Consuelo Ranninger, APRN, earned her degree from Florida Gulf Coast University in Fort Myers, Florida. She is a professional member of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners and the Florida Nurses Association. She is also fluent in both English and Spanish.


text:
reddit
======
### Third party libraries
* [RoboBrowser](https://github.com/jmcarp/robobrowser)
* [HTML5Lib](https://github.com/html5lib/html5lib-python)
* [lxml](http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/bs4/doc/#installing-a-parser)
* [Requests](http://www.python-requests.org/en/latest/user/install/#install)
* [Pillow](http://pillow.readthedocs.org/en/latest/installation.html)

### Options
* Subreddits [string]
  * The subreddits you want to grab images from (i.e. ecchi, catgirls)
* Random Subreddit [True or False]
  * If True it will randomly pick one of the subreddits you set in Subreddits, else it will go in order (i.e. ecchi then catgirls, back to ecchi, ect.)
* Random Link [True or False]
  * If True it will randomly pick a link out of the subreddit, else it will go from newest post down.
* Save Images [True or False]
  * Keep images into a folder!
  * If False images will be deleted 10 seconds after downloaded (to give it time to post)
* Path [string]
  * Where images will be saved
  * If nothing it will create a folder called "images"
* Filename ["string"]
  * Name what the downloaded files will be
  * You can use {artist}, {character}, {series} and {tags} to put the image infomation into the filename
* Message ["string"]
  * [b]PUT THIS SETTINGS IN QUOTES (Look at examples)[\b]
  * Include a message in your tweets
  * You can use {title} to use the topic's title and {url} to return the topic reddit URL.
  * If you have set your SauceNAO API you can also use: {sn title}, {sn illust id}, {sn illust url}, {sn artist}, {sn artist id} and {sn artist url}

### Examples

```
[reddit]
Subreddits = ecchi, nekogirls
Random Subreddit = True
Random Link = True
Message = {title} - {url}
```
```
[reddit]
Subreddits = ecchi
Random Link = False
Message = {title}
```

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
BBC and Screen Scotland join forces to put Scotland's TV on world stage
An innovative collaboration between the BBC and Screen Scotland, which aims to put Scotland's television industry on the world stage, has been announced by BBC Director-General, Tony Hall.
The Director-General said the initiative, which aims to support Scotland's television industry by supporting world-class drama, cutting-edge comedy and high-end factual content, marks the start of an exciting long-term partnership between the BBC and Creative Scotland's screen arm, Screen Scotland.
Lord Hall and Creative Scotland's acting Chief Executive, Iain Munro, have now signed a formal agreement which will allow the two organisations to work together to build on the recent wave of increased activity in Scotland's television industry.
He made the announcement about the new partnership last night in Glasgow to an audience who had gathered to watch the switching-on of the brand new BBC Scotland television channel.
"An incredibly important moment for screen in Scotland"
"We have a strong history of partnering on projects with BBC Scotland and this agreement sets out clearly how we will build on this. It makes clear our common goals and where we can jointly support the screen sector in Scotland to thrive; producing more high quality content, developing emerging talent and celebrating our exciting culture."
Iain Munro, Acting Chief Executive, Creative Scotland
Lord Hall said,
"As part of the BBC's commitment to this new partnership, we have agreed to deliver, to network, each year, a minimum of three drama series from Scotland, three comedy titles and three high-impact factual series.
"This is the first stage in a long-term collaboration involving the BBC, Screen Scotland and potentially other relevant parties with the aim of backing ambitious projects reflecting Scottish culture which can be enjoyed by audiences in Scotland, across the UK and internationally."
Iain Munro, Acting Chief Executive said,
"This is an incredibly important moment for screen in Scotland. We have a strong history of partnering on projects with BBC Scotland and this agreement sets out clearly how we will build on this. It makes clear our common goals and where we can jointly support the screen sector in Scotland to thrive; producing more high quality content, developing emerging talent and celebrating our exciting culture."
The agreement, signed by Lord Hall and Mr Munro, sets down a framework outlining how the two organisations will build on existing support and training for the industry. It also outlines how they will work together over the next three years with a view to establishing a long-term working partnership focused on building a sustainable television sector in Scotland.
The organisations will work together to achieve value from a variety of funding packages. These include; the Scottish Government's increased funding to Screen Scotland, an additional investment in the newly-launched BBC Scotland, and the BBC's ongoing commitment to invest at least 8% of network television spend in Scotland as well as from the range of content services already provided by BBC Scotland.
The BBC and Screen Scotland Memorandum of Understanding is available to download and view in PDF format here: https://www.screen.scot/about/contact/publications/bbc-and-screen-scotland-memorandum-of-understanding
This is a joint media release issued by the BBC and Screen Scotland.
For enquiries to BBC Scotland please contact:
Jan Patience
Corporate Affairs Advisor, BBC Scotland
jan.patience@bbc.co.uk
For enquiries to Screen Scotland please contact:
Media Relations and PR Officer- Screen
BBC Scotland serves a population of 5.3 million people, providing services to all of Scotland's major urban conurbations, rural and island communities. Television services for audiences include BBC One Scotland, BBC Scotland (launched in February 2019), and the Gaelic language service, BBC ALBA (operated in collaboration with MG ALBA); speech and specialist music radio services are provided via BBC Radio Scotland and, in Gaelic, BBC Radio nan Gaidheal; there is online provision at https://www.bbc.com/scotland; and The Social offers BBC Scotland content via social media. @BBCScotland
Screen Scotland is the dedicated partnership for screen in Scotland. With £20 million from Scottish Government and the National Lottery, Screen Scotland is driving the cultural, social and economic development of all aspects of the sector in Scotland, through enhanced funding, services and support. Screen Scotland sits within Creative Scotland and is a partnership with Scottish Enterprise, Highlands and Islands Enterprise, Skills Development Scotland, Scottish Funding Council, working in close collaboration with the sector to ensure its success. @screenscots
BBC and Screen Scotland Memorandum of Understanding
The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) sets out the partnership agreement between Screen Scotland and the BBC to build a sustainable television industry in Scotland.
Some of the productions either shot in Scotland, or which were originated by or involved Scottish-based talent.
Details of Screen Scotland Funding as well as links through to other organisations providing support and funding.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Appbar widgets not refreshing instantly on calling setState() Flutter The AppBar of my app has the cart widget which uses a badge for showing the number of items in the cart.
When I place the exact same cart in my body of the Scaffold, it updates the state instantly on adding or removing items from the cart. But in my appbar, the cart widget's state doesn't get updated. It's very weird.
actions: <Widget>[
      Badge(
        badgeContent: Text('${selectedItems.length}',
            style: TextStyle(color: Colors.white)),
        position: BadgePosition.topRight(top: 0.0, right: 5.0),
        badgeColor: Colors.black,
        showBadge: selectedItems.length == 0 ? false : true,
        child: IconButton(
          icon: Icon(Icons.shopping_cart),
          onPressed: () => Navigator.push(context,
              CupertinoPageRoute(builder: (context) => CartScreen())),
          color: Colors.black,
        ),
      )
    ],

As you can see, the selectedItems.length is the number of items in my cart.
Please help me out. Stuck here for a long time now...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Speaker: Marco Maggio is the Vice President of Strategic Practices at All Covered, a Konica Minolta company.
First-Ever Category Award Recognizes Company's Software and Solutions.
Konica Minolta and our IT Services Division, All Covered's legal-specific portfolio of hardware, services, software, IT services and solutions help firms to simplify technology to improve firm efficiency, collaboration, security and streamline workflows. We help thousands of law firms across the nation gain better business outcomes by leveraging enabling technology. Our clients take advantage of best practices gained through a dedicated focus on legal industry specific services, applications, processes and hardware solutions. The skills and technology expertise shared and deployed within our customer base allows our clients to simply focus on practicing law.


text:
finance, land degradation hotspots
Capacity Building Marketplace offerings (166)
Knowledge Sharing System (10)
(-) Library highlights (26)
(-) finance (19)
(-) land degradation hotspots (7)
intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) (3)
Sustainable Finance: High-Level Expert Group delivers roadmap for greener and cleaner economy
Today's final report by the High-Level Expert Group maps out the challenges and opportunities that the EU faces in developing a sustainable finance policy. It identifies ways in which the financial sector can re-connect with the real economy to support the transition to a more resource-efficient and…
EU auditors to examine desertification risk in Cyprus
"The situation is most serious in a large part of Spain, southern Portugal, southern Italy, south-eastern Greece, Cyprus and areas of Bulgaria and Romania bordering the Black Sea." It added that research indicates that up to 44 per cent of Spain, 33 per cent of Portugal, and nearly 20 per cent of…
The Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies publishes double-blind peer-reviewed research on issues relevant to agriculture and food value chain in emerging economies in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Eastern Europe. The journal welcomes original research, particularly…
GLF summit: Leveraging investment portfolios to manage sustainable landscapes
"Land degradation is estimated to cost the global economy from $2 to $4.5 trillion a year, while economic benefits of restoration efforts are an estimated $84 billion a year, according to a report in Environmental Research Letters, and statistics from World Resources Institute. The purpose of the…
SDG Bonds & Corporate Finance: A Roadmap to Mainstream Investments
Calls on institutional investors to increase their allocation of capital towards the SDGs, and to drive the demand for a diverse set of SDG investments ranging from sovereign bonds to corporate bonds and equity.
ENCORE (Exploring Natural Capital Opportunities, Risks and Exposure) "the world's first comprehensive tool" linking environmental change with its consequences for the economy.
ENCORE (Exploring Natural Capital Opportunities, Risks and Exposure) is a web-based tool that will help global banks, investors and insurance firms assess the risks that environmental degradation poses for financial institutions
Early Identification of Land Degradation Hotspots in Complex Bio-Geographic Regions (RS)
The detrimental impacts of these processes on land resources, which are widely recognized as environmental problems of global concern become really dramatic in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions (drylands), where land degradation is more properly defined as desertification.
An Exploration of Scenarios to Support Sustainable Land Management Using Integrated Environmental Socio-economic Models (EM)
Scenario analysis constitutes a valuable deployment method for scientific models to inform environmental decision-making, particularly for evaluating land degradation mitigation options, which are rarely based on formal analysis.
Big Facts on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security
Big Facts is a resource of the most up-to-date and robust facts relevant to the nexus of climate change, agriculture and food security. It is intended to provide a credible and reliable platform for fact checking amid the range of claims that appear in reports, advocacy materials and other sources.
Biomass Productivity-Based Mapping of Global Land Degradation Hotspots
ZEF Discussion paper on "Biomass Productivity-Based Mapping of Global Land Degradation Hotspots. Using global level remotely sensed vegetation index data, the hotspots of land degradation in the world across major land cover types are identified. The findings show that land degradation hotpots cover…
The Financial System We Need: From Momentum to Transformations
UN Environment's - Inquiry into the Design of a Sustainable Financial System (UNEP Inquiry) has released, 'The Financial System We Need: From Momentum to Transformations'. This report reveals a doubling in policy actions over the past five years to align the global financial system with sustainable…
Desertification: OECD Statistics on External Development Finance Targeting Environmental Objectives Including the Rio Conventions
The past decade saw steady growth in bilateral Official Development Assistance (ODA) to support the objectives of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, reaching USD 8.7 billion per year in 2014-15. Yet, biodiversity accounts for only 6% of total bilateral ODA, compared with 20% for climate.
Attracting Private Investment to Landscape Restoration: A Roadmap
Many restoration projects seek to raise capital, but restoration leaders often lack knowledge of the investment process. The New Restoration Economy—part of the Global Restoration Initiative at the World Resources Institute—has found that successful efforts to attract private capital involve four…
The Green Bond Market is Booming- "Green Finance and Investment: Mobilising Bond Markets for a Low-Carbon Transition."
The OECD has released the report "Green Finance and Investment: Mobilising Bond Markets for a Low-Carbon Transition." The report finds that the market for green bonds has risen from US$3 billion in 2011 to US$95 billion in 2016. The OECD provides an overview of global green bond market developments…
Impediments to inland resettlement under conditions of accelerated sea level rise
Global mean sea level rise (GMSLR) stemming from the multiple effects of human-induced climate change has potentially dramatic effects for inland land use planning and habitability. Recent research suggests that GMSLR may endanger the low-elevation coastal zone sooner than expected, reshaping…
Tropics most prone to soil erosion
The study, published last month (July) in Scientific Reports, has developed the first-ever Global Rainfall Erosivity Database and a Global Erosivity Map. It notes that while rainfall provides moisture critical for plant growth, it is also one of the prime causes of soil degradation, referred to as…
Land Degradation Neutrality Fund: An innovative fund project dedicated to sustainable land use
To achieve the target of a land degradation neutral world (SDG target 15.3) by 2030, large amounts of financial resources must be mobilized. Public resources alone will not suffice, as acknowledged in the Addis Ababa Action Agenda. New financial instruments and intermediaries, as well as enabling…
Co-Managing Land and Water for Sustainable Development
This paper represents a contribution to the Global Land Outlook in terms of discussing the complex dimensions of land and water resources management. Per the Terms of Reference for its production, the paper explains complex interactions between land and water resources management. Hot spots of land…
Results-Based Climate Finance in Practice
The World Bank Group has released the report 'Results-Based Climate Finance in Practice'. The report reviews 74 results-based climate financing (RBCF) programs implemented in developing countries with an objective to: assess the characteristics and overall volume of funding flowing through RBCF…
Unlocking Capital Flows for Forest Sector Development in Africa
The African Development Bank (AfDB) has released the 2017 African Forestry Investment Conference (AFIC) report 'Unlocking Capital Flows for Forest Sector Development in Africa'. The event brought together key players from the financial services and plantation forestry industries, government,…
Global Centre of Excellence on Climate Adaptation launched
GCECA is an initiative by UN Environment, the Government of the Netherlands and Japan's National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), and has formed partnerships with over 50 international organisations, NGOs, governments, financial institutions, knowledge institutions and businesses to…
Businesses Are Making Money by Reforesting the Planet showcased in a new report titled "The Business of Planting Trees: A Growing Investment Opportunity"
In recent years, hundreds of companies have entered the restoration industry. They represent a wide range of business models that deliver financial returns for investors while restoring forests and agricultural lands. This report profiles 14 businesses that are part of an emerging restoration…
Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) Fund. An innovative impact investment fund for sustainable land use, with a linked TA Facility
The LDN Fund has been created in response to the great requirement (and opportunity) for more investment in sustainable land use and land restoration. It is an impact investment fund that will invest in profit-generating SLM and land restoration projects worldwide to reduce or reverse land…
ADB, UNEP Report Examines Challenges in SDG Implementation on SDGs 12, 14 and 15
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) released a report that shares insights from a regional stocktake on SDG implementation in the region. The report also aims to present a compendium of tools to help developing countries implement the environmental dimensions of…
New article: Climate financing needs in the land sector under the Paris Agreement: An assessment of developing country perspectives
This paper explores the potential of climate finance to support developing country efforts to shift away from unsustainable land use patterns in the context of the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement. We pursue two research objectives here. Through a meta-analysis of 40 developing country Nationally…


text:
Stereo Embers Magazine
Staff/Contributors
STEREO EMBERS WORLD PREMIER – She Sir's Second Album "Rival Island
Written by: Dave Cantrell
Having burst as if from a chrysalis in 2014 with their debut album Go Guitars, Austin-based She Sir return with their highly anticipated sophomore effort Rival Island. Again on soon-to-be-legendary Portland label Shelflife, this new record finds the band evolving even further from their two-thousand-aughts shoegaze roots, leaning into the many headwinds with soulful grit and a classicist grace. While having the good sense to have Louie Lino as their producer this time around (New Pornographers, Nada Surf, Doug Gillard et al) and to hand off the mastering to Joe Lambert, whose credits include The National, Animal Collective, and Deerhunter, the fact is that the material on Rival Island is so intrinsically strong, the band's sound so, well, sound, that it may well be the easiest paycheck that either man has ever cashed. The album – released next Friday, July 21st, on limited edition 'Black Smoke' translucent vinyl (that's the one we want) and milky clear vinyl – is, in a phrase, dreampop in excelsis, She Sir managing that rare counter-intuitive feat of soaring with creative abandon while remaining grounded in purpose and spirit. One of 2017's most arresting records, we're proud here at SEM to offer a sneak preview. Tap play, revel and sway, and don't forget to scroll down for track-by-track 'band blurbs.' It's the whole package, and it'll make your day.
"Private Party:" Wanted straightforward pop song for first track – easily accessible, restrained, naive – setting the tone for the rest of the album. Lyrically, it's part joie de vivre, part giving up on loving others.
"Manila Mint:" This one opens up the musical vocabulary of the record a bit more, introducing a more challenging musical phrasing as we underscore the trouble of love. "I found that our love had gone insane, oh that our love would go away."
"Noon Inspirits:" Eschews traditional elements of western music such as triadic chords and a well-defined key signature. There's really no clear guitar hook and even the vocal line is pretty anti-melody, pretty conversational. Lyrics suggest a break from the rules, forms of hedonism: "You can have bad thoughts, you can have a good time too" and "Ouroboros love."
"DBS:" Wanted an upbeat track with a vintage pop feel. A bit ironic, bombastic. Further descent.
"Quinine Courts:" Begins with a dissonant chord sounding slightly frayed. This is a sibling to "Noon Inspirits" because they share the same structure. The vocal line's dream-like, stream-of-consciousness delivery is reinformed by the whimsical phrasing of the chorus.
"Diamond Churn:" Proposals of permanence while exorcising dreams.
"Pheromondo (Babysitter's Back):" A playful song with the titular 'Babysitter' representing Death. "You're the curse I – I mean we both – know." Expressions of intimacy or helplessness. "We're alone…what do you want me to do?"
"Corporealobo:" Meant to have a heavy/dragging feel to it – like the weight of limbs – in spite of an unmistakable dance beat. Lyrics rebel: "Don't dance…and never cause a fall. Fall is a death.
"Dark Glass Tomb:" An upbeat, otherworldly tune. Song title evokes images of teasingly translucent sunglass caskets – totally fragile – obscuring all from outside-in or inside-out. Permanence and impermanence, knowingness and unknowingness. "Oh I can keep the candles burning low."
"Mirror, No (We're the Same):" Wanted simple, striking finale. Employing classic I IV V chord progression provides the listener with an understanding of the song vocabulary without the learning curve. By contrast, the vocal phrasing is exciting, unpredictable. Lyric protests – "Oh, what do I got to do?" – subside. A ghostly dissonant chord shows up during fadeout, suggests a schism or some divergence.
A Few We Missed, Vol. 5 – "1 Verse" from Seattle band Society of the Silver Cross (released 6/28/2019)
The received wisdom as to why we traipse around the evolving landscape of so-called popular/rock music...
A Few We Missed, Vol. 1 – SALT "The Loneliness of Clouds" (released 06/07/2019)
Posit the Posies' Ken Stringfellow (as both performer and producer), quirk pop maestro Anton Barbeau, and...
BOY HANTE. – Victor Montes and Dave Cantrell Present Their Top 30 Post-Punk/Darkwave Albums of 2019
The usual superlatives paired with rampant expressions of enthusiasm is endemic this time of the year...
The Primitives Set To Release Five-Disc Set
Stereo Embers' TRACK OF THE DAY: Morning Bells' "Ghost Story"
Silver Light: Trey Anastasio Band Live In New York
The House Of Love To Tour North America For The First Time Since 1992
Madonna's Philanthropy Reveals She's Not Such A Material Girl After All
lostrom on A Heritage Review – Dan Coffey revisits 1977 album "Over" by Peter Hammill
disqus_x080xPAsDU on STEREO EMBERS VIDEO PREMIER – Georgio 'The Dove' Valentino's cover of David Bowie's "As The World Falls Down"
John Henderson on STEREO EMBERS VIDEO PREMIER – Georgio 'The Dove' Valentino's cover of David Bowie's "As The World Falls Down"
disqus_x080xPAsDU on Senior Editor Dave Cantrell's Top Ten (non-postpunk) Albums of the Year
John Carson on Senior Editor Dave Cantrell's Top Ten (non-postpunk) Albums of the Year


Taxon: Allium geyeri S. Wats.
Locality: USA, Colorado, Jefferson, Golden, Ranson/Edwards Homestead Open Space Park. 1.6 mi. west on CO Hwy 72 from CO Hwy 93, 1.7 mi. north on Plainview Road, then 375 m. southwest upslope.15.7 km. north northeast of the GNIS location of Golden.
Habitat: Open gentle slope with grasses, Arnica fulgens, and a few small ponderosa pines.


The original whips (there where used several in multiple lenghts during each movie) was made by whipmaker David Morgan.
The design for Indiana Jones speaks of a 10 ft. bullwhip, and eventhough other lenghts was used in the movies, the "originally" lenght is a 10 ft. (apx. 3,05meter).
There shall be no doubt - David Morgan whips are state of the art, but also very expencive. They charge around $73pr. ft., where other vendors charge around $35 pr. ft.
So unless You are very keen in having the closest thing to the original, there are other fine whipmakers. They are not as known as David Morgan, but their work is very close to, if not as good, as David Morgans.
I scanned the marked and my selection fell on the Tasmanian whipmaker Bernie Wojcicki . He has very reasonable prices, 30 years of experience, and is highly spoken of among whipchackers. And besides all that - he is a very pleasent man to talk to and doing business with!
It´s very easy to make a whipholder. A strap of leather, a needle, one rivet, a pressbuttom and a hammer - that´s it!


Bring out the original beauty of your home by calling our painting experts. With our high-quality products and excellent attention to detail, we will make you proud of your home again.
Whether you are in need of a new home painter, a residential painting contractor, or a commercial painting contractor for interior and exterior painting, we have the necessary skills and experience to complete any paint job perfectly.
If you want a painting contractor that will complete your exterior painting project professionally and on time, get in touch with us today. Experience our quality service in Lubbock, TX and the surrounding 60-mile radius, including Dickens County, Shallow Water, Little Field, and Levelland.


Celebrating 60 years of innovation isn't easy, that's why we've held nothing back in creating the all new 18 Exist LT. Our flagship model, Exist has personified excellence throughout Daiwa's history, and now the new Exist LT introduces even more ground-breaking Daiwa technology.
The all new Exist LT features our brand-new Light & Tough (LT) concept, reducing reel size while at the same time increasing strength and power.
Monocoque body also debuts in Exist LT for the first time through the entire size range. Monocoque body produces a truly one-piece frame with no side plate. Instead, the side plate is replaced by the main drive gear and drive gear housing, which screws into the body allowing for maximum gear diameter and ultimate rigidity. By increasing the main gear diameter, monocoque reels exhibit improved winding power and torque. In fact, you will find the brand-new Machine Cut Tough Digigear inside the new Exist LT is up to 109% larger than non-monocoque reels. The Exist LT's monocoque body is our most advanced, lightest and strongest body we've ever developed.
Magnesium Monocoque Body – Monocoque body debuted in Certate HD and can now be found for the first time in small size spinning reels in the new Exist LT. Monocoque one piece magnesium body is our strongest, lightest and most advanced body design ever produced.
Magseal Line Roller – the magnetized lubrication system avoids any friction, reduces dust or water intrusion, eliminating oil spray and improving reel life expectancy.
Magseal Drive Gear –Magseal bearings on both sides of the Drive Gear make Exist stand up to life in the salt.
Magseal Pinion –A Magseal bearing on top of the pinion provides even greater salt resistance.
Machine Cut Tough Digigear – New generation Tough Digigear is 50% stronger than previous Digigear II thanks to increased diameter main gears combined with an increase in individual gear teeth size.


Birfen Electric – Electronics; It keeps Business Health and Safety as Continuous and Excuseless Pre-Planda. To meet all legal and other obligations related to occupational health and safety, to adopt the principle that occupational health and safety improvement activities are the collective responsibility of all employees, to set goals for participation at all levels in risk assessment and risk reduction activities, to continually improve our occupational health and safety culture " Zero Work Accident ".
On behalf of the continuity of the work, an OSH Management System was established that meets the requirements of OHSAS 18001 management system. In all our activities, legal regulations regarding occupational health and safety are observed. In order to ensure the health and safety of all our employees, trainings are organized in accordance with the necessary legal regulations. In our work areas we are working on identifying and eliminating factors that may lead to occupational accidents and occupational diseases. Work is being done to measure the performance of the OHS management system and to improve performance.
We work with our beliefs that all business accidents and occupational diseases can be prevented by providing our A, B, C class experts, workplace physicians, OHS Board members, field officers, employees and suppliers to all processes. We constantly improve ourselves and act according to the above principles.


(Critical) Observed alfredo sauce and spaghetti & fettuccini noodles that expired on 9-3. Corrected by discarding these foods. Ensure staff are designated to purge expired foods either at the end of the night or beginning of the next day.
(Critical) You need to provide your buffet unit with an appropriate sneezegaurd by sept 19, 2013. E-mail me over a picture of it by this date.
(Critical) I found pizza by the slice in the lower pizza oven that was not turned on and found at 120*f. Pizza needs to be held at 135*f or hotter. I would recommend you obtain a small hot hold display case to store on your front counter to hold your pizza by the slice in. If not, you need to have a written policy that you are using time as health control. I will be back in 2 weeks to verify this.
(Critical) Items on the salad bar were observed at 47*-48*f. Must be 41*f or less. Owners have decided to phase out use of this salad bar. Until then, you need to throw out all potentially hazardous foods every 6 hours. I will be back in 2 weeks to verify unit has been removed.
(Critical) A spray bottle was found over food contact surfaces at the server area. Toxic items need to be stored seperated from foods or food contact items. Corrected by storing in back room with chemicals.
Please clean the top of the dishmachine more often.
The 3 comp sink is also the culinary sink and thus needs to be air gapped. Have the drian line air gapped as discussed and i will be back to verify the air gap in 2 weeks.
Product in opened bags needs to be put into food grade containers and covered. You also need to obtain more food grade containers and discontinue using food grade containers.
(Critical) Raw sausage thawing in sink was found at 74*f. When thawing, you need to pay attention to product so it does not get above 41*f. Safest way to thaw it to pull ahead of time and thaw in walk in cooler. Corrected by discarding.
Paint the raw plywood that the potato slicer has been mounted on.
The 3 comp sink line needs to be air gapped. By friday, march 9, 2012, you need to air gap this line, take a picture and e-mail to me!!!
(Critical) There is not a functioning handsink in the rear prep/dishwash area. A new sink is installed but plumbing is not hooked up. You must get this functioning asap. I will be back within 2 weeks to verify it is operational. Be sure to put up soap dispenser and have soap and paper towels stocked and handwash sign posted.
(Critical) Sanitizer level was below 50ppm in the dishmachine. Keep at 50-100ppm. Until unit is repaired, manually sanitize kitchenware in triple sink. I will be back in 2 weeks to verify for proper sanitizer levels.
(Critical) I found mozzarella cheese portioned in plastic cups at 50* in one of the pans on the cold table unit. Product will not hold safe temps (41*f or less) if not in direct contact with pans. Keep in pans and obtain a measuring cup with a handle to portion cheese out. Corrected by doing such.
You need a brighter light bulb in the walk in cooler.
Please trim the excessive weed growth around the dumpster and grease barrel.
You need to repair or replace the moulding along the floor in all the places it has come loose from the walls. Also, the front handsink needs to be adjusted so it sits up tight against the wall and then caulk the gap between the sink and the wall.
Hang up the mop after use!!! need new mop holder.
Please clean the top of the ice machine, the stove drip pan and the area under the pizza oven more often.
(Critical) The can opener blade was observed dirty. You guys need to remember to wash, rinse and sanitize this thing every day!!!! corrected by doing such.
Repeat violation 2 times. By september 3, 2010 you need to provide a light shield for the lamp on the salad buffet table. Take a picture of the installation and e-mail it to me by the correction date.
You need to air gap the drain line out of the water softener down in the basement by sept 3, 2010. E-mail me a pic of this by that date.


Gallery wall and frame positioning lamps on both sides of sofa pillow symmetry. Seatings chair in walnut with a vinyl cushion seat!
Find products and brands of Furniture Discover detailed info catalogues and contact them directly. BFMseating Pennington side chair in this elegant white cloth restaurant setting.
BFMseating Pennington side chair in this elegant white cloth restaurant setting with.
Chairs solar oak. Holsag bordeaux chocolate mocha oatmeal toffee natural cotta walnut.
Chairs in wood floor. Bali Aluminum bases.
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Gay campaigners ignore protest ban
Marc Shoffman August 9, 2006
Jerusalem police are facing criticism after attempting to block a WorldPride protest scheduled for tomorrow evening.
Organisers of the international gay event, Jerusalem Open House (JOH), had arranged to hold a quiet demonstration in Liberty Bell Park in replacement of a pride parade which was cancelled by the group due to the security situation in Israel.
But Jerusalem police claim the Protest Against Hatred event should not go ahead at all in fear of protests and threats to public order.
Hagai El-Ad, the executive-director JOH said: "There is no legal basis for the police decision as such an event, which is not a demonstration, does not require a license."
The JOH promotes the event on its website as a chance to "pray together with our colleagues and supporters around the world for a near end to hostilities and suffering in the region.
"Even at these trying times, the struggle for equality, human rights, and a progressive LGBT community in Jerusalem is relevant and necessary. During the time that the Pride March was supposed to be held, the JOH, along with other human rights organisations, will hold a protest-rally against the incitement, oppression and violence towards the LGBT community. We will continue to defend the principles we have always promoted: peace, tolerance, and respect for diversity in all its forms.
"It is essential for us to express publicly our outrage against the hate campaign targeting our community in a peaceful manner. We ask from all of those who wish to join in this protest to stand quietly and respectfully in line with the JOH staff, in order to avoid altercations with the local authorities."


The average cost of memory care in Sioux Falls is $5,540 per month. This is higher than the national median of $4,655.
To help you with your search, browse the 1 review below for memory care facilities in Sioux Falls. On average, consumers rate memory care in Sioux Falls 5.0 out of 5 stars.
Caring.com has helped thousands of families find high-quality senior care. To speak with one of our Family Advisors about memory care options and costs in Sioux Falls, call (855) 863-8283.
Sioux Falls is the largest city in South Dakota with a population of approximately 177,000, with 12 percent aged 65 and older. The state has around 17,000 individuals who have been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia, some of whom who live in the Sioux Falls area. The city has four memory care facilities to accommodate those with cognitive disabilities.
Regulated by the South Dakota Department of Health, memory care facilities in South Dakota and Sioux Falls are referred to as Assisted Living Centers (ALC) that provide dementia care. These secured units require annual in-service training to all staff members. They must also comply with the Life Safety Code regarding locked doors and the outdoor area must be surrounded by an enclosed fence.
The city of Sioux Falls is home to world-class medical facilities, including those specializing in brain health and dementia care such as the Sanford USD Medical Center and the Avera McKenna Hospital and University Health Center, in the event of medical emergencies or illness.
The overall crime rate in Sioux Falls is 20 percent higher than the national average, which may be concerning to families with seniors who live in memory care facilities in the area. Individuals have a one in 31 chance of becoming a victim of any type of crime. Memory care facilities are generally secure environments, yet it's a good idea to inquire about policies and procedures to ensure residents' well-being.
The cost of living in Sioux Falls is 95.1, which is lower than the national average of 100. This may make it easier for seniors living in memory care facilities to make ends meet. The cost of living is about the same as the state average.
Seniors who enjoy the snow may love the weather in Sioux Falls. The city gets approximately 41 inches of snow per year and has average winter lows of around seven degrees. Summers are mild with average July highs around 84.
Memory Care costs in Sioux Falls start around $5,540 per month on average, while the nationwide average cost of memory care is $4,799 per month.
It's important to note that memory care rates in Sioux Falls and the surrounding suburbs can vary widely based on factors such as location, the level of care needed, apartment size and the types of amenities offered at each community.
Learn more about these programs, plus who's eligible, on our Memory Care in South Dakota page.
For more information about different ways to finance memory care, visit our Memory Care in South Dakota page.
Sioux Falls and the surrounding area are home to numerous government agencies and non-profit organizations offering help for seniors searching for or currently residing in an assisted living community. These organizations can also provide assistance in a number of other eldercare services such as geriatric care management, elder law advice, estate planning, finding home care and health and wellness programs.
To see a list of free memory care resources in Sioux Falls, please visit our Assisted Living in South Dakota page.
Sioux Falls-area assisted living communities must adhere to the comprehensive set of state laws and regulations that all assisted living communities in South Dakota are required to follow. Visit our Memory Care in South Dakota page for more information about these laws.


IBM has finally hopped onto the bandwagon with solid-state array vendors that use multilevel cell (MLC) NAND technology and guarantee the read/write endurance of flash modules. Those changes came after lots of behind-the-scenes work.
Engineers from the company's Texas Memory Systems acquisition and IBM researchers from Zurich and other locations combined to develop the new FlashCore technology at the heart of the FlashSystem V9000 and 900 arrays.
As only a small number of vendors do, IBM buys NAND chips and makes the modules that go into its all-flash arrays (AFAs). But last year IBM was the only AFA vendor to make flash drives using enterprise MLC flash (eMLC). In the summer, IBM Fellow and CTO Andrew Walls said eMLC was as an important part of IBM's strategy, bringing a 10x improvement in endurance over typical MLC-based solid-state drives (SSDs).
Flash can wear out over time due to the program/erase process for writing data to NAND chips. All the bits in a flash block need to be erased before a write takes places. The program/erase process eventually breaks down the oxide layer that traps electrons at floating gate transistors, leading to errors. The industry's wear-out figures for eMLC flash are about 30,000 program/erase cycles and, for MLC, 10,000 or even as few as 3,000 cycles.
But anecdotal evidence is mounting that flash is not wearing out as once feared.
Plenty of vendors have worked hard to improve the endurance of flash. Here's a glimpse of what Walls said IBM did to improve the endurance of its MicroLatency flash modules without sacrificing performance or low latency.
—Collaborated with Micron, which provided the interface to the "inner workings of the flash," enabling IBM to monitor and control the flash and change read thresholds.
—Set up a characterization lab in Poughkeepsie, New York, to test flash devices and observe how flash blocks behave as engineers tried different error correcting code (ECC) and garbage collection algorithms and other techniques.
—Developed an ECC algorithm that Walls said allows IBM to correct a high bit error rate and read data only once. "That is a significant step forward. It also allows us to stay in FPGA technology, and it is an algorithm that allows us to get extremely good endurance," he said.
—Developed health binning and heat segregation technology instead of using the symmetric wear-leveling algorithms that Walls said ensure all cells handle about the same amount of writes in typical SSDs.
"When you do that, unfortunately the endurance of your flash is now going to be determined by your weakest cells, because they're going to get punished the same as all the rest, and you will wear out depending on that," he said.
Walls compared IBM's approach to pack mules in the Grand Canyon carrying loads of 50 pounds, 100 pounds or 200 pounds to enable them to do the job with half the number of animals.
"We monitor the health and assess the health of each flash block as they age, and we determine and grade each of the flash blocks. The flash blocks that are the healthiest [are] going to get the hottest data," Walls said. He said, as flash blocks age and get weaker, they handle colder data.
"That technique alone has given us a 57% improvement in endurance in most typical workloads," he said.
Walls claimed that IBM reduced write amplification by up to 45% by grouping like heat levels.
One result of IBM's efforts is a new FlashSystem Tier 1 Guarantee, which includes "MicroLatency" performance and read/write endurance for up to seven years as long the system is under warranty or maintenance.
That brings IBM up to par with other all-flash array vendors. In June 2014, when SearchStorage.com published a guide to 15 all-flash arrays, IBM was the only vendor that would not replace flash modules if they wore out before the warranty expired. Dell's Compellent all-flash model noted a caveat that the SSDs had to be within the "rated life" period. None of the other vendors mentioned any restrictions, although the length of their guarantees varied.


Failure is inevitable given the complexity of our systems and their distributed nature. This track dives deep into the principles and practices for designing and managing systems that are secure, robust, adaptable, and can recover gracefully from failure.
Looking at a service in isolation in a multiservice architecture simply does not give you enough information. Distributed tracing tools shine a light on the relationship between components. José Carlos Chávez explains how distributed tracing works, what you can use it for, and how tools like Zipkin can help. Read more.
Join Ria Bhatia to learn what "distributed application" actually means and explore the day-one gains you get as a developer or operator. You'll discover what makes an application distributed as Ria leads a live-coding session to build an app from scratch. Read more.
Félix López Luis offers an introduction to gossip protocols, using a simulator to demonstrate how they behave when there are challenges like network partitions and faulty nodes. Read more.
Amy Boyle walks you through building, scaling, and monitoring a stream processing pipeline. Read more.
The popularity of Kubernetes has brought distributed systems to the masses, disrupting the way developers code, build, test, and deploy. Ellen Körbes offers an overview of the Garden framework, a free, open source toolset aimed at bringing monolith simplicity now to the multiservice world. Read more.
Phorest's platform hit huge scaling issues as its business grew. John Doran shares the ups and downs of coping with a rapidly scaling product and explains how the system got into that state of distress, what Phorest could have done earlier to avoid it, and how the company addressed the problem by adapting a continuous improvement mindset, using distributed architecture, Docker, and AWS. Read more.


No visit to California would be complete with stopping by one of the most famous locations in the world – Hollywood. Home to glitz, glamour and the creator of more memorable moments than anyone could count; this district in Los Angeles is well worth seeing for yourself. There are three boulevards in Hollywood worth check out – Hollywood Blvd., Sunset Blvd. and Melrose Ave. And, naturally, you can get star-struck and have your own Hollywood moment all at the same time with a trip down the Walk of Fame.
While the name may seem somewhat horrifying, the reality is anything but – a combination of breath-taking canyons, volcanic craters and sparkling oases. This area gets exceptionally hot, so you should limit climbs and excursions to early morning or late afternoon.
They may not seem worthy of a spot in an attractions list, but wait until you see them – you'll instantly understand the sheer beauty and gravitas they hold. Towering far above the landscape, these hold the record for being the tallest living thing on Earth (the redwood) and the most massive tree (the giant Sequoia). There are redwood parks now to protect these mighty trees – well worth a visit.
Popular for recreation and leisure activities, Lake Tahoe is situated between California and Nevada. A stunning lake surrounded by towering mountain peaks, you can camp, boat and hike in this area.


Quadrivial Quandary Archive (10/26/2018): red-eye, widow's mite, holy writ, passage tomb n.
And as she jogged up to them, the woman patted the holster at her hip and drew out a perfectly lethal Sig Sauer which she moved between Barney and Dan: "okay, I'm Sergeant Krupke, which one of you is Ben?" and the two men looked at each other: "neither," says Dan, "I'm Dan, that's my cab over there." and Barney says: "I'm Barney, that's my wife, Betty, and our house was right here, when we went to The Roadhouse a few hours ago, we just got home and found this this fake gate!" at which Sergeant Krupke eyes the gate suspiciously, lowers her gun and then says: "so where's Ben?" and Dan suggests: "maybe it was a typo, you know, with Barney, Betty and Dan here, an easy mistake, or maybe you misheard it," and he indicates the headphone and mic which fitted over the officer's hat, and she nods, "okay, so what's this about your house?" at which Barney points right at the painted gateway and says, rather louder than he intended: "when we went out tonight, what time was it, Dan?" and Dan says: "7.30pm," and Sergeant Krupke says, into her microphone, "19.30 hours," and to Barney, "so you're saying somebody came along while you were out and put this in front of your house? yeah?" and Barney shrugs: "how the hell should I know, I wasn't here but till about twenty minutes ago and it was just like this!" and the officer turns to Dan: "and you sir, you can confirm this?" and Dan nods, at which Krupke raises the gun again and speaks into the mic: "back-up needed at the Neanderthal Park, I've got three suspicious adults, one hysterical, another delusional and the third with a stolen cab, yeah, better send some nurses, might need to be restrained," which was when Dan noticed that both of Sergeant Krupke's eyes displayed the kind of red-eye you sometimes see in photographs and he wondered if she was some kind of robot, but dismissed the idea, he'd met too many cops who only felt in control when they were pointing a gun at unarmed civilians and this one had all the hallmarks, thinking that her every word was holy writ; he decided to try to humanise her: "what is the Neanderthal World place?" and she laughed, tension easing out of her shoulders: "Sir Priapus MacFarlane and a couple of Russian associates brought a whole tribe of Neanderthals here from Scotland a couple years ago, found them still living in a Cavern in a Canyon or Mountain or such, and they live there, got Standing Stones and a Passage Tomb, a couple of Brochs and Mounds; but the amazing thing is that they speak English, so the visitors can actually chat to them – you don't get that at an animal park, do you?" and Dan admitted that she was absolutely right, "bang on!" which was when she asked: "didn't you see the signs? and how did you get through the first gate? down where the old railway used to be?" which flummoxed Dan: "whatcha mean used to be?" and she looked at him warily again: "well the line was closed in 2040, it's just used by walkers and cyclists now, and there did usedta be a house behind the gate, but it burned down in a fire the same night the couple who lived in it were killed when their car, a taxi, got hit by the Quebec Express; okay, before my time, obviously," and she touched her curly hair where it escaped from her cap, "but my folks, or someone told me about it – the accident was really the thing that led to that whole line being abandoned, especially when they secured a more direct and much faster bullet line overhead, it's a whizz!" and Ben, who had been distracted in trying to comfort Betty found himself edging closer to Dan and the officer: "did you ever hear about the kids in the house? two little ones and their sitter? did they get out okay?" and Krupke paused, thinking, remembering what she'd been told some time or other: "yeah, I did; the kids got out okay, and I think the little ones went to their Grandma, up in The Crags, the other one, I don't know, I guess she just went home," and to Barney, the words, sparse as they were, he received like a widow's mite, for it was likely as she she had said, Peggy and Molly had survived along with Leanne: "where are they now? we need to find them!" but this brought the pistol back up, even as the sound of approaching Blue Lights and sirens told her that back-up was nearly there: "sir," she said, "we're talking, what? forty five years ago, maybe more? they ain't kids any more, heck, they're probably a lot older than you, likely mothers themselves, maybe even grannies, you know how young folk are nowadays, eh? well, here's the team approaching, so let's all just co-operate with each other, someone will look after your wife, sir, and you and me can have a talk with some of my colleagues, okay?" but Barney just had to ask: "what year is this, Sergeant?" and without so much as batting an eyelash, she said, cool as a cucumber: "hey, you know as well as me it's 2084, so cut out this crap about bein at The Roadhouse, you know fine well that place closed years ago, it's a Multiplex now, stick with the programme and you'll be okay, you haven't committed any crimes, just been a bit disturbed, maybe it's the weather or something you ate or drank, but I can see you ain't drunk, so relax and we'll get it all sorted out PDQ! although," and she spoke to Dan, "that vehicle is Vintage, I swear, but it's not licensed, jeez, I doubt if it's even legal, so you may have a few more questions to answer than your passengers, but if you're cool, I'm sure everything will work out," and Dan was struck by the thought that she was just trying to humour him before the white coats and the restraints arrived and he wondered how far away he could get before she tried to shoot him, but then realized that he would never be able to outrun a bullet, so lit a cigarette and waited!


Working with us on a partnership basis is one great way to get involved in participatory design. Join our growing network of partners and advocates in a mission to make sustained, community-driven impact on the built environment.
Thinking of adopting a participatory approach for these design outputs?
Are you planning or managing any community facilities in your neighbourhood such as void decks and open spaces? Do you wish that there were alternative ways to involve the community in creating spaces and solutions for the neighbourhood? We can help to facilitate the journey and design these spaces with you.
We focus on public spaces and civic spaces like neighbourhood parks, void decks, playgrounds, vacant lots, libraries, youths centres and more. Our services include the design, planning and implementation of our participatory design approach for these spaces, as well as the building and construction of community-built projects. We also help our partners to communicate these initiatives by designing tools like infographics, pamphlets and publications, and reach out to the wider community through community art installations.
Whether you are a educator, working professional, community organiser or local stakeholder, we offer customised workshops and programmes that expose participants to a community-driven design approach. Our unique programmes are based on our own participatory design methodology, and we can guide you in implementing your own projects, including service learning and corporate social responsibility initiatives.


The Blue Line remains within the Town limits and provides transportation to various businesses, senior citizen complexes and medical facilities. It operates Monday through Friday from 7:04 a.m. until 6:15 p.m., and on Saturday from 8:04 a.m. until 6:15 p.m.
The Campus Line is a half hour shuttle from Longwood University to Lancer Park and Longwood Village. It operates Monday through Friday from 7:15 a.m until 12:35 a.m., and on Saturday and Sunday from 10:36 a.m. until 12:35 a.m.
The Campus Direct Line is a shuttle that runs every 20 minutes between Longwood University and Lancer Park. It operates Monday through Friday from 7:15 a.m. until 1:35 p.m.
The Express Line is a half hour shuttle from Longwood University to various business establishments throughout Town. It operates Monday through Thursday from 12:00 noon until 8:00 p.m., Friday and Saturday from 12:00 noon until 11:00 p.m., and on Sunday from 12:30 noon until 8:00 p.m.
The Green Line operates in the Prospect/Pamplin Area on Monday and Thursday of each week.
The Orange Line operates in the Meherrin/Green Bay area on Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday of each week.


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About HIV
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NAM exists to support the fight against HIV & AIDS with independent, accurate accessible and comprehensive information. We aim to create and disseminate information resources rooted in the experience of those most affected, enabling individuals and communities to take action and control in responding to HIV & AIDS.
New & experimental HIV treatments
Islatravir plus doravirine may offer new dual therapy option
Liz Highleyman
Image from the livestream of Jean-Michel Molina at IAS 2019.
Islatravir, the first nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor, plus the recently approved non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor doravirine (Pifeltro) may offer a potent and well-tolerated two-drug regimen for HIV maintenance therapy, according to a study presented yesterday at the International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Science (IAS 2019) in Mexico City.
This dual combination at the optimal dose suppressed viral load as well as a three-drug regimen of doravirine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and lamivudine, which comprise the Delstrigo single-tablet regimen.
Islatravir, formerly known as MK-8591 or EFdA, is a first-in-class nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor with multiple mechanisms of action. It not only halts construction of new DNA chains by acting as a defective building block, it also works at a later step in the process, making it active against HIV with resistance mutations. Prior studies showed that islatravir has more than 10-fold greater potency than other approved antiretrovirals, is active at low doses and has a long half-life in the body.
A retroviral enzyme which converts genetic material from RNA into DNA, an essential step in the lifecycle of HIV. Several classes of anti-HIV drugs interfere with this stage of HIV's life cycle: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs).
nucleoside
A precursor to a building block of DNA or RNA. Nucleosides must be chemically changed into nucleotides before they can be used to make DNA or RNA.
The third and most definitive stage in the clinical evaluation of a new drug or intervention, typically a randomised control trial with the new intervention compared to an existing therapy or a placebo, in large numbers of participants (typically hundreds or thousands). Trial results are used to evaluate the overall risks and benefits of the drug and provide the information needed for regulatory approval.
virological suppression
Halting of the function or replication of a virus. In HIV, optimal viral suppression is measured as the reduction of viral load (HIV RNA) to undetectable levels and is the goal of antiretroviral therapy.
Defines who cannot take part in a research study. Eligibility criteria may include disease type and stage, other medical conditions, previous treatment history, age, and gender. For example, many trials exclude women who are pregnant, to avoid any possible danger to a baby, or people who are taking a drug that might interact with the treatment being studied.
Dr Jean-Michel Molina of the University of Paris presented findings from a phase IIb study evaluating the safety and efficacy of islatravir plus doravirine versus Delstrigo.
This randomised, double-blind trial enrolled 121 previously untreated people with no known antiretroviral resistance. More than 90% were men, three-quarters were white and the median age was 28 years. About a quarter had a viral load above 100,000 copies/ml at baseline. People with active hepatitis B or C co-infection were excluded.
During part one of the study, lasting 24 weeks, participants were randomly assigned to receive one of three doses of islatravir (0.25mg, 0.75mg or 2.25mg) plus doravirine and lamivudine, or Delstrigo. During part two, those who achieved an undetectable viral load (below 50 copies/ml) on the three-drug combination dropped lamivudine and stayed on islatravir and doravirine as a two-drug regimen through week 48. Some people who had slower viral suppression remained longer on three-drug therapy.
Find out more in our About HIV pages
At 24 weeks, 89.7%, 100.0% and 87.1% of people using the 0.25mg, 0.75mg and 2.25mg doses of islatravir, respectively, had HIV RNA below 50 copies/ml and were therefore eligible for part two, as did 87.1% of those taking Delstrigo.
At 48 weeks, 89.7%, 90.0% and 77.4% of people taking the respective islatravir doses maintained viral suppression, as did 83.9% of those on Delstrigo. A very small number of people in any study arm experienced virological failure. Those who did had low-level viral loads between 50 and 80 copies/ml, and none met the criteria for resistance testing.
CD4 counts rose by about 200 cells/mm3 in the 0.25mg and 0.75mg islatravir groups and in the Delstrigo group, but by about 100 cells/mm3 in the 2.25mg group.
Treatment was generally safe and well-tolerated. About 8% of people taking islatravir – but none in the lowest-dose arm – experienced drug-related adverse events, as did 19% of participants in the Delstrigo group. Serious adverse events were uncommon. Two people in the highest-dose islatravir arm and one in the Delstrigo arm discontinued treatment due to adverse events.
"Results demonstrate that islatravir plus doravirine has the potential to be a potent two-drug regimen and supports further study in phase III," the researchers concluded.
"These results provide evidence for the antiviral properties of islatravir in combination with doravirine as a potential once-daily dual regimen for people living with HIV-1," Molina said. "There is a continuing need for additional efficacious therapeutic regimens for the treatment of people living with HIV-1, and islatravir warrants further study."
More news from IAS 2019
Merck indicated that it plans to embark on phase III trials of the islatravir plus doravirine combination in diverse patient populations. Islatravir alone is also being evaluated in a long-acting implant for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Another study presented at the conference showed that it was safe and can potentially maintain protective drug levels for more than a year.
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Molina JM et al. MK-8591 at doses of 0.25 to 2.25 mg QD, in combination with doravirine establishes and maintains viral suppression through 48 weeks in treatment-naïve adults with HIV-1 infection. Tenth International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Science, Mexico City, abstract WEAB0402LB, 2019.
View the abstract on the conference website.
Treatment simplification strategies
Long-acting HIV treatment
Effectiveness and frequency of dosing are the most important factors affecting acceptability of injectable HIV therapy, says US study
Oral cabotegravir and rilpivirine still effective at 312 weeks
Ibalizumab monoclonal antibody is effective in real-world use
Treatment-experienced people
Fostemsavir salvage therapy continues to look good at 96 weeks
Dolutegravir dual therapy works well for both first line and maintenance treatment
Editors' picks from other sources
ViiV Healthcare submits regulatory application to the European Medicines Agency for fostemsavir, an investigational, first-in-class attachment inhibitor for the treatment of HIV in adults with few treatment options available
This application seeks approval of fostemsavir, used in combination with other antiretrovirals, for the treatment of adults with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection for whom it is otherwise not possible to construct a suppressive antiviral regimen due to resistance, intolerance or safety considerations.
ViiV Healthcare press release
No holiday gift for GSK: FDA sends long-acting HIV injectable back to work
GlaxoSmithKline's ViiV Healthcare said that the FDA had rejected its long-acting HIV injection, known under the working title Cabenuva. The statement is thin on details, noting only that the complete response letter is related to chemistry manufacturing and controls (CMC), which is about data generated for the manufacturing process and product testing.
FDA Defers Approval of First Long-Acting HIV Therapy, Surprising Everyone
HIV clinicians and our patients will need to wait a bit longer for approval of this regimen. Until we hear more details, we won't know how long. But the data from clinical trials are solid enough that approval should be forthcoming eventually.
HIV and ID Observations
CytoDyn Signs Definitive Agreements with Vyera Pharmaceuticals to Commercialize Leronlimab in the U.S. for the Treatment of HIV
Vyera will have the exclusive right to market and distribute leronlimab (PRO 140) in the U.S. for HIV-related indications. CytoDyn will maintain responsibility for the development and FDA approval of leronlimab for all HIV-related and other indications.
CytoDyn press release
Capsid inhibitor GS-6207: potential for 6 monthly dosing for MDR HIV
Two studies at EACS 2019 included new information about the capsid inhibitor GS-6207.
i-Base
More editors' picks
NAM is a charity based in the United Kingdom. We work to change lives by sharing information about HIV & AIDS. We believe independent, clear and accurate information is vital in the fight against HIV & AIDS.
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Home > Manufacturing, Packaging & Materials > Some Chipmakers Sidestep Scaling, Others Hedge
Some Chipmakers Sidestep Scaling, Others Hedge
No shortage of alternatives as materials, packaging and architectural options grow, and plenty of startups are jumping in.
November 15th, 2018 - By: Ed Sperling
The rising cost of developing chips at 7nm coupled with the reduced benefits of scaling have pried open the floodgates for a variety of options involving new materials, architectures and packaging that either were ignored or not fully developed in the past.
Some of these approaches are closely tied to new markets, such as assisted and autonomous vehicles, robotics and 5G. Others involve new applications of technologies such as AI across a broad swath of different markets, or cloud-type hyperscale architectures in data centers. What's changed over the past 12 months or so is there are now more choices—and increasingly more nuanced choices. It's no longer just about picking a processor or memory based upon a particular foundry process.
This shift has ramifications for the entire manufacturing sector, as evidenced by GlobalFoundries' decision to stay put at 14nm and scrap plans for 7nm. UMC likewise has stopped at 14nm, at least for now. Both continue to offer multiple finFET-based processes, but they are simultaneously expanding efforts in other directions. GlobalFoundries, for example, is betting big on FD-SOI, while UMC is pushing heavily into automotive.
Benefits are still to be had in scaling to 7nm and beyond, especially on the low power front. One of the big concerns has been dynamic power density, but new technologies such as gate-all-around FETs likely will ease that problem because they can operate at lower voltages with less static leakage. An estimated 20% improvement in performance can also be gained from moving to the next node, and while that's lower than the 30% to 50% gains of previous nodes, it's still significant.
"Customer momentum persists for the top 10 or 20 fabless companies," said Bob Stear, senior director of foundry marketing at Samsung Electronics. "There is still a push for higher transistor density and all of those applications are power-sensitive. With gate-all-around nanosheets at 3nm, you can lower Vnom. That allows you to run at lower voltage, which is important in the data center and for AI applications because it provides a power saving."
But cost remains a major factor. Behind all of these developments, the economics of developing these devices is shifting. Multiple reports and analyses point to 3nm design costs topping $1 billion, and while the math is still speculative, there is no doubt that the cost per transistor or per watt is going up at each new node. That makes it hard for fabless chip companies to compete, but it's less of an issue for systems companies such as Apple, Google and Amazon, all of which are now developing their own chips. So rather than amortizing cost across billions of units, which chip companies do, these companies can bury the development costs in the price of a system.
Chip companies clearly can't do that, so they are pushing in a number of completely different directions. And this is why the semiconductor industry is exploring a variety of new options.
But as they look at different options, it also begins adding uncertainty into how much volume foundries and equipment makers can expect to see at the most advanced nodes. And that, in turn, affects how quickly capacity needs to be added and how much they invest in new processes, equipment and materials.
"The challenge is how to minimize risk, or at the most advanced nodes, how to limit risk," said John Chen, marketing director at UMC. "This is why the capacity at these nodes is not too large. You want to add capacity very slowly at those nodes, and that has an impact on the customer."
Capacity limitations force greater efficiency on the supply chain. As a result, specs get tighter, design rule decks grow larger and process development kits include a substantial amount of margin, Chen said.
The materials race
This carries over into the materials world, as well. There are a slew of new materials being introduced for a variety of reasons, some involving power, some for cost, others for reliability.
Intel, for example, is using cobalt for some of the metal layers to reduce electromigration, which can impact chip reliability, while using copper for other layers. Also III-V and II-VI compounds are being used for a number of specialized applications, each offering different sizes of bandgaps.
Rather than starting from scratch, though, most of these materials have been at least partially vetted in recent years as researchers prepared for both higher density manufacturing and a simultaneous slowdown in Moore's Law.
"We've done a better job in the last 5 to 10 years of testing out lots of materials and options than we were doing previously," said David Fried, CTO at Coventor, a Lam Research Company. "When somebody publishes some result with a new material or system, it's not as surprising because we saw some good data from 'XYZ Corporation' years ago when they tried it 'this way.' So there's a good sense they can get that done. It's still very challenging and innovative, and it takes a lot of work. But it's not falling from the sky."
This is particularly important in semiconductor manufacturing, both for yield and end-market reliability reasons. As chips find their way into more industrial, automotive and other safety-critical applications, reliability is a growing concern.
"Most of what we are working on is some type of an evolutionary progression, at least from an element of what is going on today or going on a generation ago," said Fried. "From a near-term perspective, has some new material landed? No. That doesn't happen because we've tried everything on the periodic table and we have a pretty good understanding of these materials."
FD-SOI is a prime example of this, and it offers another option to the rising costs and limited capacity at the most advanced nodes. FD-SOI has been in use for the better part of a decade, providing better insulation as well as body biasing using existing silicon manufacturing technology. But their use has been limited. As semiconductor economics shift, and as new technologies such as 5G and AI roll out, demand is increasing rapidly.
"There is very strong demand on 22nm," said Jamie Schaeffer, senior director of product line management at GlobalFoundries. "We have 55 client wins and 11 product tapeouts so far. There are expected to be 17 by the end of the year, and 50 by the end of 2019. There also is strong pull on 12nm for millimeter-wave 5G and augmented and virtual reality. We expect to roll that out the second half of 2020 or the first half of 2021. Volume production will begin in late 2020 or early 2021."
Edge devices will be a key driver of FD-SOI. In the past year, there has been widespread recognition that too much data will be generated by sensors to process everything centrally, so more computing will need to be done at or close to those sensors. Chips based on FD-SOI are significantly less expensive to develop than finFET-based devices because they don't require multi-patterning at 22nm and above, and they can run at significantly lower power with less concern for leakage than other planar implementations.
"A big concern is chip-package interactions, and one of the big advantages of FD-SOI is that it can leverage a lot of the 14LPP technology (at 22nm)," Schaeffer said. "Another key benefit is body biasing. The alternative is voltage scaling, but that accelerates degradation of time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB). So we're starting to see people using body biasing to compensate for aging over the lifetime of a part. You can monitor how it performs over time using in-circuit monitoring."
Samsung likewise is promoting FD-SOI in addition to finFETs. "We started at the point where competition was between FD-SOI and finFETs," said Stear. "But FD-SOI is gaining a lot of traction in new markets. NXP is a big proponent and there are a lot of products in the pipeline. These are very complementary technologies."
He noted that both planar and finFET technologies are being qualified for automotive grade 1. (Grade 1 is qualified for -40° to 125° C.)
The packaging scramble
Alongside of all of this, in what amounts to yet another hedge for foundries, is advanced packaging. This approach of adding multiple chips into a single package is supported by all of the major foundries as well as all of the large OSATs.
Packaging is not new, but it is getting much more attention these days. It also is getting more complex. And it is raising questions about whether packaging ultimately will impact scaling, or whether advanced-node chips will be used in packages alongside other older-node chips. There are multiple reasons to continue scaling.
"Some of it is religion, some of it is packing density," said Klaus Schuegraf, vice president of new products and solutions at PDF Solutions. "A lot of AI is moving to big chips, which means scaling is important. But the multi-chip module for high-performance computing is absolutely coming back. Phones are made that way."
Packaging adds its own set of challenges and benefits.
"Partitioning is going to be key," Schuegraf said. "There isn't just one technology node. That can reduce variability by construction. But you need to make sure every one of those chips is known good die. If you want to start burning in a multi-chip module, and you've got a lot of silicon from a number of sources—maybe not even the same fab—you need to make sure this is all reliable and that it doesn't fail on burn-in. That's a huge cost. It's not just about 1 piece of silicon. You may have to throw out 8 or 10 pieces of expensive silicon that can be limited by the quality of a single IC."
There is a huge amount of work underway across the semiconductor supply chain to improve the tooling for advanced packaging, which would add some consistency into the design flow, as well as experimentation with a number of options ranging from fan-out to 2.5D, 3D-IC, system-in-package and even chiplets. Most experts believe it will take several years before this becomes mainstream enough to have a big impact on cost and time-to-market, but advanced packaging already is in widespread use in consumer devices, networking chips and in a variety of customized applications.
Fig. 1: Packaging options. Source: JCET
"In the last 36 months we've heard from many executives who say are tired of funding Moore's Law evolution," said Jack Harding, president and CEO of eSilicon. "They've told us they're going to put more pressure on their designers to improve those designs through architecture. That's why the chiplet has a future. People are saying they're not going to spend $30 million on a mask set and do two re-spins for another $30 million. The next few nodes will be for a handful of chips that can drive the volume."
What remains to be seen is whether logic and memory developed at 7nm and below will be incorporated into those packages.
The architecture card
Alongside of all of these developments is a push toward more heterogeneous architectures. Rather than a single processor, the emphasis is now on accelerators for specific types of data. The rapid proliferation of AI has made this an all-out race, with an estimated 30 startups developing accelerators or fully integrated chips to speed up performance by 100X or more.
That makes performance gains from scaling look minuscule, but these chips are so specialized that they need to be mixed with other chips. Moreover, AI/ML/DL isn't necessarily good for everything, so while chip architectures can be honed for specific applications that doesn't necessarily mean everything will run at 100X performance.
Some AI chips are enormous, and they typically have arrays of accelerators coupled with small memories in very close proximity to those accelerators. The challenge from the design side is how to keep all of these processing elements busy. The challenge from the manufacturing side is how to produce these complex chips with so many heterogeneous elements, where the starting point is the data rather than the manufacturing rules deck or the standard design flow.
This is particularly difficult in edge devices, where at least some of the processing needs to happen in real time.
"We're definitely seeing a need for more processing at the edge, and this is causing a lot of disruption," said Frank Ferro, senior director of product management at Rambus. "Traditionally you would need a small amount of DRAM at the edge of the network. Now we're looking at HBM and GDDR6. In automotive, you've got 200 gigabits of data per second, and it has to be analyzed in real time."
How these constantly evolving architectures get designed, manufactured and packaged isn't entirely clear. What is clear is there is no shortage of new options emerging, and not all of them will work out. That makes it hard for foundries, equipment companies and materials suppliers to make long-range plans, which is why many are proceeding cautiously.
In the past, there was a roadmap and a clear direction for investing in the future of chip design through manufacturing. That roadmap no longer exists. Which approaches and technologies win, and which ones fail, is anyone's guess. But each one of those options requires a substantial investment, and it's hard to bet the bank when you don't know how long those options will stick around.
Big Changes For Mainstream Chip Architectures
New Patterning Options Emerging
Variation's Long, Twisty Tail Worsens At 7/5nm
Tags: 3nm 5G 7nm advanced packaging AI Amazon Apple Coventor eSilicon FD-SOI gate-all-around FETs GlobalFoundries Google II-VI materials III-V materials Lam Research Nanosheets PDF Solutions Rambus Samsung UMC
Ed Sperling is the editor in chief of Semiconductor Engineering.
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Fully Depleted Silicon On Insulator (FD-SOI)


I recently volunteered at the PASIG 2017 Conference in Oxford, it was a great experience to learn more about the archives sector. Many of the talks at the conference focused on the current trends and influences affecting the trajectory of the industry.
A presentation that covered some of these trends in detail was a talk by Somaya Langley from Cambridge University Library (Polonsky Digital Preservation Project), her talk was featured in the 'Future of DP theory and practice' session. 'Realistic digital preservation in the near future: How do we get from A to Z when B already seems too far away?'. Somaya's presentation considered how we preserve the digital content we receive from donors on smartphones, with her focus being on iOS.
'With the design of the Apple Operation System (iOS) and the large amount of storage space available, records of emails, text messages, browsing history, chat, map searching, and more are all being kept'.
Why iOS? What about Android?
The UK market for the iPhone (unlike the rest of Europe) shows a much closer split: iOS November 2016 Sales 48.3% versus Android 49.6% market share in the UK. This is contrasted against the global market share that Apple have of 12.1% in Q3 of 2016.
Whatever side of the fence you stand on it is clear that smartphones in digital curation, be they Android or iOS, will both play an important role in our collections. The skills required to extract content differs across platforms, we as digital archivists will have to learn both methods of extraction and leave our consumer preferences at the door.
So how do we get the data off the iPhone?
iOS has long been known as a 'locked-down' operating system, and Apple have always had an anti-tinkering stance with many of their products. Therefore it should come as no surprise that locating files on an iPhone is not very straightforward.
As Somaya pointed out in her talk, after spending six hours in the Apple Shop 'Genius Bar' she was no closer to understanding from Apple employees what the best course of action would be to locate backups of notes from a 'bricked' iPhone. Therefore she used her own method of retrieving the notes, using iExplorer to search through the backups from the iPhone.
She noted however that due to limitations of iOS it was very challenging to locate these files, in some cases it even required command line to access the location for storage backups as they were hidden by default in OSX (MacOS the main operating system used by Apple Computers).
Encryption is a challenge for retrieving data off the iPhone, especially since iTunes includes an encryption of backups feature when syncing. Proffitt suggests using a password cracker or jail-breaking as solutions to this issue, however, these solutions might not be fully compatible with our archive situations.
Another issue with smartphone digital preservation is platform and version locking. Just because the above methods work for data extraction at the moment it is very possible that future versions of iOS could make then defunct, requiring software developers to consistently update their programs or look for new approaches.
Do we ascribe different values to information stored on smartphones?
Do we consider the material stored on phones more personal than data stored on our computers?
As mentioned previously, our phones store everything from emails, geo-tagged photos, phone call information, and now with the growing popularity of smart wearable-technology, health data (including user heart-rate, daily activity, weight etc.) We as digital archivists will be dealing with very sensitive personal information and need to be prepared to understand the responsibility to safeguard it appropriately.
There is no doubt that soon enough we in the archive field will be receiving more and more smartphones and tablets into our archives from donors. Hopefully talks like Somaya's will start the ball rolling towards the creation of better standards and approaches to smartphone digital curation.
On Thursday 6th July 2017 I attended the Digital Preservation Coalition briefing day in partnership with the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation on email preservation titled 'Email preservation: how hard can it be?'. It was hosted at The National archives (TNA), this was my first visit to TNA and it was fantastic. I didn't know a great deal about email preservation prior to this and so I was really looking forward to learning about this topic.
The aim of the day was to engage in discussion about some of the current tools, technologies and thoughts on email preservation. It was orientated around the 'Task Force on Technical Approaches to Email Preservation' report that is currently in its draft phase. We also got to hear about interesting case studies from the British library, TNA and Preservica, each presenting their own unique experiences in relation to this topic. It was a great opportunity to learn about this area and hear from the co-chairs (Kate Murray and Christopher Prom) and the audience about their thoughts on the current situation and possible future directions.
We heard from Jonathan Pledge from British library (BL). He told us about the forensic capture expertise gained by the BL and using EnCase to capture email data from hard drives, CD's and USB's. We also got an insight into how they are deciding which email archive tool to use. Aid4mail fits better with their work flow however ePADD with its holistic approach was something they were considering. During their ingest they separate the emails from the attachments. They found that after the time consuming process of removing emails that would violate the data protection laws, there was very little usable content left, as often, entire threads would have to be redacted due to one message. This is not the most effective use of an archivist time and is something they are working to address.
We also heard from Anthea Seles who works with government collections at TNA. We learnt that from their research, they discovered that approximately 1TB of data in an organisations own electronic document and records management system is linked to 10TB of related data in shared drives. Her focus was on discovery and data analytics. For example, a way to increase efficiency and focus the attention of the curator on was to batch email. If an email was sent from TNA to a vast number of people, then there is a high chance that the content does not contain sensitive information. However, if it was sent to a high profile individual, then there is a higher chance that it will contain sensitive information, so the curator can focus their attention on those messages.
Hearing from Preservica was interesting as it gave an insight into the commercial side of email archiving. In their view, preservation was not an issue. For them, their attention was focused on addressing issues such as identifying duplicates/unwanted emails efficiently. Developing tools for performing whole collection email analysis and, interestingly, how to solve the problem of acquiring emails via a continuous transfer.
Emails are not going to be the main form of communication forever (the rise in the popularity of instant messaging is clear to see) however we learnt that we are still expecting growth in its use for the near future.
One of the main issues that was bought up was the potential size of future email archives and the issue that come with effective and efficient appraisal. What is large in academic terms, e.g. 100 000 emails, is not in government. The figure of over 200 million emails at the George W. Bush presidential library is a phenomenal amount and the Obama administrations is estimated at 300 million. This requires smart solutions and we learnt how the use of artificial intelligence and machine learning could help.
Continuous active learning was highlighted to improve searches. An example of searching for Miami dolphins was given. The Miami Dolphins are an American football team however someone might so be looking for information about dolphins in Miami. Initially the computer would present different search results and the user would choose which the more relevant result is, over time it will learn what it is the user is looking for in cases where searches can be ambiguous.
Another issue that was highlighted was, how do you make sure that you have searched the correct person? How do you avoid false positives? At TNA the 'Traces Through Time' project aimed to do that, initially with World War One records. This technology, using big data analytics can be used with email archives. There is also work on mining the email signature as a way to better determine ownership of the message.
User experience was also discussed. Emulation is an area of particular interest. The positive of this is that it recreates how the original user would have experienced the emails. However this technology is still being developed. Bit level preservation is a solution to make sure we capture and preserve the data now. This prevents loss of the archive and allows the information and value to be extracted in the future once the tools have been developed.
It was interesting to hear how policy could affect how easy it would be to acquire email archives. The new General Data Protection Regulation that will come into effect in May 2018 will mean anyone in breach of this will suffer worse penalties, up to 4% of annual worldwide turnover. This means that companies may air on the side of caution with regards to keeping personal data such as emails.
The day was thoroughly enjoyable. It was a fantastic way to learn about archiving emails. As emails are now one of the main methods of communication, for government, large organisations and personal use, it is important that we develop the tools, techniques and policies for email preservation. To answer the question 'how hard can it be?' I'd say very. Emails are not simple objects of text, they are highly complex entities comprising of attachments, links and embedded content. The solution will be complex but there is a great community of researchers, individuals, libraries and commercial entities working on solving this problem. I look forward to hearing the update in January 2018 when the task force is due to meet again.
Last month, I attended the 13th International Conference on Digital Preservation, this year hosted in Bern, Switzerland. The four days of papers, panels, posters and workshops were an intensive and exciting opportunity to meet with colleagues working in digital preservation around the world, share ideas, and hear about innovative projects and approaches. The topics ranged widely from technical systems and practices, to quality and risk assessment, and stewardship and sustainability. What follows are just a couple of highlights from a really fascinating week.
The post-it note networking wall: What do you know? What do you want to know?
As email, digital documents and social media replace traditional forms of communication, it is crucial to be able to preserve born-digital material and make it accessible. An area which I hadn't previously considered was the realm of net-based art. Here, the internet is used as an artistic medium, which of course has implications (and complications) for digital preservation.
In her key-note speech, Sabine Himmelsbach from the House of Electronic Arts in Basel, introduced us to this exciting field, showing artwork such as Olia Lialina's 'Summer', 2013, shown below.
The artwork features an animated loop of Lialina swinging from the browser bar. Each frame is hosted by a different website, and the playback therefore depends on your connection speed. This creative use of technology creates enormous challenges for preservation. Here, rather than preserving artefacts, it is the preservation of behaviours which is crucial, and these behaviours are extremely vulnerable to obsolescence.
Marc Lee's 'TV Bot' is another net-based artwork, which is automated to broadcast current news stories with live TV streams, radio streams and webcam images from around the world. Reliant on technical infrastructure in this way, the shift from Real Player to Adobe Flash Player was one such development which prevented 'TV Bot' from functioning. The artist then not only worked on technical migration, but re-interpreted the artwork, modernising the look and feel, resulting in 'TV Bot 2.0' in 2010. This process soon happened again, this time including a twitter stream, in 'TV Bot 3.0', 2016. In this way, the artist is working against cultural, as well as technical obsolescence.
The heavy involvement from the artist in this case has helped preserve the artwork, but this process cannot be sustained indefinitely. Himmelsbach ended her speech by stressing the need for collaboration and dialogue, which emerged as a central theme of the conference.
Another highlight was the workshop on Webrecorder lead by Dragan Espenschied from Rhizome. He introduced their new tool which departs from the usual crawling method to capture web content 'symmetrically', which results in incredibly high-fidelity captures. The demonstration of how the tool can capture dynamic and interactive content sparked gasps of amazement from the group!
How it works: Webrecorder records all the content you interact with during the recording session. Users are then able to interact with the content themselves, but anything that was not viewed during the recording session will not be available to them.
Current web archiving strategies aren't able to capture the personalised nature of web use. How to use this functionality is still a big question, as a web recording in this way would be personal to the web archivist: showing what they decided to explore, unless a systematic approach was designed by an institution. This itself would be very resource-intensive, and is arguably not where the potential of Webrecorder lies: the ability to capture dynamic content, such as net-based artworks. However, the possibility of preserving not only web content, but our interaction with it, is a very exciting development.
iPRES 2016 was a fantastic opportunity to gain insight into projects happening around the world to further digital preservation. It showed me that often there are no clear answers to 'which file format is best for that?' or 'how do I preserve this?' and that seeking advice from others, and experimenting, is often the way forward. What was really clear from attending was that the strength and support of the community is the most valuable digital preservation tool available.
On 14 and 15 March eight Oxford University students took part in a web archiving micro-internship at the Weston Library's Centre for Digital Scholarship. Working with the UK Legal Deposit Web Archive, they contributed to the curation of a special collection of websites on the UK European Referendum. This is the second of two guest blog posts on the micro-internship.
The most central aspect of modern life is now the proliferation of digital technology. Since the 1990s, it has become a central mode of communication which is often taken for granted. At the start of this micro-internship, we were introduced to the concept of the digital 'black hole', a term used to describe the irrevocable loss of this information. Unlike physical correspondence and materials–the letters, writs, and manuscripts of earlier centuries–so much of what we write is fragile and evanescent. To stem the loss of this digital history, we were shown how the Bodleian Libraries and other legal deposit libraries use domain crawls to capture online content at pre-determined intervals using the W3ACT tool. This then preserves a screen grab of the website on the Internet Archive, namely the waybackmachine, before the website is updated.
Web archiving micro-interns working in the Centre for Digital Scholarship, Weston Libary, March 2016.
The right to a copy of electronic and other non-print publications, such as e-journals and CD-ROMs by legal deposit libraries only came into existence on 6th April 2013. This meant that libraries were able to create an archive of all websites with domains based in the United Kingdom. The recent 'right to be forgotten' law adopted by the EU is a signal of the fact that the legal status of digital archives is nevertheless becoming increasingly complicated, particularly when compiling archives of events receiving international commentary, like the upcoming EU referendum. Each of us focused on a different aspect of the EU referendum, reflecting our individual interests, ranging from national newspapers and student newspapers to the blogs of Scottish MSPs, Welsh AMs, and MEPs, and the blogs of solicitors and legal firms' websites offering advice to businesses and refugees in the event of a 'Brexit'. One of the trickier views to archive was that of British expats living abroad. In this situation, unless the site can be proven to be based in the UK, we would have to write to the owner of the domain to request permission to archive the website. In a situation where permission was given but the person expressing those views subsequently wished to erase this history under the 'right to be forgotten' law adopted by the EU, should the UK have voted to leave the EU, this would leave the archived material in a tricky legal position. We learned during the internship that this would most likely result in the relevant archived material being deleted. However, this is exactly what the archive was set up to prevent and so the tension between the right to privacy and freedom of information on a public platform presents considerable problems to the aim of web archives to be fully comprehensive, aggravated further by the omission of websites with pay walls.
After finding this material and ensuring it was covered by the legal deposit law, it was necessary to classify the site accurately, identifying the main language, and providing titles and descriptions. For newspaper articles, this was relatively straightforward, but for Welsh and Irish-language publications produced by political parties, languages which I am studying at Jesus college, this was more complicated as the only languages available to select from were German or English–a testament to the nascent stage of the web archive's development. In addition, classifying material was very much up to our own individual discretion and the descriptions to our own style. To complicate things further, the order in which searched-for material should be presented raises further issues, which we discussed at the end of the micro-internship. Namely whether results should be arranged by 'most popular', by date of publication, or any other criterion. The discussions and practical experience offered by this internship gave us an opportunity to help address the legal and administrative challenges facing web archivists.


text:
Oberhausbergen je občina v departmaju Bas-Rhin francoske regije Alzacija.

Leta 1990 je v občini živelo 3 020 oseb oz. 797 oseb/km².

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Občine departmaja Bas-Rhin

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