This is the new Basic rebuttal to the myth 'Holistic Management can reverse Climate Change'. There's also an Advanced rebuttal.
Applying a new grazing technique on grasslands which have been mismanaged may indeed have positive results in terms of soil carbon storage during the first few years. But the main problem is that storage slows after the initial change, and over a long period of time (such as 50 years), the storage potential of the soil is maximised as it approaches an equilibrium (Nordborg, 2016). This effect is more observable in dry regions of the planet. This is because dry regions have lost much of their soil content, therefore having low carbon storage potential. They are at risk of completely drying out because of increasing temperatures and more at risk to the detrimental effect of mismanaged grazing (Lal, 2004).This makes it unreasonable to apply Holistic Management to such dry areas, where the intense grazing would no doubt leave soils further damaged. In fact, one of the principals of Holistic Management - focusing on using the intense hoof action of cattle – has been claimed by the Savory Institute to increase the absorption of water by soils. However, several studies in fact stated that the opposite effect was seen. When comparing land that was not grazed with land that had been managed using a short rotational grazing system (which is very similar to Holistic Management in its ideas), water infiltration was significantly reduced, and the hoof action did not improve incorporation of litter into soil (Dormaar et al. 1989, Holechek et al. 2000).
Unaddressed is the interaction between climate and desertification, as in the Amazon where reevaporation infuences the climate futher inland. So it's not just that the dry climate makes the desert, but destroying grassland and forest can also lead to a drier climate. Not saying the critique is not right, just that it seems the interplay should be mentioned.
Also, there seems to be some discussion about where the increased methane is coming from, so the attribution to cattle for meat has some margin of uncertainty.
Related research from last year: The vast reservoir of carbon stored beneath our feet is entering Earth's atmosphere at an increasing rate, most likely as a result of warming temperatures, suggest observations collected from a variety of the Earth's many ecosystems.
"They are at risk of completely drying out because of increasing temperatures and more at risk to the detrimental effect of mismanaged grazing (Lal, 2004).This makes it unreasonable to apply Holistic Management to such dry areas, where the intense grazing would no doubt leave soils further damaged."
This is a false demostrably illogical statement. Land that has mismanaged grazing neither proves nor disproves properly managed grazing. It's ridiculous to claim there is no doubt that even using Holistic management would result in the same outcome as mismanaged grazing. It's so ridiculous a statement I shouldn't even need to refute it. But I can easily.
As can be seen clearly, Holistic planned grazing significantly increases water content of soils over mismanaged grazing and critically even shows improvement over the control with no grazing at all!
Most of the rest of that section has nothing to do with Holistic planned grazing and only describes yet again demostrably mismanaged grazing. We can agree that overgrazing and undergrazing both result in desertification and the release of carbon rather than the sequestration of carbon. Ironically the main reason for the term "holistic" comes from a series of management techniques designed to prevent these sorts of mistakes from happening by closely monitoring and proactive adaptation. Holistic management provides a management framework that dramatically helps prevent these negative results from happening. Simply proving that the land can easily be mismanaged really is not a rebutal of Savory at all. It's more a critique of the status quo Savory is trying to change.
Methane is my pet peeve here. I have already discussed this in some detail here. Most of the issue is Natural gas leaks and clathrates, not cows at all. But I would agree that removing the livestock from grazing and instead using feedlots to fatten them also has cause some of the problem.
See upland oxic soils is the only biome on the planet that is a net sink for methane primarily due to the action of methanotrophes. Part of maintaining a healthy population of methanotrophes is indeed proper animal impact. Rather than repeat this yet again, I wrote a quora answer off thread you can use as a reference as to why.
What reaction can you do to remove methane?
So once again it is mismanagement of the land that does have some negative impact, and once again Savory's methods are designed to reduce and/or eliminate these sorts of management mistakes. This is once again not a criticism of Holistic planned grazing, but rather a critique of mismanaged livestock. I would agree that this is part of the problem, but the conclusion of this article is one huge logic fallacy. Just because mismanaged land and livestock is indeed a problem, does not say anything at all about what Savory proposes, nor does it refute the 10's of millions of acres already showing quantifiable improvement due to following his work. That does indeed include published results too by the way.
Once again, this time regarding soil carbon, we see marked improvement over mismanaged grazing of several sorts, and critically an improvement over the control of no animals at all.
"Because of the complex nature of carbon storage in soils, increasing global temperature, risk of desertification and methane emissions from livestock, it is unlikely that Holistic Management, or any management technique, can reverse climate change."
I would agree with that. It's possible but very unlikely. Instead we need to do both fossil fuel reductions and changing agricultural systems both. There is no single silver bullet. And just because fossil fuel reductions is not enough alone, and soil sequestration also probably wouldn't be enough alone, doesn't mean we freeze up and do nothing. It means we must do both! Again with the logic flaws. Astonishing really.
"Studies of several grazing techniques and carbon storage have produced no ground-breaking results to suggest that Savory's idea is doable."
This is a demonstrably false statement actually. In fact Savory won the Buckminster Fuller award for proving the breakthrough in rather dramatic fashion. Not to mention repeatability on every continent and the aformentioned 10's of millions of acres already showing dramatic improvement. So this part of the conclusion actually borders on an outright lie.
"With increasing temperature, the ability of soil to store carbon will decrease"
Exactly true. And in fact part of the monitoring of Holistic management involves making sure soil temps stay low so they stop losing carbon and water both. So this part of the conclusion yet again can not be assigned to holistic management, but rather mismanagement. The logic flaws continue.
"and grazing will likely speed up the process of desertification. "
Again the logic flaw. Is this mismanaged grazing? Then the statement is true. Is this properly managed grazing? Then demostrably false. See above.
"Finally, methane emissions from cattle are currently too high, and their effect on global warming cannot be ignored."
Actually methane emissions mean nothing. this is as false as the merchant of doubt argument regarding CO2 emissions from animals. see argument # 34 for more information. When calculating these, of which methane is but a small part, the entire biological cycle must be considered, not just emissions. Thus it is the net that matters not gross emissions like when we deal with fossil fuels including fossil methane.
"Adding more livestock to the planet will not help this."
Alone no. Of course not. The thing that mitigates AGW is increasing our depleted biological systems, and livestock can indeed be a tool for doing that, as Savory so amazingly proved on many millions of acres across the globe. Mismanaged livestock are part of the problem now. Not nearly as big a part as the plow and agrochemicals, but a part yes. Especially when the plow and agrochemicals are used to raise grains for cows and sheep, which is ridiculous mismanagement even worse than mismanaged grazing. So we can easily start there and stop this wasteful use of land to grow excess grains. That will free up so much land we indeed might need to uncrease either livestock or wild herbivores just to keep it all pruned properly. To avoid it going to desert like so much is already doing now. However, that is determined later by how much arable land we can take out of production and rest. Got the horse before the cart on that one.
In total this basic rebuttal is not very convincing at all. I will work on the advanced rebuttal next to see if it is any better.
"Most of the issue is Natural gas leaks and clathrates"
What's your evidence for your claim about clathrates?
Clathrates melting are a hypothesis and mostly controversial outcome from oceans warming beyond the range they are stable. While there are fossil methane releases from arctic waters, most of these are actually thought to be methane released from melting permafrost rather than clathrates.
The key of course not being any chemical difference, but rather how long the Methane was outside the short term carbon cycle. Is it new? or fossil? That's what matters.
So your claim about clathrates being part of "most of the issue" lacks foundation.
It's controversial. Sorry for the lack of clarity on a side issue.
Methane being part of the natural short biological cycles is not part of anthropogenic climate change. This includes all methane releases from termites and other insects, decaying compost and leaf litter on forest floors, the normal rate it bubbles from peat boggs and swamps, and yes, this includes ruminates.
When discussing why the methane is increasing, the need is to show a changed increase over the natural cycle. Most of this is natural gas leaks. There is also a component that is a reinforcing feedback.
Melting clathrates and permafrost releases fit that description. There is bubbling methane increasing in the arctic. That is well established. How much it is increased above what would be expected as natural increases and from what source is somewhat controversial. I am actually of the opinion most of it is from melting permafrost. However, what ever % is clathrates and what % is from melting permafrost, or whatever % is from Natural gas, all these are fossil methane, and thus NOT part of the normal methane cycle.
Whereas a cow grazing on a properly managed grassland actually reduces net methane because of the action of methanotrophs in the grassland soils when properly managed.
"Melting clathrates and permafrost releases fit that description. There is bubbling methane increasing in the arctic. That is well established. How much it is increased above what would be expected as natural increases and from what source is somewhat controversial. I am actually of the opinion most of it is from melting permafrost"
So you continue to speculate. Understood.
As to sources of the recent rise in atmospheric fraction of methane, it seems to be sourced primarily from the tropics and mid-latitudes, mostly from natural sources and a small but non-zero contribution from fugitive emissions from fracking and agriculture.
"The rise in atmospheric methane (CH4), which began in 2007, accelerated in the past four years. The growth has been worldwide, especially in the tropics and northern mid‐latitudes. With the rise has come a shift in the carbon isotope ratio of the methane. The causes of the rise are not fully understood, and may include increased emissions and perhaps a decline in the destruction of methane in the air."
I have found that if I take a long time to write a response I time out of Skeptical Science and when I post the response it disappears. The screen on my computer does not indicate when I time out.
If you know a response will be long you can write it in Word and then copy paste it so that it does not get lost. You can also copy a post in the SkS box so that if it disappears you have a copy.
RedBaron would make his argument coherent if he would not confuse false statements with invalid inferences. Statements are false, true or meaningless. Arguments and inferences are valid or invalid, i.e., logical or illogical.
All bodies that reflect light are made of green cheese.
Therefore, the moon is made of green cheese.
RedBaron has not shown any logical flaws in the article he is crticizing. Perhaps he is correct in saying there are false claims in the article but he throws around the term 'logic flaw' without any understanding of the term.
I have no idea where you learned logic, but your false premise is not the logic flaw I pointed out from rebuttal.
The premise, "They are at risk of completely drying out because of increasing temperatures and more at risk to the detrimental effect of mismanaged grazing (Lal, 2004)." is actually true. It is not a false premise like your green cheese analogy.
The logic flaw is in claiming that because this true statement of fact, thus the second part, "This makes it unreasonable to apply Holistic Management to such dry areas, where the intense grazing would no doubt leave soils further damaged."
Hi RB. We're keen to make this rebuttal as representative of the peer reviewed literature as possible. I've contacted Seb, however term has just ended here, so I am not sure if he is available. I'd like to give him a couple of days to respond, otherwise I'll try and comment. He reviewed I think more than 50 papers on this topic, I'm afraid I've only read only a handful, so we will probably have to wait for his input.
"There are large potential benefits in dietary change (e.g., Ritchie et al., 2018), especially reduction in intense factory farming of cattle, but the net cut in methane emission from taking pastureland out of food production is not easily quantified. Replacing organic beef from rocky Scottish hills with soya grown intensively on former tropical rainforest or cerrado is not necessarily advantageous."
However, they fall short of firmly taking a stand here. The lectures on methane and CO2 sequestration given by the USDA-SARE for farmers that I have attended says it quite a bit more firmly. Although the USDA conclusions are often only based on ongoing case studies and soil sample data rather than peer reviewed journal publishing.
Red Baron, you have claimed on several occasions that improved grazing and soil management can sequester an additional 5- 20 tonnes carbon / hectare / year. This would seem to be a key issue. The article mentions 3 tonnes / hecate / year. Can you please provide details of your claim.
I don't really want a list of research papers to wade through because we are talking hundreds of pages. Can you please provide the name of the research paper, and copy and paste of the relevant text to substantiate your claim, and your commentary on it if you want.
Might actually help if you understood what holistic management is before you critique it. Hint: It isn't short duration or rotational grazing. Might also help if you referenced more current soil science.
Carbon sequestration, utilztion and sequestration is driven by photosynthesis, plant diversity and soil biology. The more soil biology, and specifically arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (especially relative to bacteria), the more carbon capture and utilzation. Soil microbial science has had a major paradigm shift since more new metagenomic tools have been developed to gene microbial DNA. Sadly your paper references a lot of soil science pre-paradigm shift that doesn't account for the roll of soil microbiology, which pretty much drives everything including the carbon, nitrogen and water cycles (1,Paul et al 2018).
The carbon saturation argument fails to acknowledge that via photosynthesis and the MCP more soil is formed. Soil too is formed from the top via decomposition and from the bottom (a-b horizon) via microbial necromass (6. Kallenbach et al 2016). As long as photosynthesis is occuring with diverse plant feeding microbes those microbes die and form more soil organic matter (SOM). More SOM contains more soil organic carbon (SOC) . So soil may reach equilibrium, but more soil is always accumulating from the top and bottom that can capture more carbon. The key for this to occur is to keep root mass in the soil.
This is where grazing management comes into play. Contrary to what you wrote, holistic management and short duration grazing are NOT the same thing. Nordborg relies on Briske and Holechek both of whom looked at short duration grazing systems. Holistic Management is actually a comprehensive system to evaluate land to determine goals and paths for both ecosystem and economic restoration that may or may not involve holistic grazing based on the appropriateness of cattle (or other ruminants) in that ecosystem. So, it helps to actually understand what one is critiquing before actually makes a critique or relying on others' critiques. Dr. Richard Teague also wrote a response to the critique of Briske called "Deficiencies in the Briske et al rebuttal of the Savory method" (6). In this response Teague also notes that Briske is comparing grazing systems and doesn't seem to understand what holistic management is.
Now holistic management that includes holistic grazing, unlike short duration or rotational grazing, isn't a prescribed system. When cattle or other ruminants are moved, they are monitored and not allowed to eat more than half the forage. Why half? Because anything more than half drastically reduces the amount of root mass. When root mass is maintain, the microbial carbon pump is also maintained, thus carbon exudates are continuously pumped into the soil. Extra plant growth not consumed is trampled down where that forage decompose and becomes part of the decompostion pathway and providing valaublae ground cover which reduces evaporation. The carbon pumped into the soil also improves the soil structure, allowing for more water to infiltrate and be retained, and ths allow for more plant growth. The area just grazed may not be regrazed for anywhere up to six months to a year depending on regrowth of plants. Again this is closely monitored , and animal movement is based on 'reading the land" through careful observation...again NOT a prescriptive system like SDG or rotational grazing.
Now as for methane, using your logic, we should drain all the remaining wetlands and peat bogs plus kill all beavers since wetlands emit copious amounts of biogenic methane as do beaver ponds. Now the argument as to whether there were or were not more wild ruminants is a silly one since there's no real real accounting to prove either side. In North America, we have guestimates of bison, elk, pronghorn, moose, deer, big horn sheep, etc population that may or may not exceed current domesticated populations of domesitcated ruminants both in number and in mass. In Asia and Europe, the ecological memory is much more distant since the large herds of auroch, bison, stepped bison, irish elk, etc were exterpated a much much longer time ago. What's much easier to argument is that we had much greater regions of wetlands than we do have today as well as a lot more beavers making ponds full of methanogens making methane. Microbial, thermogenic and pyrogenic methane comes from a multitude of places like cockroaches, shellfish, coal bed gas, fracking, centipedes, burning biomass, decomposing organic mass, landfills, etc. Despite all of these emissions, the vast majority of this methane is oxidized by hydroxyl radicals in the troposphere (and to a lesser exent in the stratosphere). A small amount is oxidized by methanotrophs in the soil. The geosink though is very small.
Due to hydroxyl radical oxidation, enteric and most other forms of microbial methane really are part of the carbon cycle so it's a constant amount. CO2 from the atmosphere is converted to sugars plant use to make cellulose, lignan and exudates. Cattle eat the cellulose. A quorum of bacteria/archae including methanogens in the rumen convert that cellulose to H2, short chained fatty acids and CH4. The SFCA's are used for energy, and the CH4 is burped. That CH4 collides with OH (hydroxyl radicals) which steals a hydrogen atom and thus breaks down to H2O and eventually back to Co2 which again then goes to photosynthesis to make the grasses and twigs cattle and other ruminants eat. It's a cycle ...loop. ...not an aggregating process. If cattle or ruminants don't eat the grasses, those grasses still oxidize or decompose back to CO2 directly or to CH4 which then is oxidized in the geosphere by methanotrophs or the troposphere by hydroxyl radicals back to CO2 which then also cycles.
Or, in other words, enteric methane from ruminants and other microbial sources is part of respiration. It's just a few extra steps from CO2 to cellulose to CH4 back to CO2 back to cellulose. So these sources of CH4 are not what are causing methane levels to rise again after 2007. What is? Natural gas from fracking which confused some researchers in their top down analysis becuause fracked gas has a C12 isotope signature. (Thermogenic -fossil fuel- methane sources typically have only C13 heavier isotope signatures). So if you really want to reduce methane levels, switch electrical generation to green energy ...and get rid of fracked natural gas and coal generation of electricity.
Anyway, sorry got lazy with my references in the second half of this response. My references ofr methane include Prinn, Rigby, Howarth, etc.
You are asking for a copy paste?
regenerative management of between –2 and –4 t C ha–1 y–1 (–0.89 and –1.78 tn C ac–1 yr–1) compared to current management alternatives so we calculate GHG emission mitigation by regenerative, conservation grazing and cropping at –3 t C ha–1 y–1 (–1.2 tn C ac–1 yr–1; figures 1 and 2)"
To convert that to CO2e we multiply by 44/12 or 3.67 so just to clean this formatting and scale up a bit for comparison we get 11 tonnes CO2e/ha/yr on average.
That is dead center of what was reported by Dr Jones or 5-20 tonnes CO2e/ha/yr on average.
You can go right down the list actually. You can find much smaller and larger too. What this rebuttal claims is impossible has been done and measured repeatedly. These are conservative numbers for many holistic managed agricultural systems. Some people are at the low end and some have exceeded even these rates. But it certainly has been proven it is possible, since it has been done and repeated.
There are more but I really don't like copy pasting cherry picks of papers that include much more information regarding when, where and why these sorts of carbon sequestration rates can be found and what methods succeed where others fail. Like everything else, the devil is in the details. Carbon farming could be described as knowledge intensive farming. A farmer really does need to understand how this functions and frequently monitor and apply this to adapt to changing conditions in order to get these results. That really is the secret to Holistic management. It really isn't just some prescribed grazing plan. That's just a superficial resemblance. In fact in my personal research animal impact is only optional and currently not even used.
But most importantly from my view is the biophysical possibilty is proven. Next it is up to people like me to find ways to integrate this biophysical knowledge into a system that works in context with our own abilities and facilities, goals and community. This is the context in which HM has meaning.
Red Baron @13, thanks. I'm a bit relentless at getting to the bottom of things, please excuse me. My impression is as follows.The Nordburg calculations (under the advanced tab) are that improved grazing systems could sequester an additional 3.8 tonnes carbon / hectare / year, and well short of the claims by Savory. The Nordberg calculation seems to be based on 10% of this carbon content actually go into soil carbon and declining over time.
The Teague et alia paper you quote appears to say properly managed grazing can sequester an additional 4 tonnes carbon / hectare / year and all of this in the soil itself. This would be a lot more promising than the Nordberg result, but I'm not sure if I have understood Teague correctly. I'm not a soils expert by a long way.
I would appreciate a comment from the experts, particularly the writer of the article as to the Teague paper.
The general impression I get is soils could sequester significant carbon but short of what Savory claims.
I discussed this with Dr. Teague myself in person last year, as he was kind enough to visit here in Oklahoma and make a presentation to the State soil conservation society. I can very confidently reply that you have this wrong actually. Teague told me that actually we can sequester much more carbon than Savory claimed in his famous TedTalk.
What Nordborg calls (NPP) and what Jones calls fixed carbon is the same. Net Primary Productivity (NPP), or the production of plant biomass, is equal to all of the carbon taken up by the vegetation through photosynthesis (called Gross Primary Production or GPP) minus the carbon that is lost to respiration. Here is a simple guide for students on how to calculate NPP and convert it to CO2e fixed.
None of this is soil yet. What we have at this stage is sugars and proteins that flow as sap and become either root exudates to feed soil microbial colonies, or flows to other plant tissues to become plant biomass. In essense then NPP becomes live biomass. This is fixed carbon.
Later this carbon becomes via, one pathway or the other, dead biomass. At this point it can start to become part of the soil stored carbon. The O-Horizon in the soil is almost all decaying biomass and the biology that recycles dead biomass, Saprophytes. A small % eventually can become soil.
Labile carbon is the fraction of dead biomass in the soil that eventually decomposes into CO2, CH4 and trace minerals. Stable carbon is the fraction of the dead biomass in the soil that turns into stable humic polymers tightly bound to the soil mineral substrate.
Only this last fraction of Stable carbon can be considered Sequestered for the purposes of AGW mitigation.
Jones claims 30-40% of fixed carbon becomes root exudates feeding AMF which then produce glomalin, a soil glue. She further claims to have measured a stable fraction to labile fraction for this pathway of 78% sequestered carbon.  She doesn't count O-horizon carbon at all assigning it nearly 0% stable fraction, assuming nearly all of it eventually returns to the atmosphere as CO2 or CH4. Teague and Jones are generally in agreement regarding soil function. He told me this personally when we met. I asked directly.
Nordborg assigns an astonishingly high maximum potential of 10% stable fraction of soil carbon from the O-horizon as sequestered and completely ignores the LCP entirely. It's not even in the calculations.
Holistic management isn't something one can really understand by reading papers on a computer screen, especially when one relies on papers that don't know the difference between holistic management and short duration grazing [SDG] or rotational grazing [RG]. The whole argument above is built on a house of cards since the author bases a large part of the analysis on Nordborg, who in turn relies on Briske and Holechek. All of these people make the same error. So let me reiterate, holistic management (aka AMP management) and short duration grazing or rotational grazing are not the same thing.
I didn't fully understand what holistic management was until I attended a few HM workshops and visited a few ranches using these management practices. Savory's talks and book weren't very useful since Savory's writing and speaking styles tends towards the use of a lot of run on sentences with non-parallel structure that tend to obfuscate rather than clarify. His TedTalk was one of his more persuasive talks since because of the time constraint, he was forced to be succinct. Though in this talk, many of the points, he'd normally qualify, were stated without any qualifications.
Now most people think HM is just another way or system to move cattle. But HM (more specifically holistic grazing), is primarily a process to restore and regenerate land utilizing a holistic ecosystem view. Holistic grazing, also called adaptive grazing, should also be thought of as regenerative or ecological grazing. Holistic grazing mimics nature, regenerates land and restores ecosystem function.
When starting with HM, the land's existing conditions are assessed, goals are then determined, and a plan is implemented. That plan is constantly re-assessed and modified to achieve the plan's goals. Goals include improving soil health, greater plant and wildlife diversity, improved forage, improved animal welfare, improved hydrology, increased ground cover, etc. Ranchers using HM are as much soil farmers as they are meat producers. HM isn't prescriptive. Movements are adapted to the land conditions. Every ranch will have its own unique plan to achieve its goals. Now systems like SDG and RG are systems, with specific movements patterns based on specific set timing irrespective of specific land conditions with the primary goal being cattle weight gains.
With holistic grazing, ruminants are an essential tool for achieving these restorative and regenerative goals. Ruminants are "all-in-one" tools. They are mowers, seed pushers, ground "indentors", composters, fertilizer spreaders, nutrient cyclers and soil builders. Moreover these four-legged decomposing spreader nutrient cyclers, in the field, don't require any fossil fuels.
Now the connection between grazing management and carbon sequestration is soil biology, specifically what practices improve biology and which one's don't improve biology. Soil biology drive carbon utilzation, respiration and sequestration as well as water infiltration and retention. As the most recent soil science has been finding when root mass is maintained, as I noted above, plants continue to exude exudates into the soil. When plants are grazed more than 50%, the plants lose most of their root mass. This is why cattle in HM or AMP systems have to be frequently moved. The tops of plants also have the most nutrition. Additionally when ruminants eat the tops, they are less exposed to worms and other potential pathogens closer to the soil. All the animal movements are based on field observations of plant growth and ground cover, not a specific pattern or timing as with SDG or RG systems. So once again, HM and SDG/RG are not the same thing.
Cattle's urine, manure and saliva function as inoculates that increase plant growth. Ruminants, including cattle's ancestors' auroch, co-evolved with vegetation in grassland ecosystems. Grasses have nodes, so when bit they regrow from those nodes. The manure in healthy grassland ecosystems is broken down quickly by different types of dung beetles that quickly move the dung into the earth and thus reduce any methane off gassing. This helps build soil. But the primary mechanism for building soil, again as I noted previously, is microbial necromass accumulation. Up until recently, the general belief was that top soil takes hundreds of year to accumulate through mineralization. MacArthur Fellow, and geologist Dr. David Montgomery in his last two books, The Hidden Half of Nature and Growing a Revolution, does an excellent job of dispelling this belief by illustrating how better soil conservation agricultural practices, including livestock integration, speed up top soil formation significantly. So, as I noted in my prior response, more soil accumulates and captures more carbon. There isn't a finite amount of soil, so there isn't a finite of carbon capture, thus the whole premise of "saturation" is a flawed one except for in a degenerated system where no more soil is accumulating.
Better land management, including better grazing and agricultural practices, also maintain arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi [AMF] networks. When land is over grazed, tilled or treated with syn N, those AMF networks are destroyed. These networks connect plants and per preliminary research seem to play a huge role in the amount of carbon that can be sequestered. Dr. David Johnson, a microbiologist at New Mexico State University, did two self-financed research studies that showed massive increases in carbon sequestration coupled with decreased carbon respiration when fungi to bacteria ratios were improved. Johnson's carbon sequestration numbers were 10 to 20 times those of Lal. Johnson's numbers were so good, that one of the conservative peer reviewers didn't believe those numbers, so both of Johnson's paper were not accepted for publication. Though currently, several places across the globe including the new regenerative Ag program at Cal State Univ. Chico, are replicating Johnson's studies to (hopefully) validate Johnson's numbers. In the meantime, Johnson has made his composting methodology reading available online for anyone to replicate. This is a non-proprietary, non-licensed methodology, so Johnson doesn't gain a dime directly from his processes. Here's a good recent talk by Johnson at Cal St. Univ. –Chico where he discusses his research: Regenerating the Diversity of Life in Soils: Hope for Farming, Ranching and Climate.
As noted in my blog entry on methane: Ruminations-Methane math and context. Spikes in atmospheric methane emissions correlate with industrialization, conventional natural gas use, and most recently fractured natural gas. From 1998 to 2007, atmospheric methane levels had leveled out. During this period of time, global cattle inventories increased. Since 2007, global cattle inventories have decreased yet atmospheric levels of CH4 have again started to rise. So there is NO correlation between global cattle inventories and atmospheric CH4 levels. What started in 2006? You betchya, fracking. Typical microbial sources of methane (methogenesis from archae- methanogens) have C12 isotopic signatures of methane while thermogenic sources of methane (fossil fuels) have C13 isotropic signatures of methane. But fracking and coal bed gas also have C12 isotopic signatures. This has led to some confusion in top down analysis of methane sources, especially when very rudimentary inventories of CH4 isotopes have been used. There's a lot of overlap in signatures, but in general some studies have been attributing CH4 to the animal Ag sector that should really be attributed to the natural gas fracking sector. (Note bottom up analysis of CH4 tends to over count and place blame on those sources of methane easier to extrapolate - like cattle- rather than sources of methane harder to account for like leaky gas pipes or the number of cockroaches).
Red Baron @18, thanks again and I understand the fixed carbon and soil carbon distinction now, and I did already understand the general nature of the biochemical pathways.
It's the quantities I struggle with. It appears Nordberg has 10% of the fixed carbon going into soil carbon and Jones has roughly 30 - 40% going into soil carbon, if I read things right. This would still seem to fall somewhat short of Savorys claims, but is obviously a pretty big improvement. That would be what is possibly significant.
I'm out of my depth trying to compare findings of different studies that seem to measure things a bit differently. I think the writer of the article should address the issues and papers you quote.
The reason for the dichotomy in numbers is for 2 reasons.
The second pathway (LCP) was completely unknown until very recently. Glomalin wasn't even discovered until 1996 and it wasn't until several years after that when we began to understand its importance. Much of the literature simply omits it completely and much of the soils test data doesn't even sample deep enough to detect carbon sequestered that way.
NPK fertilizers shut down AMF symbiosis. So even if it is known, there is a tendancy to believe it doesn't matter anyway because chemical fertilizers are required to keep yields up. This is wrong of course. Fertilizers are not required to keep yields up, if the LCP is fully functioning. This is not known by very many people though.


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Nigeria has the population, Nigeria has the market, Nigeria has EcoTourism; Everyone is buzzing about the Nigeria Travel Week (NTW) 2017 and we are pleased to announce that it's just around the corner. If you're a hospitality or tourism or travel practitioner, stakeholder or travel enthusiast, this event is for you. Simply register to attend for FREE.
We were in Zimbabwe recently for Sanganai 2017 and we had the opportunity to learn how to make a local staple dish called Traditional Guru, also known as tripe with Muriwo (vegetable). We are happy to teach you how to make this tasty Zimbabwean dish by yourself at home, even if you can't be in Harare right away.


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Seattle Dojo
North America's First Judo Dojo
Judo For Kids
What is Judo?
Getting Started at Seattle Dojo
Seattle Dojo, the oldest Judo dojo in the United States, was established in the early 1900's. The club moved several times until the present dojo was built in the 1930's by first generation Japanese Americans.
Professor Jigoro Kano, the founder of judo, visited the dojo in 1936 and 1938. Seattle Dojo hosted its first Judo tournament in 1903, and sponsored many more tournaments from 1907 to 1941, but was forced to close its doors during World War II. Seattle Dojo reopened in 1948 and hosted its first annual post-war tournament in 1953. Seattle Dojo has continued to host this annual tournament every year to the present day.
Students of all ages and skill levels study under several experienced instructors. Classes are held on Monday and Thursday evenings to train a wide variety of judoka, ranging from people interested in staying fit and having fun to serious competitors that actively participate in various levels of competitions. In special classes designed specifically for kids, the fundamentals of judo are taught in a fun and organized environment in which kids can develop physical coordination as well as self confidence, discipline, and a sense of community.
(The Seattle Dojo – Wikipedia article is incorporated live below)
Judo club
The Seattle Dojo is located at 1510 S. Washington in the Squire Park neighborhood of Seattle, Washington. It is the oldest judo dojo in the continental United States, having been founded sometime before 1907 in what is today the International District.
Establishment of the Seattle Dojo
Yoshitsugu Yamashita
On October 17, 1903, a Kodokan leader named Yoshitsugu Yamashita gave demonstrations of judo at the Seattle Theatre. Witnesses included prominent local businessmen and journalists.[1] This success inspired Seattle's Japanese immigrant community to organize its own judo dojo.[2] The pioneer of the Seattle Dojo appears to have been Iitaro Kono (or Kano), a Kodokan judo black belt who arrived in Seattle on May 20, 1903. He remained in Seattle until at least September 18, 1909, when he participated in a judo demonstration for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. During the 1910s, Kono also started judo clubs in Spokane and Chicago.[3]
Tokugoro Ito. The image appeared in the Seattle Post-Intelligencer on November 6, 1909.
The man who made Seattle Dojo famous, however, was professional wrestler Tokugoro Ito, who made the club his headquarters during his stay in Seattle (1907–1911).[4] Other wrestlers associated with Seattle Dojo included Eitaro Suzuki, who wrestled for Japan during the 1932 Olympics, and Kaimon Kudo, a popular professional wrestler of the 1930s and 1940s.[3]
Location of the Seattle Dojo
Until 1934, the Seattle Dojo was located in the basements of various Japantown hotels. The current structure was built during the spring of 1934. Its architect was ,[5] whose better known designs include the Seattle Buddhist Church,[6] the Yakima Buddhist Church, the Idaho-Oregon Buddhist Temple,[7] and the White River Buddhist Temple.[8]
The building is of frame construction, and its only unusual feature is that its floor is mounted on truck springs, thereby literally giving it spring.[9]
Tournaments before World War II
Seattle Dojo held its first regional tournament in March 1907,[10] and for decades after, it generally hosted at least one major regional tournament per year. From 1909 through 1941, the usual venue for these tournaments was Seattle's Nippon Kan Theatre.[3]
Jigoro Kano was the founder of judo.
Washington State judo teams participated in major interstate tournaments against California judo teams in 1936, 1937, and 1939. The 1937 contest was held at the Seattle Chamber of Commerce's hall, because Nippon Kan wasn't big enough. The other two tournaments took place in Los Angeles. Judo founder Jigoro Kano was present at the 1936 Los Angeles tournament.[11]
Seattle Dojo after World War II
Due to wartime curfews, the Seattle Dojo closed following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, and due to the Japanese American internment, it did not reopen for training until January 1, 1947. Men involved in reopening Seattle Dojo after World War II included Toru Araki, Akira "Poison" Kato, Hiromu "Kelly" Nishitani, and Dick Yamasaki.[9]
The club's first post-war tournament took place on April 26, 1953. The Nippon Kan Theatre did not reopen following the forcible relocation of Seattle's Japanese Americans, so the venue was instead the Nisei Veterans Memorial Clubhouse.[12] This 1953 tournament is notable as the first Pacific Northwest tournament in which women participated. Five women were involved, three from a club in Portland, Oregon, and two from a club in Vancouver, British Columbia.[13]
During the early 1950s, Seattle Dojo had a very strong adult team, and during May 1954, a Seattle Dojo team that included Kenji Yamada, Shuzo "Chris" Kato, Charles Woo, Tats Kojima, and George Wilson took first place during the US National AAU judo championships.[14][15][16]
Instructors and students
Instructors associated with Seattle Dojo over the years include Iitaro Kono (or Kano), Tokugoro Ito, R. Fukuda, Daisuke Sakai, Eitaro Suzuki, Masataro Shibata, Hideo Hama, Hiroshi Kurosaka, Yasuyuki Kumagai, Isamu "Sam" Furuta, Shuzo "Chris" Kato, Fred Sato, and Kenji Yamada. Chuji Sakata, who taught at Tentokukan during the 1930s, was another important Seattle-area judo teacher.[3]
Well-known former students include professional wrestler Kaimon Kudo, Southern California judo leader Ken Kuniyuki, martial art historian Robert W. Smith and Japanese American Citizens League pioneer James Y. Sakamoto.[17]
Prominent visitors
Prominent visitors to Seattle Dojo before World War II include Tsunejiro Tomita in 1910,[18] Hideichi (Hidekazu) Nagaoka in 1934,[19] and Jigoro Kano in 1932 and 1938.[20]
Associated judo clubs
Tsunejiro Tomita was Jigoro Kano's first student.
In 1917, the Tacoma Dojo was established in a building owned by the St. Paul and Tacoma lumber mill.[21] The mill's instructors moved their club to Tacoma's Japantown in 1921, after the mill management decided it needed the space in which the men had been training. Professional wrestler Setsuzo Ota was associated with the Tacoma Dojo in those days, as was his cousin Kohei Yoshida. Both Ota and Yoshida were later active in judo in Southern California.[3]
Another club associated with the St. Paul and Tacoma Dojo was established in the nearby farming community of Fife in 1923. A third Tacoma-area club, Eatonville, was organized in 1938. The Eatonville club was a direct offshoot of the Fife Dojo.
The three Tacoma-area clubs were not directly associated with Seattle Dojo, but their members often participated in its annual tournaments.
Although the Tacoma-Fife clubs reorganized as a single organization in 1952, the descendent club disbanded following the death of the club's longtime teacher, Ryoichi Iwakiri, in 1987. Consequently, there is no direct descendent of any of these clubs active today. Masato Tamura of Chicago, and his brother Vince Tamura, both well known judo men of the 1950s, were originally from Fife.[22]
Until 1923, Seattle Dojo, Tacoma Dojo, and Fife Dojo were the only Japanese American judo clubs in Washington State. The distinction is made because there were also some gyms at which judo (or jujutsu) methods were taught to non-Japanese by other non-Japanese. A prominent example would be the instruction offered by the Seattle policeman S.J. Jorgensen.[23] Then, starting in 1924, additional Japanese American clubs were established. The reason was the increasing number of Nisei (second-generation) youth. Judo clubs directly associated with Seattle Dojo were South Park (est. 1924), White River (Thomas, near Auburn; est. 1927), Green Lake (est. 1932), Bainbridge Island (est. 1932), and Yakima Valley (in Wapato, est. 1935). None of these second-generation clubs reorganized following World War II.[3]
Meanwhile, antagonisms within Seattle's Japanese American community caused divisions within the Seattle Dojo, and the subsequent establishment of a rival Seattle-based judo club called Tentokukan (est. 1928). Judo clubs directly associated with Tentokukan were located in O'Brien (near Kent; est. 1929),[24] Sunnydale (in Burien; est. 1932),[25] Bellevue (est. 1932), and Spokane (est. 1937). Of these clubs, only the Spokane club (Seiki-kan) reorganized following World War II. E.K. Koiwai, a leader of judo in Pennsylvania during the 1950s and 1960s, was a former member of Tentokukan, as was Ken Kuniyuki, a leader of judo in California for many decades.[26]
There was also a judo club in Ontario, Oregon (est. 1939) that was essentially a spin-off of the White River Dojo. This club's postwar descendent is located in nearby Nampa, Idaho; Ontario's current Ore-Ida Judo Dojo was established in January 1950 by Japanese Americans from across Washington and Oregon.[3]
History of the Japanese in Seattle
Judo in the United States
^ Svinth, Joseph R. (2000) "Professor Yamashita Goes to Washington."
^ Svinth, Joseph R. (2000) "Seattle Judo and Jujutsu."
^ a b c d e f g Svinth, Joseph R. Getting a Grip: Judo in the Nikkei Communities of the Pacific Northwest 1900-1950. Guelph, Ontario: Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences, 2003.
^ Svinth, Joseph R. (2006) "Tokugoro Ito."
^ MacIntosh, Heather M. (November 3, 1998). "Arai, Kichio Allen (1901-1986)". HistoryLink.org.
^ Seattle Nichiren Buddhist Church
^ Idaho-Oregon Buddhist Temple
^ White River Buddhist Temple
^ a b Svinth, Joseph R. (2000) "Pacific Northwest Judo: The Seattle Dojo, 1924-1953." [1]
^ "How Seattle's Sons of Japan Practice Jiu-jitsu." Seattle Sunday Times, March 10, 1907.[2]
^ Brousse, Michel and Matsumoto, David. Judo in the U.S.: A Century of Dedication. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books, 2005.
^ Nisei Veterans Memorial Clubhouse
^ Smith, Robert W. "American Commentary," Budokwai Quarterly Bulletin, July 1953, pp. 11-12.
^ Fields, Aaron. (2001) "Interview with Seattle Judoka Fred Sato."
^ Smith, Robert W. A Complete Guide to Judo: Its Story and Practice. Rutland and Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle, 1958.
^ Smith, Robert W. Martial Musings: A Portrayal of Martial Arts in the 20th Century. Erie: Via Media Publishing, 1999.
^ Svinth, Joseph R. (2004) "I Heard the Bell: James Y. Sakamoto, Japanese American Boxer and Journalist."[3]
^ Seattle Times, October 27, 1910.
^ Japanese-American Courier, September 29, 1934; Great Northern Daily News, October 17, 1934.
^ Svinth, Joseph R. (2000) "Jigoro Kano in North America," Kano Society Archived 2007-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
^ St. Paul and Tacoma lumber mill
^ Svinth, Joseph R. "Masato Tamura, Ryoichi Iwakiri, and the Fife Judo Dojo, 1923-1942." Journal of Asian Martial Arts, 8:1, 1999, pp. 30-43.[4]
^ Svinth, Joseph R. "Combatives." In Thomas A. Green, ed. Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2001, pp. 86-87.
^ Guy Matsuoka.
^ Svinth, Joseph R. (2002) "Sunnydale."
^ Svinth, Joseph R. "The School of Hard Knocks: Seattle's Kurosaka/Tentoku Kan Judo Dojo 1928-1942." Journal of Asian Martial Arts, 7:1, 1998, pp. 28-47.
source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Dojo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What brand of beer were they drinking? Or was it iced tea?
Those were the questions I heard being discussed on the news channel this morning, as they reviewed photos of key leaders from North Korea dining with the US Secretary of State. Needless to say, the story which was developing did not get my attention. Have we as consumers of media become so petty that this even matters? I am certain that there will be follow-up stories and possibly even questions in a White House news conference.
This doesn't make a huge difference in my day; but it is nevertheless a minimal addition to the general distress I have when trying to decipher what is newsworthy amid all the noise. The programs which I turn from quickly when watching TV are the ones where there are three or more talking heads all talking simultaneously, sandwiched in by commercials, most of which involve some kind of drugs.
So what is the news topic? The topic is a potential summit between the leaders of North Korea and the United States. It would seem that there is more to discuss than beverages.
But at Pentecost, when the second most significant event in history occurred, the Book of Acts tells us that those present were discussing….???? Yes, you guessed it: What had they been drinking. The more things change, the more they remain the same. Are these men drunk? It's not even lunch-time yet.
Well, they were not drunk on any beverage, but they WERE being filled with the Holy Spirit, just as Jesus had promised. The event, which we recently celebrated as "Pentecost" was the turning point in the spread of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. At Pentecost, people from all of the countries and people groups in the region heard the Good News being proclaimed in their own language. It was a miraculous day.
Today, we have opportunities for students to watch and hear and read and learn more and more about Jesus. That is what we do at The Disciples College and The Mission for Biblical Literacy. We prepare people for a world, whether or not there is a summit of North Korea and the US. We pray that whatever happens in the leadership of these two countries will contribute to a greater sense of peace as well as relief from citizens and prisoners in both countries who are in distress. We promise that what we offer, amid all the changes which will come in the future regardless of what occurs in June with the proposed Summit, the unchanging Truth of Scripture for Seekers, Followers, Disciples and Ministers of the Gospel.
Join us. You may find yourself reaching for your own summit; you may have a mountain-top experience. Or you may find that God will provide the faith that you are ready for in order to know the fullness of eternal life given to all who believe.


Pastor Howard Braymer and his wife, Donna have served at the Open Door Baptist Church in Harrison, Arkansas since 1983 and have been married since 1974.
The Braymers have three sons and daughter-in-laws who all graduated from Baptist Bible College in Springfield, Missouri. Chad and his wife, Jennifer work in Costa Rica as BBFI missionaries. Jay is partnered with Robert Hodges and have started a church in Orlando, FL. Jay and Sarah have four children. Nathan is working with youth and music at Winter Haven Baptist Church in Winter Haven, FL. with his wife Sarah and their two daughters.
Donna is the Business Editor, Religion Editor and Promotions/Events Coordinator at the Harrison Daily Times and teaches piano lessons. The Braymers currently have nine grandchildren who reside in Florida and Costa Rica.
Contact Pastor Braymer at odbc@windstream.net or call (870) 741-8755.


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Past BAMMF >
Location: Double Tree By Hilton San Jose, 2050 Gateway Place, San Jose, CA 95110
Time: Dec 13, 2016 Tuesday, 1:30pm - 5:30pm Agenda See who's attended
Jan P. Allebach
Professor, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University
Bio: Jan P. Allebach is Hewlett-Packard Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University. Allebach is a Fellow of the IEEE, the National Academy of Inventors, the Society for Imaging Science and Technology (IS&T), and SPIE. He was named Electronic Imaging Scientist of the Year by IS&T and SPIE, and was named Honorary Member of IS&T, the highest award that IS&T bestows. He has received the IEEE Daniel E. Noble Award, the IS&T/OSA Edwin Land Medal, and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He currently serves as an IEEE Signal Processing Society Distinguished Lecturer (2016-2017).
Title: Image Quality: Beauty is in the Eyes of the Beholder Watch Video
Abstract: As imaging becomes increasing pervasive in our daily lives, understanding image quality is more important than ever. The final mediator of image quality is the human viewer. Yet, surprisingly, the image quality measure that is currently most widely used SSIM, is not explicitly based on any aspects of the human visual system, although it is possible to establish a monotonic relationship between SSIM scores and Mean Opinion Scores of human observers. In this talk, I will discuss two image quality models recently developed in our laboratory that are explicitly based on aspects of the human visual system. The first model is intended for still images, and among other aspects, accounts for the inhibition of masking by visually recognizable structure in the image. The second model is intended for video, and accounts for the color-dependence of artifact visibility in compressed video sequences, as mediated by spatial activity and saliency. For both models, we present psychophysical data to validate the advantages of our methods, as judged by human observers.
Dick C.A. Bulterman
Professor and Chair of the Department of Computer Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Research Fellow, CWI Amsterdam
Bio: Dick Bulterman is Chair of the Department of Computer Science at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Research Fellow at CWI, the Dutch national institute for research in computer science and mathematics. He is also chair of ACM SIGWEB and an active member of ACM SIGMM. Bulterman is former CEO and President of FXPAL, the Fuji Xerox research center in Palo Alto, California. He is co-general chair of ACM TVX 2017 (in Hilversum) and co-general chair of IEEE ICSC 2017. He received his PhD from Brown University.
Title: Measuring and Manipulating Audiences: A Personal Reflection Watch Video
Abstract: Understanding the emotional reactions of audiences to a wide range of content types is an important area of research. In this talk, I provide a personal reflection on various approaches to modeling, quantifying and understanding audience behavior based on a broad range of evaluation techniques. Using results from a study of the Heineken Weasel television commercial as a backdrop, I provide an overview of evaluation approaches and their impact in long-term and real-time evaluation. The main contribution is a personal reflection on audience evaluation based on multi-situation affinity with the area.
Mohan Kankanhalli
Professor of Computer Science, National University of Singapore
Bio: Mohan Kankanhalli is Provost's Chair Professor of Computer Science at the National University of Singapore (NUS). He is also the Dean of NUS School of Computing. Before becoming the Dean in 2016, he was the NUS Vice Provost (Graduate Education) during 2014-2016 and Associate Provost during 2011-2013. Mohan obtained his BTech from IIT Kharagpur and MS & PhD from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
His current research interests are in Multimedia Computing, Information Security, Image/Video Processing and Social Media Analysis. He is the Director of SeSaMe - the Centre for "Sensor-enhanced Social Media" (http://sesame.comp.nus.edu.sg/).
Mohan is on the editorial boards of several journals including the ACM Transactions on Multimedia, Springer Multimedia Systems Journal, Pattern Recognition Journal and Springer Multimedia Tools & Applications Journal. He is a Fellow of IEEE.
Title: Fusing Physical and Social Sensors for Situation Awareness Watch Video
Abstract: With the spread of physical sensors and social sensors, we are living in a world of big sensor data. Though they generate heterogeneous data, they often provide complementary information. Combining these two types of sensors together enables sensor-enhanced social media analysis which can lead to a better understanding of dynamically occurring situations.
We utilize event related information detected from physical sensors to filter and then mine the geo-located social media data, to obtain high-level semantic information. Specifically, we apply a suite of visual concept detectors on video cameras to generate "camera tweets" and develop a novel multi-layer tweeting cameras framework. We fuse "camera tweets" and social media tweets via a unified matrix factorization model. We perform matrix factorization on a spatial-temporal situation matrix formed from physical sensors signals, incorporating the surrounding social content to exploit a set of latent topics that can provide explanations for the concept signal strengths. We have tested our method on large scale real data including PSI stations data, traffic CCTV camera images and tweets for situation prediction as well as for filtering noise from events of diverse situations. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is effective.
Ilija Hadzic
Distinguished Member of Technical Staff, Nokia Bell Labs
Bio: Ilija Hadzic is the Distinguished Member of Technical Staff in Nokia Bell Labs (formerly the Bell Labs of Alcatel-Lucent and Lucent Technologies). He received his Ph.D degree from the University of Pennsylvania in Electrical Engineering in 1999.
At Penn, Ilija's built one of the early systems that used runtime programmability of FPGA technology to dynamically modify the hardware layers of the network stack during the operation.
At Bell Labs, Ilija's work includes basic and applied research, as well as creating new technologies used in commercial products. The projects he worked on had applications in wireline and wireless access networks, metro-aggregation networks, synchronization systems, and (recently) cloud-based multimedia systems. Ilija's technical expertise includes hardware architectures, operating systems, embedded systems, GPU- and FPGA-accelerated computing architectures, and networked systems.
Ilija is has been an author of numerous technical papers and patents, as well as the lead implementor of many hardware and software systems that are now part of Nokia product portfolio. In recognition of his technical contributions, he was named the Bell Labs Fellow in 2010 and received the NJ R&D Council Edison Award in 2016.
Title: Network-attached I/O Devices Watch Video
Abstract: In our daily lives we constantly interact with computing devices, we carry them around, we use them at work, and we have opinions about their hardware or operating systems. We are also forced to frequently upgrade the computing infrastructure that we own in face of increasing application demands. However, we should only care about the applications and I/O devices. In other words, as long as the application performs in a satisfactory manner and the I/O devices enable comfortable interaction with the application, the details of the platform are secondary.
In this talk, I will present an architecture and design of an experimental system in which I/O devices are the first-class network resources and the only physical devices accessible to the user. In this system, the primary information exchanged between the user's device and the computing infrastructure is the device-specific media and the network connection is turned into a "long cable". What, in a traditional computing system, is achieved by rewiring cables becomes manipulation of network flows.
I will describe interesting technical problems that we had to solve while implementing this system (mostly related to graphical interactive applications) and show a few short videos clips that demonstrate the capabilities of the system.
David Gonzalez-Arguirre
Research Scientist, Intel Labs
Bio: David Gonzalez is a scene understanding leading research scientist at Intel Labs in Oregon USA. His research domain is robot cognition and perception. He has a large publication and oral presentation track in top conferences and journals (ICRA, IROS, ICPR, Humanoids, Elsevier-journals, etc.) and best paper awards on robot vision and sensor fusion. David obtained his MSc. at the CINVESTAV in Guadalajara-Mexico. He also holds the title (Dr.-Ing.) doctor in engineering with summa cum laude from the KIT (Karlsruhe Institute of technology, Karlsruhe -Germany) in the Humanoids and Intelligence Systems Lab. David has conducted research as Postdoctoral fellow in multiple EU projects at the Institute for Anthropometrics and Robotics at the KIT. He has 12 years of experience as scientist and R&D engineer.
Title: Towards ubiquitous ∞-Resolution 3D+ Modeling : Image Synthesis for Multimodal and Multi-cue Visual Analytics Watch Video
Abstract: A real-time, robust and flexible visual recognition system capable to cope with shape- and materials-diversity requires:
Hybrid representations
Multimodal recognition methods
Large and high quality training and validation data sets
The solution to these problems have off-line and on-line phases. The focus of this presentation is placed on various elements of the off-line phase. The talk introduces a minimal-cost fully automatic method to generate 3D object models with unlimited resolution from a single aligned image for arbitrary revolution objects. The scope is focused on objects with complex (non-lambertian) materials that have intricate free-form revolution surfaces. The approach is solely based on a single 2D image extracting two cues: The object's external contour and internal skeleton. This method achieves unprecedented high quality 3D models with ultra-efficient serialization. Claims are supported by extensive evaluation using data sets with ground-truth metrics for volume, area, file-size, and execution time.
Join BAMMF
BAMMF is a Bay Area Multimedia Forum series. Experts from both academia and industry are invited to exchange ideas and information through talks, tutorials, posters, panel discussions and networking sessions. Topics of the forum will include but not limited to emerging areas in vision, audio, touch, speech, text, sensors, human computer interaction, natural language processing, machine learning, media-related signal processing, communication, and cross-media analysis etc. Talks in the event may cover advancement in algorithms and development, demonstration of new inventions, product innovation, business opportunities, etc. If you are interested in giving a presentation at the forum, please contact us.


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Vintage instrument of humiliation, 'tramp chair' returns to Oakland
The transportable cage that was patented in 1896 will be put on display during OakFest on July 21.
By Madeline St. AmourMorning Sentinel
An undated postcard shows the "tramp chair," which was invented by Sanford Baker of Oakland and was used as both a punishment and a deterrent for hobos and vagrants. Photo courtesy of the Penobscot Marine Museum
OAKLAND — The so-called "tramp chair" sitting in the sally port of the police station is about 800 pounds of steel and stands just 52 inches high. The chair is designed as a transportable cage, with a heavy duty lock that even Harry Houdini's escape artist brother had trouble opening.
Gary Bennett, owner of Snow Pond Cruises and Historical Tours, said the tramp chair always raises a lot of interest during his tours. He usually hands out photos and information about the chair, which is just one of two in known existence from the dozen or so made. But this year he wanted to try to bring this odd bit of cruel history back to its birthplace of Oakland.
Gary Bennett stands beside Oakland's century-old "tramp chair." "If you stay in there for a couple of hours, you're screaming to get out," said Bennett, who has done extensive research on the chair. David Leaming/Morning Sentinel
An undated image shows a boy inside a "tramp chair," which was invented by Sanford Baker of Oakland, as both a punishment and a deterrent for hobos and vagrants. Photo courtesy of the Penobscot Marine Museum
Back in the late 1890s and early 1900s, vagabonds, hobos and tramps were carted through town in the chair as a form of mild torture or public humiliation. The chair was designed, built and patented in 1896 by Sanford J. Baker, who was a blacksmith and deputy sheriff for Somerset and Kennebec counties. Baker lived in Oakland, died in 1905 and is buried at Baker Cemetery on Pleasant Street, across from the Korner Store.
The Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., owns one chair and the Bangor Historical Society owns another. A third chair is rumored to exist in Rockport or Rockland, but it may have been converted into a giant flower pot, Bennett said.
Bennett was puzzled about why the chair, worth an estimated $10,000, wasn't in its birthplace, so he set up an agreement with the historical society to get it back to Oakland for the summer.
A police cruiser will carry the chair in the OakFest parade at 6 p.m. on July 21, and it also will be displayed in a tent during OakFest. It's available for viewing now at the police station during the department's business hours.
When the railroads were built through central Maine, the chair's designer, Baker, realized that they brought with them "unwelcome people," whom he would call vagabonds, hobos and tramps in letters, Bennett said.
"He wanted the Legislature to adopt the chair for towns that couldn't afford jails," he said, but the Legislature at the time "deemed it barbaric."
Back in the late 1890s and early 1900s, tramps and minor criminals were carted through town in the chair as a form of mild torture or public humiliation. They often were put in the chair naked, suffering from the sting of the steel on extremely hot or cold days, while townspeople jeered and threw things at them and children poked them with sticks.
"If you stay in there for a couple of hours, you're screaming to get out," said Bennett, who has done extensive research on the chair.
Gary Bennett peers through a century-old "tramp chair" that was invented by Sanford Baker, of Oakland, and used as both a punishment and a deterrent for people deemed undesirable.
When they got to the edge of town, the policeman carting them around would give them two options: leave town or stay in the tramp chair. They usually chose to leave.
Despite the cruel nature of the tramp chair, Baker wasn't known as a sadist, Bennett said.
"Public humiliation is something we have done back to medieval times," he said. "And this was just his idea of public humiliation."
In 1899, the Los Angeles Herald printed a letter Baker sent extolling the efficacy of the tramp chair.
"The chair resembles some (of) the ancient instruments of torture used by the inquisition, in being only moderately formidable in appearance, but a terror to those who are forced to spend only a few hours within its confines," Baker wrote.
Theodore Hardeen, Harry Houdini's brother, escaped from the tramp chair at the Bijou Theater in Bangor at a show in 1912, according to a 2012 Bangor Daily News article, but Bennett said he did have some difficulty with the lock that held it shut. It took Hardeen 11 minutes and 54 seconds to escape from the chair while both handcuffed and shackled to it, Bennett said.
He thinks the lock on it today is the original lock that was used in the early 1900s, as the historical society doesn't have a key that opens it.
Baker has described how no one was willing to sit in the chair when he first created it, so he finally gave a man $5 to test it for two and a half hours. When he was let out of the chair, he "grasped the money with such alacrity" because he felt he had earned it "many times over."
He went on to say that no one who sat in the chair said it was comfortable, and that they often wouldn't get back in it even for a monetary reward.
When the punishment was over for "the hobo," Baker wrote that the man would make "a bee line for the open country and thenceforth come nowhere near the town that chairs its tramp guests through the streets."
As evidence that the tramp chair worked, he cited the number of lockups of "city wanderers" in Augusta versus Oakland, which had a tramp chair. There were 275 in one month in Augusta and one in Oakland, according to Baker's letter, which he held up as proof that the threat of the chair was enough to keep the "hobo nuisance" at bay.
Whether the chair actually deterred hobos isn't known for sure, but it was well designed and secure.
Madeline St. Amour can be contacted at 861-9239 or at:
Twitter: madelinestamour
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Recession in 'recession-proof' dairy industry
By Tajamul Islam Salroo on 12:25 am February 2, 2022 No Comment
Dairy is considered as a recession-free industry, a cash business with a good rate of return and always in demand. But what has happened this year is that the demand for milk and milk products has gone down to a never-expected extent. It is really disturbing to see dairy farmers draining out their produce for no demand. Is it because of Covid 19 that this business is showing such a slump or are there some other reasons? Being associated with this industry, I have made an analysis based on my own observations.
The first and foremost reason for this issue seems to be the sharp rise in both domestic-level as well as commercial-level dairy farms in the last year all across the valley. We should know that the youth have been attracted towards dairy farming owing to subsidy schemes put in place by the Department of Animal Husbandry in order to make the UT self-sufficient in milk production. Envisaging it as a daily-need, profitable business, people established a considerable number of dairy farms mostly at commercial scale, with 5 to 20 cows, not knowing the fact that without proper market analysis or a back-up, it was going to put them in troubled waters soon. The milk production, as it seems, is surplus this year and that too in the very lean season of milk production. This has, unfortunately, happened for the first time in the history of Kashmir. The whole of the dairy cycle has got disturbed, right from the producer to the consumer, because on one hand the production has tremendously increased by incorporating high yielding cows in dairy sector, while on the other hand the consumption has reduced to a certain level. The agitation of dairy farmers is, therefore, understandable because their produce is hardly in demand. Having limited or no options available to sell produce, a dairy farmer feels dejection at each level.
With the rise of Covid 19, milk by-products like dahi, paneer, cheese, ghee, sweets, etc, are in least demand, which has really contributed to the dwindling dairy market. The demand has gone down to an all-time low this season and the most probable reason is Covid 19. This fall in dairy demand is due to shutdown of tea-stalls, hotels, restaurants and confectioneries. A survey conducted by milk processing plants has shown that milk revenue plummeted by 30%-35% between January 2020 and January 2022. It reveals that every stakeholder is hit by the situation, be it a milk producer, a milk agent, a milk vendor, a milk plant holder, a milk distributor or a milk retailer.
The production costs of milk have gone high at all levels and it is hard to pass on the higher costs to consumers due to challenging economic conditions. This is also one of the reasons that smaller businesses have wound-up their operations while large ones are struggling. In fact, everyone associated with milk industry is in stress at present.
The other reason of the dairy business slump is increased consumption of UHT milk that comes in 100 ML, 200 ML, 500 ML & 1000 ML packaging. A large chunk of population consumes this type of milk owing to its extended shelf life and availability in every nook and corner of the valley. I think the consumption of tetrapack milk has increased to a greater extent over the last couple of years, in particular.
Undoubtedly, the present times are tough but they are not permanent. I must tell this to all readers based on my experience and expertise in this field. The situation will change. Covid will not last too long. People will again switch to dairy products and resume the consumption which they have reduced. But efforts must be made to keep the dairy cycle moving always. If the government has put in its efforts for making Kashmir self-sufficient in milk, they must also take proper measures to balance supply and demand as well. One solution is to establish a public sector Milk Powder Plant and a UHT Milk Plant. The sooner the government takes initiatives in this regard, the better it is going to be for dairy farmers across the valley.
Recession in 'recession-proof' dairy industry added by Tajamul Islam Salroo on 12:25 am February 2, 2022
View all posts by Tajamul Islam Salroo →
Tajamul Islam Salroo


Converting a camper to fully electric can mean two things – converting the main power and drive train to run off an electric motor and/or converting all the onboard systems to operate from electric power. Either option requires modification to install a fully electric system with energy recovery, renewable energy and the appropriate management systems. The benefit means on demand heating and cooling systems from efficient heat pumps, modern cooking and kitchen facilities and lighting. All with smart connectivity. Going all the way and conversion to an electric drive train will future proof your vehicle well into the future, have zero emissions and be quiet to operate.


I have listed a new property at 307 2678 MCCALLUM RD in Abbotsford.
Your condo search is over...Here it is...Top floor!! Corner unit!! Panorama Terrace. This beautiful 2 bedroom, 2 bath condo is move in ready. Southwest corner of the building with a wrap around balcony over looking Downtown Abbotsford and views of Mt. Baker. Small dog or cat allowed. No rentals. 45yrs+. 2 parking stalls!! Check out the photos and video tour then call to view...a must see!!


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Optional module design for use with the C7310-C7312 and C7340-C7342, 40 Watt portable PA systems. Can playback MP3 audio files from USB thumbdrive, or SD card.
Playback MP3 audio files from USB thumbdrive or SD card.


Avis Etihad Guest offer of 5000 miles per rental (up to 8000, actually, based on elite status) but that level of elevation if available only through end of month.
Long Island Rail Road will spend $20 million to study whether to relocate a station not to actually relocate it, not to design the new station, but to study possible new sites. By the way it's a station with just 30 passengers a day.
Avis link says 500/800 miles, not 5000/8000?
How many "clicks" until you change the Avis click bait?
@Red: that's the regular offer. Check the second link, it's 5000/8000.
Sorry Gary. My apologies for the quick accusations.


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/ Personal Finance
5 Things Not to Do When Facing Workplace Harassment or Discrimination
If you feel you're being harassed or discriminated against in the workplace like Ellen Pao complained of, you need to go over this checklist.
Kathryn Tuggle
Apr 1, 2015 2:57 PM EDT
NEW YORK (MainStreet) — Harassment and discrimination issues in the workplace are almost never clear cut. While there are definite steps one can take to put an end to problems, the recent Kleiner, Perkins verdict involving Ellen Pao showed that there are often no clear winners when lawsuits are filed, and the burden of proof is indeed a serious one.
Pao, now interim chief executive of Reddit, complained of sexism and discrimination when she was junior partner at Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, but she lost on all four counts.
Most people know one of the first steps toward ending harassment or discrimination is filing a report with an employer's human resources department, but what about the steps you shouldn't take? Experts weigh in on five things to think about when facing these issues in the workplace.
Don't forget to keep a record.
"The only way to blow the whistle is to have a detailed record of dates, situations and descriptions of the incidents," says Wendy Walsh, a psychologist and relationship expert.
The Kleiner-Perkins verdict may change the way people think about documenting harassment or discrimination, says Jenny Q. Ta, CEO of tech startup Sqeeqee.com.
"People are going to start keeping documentation even if there's just a hint of something going on," she says. "It wouldn't surprise me if every employee from now on gets recorded, by both the employer and the employee."
Anyone who feels they might be a victim should collect all pertinent emails, notes, voice messages and other evidence immediately, Ta says.
"It's this evidence that's going to make or break you when you present your case to human resources or when you are presenting evidence in court," she explains. "You have to think of this as formal record-keeping, not some casual thing where you can document some of the more serious instances but not all."
Don't fail (or wait) to report the issue.
Once the issue has arisen, the biggest mistake people make is not reporting it, says Christina Stoneburner, a labor and employment attorney with Fox Rothschild.
"The longer you wait, the greater the chances that the harassment will increase in intensity. Also, it can make someone at least initially question, 'If this was happening for this long, why haven't you brought it forward before now?'" Stoneburner says.
If you wait too long to report the issue, people who may have witnessed the harassment may be gone from the company, she explains. Also, many companies have automatic email deletion. If you need to recover incriminating emails that were sent or deleted, there may simply be no record of them if you wait a few months to file your complaint.
Also, the more time that passes, the more positive interactions you're likely to have with person or people responsible for the harassment.
"What sometimes happens is the employee hasn't complained, but they have ongoing cordial communication with the alleged harasser. So when HR goes in to review things, the only thing they are seeing is emails that say, 'Thank you so much for your support,' or 'I really appreciated your help with this project,'" Stoneburner says. "It may be because they are trying to ease a situation, but what it looks like to the employer is, 'You've sat on this for nine months and in the interim you've had nothing but positive interactions with this person, so why would we believe there's an issue?"
Don't hamstring the investigation.
"Some people come forward and say, 'I have been harassed,' but then they don't provide any proof," Stoneburner says. If you're going to file a complaint, you must provide witness names, emails, text messages or other documentation that proves your case.
"People don't want to get their friends and co-workers drug in for questioning," she says. "They don't want the entire office thinking of them differently after details are revealed."
It's essential to provide every ounce of documentation and every detail you have when you present your case to HR.
"If someone made one comment about your religion, that's a lot different than if they made 10 comments in the last month," she says. "Hiding details on the extent of the harassment prevents your employer from deciding on the proper course of action."
And it can lead to thoughts there's a "more calculated reason" for holding back the evidence: "If you truly want things to end, you would disclose everything right upfront so the investigation could be processed and everyone could move on," she says.
Don't demand specific results in an unrealistic time frame.
Employers should be as speedy as possible when conducting an investigation, but with vacations, differing schedules and other possible delays, employees shouldn't expect to file a complaint and hear something the very next day, Stoneburner says.
Also, be reasonable with your expectations for the outcome of the investigation. Terminating an employee is an extreme measure for any company.
"People make mistakes," she says. "For someone to get fired — that's a drastic remedy. Assuming the incident wasn't egregious or it hasn't been ongoing, then there is a whole range of disciplinary action that might occur. The person may get a written warning, they may be transferred or demoted, or they may be temporarily suspended."
In other words, once you file a complaint, don't become fixated on what the solution or punishment "should" be.
"Employers have a lot of tools for dealing with things. You can't get too married to the concept that 'Well this has to happen or I'm never going to be happy.' When all is said and done you have to ask yourself, 'Did the harassment stop?' and if the answer is yes, then your employer did the right thing."
Don't act impulsively.
Tempers may be high when discrimination or harassment are involved, Ta says. Whatever you do, don't say or do anything you're going to regret.
"Your words and actions absolutely will be taken against you. If you don't want to be portrayed as a hot-tempered, rude or aggressive person then you have to be overly calm, cool and collected," she says.
Also, don't quit your job as soon as you file the complaint.
"Don't gather all the evidence, present it to HR and then turn in your notice the next day," she says. "Give them time to conduct the investigation."
With that said, once you file a lawsuit, it's time to leave the company.
"If you couldn't get along or get ahead before your lawsuit, what makes you think you'll be able to after?" Ta asks.
— Written by Kathryn Tuggle for MainStreet
Follow Kathryn on Twitter @KathrynTuggle.
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Welcome to the Move Fitness Cheats and Codes page where our team of contributors will help you with a set of cheats, codes, hints, hacks, tips and unlockables.
If you are stuck on something specific and are unable to find any answers on our Move Fitness Cheats page then be sure to ask the Move Fitness Forum / Community for help and advice in the discussion box below and they will get back to you as soon as possible with an answer!
Finally, if you have been playing Move Fitness and wish to help other users, feel free to sign up and start contributing!
Move Fitness is a sports game developed by Sony Computer Entertainment and released on PlayStation 3.


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Finally! Going through the excitement of opening up all the beauty boxes this month has only lead to disappointment thus far, but finally, here's a beauty box that has taken the festive holidays on board!
Yes, yes, yes! Cohorted has definitely done the best, out of the four December beauty boxes (Look Fantastic, Birhcbox, Glossybox and Cohorted) I receive, on accommodating for the festivities.
Despite the fact that the other beauty boxes came in gorgeous and festive looking box designs, Cohorted was as always the standard black, square box that closes magnetically and ties with a ribbon. However, instead of random all year round beauty products, Cohorted actually included some festive appropriate makeup!
The box also came with it's monthly, small beauty magazine (only 31 pages) that tells you a little bit more about each product and some featured products or artists. Even their monthly small magazine looks festive!
This month's Cohorted box contained only 4 unique products, from left to right: an eyeshadow palette, a lip stain, an eye liner and a brow cream.
Yes! When I think of a festive box, I think of colours and so an eye shadow palette is exactly what the doctor ordered. Cohorted, you got this one spot on!
This Cargo palette is so festive! It is made of a lovely green, durable cardboard and has golden Christmas decorations on it. It closes magnetically and has a brush and a mirror inside. The interior is all golden coloured and while it is very beautiful, I feel that it takes away from the colours of the eye shadows a bit. I say that because I have to admit, when I look at this palette I don't feel particularly inspired. It looks a little boring and not very pigmented.
But seriously, you need to swatch this one to realise it's true potential. The shadows are actually gorgeous and the colours come alive. I've noticed this with other Cargo palettes too. They always look less interesting than they are, which is both a shame and an amazing surprise when you swatch them. Don't dismiss them, give them a try first!
This palette has 12 colours of which 4 are mattes and the rest are shimmers. There is a fair amount of fallout from some of them but they are still workable. They never wrinkled, and the colour lasted for hours but bear in mind I always used an eye shadow primer first. According to the Cohorted magazine 3 of the colours are quads and 6 are duos. The names are as per Cargo tradition, places around the world which is cute but I wish they were also Christmas related.
The brush has "packing" eye shadow type ends. I normally prefer palettes that have blending brushes but as this is mostly a shimmer palette, you will most likely be using your finger or a packing brush to put on the shimmer! The brush is of high quality, it feels and looks sleek and it washes well.
A black eye liner is not specifically Christmassy but it is definitely a must have item around the festivities as we tend to create a lot of eye looks and a black line or flick goes a long way!
This eyeliner looks like a travel size, it is slightly smaller than others. It is only 1.2g whereas the full size is 2g. It is meant to be waterproof but it wasn't for me. Nothing happened if water splashed on it but it did rub off completely with 4 strokes when water touched it and I rubbed it.
The colour though is a lovely proper black and it doesn't smudge. It lasts all day and even though I personally prefer brush instead of felt tip, it was easy and practical to use.
It contains algae which admittedly is a little strange for an eyeliner. Not sure if you would want algae around your eyes either. According to the Cohorted magazine, the algae is meant to give a smooth, glossy finish. The finish is smooth but I did not notice the glossy part.
However, the gold colour named Ritzy is very festive and exactly what I'd like in a December box. That or a red lip!
The lip strobe is gorgeous and it swatches even more gorgeous! It looks amazing but somehow my super white complexion doesn't do it justice. It looks like I've deleted out my lips with something a little shiny. I think this would be an absolute gem for darker skin tones but it doesn't really do much for the whiter ones.
According to the Cohorted magazine you can also use this on the eyes which sounds like an amazing idea if you ignore the fact that it will make your eyes sticky. If you can set it somehow without removing too much of its colour then this can be a lovely golden shadow.
Again, a brow product is not specifically festive, but a nicely defined brow will give that nice festive eye the finishing touch it needs!
I really liked this mousse. It is easy to use and I like that it comes with a light colour to correct any mistakes or sharpen lines. You can also use it for highlighting the brow bone. However, I wish the colour was a little more light brown-white skin tone than proper light pink. Anyhow, it still works and you can always use a little foundation or concealer over it if you want to colour correct.
According to the Cohorted magazine, this brow mousse has a fibre technology that adheres to brow hairs and skin for the most natural looking brows. It definitely lasted all day and looked natural. Apparently, the pink part contains illuminating pearl particles that create the illusion of a lift. I didn't notice that but aw well!
Overall, I though this was the only box that fully embraced the festive spirit and included appropriate products. The product composition was excellent with the exception of the fact that there were only 4 products which gives it a non-finished feeling. Cohorted tends to only include 4 products or 4 products and 1-2 samples if one of the products is of high value. I understand it but it is still disappointing during the unboxing experience.
I have also noticed that Cohorted often over values their boxes. This month the box value they stated in their magazine is £90, but actually a quick calculation of the products contained sums it up to £82. It seems like they've taken the price of a full size eye liner, even though the one included is only travel size. There is no need to over state the box, it is still a great value for money!
Star product = A couple of products scored an 8/10 so I will give it to the product that held my attention the longest which is the Cargo Holiday 2017 Emerald City Palette.
For sure! Was the most festive one of them all!


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Воли́ця — село в Україні, у Камінь-Каширській громаді Камінь-Каширського району Волинської області. Населення становить 957 осіб.

Географія
Село розташоване на правому березі річки Коростянки.

Населення
Згідно з переписом УРСР 1989 року чисельність наявного населення села становила 877 осіб, з яких 416 чоловіків та 461 жінка.

За переписом населення України 2001 року в селі мешкали 952 особи.

Мова
Розподіл населення за рідною мовою за даними перепису 2001 року:

Примітки

Посилання
 Погода в селі Волиця

Села Волинської області

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia