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Home » About Us » CIRI Overview » CIRI's History
CIRI Then & Now - The Development of Investor Relations in Canada
Historic Overview
Founders & Early Ambitions
CIRI Board Chairs
Milestones During the 1980s
Award for Excellence
NIRI Canada Takes Flight
CIRI is Born
CIRI's Evolution Through 2010
CIRI Increases in Stature
CIRI Partners
During the mid-to-late 1970s, CIRI was but a gleam in the eye of a small group of Canadian investor relations (IR) practitioners who had joined the Washington-based National Investor Relations Institute (NIRI) to help their companies respond to increasing demands from the investment community by learning more about IR.
These corporate communicators met with increasing frequency, in Toronto and Montreal, to share ideas. Among participants were representatives from Bell Canada, Northern Telecom and Alcan. They soon realized the importance of formalizing their efforts, and in 1979 established the first non-U.S. NIRI chapter, NIRI Canada located in Toronto.
NIRI, now based in Virginia, had been formed in 1969 and by 1979 had about 950 members and 20 chapters and was well on its way to developing an impressive educational program. Early on, NIRI was the driver and role model for developing the IR profession in Canada. But as NIRI Canada gained its footing, with a growing membership and its own evolving educational program tailored to address Canada's unique securities market environment, that drive and leadership shifted to Canada.
Other chapters were formed in Alberta (Calgary) in 1987, British Columbia (Vancouver) in 1989, and Quebec (Montreal) in 1991. Formation of the B.C. Chapter proved premature, and it was inactive during much of the 1990s but reconstituted in 2001 thanks to efforts of seasoned local IROs, supported by CIRI.
The original NIRI Canada chapter was renamed NIRI Eastern Canada when the chapter in Calgary was formed and initially named NIRI Western Canada. A key milestone was the establishment in 1990 of an umbrella organization for all Canadian chapters, to be called NIRI Canada. The new organization had a national board of IR professionals and hired a full-time executive director, with plans over time to build NIRI Canada into a leading IR organization internationally.
In the next few years it became clear that NIRI Canada needed to be a stand-alone organization to better serve the growing needs of its members, and gain stature in the international investor relations community. This required restructuring of the affiliate relationship with NIRI, the achievement of sustainable funding, and a new name to provide a distinctive Canadian brand. In 1992, the NIRI Canada board proposed and the membership approved a new charter, and a rebranding as CIRI. In 1997, CIRI was officially incorporated as a not-for-profit organization.
With a sound structure, leadership and funding in place, CIRI was positioned to become a leading IR organization.
CIRI is indebted to the pioneers who had the vision to establish the NIRI Canada chapter, and to lead in establishing other chapters and ultimately launch a thriving, national organization. The high standards and ambitious objectives set by the early pioneers were critical to the organization's successful professional evolution. Those who served as president of the NIRI Canada chapter or the Canadian umbrella organization in the years leading up to the birth of CIRI in 1992 and its incorporation in 1997, and as chairman in the years since, are recognized below.
CIRI Board Chairs*
Frances Carmichael, NIRI Canada**
Dick Wertheim, NIRI Canada**
Bob Tait
Belle Mulligan, NIRI Canada**
Tom Merinsky
Lorne French, NIRI Canada**
Sharon Mathers
David Carey
Mary Brebner, NIRI Canada***
Colleen Vancha
Gary Lloyd, NIRI Canada***
George Kesteven
Meghan Brown
Tracy Lutz
Brian Ector
Bill Rowe
Denis Jasmin
Peter McBride
Wilma Jacobs
*Called President until 1997
**Chapter of US-based NIRI
***Canadian umbrella organization
As early as 1982, NIRI Canada had ambitious national plans and sought a solid financial base. According to a letter to the then president of NIRI, James Mabry, from Dick Wertheim, then president of NIRI Canada and a director on NIRI's Board:
"We believe we have the potential to develop a major IR organization in Canada, comprising discreet chapters in Toronto, Montreal, possibly the Maritimes, Alberta (perhaps a chapter in each of Calgary and Edmonton) and Vancouver…As great as the opportunities are, we face some formidable hurdles in fulfilling our potential…NIRI Canada is unique among the NIRI chapters in that we represent another country. The players, customs, structure and often the methods of operations of the investment community differ in myriad ways from the U.S. investment community. The securities laws, the regulatory bodies, and tax structure are distinctly different from those in the U.S….While there is much information in NIRI's publications…which is of generic interest, and other material that is of interest to interlisted companies, NIRI performs none of these function on the Canadian scene. It has been argued, therefore, that a NIRI Canada member does not receive membership services of comparable value to those received by a U.S. member."
The letter goes on to say that prospective NIRI Canada members did not perceive they received sufficient benefit from NIRI to justify the current membership fee (of which about 83% went to NIRI, and 17% to NIRI Canada) and that the split should be closer to 50%/50% or 57%/43% in NIRI Canada's favour to provide funds for the establishment of an office and proactively develop a Canadian education program. The letter outlined two proposals: (1) to continue as a chapter of NIRI, with the addition of a new class of Canadian members, who would not be required to join NIRI, or (2) to return the NIRI Canada charter to NIRI and effectively dissolve the Canadian chapter of NIRI, forming a new organization that would operate autonomously. Interlisted companies would join NIRI at their discretion. The first alternative was presented as the preferred one, and the result in 1990-1992 was a hybrid of the two.
Throughout the 1980s, NIRI Canada achieved a number of milestones:
Formed chapters in Alberta (initially called 'NIRI Western Canada'; then 'CIRI Alberta' when CIRI was established), and in B.C. (a premature initiative with the chapter inactive for several years before being reconstituted in 2001);
Chapters developed speaker luncheon programs
NIRI Canada co-sponsored the first annual IR conference with the TSX in the fall of 1985, a half-day event in Toronto, followed by another in 1986. There wasn't sufficient registration in 1987, and the fall timing was considered a factor. The annual conference was held again in the spring of 1988 (titled: "Share Value – Beyond the Bottom Line"), and consecutively thereafter, expanding to a two-day conference in 1991. The selection of locations outside Toronto began in 1997, when the conference was held at the Fairmont Banff Springs Hotel.
Introduced the 'Award for Corporate Excellence in the IR Field' in 1989, with Arden Haynes, then CEO of Imperial Oil, the first winner. In subsequent years, the award was called the 'Award of Excellence in Investor Relations', to honour investor relations officers (IROs) or consultants who have 'made an outstanding contribution to the investor relations profession and to CIRI.' (See below for Award of Excellence winners.)
Launched NIRI/Canada News, a publication produced on an ad hoc basis. In June 1989, the more robust bimonthly 'Newsline' was launched in response to strong demand for 'information relevant to the practice of IR in Canada', as revealed in a member survey. Newsline established an editorial board, and introduced advertising to help cover costs.
All the while, the board was planning for an independent organization.
CIRI Award for Excellence in Investor Relations Winners
Arden Haynes (1989) Ron Blunn (2000) Elaine Wyatt (2011)
Frances Carmichael (1990) Peter McBride (2001) David Carey (2012)
Isabel Mulligan (1991) Betty-Ann Heggie (2002) Colleen Vancha (2013)
Richard Wertheim (1992) Jane Watson (2003) Katherine Vyse (2014)
Lorne French (1993) Wilma Jacobs (2004) George Kesteven (2015)
Gary Lloyd (1994) John Rogers (2005) Shirley Chenier (2016)
Mary Brebner (1995) John Wheeler (2006) Chaya Cooperberg (2017)
Jo Mira Clodman (1996) Nancy Woo (2007) Pat Marshall (2018)
Tracy Lutz (1997) Tom Merinsky (2008)
David Mills (1998) Angela Joyce (2009)
Bill Rowe (1999) Sharon Mathers (2010)
In June 1990, under the leadership of then president Mary Brebner, NIRI Canada was formed as an advisory and support umbrella organization for the then existing three chapters.
The lead-up to this milestone involved a firm defence of the $100 fee rebate received by NIRI Canada from NIRI. NIRI had wanted to reduce the rebate to $50, in line with other international members. It required NIRI Canada to prepare a five-year plan to defend its funding requirements. Belle Mulligan (then NIRI Canada director on NIRI's board), and Mary Brebner made two presentations to the NIRI board in Washington, making the case that Canada needed the full rebate because (i) Canada had unique educational and advocacy requirements with its differing securities, stock exchange, accounting, tax and legal regulations; and (ii) needed working capital for seminars and conferences across Canada, publication of NIRI Canada Newsline, and administrative and research support for these activities through the planned hiring of one full-time or two part-time individuals. Up to this point, NIRI Canada was entirely a volunteer organization, and volunteers while enthusiastic and dedicated were getting maxed out. To move to the next level, build credibility and expand its membership, NIRI Canada needed more, not less funding. To their credit, Belle and Mary won the day, and the $100 rebate was maintained.
A full-time executive director, Joanne (Joey) Brown was hired to be editor of Newsline, develop conferences in various cities across Canada, co-ordinate communications efforts between chapters, assist chapters in their membership drives and assist in the creation of new chapters. These activities were to be funded by the NIRI Canada fee, revenues from a planned corporate sponsorship fundraising campaign, seminars and annual conference, plus surplus chapter funds. NIRI Canada continued to have a director on the NIRI Board, a role filled at that time by Belle Mulligan.
With Joey's appointment, NIRI Canada established an office (until 1996 at Joey's home), and had a full-time manager to drive the development of CIRI. Joey added staff as demands warranted and the budget allowed. She and her team worked closely with the national and chapter boards and effectively tapped the resources of member volunteers committed to developing the profession as well as their own capabilities. An enthusiastic IR network was growing, helping to drive CIRI membership and program development.
The bylaws for the new organization were drafted by Betty Moffat, treasurer of the NIRI Eastern Canada board, approved by that board in consultation with other chapter boards, and ratified June 6, 1990. Officers of the first NIRI Canada board were Mary Brebner (president), Pat Trottier (president of the Alberta chapter) , Gary Lloyd (funding), Pat Mahoney (program), David Mills (treasurer), Paul LaFontaine (membership, and president of the B.C. chapter), Eric Lavarak (conference chairperson), Frances Carmichael (NIRI Canada Newsline chair), and Joey Brown, executive director. By November 1990, Jo Mira Clodman had become Newsline chair, with Frances Carmichael now focusing on advertising, and Jo Mira has continued as editor to this day. The Board added regional directors – Joan Philip in Ottawa and Roy Firth in Quebec.
To raise corporate sponsorship funds, Gary Lloyd headed a committee that included Lorne French, Frances Carmichael, Mary Brebner, Joan Philip, Pat Trottier and Paul LaFontaine. Their targets were $40,000 in 1990, and $60,000 to $75,000 in total. They focused on corporations with NIRI Canada members, seeking contributions of $5,000 each toward IR educational programs. The fundraising was successful, and donors were recognized in Newsline as 'Charter Sponsors', supporting excellence in IR. Those initial sustaining sponsors included Alcan, Barrick Gold (American Barrick), BCE, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, CCL Industries, Imasco, Imperial Oil, Noranda Group, Royal Bank of Canada, and TransCanada PipeLines.
Early in 1992, a special task force was formed by the Board to further restructure the relationship between NIRI and NIRI Canada. Chaired by Belle Mulligan, the task force drafted a proposal that set out ways to establish an independent and distinct investor relations organization in Canada while continuing to benefit from NIRI's valuable resources through an affiliate arrangement. Lorne French, who succeeded Belle Mulligan on the NIRI board, played a pivotal role in negotiating the new structure with NIRI. Other members of the task force were Mary Brebner, Frances Carmichael, Dick Wertheim and Joey Brown.
Financial restructuring was key to the proposal. The task force recommended that a greater portion of member fees be retained in Canada with the shift phased in over two years, but that there be no change in total fees. The portion directed to individual CIRI/chapter fees increased to three quarters from one quarter previously, with the balance directed to NIRI. It also recommended that the Canadian organization assume responsibility for collecting fees and approving new members effective November 1, 1992.
The NIRI Canada board approved the proposed new structure in March 1992. NIRI members in Canada were asked to vote by April 24, 1992, and formation of the new organization, to be named CIRI, was officially ratified soon after. CIRI membership at the time totaled 160.
In a letter seeking support of the NIRI Canada membership, signed by then president Gary Lloyd, the advantages of establishing a separate Canadian organization were provided:
to assure international recognition for Canadian investor relations efforts which will become increasingly important in the global investment markets; and
to provide expanded programs and member services that are closely suited to the majority of Canadian members and are designed to address Canadian needs, issues and regulatory requirements.
Retaining an affiliation with NIRI would ensure that all members, especially those with interlisted companies, continue to benefit from NIRI's valuable resources. CIRI members would continue to receive a subscription of Update, the membership directory and reduced rates at U.S. seminars and conferences. CIRI and NIRI would have representation on each others' boards of directors to ensure on-going communications and opportunities for joint programs.
From NIRI's viewpoint, the Canadian request for the restructuring was a natural progression of the growing affiliate organization. Financially, the reduced revenue flow to NIRI was offset by reduced costs for such things as fee collection and membership data maintenance. The relationship has remained constructive and mutually beneficial.
In 1997, CIRI was incorporated as a not-for-profit organization. At that time, Joey Brown became President and CEO and a voting director. The IR professional who led the board became the chair, rather than president.
With CIRI's structure and financing in place, David Mills, CIRI president in 1993, invited leading IROs to a meeting to "help formulate a focus and direction for the future of CIRI". One goal was "to bring a Mission Statement to the board to put into place a dynamic set of programs and services that will keep CIRI strong and growing into the future."
CIRI at the time defined itself as "a professional, non-profit organization of executives responsible for communications between public corporations, investors and financial communities. Effective investor relations can translate into fully-valued securities and lower cost of capital."
At that time, a number of issues were discussed that remain subjects of debate to this day. How could CIRI best support chapters as primary drivers of membership growth? How could CIRI best facilitate and coordinate programming at the chapter and national levels? How could programming be balanced to meet the needs of senior IROs while continuing to provide IR fundamentals? It was decided that CIRI should develop its own 'body of knowledge' publications – similar to NIRI's Standards & Guidance for Disclosure – and in time undertake issues advocacy.
There was a strong sense of purpose, and a high level of enthusiasm and urgency to establish a robust platform of programming and services as quickly as possible. The CIRI board, CIRI staff, local boards, committee members and other member volunteers all had important roles to play. The national and local boards were made up of senior IROs from across the country, developing a valuable professional network. Joey's collaborative leadership accelerated CIRI's early progress. In 1995, the head office moved into a more spacious, functional venue in Mississauga, and full-time staff doubled to two with the hire of Mary Blair as administrative assistant, later membership head.
This was the period of many 'firsts' – the first:
seminar focused on financial analysis, in 1992;
IR Fundamentals seminar in 1996 (later called Essentials of Investor Relations conference);
five-day Strategic Investor Relations Management Executive Program at the University of Western Ontario's Richard Ivey School of Business in 1997; a successful program that was provided annually through 2004;
compensation and responsibilities survey in 1997;
interactive website with password protected access to members only sections in 1997;
Formation of an 'issues committee' in 1995, first chaired by David Mills, to keep members abreast of developing IR-related securities regulations through 'Bulletins' and provide comment on proposed regulations through advocacy submissions;
edition of Standards & Guidance for Disclosure in 1998, (drafted by lawyer Margaret Cohen, who had provided the regular legal column for Newsline), the Canadian version of the NIRI disclosure document with the same name;
CIRI annual meeting as an incorporated not-for-profit entity in 1998;
hiring of a director of professional development (Syliva Biggs) in 1998;
strategic planning session using an outside facilitator, in 1998. That session articulated CIRI's vision. "CIRI will be the professional association recognized by corporate executives, regulatory bodies, the investment community and the business media as the Canadian authority in investor relations." It also articulated its mission and goals, and analyzed the business environment;
hosting of the annual International IR Federation (IIRF) conference in Toronto in 1998 (often attended by a CIRI member representative when held outside Canada);
IR advocacy submission, on the subject of reaching beneficial shareholders, in 1999;
publication of a Model Disclosure Policy (MDP), developed by a committee headed by Tracy Lutz. The first version of CIRI's policy was attached to the second edition of the Standards & Guidance for Disclosure produced in 2003. A third edition of the Standards & Guidance and second version of the MDP was produced in 2006, with Jane Watson as project leader. The fourth edition with an updated MDP was published in 2011, with Tracy Lutz as project leader;
publication of the Guide to Developing an Investor Relations Program, in 2001, written by Tracy Lutz, who was assisted by a committee of CIRI members;
introduction in November 2008 of IR focus, a practical how-to two-page guide that complements Newsline;
introduction in September 2009 of wIRed, a weekly e-newsletter providing relevant IR news/articles, information on CIRI National and chapter events, and recent research or studies to help members develop, adapt and implement their investor relations strategies; and
initiation of the 'Belle Mulligan Award for Leadership in IR' presented for the first time at CIRI's annual conference in June 2010, in honour of Belle who died in November 2009 following a long and courageous battle with cancer. The first recipient was Alison Thompson, who developed the Geothermal Code for Public Reporting and led the industry in applying it.
All the while, CIRI and the IR profession were increasing in stature. There were a number of disclosure and governance-related regulatory developments on both sides of the border through the early 2000s that affected issuers and raised the bar for IROs. CIRI's response as educator and, in some cases, in an advocacy role, helped build its public profile and its membership.
These developments included:
the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) 'Regulation Fair Disclosure' in 2000, which targeted selective disclosure, followed by the Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA) National Policy 51-201 Disclosure Standards which addressed concerns about selective disclosure and provided the framework for a disclosure policy for issuers;
the accounting misrepresentations and frauds involving Enron, Worldcom and other issuers at the turn of the century leading to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) in 2002 in the U.S, and shareholder protection and continuous disclosure regulations in Canada; and
Ontario's introduction in 2006, followed by other provinces, of a statutory civil liability regime for continuous disclosures. Ontario Bill 198 targeted misrepresentative and/or untimely disclosures with the intent of improving the standard of public disclosure while avoiding the litigious environment in the US.
CIRI provided informative Bulletins, Backgrounders and Briefs for members, and integrated the evolving rules and guidelines into updated Standards & Guidance for Disclosure and the Model Disclosure Policy. These developments elevated the importance of good IR in helping to build value and reduce risk liability.
CIRI membership numbers also were influenced over time by economic factors, and the number of initial public offerings – offset by merger and acquisition activity – in any given year. Memberships are held by individuals, rather than issuers, underlining the professional rather than corporate affiliation, and this has buffered the impact of the changing corporate landscape.
Joey Brown oversaw CIRI's successful development into a strong, independent Canadian IR organization from 1990 through mid-2003, when she retired as president and CEO. She was followed by interim president Wilma Jacobs, previously chair of CIRI (2003-2004), and then by three presidents (Roxanna Benoit 2004-2005, Bob Tait, 2005-2007, and Ian Bacque 2007-2008) before the appointment of Tom Enright in November 2008. Previously president and CEO of CNW Group, and a recipient of IR Magazine's award for Lifetime Achievement in IR in 2008, Tom brought a commitment to furthering the IR profession and the executive skills to achieve CIRI's vision and goals. When Tom's term came to an end in late 2012, George Kesteven, Chairman of CIRI's Board of Directors was pleased to welcome Yvette Lokker as the new President and Chief Executive Officer of CIRI effective January 1, 2013. Yvette joined CIRI in 2008 as the Director of Communications and Professional Development and was promoted to Vice President in the fall of 2011.
As the IR function has gained importance and recognition, CIRI has networked and partnered with a growing number of regulatory and non-regulatory organizations, developing important symbiotic relationships.
Its first and several subsequent annual conferences were co-sponsored with the TSX, and a close relationship continues. CIRI also has a close working relationship with the Ontario Securities Commission, with a designated representative on the OSC's Continuous Disclosure Advisory Committee. CIRI regularly provides comment through submissions on proposed regulations and guidelines of the Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA) and OSC that require an IR perspective.
CIRI has worked jointly on IR-related projects with the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA), Institute of Corporate Directors (ICD) and Chartered Financial Analysts (CFA) group. CIRI members regularly provide judging from an IR perspective for the CICA annual report and sustainability report awards. CIRI provided comment on the CICA's MD&A – Guidelines for Preparation and Disclosure, and other documents. CIRI co-sponsored with the ICD a survey on board-shareholder relations, and participated in a study by the CFA and NIRI that provided guidelines for issuer/research-analyst relationships.
In 1997, CIRI partnered with the Richard Ivey School of Business at the University of Western Ontario, to launch an annual five-day 'Strategic Management of Investor Relations' program focused on IR as a critical component of the corporate strategic and tactical planning process. Course topics included: corporate strategy and investor relations; IR and the marketing process; capital markets: value determination, liquidity and IR; issues in ethics and corporate governance; financial reporting process; investment valuation and IR; media relations IR; corporate disclosure strategy; and IR strategy development. This program benefited more than 200 IROs through to its final session in 2004.
The launch in 1993 by UK-based Cross Border Publishing of IR Magazine, an IR-dedicated monthly publication featuring global coverage, and ancillary services, brought significant value to the Canadian IR community, and to CIRI. IR Magazine hosted its first gala IR awards dinner in Canada in 2000, where it recognized top IROs and a top CEO selected by a professional survey of the investment communities in Canada and the U.S. and also recognized an individual for 'lifetime achievement in IR'. The dinner and awards are sponsored by leading players in, and suppliers to, the Canadian IR industry.
Early on, NIRI Canada worked closely with the Canadian Society of Corporate Secretaries (CSCS), mainly regarding the issue of reaching beneficial shareholders. Common interests continue, notably with the increased regulatory emphasis on corporate governance.
Since the beginning, CIRI has depended on its many sponsors and exhibitors to support the organization and to provide meaningful, reliable products and services to the IR function. These sponsors and exhibitors have enhanced CIRI's IR program through their generous support.
The National Strategic Partner (NSP) sponsorship program was launched in the early 2000s with CNW Group Ltd. (then Canada Newswire Ld.) and Marketwire (then CCN Matthews), the first NSPs. Over the years, the TMX/Equicom (2010-2012), Business Wire (2011-present) and Infomart (2012-2013) joined the ranks. Today, Business Wire continues to be an NSPs.
By 2010, CIRI had established itself as a professional, well respected, national organization for the IR profession which it now defines as: "the strategic management responsibility that integrates the disciplines of finance, communications and marketing to achieve an effective two-way flow of information between a public company and the investment community, in order to enable fair and efficient capital markets."
In the Spring of 2010, CIRI moved its offices to downtown Toronto from Mississauga, to be more accessible to members and other stakeholders.
There are myriad evolving IR-related issues about which members will look to CIRI to provide information, guidance and advocacy in the years to come. Issues on the immediate horizon include the impact of international financial accounting standards that will be required in Canada in 2011; evolving standards of disclosure for environmental (including climate change), social and governance (ESG) matters; and best practices in the growing use of social media.
To help fund CIRI's ambitious educational and advocacy program, the president and board in 2010 spearheaded a new corporate donation program which by the fall of 2010 had raised $130,000 from 14 issuers whose IROs are CIRI members. The largest donators, in the 'champion level' category of $50,000+, were Arc Energy Trust, Teck Resources and Suncor Energy.
The next major initiative, planned for September 2011, is to launch an IR certification program in partnership with the Richard Ivey School of Business. In June 2010, CIRI announced that "recognizing there is a need for formal education in the field of investor relations, CIRI is developing a program that will cover all relevant areas of this multi-disciplinary role including capital markets, corporate governance, securities law, finance and communications." The 10-month program will be delivered through a combination of online and face-to-face classes. Based on course work, CIRI will offer an exam to obtain a professional designation in IR.
The IR function is becoming increasingly demanding and complex, as capital markets become more competitive and global, disclosure requirements tighten and penalties for poor disclosure escalate, and communication channels multiply and change. The evolving needs of its members will continue to drive CIRI's agenda.
A special thanks to Jane Watson who created this section of the website. Jane was an active member of CIRI for more than two decades through 2011, and won the Award of Excellence in 2003. We greatly appreciate the time and effort that went into pulling our history together.
About CIRI


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The truth is, there are no "right" or "wrong" extra-curricular activities. It doesn't matter if you're involved in student government, band/music, a sport (in school or club level), community service, scientific research, or something completely unconnected with school. It's how deeply you have explored your involvement in the activities you have chosen that matters.
Four years of the same activity are better than three, three are better than two.
Colleges are looking for students to be actively engaged and leaders on their campuses. The best way for you to express to them that you'll step into this role is to show them what you've done in your time in high school. So four years of the same activity is GREAT! Three years is strong. Two years is fine, and jumping into a new activity your senior year, or quitting one after just one year, is less impressive. We're going for depth of involvement, and increasing dedication and responsibility.
This means ninth grade is a really important time to start assessing who you are and where your interests lie. If there's a club at school that caters to that interest, super! Jump right on it! And stick with it. If there isn't a club at your school, you might want to look into finding some friends who share your interest and starting one – or finding a way to get involved outside of school.
Athletics, theatre and music are easy examples of how students can work together, support each other and create an outcome that is greater than its parts. See this post for the lessons students can take away from playing team sports (hint: it's not about hitting the game-winning home run in the bottom of the ninth inning!).
But what if you're really into science and there's no robotics club or science labs at your school? What if you're really into politics? What if you are a bit of an introvert and just like reading? After you get into the groove of your academics, you should start to look around your community. Who else likes what you like? What events or activities are there for you to get involved? Maybe you could join another school's robotics club, or take an online coding class? Maybe you could volunteer on a political campaign, or volunteer at the local library to read to younger kids? Whatever extra-curricular activities you choose – this is the important part – stick with it!
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So there are no "best" or "right" extra-curricular activities – only the impact you've made from pursuing the ones you have chosen!
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text:
Q: Can't install Fortress Forever I can't seem to install the Source mod Fortress Forever.
My understanding is that I need one of the games on this list.  However, I have both Portal and Half-Life 2: Deathmatch from that list.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
World NewsNewsTravel
Coasting the islands of Croatia
VERONICA MATHESONThe West Australian
Thu, 17 November 2011 3:34PM
With more than 1000 islands to explore, Croatia's indented coastline has become a hotbed for small sailing ships all in search of their own little slice of paradise.
Most are chartered for a week or two by a group of friends, or by individuals who join one another for a holiday sunbaking on deck, diving into the clean crisp turquoise waters of the Adriatic Sea, exploring small islands steeped in history, and feasting on fresh seafood and local produce washed down by quaffable wines.
More Europe travel news and reviews:
LIVELY LISBON
PRAGUE AT HEART OF EUROPEAN CULTURE
CANAL TRIP IN SOUTH OF FRANCE
Tony Brbich, of Integrated Tourism Services in West Leederville, knows the area well as his parents were born in Tucepi in Croatia where the family still maintain their own wine cellars.
"The Croatian coastline is magnificent and gives access to many wonderful but often hard-to-reach places," he said. "I cruised there with friends for three years running. The first year we went for a week, the following year for two weeks, and the third year for three weeks. I decided to charter a boat to take clients and have done so every year since. And it certainly helps that I speak Croatian when we go ashore.
"The guests all leave the cruise saying it is the best holiday they've ever had. Two couples have done the trip twice because they enjoyed it so much."
LUXURY IN THE ADRIATIC
Mr Brbich has just returned from a holiday on the motor yacht Amorena which, he says, is the best boat in its category in the Adriatic. It has 18 twin-share air-conditioned cabins and was built in Split by the Trgo family who have a long history of running cruises in the area and it's the sister ship of the Barbara which is owned by the same family.
"They are a lovely family," Mr Brbich said. "The father, Branimir, still skippers his original wooden-hulled boat while his two sons, Ante and Ivan, skipper the Amorena and Barbara."
Mr Brbich has chartered the Barbara on four occasions over the past four years and next year will charter the Amorena for an 11-night cruise with clients.
"Basically we start from Rijeka in the north of Croatia and sail south to Dubrovnik via many small islands and ports along the way," he said.
"It's very much a relaxed environment on board with regular stops for a swim in crystal-clear bays or for walking tours to historic sites or for a meal at a family restaurant.
"There is a Dalmatian chef on board who caters for all meals as well as a crew of six.
"It is all so relaxed and informal that guests often turn up for dinner barefoot and in shorts.
"It is a fun environment with quiz nights, skits, and so on, and local singers often come on board to entertain us."
Invariably, one of the highlights of the Croatian itinerary is an afternoon at his family's wine cellars in Tucepi.
• Flights leave Perth on August 14 for Croatia's capital Zagreb with two days sightseeing, and a night in the coastal resort of Opatija. Guests then join the Amorena in Pula for an 11-night cruise to Dubrovnik before disembarking for three nights with sightseeing and a day tour to Montenegro. Then it's on to Tucepi, Split and the Plitvice Lakes National Park before flying to Perth on September 7.
• The package costs from $10,620 per person, including airfares, cruise, accommodation, and pre- and post-cruise coach touring.
• Don't leave home without bathers, sunscreen, sunglasses, a hat, and a camera.
• For more, call Integrated Tourism Services on (08) 9381 9644 or go to intour.com.au.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Dragon Hops Brewing hops yard, which fuels beer production for Dragon Hops Brewery in Purcellville. [Renss Greene/Loudoun Now]
Loudoun News
County Leaders Celebrate, but Loudoun Farmland Disappearing Quickly
2019-04-18 2019-04-18 Renss Greene	2 Comments
A press release from Loudoun County government last week celebrated a U.S. Department of Agriculture census that found Loudoun led the state in the production of grapes, hops, honey, alpacas and llamas, and having the most minority farmers.
"The Board of Supervisors have made it a priority to preserve our farmland and support those who are putting their land to great use," stated County Chairwoman Phyllis J. Randall (D-At Large). "It's gratifying to see that those efforts are paying off with another positive report on ag-based economy in the county."
But a look at the report shows farmland in Loudoun is disappearing—and more quickly than before. From 2012 to 2017, Loudoun lost 137 farms and 12,860 acres of farmland—20 square miles, a loss of 9.5 percent of Loudoun's farmland. That's faster than the 6 percent drop statewide, and nearly twice the rate of decline during the previous five-year period.
The USDA's 2012 Census of Agriculture found 1,396 farms in Loudoun with 134,792 acres of farmland. Five years later in 2017, those figures were down to 1,259 farms and 121,932 acres. Between 2007 to 2012, Loudoun lost 7,660 acres, about 5.4 percent of its farmland. Only 31 farms shuttered in that time.
"Losing 10 percent of your farmland every five years—there's only one way that ends up," said Loudoun County Farm Bureau president Chris Van Vlack.
He said as Loudoun loses farmland, it is approaching a point where farmers will no longer be able to find the support services they need to keep farming.
"Folks that are serious about farming are finding ways to utilize the acreage they have, but that will only work up to a certain point," Van Vlack said. "You have to have enough critical mass to make it feasible for all of the various service providers to operate in the area."
He gave an example from his own small farm near Lovettsville—he can no longer find a local business to provide agricultural lime, an essential tool to adjust pH levels in soil, for a small farm at an affordable price. Without enough farmland in Loudoun, he said, local companies that support farms can't find enough business to stay open. Companies farther away in West Virginia, Maryland and the Shenandoah Valley either don't think it's worth their time or charge too much to travel that far.
"That's sort of the canary in the coal mine," Van Vlack said. "You start losing the acreage, and then all of the stuff that is necessary for the viability of any farm becomes harder to do, because you don't have economies of scale."
From 2002 to 2007, the county saw 13.5 percent of its farmland go away. Van Vlack said the slower loss from 2007 to 2012 may be attributable to the real estate market crash and recession of 2008, causing farmland to be "artificially protected" as development ground to a halt.
"In that period, we also took away funding for the [Purchase of Development Rights] program, and so the actual structural things that would have led more land to be protected for succeeding generations of farmers were removed," Van Vlack said. "We were just sort of artificially protected by a national real estate crash."
The agriculture census comes about as the Board of Supervisors enters the final stage of writing the county's new comprehensive plan. The latest draft of the plan, from the county Planning Commission, does not include Farm Bureau-supported conservation programs intended to protect farmland such as Purchase of Development Rights or Transfer of Development Rights.
The Planning Commission removed a county-funded Purchase of Development Rights program that is in the county's current plan, but has been unfunded since a newly elected Board of Supervisors in 2004 took dramatic steps to reverse much of the previous board's work in conservation.
That program would allow supervisors to use county tax money to purchase and retire development rights on rural lands, permanently protecting them from development. In February, Republican supervisors shot down a proposal to explore restarting that program.
County supervisors have been split over a Transfer of Development Rights program, which would set up a marketplace for private landowners to buy development rights from farmland to apply to their own property elsewhere. That is still under consideration.
"This report couldn't have come out at a better time as far as telling us, we can do things well here, but unless we change trajectory, all the things we sort of pay lip service to that are the good things we enjoy about the county, but we haven't really done concrete things to protect, are going to go away," Van Vlack said. "And people are going to say, 'wait a second, I liked the fact that I could buy local produce, and go to wineries, and go to equine events. Why did that go away?' And it'll be because we didn't put in concrete steps."
rgreene@loudounnow.com
Republican Supervisors Shoot Down Purchase of Development Rights Program
Loudoun Supervisors Split Over Development Rights Marketplace Proposal
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2 thoughts on "County Leaders Celebrate, but Loudoun Farmland Disappearing Quickly"
Bob Ohneiser Esq.
What is the Planning Commission real agenda? Who nominates them to their positions? The real agenda is pretty obvious. Just look at how the major donors of both party sponsored candidates for Chair of BOS self identify themselves on VPAP. REAL ESTATE DEVELOPERS! No matter what the majority of Loudoun wants the decisions will be made by those in office even when predictably that same majority DOES NOT VOTE. The agenda of the BOS needs to change from convincing us that meeting demand for housing is really a thing to what is in the best interest of the county citizens based on efficiency, fairness and community support. Stop complaining or vote on November 5th – that is the real choice. THE MAJORITY SHOULD RULE not the developers!
Hey Bob-
The Board members each appoint a Planning Commissioner. If you don't know that, good luck with your race. Ignoring the residential demand on this county and not allowing for more growth east of the Rural areas will get you exactly this result……farms being sold to Developers for by-right houses.
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Pilot-instructors of the Air Force Military Academy have started learning to operate new Ansat-U helicopters. The new aircraft were delivered to the training air base in Saratov region in December 2017.
Third-year cadets of the Syzran Branch of the Military Academy are to perform first sorties on such training helicopters in March 2018.
The Air Force Military Academy received ten Ansat-U helicopters in 2017. The total number of such aircraft amounts to more than 60 helicopters, designed for initial training programme.
In total, the Air Force Military Academy received some 100 latest and modernized armaments and hardware in 2017.


text:
"use strict"

var fs = require('fs');
var AWS = require('aws-sdk');

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
function S3Writer(){

}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
S3Writer.prototype.write = function(params, file_path, callback){
  var stream = fs.createReadStream(file_path);

  AWS.config.region = params['Region'];

  var s3 = new AWS.S3({params: params});

  s3.upload({Body: stream}, function(err, data){
    if(err){
      LOG.error('Unable to place ' + params['Key'] + ' onto ' + params['Bucket']);
      LOG.error(err);

    }else{
      LOG.info('Stored ' + params['Key'] + ' on ' + params['Bucket']);
    }

    callback();
  });
}

module.exports = exports = S3Writer;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The European community repeatedly outlinedthat people's way of life is deeply destructive. As a consequence, they have carried out policies in order to improve people's health. Those policies do work with some people, however younger generations have never been so much in danger of being overweight than they are today.This project intends to tackle that problem by teaching our students other, more healthy way of living. Each country has both good and bad habits concerning food, exercise and other habits connected to health. We think we can learn from one another to improve our lifestyles while respecting each country's cultural standards. And using one another to focus on "blind spots" for improvement. The target group includes students aged 12-16. We will create a website for interaction between school partners and it will be a permanent source for every citizen to be used. Cross curricular teaching/learning programs on healthy living will be developed on healthy nutrition, sports or combination also using the science from other subjects relevant for the topics like biology, physics, chemistry and math will organise health-events. The result will be a web-page which will be developed during the project and be available for the following 3 years after the project. The programs and events can be downloaded from this page. A PROTOCOL on healthy life style will be developed containing the most useful teaching programs, event, investigations, experiments and some of the good habits we have learned, hints and ideas for a healthier life style. A common protocol that every school can apply is a main result. This protocol will be a manual with two appendixes: posters that any school can display; brochures that will be handed out to students, parents, the local public, local authorities; A website will be used in order to communicate easily and upload all work in progress and results. Through the European Erasmus+ dissemination platform, the protocol will be disseminated to other European schools and citizens. If the pupils change their bad habits and replace them with better ones, it is more likely that they keep the new habits their whole life long and they share them with others, even unconsciously. Eventually, those pupils will also have bonded with other Europeans that they will see as fellow Europeans. They will be less self-centred and will see more easily the benefits of other cultures. Working with concrete topics like food and sports will give a European dimension to our schools by sharing concrete ideas, achieving self-consciousness and getting active together. All in all, this project will change the partners' mentality, open the minds and bring the European ideas directly to each school. So, gradually, we can hope that the generations to come will be healthier and more conscious of their health.


text:
// Copyright 2016 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

using GoogleCloudExtension.Theming;
using GoogleCloudExtension.Utils;

namespace GoogleCloudExtension.LinkPrompt
{
    public class LinkPromptDialogWindow : CommonDialogWindowBase
    {
        private LinkPromptDialogWindow(string title, string text, LinkInfo link) : base(title)
        {
            var viewModel = new LinkPromptDialogWindowViewModel(text, link);
            Content = new LinkPromptDialogWindowContent
            {
                DataContext = viewModel,
            };
        }

        public static void PromptUser(string title, string text, LinkInfo link)
        {
            var window = new LinkPromptDialogWindow(title, text, link);
            window.ShowModal();
        }
    }
}


text:
PEOPLE v. RICHARDSON
Court of Appeal, Second District, Division 5, California.
The PEOPLE of the State of California, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Thomas Gaston RICHARDSON, Defendant and Appellant.
Cr. 15976.
Lloyd, Bradley, Burrell & Nelson and Charles E. Lloyd, Los Angeles, for defendant and appellant. Thomas C. Lynch, Atty. Gen., William E. James, Asst. Atty. Gen., Gordon J. Rose, Deputy Atty. Gen., for plaintiff and respondent.
By information defendant was charged with violations of Health and Safety Code, section 11500 (count I—possession of heroin) and section 11501 (count II—transporting a narcotic). A motion to set aside the information under Penal Code section 995 was denied, and two motions to suppress evidence under Penal Code section 1538.5 were denied. By stipulation the case was tried before the court on the transcript of the preliminary hearing.1 During the trial another motion to suppress was made and denied.2 Defendant was sentenced on both counts to the state prison for the term prescribed by law. The appeal is from the judgment of conviction, and purportedly from the order denying motion for new trial.
* Advance Report Citation: 71 A.C. 791, 794—795.
Officer Welsch, of the Narcotics Division of the Los Angeles Police Department, over the past five years had known defendant (under his middle name 'Gaston') as a seller of narcotics.3 Officer Welsch received information from an informant, with whom he had just become acquainted, that defendant and two others were involved in criminal activity. As to the latter, one was said to be selling narcotics; the other to be in possession of stolen property.
As to defendant, the informant gave Officer Welsch defendant's address and telephone number, advised that he was known as 'Gaston' and had an off-white 1963 Chevrolet automobile with a dented right rear door, and identified him in a photograph. He stated to Officer Welsch that defendant was engaged in the sale of heroin; that defendant would leave his house between 6 a.m. and 8 a.m. to make deliveries; that if defendant did not have sufficient heroin, he would go to a large brown building with green trim at 42nd and San Pedro Place to obtain an additional supply.
Two days before he made contact with defendant, Officer Welsch arrested the other two persons who had been informed upon and learned that the information about them had been accurate. The validity of these arrests was not attacked by defendant. One arrestee had possession of three-fourths of an ounce of heroin; the other, 30 admittedly stolen Cashmere coats.
Officer Welsch verified the address and telephone number given by the informant as those of defendant. At 7 a.m. of the day chosen to check on defendant, Officer Welsch, in an unmarked car driven by Sergeant Sanderson, went to defendant's residence. Officer Welsch saw defendant enter an off-white 1963 Chevrolet with a dented right rear door and drive away. The officers followed defendant to the location on San Pedro Place specified by the informant and saw defendant stop, enter a large brown house with green trim, come out, reenter his automobile and drive away. The officers continued to follow, and after a short distance, pulled alongside defendant. Officer Welsch, from the passenger's side, identified himself as a policeman and had defendant stop. Defendant remained in his car. When Officer Welsch got out and approached defendant's car, he observed defendant make a quick movement with his right arm away from his body, either downward or upward, or both. Officer Welsch had defendant step from his vehicle and then asked him if he minded if they searched his car. Defendant said, 'No, you don't have to ask me. Go ahead. Go right ahead.'4
Officer Welsch looked on the floor boards under the driver's section and found two balloons containing a powdery substance which he considered to be, and which later proved to be, heroin. Defendant then was formally arrested. Shortly thereafter, following full advice as to his rights and his statement that he understood them, and would answer questions, defendant, when queried about his use of heroin, said, 'Well, I horn a little bit' (meaning he ingested it by sniffing it through his nose).
Defendant makes two main contentions. The first is in two segments: (1) that the evidence is insufficient to establish that Officer Welsch had probable cause to arrest defendant and to make a prior search of his car incident to the later arrest; and (2) that if there were proper grounds for an investigative detention of defendant, the evidence was insufficient to establish that defendant, in the course of that detention, consented to the search. The second main contention is that there was insufficient evidence to support the implied finding that defendant had knowledge of the presence of the heroin and of its narcotic character.
It is clear from the remarks of the trial judge, made when denying the motion for new trial, that he did find that the informant was reliable. This was supported by the testimony that the information concerning the other two persons informed upon turned out to be accurate. This is the conventional measuring device for reliability. (McCray v. Illinois, 386 U.S. 300, 303, 87 S.Ct. 1056, 18 L.Ed.2d 62; People v. Prewitt, 52 Cal.2d 330, 337, 341 P.2d 1; People v. Sanders, 250 Cal.App.2d 123, 130, 58 Cal.Rptr. 259.) The mere fact that confirmation of informer reliability materialized only a few days before the information given as to defendant was acted upon should not detract from its value.
The defendant appears to urge, however, that granted the informant was reliable, his explanation to the officers gave only a Modus operandi for criminal activities and did not purport to recount actual occurrences seen by the informant. However, a strong inference was available from the nature and detail of the explanation that it was based on observations of numerous instances of the procedure. Moreover, it is not essential that the informant's material be obtained from first-hand observation, if he gives an adequate explanation of the manner in which the information was gathered or if he describes the criminal activity in considerable detail, and the details are corroborated by police investigation so that the tip appears as trustworthy to a magistrate as a tip passing the test of Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723, without independent corroboration. (Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 415, 89 S.Ct. 584, 21 L.Ed.2d 637.) Spinelli says that its facts did not meet this standard. The tip was that Spinelli was using two specified telephone numbers for a gambling operation. Investigation revealed that an apartment that Spinelli was seen entering contained the two telephones which had these numbers. Spinelli points out though that the circumstances in Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307, 79 S.Ct. 329, 3 L.Ed.2d 327, were adequate. There the tip related that Draper had gone to Chicago and would return with heroin to Denver by train on one of two specified mornings and gave a description of his clothing. The officers saw the man in question at the train on the second morning specified with attire which corresponded to the description. It is clear that the circumstances in the instant case are much closer to those in Draper than to those in Spinelli. Details were given concerning times, locations and the vehicle being used, and what the officers saw matched quite precisely with the information received: The informant's statement in the instant case did 'describe the accused's criminal activity in sufficient detail that the * * * (officer might) know that he * * * (was) relying on something more substantial than a casual rumor circulating in the underworld * * *.' (Spinelli v. United States, Supra, 393 U.S. at page 416, 89 S.Ct. at p. 589.) The detail which the informer provided, corroborated in every respect by the officer's observations, indicated that the informer had an intimate familiarity with the activities of defendant and that he gained his information in a reliable way.5 Officer Welsch's awareness over a five-year period of defendant's selling habits made the informant's tip particularly meaningful. This factual situation should be contrasted with what we pointed out in People v. Escollias, 264 Cal.App.2d 16, 19—20, 70 Cal.Rptr. 65, 67, to be a situation 'totally devoid of anything that would indicate any criminal activity was involved.'
** Advance Report Citation: 71 A.C. 189, 194—195.
When he observed defendant go into and come out of the big brown house with the green trim and return to his car and drive off, Officer Welsch, based on the informant's revelation that defendant did this to obtain heroin for his projected deliveries, had reason to entertain a strong suspicion that defendant possessed heroin in the vehicle. Officer Welsch's observation of defendant furtively moving his right arm at the time he was being stopped, was confirmatory of the presence of contraband. The totality of this information gave Officer Welsch probable cause to arrest defendant. (Cf. Draper v. United States, Supra, 358 U.S. 307, 312—314, 79 S.Ct. 329, 3 L.Ed.2d 327; People v. Fischer, 49 Cal.2d 442, 446, 317 P.2d 967; see Witkin, California Criminal Procedure (1963) Proceedings Before Trial, s 103, pp. 102—103.)
With probable cause to arrest, the officer had the right, coincidentally, even though preceding formal arrest (People v. Terry, 70 Cal.2d 410, 428, 77 Cal.Rptr. 460, 454 P.2d 36; People v. Cockrell, 63 Cal.2d 659, 666—667, 47 Cal.Rptr. 788, 408 P.2d 116),6 to search the front seat of the car. (See People v. Bauer, 1 Cal.3d 368, 374—375, 82 Cal.Rptr. 357, 461 P.2d 637.)7
Defendant suggests that whatever probable cause to arrest may have existed in law, Officer Welsch himself did not believe that he had such probable cause at the time he made the search. This argument envisions the rule that it is not an objective, but a personally subjective, probable cause standard which is to be used in deciding whether a pre-formal-arrest search is valid. The objective test is proper. (Cf. People v. Reyes, 206 Cal.App.2d 337, 340, 343, 23 Cal.Rptr. 705; see also Klingler v. United States, 409 F.2d 299, 304 (8th Cir. 1969).) In any event, the evidence indicates that Officer Welsch did believe he had probable cause to arrest by the time he searched the car. It is true that Officer Welsch, referring to the time of receipt of factual material from the informant, intimated that he did not feel he had cause to arrest defendant because he did not have any evidence; but he also testified that tieing in with his own knowledge of defendant what the informer told him, he was 'pretty well convinced that * * * (defendant) was involved in the crime of selling narcotics, * * *.' Moreover, Officer Welsch, as his actual investigation progressed, obtained the 'evidence' of defendant's visit to the brown house and of his furtive movement when his car was stopped. It is also true that Officer Welsch testified that when defendant got out of his car he was 'under investigation.' However, the trial court could have taken this to mean that defendant had not been formally arrested yet, and not to mean that Officer Welsch felt that he did not yet have probable cause to arrest despite his observation of defendant's visit to the brown house (supportive of a belief that he got heroin there) and his furtive movement in the car (supportive of a belief that he was attempting to conceal heroin). Finally, Officer Welsch testified that if defendant had not given him consent to search, he would have searched anyway, an attitude indicative of a belief that probable cause to arrest existed. The evidence was adequate for the trial judge to make a finding to that effect.
Defendant has cited the case of Hood v. Superior Court of Los Angeles County, 220 Cal.App.2d 242, 33 Cal.Rptr. 782 in support of his contention that there is insufficient evidence to support a finding of probable cause to arrest and so to legitimize a warrantless search. Hood is not sufficiently comparable to the instant case to carry any persuasive effect; there was no reliance on the informant, whose reliability the prosecution never sought to establish.
Because we conclude that there was probable cause to arrest and so to search, we do not reach the aspect of defendant's first contention segment involving mere detention and receipt of consent to search.8
The issue of knowledge is resolved by the circumstance that the heroin was in the car which defendant was driving, was found adjacent to the driver's location, and, inferentially, was placed there by defendant in the course of his furtive movement, and by the admission of defendant that he used heroin through the process of sniffing it through his nose. These circumstances, when taken together, are strongly supportive of a factual conclusion that defendant knew of the presence of the illicit substance in his automobile. (Cf. People v. Mermuys, 2 Cal.App.3d 1083, 1088, 82 Cal.Rptr. 902 Et seq.)
One point remains to be considered which was not dealt with by either party, but which we feel each side will concede should be taken care of. The trial judge found defendant guilty of both possession of heroin and transportation of heroin. He sentenced defendant on each count to the state prison for the term prescribed by law. The possession and transportation in the instant case clearly were the same act. Under the circumstances, the possession of the heroin was a lesser, but necessarily included, offense of the transportation of a narcotic. The evidence was sufficient to establish commission of the offense of transportation of a narcotic. Under these circumstances, defendant should only have been convicted of the transportation count (II). (People v. Moran, 1 Cal.3d 755, 763, 83 Cal.Rptr. 411, 463 P.2d 763; People v. Roberts, 40 Cal.2d 483, 491, 254 P.2d 501; compare People v. Quinn, 61 Cal.2d 551, 556, 39 Cal.Rptr. 393, 393 P.2d 705 (suggests main concern is with sentencing, but does not appear to rule out the procedure suggested in Tideman, infra) with People v. Tideman, 57 Cal.2d 574, 585—586, 21 Cal.Rptr. 207, 370 P.2d 1007 (indicates propriety of full reversal to preclude possibility of dual judgments working disadvantage in term fixing).)
The judgment is affirmed as to count II. It is reversed as to count I. The purported appeal from the order denying motion for new trial is dismissed.
1. There is an indication that it was also tried on the transcript of one of the 1538.5 motions. However, that transcript was not brought to us as part of the record.
2. The trial judge seems to consider that this motion was not pursuant to section 1538.5 but under the court's inherent power. Although the distinction, in this case at least, is not significant, the intrial motion no doubt was under the sanction of section 1538.5. The section reads that 'proceedings provided for in this section, Section 995, Section 1238 and Section 1466 shall constitute the sole and exclusive remedies prior to conviction to test the unreasonableness of a search or seizure' where the movant is a defendant and the property will be offered as evidence against him, and that 'the court in its discretion may entertain the motion during the course of trial.' This discretion is to be exercised sparingly and under narrowly drawn conditions. (See People v. O'Brien, 71 Cal.2d 394, —-, 79 Cal.Rptr. 313, 456 P.2d 969. *)
3. No defense motion was made to strike the officer's cryptic testimony to this effect, and no cross-examination was indulged in to ascertain how Officer Welsch obtained this knowledge. Therefore, the fact that he had it was part of the probable cause evidence available to the trial court.
4. The quotation is from the testimony of Officer Welsch. When defendant took the stand, he testified that he was asked if he had any heroin on him and that he replied, 'Look in the car and see, I ain't got nothing on me no how.' Later, defendant testified he had not consented to a search.
5. We recognize that the statement that defendant was selling heroin was conclusional and that the descriptive information provided by the informer could be consistent with innocent activity as much as with criminal conduct. But it appears that under Draper v. United States, Supra, 358 U.S. 307, 79 S.Ct 329, 3 L.Ed.2d 327, as approved (but then distinguished) in Spinelli v. United States, Supra, 393 U.S. 410, 417, 89 S.Ct. 584, 21 L.Ed.2d 637, an officer or magistrate is entitled to infer that such sufficiently detailed and corroborated circumstances were gained by the informer in a reliable way and that therefore his attribution of criminal conduct is well founded. (See Spinelli, supra, at pp. 417—418, 89 S.Ct. 584.) This should be compared with the situation in People v. Hamilton, 71 Cal.2d 176, —-, 77 Cal.Rptr. 785, 454 P.2d 681,** where the informant provided a description of Obviously criminal activities, none of which, however, could be corroborated by the police. Our Supreme Court leaves open the possibility that such information, if given in sufficient detail and even without police corroboration, may support an inference of the informer's personal knowledge.
6. It is probable that defendant technically was under arrest when he was stopped and asked to step out of his car. Officer Welsch testified that if defendant had tried to leave, he would not have let him.
7. The search in the instant case occurred October 16, 1967, well before the date of Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752, 89 S.Ct. 2034, 23 L.Ed.2d 685, June 23, 1969.
8. As a matter of interest, our analysis indicates that there was consent and that the trial judge ultimately so found. Officer Welsch testified that defendant gave his consent to a search of the car. Defendant at first agreed with that. Nevertheless, defendant urges that the trial judge stated that he was not deciding the question whether defendant had given consent. A comment along these lines was made by the trial judge in connection with the in-trial motion to suppress. However, when ruling on defendant's motion for new trial, and speaking with reference to his ruling on the motion to suppress, the trial judge said, '* * * I would have found, if I had to, that there was consent to his search of the car.' The trial judge did not make a specific explanation concerning the consent issue at the time he found defendant guilty, but his attention had just been called to defendant's own initial testimony that the officer should "(l)ook in the car and see, I ain't got nothing on me no how' * * *.' Then, in ruling against the motion for new trial, the trial judge remarked that very often suspects will consent to a search even when they know contraband is present which might be found, not as a 'submission to authority' but as a 'submission to their ego, they think they can get away with it.' Also, consent by defendant to the search of the car, despite knowledge of the presence of heroin in the car where it might be discovered even after an attempt to hide it, considering defendant's apparent sophistication in narcotic activities, could have been deliberate as supportive of a later claim that he had no knowledge of the presence of the contraband in the car, an argument which he is now making. (See Post.) The trial judge then said, 'I would hold * * * there was a reliable informant on which to base probable cause * * * and * * * on the issue of consent there was sufficient probable cause. * * *' It is clear that by the latter part of this statement, the trial judge meant that the officer's testimony and the defendant's ambivalent version provided a sufficient basis for him to hold that defendant had given consent to the search. This indicates that there was an implied finding of consent by the trial court when it found defendant guilty.
REPPY, Associate Justice.
KAUS, P. J., and STEPHENS, J., concur.


"The club is very happy with the renewal and commitment of Messi, the best player in history," said the La Liga club.
He is also La Liga's record scorer on 349 goals.
In a statement, Barca added Messi has "led the team to an era of extraordinary success, the likes of which has never been seen in world football".


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Rockies Player Reviews
Rockies Roster
A Tale of Two "Cron Zones"
It was the best of times and the worst of times for C.J. Cron in 2022
By Skyler Timmins@SideLine_Crowd Nov 29, 2022, 7:00am MST
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Welcome to the 2022 edition of Ranking the Rockies, where we take a look back at every player to log playing time for the Rockies in 2022. The purpose of this list is to provide a snapshot of the player in context. The "Ranking" is an organizing principle that's drawn from Baseball Reference's WAR (rWAR). It's not something the staff debated. We'll begin with the player with the lowest rWAR and end up with the player with the highest.
No. 5, C.J. Cron: 2.1 rWAR
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of home runs, it was the age of strikeouts, it was the epoch of production, it was the epoch of ineffectiveness, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the summer of hope, it was the fall of despair, he had everything before him, he had nothing before him, he was going direct to the All-Star game, he was going direct the other way – in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.
This brief parody of the opening paragraph of Charles Dickens's A Tale of Two Cities feels so appropriate for the contrast of C.J. Cron's 2022 season. Despite a first half that saw Cron become the Colorado Rockies' lone All-Star representative, Cron had a steep dropoff in the second half that made his trade stock heading into the offseason more complicated, but overall he still turned in one of the better seasons offensively for the team.
Hey now, you're a Cron Star
Cron's first half was one for the ages in his career. Through the first 90 games of the season, Cron batted a healthy .298/.350/.552 with 21 home runs and 69 RBI. He was among the National League leaders in home runs, RBI, doubles, runs scored, slugging, and total bases, and had a 134 wRC+ by the All-Star Break. The majority of his damage in the first half came at Coors Field where he had a .344 AVG and an OPS of 1.085 with 15 home runs and 50 RBI.
His efforts were awarded the first All-Star Game appearance of his nine-year career and he became the first Rockies first baseman to be named an All-Star since Todd Helton in 2004.
Things were looking up and for a team that was already struggling offensively, Cron was a bright spot that was carrying the offense in the absence of Kris Bryant. May was one of his best overall months in the first half, and of the season, after he slashed .321/.373/.532 with six home runs and 18 RBI in 27 games.
Even though Cron struck out 100 times in the first half with just 24 walks, he was filling the role of the big-time slugger that was mashing the ball. It's the trend that permeated through the season, as his strikeout rate was the second-highest of his career at 26% and his lowest walk rate since 2019.
However, despite numbers looking relatively the same in the RBI and home runs categories month to month, the second half was a glaring stain on his 2022 season.
Second half woes
After signing a two-year extension following the 2021 season, Cron looked to be playing beyond his contract and becoming a fabulous bargain for the type of production and offensive prowess he was supplying. Yet, the second half began to see a dropoff in effective production for Cron as the team began to spiral as a whole.
Cron's second-half stats pale in comparison to his All-Star first half. In 60 games, Cron batted .197/.263/.341 with a meager 16 extra-base hits, including eight home runs, seven doubles, and a triple. He did manage a consistent pace of RBIs, driving in 33 in the second half, which made him the first Rockie since 2019 to drive in over 100 RBI in a season.
One of the culprits that could explain why Cron struggled so much in the second half could be dated back to an injury right before the All-Star Break. In the final series of the first half, Cron took a fastball off the hand/wrist area that many worried would potentially land Cron on the injured list for an extended amount of time. Luckily, Cron is one of the toughest and manliest things on the team and appeared to make a quick recovery and was able to participate in the All-Star Game, but the effects were long-lasting.
Cron's hand still bothered him, making it uncomfortable to grip a bat at times and resulting in the lack of power numbers. He was hit in the same injured area at least twice more and while he still avoided the injured list, was still not 100% down the stretch. Hand injuries are a nagging thing that impedes a slugger's ability to drive the ball and we saw that with Cron in the second half.
The state of Cron
Overall, Cron produced a solid season, where his 29 home runs led the team along with his 102 RBI. His .257/.315/.468 batting line fell more in line with his career numbers, while his defense continued to be a valuable asset at first base. The struggles became more glaring as part of the problems the team faced as a whole. Lack of protection in the lineup forced Cron to swing at more pitches, resulting in more strikeouts, and often making bad contact leading to groundballs and double plays.
The team decided to hold onto Cron at the trade deadline, but he could still be a piece they move this offseason with the emergence of Michael Toglia, Elehuris Montero, and a player like Grant Lavigne not far behind. In two seasons with Colorado, Cron has slugged 57 home runs and driven in 194 runs, so he is still quite a bargain after initially signing a minor league contract with the team, and is owed a little over $7 million in 2023.
One last thing, I couldn't end this article without mentioning the fact that C.J. Cron hit the longest home run of the season with an absolute moon shot at Coors Field in September that went 504 feet, making it the second longest home run in StatCast history. Regardless of what happens, I love seeing CronSaw mash dingers.
Colorado Rockies 2022 Season Review: Ranking the Rockies
Ranking the Rockies: No. 1, Brendan Rodgers
Ranking the Rockies: No. 5, C.J. Cron
Ranking the Rockies: No. 6, Germán Márquez


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Home/Blog/When is a Warrant Required in Nevada?
A warrant, or writ, is a document issued by a court that allows law enforcement to perform certain actions. There are three types of warrants including arrest warrants, search warrants, and bench warrants. The reason for warrants is that the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures. Just because the police suspect you, does not mean they are eligible to get a warrant. They must have a warrant issued by the courts which means they must justify the necessity of the warrant.
A bench warrant is issued directly from the court when you miss a court appearance date. If you do not appear when you are ordered to do so, the judge looks at that as disrespect. To get you to come to court, the judge will issue what is known as a bench warrant. This means if the police encounter you, they may arrest you and transport you to court. If you have missed a court date in Las Vegas, you need to contact a defense attorney Las Vegas experienced who may be able to help you address the warrant before the police arrest you.
When a prosecutor believes they have enough evidence to charge you with a crime, they can ask the court to issue an arrest warrant. If the prosecutor believes you are a danger to the community, they may send the police to pick you up immediately. An arrest warrant is very serious in Las Vegas and if you believe one has been issued, you need to speak to a Las Vegas criminal defense attorney as soon as possible.
There are many rules regarding the issuance and procedures of a search warrant. A search warrant allows police to search your home, car or office for evidence that may connect you to a crime. Although a search warrant is not an arrest warrant, if the police find evidence, you may be arrested during the search. Many times, the search warrant has limitations on what police may search. For example, if the judge issued the warrant for your home and car, the police may not also search your office unless it is located in your home. Police may search a hotel room with a warrant as well.
Some defense attorney Las Vegas firms say that there have been incidences of what are known as "stop and frisks," also known as Terry stops. Although police may target people who look or act suspicious, they must have probable cause to search them. If the police find something illegal, they will arrest the person, even though they had no probable cause to stop them in the first place. The Supreme Court has ruled that this is an illegal search but you need to speak to a Las Vegas criminal defense attorney who can help you prove the police acted incorrectly.
If you have been served any type of warrant or you know there is a warrant out for your arrest, contact the defense attorney Las Vegas firm, Brian J. Smith. You can arrange for an initial consultation by simply calling 702-380-8248 or completing the form online.


Opportunity cost is a fairly fundamental accounting concept that refers to the cost you give up by making a particular decision. While easy to understand, I find most people fail to properly include these tradeoffs in their decision making.
This is a very common sentiment, but how accurate is it?
Recognizing the implicit opportunity costs is an important stage in one's analysis. It is important if and only if you aim to find the best answer. The best answer, though, is often not easy or convenient. In fact, people often do not include these hidden costs simple because it is convenient to forget they exist.
Hard things are hard to discover.


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CNN Reports Amy Coney Barrett Attended Bizarre Ceremony Where She Ate Flesh, Drank Blood Of Jewish Guy
SOUTH BEND, IN—In a disturbing new report, CNN has revealed the bizarre practices of the strange cult Amy Coney Barrett belongs to. Known to some as "Christendom," it features many ancient rituals that were recorded by undercover CNN journalists at a strange stone building on Sunday where the ceremonies were held.
"I've never seen anything like this," said CNN's investigative reporter from the scene. "This is really, really sick stuff. It's never been more clear to me that Amy Coney Barrett is an existential threat to our civil liberties, in addition to being a major weirdo."
According to sources, the building where these rituals take place is littered with statues of dead people. In addition to the statues, the central feature of the inner sanctum is a giant torture device with the likeness of a victim being nailed to it.
"Please be advised," said the CNN anchor reporting the news. "What you're about to see is disturbing."
Secret cameras showed Amy Coney Barrett kneeling before a priest-type figure as he recited some kind of incantation in a dead tongue. The priest then held up a round wafer and a goblet of red liquid which he announced to be the true body and blood of a Jewish rabbi who died 2000 years ago.
"I can't believe I'm about to say this, but she ate and drank the stuff," said the reporter with trembling lips. "This is horrifying. Amy Coney Barrett must be stopped!"
They then brought a newborn baby to a basin of water and attempted to drown it. Fortunately, the baby survived. After the ceremony, they crossed themselves in what appears to be a vague reference to the Crusades and a white-supremacist dog-whistle.
"This woman is clearly looney-tunes. No chance she'll be confirmed," concluded CNN.
There are 111 comments on this article.
Democrats Prepare To Give Republicans Free Ad Footage Of Them Attacking Successful, Religious Mother Of 7
Exclusive: We Have Acquired A Copy Of Joe Biden's Debate Prep Notes
Pair Of Skinny Jeans Issues Apology After Being Worn By 43-Year-Old Preacher
God Stops Sun In Midday Sky So Worship Leader Can Finish Song Introduction
Church Bulletin Clearly Designed In Microsoft Paint
Visionary Pastor Fails Eye Exam
Study Finds Strong Connection Between Holiness And Number Of Chairs You Stack After Church Service
Worship Band Fixes Old Hymn By Adding Guitar Solo From Van Halen's 'Eruption'


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Graham Swift
Widdowson, Peter
Literary studies: fiction
novelists & prose writers
I thought you would find this interesting: Graham Swift Widdowson, Peter Writers and their Work (2010)
Graham Swift is among the foremost contemporary British writers, having published seven highly acclaimed novels which are widely read by students and general public alike. Waterland has become a modern classic, and Last Orders won the Booker prize for fiction in 2006. This study covers all Swift's novels to The Light of Day: it offers a close reading of each of the novels, exploring the innovative formal strategies and identifying such recurrent themes as the presence of the past in the present, the blurring of distinctions between 'history' and 'story', fact and fiction, and the possibilities of redemption in a contemporary social and emotional wasteland. For the most part set in an urban, middle-class, claustrophobic and loveless present, and focused on usually fraught relationships between husbands and wives, parents and children, these recognisably postmodern novels are seen here as symptomatic of contemporary Britain: a world where, in the shadow of the nuclear holocaust, we approach 'the End of History, and only 'telling stories' seems to offer solace.
Peter Widdowson is Professor of English the University of Gloucestershire. He has published widely on a range of topics, recent books including: i>Literature (1999); The Palgrave Guide to English Literature and Its Contexts, 1500-2000 (2004); A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory, 5th edtn. (with Raman Selden and Peter Brooker (2005); Graham Swift (2005). But he is perhaps best known for his writings on Hardy: Hardy in History: A Study in Literary Sociology (1989); (ed.), Tess of the d'Urbervilles: A New Casebook (1993); On Thomas Hardy: Late Essays and Earlier (1998); (ed.) Thomas Hardy: Selected Poetry and Non-Fictional Prose (1996); (ed. with Tim Dolin), Thomas Hardy and Contemporary Literary Studies (2004), several of which contain essays on Hardy and film
1 Early Novels: The Sweet Shop Owner and Shuttlecock
2 Waterland
3 Out of This World
4 Ever After
5 Last Orders
6 The Light of Day


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