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Project acronym 2DTHERMS
Project Design of new thermoelectric devices based on layered and field modulated nanostructures of strongly correlated electron systems
Researcher (PI) Jose Francisco Rivadulla Fernandez
Host Institution (HI) UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA
Summary Design of new thermoelectric devices based on layered and field modulated nanostructures of strongly correlated electron systems
Design of new thermoelectric devices based on layered and field modulated nanostructures of strongly correlated electron systems
Project acronym DAUBOR
Project Design and Applications of Unconventional Borylation Reactions
Researcher (PI) Mariola Tortosa Manzanares
Host Institution (HI) UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE MADRID
Summary "Boronic esters are versatile synthetic intermediates for the preparation of a wide range of organic molecules. The recent approval of the anti-cancer agent Velcade, the first boronic acid containing drug commercialized, further confirms the status of boronic acid derivatives as an important class of compounds in chemistry and medicine. This proposal aims to develop three new unconventional approaches for the synthesis of boronic esters. The first one is based on the use of copper (low price and low toxicity) to promote unknown borylation reactions. Our method is an important step forward in that it proceeds using catalytic quantities of copper and allows the formation of a C-B bond along with a C-C or a C-N bond in a single catalytic cycle. Additionally, a copper-catalyzed borylation reaction is proposed as the key tool to solve the total synthesis of nigricanoside A, a potent antimitotic agent. The total synthesis of this natural product could have an impact in cancer research similar to that found for taxol or epothilones. The second approach deals with the development of borylation reactions under metal-free conditions. I propose to use bifunctional catalysts to promote the dual activation of B-B bonds and suitable electrophiles. This approach constitutes an unconventional way to synthesize boronic esters and has no precedent in the literature. Finally, the third section of this proposal branches into riskier territory. I propose to use Lewis-base/diboron adducts to generate organoboryl radicals. If successful, the potential impact will be very high and will certainly open unexplored ways in boron chemistry. The copper-catalyzed, metal-free, and radical approaches proceed by mechanistically distinct pathways and can give rise to complementary reactivity and selectivity partners. New findings in these areas would represent a significant step in the industrial and academic synthesis of boronic esters."
"Boronic esters are versatile synthetic intermediates for the preparation of a wide range of organic molecules. The recent approval of the anti-cancer agent Velcade, the first boronic acid containing drug commercialized, further confirms the status of boronic acid derivatives as an important class of compounds in chemistry and medicine. This proposal aims to develop three new unconventional approaches for the synthesis of boronic esters. The first one is based on the use of copper (low price and low toxicity) to promote unknown borylation reactions. Our method is an important step forward in that it proceeds using catalytic quantities of copper and allows the formation of a C-B bond along with a C-C or a C-N bond in a single catalytic cycle. Additionally, a copper-catalyzed borylation reaction is proposed as the key tool to solve the total synthesis of nigricanoside A, a potent antimitotic agent. The total synthesis of this natural product could have an impact in cancer research similar to that found for taxol or epothilones. The second approach deals with the development of borylation reactions under metal-free conditions. I propose to use bifunctional catalysts to promote the dual activation of B-B bonds and suitable electrophiles. This approach constitutes an unconventional way to synthesize boronic esters and has no precedent in the literature. Finally, the third section of this proposal branches into riskier territory. I propose to use Lewis-base/diboron adducts to generate organoboryl radicals. If successful, the potential impact will be very high and will certainly open unexplored ways in boron chemistry. The copper-catalyzed, metal-free, and radical approaches proceed by mechanistically distinct pathways and can give rise to complementary reactivity and selectivity partners. New findings in these areas would represent a significant step in the industrial and academic synthesis of boronic esters."
Project acronym DYNAMO
Project Dynamics and assemblies of colloidal particles under Magnetic and Optical forces
Researcher (PI) Pietro Tierno
Host Institution (HI) UNIVERSITAT DE BARCELONA
Summary Control of microscale matter through selective manipulation of colloidal building blocks will unveil novel scientific and technological avenues expanding current frontiers of knowledge in Soft Matter systems. I propose to combine state-of-the-art micromanipulation techniques based on magnetic and optical forces to transport, probe and assemble colloidal matter with single particle resolution in real time/space and otherwise unreachable capabilities. In the first part of the project, I will use paramagnetic colloids as externally controllable magnetic inclusions to probe the structural and rheological properties of optically assembled colloid crystals and glasses. In the second part, I will realize a new class of anisotropy patchy magnetic colloids, characterized by selective, directional and reversible interactions and employ these remotely addressable units to realize gels and frustrated crystals (static case), active jamming and synchronization via hydrodynamic coupling (dynamic case). DynaMO project will power a basic experimental research embracing a variety of apparently different systems ranging from deterministic ratchets, viscoelastic crystals, glasses, patchy colloidal gels, frustrated crystals, active jamming, and hydrodynamic waves. The ERC grant will allow me to establish a young and dynamic research group of interdisciplinary nature focused on these issues and aimed at performing high quality research and training/inspiring talented researchers in innovative and challenging scientific projects.
Control of microscale matter through selective manipulation of colloidal building blocks will unveil novel scientific and technological avenues expanding current frontiers of knowledge in Soft Matter systems. I propose to combine state-of-the-art micromanipulation techniques based on magnetic and optical forces to transport, probe and assemble colloidal matter with single particle resolution in real time/space and otherwise unreachable capabilities. In the first part of the project, I will use paramagnetic colloids as externally controllable magnetic inclusions to probe the structural and rheological properties of optically assembled colloid crystals and glasses. In the second part, I will realize a new class of anisotropy patchy magnetic colloids, characterized by selective, directional and reversible interactions and employ these remotely addressable units to realize gels and frustrated crystals (static case), active jamming and synchronization via hydrodynamic coupling (dynamic case). DynaMO project will power a basic experimental research embracing a variety of apparently different systems ranging from deterministic ratchets, viscoelastic crystals, glasses, patchy colloidal gels, frustrated crystals, active jamming, and hydrodynamic waves. The ERC grant will allow me to establish a young and dynamic research group of interdisciplinary nature focused on these issues and aimed at performing high quality research and training/inspiring talented researchers in innovative and challenging scientific projects.
Project acronym FUNCMOLQIP
Project Design and Preparation of Functional Molecules for Quantum Computing and Information Processing
Researcher (PI) Guillem Aromi
Summary The future of Nanotechnology depends inevitably on the creation of molecular devices capable of performing crucial functions. We propose new strategies for the design and synthesis of molecular functional materials based on coordination chemistry, as well as the study of their physico-chemical properties in order to evaluate their relevance in the context of molecular spintronics and electronics. The main rationale underlying these strategies stems from the conviction that the unlimited potential of coordination compounds may be greatly exploited if the processes of self assembly leading to these systems are controlled and manipulated through the careful design of the ligands that will shape their structure and properties. We have designed the synthesis of new families of multinucleating ligands intended to form polynuclear coordination molecules with predetermined structures. Preliminary analysis of their performance has served to identify entries into novel categories of Single Molecule Magnets, SMMs, and Molecular Cluster Pairs, MCPs. The latter are stable molecules that exhibit two quasi independent metallic clusters, which fulfil many of the requirements necessary to act as 2qbit quantum gates for processors in quantum computing. We propose a full synthetic programme aimed at exploiting and expanding this promising avenue toward the fabrication of molecular systems that will be exploited in the context of Quantum Information Processing, QIP. In particular, we have identified from our previous work three classes of MCPs with promising features towards that end. We aim at exploiting the tools that we have created and develop new synthetic resources for the synthesis of robust molecules with the ability to act as 2qbits in QIP based on magnetic nanoclusters.
The future of Nanotechnology depends inevitably on the creation of molecular devices capable of performing crucial functions. We propose new strategies for the design and synthesis of molecular functional materials based on coordination chemistry, as well as the study of their physico-chemical properties in order to evaluate their relevance in the context of molecular spintronics and electronics. The main rationale underlying these strategies stems from the conviction that the unlimited potential of coordination compounds may be greatly exploited if the processes of self assembly leading to these systems are controlled and manipulated through the careful design of the ligands that will shape their structure and properties. We have designed the synthesis of new families of multinucleating ligands intended to form polynuclear coordination molecules with predetermined structures. Preliminary analysis of their performance has served to identify entries into novel categories of Single Molecule Magnets, SMMs, and Molecular Cluster Pairs, MCPs. The latter are stable molecules that exhibit two quasi independent metallic clusters, which fulfil many of the requirements necessary to act as 2qbit quantum gates for processors in quantum computing. We propose a full synthetic programme aimed at exploiting and expanding this promising avenue toward the fabrication of molecular systems that will be exploited in the context of Quantum Information Processing, QIP. In particular, we have identified from our previous work three classes of MCPs with promising features towards that end. We aim at exploiting the tools that we have created and develop new synthetic resources for the synthesis of robust molecules with the ability to act as 2qbits in QIP based on magnetic nanoclusters.
Project acronym InanoMOF
Project Multifunctional micro- and nanostructures assembled from nanoscale metal-organic frameworks and inorganic nanoparticles
Researcher (PI) Daniel Maspoch Comamala
Host Institution (HI) FUNDACIO INSTITUT CATALA DE NANOCIENCIA I NANOTECNOLOGIA
Summary In InanoMOF, we aim to develop frontier Supramolecular and Nanochemistry methodologies for the synthesis of a novel class of structures via controlled assembly of nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nanoMOFs) and inorganic nanoparticles (INPs). These methods will embody the premise that "controlled object-by-object nano-assembly is a ground-breaking approach to explore for producing systems of higher complexity with advanced functions". The resulting hybrid nanoMOF@INPs will marry the unique properties of INPs (magnetism of iron oxide NPs and optics of Au NPs) to the functional porosity of MOFs. The first part of InanoMOF encompasses the design, synthesis-assembly and characterisation of nanoMOF@INPs - advanced MOF-based sorbents that incorporate the functionality of the INPs used: magnetically controlled movement, in vivo detectability, enhanced biocompatibility and porosity, pollutant removal, or controlled sorption/delivery. The second part of InanoMOF entails studying the physicochemical properties of the synthesised nanoMOF@INPs and ascertaining their utility as drug-delivery/theranostic systems and as magnetic sorbents for pollutant removal. Specifically, we will study their stability in working media and determine their capacities for drug or pollutant sorption/delivery capacities. As proof-of-concept, we will study their toxicity in vitro and in vivo; enhancement of their in vitro therapeutic efficacy; and their capacity to remove pollutants (in real water and gasoline/diesel fuel samples) via magnetic assistance. In InanoMOF we will endeavour to establish the synthetic bases for controlling the spatial ordering of nanoMOF crystals, whether alone or combined with other nanomaterials (e.g. INPs, graphene, etc.). We are confident that our work will ultimately enable researchers to create MOF-based composites having cooperative and synergistic properties and functions for myriad applications (e.g. heterogeneous catalysis, sensing and separation).
In InanoMOF, we aim to develop frontier Supramolecular and Nanochemistry methodologies for the synthesis of a novel class of structures via controlled assembly of nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nanoMOFs) and inorganic nanoparticles (INPs). These methods will embody the premise that "controlled object-by-object nano-assembly is a ground-breaking approach to explore for producing systems of higher complexity with advanced functions". The resulting hybrid nanoMOF@INPs will marry the unique properties of INPs (magnetism of iron oxide NPs and optics of Au NPs) to the functional porosity of MOFs. The first part of InanoMOF encompasses the design, synthesis-assembly and characterisation of nanoMOF@INPs - advanced MOF-based sorbents that incorporate the functionality of the INPs used: magnetically controlled movement, in vivo detectability, enhanced biocompatibility and porosity, pollutant removal, or controlled sorption/delivery. The second part of InanoMOF entails studying the physicochemical properties of the synthesised nanoMOF@INPs and ascertaining their utility as drug-delivery/theranostic systems and as magnetic sorbents for pollutant removal. Specifically, we will study their stability in working media and determine their capacities for drug or pollutant sorption/delivery capacities. As proof-of-concept, we will study their toxicity in vitro and in vivo; enhancement of their in vitro therapeutic efficacy; and their capacity to remove pollutants (in real water and gasoline/diesel fuel samples) via magnetic assistance. In InanoMOF we will endeavour to establish the synthetic bases for controlling the spatial ordering of nanoMOF crystals, whether alone or combined with other nanomaterials (e.g. INPs, graphene, etc.). We are confident that our work will ultimately enable researchers to create MOF-based composites having cooperative and synergistic properties and functions for myriad applications (e.g. heterogeneous catalysis, sensing and separation).
Project acronym METBIOCAT
Project Metal catalysis in biological habitats: New strategies for optical bio-sensing and targeted therapy
Researcher (PI) Jose Luis Mascareńas Cid
Summary This proposal aims at the discovery of robust transition-metal catalyzed transformations that can take place in aqueous media and cellular lysates, and are susceptible of being exported to living cells. Specifically, we will exploit the special coordination and activation ability of different metal complexes towards pi-systems to induce chemo-selective reactions of designed, abiotic, unsaturated substrates. Moreover, and importantly, the metal catalysts will be conjugated to designed ligands or biopolymers so that the catalytic power of the metal complex can be transferred to specific "in vivo" locations. Initial designs in this latter "high risk" endeavor will be guided by the current knowledge on metal-catalyzed bio-orthogonal chemistry as well as by some precedents on catalysis-based metal-sensing tactics. Ultimately, we want to install catalytic power in specific cellular sites and/or endow catalytic properties to any selected bio-molecular target. The catalytic activity could then be used to trigger the amplified generation of fluorescent signals or boost the production of bioactive drugs from inert, non-toxic precursors. This will set the basis for the development of efficient bio-sensing and imaging tools, and "in cellulo" diagnosis tactics, and of novel target-directed therapeutic strategies. With the crescent identification of disease-related biomarkers, the development of biomarker-associated diagnosis and therapy protocols is becoming one of the more urgent challenges in modern life sciences. Advances in early diagnosis can have a profound impact in public health, and boost new technology developments. The transversal expertise of my group in synthesis, metal catalysis, molecular recognition and chemical biology (see PI profile) places us in a rather unique position to tackle this type of interdisciplinary project.
This proposal aims at the discovery of robust transition-metal catalyzed transformations that can take place in aqueous media and cellular lysates, and are susceptible of being exported to living cells. Specifically, we will exploit the special coordination and activation ability of different metal complexes towards pi-systems to induce chemo-selective reactions of designed, abiotic, unsaturated substrates. Moreover, and importantly, the metal catalysts will be conjugated to designed ligands or biopolymers so that the catalytic power of the metal complex can be transferred to specific "in vivo" locations. Initial designs in this latter "high risk" endeavor will be guided by the current knowledge on metal-catalyzed bio-orthogonal chemistry as well as by some precedents on catalysis-based metal-sensing tactics. Ultimately, we want to install catalytic power in specific cellular sites and/or endow catalytic properties to any selected bio-molecular target. The catalytic activity could then be used to trigger the amplified generation of fluorescent signals or boost the production of bioactive drugs from inert, non-toxic precursors. This will set the basis for the development of efficient bio-sensing and imaging tools, and "in cellulo" diagnosis tactics, and of novel target-directed therapeutic strategies. With the crescent identification of disease-related biomarkers, the development of biomarker-associated diagnosis and therapy protocols is becoming one of the more urgent challenges in modern life sciences. Advances in early diagnosis can have a profound impact in public health, and boost new technology developments. The transversal expertise of my group in synthesis, metal catalysis, molecular recognition and chemical biology (see PI profile) places us in a rather unique position to tackle this type of interdisciplinary project.
Project acronym MOTORS
Project On the move: Motor-cargo and motor-microtubule interactions studied with quantitative, high spatio-temporal resolution microscopy in vivo
Researcher (PI) Melike Lakadamyali
Host Institution (HI) FUNDACIO INSTITUT DE CIENCIES FOTONIQUES
Summary Intracellular transport plays a key role in many cellular processes. Cells rely on a well-regulated, two-way transport system that consists of molecular motors and cytoskeletal filaments for their correct functioning. In nerve cells, breakdown of transport is tightly linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding what goes wrong with intracellular transport during disease requires knowledge of how motors work inside cells to transport cargo. While much effort has been devoted to understanding motor mediated intracellular transport, our knowledge of motor-cargo and motor-microtubule interactions in the cellular environment is still very rudimentary. The small size of motors, the complex architecture of their microtubule tracks, and the inherently dynamic nature of transport have made these interactions virtually inaccessible to observation in living cells until recently. With new advances in fluorescence microscopy, in particular with the development of ground-breaking methods that surpass the diffraction limit, we can finally begin to address this challenging problem. In this ambitious proposal we will study, at an unprecedented level of detail, the nanoscale organization and stoichiometry of motor proteins on their cargo and interactions of motor proteins with microtubules in living cells. We will achieve this goal by using a multidisciplinary approach that combines cutting-edge biophysical tools such as single particle tracking, quantitative single molecule counting and super-resolution nanoscopy with novel genetic manipulation and fluorescence labeling methods. Using these unique set of tools we will unravel the molecular mechanisms that regulate motors to achieve efficient transport. The results obtained in this proposal will provide, for the first time, a detailed picture of how motors function inside living cells, greatly enhancing our knowledge of a fundamental cell biological process and of its implications in disease.
Intracellular transport plays a key role in many cellular processes. Cells rely on a well-regulated, two-way transport system that consists of molecular motors and cytoskeletal filaments for their correct functioning. In nerve cells, breakdown of transport is tightly linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Understanding what goes wrong with intracellular transport during disease requires knowledge of how motors work inside cells to transport cargo. While much effort has been devoted to understanding motor mediated intracellular transport, our knowledge of motor-cargo and motor-microtubule interactions in the cellular environment is still very rudimentary. The small size of motors, the complex architecture of their microtubule tracks, and the inherently dynamic nature of transport have made these interactions virtually inaccessible to observation in living cells until recently. With new advances in fluorescence microscopy, in particular with the development of ground-breaking methods that surpass the diffraction limit, we can finally begin to address this challenging problem. In this ambitious proposal we will study, at an unprecedented level of detail, the nanoscale organization and stoichiometry of motor proteins on their cargo and interactions of motor proteins with microtubules in living cells. We will achieve this goal by using a multidisciplinary approach that combines cutting-edge biophysical tools such as single particle tracking, quantitative single molecule counting and super-resolution nanoscopy with novel genetic manipulation and fluorescence labeling methods. Using these unique set of tools we will unravel the molecular mechanisms that regulate motors to achieve efficient transport. The results obtained in this proposal will provide, for the first time, a detailed picture of how motors function inside living cells, greatly enhancing our knowledge of a fundamental cell biological process and of its implications in disease.
Project acronym PLASMAQUO
Project Development of plasmonic quorum sensors for understanding bacterial-eukaryotic cell relations
Researcher (PI) Luis Manuel Liz Marzán
Host Institution (HI) ASOCIACION CENTRO DE INVESTIGACION COOPERATIVA EN BIOMATERIALES- CIC biomaGUNE
Summary This proposal aims at the development of novel nanostructured materials based on crystalline assemblies of anisotropic plasmonic (gold/silver) nanoparticles, to be used for the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecules, and to the demonstration of applications of such materials to monitor population kinetics in bacterial colonies and the determination of the interaction mechanisms between mixed colonies and their manipulation through external parameters. This will involve a first stage related to the careful design of the most appropriate nanoparticle morphology and composition, as well as an understanding of their specific assembly processes (both on substrates and in solution), so that the collective plasmonic response will be optimized towards the enhancement of the Raman signal of the probe molecular codes. Coating of the nanoparticle supercrystals with a mesoporous layer will be required to protect them against contact with bacteria and cells, while permitting contact with the QS signaling molecules. Ultimately, when the sensing system has been optimized and its performance demonstrated for monitoring of QS signals and colony growth, two final and important goals will be pursued. First, the interaction between mixed colonies (bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-eukaryotic cell) will be monitored in order to get information about synergic or antagonist (toxicity) QS mechanisms during the growth and proliferation of different bacteria and interspecies. This goal will permit the design of in vitro experiments where a bacterial strain may be manipulated by means of external introduction of the appropriate QS signaling molecules. Finally, the major challenge will be the practical demonstration of the ability of these new materials in this particular configuration for understanding and manipulating the growth and communication of different types of prokaryotic and peukaryotic cells.
This proposal aims at the development of novel nanostructured materials based on crystalline assemblies of anisotropic plasmonic (gold/silver) nanoparticles, to be used for the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecules, and to the demonstration of applications of such materials to monitor population kinetics in bacterial colonies and the determination of the interaction mechanisms between mixed colonies and their manipulation through external parameters. This will involve a first stage related to the careful design of the most appropriate nanoparticle morphology and composition, as well as an understanding of their specific assembly processes (both on substrates and in solution), so that the collective plasmonic response will be optimized towards the enhancement of the Raman signal of the probe molecular codes. Coating of the nanoparticle supercrystals with a mesoporous layer will be required to protect them against contact with bacteria and cells, while permitting contact with the QS signaling molecules. Ultimately, when the sensing system has been optimized and its performance demonstrated for monitoring of QS signals and colony growth, two final and important goals will be pursued. First, the interaction between mixed colonies (bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-eukaryotic cell) will be monitored in order to get information about synergic or antagonist (toxicity) QS mechanisms during the growth and proliferation of different bacteria and interspecies. This goal will permit the design of in vitro experiments where a bacterial strain may be manipulated by means of external introduction of the appropriate QS signaling molecules. Finally, the major challenge will be the practical demonstration of the ability of these new materials in this particular configuration for understanding and manipulating the growth and communication of different types of prokaryotic and peukaryotic cells.
Project acronym SPINTROS
Project Spin Transport in Organic Semiconductors
Researcher (PI) Luis Hueso Arroyo
Host Institution (HI) Asociacion - Centro de Investigacion Cooperativa en Nanociencias - CIC NANOGUNE
Summary Spintronics is an area of electronics that aims to exploit the spin of the electron. Although it is one of the areas selected to play a role in the post-CMOS electronics, spintronics still has to prove its full potential in many fields. A particularly important is the long distance spin transport and manipulation. Organic semiconductors (OSC) can play an important role in the development of spintronics as they have very small spin-orbit and hyperfine interactions, which lead to very long spin coherence times and make them ideal for spin transport. However, the basic mechanisms of spin injection, transport and manipulation in OSC are still obscure, thus impeding further advances in the field. The objective of this project is to understand and control spin transport in organic semiconductors. To achieve this ambitious objective we will employ a multidisciplinary approach, merging materials science, electronics and physics. In the two initial workpackages, we will study the unique combination of ferromagnetic spin-polarized injectors and OSC spin transporters, especially their energetic and magnetic interactions at the interface. We will also create optimized organic field-effect transistors (OFET) with nanometre channel lengths, the only device that would allow us to understand spin transport in a controllable fashion. In the third workpackage we will create and investigate the Spin OFET. Thanks to this device we will quantify the spin coherence length of OSC and we shall be able to control spin transport either by external (magnetic or electric field) or internal (crystallographic) effects. Finally, we will produce and characterize spin single molecular FETs. With this radical downscaling we will explore effects inaccessible in other transport regimes. For example, we will look at the direct coupling between the spin and molecular vibrational modes, or to the effect of the spin on the Kondo effect.
Spintronics is an area of electronics that aims to exploit the spin of the electron. Although it is one of the areas selected to play a role in the post-CMOS electronics, spintronics still has to prove its full potential in many fields. A particularly important is the long distance spin transport and manipulation. Organic semiconductors (OSC) can play an important role in the development of spintronics as they have very small spin-orbit and hyperfine interactions, which lead to very long spin coherence times and make them ideal for spin transport. However, the basic mechanisms of spin injection, transport and manipulation in OSC are still obscure, thus impeding further advances in the field. The objective of this project is to understand and control spin transport in organic semiconductors. To achieve this ambitious objective we will employ a multidisciplinary approach, merging materials science, electronics and physics. In the two initial workpackages, we will study the unique combination of ferromagnetic spin-polarized injectors and OSC spin transporters, especially their energetic and magnetic interactions at the interface. We will also create optimized organic field-effect transistors (OFET) with nanometre channel lengths, the only device that would allow us to understand spin transport in a controllable fashion. In the third workpackage we will create and investigate the Spin OFET. Thanks to this device we will quantify the spin coherence length of OSC and we shall be able to control spin transport either by external (magnetic or electric field) or internal (crystallographic) effects. Finally, we will produce and characterize spin single molecular FETs. With this radical downscaling we will explore effects inaccessible in other transport regimes. For example, we will look at the direct coupling between the spin and molecular vibrational modes, or to the effect of the spin on the Kondo effect.
Project acronym TERATOMO
Project Near-field Spectroscopic Nanotomography at Infrared and Terahertz Frequencies
Researcher (PI) Rainer Hillenbrand
Summary Fundamental understanding and engineering of composite materials, biological structures and building blocks for electrical and optical devices of nanoscale dimensions necessitate the availability of advanced microscopy tools for mapping their local chemical, structural and free-carrier properties. But while optical spectroscopy, particularly in the infrared (IR) and terahertz (THz) frequency range, has tremendous merit in measuring such properties optically, the diffraction-limited spatial resolution has been preventing IR and THz microscopy applications for the longest time to be used in nanoscale materials and device analysis, bioimaging, industrial failure analysis and quality control. During the last years we pioneered the field of IR and THz near-field microscopy, which allows twodimensional (2D) spectroscopic IR and THz imaging of a sample surface with nanoscale spatial resolution, independent of the wavelength. Key achievements of our work are the nanoscale resolved near-field mapping of chemical compositions of polymer blends, mechanical strain fields in ceramics and free-carrier concentrations in doped semiconductor transistors. The core objective of this proposal is to develop a three-dimensional (3D) spectroscopic imaging method in a wide spectral range between infrared (IR) and terahertz (THz) frequencies with nanoscale spatial resolution, a method that does not and not even nearly exist today. Our approach will be based on scatteringtype scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM), even though s-SNOM is generally considered to be a surface mapping technique. Instead of scanning the surface, it is proposed to scan a volume above the sample surface. By using appropriate reconstruction methods, the three-dimensional structure of the sample volume below the sample surface could be obtained in principle. We recently conducted a theoretical study, which confirmed the fundamental feasibility of this novel approach that shall be experimentally realized within this proposal. The proposed method of IR and THz nanotomography could become a new paradigm in nanoscale optical imaging. Near-field nanotomography will have the potential to open new and even unexpected avenues for optical characterization throughout all nanosciences, such as non-invasive, chemical identification of single (biological) nanoparticles in complex 3D-nanostructures or the measurement of the local free-carrier concentration and mobility in semiconductor nanowires or devices with 3D-architecture.
Fundamental understanding and engineering of composite materials, biological structures and building blocks for electrical and optical devices of nanoscale dimensions necessitate the availability of advanced microscopy tools for mapping their local chemical, structural and free-carrier properties. But while optical spectroscopy, particularly in the infrared (IR) and terahertz (THz) frequency range, has tremendous merit in measuring such properties optically, the diffraction-limited spatial resolution has been preventing IR and THz microscopy applications for the longest time to be used in nanoscale materials and device analysis, bioimaging, industrial failure analysis and quality control. During the last years we pioneered the field of IR and THz near-field microscopy, which allows twodimensional (2D) spectroscopic IR and THz imaging of a sample surface with nanoscale spatial resolution, independent of the wavelength. Key achievements of our work are the nanoscale resolved near-field mapping of chemical compositions of polymer blends, mechanical strain fields in ceramics and free-carrier concentrations in doped semiconductor transistors. The core objective of this proposal is to develop a three-dimensional (3D) spectroscopic imaging method in a wide spectral range between infrared (IR) and terahertz (THz) frequencies with nanoscale spatial resolution, a method that does not and not even nearly exist today. Our approach will be based on scatteringtype scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM), even though s-SNOM is generally considered to be a surface mapping technique. Instead of scanning the surface, it is proposed to scan a volume above the sample surface. By using appropriate reconstruction methods, the three-dimensional structure of the sample volume below the sample surface could be obtained in principle. We recently conducted a theoretical study, which confirmed the fundamental feasibility of this novel approach that shall be experimentally realized within this proposal. The proposed method of IR and THz nanotomography could become a new paradigm in nanoscale optical imaging. Near-field nanotomography will have the potential to open new and even unexpected avenues for optical characterization throughout all nanosciences, such as non-invasive, chemical identification of single (biological) nanoparticles in complex 3D-nanostructures or the measurement of the local free-carrier concentration and mobility in semiconductor nanowires or devices with 3D-architecture.


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Revealed: How Hezbollah Is Still Aiding Syria and Assad
Syria's President Bashar al-Assad shakes hands with Iranian President Hassan Rouhani in Tehran, February 25, 2019. Photo: SANA/Handout via REUTERS.
Hezbollah is using a network of Lebanese fuel companies to illegally smuggle fuel from Lebanon to the Assad regime in Syria, despite international sanctions, a new report by an Israeli watchdog claims.
The Alma Research and Education Center, which is located in northern Israel's Galilee region, and researches security challenges on Israel's northern borders, names three Lebanese-Christian brothers — Oscar, Edgar, and Antonio Yamin — as those allegedly assisting the Iranian-backed terror army.
The Yamin brothers, from the northern Lebanese town of Zhgarta, control the Liquigroup holding company, which includes the Liquigas and Coral energy companies.
"Based on the findings collected during this research, it appears that the Yamin brothers and the companies under their control are a civilian wing acting on behalf of Hezbollah's interests in the Lebanese energy market," the report says.
Israel recently pledged that it will notify Washington about certain deals it strikes with China, and promised to reexamine those...
The Yamin brothers are affiliated with former Lebanese energy minister Gebran Bassil, a Hezbollah ally who leads the Free Patriotic Movement, Alma's research director, former IDF intelligence officer Maj. (res.) Tal Beeri, told the Investigative Project on Terrorism. Bassil advises his father-in-law, Lebanese President Michelle Aoun, himself allied with Hezbollah.
As Liquigroup's chairman of the board, Oscar Yamin exercises control over Liquigas and Coral energy companies The two companies import, store, and transfer oil and fuel throughout Lebanon. "From what we understand, Liquigas and Coral have a monopoly on the Lebanese energy market. Formally, they hold one-third of the fuel market, but in reality, they are a monopoly," said Beeri.
It is this monopoly, he said, that is serving Hezbollah's interests.
The Yamin brothers have controlled Liquigas since 2005. It is the exclusive importer of fuel products from a major energy firm located abroad. One way the scheme operates is through the smuggling of fuel from Lebanon — itself suffering from chronic fuel shortages — to Syria's Assad regime, in violation of international sanctions.
The shortage is part of Lebanon's ongoing economic collapse, leading to the state struggling to come up with cash for fuel imports. Earlier this month, Lebanon's caretaker energy minister blamed the shortage on "profiteers" who smuggle gasoline into Syria to "achieve huge profits," due to the far higher price of fuel in Syria.
"We have a video that shows convoys of Coral fuel trucks travelling from Lebanon to Syria. Our assessment is that more than 3 million liters of fuel goes from Lebanon to Syria per day. Syria imports 90 percent of its fuel from Lebanon. Most of the fuel in Lebanon goes to Syria," said Beeri.
"Most of this process is under the control of Hezbollah. It earns a lot of money from this," he added.
The European Union maintains an oil embargo on the Assad regime as part of wide ranging sanctions, while the US' Caesar Act has disrupted crucial fuel imports to Syria.
Iran has been illegally exporting its oil to Syria, as part of a terror financing channel for Hezbollah, drawing reported Israeli disruption of this trafficking.
Thus, while fuel ostensibly is purchased for the Lebanese market, Hezbollah passes a large chunk of it to Syria. Lots more of the fuel goes to Hezbollah's support base — the Shiite-Lebanese population that is largely focused in southern Lebanon, as well as in south Beirut and the Beka'a Valley.
"For example, last January there was a large operation by Hezbollah in the Beka'a Valley to distribute diesel fuel as gifts to the area's Shiite population," said Beeri. "We're talking about quantities of 3.7 million liters of diesel that went to 21,000 Shiite families in the Beka'a valley — 200 liters per family. We estimate this to have been 2.5 million dollars' worth of fuel."
"Hezbollah marketed this entire event under the headline of: 'Hezbollah takes care of the people.' It claimed that it is caring for the population during the tough Lebanese winter, helping them heat their homes," he added.
As another example, Beeri pointed to a fuel company called Al Amana, which has been under US sanctions since February 2020 due to its ties to Hezbollah.
The company operates dozens of gas stations, mainly in the Shiite areas of Lebanon. In Dahiya, Hezbollah's stronghold in Beirut, there are several Al Amana gas stations, one of which also has a Coral sign on it. "In our research, we were able to locate images of one of these gas stations linked to Coral," said Beeri. While it is not clear whether Al Mana purchased the gas station from Coral, or whether it is operated by Al-Amana but belongs to Coral, either way, he said, "it is very likely that there is a business relationship between Coral and Al Amana," he said.
In May 2020, a Lebanese judge accused the Yamin brothers of creating a cartel, and employing money laundering and manipulation in customs.
Gebran Bassil, who served as energy minister until 2014, was accused by Prime Minister Saad Hariri of being a failed minister and causing a loss of $42 billion during his tenure in the Energy Ministry. During his tenure, Bassil was accused of acting on behalf of the Yamin family, engaging in a "give and take relationship," said Beeri.
Hezbollah has long engaged in other smuggling enterprises, from narcotics to cars. Hezbollah's global drug network reportedly reaches South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East, and its Captagon drug business has likely earned it tens of millions of dollars a year.
The Alma Center noted in a separate report this month that drug smuggling from Lebanon into Israel "serves Hezbollah as a platform that supports its terrorism. The smuggling is used to gather preliminary intelligence on the area of operation and to examine the course of action and response of IDF forces."
The report added that the results of the smuggling effort "are analyzed by Hezbollah for future potential military operations in the form of tactical attacks against Israel in the border area. In addition, Hezbollah transfers weapons and drugs (as a financial alternative) to existing collaborators and potential collaborators in the territory of the State of Israel."
Yaakov Lappin is a military and strategic affairs correspondent. He also conducts research and analysis for defense think tanks, and is the military correspondent for JNS. His book, The Virtual Caliphate, explores the online jihadist presence.
This article was originally commissioned by the Investigative Project on Terrorism.
The opinions presented by Algemeiner bloggers are solely theirs and do not represent those of The Algemeiner, its publishers or editors. If you would like to share your views with a blog post on The Algemeiner, please be in touch through our Contact page.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
A disputa pelo corredor do Atacama foi uma questão sobre as fronteiras entre a República da Chile e a República da Bolívia durante o século XIX, depois da independência de ambos estados da Coroa espanhola. O nome veio da área na qual se encontra localizado o território em disputa. A disputa era sobre a soberania sobre o denominado "corredor do Atacama", uma parte do deserto de Atacama junto ao oceano Pacífico.
!Artigos que carecem de notas de rodapé

No contexto desta controvérsia, Bolívia e Chile subscreveram tratados de limites em 1866 e 1874, ocorreu a Guerra do Pacífico (1879-1883) - na qual o Chile enfrentou a Bolívia e o Peru -, depois da qual assinaram um pacto de trégua em 1884 e, posteriormente, um tratado de paz e amizade em 1904, que anexou ao Chile toda a costa boliviana, finalizando assim a controvérsia. Em certo momento, a disputa também implicou à Argentina, pois a Bolívia, em troca de renunciar a continuar reivindicando a província de Tarija, lhe transferiu seus direitos soberanos de um sector de seu território —a puna de Atacama—, que estava sob controle do Chile ao fim da guerra.

Há quem considere que a controvérsia ainda está em curso, pois a Bolívia segue reclamando um acesso soberano ao oceano Pacífico.

Antecedentes
As origens da disputa vieram das fronteiras estabelecidas no Império espanhol, que definia livremente a fronteira norte do Reino do Chile como o deserto de Atacama. Os historiadores bolivianos e chilenos discordam se o território de Charcas, em princípio parte do Vice-reino do Peru, mais tarde do Vice-reino do Rio da Prata e, por último, da Bolívia, incluía acesso ao mar. Apoiando suas reclamações com documentos diferentes, os bolivianos afirmam que sim, enquanto os chilenos discordam. Quando Simón Bolívar estabeleceu a Bolívia como nação em 1825, reclamou um acesso ao mar para o país, ignorando as reclamações do Chile, que tinha ganho a independência em 1818, ainda que a exploração econômica dos recursos mineiros da região costeira fosse conduzida por companhias e interesses britânicos, com o patrocínio da elite chilena, cujo país possuía uma economia mais robusta e instituições mais estáveis do que a Bolívia.

Origens
A disputa fronteiriça entre Bolívia e Chile sobre o corredor de Atacama, uma parte do deserto do Atacama, cresceu lentamente durante a primeira metade do século XIX. Restringida pelo Deserto de Atacama pelo oeste e pela Cordilheira dos Andes pelo leste, a geografia da área era um fator muito grande nessa determinação quando começou a disputa fronteiriça. Por causa das montanhas, na área chove apenas duas a quatro vezes por século, fazendo dela um dos lugares mais secos na Terra.

Após a independência de Chile (1818) e da Bolívia (1825) nenhum dos primeiros governos de ambos países se preocupou com definição de suas fronteiras. Os limites nacionais na área do deserto de Atacama ainda não estavam definitivamente determinados quando os depósitos de nitrato, prata e cobre foram descobertos na zona. Tanto a Bolívia quanto o Chile estabeleceram reclamações competidoras pelo território. Outros países se interessavam pelo futuro da área devido à importância dos nitratos na produção de fertilizante e explosivos; Grã-Bretanha, Espanha e Estados Unidos tinham investimentos estratégicos e econômicos no controle do recurso, e concederam seu apoio a partidos diferentes. A influência do Chile cresceu na zona disputada por meio dos mineiros, alguns deles apoiados por companhias chilenas e estrangeiras criadas para avançar sentido norte no estabelecimento de minas e instalações portuárias.

Tratado de limites de 1866 e 1874
As fronteiras nacionais na região não tinham sido claramente delimitadas até 1866. Neste ano, a Bolívia e o Chile assinaram um tratado de fronteiras que estabelecia o paralelo 24 como as fronteiras, e deu direito à Bolívia e ao Chile de compartilhar os rendimentos fiscais das exportações minerais do território entre os paralelos 23 e 25.

Um segundo tratado em 1874 substituiu o de 1866, dando direito a Bolívia a cobrar os rendimentos fiscais entre os paralelos 23 e 24, mas sem aumento nas taxas fiscais sobre companhias chilenas durante 25 anos.

A Guerra do Pacífico
O Chile considerou que o tratado de 1874 lhe permitia explorar a área sem a imposição de novos impostos às empresas chilenas pelo período de 25 anos.

Em 27 de novembro de 1873, a Companhia de Salitres e Ferrovias de Antofagasta assinou um contrato com o governo de Bolívia, que lhe autorizava a explorar o mineral livre de direitos por 15 anos, desde a baía de Antofagasta até Salinas, incluindo o Salgar del Carmen. Este contrato não foi ratificado pelo Congresso de Bolívia, que então se encontrava analisando as negociações com Chile, que resultariam no tratado de fronteiras de 1874.

Em 1878 a Assembleia Nacional Constituinte boliviana se acordou com o estudo do acordo celebrado pelo Governo em 1873. Decidiu ratificar o contrato que garantia o pagamento de um imposto de 10 centavos por quintal de salitre exportado de território boliviano. Esta decisão, que afetava os interesses da Companhia de Salitres e Ferrovias de Antofagasta, foi considerada pelo Governo chileno como uma violação ao artigo IV do tratado de 1874. Com a Companhia negando-se a pagar esse imposto, o Governo boliviano decretou o embargo e arremate da salitreira, o que é considerado como o casus belli da Guerra do Pacífico

O governo chileno considerou o tratado como anulado e o exército chileno ocupou Antofagasta.  Em 1 de março de 1879, a Bolívia rompeu as comunicações com o Chile e o declarou o embargo das propriedades de cidadãos chilenos, e aliou-se com Peru em virtude do tratado de Aliança Defensiva (1873). O Chile então declarou a guerra contra Peru em 5 de abril de 1879.

Em 1884, a Bolívia assinou uma trégua que deu ao Chile o controle da costa boliviana inteira, e de seu valioso nitrato, cobre e outros depósitos minerais. Ao fim da guerra, o Chile tinha obtido o corredor de Atacama (como a Província de Antofagasta, desde 1888) e, do Peru, a região de Tarapacá (Província de Tarapacá, em 1884), deixando a Bolívia um país sem saída ao mar.

Tratado de 1904
Um tratado em 1904 conferiu carácter permanente a este arranjo . Em troca, o Chile consentiu em construir uma ferrovia que unisse a capital boliviana de La Paz ao porto de Arica, e garantiu a liberdade de trânsito para o comércio boliviano por portos e territórios chilenos.

Questão litorânea da Bolívia

Oferta chilena de 1975

Em 1975, o governo militar chileno fez uma oferta a Bolívia que incluía a cessão de território chileno ao norte de Arica à Bolívia na forma de um corredor com saída ao oceano Pacífico, em troca de que a mesma proporção de território boliviano fosse cedido ao Chile.

A oferta envolvia o que era território peruano e, segundo o tratado de Ancón, o Chile não poderia dar antigos territórios peruanos a outras nações sem a aprovação do Peru. O então presidente peruano Francisco Morais Bermúdez não aprovou estas mudanças, mas propôs que a metade para corredor boliviano, não fosse só da Bolívia, mas um território governado pelos três estados. O Chile respondeu que não poderia aceitar esta soberania compartilhada complicada. Alguns afirmam que a oferta chilena foi feita apenas para melhorar as relações com a Bolívia, sabendo de antemão que não seria aprovada. Outros apontam a falta de interesse do Peru em solucionar a questão litorânea da Bolívia e o oportunismo político de beneficiar-se da situação. Nesse mesmo ano, as relações diplomáticas Chile-Bolívia foram rompidas. Atualmente, o Chile e a Bolívia mantêm relações unicamente ao nível consular.

História recente
A Bolívia ainda sustenta reclamações sobre o corredor de Atacama, que o Chile recusa oferecendo acesso marítimo irrestrito, mas não um território soberano, em troca da exportação de gás natural boliviano e outras matérias. Hoje os territórios perdidos pela Bolívia e pelo Peru enviam quase 40% de seus rendimentos ao estado chileno, enquanto a companhia estatal Codelco explora as maiores reservas de cobre do mundo.

Durante a Guerra Boliviana do Gás, a disputa retornou outra vez, quando a maior parte dos bolivianos, inclusive agora o presidente Evo Morales, se opuseram à futura exportação de gás boliviano pelo território chileno, como queriam as companhias do governo e estrangeiras. Em 2004, no aniversário do tratado de 1904, as reclamações bolivianas voltaram, e as palavras "gas-por-mar" chegaram a ser o lema das pessoas que se opunham à exportação. A disputa fez-se evidente quando o presidente chileno Ricardo Lagos enfrentou ao presidente boliviano Carlos Mesa na Organização de Estados Americanos, e Mesa falou sobre o tema adiante de todos os presidentes americanos.

Recentemente Michelle Bachelet  a primeira mulher em ser  presidente do Chile, e Evo Morales, o primeiro presidente de origem indigena da Bolívia, fizeram esforços para melhorar as relações entre os dois países. No entant,o as pretensões peruanas sobre o mar adjacente a Arica têm sido vistas pela Bolívia como um empecilho à sua futura saída ao mar, pelo norte de Arica. Caso isto ocorresse, e o Peru ganhasse o litigio marítimo, a Bolívia não teria direito às 200 milhas de mar territorial como os outros estados da região, mas possuiria um pequeno triângulo marítimo de poucas milhas quadradas, enclaustrado entre os mares territoriais do Chile e do Peru. Esta ofensiva diplomata peruana para obter o mar adjacente a Arica produziu tensões entre o governo de Evo Morales e o governo de Alan García.

Veja-se também

 Revanchismo
 Controvérsia de delimitação marítima entre Chile e o Peru

Irredentismo
Territórios disputados na América do Sul
Territórios disputados pela Bolívia
História da Bolívia
Territórios disputados pelo Peru
História do Peru
História do Chile
Guerra do Pacífico (século XIX)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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Apartment of 60 m² in Porto-Vecchio (Corse-du-Sud), Stazzale
Corsica - France
N°260929, Updated on 15 Jan. 20
Villa of 120 m² in Porto-Vecchio (Corse-du-Sud), Giatone
From 890 € during low season
Seasons : Mid season at 1290 €, High season at 2190 €, Peak season at 3200 €
Apartment of 50 m² in Porto-Vecchio (Corse-du-Sud), Port De Plaisance
Seasons : Mid season at 750 €, High season at 1290 €, Peak season at 1390 €
N°260794, Updated on 27 Nov. 19
Apartment of 50 m² in Porto-Vecchio (Corse-du-Sud)
From 85 € during low season
Seasons : Mid season at 100 €, High season at 115 €, Peak season at 130 €
N°111987, Updated on 09 July 19
House of 65 m² in Porto-Vecchio (Corse-du-Sud), L'Ospédale
N°237012, Updated on 09 June 19
House of 85 m² in Porto-Vecchio (Corse-du-Sud), L'Ospedale
N°65038, Updated on 03 June 19
Apartment of 80 m² in Porto-Vecchio (Corse-du-Sud), Porto-Vecchio
N°138327, Updated on 25 March 19
Apartment of 62 m² in Porto-Vecchio (Corse-du-Sud), Baie De Santa-Giulia
N°257819, Updated on 11 Feb. 19
Apartment of 60 m² in Porto-Vecchio (Corse-du-Sud), Precojo
N°77619, Updated on 26 March 18
Studio of 25 m² in Porto-Vecchio (Corse-du-Sud), Porto Vecchio
Seasons : Mid season at 40 €, High season at 40 €, Peak season at 40 €
N°244541, Updated on 06 Sept. 16
guest room with summer kitchen on private terrace
Bed & Breakfast of 15 m² in Lecci (Corse-du-Sud), Torraccia
Villa of 110 m² in Lecci (Corse-du-Sud), St Cyprien
From 1500 € during peak season
Apartment of 40 m² in Sainte-Lucie-de-Porto-Vecchio (Corse-du-Sud), Cavu
House of 70 m² in Carbini (Corse-du-Sud), Centre Village
N°54618, Updated on 15 Nov. 19
House of 90 m² in Zonza (Corse-du-Sud), Village
House of 70 m² in Sorbollano (Corse-du-Sud), Alta Rocca
From 850 € during high season
Seasons : Peak season at 950 €
N°74486, Updated on 30 April 19
Villa of 55 m² in Bonifacio (Corse-du-Sud), Corse
Apartment of 70 m² in Bonifacio (Corse-du-Sud), Ville Haute/citadelle
Seasons : Mid season at 500 €, High season at 800 €, Peak season at 1000 €
N°258598, Updated on 30 April 19
Apartment of 40 m² in Sari-Solenzara (Corse-du-Sud), Maison Rouge
N°48588, Updated on 11 Feb. 19
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text:
Pennsylvania woman accused of stealing Nancy Pelosi's laptop during riot will remain in jail as she waits for government to file theft charges
Your View: The day I asked Frank 'The Irishman' Sheeran if he killed Jimmy Hoffa
New Jersey student who wanted to meet Unabomber gets a surprise
Lowhill pilot killed in Iraq battle
By By Kathleen Parrish
Of The Morning Call |
The last time Carol Resh heard from her son Mark, an Army helicopter pilot, was on Jan. 18 when he called home to wish his father, Charles, a happy 59th birthday.
"He told us that he loved us," Resh said. The next day Mark, 28, who grew up in Lowhill Township and graduated from Northwestern Lehigh High School, left Fort Hood, Texas, for a second tour in Iraq.
On Sunday, Capt. Resh died when his helicopter was shot down about 1:30 p.m. during one of the fiercest battles between Americans and Iraqi militants since the war began four years ago. The other soldier on board, Chief Warrant Officer Cornell C. Chao, 36, of California was also killed.
The U.S. Department of Defense released no details on the crash, which happened 120 miles south of Baghdad, saying it's under investigation.
But Carol Resh said she understood that Mark had volunteered for the mission near the holy city of Najaf to help Iraqi soldiers who, according to news accounts, were surprised and overwhelmed by the strength of the renegade militia.
American Apache helicopters, F-16s and British fighter jets dropped bombs and at least 250 militants were killed, the news accounts said. Both Mark T. Resh and Chao were pilots assigned to the 4th Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment, 1st Air Cavalry Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division. Their bodies were recovered by American soldiers.
Carol Resh said her son recently bought a new home in Killeen, Texas, with his girlfriend, but wasn't sure if the pair had been contemplating marriage.
"He just loved life," she said. "He loved everything he did. He was a happy-go-lucky person. I don't think I ever saw him angry at someone."
In high school, Mark Resh was a member of the National Honor Society, served on Student Council during his senior year and was captain of the varsity soccer team.
"Mark was honestly the very best of what you would hope for in a young person," said Resh's soccer coach, Paul Kleinert. "He was incredibly hard-working, dedicated and responsible. He was a leader on and off the field. His demeanor set the personality of the team."
After graduating in 1996, Resh attended the University of Pittsburgh and was in ROTC. "I asked him if he was going to play soccer at Pittsburgh, and he said, "No, I'm going there to learn,"' Carol Resh recalled.
Devotion to his studies paid off, and he graduated summa cum laude in electrical engineering in 2001. He joined the Army that September and was accepted into flight school at Fort Rucker, Ala., where he learned to fly Apache helicopters.
"The thing about Mark is, if he set his mind to do something, he accomplished it," Carol Resh said. "He was incredibly focused."
But he also had a light-hearted side. "He liked to tease, especially me," she said. "If I cried at something or got sentimental, he'd say, "Oh no, here we go again."'
Jim Kellerman, a Scoutmaster for Resh's Boy Scout Troop, said Resh obtained the rank of Eagle Scout in 1995.
"He was very together," he said. "He had every confidence in himself. He was a quiet type of person, modest, but demonstrated a lot of leadership ability."
Kellerman said he wasn't surprised when Resh became an officer in the Army.
"Several of our Scouts have chosen that route," he said. "In the Eagle oath, you make a commitment to serve your community, your country and really, to serve the world."
Ryan Snyder played soccer with Resh from the time they were 5 years old through high school, and the two shared a love for the game and the outdoors.
"He was one of the few left-footers on the team," said Snyder, 28, of Fogelsville. "He was fast."
Snyder said he lost touch with his friend after graduation, then Resh was overseas when the class held its 10th-year high school reunion in September 2006.
"He was always a happy, smiling guy," said Snyder, a charter pilot for East Coast Jets.
Carol Resh said that when she and her husband visited their son in Texas a few weeks ago, his mood was subdued and she sensed he wasn't as enthusiastic about deploying to Iraq as he was before.
"He wasn't looking forward to it," she said.
Nonetheless, she takes comfort in knowing her son died doing what he loved.
"He lived his life to the fullest. It was a short life, but a good one," she said. "He always got what he wanted once he made up his mind and went after it."


Since the invention of the shipping container and the revolution in transport it caused, the globalization of world trade has changed the face of manufacturing. About the only industry that did not move to China was housebuilding; It's hard to ship a house.
But now, the clever Canadians of MEKA have solved that problem; They have taken the incredibly logical step of designing a container home and manufacturing the entire thing in China. The result: an entire luxury modern modular house for US$ 39,000. The housing industry will never be the same.
Inhabitat has a lovely slideshow of the MEKA container house on display in the West Village of Manhattan. And it is a lovely thing, with bamboo walls and ceilings, a glass wall, a jazzy fully tiled bathroom and full kitchen with stainless steel counter.
And what sets this prototype prefab apart from others? "It's a new twist on the old story of prefab using shipping containers," says [designer] Halter. "The manufacturer is in China - which means a kit could be sent anywhere in the world because the costing is better. Of course, there's a premium service (and charge) for connecting with the architect for site assessment."
[Founder] De Jong's idea to place the prefab's manufacturing base in China is the key to the enterprise's viability. Part entrepreneur, part adventure seeker, de Jong had first worked with Chinese manufacturers when he designed a tent built for hanging off the precipices of mountains. Cheap manufacturing coupled with a strong design sensibility would surely get this prefab project off the ground where so many other, more costly and less practical, ventures have failed.
"There's got to be a way to provide mass housing that's affordable," says Halter. "And we also wanted to benefit from notions of sustainability - like kitting it out with bamboo and building from minimally used shipping containers."
Indeed there is; manufacture it in China, like everything else. I should love this thing; clever neighbours of mine have taken the ultimate step in shipping container housing and globalized the entire thing, making modern green prefab affordable at last.
They have a lot of style and wry humour too, filling their renderings with Canadian icons like checked lumber jackets, Hudson Bay blankets and Bruce Mau doorstops.
Michael de Jong and his team have also shown that housing is no different than any other product any more; it's cheaper in China. It is a formula that works not just for 320 square feet but scales; they offer versions up to 1280 square feet. They have done something that many have tried to do and and failed: to make modern prefab affordable. It is a formula that will be copied.
Modern prefab is now affordable, but at what cost.


text:
The Harvester World: Volume 5, number 4, April 1914
IMPROVEMENTS AT AKRON WORKS
By V, A. Bryan, Superintendent at Akron
In order to be prepared to meet the increased demand for the International motor truck it has been necessary for us to erect two large manufacturing buildings. These buildings have lately been completed and manu¬ facturing operations are now being transferred to them. One is 120x69 ft., the other is 200x69 ft., and both are six stories or 90 ft. high above the ground with basements under all. Re-enforced concrete construction was used throughout.
The basement of the smaller building is be¬ ing used for the storage of wheels while on the first floor will be located the wood shop. On the second, fifth and sixth floors will be located the paint department, and on the third and fourth floors, the final assembly and trimming departments. The basement of the larger building will be devoted to the storage of finished parts such as malleable cast¬ ings and forgings, and also steel for use of the automatic department which will be located on the second floor. On the first floor will be located the cylinder and rough grinding departments; on the third floor, the engine, transmission, and countershaft assembly depart¬ ment; on the fourth floor, milling machines and drills; on the fifth, lathes, finished grinding, and gear cutting; and on the sixth floor, tool room, axle assembly, and inspection departments.
The smaller building is located on the south side of Center street and the larger on the north side. The basements are connected by a tunnel under the street through which run the necessary steam and air lines and electric wiring. The third stories are connected by an enclosed bridge large enough to provide for free passage of motortrucks under their own power.
Each building is equipped with a three-ton electric elevator. The elevator shafts are protected by Kinnear doors which are operated by the hydraulic system and so arranged that they cannot be opened at any floor
W. A. Bryan
except when the elevator is standing at that floor. The elevator mechanism is so arranged that it is impos¬ sible to start the elevator until the doors are closed.
Both buildings are equipped with fire escapes and an automatic sprinkler system throughout. The floors consist of two-inch hemlock laid over the re-enforced concrete. This in turn is covered by a one-inch hard maple matched floor. This is the only place where wood is used in the entire structure. Stairs are pro¬ vided at each end of the larger building and at one end of the smaller building. The wells in which these stairs are located are separated from the main floors by fire doors.
Lights in the stairways are so arranged that they can be controlled on three floors at once. The general illumination is furnished by 400-watt lamps so arranged as to give one candle power per square foot. Where operators of machines are working on close work indi¬ vidual lights will be supplied.
Heat is provided by the indirect system. Steam coils for heating the air are located in the basement, and from this point the warm air is forced to the different parts of the buildings by a large fan. Heat in each room is controlled by a thermostatic regulating valve which automatically opens and closes the dampers thus maintaining a uniform degree of heat.
Tbe new Akron buildings represent the last word in auto¬ mobile building construction
Outside view of building No. 51.   Note the predominance of window space
Power is purchased from the local power company and is delivered at 3,800 volts A, C. and is transformed to 440 volts by three No. 250 K. V. A. transformers which the power company has installed just outside of the building. The current is distributed from the switchboard which is located in a fire-proof room in the basement in accordance with the latest ideas on the subject of electric power. Power is delivered to the various floors in groups, there being four motors on each floor, thus making it possible to operate machines in any part of the room independently.
Buildings are equipped with steel sash, set with factory ribbed wire glass which transfuses the light for all parts of the room in equal volume.
Toilet rooms are provided in each room and are equipped with sanitary fixtures, including wash basins in which running water must be used. Each toilet room is equipped with a ventilating fan and concrete and tile floors.
Pure drinking water is supplied through sanitary drinking fountains located conveniently about the buildings. Each workman is provided with a locker for his personal use.
In each department there is an office for the foreman
Title The Harvester World: Volume 5, number 4, April 1914
Physical Description 7 x 9.75 inches
Source The Harvester World, April 1914
Full Text IMPROVEMENTS AT AKRON WORKS
In order to be prepared to meet the increased demand for the International motor truck it has been necessary for us to erect two large manufacturing buildings. These buildings have lately been completed and manu¬ facturing operations are now being transferred to them. One is 120x69 ft., the other is 200x69 ft., and both are six stories or 90 ft. high above the ground with basements under all. Re-enforced concrete construction was used throughout. The basement of the smaller building is be¬ ing used for the storage of wheels while on the first floor will be located the wood shop. On the second, fifth and sixth floors will be located the paint department, and on the third and fourth floors, the final assembly and trimming departments. The basement of the larger building will be devoted to the storage of finished parts such as malleable cast¬ ings and forgings, and also steel for use of the automatic department which will be located on the second floor. On the first floor will be located the cylinder and rough grinding departments; on the third floor, the engine, transmission, and countershaft assembly depart¬ ment; on the fourth floor, milling machines and drills; on the fifth, lathes, finished grinding, and gear cutting; and on the sixth floor, tool room, axle assembly, and inspection departments. The smaller building is located on the south side of Center street and the larger on the north side. The basements are connected by a tunnel under the street through which run the necessary steam and air lines and electric wiring. The third stories are connected by an enclosed bridge large enough to provide for free passage of motortrucks under their own power. Each building is equipped with a three-ton electric elevator. The elevator shafts are protected by Kinnear doors which are operated by the hydraulic system and so arranged that they cannot be opened at any floor W. A. Bryan except when the elevator is standing at that floor. The elevator mechanism is so arranged that it is impos¬ sible to start the elevator until the doors are closed. Both buildings are equipped with fire escapes and an automatic sprinkler system throughout. The floors consist of two-inch hemlock laid over the re-enforced concrete. This in turn is covered by a one-inch hard maple matched floor. This is the only place where wood is used in the entire structure. Stairs are pro¬ vided at each end of the larger building and at one end of the smaller building. The wells in which these stairs are located are separated from the main floors by fire doors. Lights in the stairways are so arranged that they can be controlled on three floors at once. The general illumination is furnished by 400-watt lamps so arranged as to give one candle power per square foot. Where operators of machines are working on close work indi¬ vidual lights will be supplied. Heat is provided by the indirect system. Steam coils for heating the air are located in the basement, and from this point the warm air is forced to the different parts of the buildings by a large fan. Heat in each room is controlled by a thermostatic regulating valve which automatically opens and closes the dampers thus maintaining a uniform degree of heat. Tbe new Akron buildings represent the last word in auto¬ mobile building construction Outside view of building No. 51. Note the predominance of window space Power is purchased from the local power company and is delivered at 3,800 volts A, C. and is transformed to 440 volts by three No. 250 K. V. A. transformers which the power company has installed just outside of the building. The current is distributed from the switchboard which is located in a fire-proof room in the basement in accordance with the latest ideas on the subject of electric power. Power is delivered to the various floors in groups, there being four motors on each floor, thus making it possible to operate machines in any part of the room independently. Buildings are equipped with steel sash, set with factory ribbed wire glass which transfuses the light for all parts of the room in equal volume. Toilet rooms are provided in each room and are equipped with sanitary fixtures, including wash basins in which running water must be used. Each toilet room is equipped with a ventilating fan and concrete and tile floors. Pure drinking water is supplied through sanitary drinking fountains located conveniently about the buildings. Each workman is provided with a locker for his personal use. In each department there is an office for the foreman


text:
Finnland nahm an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1976 im österreichischen Innsbruck mit einer Delegation von 47 Athleten, 38 Männer und 9 Frauen, teil.

Seit 1924 war es die zwölfte Teilnahme Finnlands bei Olympischen Winterspielen.

Flaggenträger
Der Nordische Kombinierer und Skispringer Rauno Miettinen trug die Flagge Finnlands während der Eröffnungsfeier im Bergiselstadion.

Medaillen
Mit zwei gewonnenen Gold-, vier Silber- und einer Bronzemedaill belegte das finnische Team Platz 6 im Medaillenspiegel.

Gold
 Ski Nordisch
 Helena Takalo: Frauen, Langlauf, 5 km
 Arto Koivisto, Juha Mieto, Matti Pitkänen und Pertti Teurajärvi: Männer, Langlauf, 4 × 10-km-Staffel

Silber
 Biathlon
 Heikki Ikola: Männer, 20 km
 Henrik Flöjt, Heikki Ikola, Esko Saira und Juhani Suutarinen: Männer, 4 × 7,5-km-Staffel
 Ski Nordisch
 Helena Takalo: Frauen, Langlauf, 10 km
 Marjatta Kajosmaa, Hilkka Riihivuori, Liisa Suihkonen und Helena Takalo: Frauen, Langlauf, 4 × 5-km-Staffel

Bronze
 Ski Nordisch
 Arto Koivisto: Männer, Langlauf, 15 km

Teilnehmer nach Sportarten

Ski Alpin
Frauen
 Riitta Ollikka
 Abfahrt: 30. Platz – 1:53,85 min
 Riesenslalom: 34. Platz – 1:40,15 min
 Slalom: 17. Platz – 1:45,62 min

Biathlon
Männer
 Henrik Flöjt
 Staffel (4 × 7,5 km):  – 2:01:45,58 h; 2 Fehler
 Heikki Ikola
 Einzel (20 km):  – 1:15:54,10 h; 2 Fehler
 Staffel (4 × 7,5 km):  – 2:01:45,58 h; 2 Fehler
 Esko Saira
 Einzel (20 km): 6. Platz – 1:17:32,84 h; 2 Fehler
 Staffel (4 × 7,5 km):  – 1:54:37,25 h
 Juhani Suutarinen
 Einzel (20 km): 13. Platz – 1:19:25,89 h; 2 Fehler
 Staffel (4 × 7,5 km):  – 1:54:37,25 h

Eishockey
Männer 4. Platz

Eiskunstlauf
Männer
 Pekka Leskinen
 13. Platz

Eisschnelllauf
Frauen
 Paula-Irmeli Halonen
 500 m: 8. Platz – 43,99 s
 1000 m: 13. Platz – 1:31,72 min
 3000 m: 22. Platz – 5:03,08 min
 Tuula Vilkas
 1000 m: 17. Platz – 1:32,94 min
 1500 m: 20. Platz – 2:24,55 min
 3000 m: 12. Platz – 4:51,71 min

Männer
 Olavi Köppä
 1500 m: 10. Platz – 2:03,69 min
 5000 m: 20. Platz – 7:59,52 min
 10.000 m: 9. Platz – 15:39,73 min
 Pertti Niittylä
 500 m: 15. Platz – 40,65 s
 1000 m: 8. Platz – 1:21,43 min

Ski Nordisch

Langlauf
Frauen
 Taina Impiö
 5 km: 19. Platz – 17:03,30 min
 Marjatta Kajosmaa
 5 km: 9. Platz – 16:36,25 min
 10 km: 11. Platz – 31:35,50 min
 4x5 km Staffel:  – 1:08:36,57 h
 Marja-Liisa Kirvesniemi-Hämäläinen
 10 km: 22. Platz – 32:37,72 min
 Helena Kivioja-Takalo
 5 km:  – 15:32,12 min
 10 km:  – 30:14,28 min
 4x5 km Staffel:  – 1:08:36,57 h
 Hilkka Riihivuori-Kuntola
 5 km: 4. Platz – 16:17,74 min
 10 km: 9. Platz – 31:29,39 min
 4x5 km Staffel:  – 1:08:36,57 h
 Liisa Suihkonen
 4x5 km Staffel:  – 1:08:36,57 h

Männer
 Risto Kiiskinen
 15 km: 32. Platz – 47:21,06 min
 Arto Koivisto
 15 km:  – 44:19,25 min
 30 km: 8. Platz – 1:32:23,11 h
 50 km: 10. Platz – 2:43:44,79 h
 4x10 km Staffel:  – 2:07:59,72 h
 Juha Mieto
 15 km: 10. Platz – 45:46,27 min
 30 km: 4. Platz – 1:31:20,39 h
 50 km: 34. Platz – 2:50:03,61 h
 4x10 km Staffel:  – 2:07:59,72 h
 Matti Pitkänen
 30 km: 13. Platz – 1:33:44,74 h
 4x10 km Staffel:  – 2:07:59,72 h
 Juhani Repo
 30 km: 22. Platz – 1:35:31,06 h
 50 km: 9. Platz – 2:42:54,89 h
 Pertti Teurajärvi
 15 km: 14. Platz – 46:04,84 min
 50 km: 27. Platz – 2:47:25,60 h
 4x10 km Staffel:  – 2:07:59,72 h

Skispringen
 Harri Blumén
 Normalschanze: 29. Platz – 210,4 Punkte
 Großschanze: 41. Platz – 160,7 Punkte
 Rauno Miettinen
 Großschanze: 21. Platz – 185,4 Punkte
 Esko Rautionaho
 Normalschanze: 11. Platz – 229,6 Punkte
 Großschanze: 12. Platz – 197,8 Punkte
 Jouko Törmänen
 Normalschanze: 14. Platz – 225,0 Punkte
 Großschanze: 10. Platz – 204,9 Punkte

Nordische Kombination
 Jorma Etelälahti
 Einzel (Normalschanze / 15 km): 24. Platz
 Erkki Kilpinen
 Einzel (Normalschanze / 15 km): 10. Platz
 Jukka Kuvaja
 Einzel (Normalschanze / 15 km): 11. Platz
 Rauno Miettinen
 Einzel (Normalschanze / 15 km): 4. Platz

Weblinks

Länderkader bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1976
Winterspiele 1976
Wintersport (Finnland)


To provide student athletes with a positive environment to develop a knowledge of and appreciation for the game of golf, while developing skill sets that will enable them to be competitive at the league and state levels.
Coach Jimmy Ryan is a retired Bexley High School teacher with 40 years of coaching experience. While coaching Bishop Watterson boys' and girls' track teams, he won six league championships and one district championship. With Watterson cross country, he won 20 league championships, four district championships, and one regional championship. Two of his Watterson student athletes earned All-American status at the college level.
He served for 16 years as Bexley's baseball coach, winning three league titles, a district title, a regional title, and an appearance in the state final four. In 1999, the team finished with a final state poll ranking of second. One of Coach Ryan's former baseball players currently plays major league baseball with the Arizona Diamondbacks.
As Bexley's golf coach, he led teams to three league championships and two sectional championships. His golf squads earned two state tournament third place finishes and, in 2015, the state title. Named District Coach of the Year in each of the sports that he has coached, he credits his exceptionally talented Bexley and Watterson athletes. Along with his wife, Coach Ryan is an avid golfer who has won the Club Championship at Westchester Golf Club two of the four times has competed.


text:
Q: the use definitive of article should I use "the" before "teachers"? this is the title of an article and I am not sure whether to put it or not. I will appreciate your comments on the use of definitive articles in the bolded sections.
A phenomenological analysis of the Teachers' Perceptions of Ethical Factors Affecting the Teacher-Student Relationships

A: A phenomenological analysis of a Teacher's Perceptions of Ethical Factors Affecting Teacher-Student Relationships if you do not name/know the name of the teacher that you are referring to.
or
A phenomenological analysis of a Group of Teachers Perceptions of Ethical Factors Affecting Teacher-Student Relationships. If you do not name/know the names of the teachers that you are referring to

A phenomenological analysis of The Perceptions of Ethical Factors Affecting the Teacher-Student Relationship if you know the name of the teacher that you are referring to and you intend to name that teacher in your paper.
or
A phenomenological analysis of The study Group of Teachers Perceptions of Ethical Factors Affecting Teacher-Student Relationships. If you name/know the names of the teachers that you are referring to.

A phenomenological analysis of the Teachers' Perceptions of Ethical Factors Affecting the Teacher-Student Relationships is not correct in any case.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Pac-Man Championship Edition 2 Review
Matthew Cooper September 20, 2016
Ah, Pac-Man; my little yellow buddy. Slightly older than me by a matter of months, it's fair to say that as I've grown and matured for the better, you've largely stayed the same. When you have tried something new, it's often been a bit hit and miss… Like Bomberman, if you're taken out of your comfort zone it all starts to fall apart. That was until modern tech unleashed years of hidden potential in the form of your Championship Edition, and a year later with the CE: DX version. Now, after another string of mediocre tie-ins, here you are again, back where you belong, in a maze full of ghosts and pellets for you to chomp your way through. But Pac-Man Championship Edition was perfect. It took the incredibly successful formula of the original 1980 hit and made it addictive and competitive again. How can you possibly improve on that?
You can't, as it turns out. It seems you can't really quite match it, either. The first Pac-Man CE introduced a timed mechanic and lightning fast gameplay, and combined it with psychedelic visuals and a pumping soundtrack. I've always described it doing for Pac-Man what Geometry Wars did for Space Invaders – Takes a simple formula and perfects it. This sequel still has those features, it does feel like CE 2 as it is meant to, but there are a handful of factors which hold it back from the greatness achieved by it's predecessor.
First of all, you can't just jump in and play. You're forced to sit through a half dozen or so tutorials on the scoring mechanics, without any option to skip through them. There's an achievement in it for your trouble, but it feels like a chore. Games such as this rely on intuition and deft reactions, and if you convolute the simple mechanics, you run the risk of spoiling what made the franchise great in the first place. Beyond this, you're treated to a series of unlockable stages, which present the games main new feature: Ghost trains.
In this particular iteration of Pac-Man, you'll find dozens of ghosts sleeping around the mazes. As you follow the optimum pellet path through any given maze, you'll pass by these ghosts and wake them up, whereby they'll form a train, like some sort of cartoony undead conga. When you've eaten the majority of pellets, a piece of fruit will appear which you chomp, and you'll be seamlessly transported to the next maze and be immediately chomping away more pellets. The ghost train travels with you to the next maze, and after every three or so you'll get a power pellet rather than a piece of fruit. As we all know, chomp this and you have a limited time to gobble up the ghost train for insane scores.
As I mentioned, the game is presented as a series of unlockable levels. This all takes place in a mode called Score Attack: The levels are shown as a grid, and every stage you complete unlocks the ones adjacent to it. The vertical climb up the grid increases difficulty, whilst the horizontal present variations of the games main ghost train feature. In order to have a stage classified as 'complete', you must achieve a certain score rank on the previous level, from F to A and the much coveted S rank reserved for the most perfect runs and highest scores. Once you've progressed through a number of these, you unlock a whole new secondary way to play the game: Adventure mode. Now, I have no idea why Namco decided on this title, as if anything it presents much more of a structured arcade experience than Score Attack. In Adventure mode, you are presented with a linear chain of levels which have specific timed objectives and can be played across three difficulty levels. The difficulty affects the number of lives you start with and the length of time you are given to finish the stage. The objectives invariably include finishing a single maze in the quickest time possible, and complete ten of these and you unlock a 'boss' level. The gameplay here is largely the same, but you have a 3D image of a huge boss ghost in the background behind the maze, which you – naturally – chomp to death after completing the stage and eating the final power pellet.
Pac-Man Championship Edition 2 still has the fast, smooth and responsive gameplay of the first title in this offshoot series, but it takes a lot of work to get to the meat and potatoes of the game. Playing it feels like Namco have deliberately tried to hold back on the satisfying core experience and unveil it gradually; perhaps to eke out play time, or add an artificial sense of progression to the title. This goes against it though, as Pac-Man in it's CE guise is pure, arcade, unadulterated joy. Once you fight through the unlocks and roadblocks, there's a game here which is almost as satisfying to play as it's forbearer, but a few people will sadly clock off before they hit the payload within.
REVIEW CODE: A complimentary Microsoft Xbox One code was provided to Brash Games for this review. Please send all review code enquiries to editor@brashgames.co.uk.
Matthew Cooper was given free games by Brash Games in exchange for his reviews. As such all reviews belong to Brash Games and must not be reproduced under any circumstances. (© 2010 - 2017 All Rights Reserved).
Tags:Action, arcade, Bandai Namco Games, casual, Pac Man, Pac-Man Championship Edition 2, Rating 7/10, retro, Xbox One, Xbox One Review
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text:
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I wasn't sure what to expect when I showed up at the Sunset Speedway in Banks, Oregon. I knew I'd see cars and dirt, but I wasn't expecting such an engaged and enthusiastic crowd.
By all appearances some of these Street Stock cars belong in the junk yard. Many are 1980's vintage American steel. Their skin is wrinkled, worn and torn from too many laps fighting on the dirt track, but it's all business under the hood. Those old family sedans are stripped clean of the heavy interior and most of them are pumping out over 500 horsepower.
Then the Late Model class take the track. There are drivers trying to get to NASCAR. There are cars worth over $75,000, power-sliding sideways through the turn. There are custom-built race frames with Corvette crate motors and lightweight race tires. They put on a show and are serious about winning. The sound is deafening.
I was instantly drawn to the brother/sister race team sporting a camouflage green car and a camouflage pink car. Andrea and Joey Tardio work at the family transmission shop in Forest Grove. They built their cars and race on the weekends. They work together to keep the cars race ready. They speak highly of each other and have fans that follow their progress. They win races.
I left thinking I'd like to bring my 12-year-old son to a race. We don't watch NASCAR or Indy or any other kind of racing on television. But, I know he'd love watching the cars bump and slide their way around the turn on three wheels. I know I did.
See my photo essay of the car racing at Sunset Speedway.


In all the money that is devoted to the conservation of the most charismatic species, there is one that has been lifted far above what I thought was the highest plateau of funds devoted to conservation. You might at first think of the Giant Panda. You, however, as I was, would be wrong; although millions of dollars have been poured into the conservation of this Endangered species and nations around the world pay China millions more to house Pandas on loan to their zoos.
To understand why these "most conserved" species are at the top of the conservation ledger, it is first important to understand that there is a notable distinction between conservation and preservation, although the two are sometimes used interchangeably. Often when we talk about conservation, what we really mean is preservation—we work to preserve this or that species and it's habitat for future generations, but, we don't necessarily account for the "sustainable use" of a species that would allow a sustainable harvest of individuals from a population for human use or consumption. Pandas, most certainly, do not fit within "sustainable use" conservation and exist about as far towards preservation as possible.
A great deal of the conservation as we know it today is a product of sustainable use calculations of forests, fish, and fowl. In this arena, conservation can be viewed as an assessment of the threats to a species through human use and the resilience of such a species to these uses. Forests are often conserved for use as timber or as natural capital reserves—indeed the U.S. National Forest system is predicated on the idea that forests are a national resource that deserves investment and conservation for future use. Similarly some of the first species conservation laws were designed to encourage the sustainable harvesting of fish and fowl in an attempt to use models of population dynamics to optimize the number of individuals that could be harvested from a population without that population disappearing.
Within this definition of conservation, Salmon are kings of conservation and top the list as the most conserved species. "More money has been invested in salmon conservation than any other taxonomic group" says Wild Salmon Center's Senior Conservation Biologist and IUCN Salmon Specialist Group Chair Dr. Peter Rand, and once we dive into the fascinating world of salmon, it's easy to see why. Within the North American Pacific, salmon are a complex of seven species: Chinook, coho, chum, pink, sockeye, masu, and steelhead (aka rainbow trout), most of which have significant economic value. For instance, in Alaska alone the commercial value of the salmon fishery in 2013 was nearly $700 million dollars.
Gates Creek Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) At the species level, the population is believed to be stable; however, some subpopulations are declining. In 2011 IUCN recognized a total of 98 subpopulations, of which 93 are extant. The subpopulations in this assessment are considered independent and reproductively isolated from each other.
For more details on subpopulation size estimates and trends, see here. Photo Credit Barry Kovish.
Salmon are anadromous and so their life cycles and populations are intricately tied into both the health of freshwater and saltwater ecosystems. As adults, they are a heavily sought-after commercial species that have seen enormous investments in hatcheries, aquaculture, and wild-catches. However, despite their ubiquity at the grocery store (most of which are farm raised, incidentally!), fishing is not the only threat to salmon populations. Salmon conservation relies on addressing hatcheries, harvests, habitats, and hydrology.
The coast of Bristol Bay in Alaska. This region supports some of the most pristine and expansive salmon fisheries in the world. It is also the proposed site of a large mine which would result in one of the largest open pit copper mines in the world and would threaten one of the world's most productive salmon fisheries. An EPA proposal to protect Bristol Bay is currently open to public comment, until September 19th. Photo Credit Ben Knight.
Incredible advances have been made in salmon conservation through the transparent cooperation between conservation organizations like the Wild Salmon Center and the salmon fisheries in the Pacific Ocean. This cooperation had resulted in commercial seafood certifications through the Marine Stewardship Council that encourages best-practices and helps seafood buyers and consumers make better informed choices.
Threats to salmon populations often take place far away from the commercial fisheries in the inland rivers and streams where salmon must migrate to spawn. As it turns out, once threats to salmon become established in a watershed, it is very difficult to recover populations, or reintroduce them once they are extirpated. This is one of the main reasons why the twenty eight subpopulations (identified as Evolutionarily Significant Units or Distinct Population Segments) that have been listed under the Endangered Species Act in the United States have never recovered to a point where they can be removed from the list. As Dr. Rand points out "It does indeed make you wonder if our investment in salmon recovery in the US Pacific Northwest is an effective strategy in recovering an endangered species." The Wild Salmon Center has been pursuing a very different strategy, focusing on preserving entire watersheds in an effort to avoid problems of salmon decline brought on by land development and other threats (for recent example, read about the creation of the 80,000 acre Tugursky Nature Reserve in the Russian Far East).
We have indeed learned a great deal about the challenges of conserving this species in a human dominated landscape. The intensive land-use change that has occurred in the US Pacific Northwest has led to the extirpation of many river populations of salmon. These changes are due, in large part, to the economic and infrastructure development that accompanies a rise in extractive industries like mining, oil or natural gas development, or hydroelectric dams. These reductions in habitat quality for salmon can also be attributed to the siphoning of water for agriculture or other human use that can reduce water levels such that salmon are unable to move upstream or eggs are unable to complete their development.
The conservation of species for sustainable-use is a necessary goal, especially for species like salmon that have such large economic and nutritional benefits to people. However, it is not only people who rely on salmon. The influence of salmon on the ecosystems of the Northern Pacific at their broadest span the entire Northern Hemisphere and at the finest scale include the insects, plants, and microorganisms that benefit from expired salmon at a stream's headwaters. Across these scales, salmon are keystone species. With this in mind, the preservation of salmon is also a laudable goal for the maintenance of ecological function, species diversity, and the health of ecosystems as they flow from salmon across seascapes, landscapes, and watersheds.


Whose earnings come on top of the league table - the quarterback or the receiver? The big question that's on every die-hard NFL fans' lips can be found in this section at a click of a mouse. Plus find out the most lucrative deals ever made in NFL history in this Top 50 Richest NFL Players list. It's a definite touchdown!
Gale Sayers net worth: Gale Sayers is an American former professional football player who has a net worth of $50 million dollars.
Jim Brown net worth: Jim Brown is an American former professional football player and actor who has a net worth of $50 million.