medicine.


Healthy Infant Adoption: A Thing of the Past?
On a weekly basis, our agency receives many inquiries from families wishing to adopt healthy infants internationally. As I type my responses to these families, I know most will be surprised and disappointed by what I have to tell them: There are almost no sending countries left that place healthy infants and those that do may come with requirements or referral waits that prevent families from moving forward.
Take Armenia, for example. This program has historically referred a certain number of relatively healthy infants that have joined their families between the ages of 8 and 12 months. Wait times in this program for such referrals used to be a few years, but families pursuing a healthy infant from Armenia now must be prepared to wait six or more years from dossier registration. It's expected that there will be no more than two relatively healthy infants per year matched with US adopters at best. This program requires two trips: approximately 7 days to register with the child and then 23 days to complete the process. If married, both parents must attend court.
On the other side of the coin, the adoption of a relatively healthy infant from Morocco can be completed in as little as one year, including a single trip of approximately one month. The caveat with this program: It's open only to practicing Sunni Muslims and almost all infant adoptions are of boys with girls being a rare exception. Similarly, Pakistan accepts practicing Muslims only, with a preference for families of Pakistani descent, and families must spend about six months in-country to complete the adoption of any child, including a healthy infant. Both parents, if married, must attend court.
Families may also adopt healthy infants from the Marshall Islands with wait times that usually do not exceed 18 months from dossier submission. However, international adoptive parents in this program must agree to maintain an open and lasting relationship with the child's biological family who usually cares for the baby until the time of adoption. This program requires one trip of four to six weeks during which all members, including any minor children, in the adoptive family must be present until the court process has concluded. Then one parent and any children, excluding the new adoptee, may return to the US.
While Korea still refers relatively healthy infants, these children - primarily boys with resolved medical diagnoses or under follow up for conditions considered minor in the US - do not join their families until they are 18 to 30 months of age. An adoption from Korea can take up to 36 months, including two approximately week-long trips to the country. Both parents must be between 25 and 44 years of age, with few exceptions.
Prospective adoptive parents of Indian heritage can be matched with healthy infants from India. This program requires at least one trip of minimally ten days, depending on the child's region.
International adoptions of healthy infants are becoming increasingly elusive as social, economic and cultural conditions change in sending countries and as evolving legal frameworks expand the time needed to clear a child for international adoption. Families pursuing referrals of healthy infants from other countries may also find that requirements, such as referral waits, length of in-country stay, and maximum parent age, deter or prohibit them from adopting a healthy infant internationally. Here at Hopscotch Adoption, we encourage families looking to adopt relatively healthy infants to explore private domestic adoption options and to learn more about special needs and/or older child adoption to see if their child parameters can expand with increased understanding and knowledge.
Always remember, what may seem like a serious special need in a developing nation, can be relatively easily managed with the USA. For that reason, we encourage families to visit the RainbowKids waiting child photolisting, where children of all ages wait to be united with their adoptive families.


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Le kabupaten de Muna, en indonésien , est un kabupaten situé dans la province indonésienne de Sulawesi du Sud-Est. Son chef-lieu est Raha.

Géographie

Le kabupaten est formé de la partie nord de l'île de Muna, de la partie nord de l'île de Buton et des petites îles alentour. Il est bordé :

 Au nord, par le kabupaten de Konawe du Sud et le détroit de Tiworo,
 À l'est, par le kabupaten de Buton du Nord et l'île de Kajuangi,
 Au sud, par le détroit de Muna,
 À l'ouest, par le détroit de Spelman.

Il est subdivisé en 29 districts.

Histoire
Muna était une principauté dont le dernier souverain a été Laode Pandu (1947-).

Les souverains de Muna
 ...
 Lakilaponto,  (1538-1541)
 La Posasu,
 ...
 La Titakono,  (1600-1625)
 ...
 La Ode Huseini, portant le titre d'Omputo Sangia (1716-1757)
 ...
 La Ode Dika (1930-1938)
 La Ode Pandu

Muna
Royaume à Célèbes


text:
Blankenship
Board President
lblankenship@ksacservices.org
Lori joined the Board of Directors in October 2016 and was elected President of the Board in May 2017. Her special interest is in education and awareness of the issues surrounding sexual assault and abuse.
Lori is currently a Detective with the Kitsap County Sheriff's Office with over 30 years of law enforcement experience.
Lori holds a BA in Criminal Justice from Central Washington University. She enjoys spending time with her family and outdoor activities.
tcollett@ksacservices.org
Teresa is a counselor who specializes in Trauma. She has worked with, and educated children and adults as well as families and military/veterans about issues related to trauma and abuse for over 20 years. Her interest is in educating individuals, as well as agencies and communities, on the impact of trauma on the brain and body.
Teresa joined the Board of Directors in August 2019.
kespy@ksacservices.org
Kate has worked for Harrison hospital for 35 years, as an ER nurse and now as a sexual assault nurse examiner. She has worked with Kitsap Sexual Assault Center for many years, and enjoys being on the board.
ahartnett@ksacservices.org
Bio Coming Soon...
djake@ksacservices.org
in being
our board?
Reach out to
ksac@ksacservices.org
Lori Blankenship at
to find out more information.
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Partition of India: My memories Jump to media player In 1947, India split from Pakistan forcing millions of people to leave their homes in search of safety.
'I built the world's first jet airliner' Jump to media player In 1949 the de Havilland Comet was built, heralding a new age in commercial air travel.
How WW1 shaped a poet's life Jump to media player Robert Graves' son William remembers his father's war poetry and reflects on how the Great War shaped his life.
How I recovered The Scream Jump to media player Charles Hill, the British art detective, recalls the daring undercover operation to retrieve Edvard Munch's The Scream, after its theft in 1994.
In August 1947 India gained independence from the British and split into two separate countries - the secular state of India, dominated by Hindus, and Muslim Pakistan.
Millions of people were forced to leave their homes because of inter-religious violence.
Muslims trekked to Pakistan and Hindus travelled to India.
Kuldip Nayar was one of the many who had to make a desperate journey in search of safety. He spoke to Witness about his memories of that time.


The synthesis of lightness: Two innovations.A new sense of lightness. The new, transparent membrane consti tutes the evolution of the mesh back. It allows AirPad to float lightly in space and enhances modern, reductionist architecture. The body is kept at an ideal temperature through a high degree of moisture exchange, which prevents the build-up of heat. The membrane ensures excellent freedom of movement and provides support through fine, flexible AirPads. The Body-Float synchromechanism presents an amazing, unique body float sitting experience. Taking a seat in AirPad means gently falling back into an automatically adjusted, ideally balanced sitting position. To feel one with the chair and the environment, to get down to work and remain fresh. Wouldn't it be nice to fill the day with so much lightness? Nothing easier than that.
Andreas Krob is an industrial designer. B4K was founded with Uta Krob in 2001. The office stands for sensitive design of demanding and innovative tasks from the design and architecture fields. The furniture speaks an indi vidual language of form and each single piece is unique in its character. The product design for AirPad was realised in cooperation with Joachim Brüske. Joachim Brüske took charge of the technical management.


Hello once more SecuriCare blog readers!
Happy August, I can't believe I'm writing that already! I hope you're all enjoying your summer so far. I'd like to share with you one of the highlights of my summer; which was attending the Queen's Royal Garden Party in Holyrood on the 6th July 2017. I was lucky enough to be invited due to winning both Arts and Culture Champion and Citizen of the Year at the West Dunbartonshire Provost Civic Awards 2016, and it's safe to say I had the experience of a lifetime.
I was still recovering from a Proctectomy which I had at the end of January, but had experienced numerous complications which delayed my recovery. So I prepared by wearing some ostomy underwear for extra support in case a long queue for the toilet resulted in a bag leak, and only had fluids throughout the day until we arrived to prevent my bag from filling up as much. I also put a fresh dressing on my wound, placing a sanitary towel over the dressing to catch any kind of seepage and protect my dress.
The party lasted from 3pm until 6pm and we were able to wander around the beautiful grounds, also having the option to meet the royal family by standing up in a queue for about 30 minutes. You're free to eat and drink as much as you'd like on the day and there is an afternoon tea feel with special drinks, sandwiches and cakes available.
We spent most of the party sitting in a marquee out of the rain, listening to the wonderful brass band and eating everything we could manage. Luckily we got the chance to spot Prince Phillip and the Queen on their way into the castle, an amazing experience I'll never forget. The only downside to the day was a 15 minute wait to get into the disabled bathroom whilst experiencing a stoma bag leak, but luckily it didn't stain my dress.
1. Plan Ahead For A LOT Of Traffic.
Thankfully there was a bus provided by the council, but even with leaving my hometown 1 hour away, it took us 2 hours and 40 minutes to arrive and get through all the traffic. Taking anti-sickness tablets is a must if you get travel sick like me.
I really underestimated the amount of walking and long periods of standing that would be required… mainly because I was not aware there wouldn't be enough chairs to seat all of the attendees. This meant I was often left at risk of falling before finding a seat. In hindsight, I definitely should have taken my wheelchair.
The majority of the garden party is on grass, so thin heels and stilettos would get ruined by sinking into the grass. Luckily, I chose wedges which were so comfy! I also made sure to bring flat shoes with me just in case they got a bit much.
This is probably the most important thing to know before attending the Royal Garden Party, I know I wished I had worn comfier clothes but the dress code is SO strict that we saw people turned away for wearing wellington boots and for not wearing a morning suit if you're a man or a dress/suit if you're a woman.
Overall, I couldn't recommend the day enough and if you get the chance to go I think you'd love it! Remember, there's always a way to do the things you want no matter your level of ability.
I'm Jen, I've had Crohn's Disease for more than 10 years and have a permanent ileostomy. I love all things fashion, animals and travelling. I'm also a student, a vlogger, and I have a dream to bring my adaptable clothing line CrohnieClothing to the masses.
Hi, this is really helpful to read, I have a mobility problem and was wondering if a mobility scooter was allowed at the garden party?


Slingshot is one of our favorite wake brands. They are constantly raising the bar and exceeding our expectations. We love that they inspire riders to push themselves further. Slingshot wants you in the best gear, so they've paired their best women's wakeboards with their top of the line bindings to give you the ultimate package at an unbeatable price!


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Gandhi Immigration
ICCRC
CANADA: THE LAND OF IMMIGRANTS
Welcomes over 400,000 immigrants each year. Find out why #ImmigrationMatters to Canada?
The movement of individuals of one country into another for the purpose of resettlement is central to Canadian history. The story of Canadian immigration is not one of orderly population growth; instead, it has been — and remains one about economic development as well as Canadian attitudes and values.
Modern Canada was built on the migration and contributions of many immigrant groups, beginning with the first French settlers, through newcomers from the United Kingdom, Central Europe, the Caribbean and Africa, to immigrants from Asia and the Middle East. While the challenges posed by racism and discrimination remain, Canadian society remains generally open to immigration. Moreover, many immigrants' contribution to Canadian society and desire to help build a better society on Canadian soil is beyond dispute.
source: https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/immigration
Author: Harold Troper
Gandhi Immigration Ltd. is an immigration consulting business located in Mississauga, Ontario. Directed and operated by
Mr. Ravinder Gandhi, who is a member in good standing with College of Immigration Consultants of Canada (CICC).
Mr. Ravinder Gandhi has diverse and rich experience in the immigration consulting industry in Canada. His strength is resolving complex issues with simplicity and delivering tailor-made solutions for every client..
Mr. Davinder Gandhi has an extensive business experience of more than 30 years and is helping business grow on a corporate scale.
Located At -
280 Derry Road, Unit 201,
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5W 1N6
info@gandhiimmigration.ca
Cell: +1 647 649 3700
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There is a great opportunity to tap into the true entertainment and financial potential of men's professional cycling, and turn it into a modern, 21st Century sporting league. But first, the sport needs an injection of new ideas, new capital, and a transformative restructuring. As detailed in a new Business Plan – which The Outer Line has been developing over the past six months – the party which is able to help pro cycling complete this grand journey will not only revitalize a proud and beautiful sport, but will also stand to make a very attractive financial return on its investment.
Pro cycling's problems and challenges are immense. The sport has suffered from a nearly endless string of doping scandals which have tarnished its public reputation, turned off fans, and scared away potential sponsors. The sport's lack of a powerful central organizing body has led to an uncoordinated and lengthy calendar, overlapping events, a constantly changing team structure, and a highly uncertain financial situation in which individual races and teams constantly clash for limited sponsorship dollars. Despite the sport's heavy reliance on such commercial sponsorship for its financial stability, significant global sponsors have largely been absent, due both to the sport's poor reputation as well as its unsophisticated marketing approaches.
Furthermore, pro cycling's disorganized and feudal business model has left it unable to negotiate consolidated media rights packages. Television revenues, which have been so critical in the growth of many other professional sports, have been very minimal here. Finally, the business of pro cycling has been largely run by ex-cyclists, many of whom have little business acumen or training. Poor business decisions have often been made, to the detriment of the entire sport, and an entrenched management culture remains generally afraid of change.
We are not the first to suggest a radical transformation of the sport. In fact, several attempts have been made over the past 20 years to modernize cycling and create a truly global, fan-friendly, and profitable venture. But none of these past efforts have succeeded – for two key reasons. First, they have not really provided any viable solution to the fundamentally flawed economics of the sport. Second, they have not resolved the long-standing (and now once again simmering) differences between (1) pro cycling's governing body, the UCI, and (2) the most successful brand in race promotion – the Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO), which owns the Tour de France and many other key race properties.
This is the heart of the matter. The UCI is the international federation for the sport – not the "league owner" that it has often wanted to be; it does not have the financial and management resources or the political charter to play this role. Furthermore, because it oversees eight individually different cycling disciplines, from the top professional ranks right down to the local amateur level, it is virtually impossible for the UCI to spend the time and focus needed to reform pro road racing. The ASO, on the other hand, has evolved to control nearly all the meaningful revenues in the sport; it is really the only organization in cycling with the financial and political power to enact sweeping change. Yet, it does not seem inclined to utilize this power and strategic position to drive a true transformation of sport. By all indications, the ASO appears to prefer the status quo – essentially controlling a small sport, rather than becoming a major shareholder in a much larger enterprise. As long as these two parties are focused only on their own short-term and self-serving objectives, the sport will suffer. Pro cycling must find a way to move beyond this impasse.
Fortunately, this challenge is not impossible to overcome, because the sport has maintained a resilient popularity. It has been estimated that 3.5 billion people around the world watch parts of the Tour de France, making it the third most-watched sport in the world after soccer and the Olympics. This international fan base could expand significantly if the sport was properly marketed and more widely televised. With a few significant structural changes and some experienced business executives to manage it, pro cycling could flourish – bringing much greater growth and profitability to teams, organizers and athletes. Until there is central ownership and control, and the economic incentive provided by stronger media rights and revenues, the financial challenges of pro cycling will never be solved.
This Plan proposes a series of bold reforms to overcome these challenges and the seemingly continuous stalemate between the UCI and the ASO. It then lays out a number of specific steps by which a new investor could acquire the ASO cycling properties, combine them with the RCS Sport events and other top cycling properties, and quickly consolidate the top level of the men's sport into a single privately-owned and controlled entity – tentatively named the International Professional Cycling League (IPCL). We envision a major consolidating investment and restructuring effort similar to the 1980s reinvention of Formula 1 racing.
-Aggregate the new league's television and media marketing rights to create a quickly growing and more sustainable base of revenue, and help the sport grow more quickly.
In short, the IPCL would build an independent, self-governing and more economically-sustainable premier league sport, with a more diverse and growing fan base. It would take what has too often been a negative and downwards spiral in pro cycling, and transform it into a positive and self-reinforcing upwards trajectory of opportunity and profitability. There is virtually no publicly-available financial information for pro cycling because all of the major events and teams in professional cycling are privately owned. However, based upon the available research and discussions with existing and previous race organizers and industry executives, this plan develops a set of financial assumptions and sets forth a financial forecast for the IPCL opportunity. Based upon a simple ten-year financial model, it is estimated that the IPCL opportunity can yield to the new investor an attractive 19% internal rate of return, with a net present value of $66 million, even when discounted at a risk-averse rate of 15%. For an initial investment of approximately $400 million, it is projected that the new league would generate rapidly increasing profits which reach in of excess of $100 million by Year 5. And – similar to many other sports – a significant portion of these profits would be shared with the teams to help stabilize the economics of pro cycling.
Although the plan's financial forecasts are necessarily rough estimates, there is little doubt that the opportunity to transform professional cycling, if implemented correctly, can offer investors a very attractive rate of return. In addition to the purely financial opportunity, the changes envisioned in this plan will help to clean up the public image and restore the legitimacy of professional cycling, and lead to a stronger, more competitive and more exciting sport in the future.
As in any business endeavor, there are possible risks. The cost to acquire various race events could be higher, projected TV and sponsorship revenues might not accelerate as quickly as projected, or it might take longer to correct the anti-doping problems in the sport, which could delay the attraction of major global sponsors. Riders and teams may object to the smaller number of initial teams, and race organizers will object to the shortened calendar. Virtually everyone in the sport will find something not to like about this plan, because it significantly reshapes nearly all of cycling's long-held traditions and conventions. The IPCL should not let these concerns distract it from the more fundamental business direction; it should hold to the conviction that the overall sport will be much better positioned for the future once these proposed changes are actually made.
There are also political risks. The Tour de France is a major cultural institution in France. There may be some concern that in one way or another, the government of France might somehow act to discourage any sale of the ASO assets. There may also be a concern that a sale of the ASO properties could jeopardize certain informal operating synergies or certain types of "hidden subsidies" – like discounted charges for the national police force used for course marshaling and crowd control, or for use of public roads, which might not carry over to any non-ASO business entity. However, changing ownership would not necessarily imply a major financial impact, as it would be in all parties' interests to continue those beneficial relationships.
Assuming that these risks can be managed, this Business Plan demonstrates that there are potentially huge opportunities inherent in this consolidation strategy. Pro cycling is a tremendously popular sport but one which needs to be pulled into the present. Die-hard fans have always been there, but a new, more interesting, better marketed and more widely televised sport could bring in millions and millions of new cycling fans – and proportionately increase the sponsorship interest, financial stability, and general upside of its business. A more coordinated and tightly-managed professional racing league, under the control of a single entity, can revitalize the competitive nature of the sport and make it considerably richer and more economically sustainable than it is today. If it chose to do so, the ASO could force the implementation of this type of plan itself at far lower cost – since it already owns many of the key events. However, if the ASO is not interested in implementing this type of plan, then some other party must try to seize the opportunity now.
To download a PDF file of the full 30-page IPCL business plan document – complete with the proposed race calendar, a time-task chart, appendices and a full financial model – please click below.


The Dolphins didn't tender Carroo a contract for 2019, making him an unrestricted free agent, Barry Jackson of the Miami Herald reports.
Analysis: The Dolphins will move on from Carroo, who posted two receptions for 94 yards and one touchdown over nine games last season. The 2016 third-round pick never lived up to expectations in Miami and will work to revitalize his career elsewhere.
Carroo did not bring in his only target during Sunday's 42-17 loss to the Bills. He ends the season with two receptions for 94 yards and a touchdown, along with one carry for 14 yards.
Analysis: Carroo played only one offensive snap during Miami's season finale. The former 2016 third-round pick did not make the Dolphins' active roster until Week 8 of the regular season, and he logged the majority of his snaps on special teams during the nine games he was active despite his deep-threat speed. Any hope for future production from Carroo hinges upon him earning the favor of the Dolphins' new coaching staff, which will require him to impress during offseason workouts.
Carroo didn't play any snaps on offense in Sunday's 21-17 win over the Bills.
Analysis: There was no reward for his 74-yard touchdown the previous week, with Carroo limited to 17 snaps on special teams. There isn't much home for future production after the 2016 third-round pick was buried behind the likes of Brice Butler and Isaiah Ford on Sunday. It's even possible Carroo could lose his roster spot if Danny Amendola (knee) returns in the coming weeks.
Carroo caught one of two targets for a 74-yard touchdown during Sunday's 27-24 loss to the Colts.
Analysis: Carroo made the most of his only grab, jumping over a defender to snare a deep ball before coasting into the end zone. He made his first catch of the season in Week 10, and while this splashy play certainly catches the eye, considering him as a fantasy option is a bit premature. Carroo will look to build on this effort next Sunday against a tough Bills defense.
Carroo brought in his only target for 20 yards and rushed once for 14 yards during Sunday's 31-12 loss to the Packers.
Analysis: Carroo received his first offensive snaps (16) of the 2018 season Week 10. With Albert Wilson (hip) on injured reserve, Carroo appears to have successfully carved out a niche role in Miami's passing attack. While it's unlikely that Carroo will achieve fantasy relevance this season, the former third-round pick's usage is worth monitoring in dynasty leagues.
The Dolphins signed Carroo off their practice squad Wednesday, Adam H. Beasley of the Miami Herald reports.
Analysis: He'll bolster the team's wideout depth while claiming the roster spot of Albert Wilson (hip), who was placed on injured reserve in a corresponding move. With Kenny Stills (groin) sidelined for Week 8 against the Texans, Carroo should dress as the Dolphins' No. 4 receiver Thursday behind Danny Amendola, Jakeem Grant and DeVante Parker. If the Dolphins end up parting ways with Parker before the trade deadline, Carroo could move up another spot on the depth chart.
Carroo signed a contract to join the Dolphins' practice squad, Field Yates of ESPN reports.
Analysis: The Leonte Carroo experiment continues in Miami after the Rutgers product went unclaimed on waivers over the weekend.
Carroo was released by the Dolphins on Saturday, Cameron Wolfe of ESPN.com reports.
Analysis: A 2016 third-round pick, Carroo caught 10 passes in 28 regular-season games for the Dolphins. He always seemed unlikely to stick around for another season on a Miami roster with impressive depth at wide receiver.
Carroo caught three of eight targets for 34 yards during Thursday's preseason finale against the Falcons.
Analysis: Carroo drew the start at wide receiver but didn't make much of a case to survive Saturday's roster cuts. This is nothing new for the Louisville product, who the Dolphins traded up to select in the third round of the 2016 draft. However, Carroo at least proved to be past the groin injury that prevented him from playing in last week's exhibition against the Ravens.
Carroo (groin) is in serious jeopardy of being cut, Barry Jackson of the Miami Herald reports.
Analysis: Carroo's chances of making the team appear to be riding on his availability for the preseason finale Thursday. While a groin injury has limited Carroo's ability to showcase his talents, the Dolphins feel comfortable with who's currently listed ahead of him on the depth chart. As of now, it seems Carroo would need a strong performance in Thursday's contest followed by a little bit of luck if he plans on sticking around in Miami.
Carroo (groin) was held out of Saturday's preseason game against the Ravens, Barry Jackson of The Miami Herald reports.
Analysis: Carroo's absence from Saturday's game was no surprise after it was reported he'd miss several days with his groin injury. His exact return date isn't clear, but each day he misses will hurt his chances at securing a depth receiver role on the final roster.
Head coach Adam Gase reportedly said that Carroo (groin) will be sidelined "a couple of days," Armando Salguero of the Miami Herald reports.
Analysis: Carroo did not practice Thursday and it now seems like he'll miss the Dolphins' dress rehearsal game Saturday against the Ravens. The nature of groin injuries makes predicting a recovery timeline for them tricky. For Carroo's sake, each absence will work against him when it's time for crucial roster cutdowns.
Carroo (groin) didn't participate in Thursday's practice, Adam H. Beasley of the Miami Herald reports.
Analysis: It appears Carroo suffered this injury during Wednesday's practice, and his status for Saturday's preseason game against the Ravens is unclear. The 2016 third-round pick has caught 10 passes on 20 targets for 98 yards and one touchdown over his first two seasons. He's battling for a depth wideout role.
Carroo (knee) has been fully cleared for the start of training camp, Armando Salguero of the Miami Herald reports.
Analysis: As expected, Carroo didn't need much time to recover from a minor procedure on his knee in early June. His bigger challenge is proving that he can be useful to the team, as Miami appears to have five roster locks at wide receiver in DeVante Parker, Kenny Stills, Albert Wilson, Danny Amendola and Jakeem Grant. The situation could force Carroo, a 2016 third-round pick, to compete with a handful of players for a single spot on the 53-man roster.
Carroo is slated to undergo minor knee surgery but the receiver should be back in time for training camp in July, Armando Salguero of the Miami Herald reports.
Analysis: It doesn't sound like Carroo is dealing with anything serious, but he's all but guaranteed to miss next week's mini-camp -- which only delays his entrance into the competition at wide receiver. With incumbents DeVante Parker, Kenny Stills and Jakeem Grant joined this offseason by free-agent acquisitions Albert Wilson and Danny Amendola, Carroo likely needs to hold off a slew of other depth-caliber wideouts for a single roster spot in Miami.
Carroo (undisclosed) likely will need to compete for a roster spot during training camp, Barry Jackson of the Miami Herald reports.
The Dolphins placed Carroo on the reserve/Non-Football Injury list Wednesday after the receiver required an emergency medical procedure Christmas Day, Barry Jackson of the Miami Herald reports.
Miami Dolphins quarterback Ryan Tannehill goes deep to wide receiver Leonte Carroo for a 74-yard touchdown.
Miami Dolphins wide receiver Leonte Carroo takes the snap and rushes for 20 yards on a successful fake punt attempt.
Green Bay Packers cornerback Tramon Williams fumbles the ball on a punt return and Miami Dolphins wide receiver Leonte Carroo recovers the fumble for the Dolphins.
Atlanta Falcons linebacker Deion Jones intercepts Miami Dolphins quarterback Jay Cutler inside the red zone.
New York Jets safety Terrence Brooks intercepts a fake punt pass by Miami Dolphins punter Matt Haack.
Miami Dolphins quarterback Ryan Tannehill throws a short pass to wide receiver Leonte Carroo for a 15-yard touchdown.
Miami Dolphins QB Ryan Tannehill is picked off by Cincinnati Bengals cornerback Chris Lewis-Harris.


text:
FCC urged to investigate Verizon's "two-faced" statements on utility rules
Verizon built fiber network with higher phone bills and other Title II perks.
Jon Brodkin - Jan 12, 2015 10:18 pm UTC
The Advance Guard
Verizon has repeatedly claimed that utility rules would harm investment in broadband networks, urging the Federal Communications Commission to avoid imposing new regulations. Yet Verizon's statements to the FCC have avoided mentioning that its own utility-style common carrier status helped the company charge landline phone customers higher prices to fund construction of the fiber network over which it provides FiOS Internet and TV.
That's the crux of a complaint by telecom analyst Bruce Kushnick of New Networks Institute and audit director Tom Allibone of telecom customer advocacy group Teletruth. They are petitioning the FCC to investigate Verizon for perjury; the petition is available online and will be filed with the FCC tomorrow, Kushnick says.
Report: Verizon FiOS claimed public utility status to get government perks
Verizon led massive astroturf campaign to end NJ broadband obligation
"Bottom line—We caught the culprit red-handed," Kushnick and Allibone wrote. "It is an open and shut case. Verizon either did or did not tell the FCC that their entire current investment in fiber optics is based entirely on using the Title II [common carrier] classification. Or that the Verizon companies have made phone customers 'de facto' investors by using Title II... We allege that Verizon did deceive the FCC. These material misrepresentations taint every FCC decision and policy affecting Verizon's regulatory status, but most importantly now the Open Internet [net neutrality] Proceeding."
The complaint calls Verizon "the 'Janus' of telecom," referring to a two-faced god of Roman mythology. "Verizon has claimed and continues to claim that Title II would harm the companies' [Verizon and Verizon Wireless] investments," they wrote. "However, this is in direct contradiction to Verizon's own filings, statements, SEC and state-based filings, the companies' cable franchise agreement—every fiber optic wire appears to be Title II." That includes fiber lines used to deliver home Internet service and the fiber lines that feed into Verizon Wireless' cell towers, Kushnick and Allibone wrote. Kushnick pointed to a 2012 statement by Verizon CFO Francis Shammo that wireline capital dollars were paying for wireless expansion.
We contacted Verizon this morning to ask for a response or a phone interview but haven't heard back yet. The FCC also did not provide a response to Ars.
"The FCC can start criminal proceedings against Verizon for perjury," Kushnick told Ars. "In every document we went through there is no mention whatsoever that Title II is the foundation of their investment in fiber optics." Verizon claims that "Title II harms investment," Kushnick noted. "Well, no, Title II is the basis of their investment."
It seems unlikely that the FCC would go after Verizon for perjury, but the complaint contains details that might help FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler bolster his case that Title II won't harm broadband providers.
Title II helped Verizon raise rates on phone customers
Verizon is a "common carrier" regulated by Title II of the Communications Act because of the utility phone service it offers over the Public Switched Telephone Network. Verizon's wireline phone network mostly consists of old copper lines, but the company has upgraded the copper to fiber in areas where demographics justify the investment.
Verizon provides Title II-regulated phone service over both copper and fiber, but the fiber network also supports FiOS Internet, TV, and the largely unregulated Digital Voice service. Despite its claims about Title II harming broadband providers, Verizon used its common carrier status to gain perks that helped build the fiber network.
Kushnick described how Verizon plays both sides of the utility debate in a report that we covered in May 2014. (Verizon did not provide a response to that report, either.) His latest complaint to the FCC fleshes out his argument and adds some new details.
Kushnick and Allibone pointed to a 2009 decision by the New York Public Service Commission (NYPSC) that raised phone rates to fund fiber expansion.
"We are always concerned about the impacts on ratepayers of any rate increase, especially in times of economic stress," Commission Chairman Garry Brown said at the time. "Nevertheless, there are certain increases in Verizon's costs that have to be recognized. This is especially important given the magnitude of the company's capital investment program, including its massive deployment of fiber optics in New York. We encourage Verizon to make appropriate investments in New York, and these minor rate increases will allow those investments to continue."
Verizon's 2014 cable franchise agreement with New York says that "Verizon New York Inc. ('Verizon'), as a common carrier under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934 (the 'Act'), constructed its Fiber To The Premises (FTTP) network as an upgrade to its existing telecommunications network," the Kushnick/Allibone petition said.
Enlarge / Bruce Kushnick/Tom Allibone
The statement "is similar, if not identical to every other Verizon state-based fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP) deployment," the petition states.
Kushnick and Allibone contrasted that with Verizon's statement to the FCC in July opposing net neutrality rules based on Title II. "Imposing a Title II common carriage regime on broadband providers would be a radical change in course that would only chill, not spur innovation," Verizon said in that case. "Title II is a regulatory dinosaur, crafted eighty years ago—and based on 19th-Century laws regulating railroads—to address the one-wire world of rotary telephones. Imposing a Title II common carriage regime on broadband providers would be a radical change in course that would only chill, not spur innovation."
Consumer advocates and customers have accused Verizon of letting its copper lines rot in order to push customers onto fiber. Some customers prefer to keep copper-based phone service because it can keep working during power outages; others can't upgrade to fiber even if they want to, because Verizon has stopped major expansion of the fiber network. In both scenarios, customers have paid higher rates to fund fiber networks they don't want or can't use, while Verizon allegedly drags its feet fixing longstanding problems in the copper lines.
As we've also reported, phone companies are lobbying the FCC to let them stop maintaining the traditional Public Switched Telephone Network and strip utility rules from phone service, leaving the fate of copper-based customers unsettled. The FCC has pledged to investigate complaints that phone companies such as AT&T and Verizon are failing to maintain copper networks.
Kushnick: Open the network to competition
How Verizon lets its copper network decay to force phone customers onto fiber
Verizon admits utility rules won't harm FiOS and wireless investments
The FCC may reclassify fixed and mobile broadband as Title II next month, using the statute to impose net neutrality restrictions on blocking, throttling, or prioritizing Internet content in exchange for payment. The FCC is expected to avoid imposing stricter Title II rules like rate regulation.
"As far as net neutrality is concerned, we believe this pretty much solves the issue of whether the FCC has the jurisdiction to do Title II," Kushnick said. "It is Title II, it's redundant to do it again at least for Verizon and all its fiber optic services."
Since Verizon built fiber lines by invoking its utility status, Kushnick argues that the company should be forced to open the network—letting other ISPs offer Internet service directly to consumers by leasing access to Verizon's lines.
That's also unlikely, even if the FCC reclassifies broadband as Title II. The FCC got rid of the "unbundling" requirements that opened DSL networks to competition a decade ago, and Wheeler is likely to forbear from imposing the strictest Title II requirements on Internet service.
"Most people don't understand that net neutrality doesn't open the networks, it doesn't bring back competition," Kushnick told Ars. "It leaves the situation as it is, and you, the company, have to play nice, and the FCC will monitor you."
It's not illegal for Verizon to provide non-Title II services such as Internet access over infrastructure built using the benefits of Title II. But Kushnick and Allibone want the FCC to follow the money, especially where phone customers paid for improvements they might not necessarily benefit from. They wrote:
Verizon uses Title II to fund the infrastructure as "Title II", which means it is part of the state-based utilities as a telecommunications network. This allows utility customers to get charged for 'massive deployment of fiber optics'. Verizon also gets the rights-of-way from the state-based utility as Title II.
There are those who will argue that the networks can have multiple classifications of service over the same wire. While true, the issue of investment is about the flows of money. In at least New York State, Verizon's Title VI cable networks were built as part of the existing telecommunications network and therefore the cable division paid little or no construction costs for the FTTP networks it uses to deliver its cable programming. Similarly, it appears that the fiber optic wires to the cell towers and the wires used for Internet service, were all installed as Title II facilities—i.e., the affiliate companies are getting a free ride on the backs of local phone customers who were charged multiple rate increases in New York for "massive deployment of fiber optics".
In a 2005 New York proceeding, Verizon asserted that it did not have to obtain cable franchises before building fiber networks, arguing that it did not need to be classified as a cable company until it started offering TV service over its fiber lines. Until that point, Verizon argued "that it has the requisite authority to conduct this upgrade under its existing state telephone rights," an NYPSC document said. Despite objections from officials in some towns, the NYPSC concluded that Verizon was correct because of Verizon's common carrier status.
As for the perjury claim, Kushnick and Allibone pointed to a portion of US telecommunications law that says written statements to the FCC may not "intentionally omit material information that is necessary to prevent any material factual statement that is made from being incorrect or misleading," and another section that says statements made to the FCC are done so under penalty of perjury.
"I think it is important not to let companies get away with making statements that are contradicted by their own actions," Senior VP Harold Feld of advocacy group Public Knowledge told Ars. "Based on Commission precedent, I don't have a lot of hope of them granting Bruce's request, but I am glad someone is shining a spotlight on this instance and similar instances when companies say one thing to regulators and do something else in reality."
Shammo contradicted the company line at an investor conference last month when he said that Title II "does not influence the way we invest."
He revised those comments in a subsequent blog post, writing that Verizon's "short term view on investment" won't change "based on rumors of what might or might not happen." But he added that "experience in other countries shows that over-regulation decreases network investment. If the US ends up with permanent regulations inflicting Title II's 1930s-era rules on broadband Internet access, the same thing will happen in the US and investment in broadband networks will go down."
Wheeler doesn't seem convinced. When making the case for Title II last week, he pointed out that cellular voice is a Title II service just as traditional landline phone service is. Verizon is thus a common carrier for both wireline and wireless voice service, though not for fixed and mobile broadband.
"Under [Title II] for the last 20 years, the wireless industry has been monumentally successful," Wheeler said. "Hundreds of millions—billions of dollars of investment as Title II regulated companies."
jellieSmack-Fu Master, in traininget Subscriptor
Verizon received $2.1 billion in tax breaks for expanding fiber to all of Pennsylvania by 2015. It also promised fiber throughout NYC but lied about that. And in New Jersey, Verizon collected $15 billion from customers to roll out broadband, but instead claims that their 4G/LTE service will make up for all their deficiencies.
In other words, Verizon received billions of dollars to develop its fiber network ... because it is a common carrier.
47 posts | registered Jun 30, 2010
Jon Brodkin Jon is Ars Technica's senior IT reporter, covering the FCC and broadband, telecommunications, tech policy, and more.
Email jon.brodkin@arstechnica.com // Twitter @JBrodkin