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I, History, Imperial Army,
Imperial Army
(Excertus Imperialis)
(Imperialis Auxilia)
Imperial Palace (Terra)
Council of Terra
Imperial Army regiments
Unification Wars (30th Millennium)
A trooper of the Imperial Army during the Great Crusade.
The Imperial Army, known formally in High Gothic as the Excertus Imperialis and the Imperialis Auxilia, respectively, (the hosts of the Imperial Army and its auxiliaries) was the ancient Imperial military force comprised of normal men and women that served as the ancestor of the Astra Militarum of the late 41st Millennium.
Unlike the Imperial Guard, the Imperial Army of the 30th and early 31st Millennia contained ground, air and space assets all within the same table of organisation and there was no differentiation between space-based and ground-based branches of the service.
The origins of the Imperial Guard date back to the time of the Great Crusade in the late 30th Millennium when the Emperor of Mankind conquered a large swathe of the galaxy and forged the Imperium of Man.
As the Great Crusade progressed and more worlds needed to be liberated, the Imperium's need for more troops increased dramatically. Even the mighty transhuman armies of the Legiones Astartes could not alone complete the task at hand.
It was therefore decreed that each of the liberated worlds would supply men-at-arms to bolster the war effort. Although not as powerful as the Space Marine Legions under the various Primarchs' command, the Imperial Army regiments were nevertheless useful additions to the Astartes' fighting strength.
Unlike in the present-day Imperium, where the Imperial Guard serves as Mankind's front-line armed force in the defence of the Emperor's realm, the Imperial Army was never anything more than a reserve force for the Imperium during the Great Crusade, and its troops were usually tasked with garrison duty or mopping-up operations.
Only in the last decades of that great campaign did Imperial Army troops finally fight directly alongside the forces of one of the ancient Space Marine Legions on campaign.
In the aftermath of the Horus Heresy in the early 31st Millennium, a great reform of the Imperium's bureaucratic and military structure was undertaken at the behest of the Primarch Roboute Guilliman, who had become the first Lord Commander of the Imperium.
To prevent the possibility of a large-scale interstellar rebellion from consuming the human-settled galaxy again, the titanic armies of the Imperium were divided into three basic parts.
These included the Space Marine Chapters of the Adeptus Astartes, a ground-based force of mortal soldiers that would replace the fractured Space Marine Legions as the Imperium's front-line troops and a space-based service containing all of the Imperium's naval assets that was responsible for all space-related transport and combat duties.
This reform led to the formation of the present-day Astra Militarum and Imperial Navy.
1.1 Wars of Unification
1.2 The Old Hundred
1.3 Hammer of the Emperor
1.4 Numberless Ranks of the Excertus Imperialis
1.5 The Horus Heresy
1.6 From the Ashes
2 Imperial Army Organisation
2.1 Imperial Expeditionary Fleet
2.2 Imperial Expeditionary Fleet Rank Structure
2.3 Imperial Army Regiments
2.3.1 Combined Regiments
2.3.2 Battalions
2.4 Discipline Masters
3 Wargear
4 Notable Imperial Army Regiments
4.1 Loyalist Regiments
4.2 Traitor Regiments
Wars of Unification
During the turbulent era known as the Age of Strife, the Sol System and the nearby star systems that had been colonised by humanity during the Dark Age of Technology were effectively cut off from interstellar travel or communication with each other due to the massive Warp Storms that swept the galaxy.
Little remained of the once-sophisticated civilisation of Old Earth's glorious past as the centre of a growing human interstellar society marked by advanced science, high culture and wondrous technologies. Techno-barbarian warlords and their warrior hordes continuously fought over the planet, which had become little more than a massive battleground for their wars of attrition.
They made use of chemical, biological and even thermonuclear weapons of mass destruction, and slowly transformed the cradle of Mankind into a battered, post-apocalyptic wasteland across most of its scarred surface.
Urslavik 12th Infantry, one of the genetically-engineered genos regiments of the Imperial Army during the Unification Wars
It was against this backdrop of oppression, violence and casual brutality that the Emperor of Mankind first revealed Himself to the people of Terra. In secret, He had been planning for this moment in history for millennia, ever since the Age of Strife had fractured what remained of the ancient human federation which had once stretched across a part of the galaxy.
The Emperor moved to create the military organisations He would need to begin the reunification of Mankind, and He used the raw materials at hand after millennia of savage conflict between the techno-barbarian nation-states of Old Earth. Formed during the savage continental wars that had engulfed Terra in the Age of Strife, the genetically-enhanced warriors known as "Genos" comprised the first units of the force that would become the Imperial Army and would serve as the prototypes for the later development of the proto-Space Marines called the Thunder Warriors.
Among the most well-known of the regiments composed of Genos were the so-called Strife Epoch regiments raised by the Emperor to initiate the Unification Wars intended to reunite all the warring peoples of Terra beneath His benevolent rule.
The genetically-enhanced Strife Epoch regiments came to form the nucleus of the armed forces that would later support the even more genetically advanced Space Marine Legions during their reconquest of the human-settled galaxy.
The Emperor began His conquest of Terra with the intent to reunite the warring techno-barbarian nations into a unified planetary government and then use Terra as the springboard from which to begin his reconquest of the galaxy under the aegis of an Imperium of Man dedicated to the Imperial Truth of progress and reason.
The Old Hundred
The Genos proved throughout the conflict to reunite Terra that became known as the Unification Wars to be a most effective and adaptable military force. During this time, the Genos practised gene mustering, an essential tool during those caustic years of atomic hurricanes and drifting rad clouds.
Through the use of genetic manipulation, the Genos were able to develop tough and physically imposing warriors, but they complemented their brute strength and resilience by importing smart, proven field commanders from other forces that kept their genetic pool pure. The genetically-enhanced regiments of this period such as the lauded Geno Five-Two Chiliad would go on to become amongst some of the oldest brigades to serve in the later Imperial Army.
Each Geno of the Imperial Army, in addition to referring to the individual genetically-enhanced soldiers also was a term applied to an elite force of the Imperial Army that was composed of one thousand companies, with each maintaining a proud martial tradition.
These surviving Genos were proud members of the "Old Hundred," the Strife Epoch regiments that the Emperor, in His grace, had maintained in existence after the completion of the Unification, provided that they had pledged their loyalty to Him.
Many thousands of other Geno units had been forced to disband after the achievement of Unity, or had been actively purged and chemically neutered, depending on their level of resistance to the new order brought by the unification of Terra under the Emperor's new planetary government.
Hammer of the Emperor
Malcador's Chosen Imperial Army soldiers, assigned as personal guards to Malcador the Sigillite on Terra.
When the great Warp Storms that had cut off Terra since the end of the Dark Age of Technology subsided, and the Age of Strife came to an end in the late 30th Millennium, the Emperor of Mankind deemed it time to begin His Great Crusade.
This was a massive campaign begun in ca. 800.M30 to conquer the galaxy by which He and His armies would free all human-settled colony worlds from alien oppression or primitive ignorance and reunite the human race across the galaxy under the single banner of the new Imperium of Man.
The Great Crusade marked a brief era in human history of rebuilding, reunification and rapid technological advancement following the complete regression of Mankind into techno-barbarism during the 5,000 Terran years of the Age of Strife.
The Emperor sought to unite all of humanity under one banner following the Long Night of the Age of Strife, and end inter-human conflict. Once united, the Emperor intended to begin the next stage of His great plan to ensure human domination of the Milky Way Galaxy.
At the forefront of this time of expansion and reclamation were the mighty Space Marine Legions -- the Legiones Astartes -- the finest warriors humanity had ever created, each the equal of a dozen normal men. Despite their formidable battle prowess, the forces of the Space Marines were not limitless, and the relentless demands of building a galactic empire pushed the Legions further apart.
Separated by countless thousands of light years, their presence became ever more scattered and diluted. No doubt from the very beginning, the Emperor realised that while His Legiones Astartes would be His foremost agents of war and conquest, the sheer scope of the undertaking of the Great Crusade -- no less than the liberation of the entire galaxy -- would require far more manpower, spread over a wider area, than even hundreds of thousands of Space Marines could hope to achieve.
They simply could not be everywhere at once, nor would they be best served by undertaking roles ably filled by ordinary humanity. From this reality the Excertus Imperialis was born; billions of second line and support troops, functionaries, labourers, void crew, logisticians, almoners, adepts and staff officers, and the countless quantities of weapons, equipment and war machines, void conveyances and warships they needed; all to make the Great Crusade a reality.
Within this vast body of men and women under arms, organised and formulated by the Emperor's own transhuman intelligence, were many highly specialised divisions, each created to serve a singular purpose, each a vital cog in the vast Imperial war machine.
The Emperor required more manpower to ensure the momentum of the Great Crusade did not falter. Each newly conquered or liberated world brought into Imperial Compliance during the course of the Imperial campaign was assessed and a census taken of its population.
From this, the Emperor's administrators of the Corps Logisticae, the forerunner of the later Departmento Munitorum, calculated the tithe that each world was to pay in the form of regiments of soldiers and war materiel. The numbers of regiments raised from each world varied enormously in accordance with the size of each individual planet's population.
Sparsely populated worlds would be tithed to supply only a handful of regiments annually, whilst the overcrowded Hive Worlds near to the Galactic Core would have to supply hundreds of regiments every standard year. This huge body of soldiers soon became known as the Imperialis Auxilia, or more commonly referred to as the "Imperial Army".
Although the Imperial Army was not as powerful as the Space Marine Legions under the Primarchs' command, the Imperial Army regiments were nevertheless useful additions to a Primarch's fighting strength. A Space Marine Legion often had hundreds of auxiliary Imperial Army regiments fighting under its command.
These troops were used to reinforce the Space Marines and were frequently deployed in sieges, mass invasions and to garrison newly-conquered worlds. The Imperial Army was rarely deployed within the home system of the regiments that comprised it.
In fact, this was actively avoided by the Primarchs in command of these regiments to ensure that the soldiers' loyalties lay first and foremost with the individual Primarch and the Space Marine Legion to which they had been attached, and alongside which they fought.
Numberless Ranks of the Excertus Imperialis
The Excerrus Imperialis of the Great Crusade era was a vast organisation whose numbers in a literal sense are uncounted; no accurate measure of it was ever possible, so numerous was it, widespread across the stars and in flux as units were disbanded or suffered attrition, and fresh units, recruits and indentures were added to its ranks.
As a structure, it is almost unfathomably complex. It formed the incomprehensibly vast support structure of the Great Crusade, including in its sweep the expeditionary fleets' front line auxiliary and second line reserve forces (known collectively under the sub-title of the Imperialis Auxilia -- or Imperial Army informally) and the billions of planetary militia-raised provincial defence.
It also included the myriad support organisations, colossal labour hosts, penitentiary legions, the warships and crew of the Imperialis Armada, the vast Æxactory, Notary and Tithe corps, and nominally the Remembrancers, the Iterators and the enforcers of the Imperial Truth -- all were bound by its writ.
Although notionally it was to the Officio Militaris on Terra and via them the Imperial Court to whom the numberless ranks of the Excertus Imperialis answered, it was always in truth subordinate to the principal agents and independent powers of the Great Crusade who commanded it on a daily basis: the Legiones Astartes and their Primarchs, the Mechanicum and their Titan Legions, the Knight Houses, the Rogue Traders Militant, the Imperial Commanders who governed the Imperium's worlds, the Navis Nobilite and the Collegia Psykana, all had better and more immediate call on the Excertus Imperialis to obey.
So it was when the Imperium was riven by the Horus Heresy, so also was the Excertus Imperialis; turning traitor or remaining loyal with long accustomed masters to lead them, while even its more independent arms were forced abruptly to choose sides in a war not of their making. As the Great Crusade died, so did the organisation that served it, supplied it and fed its growth come to an end, split by division and torn in blood.
An Imperial Army heavy weapons squadron, armed with Missile Launchers.
During the Great Crusade, it was common practice to subordinate Imperial Army regiments to the Imperial expeditionary fleets controlled by the Space Marine Legions. But after the corruption by the Chaos Gods of the Emperor's most favoured son and Imperial Warmaster, the Primarch Horus and the onset of the Horus Heresy in the early 31st Millennium, it soon became apparent what a monumental mistake it had been to place Imperial Army units under the control of the Space Marine Legions.
During that time of civil war, the Imperium was split asunder and humanity turned in upon itself in a bloody war which almost saw its complete destruction. The Warmaster led fully half of the legendary Space Marine Legions in open revolt against the Imperium which had created them and the master which they were sworn to protect.
Alongside these legions of genetically engineered warriors marched millions of Imperial soldiers, men and women drawn from across the colonies of Mankind and gathered under the banner of the Emperor. When Horus turned against his father, he took countless soldiers and ships of the Imperial Army with him.
Those men which had once fought for humanity during the Emperor's Great Crusade to reunite the human-settled galaxy under the Imperial banner were instead pitted against each other in a bloody struggle as the Heresy unfolded and civil war spanned the galaxy.
Amongst the Traitor Legions, almost all of their attached Imperial Army formations uniformly followed their masters into rebellion, out of fear or blind faith. Even amongst the Loyalists, Imperial Army units with an officer cadre of genetically-enhanced Geno warriors performed poorly, usually driven to destruction by the inability of the unaugmented human soldiers to keep up with the demands of their transhuman Space Marine leaders.
Over the course of the Heresy, entire armies of mortals were raised and squandered both by the Traitors and the desperate Loyalist commanders. Across the breadth and width of the galaxy, the Imperial Army tore itself apart in monumental battles, on a scale unseen in human history.
Combined forces of fleet and army elements moved from world to world at the command of Generals and Lord Commanders whose loyalties were unknown to both sides. Thousands of pocket empires were carved out by ambitious commanders with no true loyalty to either side.
Over the course of the following centuries, and at a cost of billions of lives, the Imperium was slowly reforged, forever tainted by the blood spilt in the massive civil war which had almost destroyed it.
"Peace? There cannot be peace in these times."
— Lord Solar Macharius.
Cadian Shock Troops regiment of the present-day Imperial Guard.
After Horus was defeated and his armies had taken flight from Terra into the Eye of Terror, the Imperium was in chaos, weakened and shattered after long years of war. Even though the need for the Imperial Army was as great as ever, those Loyalist leaders that remained, led by the Ultramarines Legion's Primarch Roboute Guilliman, were fearful of a repeat of the rebellion which had cost them so dearly.
In the aftermath of the Horus Heresy, massive changes were implemented to civil and military administration of the Imperium on Guilliman's orders, a period forever after known as the Imperial Reformation. To prevent the possibility of large-scale rebellion occurring again, the titanic armies of the Imperial forces were divided.
The Space Marine Legions were dissolved and split into separate, 1,000 Astartes-strong Chapters. No longer would the superhuman Space Marines serve as the Imperium's frontline military force. That task would fall to the mortals who had once comprised the Imperial Army -- there were far more of them than there were of the surviving Loyalist Space Marines, and more importantly, should they turn Renegade, the damage they could do was far less. The newborn Adeptus Astartes would assume the role of planetary assault forces and elite special operations troops.
Thus the Imperial Army as it had been for centuries ceased to exist. The link between the Imperial Fleet and Army was formally and bureaucratically severed -- never again would Imperial ground commanders be given direct control over interstellar ships or even their own units' air support.
From the ashes of the Imperial Army were born the separate armed services of the Imperial Navy and the Astra Militarum. The Imperial Guard was reorganised into smaller units known as regiments, an existing formation from the old organisation structure of the Imperial Army, and centrally-trained political officers known as Commissars were universally introduced to watch out for disloyalty and to keep the Guardsmen and naval crews properly motivated in defence of the Imperium.
The inter-dependence of the newly formed Astra Militarum, the most numerous of the Emperor's troops, ensured that should a regiment turn against their oaths of fealty, they would not be able to spread their treachery beyond a single world, and should an Imperial Navy fleet mutiny, they would not have the ability to resupply or deploy ground troops. The Imperium had learned a harsh and painful lesson following the dark days of the Horus Heresy.
This was the birth of the Imperial Guard as it exists in the late 41st Millennium. Divided by logistics and separated by the gulfs of space and myriad different planetary cultures, it remains united by a common duty to the God-Emperor and Mankind.
Riddled with inefficiency and bureaucracy, it is often slow to respond and resistant to change, but it continues to function despite the rules laid down by the Adeptus Administratum to limit its power and use by untrustworthy commanders.
That no one man can know the extent of the Imperial Guard's total strength at any time is part of this protection and part of its power, as in this way it is truly an army of unlimited size and resources which can meet the demands of interstellar warfare but which will only ever answer to the will of the God-Emperor Himself.
Imperial Army Organisation
Imperial Expeditionary Fleet
The expeditionary fleet was the basic military unit of the Great Crusade.
According to the Imperium's ancient War Council logs, at its peak in the early 31st Millennium, some 203 standard years after it began in ca. 800.M30, there were 4,287 primary expedition fleets engaged upon the business of enforcing Imperial Compliance and extending the Imperial aegis across the galaxy as well as 60,000+ secondary deployment groups involved in Compliance or occupation endeavours.
A further 372 primary expeditions were in the midst of regroup and refitting actions, or resupplying as they awaited new tasking orders.
Imperial Expeditionary Fleet Rank Structure
Lord Commander - A Lord Commander was a senior position within the Imperial Army hierarchy, charged with commanding an entire expeditionary fleet, unless a Primarch was attached to it, who would take overall command of any expedition where he was present. Under these circumstances, a Primarch took precedence as commander of the expeditionary fleet while the Lord Commander was relegated to being temporarily placed in charge of the only the elements of the Imperial Army assigned to the fleet.
Master of the Fleet - Subordinate to the Lord Commander or the senior Astartes officer in the expeditionary fleet, the next highest rank was the Master of the Fleet.
Captain - A Captain was the commanding officer of a given warship, regardless of class or tonnage, within an Imperial expeditionary fleet.
Executive Officer - The executive officer was the second-in-charge of an Imperial warship, and subordinate commander in the absence of a vessel's captain.
Shipmaster - The shipmaster was generally the senior-most Warrant Officer and most experienced voidsman onboard a given starship. Often the shipmaster was tasked with critical responsibilities, such as stellar navigation and the keeping of the starship's log. In addition, he or she might oversee the keeping of the ship's attitude jets, hangar decks, and stores and supplies.
First Master - Ship's officer.
Master - Ship's officer.
Strategic Disposition of an Imperial Army regiment during the Great Crusade.
The indentured troops of the Imperial Army were assimilated into the command structure of the Space Marine Legions, and fell under the direct authority of the Primarchs of each Imperial expeditionary fleet and his subordinate Space Marine officers.
Space Marine transports would arrive at each world and carry the regiments of the Imperial Army raised there as part of the Imperial tithe away to fight on distant battlefields throughout the galaxy.
During this bygone era, the Imperial Army and its subset formation, known as the Imperial Fleet or Armada Imperialis, functioned as a single entity, with army commanders exercising overall command of both elements.
The regimental formation and overall structure of the ground-based units of the Imperial Army was very similar to that of the present-day Astra Militarum.
Many sources from the Great Crusade era concur that the size and organisation of an Imperial Army regiment was dictated by what would fit into the interstellar ships available at the time. This meant that most Imperial Army regiments numbered approximately 3,000 troops who would be carried to their destinations by a single dedicated troop transport vessel or one of the many available classes of Imperial Cruiser.
This approach ensured that an individual regiment was deployed with each warship in an expeditionary fleet. It was doubtless a brutal but necessary equation; the losses of ships in the Warp or through enemy action did not result in remnants of a given regiment being left scattered among other vessels, and no longer being combat capable.
"Sadek's Fighters," Fasadian 45th Infantry regiment during an Imperial Compliance campaign.
Each regiment maintained its own infantry, armour and support troops, making it capable of both assaulting and defending varied terrain against most types of opposition. Imperial Army regimental commanders were free to train and equip their regiments as they wished, only being limited by the resources readily available.
Keeping warriors from individual worlds together to form the natural bond of brothers-in-arms was also an important element in creating cohesive fighting formations. In many cases, troops from different worlds could barely understand each other's languages, let alone the nuances of different social mores, customs, tactics or planetary-specific special equipment.
Such difficulties in cross-cultural communication could all degrade a formation's efficiency in combat, so it became the rule in the Imperial Army that each regiment was composed of troops raised from the same world, and they all travelled together on the same transport or warship of the Imperial Fleet.
All of these realities would eventually lay the groundwork for the tradition of the Imperial Guard that a regiment is always recruited from a single world and fights together as a whole unit whenever possible.
Combined Regiments
An Ogryn unit assigned to bolster a larger Imperial Army formation during the Great Crusade.
However, over the course of numerous campaigns, regiments were invariably whittled down by casualties, necessitating the re-combination of shattered formations into ad hoc groupings. References exist in the Codicium Arkathalor (a fragmentary record of the campaigns of the Pandora Sector in the late 30th Millennium) to "split" regimental formations.
The codex makes it clear these were mixed formations made up of heavily mauled Imperial Army regiments re-combined to restore their status as effective fighting formations. Likewise, some specialised troops, such as xeno-cavalry or Ogryns, were apparently always split between larger formations to bolster their efforts.
Their specialised capabilities made them unwieldly to operate at the regimental scale, except in certain rare and often excessively emphasised campaigns.
The ancient traditions of splitting specialised regiments and recombining remnants are the subject of heated debate between Imperial commanders to this day. Many commanders declare that the reduced efficiency of combined regiments make them barely worth their rations; infighting and mistrust made the diverse elements function as less than the sum of their parts and mutinies in such mixed formations were commonplace.
Others were interested only in the number of men-at-arms that could be fielded -- their successful integration as effective combat units was of less interest than their overall physical size.
The Tactica Imperium presents both viewpoints as equally valid, indicating that no final resolution on the matter was reached, and that some commanders found both strategies useful depending on changing circumstances.
Battalions
The regiments of the Imperial Army were further broken down into battalions. A standard regiment consisted of three or more battalions plus a number of specialised units which were kept in reserve at the regimental level.
These regimental support detachments could be attached to battalions as and when they were needed. The battalion was the smallest formation of the Imperial Army that could act as a combined force, and as such they sometimes operated independently from their regiment.
Battalions were made up of two or more companies, plus a variable number of more specialised battalion support detachments.
Discipline Masters
Imperial Army Discipline Master during the Great Crusade, direct ancestor of the present-day Commissars of the Officio Prefectus who serve with the Astra Militarum.
The Imperial Army was used almost exclusively for garrison and pacification roles on both their home and foreign worlds throughout the early stages of the Great Crusade, but by the latter half they were fighting offensive battles and supplementing the Space Marine Legions as they began to be stretched more sparsely across the growing Imperium.
The Imperial Army at this time was organised with no particular standardisation, and regimental makeups ranged from barbarians wielding Power Axes to advanced mechanised infantry armed with energy weapons whose designs have now been lost.
During this time, the regiments were left almost exclusively to their own recognisance as long as they served faithfully, and conformed to the few restrictions placed on them.
Due to the sheer variety of worlds and subsequent Imperial Army regiments, a measure of standardisation was deemed necessary to allow the army to function as a whole, although the sheer size of the expanding Imperium by this time prevented any true standardisation. The treatise that came to be known as the Tactica Imperium was penned and distributed, and a cadre of political officers were created to ensure proper and effective integration and co-operation between regiments.
To instill discipline and loyalty in the regiments of the Imperial Army, regiments utilised these newly developed specialists known as Discipline Masters. These stern task masters were primarily responsible for maintaining discipline within the regiment to which they were assigned. They were also responsible for tracking down Imperial Army deserters that repudiated their oaths to the Emperor and shirked their soldierly responsibilities.
Discipline Masters were known to use hunting eagles to help them track their prey. Their fanatical dedication to the service of the Emperor overrode any feelings of compassion, mercy or humanity when carrying out the summary executions of those found wanting, for which they employed a ceremonial Electro-scythe.
The Discipline Masters served as the ancestors and model for the later Officio Prefectus and its merciless political officers known as Commissars. During this era, it was also common practise for Space Marine Primarchs to appoint certain Imperial Army officers to this special office.
These veteran warriors ensured that the Imperial Army was unwavering in its duties to its Space Marine overlords. This would later prove disastrous, as those Imperial Army units subordinated to the command of the Space Marine Legions that turned Traitor uniformly followed their transhuman masters into rebellion, either out of blind fear or unfettered devotion.
At the outset of the Horus Heresy, the first rebellious act of Traitor Imperial Army units was to kill their Discipline Masters, while in Loyalist regiments the Discipline Masters were forced to take extreme measures to maintain order, earning them their fell reputation for steadfastness and calculated brutality later passed on to their Commissar descendants.
Wargear
"McCormick's Reapers," Calth 2nd Irregulars, fighting the Forces of Chaos during the Battle of Calth, armed with an array of various weapons and equipment.
The sheer size of the Imperium, the unpredictable nature of Warp travel and the vast numbers of liberated worlds defeated any attempt to standardise the Imperial Army, and there was wide disparity in the wargear, drill and discipline of the various regiments.
Each of the tithed worlds supplied troops to the Imperial Army as best they could. Those from developed Industrial Worlds were kitted out with sturdy Flak Armour and newly-minted, standard-issue Autoguns and Lasguns (the Autogun was the standard weapon for the Astra Militarum until the opening of the 32nd Millennium).
Soldiers from primitive worlds were fortunate if they had a pair of boots and a gun. Some worlds supplied troops that were well-drilled and organised into squads, companies and regiments. Others supplied what amounted to little more than loosely ordered mobs or warbands. Despite this, the soldiers of the Imperial Army proved their value in hundreds of campaigns and across thousands of battlefields.
In the earliest days of the Great Crusade in the late 30th Millennium, the Imperial expeditionary fleets that set out from Terra only carried with them the means to fulfill a portion of their supply needs, and simply took what they needed from the worlds they conquered in their travels.
Upon the completion of a successful Imperial Compliance action on a world, the expeditionary fleet would move on, leaving the assimilation of the planet into the Imperial fold to fleets of pioneers and Terran colonists. Each world, in time, would become fully capable of supporting itself and contributing to the needs of the growing number of Imperial expeditionary fleets.
Such a state of affairs could not continue, for eventually each fleet would exhaust its supplies and be too far from a Compliant world capable of resupply. In these times, the resources necessary to fight a campaign were organised by the Lord Commander of each individual expeditionary fleet, a necessity of the times, but one that was wholly unsuited to the growing size and complexity of the Imperium.
Oft times a Lord Commander fulfilled multiple roles; war leader, diplomat, exactor, mediator and logistician. Leaders who could fulfill all of these roles adequately and still have time for the strategic demands of a long campaign were few and far between and, as such, the newly formed Council of Terra recruited those whose minds could function in such a manner, empowering these administrators with the duty of maintaining the Emperor's armies in perpetuity as part of the Corps Logisticae. This was the earliest incarnation of the Departmento Munitorum.
Notable Imperial Army Regiments
Loyalist Regiments
Regiment Commander Uniform Status Notable Actions
Arcturan Dragoons Unknown Unknown Loyalist Served with the 954th Expeditionary Fleet commanded by Wolf Lord Bulveye of the Space Wolves 13th Company. Took part in the Imperial Compliance of Kernunnos located in the Lammas Sector.
Caliban Jaegers General Morten Dark green uniforms and full Carapace Armour Loyalist Many regiments of the Caliban Jaegers were sent off-planet and assigned to the 4th Expeditionary Fleet to take part in the Great Crusade while serving along side the Dark Angels Space Marine Legion. The Jaegers were also responsible for the pacification of rebellious elements on Caliban itself.
Calth 2nd Irregulars, "McCormick's Reapers" Unknown Green fatigues and flak vest, red bandanas Loyalist Took part in the defence of the Ultramar Sector during the Battle of Calth against the traitorous Word Bearers Space Marine Legion
Calth 3rd Infantry Unknown Grey camouflage fatigues, black flak armour, grey helmet Loyalist Took part in the defence of the Ultramar Sector during the Battle of Calth against the traitorous Word Bearers Space Marine Legion
Crescent-Sind Sixth Torrent Lord Wilde Unknown Loyalist Served with the 670th Expeditionary Fleet under Lord Commander Teng Namitjira during the Imperial Compliance of Nurth.
Fasadian 4th Infantry, "Ghazal's Defenders" Unknown Sand-coloured robes, brown fatigues, white headscarves Loyalist Unknown
Fasadian 45th Infantry, "Sadek's Fighters" Unknown Sand-coloured greatcoat with red cuffs, rebreather and old-style 'Stahlhelm' Loyalist Unknown
Fellesian 5th Airborne Auxiliary, "Hurgan's Scrappers" Unknown Dark coloured Carapace Armour, Grav-Chute or Jump Pack equipped, pressure helmet, ideal for carrying out airborne operations. Loyalist Unknown
Fellesian 23rd Airborne Auxiliary, "Goldstone's Hunters" Unknown Dark coloured Carapace Armour, Grav-Chute or Jump Pack equipped, pressure helmet, ideal for carrying out airborne operations. Loyalist Unknown -- Notable for utilising large Jump Pack-equipped Drop Sentinels
G9K Division Kill Unknown Long dusters worn over semi-powered combat suits. Loyalist Served with the 40th Expeditionary Fleet which was shadowed by an Astartes complement made up of the Space Wolves Space Marine Legion's 3rd Great Company ("Tra" Company). Took part in multiple Imperial campaigns including: the action against the technologically advanced and cybernetically-enhanced humans of the Olamic Quietude, the cleansing of the Fraemium Moons alongside the Blood Angels Legion, the destruction of Thuyelsa Eldar Craftworld alongside the Space Wolves 10th Great Company and the world of X173 Plural, alongside the White Scars Legion against unidentified xenos.
Geno Five-Two Chiliad Uxor Primus Sri Vedt Leather and chain armour bodysuit, yellow silk robes, silver or orange spike-topped helmets. Loyalist A venerable Imperial Army regiment composed of genetically-engineered troops who had fought for the Emperor during the Unification Wars as part of the "Old Hundred." Fought against the Orks on Foechion and the Dragonoid Cadres on Zantium. Served with the 670th Expeditionary Fleet under Lord Commander Teng Namitjira on Nurth.
Geno Seven-Six Spartocid Strategarch Mandroclidas Wore 'greek-style' corinthian helmets with large helmet crest (crest length equaled seniority of rank); cloaks worn over mismatched Carapace Armour Loyalist Long and illustrious history; fought Abhumans on Dycenae. Served under the Alpha Legion and were converted by them to the cause of the Warmaster Horus. Served as sentries at the secret Tenebrae 9-50 Array facility.
13th/5th Imperial Army, "Hylgar's Hellraisers" Imperial Commander Julius Hylgar Unit exhibited a puzzling assortment of equipment, weapons and troops, including mutants and grav-vehicles. Loyalist Unknown
Inferallti Hussars Unknown Crimson and white Carapace Armour Loyalist A regiment of impeccable standard, the Inferallti Hussars were a highly decorated and trusted regiment of the "Old Hundred", those regiments that fought alongside the Emperor during the Unification Wars for the Reunification of Terra. This reputation would see the Inferallti Hussars be posted within the Sol System. During the Horus Heresy, the Hussars were charged with the protection of several key installation such as the moon-fortress Hydra in Plutonian orbit which formed part of Terra's first sphere of defence.
Jaggedpanzor Regiments Unknown Described simply as being "austere" Loyalist Took part in the Imperial campaign alongside the G9K Division Kill Imperial Army regiment against the technologically advanced cybernetic humans of the Olamic Quietude.
Lacunan Lifewatch Unknown Unknown Loyalist Served as part of the 28th Expeditionary Fleet (1st Iteration) under the Thousand Sons Space Marine Legion commanded by Primarch Magnus the Red. Took part in the Pacification of the Ark Reach Cluster, specifically the campaign on Ark Reach Secundus (named Heliosa by its inhabitants, nicknamed "Shrike" by the Imperial forces) against the advanced human Avenians. Fought alongside the Ouranti Draks and Prospero Spireguard Imperial Army regiments. Assisted the Thousand Sons and Prospero Spireguard in hunting down any rogue aeries.
Lucifer Blacks Unknown Black velvet coats with black Carapace Armour and helms Loyalist Due to the severe losses they suffered during the Age of Strife and the subsequent Unification Wars, this illustrious regiment was divided up to serve as elite bodyguards to senior-ranking Imperial Army officers and officials of the Unity government on Terra. A small detachment was assigned to the 670th Expeditionary Fleet to serve as a part of Lord Commander Teng Namatjira's personal retinue.
Malcador's Chosen Unknown Uniforms are similar to the modern-era Cadian Shock Troops with a bit more gold flourish; golden Imperial eagles on breastplate, shoulder guards and knee guards, denoted status as being a part of the personal guard of Malcador the Sigillite. Loyalist Unknown
Neride 10th, the "Regulators" Colonel Sparzi Unknown Loyalist Stationed at Neride near Numinus City on Calth. Fought during the Battle of Calth against the Forces of Chaos led by the traitorous Word Bearers Legion.
Ninth-Ward Angeloi Adamantiphracts Colonel Kruishank Unknown Loyalist Attached to the 51st Expeditionary Fleet under the leadership of the 14th Grand Company of the Iron Warriors Legion, formerly commanded by Warsmith Barabas Dantioch. Staunchly defended the world of Damantyne alongside the Loyalist Iron Warrior commander, Dantioch, when they were ordered to stand down by Traitor Iron Warriors to serve as a resupply point for the Horus' armies for the inevitable invasion of Terra. Fought for over a year until the siege ended with the destruction of their main fortress known as the Schadenhold. The Ninth-Ward died to a man.
Numinus 61st Unknown Unknown Loyalist Stationed on Calth, fought during the Battle of Calth against the Forces of Chaos led by the traitorous Word Bearers Legion.
Outremars Khedive Ismael Sherard Graphite grey robes. Loyalist Soldiers from the Outremars made up almost seven percent of the Imperial Army around the time of the Ullanor Crusade. Outremar troops served in almost all Imperial Expeditionary Fleets and martial hosts, and their khedives (senior officers), were all dwarfs of the same blood dynasty as their commander, Sherard; the Outremars were famed for their tactical insight and discipline. The Grand Khedive, Sherard's great-uncle, was one of the Emperor's foremost advisors and confidants. These regiments made use of weapon Servitors. An Outremar regiment was attached to the 670th Expeditionary Fleet under the command of Lord Commander Teng Namatjira during the campaign on Nurth.
Phyrian 2nd Auxiliary, "Vallis's Brigade" Unknown Green fatigues and flak vest, red bandanas. Loyalist Unknown
Regnault Thorns General Gan Karsh Spiked chrome armour. Loyalist Served with the 670th Expeditionary Fleet under Lord Commander Teng Namitjira during the Imperial compliance of Nurth.
Sallan 11th Infantry Unknown Red greatcoats, silver-grey Carapace Armour and Helmet with brown fatigues. Loyalist Unknown
Saturnine Hoplites Unknown Unknown Loyalist Fought against traitorous Dark Mechanicus forces at the mighty forge city of Pavonis Mons during the Schism of Mars at the outset of the Horus Heresy.
Savarene Harriers Unknown Carapace Armour, shakoes; armed with gold-topped staves. Loyalist Unknown
Sidthu Barat Unknown Unknown Loyalist Possibly one of the "Old Hundred," this ancient regiment was all but extinct towards the closing years of the Great Crusade.
Tanagran Dragoons Governor Thaddeus Kulik (Provisional commander after the Dragoon's regimental commander was killed by an atomic strike) Known to wear Carapace Armour; colours unknown. Loyalist Defended their Forge World of Diamat alongside the Dark Angels Legion against the forces of Horus at the outbreak of the Horus Heresy. All 20,000 Dragoons were wiped out to a man.
Terran Praefects Lord-Marshal Marcus Liberatous Crimson uniforms and ornate suits of golden Carapace Armour Loyalist The 5th Terran Praefects, 13th Terran Praefects and 39th Terran Praefects Regiments sustained heavy losses defending the Eternity Wall and the Lion's Gate Spaceports during the climax of the Battle of Terra.
Therion Cohort Vice-Caesari Marcus Valerius Unknown Loyalist Attached to the 27th and 376th Expeditionary Fleets under the Raven Guard Space Marine Legion commanded by Primarch Corvus Corax. The Therion Cohort fought alongside the Raven Guard during the initial Imperial compliance of the Istvaan System. The Therian Cohort also fought alongside the the severely depleted Raven Guard (following their disastrous defeat on Istvaan V) during the assault of the Emperor's Children's so-called "Perfect Fortress" on the world of Narsis. They spearheaded the initial assault, battering themselves against the Traitor's formidable defences. Appearing defeated the Therions withdrew, drawing out the overconfident Emperor's Children Legionaries into a carefully executed ambush by the Raven Guard, who proceeded to annihilate the Emperor's Children garrison and capture the Perfect Fortress. The reconstituted and severely augmented Therion Cohort would continue to fight alongside the XIXth Legion in several campains during the Age of Darkness, often left to operate alone with little support from their tutorial Legion. Despite this fact, the Cohort would distinguish itself on numerous occasions throughout the whole period of the Heresy.
Tupelov Lancers Unknown Known to wear full war armour with combat visors. Loyalist Part of the "Old Hundred," the Tupelov Lancers were originally a regiment of genetically-enhanced troops that served under Sheng Kal of Ursh before becoming part of the Imperial Army post-Unification. They were one of the very oldest regiments in Imperial service. They made use of specialised Rough Rider squadrons known as Hussars -- warriors mounted on cybernetic steeds.
Urslavic 12th Infantry Unknown Grey greatcoats with red/brown cuffs, black bearskin hats. Loyalist Unknown
Zanzibari Hort Major General Nitin Dev Red uniform with bronze Carapace Armour and spiked silver helms. Loyalist Served with the 670th Expeditionary Fleet under the command of Lord Commander Teng Namitjira during the Imperial compliance of Nurth. Known to have made extensive use of armoured vehicles.
Traitor Regiments
Archite Palatines Lord Commander Thaddeus Fayle Red tunic and silver breastplate. Traitor Served with the 28th Expeditionary Fleet of the Emperor's Children Space Marine Legion, commanded by Primarch Fulgrim. Took part in both the campaign against the xenos Laer, as well as the Drop Site Massacre of Istvaan V.
Byzant Janizars Lord Commander Hector Varvarus (Assassinated on Aureus) Chrome helmets with scarlet; cream greatcoats with gold frogging. Traitor The Janizars have a long and illustrious history stretching back to the Age of Strife. They served with the 63rd Expeditionary Fleet of the Luna Wolves Space Marine Legion, commanded by the Warmaster Horus. The Janizars took part in multiple Imperial campaigns including: Davin, Sixty-Three Nineteen (63-19), Urisarach ("Murder"), Xenobia and Aureus.
15th Hesperan Lancers Unknown Unknown Traitor Assigned to the 63rd Expeditionary Fleet under the command of the Warmaster Horus. Representatives of this regiment were present on Diamat following the events of the Istvaan III Atrocity to help negotiate the transfer of Centurio Ordinatus siege weapons to Horus' forces.
Ouranti Draks Major General Hestor Navarre Scale cloaks and reptilian helmets; drawn from the dessicated jungle regions of Sud Merica on Terra, the Draks are described physically as being "swarthy-skinned." Traitor Attached to the 47th Expeditionary Fleet under the Word Bearers Legion commanded by Primarch Lorgar Aurelian. Took part in the Pacification of the Ark Reach Cluster, specifically the campaign on the world of Ark Reach Secundus (Named Heliosa by its inhabitants, nicknamed "Shrike" by Imperial forces) against the advanced human Avenians. Fought alongside the Lacunan Lifewatch and Prospero Spireguard Imperial Army regiments.
Prospero Spireguard Unknown Crimson greatcoats, heavy boots and silver shakoes (a tall usually cylindrical military headdress, having a plume and often a peak). Loyalist/Traitor The majority of the Prospero Spireguard were attached to the 28th Expeditionary Fleet (1st Iteration) under the Thousand Sons Space Marine Legion commanded by Primarch Magnus the Red. Took part in the Pacification of the Ark Reach Cluster as well as the defence of their homeworld of Prospero from the attacking Space Wolves Legion during the Burning of Prospero, where the vast majority of the Spireguard were wiped out. The Spireguard would be reconstituted centuries later by the now-traitorous Thousands Sons Legion.
Selucid Thorakite Unknown These grim-faced men and women wore faded khaki fatigues, Flak Armour breastplates, and helms fashioned in the image of Astartes Mark IV Maximus Pattern helms. Their weapons' firing mechanisms were often protected in cloth wrappings and the focus rings in scratch-resistant foil. Traitor These natural-born Olympian soldiers gladly joined the Iron Warriors Legion in the genocide of their homeworld at the outset of the Horus Heresy.
Warhammer 40,000 Grim Dark Lore Part 11 – Great Crusade Begins
History of the Imperial Guard
Codex: Imperial Guard (5th Edition), pg. 6
Codex: Imperial Guard (3rd Edition, 2nd Codex), pp. 4-5
Codex: Ultramarines (2nd Edition), pp. 12-15
Horus Heresy: Collected Visions, pp. 64, 118-123, 180, 303, 361
Imperial Armour Volume One - Imperial Guard and Imperial Navy pp. 9-11, 31, 62, 67, 79
Imperial Armour Volume Seven - The Siege of Vraks - Part Three, pg. 119
Imperial Munitorum Manual (Background Book), pp. 6-8
The Horus Heresy - Book Two: Massacre (Forge World Series) by Alan Bligh, pg. 31 (Imperial Army Icon)
The Horus Heresy - Book Three: Extermination (Forge World Series) by Alan Bligh, pp. 88, 111
The Horus Heresy - Book Four: Conquest (Forge World Series) by Alan Bligh, pp. 80-81
White Dwarf 316 (US), "Index Imperialis - Firstborn Sons of Vostroya"
White Dwarf 242 (AUS),"Glorious Battles of the Imperial Guard – Part 3"
White Dwarf 241 (AUS),"Colonel Schaeffer's Last Chancers"
White Dwarf 125 (UK), "Epic Imperial Guard," by Jervis Johnson, Karl Tebbutt & Roger Gerrish, pp. 49-50, 52-54, 56-61
Codex: Catachans (3rd Edition)
Horus Rising (Novel) by Dan Abnett, pp. 93, 262-263
False Gods (Novel) by Graham McNeill, pp. 71, 193, 130, 322, 326
Fulgrim (Novel) by Graham McNeill, pp. 47, 51, 197
Legion (Novel) by Dan Abnett, pp. 5, 10, 49, 52, 88-89, 93-94, 105, 113, 120, 140, 158-159, 170-171, 177, 185, 192, 197, 199, 203, 208, 255, 265, 290, 301, 314, 318
Battle for the Abyss (Novel) by Ben Counter, pg. 64
Mechanicum (Novel) by Graham McNeill, pp. 309-310, 320
Tales of Heresy (Anthology), pp. 41, 44
Fallen Angels (Novel) by Mike Lee, pp. 55, 77, 91, 106, 119, 127, 180, 208, 210, 283
A Thousand Sons (Novel) by Graham McNeill, pp. 46, 89, 93, 99, 106, 115, 117, 174, 191, 201, 216, 218
Proserpo Burns (Novel) by Dan Abnett, pp. 31-33, 157, 159-161, 163, 198, 293
Age of Darkness (Anthology), "The Iron Within," by Rob Sanders, pp. 264-265, 273, 285
The Primarchs (Anthology), "The Sergeant Beneath," by Rob Sanders, pg. 388
Deliverance Lost (Novel) by Gav Thorpe, pp. 9, 31, 95, 259-260, 412
Know No Fear (Novel) by Dan Abnett, pp. 12, 18, 119, 139, 191, 199
Angel Exterminatus (Novel) by Aaron Dembski-Bowden, pp. 37, 68, 200
Praetorian of Dorn (Novel) by John French, pg. 371
First and Only (Novel) by Dan Abnett
Guns of Tanith (Novel) by Dan Abnett
Double Eagle (Novel) by Dan Abnett
The Chapter's Due (Novel) by Graham McNeill, pp. 19, 203-204
Raven Rock Videos
Warhammer 40,000 Overview
Grim Dark Lore Teaser Trailer • Part 1: Exodus • Part 2: The Golden Age • Part 3: Old Night • Part 4: Rise of the Emperor • Part 5: Unity • Part 6: Lords of Mars • Part 7: The Machine God • Part 8: Imperium • Part 9: The Fall of the Aeldari • Part 10: Gods and Daemons • Part 11: Great Crusade Begins • Part 12: The Son of Strife • Part 13: Lost and Found • Part 14: A Thousand Sons • Part 15: Bearer of the Word • Part 16: The Perfect City • Part 17: Triumph at Ullanor • Part 18: Return to Terra • Part 19: Council of Nikaea • Part 20: Serpent in the Garden • Part 21: Horus Falling • Part 22: Traitors • Part 23: Folly of Magnus • Part 24: Dark Gambits • Part 25: Heresy • Part 26: Flight of the Eisenstein • Part 27: Massacre • Part 28: Requiem for a Dream • Part 29: The Siege • Part 30: Imperium Invictus • Part 31: The Age of Rebirth • Part 32: The Rise of Abaddon • Part 33: Saints and Beasts • Part 34: Interregnum • Part 35: Age of Apostasy • Part 36: The Great Devourer • Part 37: The Time of Ending • Part 38: The 13th Black Crusade • Part 39: Resurrection • Part 40: Indomitus
Retrieved from "https://warhammer40k.fandom.com/wiki/Imperial_Army?oldid=365265"


Abstract : Large scale distributed systems (high performance computing centers, networks, data centers) are expected to consume huge amounts of energy. In order to address this issue, shutdown policies constitute an appealing approach able to dynamically adapt the resource set to the actual workload. However, multiple constraints have to be taken into account for such policies to be applied on real infrastructures: the time and energy cost of switching on and off, the power and energy consumption bounds caused by the electricity grid or the cooling system, and the availability of renewable energy. In this paper, we propose models translating these various constraints into different shutdown policies that can be combined for a multi-constraint purpose. Our models and their combinations are validated through simulations on a real workload trace.


Exercise is one of the most common triggers for kids and teens with asthma. But some people (including those who don't have asthma) have asthma symptoms only during or after exercise. This is known as exercise-induced asthma (EIA) (also called exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, or EIB).


text:
package org.apache.solr.search;

import org.apache.lucene.search.Query;
import org.apache.solr.common.params.SolrParams;
import org.apache.solr.common.util.NamedList;
import org.apache.solr.request.SolrQueryRequest;
import org.apache.solr.handler.component.SearchHandler; // jdoc

import org.apache.commons.lang.StringUtils;

/**
 *
A QParserPlugin that acts like a "switch/case" statement.

 *
 *

 * QParser's produced by this plugin will take their primary input string,
 * trimmed and prefixed with "case.", to use as a key to lookup a
 * "switch case" in the parser's local params.  If a matching local param is
 * found the resulting param value will then be parsed as a subquery, and
 * returned as the parse result.
 *

 *

 * The "case" local param can be optionally be specified as a
 * switch case to match missing (or blank) input strings.
 * The "default" local param can optionally be specified
 * as a default case to use if the input string does not match any other
 * switch case local params.  If default is not specified,
 * then any input which does not match a switch case local param will result
 * in a syntax error.
 *

 *
 *

 * In the examples below, the result of each query would be XXX....
 *

 *

 *  q={!switch case.foo=XXX case.bar=zzz case.yak=qqq}foo
 *  q={!switch case.foo=qqq case.bar=XXX case.yak=zzz} bar  // extra whitespace
 *  q={!switch case.foo=qqq case.bar=zzz default=XXX}asdf   // fallback on default
 *  q={!switch case=XXX case.bar=zzz case.yak=qqq}          // blank input
 *

 *
 *

 * A practical usage of this QParsePlugin, is in specifying "appends"
 * fq params in the configuration of a {@link SearchHandler}, to
 * provide a fixed set of filter options for clients using custom parameter
 * names.
 * Using the example configuration below, clients can optionally specify the
 * custom parameters in_stock and shipping to
 * override the default filtering behavior, but are limited to the specific
 * set of legal values (shipping=any|free,
 * in_stock=yes|no|all).
 *

 *
 *

 * <requestHandler name="/select" class="solr.SearchHandler">
 *   <lst name="defaults">
 *     <str name="in_stock">yes</str>
 *     <str name="shipping">any</str>
 *   </lst>
 *   <lst name="appends">
 *     <str name="fq">{!switch case.all='*:*'
 *                             case.yes='inStock:true'
 *                             case.no='inStock:false'
 *                             v=$in_stock}</str>
 *     <str name="fq">{!switch case.any='*:*'
 *                             case.free='shipping_cost:0.0'
 *                             v=$shipping}</str>
 *   </lst>
 * </requestHandler>

 */
public class SwitchQParserPlugin extends QParserPlugin {
  public static String NAME = "switch";

  /**
   * Used as both a local params key to find the "default" if no
   * blank input is provided to the parser, as well as a prefix (followed by
   * '.' for looking up the switch input.
   */
  public static String SWITCH_CASE = "case";

  /**
   * A local param whose value, if specified, is used if no switch case
   * matches the parser input.  If this param is not specified, and no
   * switch case matches the parser input, an error is returned.
   */
  public static String SWITCH_DEFAULT = "default";

  @Override
  public void init(NamedList args) {
  }

  @Override
  public QParser createParser(String qstr, SolrParams localParams, SolrParams params, SolrQueryRequest req) {
    return new QParser(qstr, localParams, params, req) {
      QParser subParser;

      @Override
      public Query parse() throws SyntaxError {
        String val = localParams.get(QueryParsing.V);

        // we don't want to wrapDefaults arround params, because then
        // clients could add their own switch options
        String subQ = localParams.get(SWITCH_DEFAULT);
        subQ = StringUtils.isBlank(val)
          ? localParams.get(SWITCH_CASE, subQ)
          : localParams.get(SWITCH_CASE + "." + val.trim(), subQ);

        if (null == subQ) {
          throw new SyntaxError("No "+SWITCH_DEFAULT+", and no switch case matching specified query string: \"" + val + "\"");
        }

        subParser = subQuery(subQ, null);
        return subParser.getQuery();
      }

      @Override
      public String[] getDefaultHighlightFields() {
        return subParser.getDefaultHighlightFields();
      }

      @Override
      public Query getHighlightQuery() throws SyntaxError {
        return subParser.getHighlightQuery();
      }

      @Override
      public void addDebugInfo(NamedList<Object> debugInfo) {
        subParser.addDebugInfo(debugInfo);
      }
    };
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Queensferry Primary is a two stream non-denominational school in the heart of the historic town of South Queensferry. Currently we have 14 primary classes and 2 nursery classes.
We firmly believe that the ethos of our school is central to successful learning and teaching. If children have a sense of belonging, they feel happy and secure and learn more effectively. We work hard to create a positive environment where everyone is valued and equipped with the tools to reach their full potential.
Information about our school, key documents, our school values and class pages can be accessed through this site. Start with our News tab for the most up to date information.


text:
David Oyelowo Movies
A Most Violent Year HD
In New York City 1981, an ambitious immigrant fights to protect his business and family during the most dangerous year in the city's history.
Director: J.C. Chandor
Actor: Oscar Isaac, Jessica Chastain, Albert Brooks, Elyes Gabel, David Oyelowo, Alessandro Nivola, Catalina Sandino Moreno, Peter Gerety, Ashley Williams, John Procaccino
A United Kingdom HD
The story of King Seretse Khama of Botswana and how his loving but controversial marriage to a British white woman, Ruth Williams, put his kingdom into politi..
Genre: Biography, Drama, Romance
Director: Amma Asante
Actor: David Oyelowo, Rosamund Pike, Tom Felton, Jack Davenport, Terry Pheto, Laura Carmichael, Jessica Oyelowo, Vusi Kunene, Nicholas Lyndhurst, Arnold Oceng
Gringo BluRay
An American businessman with a stake in a pharmaceutical company that's about to go public finds his life is thrown into turmoil by an incident in Mexico.
Genre: Drama, Comedy, Action, Crime
Director: Nash Edgerton
Actor: David Oyelowo, Charlize Theron, Joel Edgerton, Amanda Seyfried, Thandie Newton, Sharlto Copley, Paris Jackson, Alan Ruck, Harry Treadaway, Kenneth Choi
Jack Reacher HD
A homicide investigator digs deeper into a case involving a trained military sniper who shot five random victims.
Director: Christopher McQuarrie
Actor: Tom Cruise, Rosamund Pike, Richard Jenkins, David Oyelowo, Werner Herzog, Jai Courtney, Vladimir Sizov, Joseph Sikora, Michael Raymond-James, Alexia Fast
Queen of Katwe HD
A Ugandan girl sees her world rapidly change after being introduced to the game of chess.
Actor: Madina Nalwanga, David Oyelowo, Lupita Nyong'o, Martin Kabanza, Taryn Kyaze, Ntare Guma Mbaho Mwine , Ivan Jacobo, Nicolas Lévesque, Ronald Ssemaganda, Nikita Waligwa
Red Tails HD
A crew of African American pilots in the Tuskegee training program, having faced segregation while kept mostly on the ground during World War II, are called i..
Director: Anthony Hemingway
Actor: Bryan Cranston, David Oyelowo, Cuba Gooding Jr., Daniela Ruah, Terrence Howard, Andre Royo, Robert Kazinsky, Lee Tergesen, Matthew Leitch, Michael B. Jordan
Rise of the Planet of the Apes HD
A substance designed to help the brain repair itself gives rise to a super-intelligent chimpanzee who leads an ape uprising.
Director: Rupert Wyatt
Actor: James Franco, Freida Pinto, John Lithgow, Brian Cox, Tom Felton, Andy Serkis, David Oyelowo, Tyler Labine, Jamie Harris, Ty Olsson
Selma HD
A chronicle of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s campaign to secure equal voting rights via an epic march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, in 1965.
Country: UK, USA, France
Genre: Biography, Drama, History
Director: Ava DuVernay
Actor: David Oyelowo, Tom Wilkinson, Carmen Ejogo, Tim Roth, Oprah Winfrey, Giovanni Ribisi, Alessandro Nivola, Cuba Gooding Jr., André Holland, Omar J. Dorsey
The Cloverfield Paradox HD
After a scientific experiment aboard the space station involving a particle accelerator has unexpected results, the astronauts find themselves isolated. Follo..
Director: Julius Onah
Actor: Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Daniel Brühl, Elizabeth Debicki, David Oyelowo, Chris O'Dowd, John Ortiz, Aksel Hennie, Zhang Ziyi, Roger Davies

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This event has been cancelled due to lack of signups. However, our frog friday event next week is almost at capacity - please join us for that event or another (and RSVP!). Keep your fingers crossed for spring weather!


text:
Франси́ско Пе́рес Ганду́ль (, , Севилья, Испания) — испанский журналист, писатель, сценарист.

Биография
Окончил факультет журналистики в Мадридском университете, одновременно работая редактором информационных журналов андалусского издания «Нуэва Андалусия».

В 1983 году был назначен руководителем отдела Коррео де Анладусия, где проработал до февраля 1986 года, после чего перешел на должность главного редактора в севильское отделение газеты ABC. В настоящий момент является журналистом указанного издания.

Литературный дебют, роман «Камера 211», получил премию Фернандо Лара в 2004 году, а также премию Сильверио Каньядо (2005 год). Действие романа развивается в тюрьме, в которой возникает мятеж, а главные герои — тюремный служащий и тюремный лидер. В мятеже замешана террористическая группировка ЭТА (). Вместе с Хорхе Геррикаэчеваррией написал адаптированный сценарий фильма «Камера 211». В настоящий момент работает над вторым романом и сценарием.

Примечания

Ссылки

Писатели Испании

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


When is Monterosa going to get fresh snow?
This is the Snow Forecast and Weather Outlook for Monterosa, Italy from 20 April.
For current snow depths and skiing conditions, see our Current Snow Report for Monterosa.
The next notable snow forecast for Monterosa is 2cm1in, expected on 22 April, with around 86cm34in forecast over the next 7 days. There is some snow currently indicated by the long-range (7 days+) forecast; but too far ahead to be relied upon.
Powder Possible :- 36cm14in of Fresh Snow is forecast for Monterosa over the next 4 days.
Snow Line ranging from 2,231m7,320ft to 2,046m6,713ft, with rain below.
Snow Line ranging from 2,334m7,657ft to 2,032m6,667ft, with rain below.
Snow Line ranging from 2,472m8,110ft to 2,135m7,005ft, with rain below.
Snow Line ranging from 2,409m7,904ft to 2,271m7,451ft, with rain below.
Snow Line ranging from 2,499m8,199ft to 2,191m7,188ft, with rain below.
Snow Line ranging from 2,345m7,694ft to 1,883m6,178ft, with rain below.
Snow Line ranging from 2,191m7,188ft to 1,729m5,673ft, with rain below.
Snow Line ranging from 2,653m8,704ft to 1,576m5,171ft, with rain below.
This Snow Forecast for Monterosa, Italy gives the predicted Snowfall and Freezing Levels for the next week.
The forecast snowfall depths given are the likely average accumulations for the Lower and Upper slopes. The actual snow depth in Monterosa, on any given piste or itinerary, may be dramatically different, particularly if the snowfall is accompanied by high winds and/or varying air temperatures.
Monterosa Snow Forecast built at 20:12, next update at 02:00.
For more information about this Italian Ski Resort, See Also Skiing and Snowboarding in Monterosa .
Snow and Weather Forecasts for Ski Areas within Monterosa.
Snow and Weather Forecasts for other popular Ski Areas near Monterosa.
Note :- The Snow Forecast for Monterosa, on J2Ski, is updated frequently and subject to significant change; snow depths and skiing conditions vary rapidly, as can all Mountain Weather Forecasts.


text:
Cell Phone Cat » Phones » Microsoft
Microsoft phones
Price: $184.97 View on Amazon
Windows 10 Smartphone 32GB GSM Unlocked
DOES THIS DEVICE NEED A SIM CARD: Yes this device needs a micro size SIM card, (not-Included though Free from most GSM Networks with activation of an account).
WHAT NETWORK FREQUENCIES ARE SUPPORTED BY THIS DEVICE: The Phone will support the following Technology Bands: GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 3G bandsHSDPA 850 / 900 / 1700(AWS) / 1900 / 2100 LTE band 1(2100), 2(1900), 3(1800), 4(1700/2100), 5(850), 7(2600), 8(900), 12(700), 17(700), 20(800), 28(700), 38(2600), 40(2300), 41(2500). With enhanced back-haul with Global roaming supported. Please contact your Network provider (prior to purchase) and inquire if they support these bands in your area.
WHAT CAN I EXPECT OUT OF THE BOX: A removable 3,000mAh battery that lasts for 18 hours of continuous streaming and67 hours of continuous music playback the device comes with a Qualcomm MSM8992 Snapdragon 808 (20 nm) processor as well as 3 GB o RAM the Screen features a Corning Gorilla Glass 3 LCD for utmost protection.
WHAT DOES UNLOCKED REALLY MEAN: Unlocked devices are compatible with GSM carriers the kinds that Use SIM Cards for Service like AT&T and T-Mobile as well as with GSM SIM cards (e.g. H20, Straight Talk, and select prepaid carriers) Unlocked Devices will not work with CDMA Carriers the kinds that dont use sim cards for service like Sprint, Verizon, Boost or Virgin (contact your network provider prior to purchasing for verification that they support GSM frequencies).
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! WILL NOT WORK ON VERIZON OR SPRINT !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Model: RM-1105
Price: $79.99 View on Amazon
XL 8GB Quad-Core Windows 8.1 Single Sim Smartphone
Microsoft 640 XL is a Workforce Powerhouse at an affordable price it is GSM unlocked to work with any GSM network worldwide
Storage: 8 GB ROM, 1 GB RAM microSD Card slot: up to 256 GB (dedicated slot) Reased: April 2015, (being that this is GSM unlocked you will need to contact your network provider to acquire a SIM card as there is no SIM card enclosed)
DISPLAY: Type IPS LCD capacitive touchscreen, 16M colors, Size: 5.7 inches (~69.1% screen-to-body ratio) Resolution: 720 x 1280 pixels (~259 ppi pixel density) Multitouch Yes Protection Corning Gorilla Glass 3 - Clear Black display PLATFORM: OS Microsoft Windows Phone 8.1, upgradable to Microsoft Windows 10 Chipset: Qualcomm MSM8226 Snapdragon 400 CPU: Quad-core 1.2 GHz Cortex-A7 GPU: Adreno 305
Wireless Technology Bands Supported: 4G-LTE Bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 17 4G HSPA+ with enhanced backhaul 3G - UMTS 850/900/1900/2100MHz GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900MHz
Unlocked cell phones are compatible with GSM carriers like AT&T and T-Mobile as well as with GSM SIM cards (e.g. H20, Straight Talk, and select prepaid carriers) Unlocked cell phones will not work with CDMA Carriers like Sprint, Verizon, Boost or Virgin
Windows 8 GSM Smartphone, No Contract, T-Mobile
For use with T-Mobile ONLY.
Internal 8 GB Storage, 1 GB RAM, Qualcomm MSM8210 Snapdragon 200 Chipset
Microsoft Windows 8 Phone
3G Capable
4" LCD screen (480 x 800px), 2MP Main Camera, VGA Front Facing Camera
Model: CP_HU_175
Price: View on Amazon
Microsoft Lumia 950 (black)
Model: A00026161
XL 32GB Black, Single Sim, 5.7", 20MP, 3GB Ram, Unlocked International Model, No Warranty
Screen: 5.7-inch AMOLED Multi-Touchscreen w/ ClearBlack display & Protective Corning Gorilla Glass 4. Microsoft Windows 10, Quad-Core 1.5 GHz Cortex-A53 + Quad-Core 2.0 GHz Cortex-A57 Processor.Storage: 32 GB, Memory:RAM: 3 GB.
Unlocked cell phones are compatible with GSM carriers such as AT&T and T-Mobile, but are not compatible with CDMA carriers such as Verizon and Sprint.
Please check if your GSM cellular carrier supports the bands for this model before purchasing, LTE may not be available in all countries: 4G: LTE Band 1/2/3/4/5/7/8/12/17/20/28/38/40 / 3G: 850/900/1900/2100 MHz / GSM: 850/900/1800/1900 MHz.
This device may not include a US warranty as some manufacturers do not honor warranties for international items Please contact the seller for specific warranty information.
The box contains: Your new device, USB cable, Charger (may be foreign), Documentation.
Microsoft A00027316
Display size: 5 Inch, Display resolution: HD720 (1280 x 720)
8.0 MP Rear Camera 5 MP Front-Facing Camera
XL RM-1085 32GB White, Single Sim, 5.7", 20MP, 3GB Ram, Unlocked International Model, No Warranty
This device may not include a US warranty as some manufacturers do not honor warranties for international items Please contact the seller for specific warranty information
XL Unlocked Smartphone, 32GB, 5.7-Inch, Dual Sim, GSM, No Warranty
Please check if your GSM cellular carrier supports the bands for this model before purchasing, LTE may not be available in all regions: 2G: GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900, 3G: 850 / 900 / 1700(AWS) / 1900 / 2100, 4G: LTE 700 / 800 / 850 / 900 / 1700 (AWS) / 1800 / 1900 / 2100, 2300 / 2500 / 2600 (Bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 17, 20, 28, 38, 40, 41).
This device may not include a US warranty as some manufacturers do not honor warranties for international items. Please contact the seller for specific warranty information.
The box contains: Your new device, USB cable, Charger (may be foreign) If so, a FREE US adapter will be included, Documentation.
Model: MCSLU950XLBLKEU
LTE Dual Sim 8GB
SIM: Dual Sim, Size: 5.7 inches, Resolution: 720 x 1280 pixels, Protection: Corning Gorilla Glass 3, OS: Microsoft Windows Phone 8.1 with Lumia Denim, Card slot: microSD, up to 256 GB, Internal: 8 GB, 1 GB RAM.
Please check if your GSM cellular carrier supports the bands for this model before purchasing, LTE may not be available in the US as this is the international model: 2G bands	GSM: 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 - SIM 1 & SIM 2. 3G bands: HSDPA 850 / 900 / 1700 / 1900 / 2100. 4G bands: LTE band 1(2100), 2(1900), 3(1800), 4(1700/2100), 5(850), 7(2600), 8(900), 12(700), 17(700), 20(800), 28(700), 38(2600), 40(2300).
Model: LUMIA 640 XL
XL LTE Dual Sim 8GB
RM-1096. New, DUAL SIM, Unlocked, International GSM model. Will work with GSM networks like AT&T and T-mobile. Will not work with CDMA networks like Verizon or Sprint.
Please check if your GSM cellular carrier supports the bands for this model before purchasing, LTE may not be available in the US as this is the international model. 2G bands GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 - SIM 1 & SIM 2. 3G bands HSDPA 850 / 900 / 1700 / 1900 / 2100. 4G bands LTE band 1(2100), 2(1900), 3(1800), 4(1700/2100), 5(850), 7(2600), 8(900), 12(700), 17(700), 20(800), 28(700), 38(2600), 40(2300)
Model: Lumia_640XL-RM-1096-Orange
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This is an event that I've shown up for every year, albeit with my camera, not my running shoes. Each year my running team, the Staten Island Athletic Club, stages a race to raise money for its Scholarship Fund, which provides tuition help to promising student-athletes at local high schools.
Starting in 2013, SIAC was able to partner with the NYC Parks Department to create a race within Freshkills Park, infamously known as the location of the old landfill but under a long-term conversion project to what will be one of the biggest parks in New York City. It's by no means a unique conversion project (Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx is another example) but the scale of it is, I believe, unprecedented.
While it will take some time for the park to fully open to the public (not least because the size will require staffing and facilities to be built to support visitors), they offer bi-annual "sneak peak" days to show the progress made, and occasional special events such as this race.
After our successful 5k at the Staten Island Half, our men's open team captain had suggested that the 5k at this event might be a good next race for me, but having watched this race twice and admired the effort of the runners, and hearing that the 10k course was now USATF certified, I felt I wanted to try the "main event" of the day. This is the race's second year doing double duty as the USATF New York championships, bringing some of the top teams from the city, and as a somewhat competitive runner (albeit coming back from injury) you want to run with the best runners you possibly can.
Race day arrived with me feeling a little sore – somewhat recklessly I had decided to run a tough 10-mile training run in the city on Thursday, and more significantly on Wednesday night put in a long session of my rehab exercises. Three days later and I still had groin/hamstring soreness from all the squats. I opted to go for maximum support: KT tape on the inner knees, running tights to hold everything else together, my max-cushion shoes to avoid any foot issues.
Unsurprisingly I didn't exactly feel speedy in my warmup, but I already knew I wasn't going to be competing for any prizes. I took note of all the clubs in attendance: NYAC, Central Park Track Club, North Brooklyn Runners, Dashing Whippets, Prospect Park TC, Van Cortlandt TC… in short, the best of the best. We had a good turnout last year (from the Whippets especially) but no doubt this year surpassed it. Although I don't represent SIAC in any official capacity, other than a member and unofficial club photographer, I do recognize what a big deal it is that these clubs will send strong teams all the way to the West Shore of Staten Island, and it says a lot for the trust put in our club's ability to organize such a race.
And so onto the race itself. I'm still constantly amazed at my first mile splits. Amongst the throng of runners I feel like I'm jogging, and then get to the mile mark to discover I've run one of my fastest splits of the year. This likely explains some of my personal best times in big NYRR races where I have company for the whole race.
In this one, however, the field got strung out quickly by the first hill. We went off the road, onto a gravel path and, of course, up a hill. Some slight worries about getting a "Mizuno rock" in my heel (any other wearers of that brand will know what I mean) but overall was strong going uphill, passing a couple of the Whippets' ladies with whom I'd been pacing. Careful back down the hill (descents continue to be hard on my knees), and back onto the road, but the damage was already done – my legs didn't have much spring left in them, I was isolated with no other runners close to me, and had to start digging deep to keep the legs turning over and not lose too much speed. I amused myself with the "No Passing" signs by the road, and hoped the runners behind me would respect these instructions.
The last two years as a photographer, I've stationed myself around mile 5, on the "North Mound" of the park. I hadn't seen anything of the South Mound other than runners ascending the hills in the distance. I found it to be a real challenge. By the time I returned to familiar territory I was fading, seeing the runners ahead of me recede further away into the distance. I looked forward to any and all human contact with volunteers, just to make it less of a solo time trial.
Eventually I reached the Mile 5 hill that I knew so well, and as I rounded the corner of the initial peak, I heard the familiar voice of my daughter, cheering and giving high fives to runners with her friend. It gave me just the energy needed to get to the real peak, where I'm told there is a great view, though I was a little tired to appreciate it.
Mile 5: ok, this isn't easy. But best cheering section ever.
Then down the hill, yes! More volunteers to say hello to, yes! Back on the road, the same one on which we'd walked into the park. Walking to the start village it had seemed endless. Running wasn't that much more enjoyable, but at this point I wasn't going to be denied. I might've been making a slight dent into the lead of the runners in front of me. Not enough to catch them, but I certainly wasn't going to let anyone else go past me.
The Mile 6 marker was well received (thank you SIAC for the well marked course), I found another gear, and managed to look good for the finish, where I was given a big shout-out on the PA system that I'm probably not quite worthy of yet.
Almost home. Steve Zimmerman gives the best support, even if it looks like he's yelling at me for being slow.
43:46 on the watch, and done. Nowhere near a PR, but as a training run, it's my best sustained effort of this return to running, so I'm satisfied. Another solid step in the right direction.
Good combination of road and off-road surface.
Great post-race food and drinks thanks to the generous support of local businesses.
Nice race shirt (tech material, neon-coloured which will be useful for dark winter runs).
Gets a little quiet in places. The remote location doesn't lend itself to spectators out on the course. In hindsight I might have worn headphones.
Speed which with results are announced. I want to see this race continue to do well, and it's sad to see the teams who have travelled a long way to come to the race leave because they can't continue to wait for the awards ceremony.
This entry was posted in races on November 8, 2015 by admin.


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Facing our Fears- A Gospel Imperative?
by admin | Feb 19, 2014 | P.S. | 1 comment
Last year I was involved in facilitating an introductory peacebuilding course in a Protestant church in Belfast. We invited members from other churches to come to a meeting that did not involve worship and share their experiences in building peace. I later found out that not everyone was comfortable with members of a Roman Catholic Church speaking in 'their' church. This surprised me and I discussed it with the minister. He explained that many people in his congregation like to 'feel safe' when they attend church; having people from a different faith tradition was uncomfortable for some as the perceived 'safety' in being with your own was challenged by different views and experiences.
The late David Stevens argued that churches in Northern Ireland tend to reflect people's fears instead of challenging them. Duncan Morrow has described churches as 'protective fortresses for threatened people'. It is more comfortable to mix with your own kind than to try and build bridges, particularly if you feel a sense of threat. Of course there is a place for churches as sacred spaces for prayer and contemplation but we Christians are called to cross boundaries.
Recently I attended a talk in Fitzroy Presbyterian Church where Professor Cowie from QUB described Northern Ireland as a place with a pervasive sense of threat. He argued that we respond to threat in the following way:
'Fear drives you to avoid the thing that you're afraid of, and so you never learn that it isn't as threatening as you thought.'
My journey as a peace activist has often involved facing fear – both my own fears and those of others. I can still remember how frightening it was to come from middle-class East Belfast as a young woman to work in inner North Belfast at the height of the 'Troubles'. I felt like an alien in a new country and it took some time for me to feel at ease.
We have built walls of fear, mistrust and suspicion of each other which are difficult to remove. However, the Biblical commandment that occurs most often is "don't be afraid". The Bible portrays God's nature as bringing about peace. The Hebrew word, Shalom, implies more than an absence of violence and conflict. It means well-being, health, security and rest. When we deal with our fears, we are dealing with a major barrier to finding peace. Nothing calms fear so much as seeing that the person next you is not afraid. Real peace implies something deeper than polite acceptance of those who are different. We need to discover who the other person is and reveal who we are. In developing relationships across cultural, political and religious boundaries, we will begin to see afresh God's work in the lives of others and also in our own.
Laura Coulter
Laura Coulter currently works as a Good Relations Officer with the Irish Churches Peace Project and is based in North Belfast.
Michael Earle	on 20/02/2014 at 10:40 am
Great to see what you and CPEP are doing from Christchurch New Zealand.Facing and growing through our fears seems to me to be universal wherever we live and whatever our circs. Keep writing Laura
Michael Earle


If you already have a working company in Europe, then you are suitable banks that are located in Austria, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein and Switzerland.
Banks in these jurisdictions love working businesses, love to look at customer statements, and explore the financial origins of funds. And also the fact that the client has experience in the relevant field.
Swiss banks prefer to work with experienced clients and have a very negative attitude towards beginners, who especially have signs of shell companies. Also, the Swiss banks in recent months are taking only companies with direct control and management.
If the size of your assets has exceeded $ 1-2 million, you will get out of competition a level of convenience and service, as well as personal support from the bank branch management.
Today, Swiss banks are banks, recognized leaders in cooperation with private capital. Now the Swiss banks do not have any problematic situations with the authorities, which distinguishes them favorably from the banking structures of other jurisdictions.
A similar situation exists with the banks of Hong Kong.
Historically, the right business approach and customer relations has emerged, even when a group of businessmen from England was able to open a banking structure in Shanghai and Hong Kong so as not to be dependent and not keep accountable to British banks and the UK tax service.
Banks of Switzerland and Hong Kong became the first popular states that began to open accounts for offshore companies to customers, when they had not yet invented such a thing as "offshore".
To this day, the banking services of Swiss banks are independent of government bodies, including US and Swiss, and this can easily be explained by the fact that a number of Swiss banks have their own "banks" throughout the world that historically are based on industrial and commercial capital.
Swiss banks compares favorably with other representatives of banking groups. A small addition to a number of banks in the form of "Private Bank" suggests that the banking structures of such specialization have a focus on serving wealthy clients, including reputable banks, at the highest possible level.
In addition, nuance, there are also other advantages.
We offer an exclusive and unique product to help you get all the competitive advantages in your business right now.
Also, for business projects whose turnover is up to one hundred thousand dollars, we can offer CIM Bank in Switzerland – it is the base for starting work in Switzerland. Or, we can recommend Bendur Bank (formerly known as Valartis Bank) to you in Liechtenstein.
Another good option is the Luxembourg East West United Bank. In all the above named organizations there are much less requirements for the minimum balance – up to thirty thousand euros. At the same time, here is the most convenient interface for controlling multi-currency accounts through web banking and the code generation tool Digipass.
Opening bank accounts with Internet banking for offshore and low-tax companies in the European Union.
For assistance in choosing the best bank for your business, contact our specialist.


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Home»Posts tagged with»October 2013
Obscure places on campus
By James Hur on October 15, 2013 Features
Most students probably know the school's campus like the backs of their hands. They know the shorter alternative routes to get to class as well as which stairs are less arduous to climb. Yet, there are still some nooks and crannies of campus that remain less known. While many faculty members regularly climb the stairs […]
Big names of campus
By Sophie Kupiec-Weglinski on October 15, 2013 Features
Names like Seaver, Chalmers, Rugby and Mudd are all used daily to describe where classes are taught, where a test will take place or where to meet up with a friend. Before the names were signs on buildings, they were the names of people who taught at, donated to or studied on this campus, or emblems […]
Homecoming 2013 Recap
By Chronicle Staff on October 15, 2013 Uncategorized
Spanish teachers attend AP seminar
By Morganne Ramsey on October 15, 2013 Uncategorized
Teachers attended a seminar last Friday titled "Vertical Teaming and Scaffolding of Instruction" given by Laura Zanke, the College Board's co-chair of AP Spanish Language and Culture development. Due to the visitor, Spanish classes were cancelled for the day. The seminar's purpose was to teach instructors activities that better students' communication in real-world situations, a […]
Cycling club rides in first CicLAvia
By Angela Chon on October 15, 2013 Uncategorized
The cycling club joined thousands of other cyclists to participate in their first CicLAvia event as a group. Held Oct. 6, the eighth CicLAvia event since its start in downtown Los Angeles in 2010, welcomed cyclists as well as pedestrians to ride or walk down typically car-heavy streets. "A number of people have gone to […]
Commons to speak to alumni, parents
By Jack Goldfisher on October 15, 2013 Uncategorized
President Rick Commons will address alumni and their parents Oct. 16 at the middle school at an event titled "Meet the President." The event already has 300 RSVPs from families and alumni. Commons said he still does not know what he will say to the attendees but said he hopes to figure it out soon. […]
Administration approves Spain trip
Students will have the opportunity to go on a two-week tour of Spain during spring break. The trip, chaperoned by Spanish teacher Javier Zaragoza, will be from March 21 to April 6. Students are scheduled to spend five days in Toledo and Valencia each. In these cities, students will participate in homestays and take Spanish […]
Alumni to mentor through networking
By Kenneth Schrupp on October 15, 2013 Uncategorized
HW Works and the Harvard-Westlake African-American Alumni Network will hold a speed networking night Oct. 24. Alumni representing various industries, including finance, journalism and entertainment, will mentor recent graduates and current students through the job market and career opportunities. The event will feature nine "speed networking" sessions, during which attendees can seek advice regarding the […]
Chamber Singers practice new songs, participate in group activities on retreat
By Zoe Dutton on October 15, 2013 Uncategorized
Chamber Singers gathered at Camp Wrightwood in the San Gabriel Mountains for their annual retreat Sept. 27-28. Students rehearsed new songs and played volleyball as a group activity. At the end of the retreat, students gathered in a full circle to share their feelings and experiences during the retreat and discuss their expectations for the […]
Midterms no longer mandatory for freshmen
By Lauren Sonnenberg on October 15, 2013 Uncategorized
The ninth grade class will no longer take midterm exams, effective this year. In the past, ninth graders were separated from the rest of the middle school student body in mid-January to take semester exams in their core academic classes. Seventh and eighth grade students do not take midterm exams while all upper school students […]
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Business What's in a (brand) name? Apple's 'iPad' is the only tablet most people recognize
By Mae Anderson
AP Business Writer
NEW YORK (AP) -- Apple is on the verge of doing what few others have: change the English language.
When you have a boo-boo, you reach for a Band-Aid not a bandage. When you need to blow your nose, you ask for Kleenex not tissue. If you decide to look up something online, you Google instead of search for it. And if you want to buy a tablet computer, there's a good chance there's only one name you'll remember.
"For the vast majority, the idea of a tablet is really captured by the idea of an iPad,'" says Josh Davis, a manager at Abt Electronics in Chicago. "They gave birth to the whole category and brought it to life."
Companies trip over themselves to make their brands household names. But only a few brands become so engrained in the lexicon that they're synonymous with the products themselves. This so-called "genericization" can be both good and bad for companies like Apple, which must balance their desire for brand recognition with their disdain for brand deterioration.
It's one of the biggest contradictions in business. Companies spend millions to create a brand. Then, they spend millions more on marketing that can have the unintended consequence of making those names so popular that they become shorthand for similar products. It's like if people start calling station wagons Bentleys. It can diminish a brand's reputation.
"There's tension between legal departments concerned about 'genericide' and marketing departments concerned about sales," says Michael Atkins, a Seattle trademark attorney. "Marketing people want the brand name as widespread as possible and trademark lawyers worry ... the brand will lose all trademark significance."
It doesn't happen often. In fact, it's estimated that fewer than 5 percent of U.S. brand names become generic. Those that do typically are inventions or products that improve on what's already on the market. The brand names then become so popular that they eclipse rivals in sales, market share and in the minds' of consumers. And then they spread through the English language like the common cold in a small office.
"There's nothing that can be done to prevent it once it starts happening," says Michael Weiss, professor of linguistics at Cornell University. "There's no controlling the growth of language."
A company's biggest fear is that their brand name becomes so commonly used to describe a product that a judge rules that it's too "generic" to be a trademark. That means that any product -- even inferior ones -- can legally use the name. A brand usually is declared legally generic after a company sues another firm for using its name and the case goes to a federal court.
Drug maker Bayer lost trademarks for the names "aspirin" and "heroin" this way in the 1920s. So did B.F. Goodrich, which sued to protect its trademark of "zipper" in the 1920s after the name joined the world of common nouns. Similar cases deemed "escalator" generic in 1950, "thermos" generic in 1963 and "yo-yo" generic in 1965.
It's difficult to quantify how much revenue a company loses when its brand is deemed generic. But companies worry that it breeds confusion among consumers.
To prevent their names from becoming generic, some companies use marketing to reinforce their trademarks. For instance, after its Band-Aid brand name started becoming commonly used to refer to adhesive bandages, Johnson & Johnsons changed its jingle in ads from "I'm Stuck on Band-Aid" to "I'm Stuck on Band-Aid brand."
Kleenex uses "Kleenex brand" instead of just "Kleenex" on its packaging and in marketing and places ads to remind people Kleenex is trademarked. And the company contacts some people who use Kleenex generically to refer to tissue in order to correct them.
"We've worked very hard to keep 'Kleenex' from going the route of 'escalator' and 'aspirin,'" says Vicki Margolis, vice president and chief counsel, intellectual property and global marketing for Kimberly-Clark, which owns Kleenex. "If we lose the trademark, people can use it with sandpaper and call that a Kleenex."
Xerox is taking a similar route. The company, which introduced the first automatic copier in the U.S. in 1959, has been on a public crusade for decades to keep its brand from becoming generic. The machine's success has led people to start using "Xerox" to refer to any copying machine, copies made from one and the act of copying.
"In the mid- to late-1970s, we ran dangerously close to Xerox becoming 'genericized,'" says Barbara Basney, vice president of global advertising. "That prompted a lot of proactive action to protect our trademark."
Xerox has spent millions taking out ads aimed at educating so-called "influencers" like lawyers, journalists and entertainers about its brand name. A 2003 ad said: "When you use 'Xerox' the way you use 'aspirin,' we get a headache." More recently, a 2007 ad read: "If you use "Xerox" the way you use "zipper," our trademark could be left wide open."
While people still use "Xerox" generically -- the Merriam-Webster dictionary lists the word as both a lower-case verb with the definition "to copy on a xerographic copier" and a trademarked noun -- the brand says its campaign has been a success.
Xerox is still popular: It's ranked the 57th most valuable global brand, worth $6.4 billion, according to brand consultancy Interbrand. And perhaps most importantly, Xerox hasn't lost its trademark.
TAKING IT IN STRIDE
Sometimes companies embrace when their brands become common nouns.
Perhaps the best example of this is Google, a company created in 1998 when Alta Vista and Yahoo.com were the top online search engines. Google, which created a formula that returned more accurate results than its competitors, became so popular that people began saying "Google" to refer to a Web search, in general. Experts say Google has benefited from its name becoming a part of the lexicon.
"You don't say 'Why don't I Google it' and go to Yahoo or Bing," says Jessica Litman, professor of copyright law at the University of Michigan Law School, referring to other search engines.
Apple also has gotten a boost from its brand names becoming synonymous with products. The iPod, which was the first digital music player when it came out in 2001, is still the name people use for "digital music player" or "MP3 player." And it appears Apple's iPad is headed down the same path.
For consumers like Mary Schmidt, 58, the "iPad" is generic for "tablet." Schmidt, a Baltimore marketing executive, owns an iPad and doesn't know the names of any other tablets.
"When I think of tablets, I think of an iPad," she says. "I think it's going to be the generic name. They were first."
It remains to be seen if the iPad will maintain its name domination in the tablet market. Apple declined to comment for this article.
For now, Apple Inc. has a majority of the tablet category, which includes Amazon's Kindle Fire and Samsung Electronics Co.'s Galaxy Tablet. The iPad accounted for about 73 percent of the estimated 63.6 million tablets sold globally last year, according to research firm Gartner.
Apple's market share is likely to decline as more rivals roll out tablets. But experts say that won't necessarily diminish iPad's name recognition.
"Apple is actually pretty good at this," says Litman, the law school professor. "It's able to skate pretty close to the generics line while making it very clear the name is a trademark of the Apple version of this general category."
When the iPad debuted in 2010, some people offered up "Apple Tablet" or the "iTab" as better names. Others even suggested that the name sounded more like a feminine hygiene product than a tablet: "Get ready for Maxi pad jokes and lots of 'em!" wrote tech site Gizmo at the time.
Two years later, those complaints are all but forgotten.
"At the end of the day, the product was so successful that even if it wasn't the 'quote unquote' best name, it made the name synonymous with the category," says Allen Adamson, managing director at branding firm Landor.
Published: Tue, Apr 10, 2012
You are here: HomeDetroit > Business What's in a (brand) name? Apple's 'iPad' is the only tablet most people recognize


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NTIA gives nod to IANA transition
Kevin Murphy, June 9, 2016, 15:39:33 (UTC), Domain Policy
The US National Telecommunications and Information Administration has formally thrown its weight behind the community-led proposal that would remove the US government, itself in effect, from DNS root oversight.
Assistant secretary Larry Strickling held a press conference this afternoon to confirm the hardly surprising development, but dodged questions about a Republican move to scupper the plan in Congress.
The IANA transition plan, which was developed by the ICANN community over about two years, meets all the criteria NTIA had set out in its surprise 2014 announcement, Strickling confirmed.
Namely, NTIA said in a press release that the the plan would:
Support and enhance the multistakeholder model;
Maintain the security, stability, and resiliency of the Internet DNS;
Meet the needs and expectations of the global customers and partners of the IANA services; and
Maintain the openness of the Internet.
Probably more importantly, NTIA agrees with everyone else that the plan does not replace NTIA's role with more government meddling.
US Sen. Ted Cruz and Rep. Sean Duffy see things differently. They yesterday introduced the Protecting Internet Freedom Act, which would stop the transition going ahead.
Strickling said that NTIA has been talking to Congress members about the transition, but declined to "speculate" about the new bill's likelihood of success.
"We've been up on the Hill doing briefings and will continue to do so with any member that wants to talk to us," he said.
Currently, NTIA is forbidden by law from spending any money on the transition, but that prohibition expires (unless it is renewed) at the end of the current federal budget cycle.
The plan is to carry out the transition after that, Strickling said.
The current IANA contract expires September 30. It may be extended, depending on how quickly ICANN and Verisign proceed on their implementation tasks.
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Tagged: iana, ICANN, ntia, protecting internet freedom act, ted cruz, transition
James Bladel says:
This is a huge milestone, and kudos to everyone who dedicated the past two years to working on the proposal.