text:
Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring body composition in adulthood: Results from two birth cohort studies
Correction: Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring body composition in adulthood: results from two birth cohort studies - June 01, 2019
Elma Izze da Silva Magalhães,
Natália Peixoto Lima,
Ana Maria Baptista Menezes,
Helen Gonçalves,
Fernando C Wehrmeister,
Maria Cecília Formoso Assunção,
Bernardo Lessa Horta
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Correspondence to Elma Izze da Silva Magalhães; elmaizzenutri{at}gmail.com
Objective To evaluate the association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with offspring body composition in adulthood and explore the causality of this association.
Design Birth cohort.
Setting Population-based study in Pelotas, Brazil.
Participants All newborn infants in the city's hospitals were enrolled in 1982 and 1993. At a mean age of 30.2 and 22.6 years, the 1982 and 1993 cohorts, respectively, followed the subjects and 7222 subjects were evaluated.
Primary outcome measures Body mass index (BMI), fat mass index, android to gynoid fat ratio, waist circumference, waist to height ratio, lean mass index and height.
Results Prevalence of maternal smoking during pregnancy was 35.1% and 32.6%, in 1982 and 1993 cohorts, respectively. Offspring of smoking mothers showed higher mean BMI (β: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.55 to 1.12 kg/m2), fat mass index (β: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.64 kg/m2), android to gynoid fat ratio (β: 0.016; 95% CI: 0.010 to 0.023), waist circumference (β: 1.74; 95% CI: 1.15 to 2.33 cm), waist to height ratio (β: 0.013; 95% CI: 0.010 to 0.017) and lean mass index (β: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.42 kg/m2), whereas height was lower (β: −0.95; −1.26 to −0.65). Weight gain in the first 2 years captured most of the association of maternal smoking with BMI (96.2%), waist circumference (86.1%) and fat mass index (71.7%).
Conclusions Maternal smoking in pregnancy was associated with offspring body composition measures in adulthood.
maternal smoking
cohort study
This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
High follow-up rate and the lack of differences in the follow-up rate according to maternal smoking during pregnancy, suggesting that selection bias is unlikely.
We increased causal inference by comparing the estimates of maternal and paternal smoking.
Body composition was assessed using dual X-ray absorptiometry and air-displacement plethysmography.
We evaluated smoking in pregnancy using a questionnaire and the information was not validated with biochemical markers.
Information on partner smoking was obtained at different times in the two cohorts.
Maternal smoking during pregnancy has clear short-term consequences, increasing the risk of low birth weight and intrauterine growth retardation.1 Moreover, maternal smoking is also associated with increased infant mortality rate, and cessation of smoking during pregnancy reduces the risk of infant death.2 However, evidence on the long-term consequences of maternal smoking are not clear-cut. Meta-analysis by Brion et al 3 related that blood pressure was slightly higher among offspring of smoking mothers. It has also been reported a higher risk of diabetes.4 On the other hand, Horta et al 5 observed that the association between maternal smoking in the pregnancy and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors in early adulthood was mediated by offspring lifestyle in adulthood.
With respect to body composition, it has been suggested that maternal smoking in pregnancy is positively associated with adiposity and risk of overweight/obesity in the offspring.6 7 On the other hand, because socioeconomic status is negatively associated with maternal smoking8 and obesity,9 the association of maternal smoking with offspring obesity could be due to residual confounding.10 Indeed, some studies have reported that after controlling for socioeconomic and environmental variables, the magnitude of the association decreased.11 12
Because socioeconomic status is usually assessed using few variables, the full dimension of socioeconomic status may not have been captured. And, residual confounding may be observed even among those studies that adjusted the estimates to socioeconomic and demographic variables. Comparison of the magnitude of the associations with maternal and paternal smoking is a strategy that can be used to increase causal inference. Similar associations for paternal and maternal smoking would suggest that confounding by socioeconomic, environmental or familiar variables is an explanation for the observed associations. On the other hand, if the association is stronger for maternal variables, it is unlikely that the observed association is due to residual confounding.13
This study was aimed at assessing the association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with offspring body composition in adulthood and explore the causality of this association.
Study design and population
This study is based on data from two birth cohorts carried out in Pelotas, a southern Brazilian city. In 1982 and 1993, in the perinatal study, all maternity hospitals in the city were visited daily, and the births identified. Those liveborns whose families lived in the urban area of the city were examined and their mothers interviewed soon after delivery. These subjects have been followed-up for several times through the life cycle, and further details on the study methodology have been published elsewhere.14 15
Briefly, during the whole of 1982, among the births to mothers living in the urban area of Pelotas, 5914 newborns and their mothers were enrolled and accepted to participate in the perinatal study. Then, follow-up visits were carried at the ages of 1, 2, 4, 13, 15, 18, 19, 23 and 30 years. Most visits included subsamples of the cohort, except for those at 2, 4, 23 and 30 years, in which we attempted to locate the whole cohort. Between June 2012 and February 2013, 4534 members were located, in which 467 were living far from Pelotas, 86 refused and another 280 did not attend the interview in spite of repeated invitations. Thus, a total of 3701 subjects were interviewed at age 30 years, which adding to the number of participants known to have died (n=325) made up 68.1% of the original cohort.
Similarly, among the births occurring in Pelotas during the year 1993 (n=5265), 5249 subjects and their mothers were enrolled and agreed to take part in the longitudinal study. Subsamples of the cohort were evaluated in the follow-up visits and were carried at the ages of 1, 3 and 6 months and at 1 and 4 years. In the follow-up visits at 11, 15, 18 and 22 years, the whole cohort was recruited. The follow-up at 22 years occurred from October 2015 to July 2016, and of the original cohort, 4933 were found. Among the located members, 175 refused to participate and 1071 were considered losses. Those who were interviewed (n=3810), added to those known to have died (n=193), represent a retention rate of 76.3%. The follow-up rates at each follow-up visit of the 1982 and 1993 cohort are described in online supplementary table 1.
[bmjopen-2018-023852supp001.pdf]
Exposure variables
In both cohorts, information on maternal smoking during pregnancy, duration and numbers of cigarettes smoked per day were obtained retrospectively from the mothers shortly after delivery, in the perinatal study. Those mothers who reported any tobacco use during pregnancy were considered as smokers, and they were asked whether they had smoked during the whole pregnancy and how many cigarettes on average they had smoked per day. In addition, we also collected information on partner smoking. In the 1993 cohort, this information was gathered based on the mothers report, in the perinatal study, whereas in the 1982 cohort, information on partner smoking was provided by the mother in the follow-up visit at 4 years of age.
Outcome variables
In follow-up at 30 and 22 years, subjects were invited to visit the research clinic to be interviewed, examined and donate a blood sample. Weight was measured using the Bod Pod scale and height with a portable stadiometer (accuracy of 0.1 cm). Body mass index (BMI) was estimated by dividing weight (in kg) by square height (in metres).
Waist circumference (in cm) was measured with the subject standing, with the arms hanging freely and next to the body, using a non-elastic measuring tape in the horizontal plane around the narrowest part of the waist. In obese subjects, the measure was taken in the horizontal plane at the point between the last rib and the iliac crest. Waist to height ratio was estimated by dividing waist circumference by height (both in cm).
Fat-free and fat mass (total and in the android and gynoid regions) were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Lean and fat mass indexes were estimated by dividing fat-free and fat mass (in kg) by square height in metres. Android to gynoid fat ratio was estimated by dividing percentage fat in region android by percentage fat in gynoid region. Pregnant women or those in the postpartum period (3 months) were excluded from this assessment.
Confounders
The following variables were considered as possible confounders: sex, age in the assessment of the outcomes, family income at birth (total income in the month before the interview), maternal skin colour (self-reported), maternal schooling (years of schooling successfully completed), maternal age at childbirth, parity (number of previous deliveries) and pre-gestational nutritional status. Information about sex of the child, family income at birth, maternal skin colour, maternal schooling, maternal age at childbirth and parity were collected through a questionnaire applied to the mothers in the interview of the perinatal study. To evaluate the pre-gestational nutritional status, information on prepregnancy maternal weight was obtained from the antenatal care records or by maternal recall and height was measured by the research team in the interview immediately after delivery. The exact age in the assessment of outcomes was reported by subjects in the 30 and 22 years follow-up in the 1982 and 1993 cohorts, respectively.
Birth weight and weight gain from birth to 2 years were considered as possible mediators. Birth weight (in grams) was assessed soon after delivery, by the hospital staff, using paediatric scales that were calibrated weekly by the research team. Weight gain from birth to 2 years of age was obtained by the difference in z-score between the child's weight at 2 years of age and the birth weight. The weight of the child at 2 years of age was measured only in the follow-up of the 1982 cohort. Thus, this analysis was only performed only for the 1982 cohort.
Stata, V.14.0 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA) was used in the analysis. Data from the two cohorts were analysed together because both cohorts showed similar association between maternal smoking and offspring anthropometry (data not shown). Means were compared using Student's t-test and analysis of variance. Multiple linear regression was used to obtain estimates that were adjusted for confounding variables. G-computation (Stata package: st0238) was used to estimate direct and indirect effects of maternal smoking in pregnancy on offspring body composition in adulthood (bootstrap replications: 10,000). In the analysis for birth weight, gestational age was considered as post-confounder (confounders in the relationship between the mediator and the outcome), while for weight gain from birth to 2 years, we considered family income in childhood as a post-confounder. Sex, age at body composition assessment, family income at birth, parity, pre-gestational BMI, skin colour, maternal schooling and height were included as base-confounders.
Patient and public involvement
The study was approved by the Ethical Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine of the Federal University of Pelotas and was performed in accordance with the ethical standards established in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Written informed consent was obtained from participating subjects.
Among the 3701 and 3810 participants of the 1982 and 1993 cohorts on follow-up at 30 and 22 years, respectively, information on maternal smoking and at least one of the outcomes were available for 3626 participants from 1982 cohort and 3596 from 1993. Analysing the follow-up rates in the last visit of each cohort, according to baseline characteristics, was observed that in the 1982 the cohort follow-up rates at 30 years were slightly higher among females, those who were born preterm and those in the intermediate socioeconomic categories. In the 1993 cohort, losses to follow-up were higher among males and at the extremes of the income distribution. Nevertheless, follow-up rates among different subgroups are reasonably similar, ranging from 60% to 75% in all variables studied so that attrition bias is unlikely (online supplementary table 2).
Table 1 shows the characteristics of the subjects included in the analyses. The proportion of preterm births was 5.6% and 8.0% in 1982 and 1993, respectively. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was 43.2% at 22 years (1993 cohort) and 57.6% at 30 years (1982 cohort). Prevalence maternal smoking during pregnancy was 35.0% and 32.4% in 1982 and 1993, respectively. In the 1993 cohort, 32.4% of the partners smoked during pregnancy, whereas, in the 1982 cohort, 58.8% of the partners were smoker at the follow-up visit at 4 years of age.
Characteristics of population included in the present study, Pelotas, Brazil
Online supplementary table 3 shows that prevalence of maternal smoking during whole pregnancy was significantly higher among the mothers in the lower income tertile and lower schooling in both cohorts. On the other hand, maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated only with the partner smoking in pregnancy, in the 1993 cohort, but no with the partner smoking at 4 years, in the 1982 cohort.
In the crude analyses (table 2), maternal smoking in the pregnancy was associated with higher mean BMI, fat mass index, android to gynoid fat ratio, waist circumference, waist to height ratio, as well as lean mass index (p<0.05). On the other hand, offspring of mothers who smoked during pregnancy had lower height (p<0.0001). With respect to duration of maternal smoking during pregnancy, body mass, fat mass index, android to gynoid fat ratio, waist circumference, waist to height ratio and lean mass index were slightly higher among the offspring of mothers who smoked only in part of pregnancy in relation to those whose mother smoked in the whole pregnancy. But the lower means were observed among those subjects whose mothers did not smoke in the pregnancy (p<0.05). On the other hand, height was inversely associated with the duration of maternal smoking during pregnancy (p<0.0001). Regarding partner, smoking, no significant differences were observed for partner smoking at 4 years (cohort 1982). On the other hand, lower means of waist circumference, waist to height ratio and lean mass index and height were observed in the offspring in which the partners smoked during pregnancy (p<0.05).
Mean for anthropometric and body composition measures in adulthood and according to maternal smoking during pregnancy and partner smoking
After controlling for confounding variables, offspring of smoking mothers showed higher BMI, fat mass index, android to gynoid fat ratio, waist circumference, waist to height ratio and lean mass index, whereas height was lower. Concerning the duration and intensity of maternal smoking during pregnancy, we only observed a dose–response association for height, whereas for the remaining body composition outcomes, the regression coefficients tend to slightly higher among those subjects whose mother stopped smoking in the pregnancy or smoked from 1 to 14 cigarettes/day (table 3). Although not be objective of the study, we also tested the association between maternal smoking in gestation and overweight in the offspring and found a positive association even after adjusting for confounding factors (OR adjusted: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.26 to 1.57).
Adjusted regression coefficients for anthropometric and body composition measures in adulthood according to maternal smoking during pregnancy
Table 4 shows that maternal smoking was associated with most of the body composition outcomes, even after controlling for partner smoking. Moreover, in both cohorts, the magnitude of the associations was stronger for maternal than partner smoking. Because information on partner smoking during pregnancy was not available for the 1982 cohort, we used the information on partner smoking collected in the follow-up visit at 4 years of age.
Adjusted regression coefficients for anthropometric and body composition measures in adulthood according to maternal smoking during pregnancy and partner smoking
Concerning the mediation analysis, birth weight captured a small portion of the associations, whereas weight gain in the first 2 years captured most of the association of maternal smoking with BMI (96.2%), fat mass index (71.7%) and waist circumference (86.1) (table 5).
Analysis of mediation in the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and body composition measures at adulthood in the 1982 (at 30 years) and 1993 (22 years) Pelotas birth cohorts, Brazil
Our findings suggest that exposure to maternal tobacco smoking in utero increases adiposity in early adulthood. These associations were observed even after controlling for several confounding variables. Furthermore, we observed that the magnitude of the association was higher for maternal than paternal smoking and even after controlling for paternal smoking, maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with body composition in adulthood. Suggesting, therefore, that residual confounding is an unlikely explanation for the association between maternal smoking and offspring body composition.
The results of our study corroborate the findings from previous studies that have observed a positive association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring adiposity.11 12 16 In relation to central adiposity, it has also been reported higher means waist circumference16 and android to gynoid fat ratio.17 Such measures are indicators of fat accumulation in the abdominal region and are more related to cardiovascular risk.18
Concerning the mechanisms underlying the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring adiposity, it has been suggested that this association is due to the nicotine, present in tobacco. In both humans and animals, nicotine when crossing the placenta acts centrally and peripherally as a suppressant of appetite and body weight, resulting in hyperphagia and weight gain when the offspring is no longer exposed to nicotine in postnatal period.19 20 In addition, exposure to nicotine in gestation may result in increase in body adiposity through alterations in endocrine control of body weight homeostasis.21 In animals, prenatal exposure to nicotine decreased responsiveness to adrenergic stimuli and promoted rapid weight gain.22 Similarly, prenatal exposure to nicotine in humans may decrease responsiveness to adrenergic stimuli by epinephrine and norepinephrine, which modulate the mobilisation of lipids from adipose tissue.23
It has been reported that low birth weight is associated with increased risk of obesity later in life,24 25 but in the present study we did not find any evidence that birth weight mediated the observed associations. On the other hand, weight gain in early childhood captured an important proportion of the association of maternal smoking in pregnancy with BMI, fat mass index and waist circumference. Maternal smoking tends to decrease foetal growth, which would be compensated by rapid postnatal weight gain.26 Because offspring of smoking mothers were shorter, it seems that weight gain was higher than linear growth. Indeed, Adair et al 27 reported that faster relative weight gain in the first 2 years was associated with a higher risk of overweight/obesity in adulthood.
In our study, we observed that lean mass was higher among offspring of mothers who smoked in pregnancy. Leary et al 11 also observed that lean mass was higher among subjects whose mother smoked in the pregnancy. These authors suggested that this association with lean mass would be simply due to the association with total body mass. Indeed, subjects with higher total body mass would have higher fat and lean mass. Concerning the association with height, a negative association has already been reported by previous studies.12 28
Our study has many strengths, the data were collected prospectively and information on maternal smoking during pregnancy was collected soon after delivery, with a short recall time. Previous studies on this subject are mainly retrospective, or cross-sectional,28 29 and data on maternal smoking were gathered with a long recall time, which can lead to misclassification. Second, the high follow-up rates, even after 30 years and the lack of differences in the follow-up rate according to maternal smoking during pregnancy suggests that selection bias is unlikely.14 Finally, most of the previous studies have evaluated only BMI as a measure of adiposity. We used several anthropometric and body composition measurements, including fat and lean mass measured using DXA. By comparing the estimates of maternal smoking to partner smoking, we increased causal inference and the analysis suggested that the observed associations were unlikely to be due to residual confounding.
With respect to the limitations, information on parental smoking was gathered using a questionnaire and the information was not validated with biochemical markers. Because smoking in pregnancy is a socially disapproved act, some mothers may have occulted the information on prenatal smoking,30 underestimating the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy. Because this classification error was independent of body composition, which was measured many years later, the misclassification would be non-differential. Because non-differential misclassification tends to underestimate the magnitude of the associations, the observed associations are not due to such error. Another limitation is the fact that information on partner smoking was obtained at different times in the two cohorts. However, it is likely that parents who smoked during pregnancy remained smokers after birth and the first years of the offspring's life. In addition, no discrepant results were observed regarding the effect of paternal smoking among the two cohorts.
In conclusion, we observed an association between maternal smoking in pregnancy and body composition measures in adulthood. The specificity of the association for maternal, in relation to paternal smoking, suggested that this association is not due to residual confounding. Analysis of mediation suggests the weight gain from birth to 2 years is an important mediator of the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and adiposity in adulthood.
We acknowledge the contributions of 1982 and 1993 Pelotas Cohorts participants, other researchers and staff.
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Contributors EISM designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, interpretation of the results and drafted the manuscript. BLH and NPL designed the study, helped the data analysis and participated in the preparation of the manuscript. BLH coordinated the follow-up of the 1982 cohort and AMBM coordinated the follow-up of the 1993 cohort. AMBM, HDG, FCW and MCA helped in the data acquisition and interpretation of the data. All authors revised and approved the final version of the manuscript. Each author contributed important intellectual content during manuscript drafting or revision and accepts accountability for the overall work by ensuring that questions pertaining to the accuracy or integrity of any portion of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Funding This article is based on data from the study 'Pelotas Birth Cohort, 1982 and 1993' conducted by the Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology at Federal University of Pelotas with the collaboration of the Brazilian Public Health Association (ABRASCO). From 2004 to 2016, the Wellcome Trust (086974/Z/08/Z) supported the Pelotas birth cohort study. The International Development Research Center, World Health Organization, Overseas Development Administration, European Union, National Support Program for Centers of Excellence (PRONEX), the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health supported previous phases of the study. This study was financed in part by theCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) -Finance Code 001.
Data sharing statement Data are available upon reasonable request.
Patient consent for publication Obtained.
© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY. Published by BMJ. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Correction: Maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring body composition in adulthood: results from two birth cohort studies
British Medical Journal Publishing Group
BMJ Open 2019; 9 - Published Online First: 25 Jun 2019. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023852corr1


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Concert Review: Drive-By Truckers / Those Darlins in Omaha, NE, 10-26-11
Posted on October 27, 2011 by VocalsOnTop
Concert Review: Drive-By Truckers / Those Darlins at the Slowdown in Omaha, NE, October 26, 2011.
The Drive-By Truckers are a sure thing. There is no doubt they will deliver a good show every time you go to see them. Patterson Hood and Mike Cooley deliver the raw, heartfelt songs that the crowd years for without much effort. The band appears to enjoy playing live and it show in how good the performances are.
Those Darlins are a much less seasoned band. They haven't been going long enough to be locked in like the Truckers. With just two records under their belt the Darlins don't have the luxury of song selection like the Truckers and are locked into the playing the same songs nightly.
Having a strict setlist isn't a bad thing; it is a great way for a band to get a nice tight sound and create a good flow for the show. Those Darlins members Nikki Darlin and Kelly Darlin actually switch instruments halfway through the set so the songs have to reflect that so they aren't switching from song to song. The two constants in the band are relax-styled drummer Linwood Regensburg and Jessi Darlin who takes the lead vocals on most tracks and plays guitar.
The Darlins 13 song/40 minute set actually featured all four members taking lead vocals at some point, a rare thing to see at a show. They put on a spirited show and won over several Drive-By Truckers fans who tend to be generous to opening acts anyway.
Nikki Darlin of Those Darlins at the Slowdown in Omaha, NE 10-26-11
Those Darlins blasted into "Red Light Love" to start their set, you might recognize it from a car commercial that airs on TV a lot, still it is one of their finest songs. It was one of only two songs performed from their debut self-titled LP, the other was "Wild One." Their newest record Screws Get Loose got hit pretty hard for the rest of the set. Rightfully so, it is a fantastic record. As the set wore on they decided to pull out a new track and a cover. The cover was Garland Jeffrey's "Wild In The Streets" conducted by drummer Linwood Rogensburg.
The selection of songs was excellent. "$" seemed to have extra punch at the live show and "Waste Away" is a down tempo song that will steal the show anytime it is in the setlist. Lead singer Jessi Darlin was a bit under the weather but was still able to put on a stellar show. Here vocals were noticeably effected but still sounded very good with the raw sound of the band. The only disappointment was that Nikki Darlin's vocals were too low. This didn't really effect her song "Hives" early in the set but became noticeable behind big sound of the set's closer "Nightjogger." "Nightjogger" is a 45 only release for record store day and has been the bands closing song both times I have seen them. It is a shame the song is not on Screws Get Loose because it may be their very best song.
Those Darlins 10-26-11 setlist from Omaha, NE
Red Light Love
Screws Get Loose
Waste Away
Mystic Mind
Burn Me Up (new song)
Wild In The Street (Garland Jeffrey cover)
Be My Bro
Nightjogger
My brand new copy of Screws Get Loose by Those Darlins on translucent gold vinyl on the turntable.
The Drive-By Truckers were up to bat next and came out to a slightly smaller crowd than their last two trips to Omaha. Not that they drew a small crowd but they managed to sell out the Slowdown the last two times and October 26th had noticeably more room on the floor than the previous shows. Part of this is because it was a Wednesday night, that always effect the size of the crowds. Sure Halloween is a few days away still but the person wearing the Team Zissou uniform is either the coolest guy in the room if you get it or some idiot wearing a red beanie.
The Truckers fans were still in attendance though and the band played to that type of crowd. Not that the band really has "hits" to avoid playing but it seemed as if several deep cuts made the setlist. Pulling out gems like "Goode's Field Road" and My Sweet Annette" made the attendees forget about the absence of "18 Wheels of Love" "Lookout Mountain" and "Women Without Whiskey."
Mike Cooley of Drive-By Truckers at the Slowdown in Omaha, NE on 10-26-11
Patterson Hood came out in stride as pulled "Daddy Learned To Fly" out of his bag of tricks. Mike Cooley, who now almost has a split billing with Patterson in the band, would respond with one of his finest songs "Gravity's Gone" a rare song performed from the A Blessing & A Curse record. Hood and Cooley now volley signing responsibilities back and forth which really gives their performances an enjoyable dynamic.
Every now and then their pattern is broke by bass player Shonna Tucker taking over on vocals. When Shon-T stepped up to the mic for the only time of the night I must admit that "I Hear You Humming" was not the song I expected her to bust out. The song was a nice soft, slow departure from the rugged styles of Cooley and Hood.
Mike Cooley would really break out his rock catalog soon after with performances of "Birthday Boy" "Get Downtown" and "3 Dimes Down." The highlight of the night for me was mixed in-between those songs with Patterson singing "Drag The Lake Charlie" an addictive song from the band's 2010 release The Big To-Do.
Patterson Hood of Drive-By Truckers at the Slowdown in Omaha, NE on 10-26-11
The post-encore break set from the Drive-By Truckers is always a little more predictable. The only surprise was "Marry Me" a Cooley song that they hadn't done the last about 4 times I've seen the band. The other closers were the standards "Zip City" "Let There Be Rock" and "People Who Died." Not that the songs were boring by any means. If you have ever seen the band do the Jim Carroll Band song "People Who Died" you know that it is by far the most intense song that they do. They were joined on the song by the blonde Darlin, Kelly who did much more than go through the motions while sitting in with the band. Kelly really put full effort into the song and pushed the limits of the borrowed guitar she was playing. After that, it was obvious the show was over, some shows have the audience wanting just a little more but on this night the Truckers thoroughly exhausted the weeknight crowd.
Drive-By Truckers 10-26-11 setlist from Omaha, NE
Daddy Learned To Fly
Gravity's Gone
The Man I Shot
Where The Devil Don't Stay
Go-Go Boots
Goode's Field Road
A Ghost To Most
I Hear You Humming
Buckets of Mercy
Cartoon Gold
My Sweet Annette
Your Daddy Hates Me
Get Downtown
Drag The Lake Charlie
Self-Destructive Zones
Used To Be A Cop
3 Dimes Down
encore break
Zip City
People Who Died (Jim Carroll Band cover)
This entry was posted in Concert Review and tagged 10-26-2011, Brad EZB Morgan, cover, Drive-By Truckers, Garland Jeffrey, Jessi Darlin, Jim Carroll Band, Kelly Darlin, Linwood Regensburg, Mike Cooley, Nebraska, Nightjogger, Nikki Darlin, October 26, Omaha, Patterson Hood, People Who Died, Shonna Tucker, The Slowdown, Those Darlins, Wild In The Streets. Bookmark the permalink.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Education of expressing human spirit in an emotions is a very rare subject and is rarely being spoken by photographers. The main reason for creating this workshop is to acknowledge the wonderful journey for learning how to express a subjects true emotion, emotions that truly relate to the subject; its not only taking pictures with emotions or moments, but also embedding a spiritual element in the photograph. This this the most modern education in photography even though it has been known for a very long time, just the fact that it might be hard to educate it. Now is the time for you to take the initiative to be part of the 2nd Dennis Yap Photography Workshop. Come join the fun and make friends, you will truly meet a group of wonderful people that might follow your journey in photography. 8th of August 2010 will mark a new beginning of your photography journey, you will feel that you have found a new vision in photography, and of course, you will be part of the roadmap in introducing a different trend in photography today.
I will also be sharing some of my journey for becoming a full time photographer, and also welcome to people who believe in my work and would like to build a vision together.


The heart of a grain of wheat is the most nutritious, vital, fragrant and golden part.
Wheat germ is one of the most complete natural food supplements. By adding living wheat germ to our diet, we are sure we're adding rich and balanced nutritional factors. The high level of vitamins it contains makes it one of the most effective natural antioxidants, whilst its polyunsaturated fatty acid content helps us to strengthen and protect the cardiovascular system and the cellular integrity of our body.
The most precious parts of the grain, in your flour.
It gives the mixture more fragrance, flavour, taste and lightness, as well as the unmistakable golden colour, because it improves the Maillard's reaction.
It provides calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, amino acids and vitamins, for maximum well-being.
It also promotes the full rising of the dough thanks to the presence of simple bio-available sugars within vital wheat germ.
It ensures consistent results and quality, and facilitates the processing of doughs, helping you to maintain the high reputation of your company and make you stand out from the competition.
We have patented our own process for preserving the vitality and active ingredients of the wheatgerm, by cold extraction and stone milling.
In this way, unlike competing products, the germ is not roasted by the extraction process and preserves all of its vitality and active ingredients. The vital wheat germ of Molino Vigevano 1936 is a precious golden powder that, together with careful selection of the best Italian and foreign grains, makes the flours easier to process, lightly leavened, highly digestible and naturally golden.
The only line of professional flour with vital wheat germ.
The Gold Flour Line by Macina di Molino Vigevano 1936 is the only one with wheat germ. Find out about all the products dedicated to pizzeria, bakery and pastry professionals.


Graebener® calibration and straightening solutions are aimed at pipe manufacturers. New multi-purpose technology offers highest flexibility with highest efficiency.
We know the requirements of your market. Therefore, we know: The more special the task, the more special the Graebener® solution. Discover the difference.


The plot of land was to slope up to a semicircular ridge - 150cm high - from where it would conically slope down to the water level of the pond. In the center of the circles with different diameters the stainless steel and bronze water curtain element would rise up from the water. Too bad that the town decided to have the piece of land to be a construction site. So I was asked to make another proposal for the schools themselves.


In Australia, the general corporate tax rate is 30%. To assist smaller businesses in becoming more competitive with larger corporations, the Australian Government introduced various law changes (with only some passing into law) over the last few years to allow small and medium Australian companies to access a lower corporate tax rate. These changes have led to a multitude of new concepts, different tax rates & turnover thresholds and additional eligibility requirements that need to be analysed and understood by corporate taxpayers and their advisors.
More recently, the new definition of a "base rate entity" (BRE) has now become law with effect from 1 July 2017. This new BRE definition effectively replaces the previous definition of a small business entity (SBE) for the purposes of accessing the lower corporate tax rate from the 2017/18 income year.
As the changes have caused significant confusion and uncertainty, we have attempted to provide a clear and concise summary of the latest position on accessing the lower corporate tax rate and potential flow on tax implications to consider.
The following table provides a snapshot of the eligibility criteria for the relevant income years impacted by the changes. All references to monetary amounts are denominated in Australian dollars. The standard income year in Australia ends on 30 June.
its aggregated turnover is under the threshold for the relevant income year.
Traditionally, a company is carrying on a business if it carries on activities/operations in a business-like manner and derives 'active' business income as opposed to 'passive' investment income. However, in October 2017, the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) issued draft Taxation Ruling TR 2017/D7 which sets out the Commissioner's views on when a company is "carrying on a business" for the purposes of accessing the lower corporate tax rate.
According to some of the examples included in TR 2017/D7, a company simply deriving dividend income or rental income could be considered carrying on a business. In the draft ruling, the ATO states that some key indicators of when a company is considered to be carrying on a business are that it carries on "repeated and regular" activities that are for "profit making purposes" and are organised in a "systematic and business" like manner.
We note that the ATO's views in TR 2017/D7 on companies deriving mainly passive income appear to be inconsistent with historical approaches taken by the ATO albeit for different tax purposes (for example, for the purposes of accessing tax concessions for small businesses). However, at the time of writing this ruling is still in draft and so there is still a possibility that it may change in its final form.
In July 2018, the ATO issued a draft Practice Compliance Guideline: PCG 2018/D5 which sets out a practical administrative approach to assist taxpayers in complying with the small business company tax rate changes. In particular, the ATO will not conduct specific reviews of the corporate tax rate adopted for 2015/16 and 2016/17 unless the ATO becomes aware that the taxpayer's assessment of whether they were carrying on a business in those income years was plainly unreasonable (or steps were taken to enter into any sort of tax avoidance arrangement to access the lower corporate tax rate). As PCG 2018/D5 is still in draft form at the time of writing it may be subject to change.
Further, with the new BRE definition applying from 1 July 2017 we note that this carrying on a business test is only relevant for the 2015/16 and 2016/17 income years.
The new BRE definition replaces the abovementioned "carrying on a business" test with a "BRE passive income test" from 1 July 2017 (i.e. the 2017/18 income year onwards). Broadly, if less than 80% of a company's assessable income is BRE passive income then this test is satisfied.
There are also exceptions from BRE passive income for certain dividends from private companies and distributions from private trusts. Further analysis is required to determine whether these types of income are BRE passive income or not.
To calculate the aggregated turnover for a particular income year you need to also include the annual turnovers of connected entities and affiliates. We note that the definitions of connected entities and affiliates have not changed for many years and therefore we have not considered this aspect in this paper. However, in light of the ATO's view in TR 2017/D7 mentioned above, consideration now also needs to be given to whether the turnovers of entities previously considered 'passive investment vehicles' deriving mainly passive income should be included in the calculation of aggregated turnover.
For illustration purposes, a simple example of how the BRE passive income test is worked out is included below.
Total assessable income is $24m.
BRE passive income $19m (i.e. 79.2% passive income).
Although the company's BRE passive income is below 80%, its aggregated turnover is above the $25m threshold applicable for the 2017/18 income year. Therefore, the company in this example would not be eligible for the lower corporate tax rate for 2017/18 and its applicable corporate tax rate would be 30%.
Australia has a dividend imputation system in which some or all of the tax paid by a company may be attributed (or imputed) to shareholders by way of a tax credit (or franking credit) to reduce the income tax payable on a distribution. For the purposes of working out the corporate tax rate for dividend imputation purposes, the company must assume that its aggregated turnover, assessable income, and BRE passive income will be the same as the previous income year and compare this to the current year's aggregated turnover threshold.
Because of the way that the franking percentage is worked out based on previous year figures and the changes to the corporate tax rate for some companies, a franking issue potentially arises whereby it can only frank dividends at the lower corporate tax rate (i.e. 27.5%) on profits from previous years which have been taxed at the higher 30%. The result of this is that the 2.5% (30% – 27.5%) tax differential for historical franking credits taxed at 30% are effectively "trapped" in the company.
As the company's BRE passive income is below 80% and aggregated turnover is below the 2018/19 threshold (i.e. $50m), it would be eligible for the lower corporate tax rate of 27.5% in 2018/19. However, because of the company's prior (2017/18) income year results, it would only be able to frank dividends it pays in the 2018/19 year at 27.5% despite the fact that it would have paid corporate tax at 30% in 2017/18.
For completeness, we note that the turnover thresholds for the existing small business entity income tax and capital gains tax (CGT) concessions remain unchanged for now.
As you can see from the above, the new rules are complex and require a more detailed analysis each year to determine whether a small to medium company is eligible for the lower corporate tax rate. Please contact your Hill Rogers advisor for more information.


Married at First Sight casting is now looking for courageous singles from Charlotte, NC, to participate in the extreme social experiment.
Married at First Sight will be filming a new season in Charlotte, and casting for the popular Lifetime reality series is currently underway.
According to the application, potential cast members must be available during the following dates for interviews in 2019: February 6-11 and March 21-31.
An image was also posted on the Facebook casting page earlier this month that reads, "Single and brave? Appear between 26 to 40? Live in the Charlotte area? Exhausted all dating options? Ready to find the love of your life? We want to hear from you!"
The show has seemingly raised its cap on age limitations, as the previous casting call in Philadelphia, PA, asked for singles who appear to be no older than 35.
Married at First Sight typically changes its filming location each season, with previous editions having taped in cities such as Atlanta, Miami, Chicago, and Boston. The show's seventh edition, which recently wrapped, was filmed in Dallas, TX.
Married at First Sight features several experts matching up six strangers based on their compatibility, physical type, goals, hobbies, religion, views of marriage, and more. Three couples then tie the knot after meeting each other for the first time.
Married at First Sight's seventh season ended with all three couples -- Tristan Thompson and Mia Bally, Dave Flaherty and Amber Martorana, and Bobby Dodd and Danielle Bergman -- choosing to stay married on "Decision Day."
However, Mia filed for divorce from Tristan in early September once cameras stopped rolling, and Dave announced on the reunion special that aired earlier this week he intends to file for divorce from Amber and there is no hope of them reconciling.
For the Dallas season, the experts who matched the couples were Dr. Jessica Griffin, a Boston-based psychologist and professor who previously appeared on FYI's Seven Year Switch reality series; sociologist Dr. Pepper Schwartz; and marriage counselor Pastor Calvin Roberson.
The only couples still together to this day from the Married at First Sight franchise are Jamie Otis and husband Doug Hehner, Cortney Hendrix and husband Jason Carrion, Ashley Petta and husband Anthony D'Amico, Shawniece Jackson and husband Jephte Pierre, and now Danielle and Bobby.
Married at First Sight's eighth season, which is set to premiere in January 2019, is expected to take place in Philadelphia, PA. The network teased last week that next season will be the franchise's "biggest" one yet.
Back in April, the series announced casting for the next edition was underway, and the application disclosed interviews would be taking place in July 2018.
One month later, Dr. Jessica shared photos of herself with Dr. Pepper, posing in front of Philadelphia's "LOVE" sculpture landmark on Instagram.


150 selected international young leaders are invited to participate in the World Village Conference in Purwakarta, Indonesia. WVC 2016 is an event to celebrate village ecosystem, packed with inspiring speakers, skill-building programme and a variety of exciting opportunities.
The participants will get involved in workshops and discussion with international prominent speakers, home-stay and knowledge sharing with the locals in Purwakarta, and networking dinner with industry and business stakeholders.
Researchers or academicians who have knowledge and can add value on developing village economy while preserving its culture.
Business owners or professionals who are interested in investing in Purwakarta village industry.
Applicants must also be members of (or affiliated with) non-government and non-for-profit youth-ed organisations, networks, initiatives or movements (led by youth for the benefit of youth) and have the ability to consult with and reach a wider group of young people, audience or network.
A fluent understanding of English is required, and all applicants must hold an international passport valid until at least November 30, 2016.
Fill in the application form online, which requires your details, a CV and an essay.
The essay topic should be on "Village Industries", along with the reasons to participate in the programme, implementation methodology of their ideas, and commitment to build Village Industries in their country.
For more information, visit the official page of the World Village Conference.


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US Visa Solutions / US Visa / Family-Based Visas / New DHS Rule Redefining Public Charge Inadmissibility Grounds
August 15, 2019 Janice FlynnFamily-Based Visas, Immigrant Visas, public charge, USCIS
New US Department of Homeland Security Public Charge Rule Published August 14, 2019
If this existed 100 years ago, my Irish grandparents wouldn't have gotten into the US
When I was reviewing the new DHS public charge rule today, it brought to mind my grand parents who, just over 100 years ago, immigrated to the US from Ireland. Based on the ship manifests I found on the Ellis Island web site, my grand father entered the US in 1912 with $20 (approximately $500 in today's money) and my grand mother entered the US in 1922 with $30 (approximately $400 in today's money). In addition, my grandfather could read a bit but from what my Dad has told me about him, my grandfather needed help spelling out words in the newspaper and he also had epilepsy which seemed to get him fired from jobs. When he died his job indicated on his death certificate was a "Helper" with the gas company. Maybe according to our president, he didn't amount to much? My grandmother was a maid at the University of Chicago and after she married, she didn't work because she was busy caring for her 10 children. Under even the current public charge standards, my grandparents would not have been issued visas to come to the US even though their siblings sponsored them. (These days being sponsored by a sibling means more than a 13 or 20 year wait for a visa so they would probably not have even gotten to the point of looking at public charge admissibility). According to today's standards, an immigrant should have assets of at least 5 times the 125% of the poverty guidelines for the immigrant household size. For example, for a household size of 2, the minimum income is $21,137 and 5 times this amount is $105,685. These 2 people who didn't seem like they had a lot going for them, according to the Trump administration standards, such as education, health or wealth, but they had 10 children who become good members of US society, including a priest, fire chief and police man as well as lots and lots of grand children including me who became an immigration lawyer.
The new Department of Homeland Security (DHS) rule published yesterday changes the standard by which it determines whether an applicant for adjustment of status (otherwise known as "green card" applicants) and those applying for admission to the US are "likely at anytime to become a public charge" and redefining a public charge as a noncitizen who receives a specified public benefit for more than 12 months in the aggregate within any 36-month period.
The final rule at 8 CFR 212.21(b) defines a public benefit as:
Any federal, state, local, or tribal cash assistance for income maintenance, including:
Social Security Income (SSI), 42 U.S.C. 1381 et seq.;
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), 42 U.S.C. 601 et seq.;
Federal, state, or local cash benefits programs for income maintenance (often called "General Assistance" in the State context, but which also exist under other names);
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), 7 U.S.C. 2011 to 2036c;
Section 8 Housing Assistance under the Housing Choice Voucher Program as administered by HUD under 42 U.S.C. 1437f;
Section 8 Project-Based Rental Assistance (including Moderate Rehabilitation) under Section 8 of the U.S. Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. 1437f);
Medicaid, with certain exceptions, such as benefits received by individuals under the age of 21 and pregnant women (or for a period of 60 days after the last day of pregnancy); and
Public housing under section 9 of the U.S. Housing Act of 1937
The new public charge rule will not apply to US citizen relatives of noncitizens unless the noncitizen benefit unless they were listed as a beneficiary of the public benefit and the rules allow for some exemptions such as benefits to members of the US Armed Forces and their families.
Who does this new rule effect?
Generally, any non-immigrant or immigrant can be found inadmissible under section 212(a)(4) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) but most often it comes up in family-based immigrant visa or adjustment of status applications. Employment-based visa applicants do not have to demonstrate that they will not be a public charge. The new rule will change the standard that is used by a DHS officer will use to make a determination as to whether someone may be admitted as a Lawful Permanent Resident using the "totality of the circumstances" as opposed to meeting the basic Affidavit of Support requirements which require that an immigrant's sponsor provide evidence that they have enough income or assets to support the immigrant.
Other Agency Changes
This new rule applies to DHS adjudications but the US Department of State (DOS), which exercises US immigration law determinations outside the US at US embassies and consulates will revise their policies to be in line with the new DHS rule. In fact, the DOS in 2018 revised its public charge guidance to consular officers which has resulted in a striking rise in visa denials on public charge grounds. As immigration lawyers, we must understand these new rules and policies to ensure that our clients can demonstrate that they are not likely to become a public charge.
Totality of Circumstances
DHS officers can now asses whether someone will be inadmissible under the new totality of circumstances standard looking not just at the affidavit of support but also at the person's age, health, family status and education. In effect it will make a the current objective test become more subjective giving the USCIS adjudicator to apply a complex test weighing these factors.
There are "heavily weighted" positive and negative factors a DHS adjudicator can consider:
Heavily Weighted Negative Factors:
Lack of employability
Current Receipt of Public Benefits within 36 months before filing
Financial means to pay for medical costs
Those previously found inadmissible or deportable based on public charge
Heavily Weighted Positive Factors:
English ability
Receipt of grants, contracts and licensures
Caregivers and
Ability to work in the future
More Forms = More Review Time
In addition to the Form I-864 Affidavit of Support those applying for adjustment status will also need to include the Form I-944, Declaration of Self-Sufficiency with their Form I-485, Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status. So, this administration is doing what it's great at: adding more forms, changing DHS policy making a huge bureaucracy change its gears resulting in slower processing of all green card applications. The real effect of this is to not protect US society from those who might take some kind of unearned benefit but to further slow down the processing which results in separation of families.
If you have further questions, you can contact us on our contact page.


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At what date is the accrual determined in divorce matters?
1. There were conflicting decisions as to when the accrual in either party's estate should be determined. Without referring to the specific cases, there was one case in KwaZulu-Natal which indicated that the time for determining the accrual was at litis contestatio (closing of pleadings) and also a case in the South Gauteng High Court, which expressed similar sentiments.
2. However, in another matter also in the South Gauteng High Court and the Northern Cape High Court, it was determined that the date of determining the accrual was on date of divorce, in other words, when the marriage was dissolved (date of the divorce order).
3. This issue has now been finally settled by a judgment of the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa, delivered on 24 March 2016, and which is marked reportable, namely Andrew Charles Brookstein v Jeanette Brookstein – Case No. 20808/2014, which determined that the date of determining the accrual in terms of the Matrimonial Property Act, is the date on which the marriage is dissolved, which, as you know, is binding on all the divisions of the High Court of South Africa.
When is payment of my commission due and payable to me by my employer?
Do both spouses have to sign a contract for the sale of land where they entered into a customary marriage?


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A Soldier's Heart
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Coronation Street star Mikey North: Gary Windass 'got too nice'
Alison Slade Fri, July 12 11:31am
He reckons the former builder was 'a little bit wishy-washy'
Coronation Street actor Mikey North says he believes his character, Gary Windass, went through a stage of being "too nice."
The actor made the comment whilst speaking about Gary's current storyline, which has seen the former builder become responsible for the deaths of not one but two residents. In May, it was revealed that Gary had sabotaged the Underworld roof, inadvertently leading to the early demise of Rana Habeeb. Meanwhile, last month, Gary murdered loan shark Rick Neelan in self defence.
Gary ended up killing Rick
The 32 year old says the plot is a nod to Gary's arrival on the cobbles in 2008, when his character was an unlikeable scally and adversary of David Platt.
"This is much more about why I took the job in the first place, all those years ago," says Mikey. "It's hankering back to what Gary was like in the early days. I saw some old clips of Gary and David recently, and it feels like another lifetime ago.
"I think he got too nice. I feel for the first time in years that I've got a real clear, defined idea of what I'm supposed to be doing, character wise. I feel really in control of what I'm supposed to be doing, which I think in the middle years of being here maybe got lost a bit.
"I think there wasn't a clear direction. I wasn't sure whether I was supposed to be playing this kind of bad boy-turned-good or whether he was just a nice guy. He probably got a little bit wishy-washy."
MORE: Maria and Ali finally kiss!
The actor reveals that it's not just him who is enjoying Gary's new dark direction – Coronation Street fans seem to like it, too. "I don't go on social media because I can't cope with it," he tells us, '"but the stuff on the street has been great, actually. I thought I'd get a lot of grief again like I used to get in the old days, but the reaction to the stuff with Rick has been really positive.
"Gary's kind of losing his head a bit; he has gone a little bit crazy. He's not quite sure what he's doing, and that's making him more reckless. I think people are relating to that side of him a little bit, and they're liking that part of it."
Main picture: WireImage
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With many projects this is perhaps the most painstaking part of the process. The producer and/or myself listens through the session material and marks up the score with take numbers and edit points. Frequently some tweaking is necessary during the actual editing process to ensure the joins are 'seamless' – subtle variations in nuance between takes can result in the predicted edit point just not working. At this stage if I spot any sore thumbs previously missed I'll deal with them.
A capella choral music presents a further challenge in that even the finest choirs very rarely maintain sufficiently precise pitch within and between takes to avoid the need for pitch correction. Every take segment has to be carefully checked against a pitch reference and adjusted prior to editing. Typically this doubles the length of the editing process.
On the subject of pitch, a common issue is where one part is mistuned relative to the choir as a whole, so it cannot generally be dealt with using an overall pitch adjustment. In most instances the problem lies with just a few voices within the part singing under the note, and thankfully it's possible to use what I call 'audio microsurgery' to filter out the unwanted frequencies.
Usually there will be at least two rounds of editing. One's perception of performance tends to be influenced by its context, and once all the more significant issues have been eliminated it becomes easier to spot any remaining minor blemishes. I have occasionally known the first round to get full approval, but it's not entirely unknown for there to be 5 or more proof stages – this is more likely when several pairs of ears need to be satisfied!
Another issue which can rear its head during editing is spurious noise. Quite subtle variations in ambient noise level can become highlighted at edit points, and it's not unusual to resort to some judicious filtering to achieve a seamless join. The ear will generally accept constant noise at a modest level, but is quick to spot changes in that level. For that reason I almost always arrange for the basic ambient noise of the venue to be present throughout the disc.


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By Julia G
How To Defer Your University Offer In the US main image
If you were planning on starting university in 2020, you may be facing feelings of uncertainty in the wake of the coronavirus outbreak. Future students are concerned about their university courses starting as promised, and whether the shift to online learning will continue into the next academic year.
In this situation, it's understandable if you feel that deferring your university place for another year and taking a 'gap year' before starting higher education is the right step for you. But how does deferring your university offer work in practice?
Deferring your university offer in the US
Taking a year out before starting college is less popular in the US than in the UK, but the 'gap year' is growing in popularity across the Atlantic. The process differs somewhat, in that you will have to apply for college without selecting a deferred entry option, get accepted, and confirm you will attend. Then, you must send a letter to the college's dean of admissions to request deferred entry (preferably between mid-April and June), explaining your plans for your gap year. The admissions committee will then decide whether or not to grant your request.
You can also check with your college if there's potential to gain college credit for your gap year activities – for example, if you enrol in any language classes abroad. This is rare, but it's always worth considering.
If you've applied for financial aid or scholarships, it's worth checking if these will still be valid when you've deferred entry for an academic year. You can find out more advice on scholarships and financial aid here.
Find out more university admissions advice here
Julia G
Julia is the Assistant Editor for TopUniversities, publishing articles for students and graduates across the world. A native Londoner, she holds an MSc in Marketing Strategy & Innovation from Cass Business School and a BA in Classical Studies & English from Newcastle University.
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We scanned 90 original images and created a Wallapeel™ montage that allows us to remove the graphic and replace with a new one as they add more photographs on a yearly basis. Radiant Print Glass and Wallapeel™ illustration created for the this London based management consultancy's offices.
Design by The Berkeley Partnership and Ltd.
Just wanted to say thank you so much for the wal, it looks brillaint and the guys who fitted it were great, honestly could not recommend you guys highly enough.
The service from initial design to install has been seamless and the process made very easy for us.
– Matt Robinson, Operations Manager, The Berkeley Partnership LLP.


In 2014, Gustavo Dudamel celebrated Shakespeare's 450th birthday with the Berliner Philharmoniker at Berlin's Waldbühne.
El Sistema prodigy Gustavo Dudamel has become an international sensation. Current music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic, he is a leading personality on the classical music scene, and in 2014 the Berliner Philharmoniker invited him to conduct its annual summer concert, held annually in the beloved Waldbühne, an impressive outdoor amphitheatre. Together they performed works by Tchaikovsky and Brahms.
Dudamel conducted two Tchaikovsky works inspired by William Shakespeare: the symphonic fantasy The Tempest, and the Romeo and Juliet Overture. Tchaikovsky's two musical explorations of Shakespearean love were followed by Brahms' first symphony, a work the composer himself described: "Quite surprisingly, I would like to let you know that my symphony is long and not exactly lovable." Indeed, like many other symphonies by Brahms, his First was composed for his friends rather than for a larger audience who he thought would have difficulty understanding the work. Despite his fears, it has become one of Brahms most loved and performed orchestral works.


Professor Merlin Thomas is a physician and a scientist. His work links the complex disciplines of biochemistry and biology to the real needs of real people. Dr Thomas has published over 300 articles in many of the worlds leading medical journals. He is also best-selling author of 'The Longevity List" and "Fast Living, Slow Ageing".


text:
Netflix's 'Ares' Is a Short Horror Series Worth Sticking with Until the End
TV - Editorial
#Halloween
I am a sucker for the Netflix recommendation engine, and so when the show Ares was plastered all over my home page for a week in January, I finally gave up and gave it a shot.
The series is a Netflix original, and while I thought it meant that this was just one of those overseas shows Netflix grabs the license for once it already has aired abroad, that isn't the case here. This is an original Dutch series made by Netflix specifically, and I genuinely can't remember if I've ever watched a Dutch-language show before. But get over your fear of subtitles and dive into it, as, if you're a horror fan, I think it's a worthwhile watch.
Ares is short, extremely short. It's only eight episodes long, each only 25-30 minutes, making this just short of a four-hour experience in total, Mandalorian-style. It's essentially a very long horror movie, and while I suppose it could return for another season, the first season does end somewhat … conclusively, shall we say.
The story follows Rosa, a biracial medical student who gets inducted into Ares, a secret society in Holland that is mostly full of rich, white, generational members, so her inclusion ruffles a few feathers, to say the least.
The entire series takes place almost entirely within the Ares complex itself, and it turns the traditional "secret society" story on its head in many ways, as you quickly learn that the order exists as a way to secure prosperity for Holland by keeping … something in check, something scary and dark that lives chained in the basement.
The horror is not what happens to poor young Rosa per se, but rather it's the society itself that comes under siege from a rash of brutal suicides of many of its most promising members. Rosa quickly finds herself rising in the ranks and unlocking the secrets of Ares as the series hurtles toward a blockbuster finale that I would absolutely make sure you make it to.
If I had to compare Ares to similar horror projects, the most obvious one would probably be the recent Suspiria remake with Dakota Johnson, as the secret-society vibes are incredibly similar. Tone-wise, and in terms of visuals, I actually got a lot of Hannibal vibes — the NBC show, not the movie. I don't think Ares is as good as either Suspiria or Hannibal, mind you, but I definitely think it's worth the eight short episodes.
This is one of those series where it's worth staying for the ending alone. It can be rather slow moving, minus its fits of brutal ultra-violence, many of which will stay with you, even if you're a horror veteran, but by the end I really appreciated the final reveals of the various secrets of Ares, its past and its monster, though I won't say more than that.
If it were some sprawling, 16-episode, hour-long series, I might not give it a recommendation. But I think Ares is interesting enough not to overstay its welcome, and it benefits from being this short, an easy series to get through in an afternoon or two as I did. I wouldn't mind this being the end of the series after just one season (you'll see why), but I would certainly be curious to see what on earth they would have planned for season two to try and top this.
In a sea of Netflix-original overload, Ares is worth a few hours.
This article was written by Paul Tassi from Forbes and was legally licensed through the NewsCred publisher network. Please direct all licensing questions to legal@newscred.com.
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The Titleist Iron range has always had an incredible selection which suits all abilities in golf. The bladed MB and MC ranges are more suited to lower handicapped players where the AP1 range is more suited to the Average/ Beginner players. The AP2 are one of the most popular iron in golf as it maintains the look and feel of a forged blade however, is still very easy to use and forgiving.


The Safety Engineering Certificate prepares the graduates for positions in several areas of safety engineering.
To earn the Safety Engineering Certificate, a student must complete a minimum of four courses that includes one or more required courses, and additional courses to be selected from a specified list of approved courses. An overall GPA of 3.0 must be achieved to be awarded the certificate.


Child Watch is one of the many benefits of being a member of the Maquoketa Area Family Y. This free service is for our family members who have children between the ages of six-weeks and seven- years of age. The Child Watch room at the Maquoketa Area Family Y location is not a state-licensed day care facility. However, we do follow the state's requirements for child care. This includes the child to adult ratios and room capacities. From time-to-time we do reach capacity of the room or child to adult ratios. When this happens we will limit the number of children in Child Watch.
The Child Watch service is provided for you while you are at our facility working out. It is not permissible to leave your child in the Child Watch Center and then leave the premises.


text:
Arqiva winners revealed, RadioCentre's Roll of Honour plus RadioWorks brokers Kiss Breakfast sponsorship deal – Behind the Mic, week July 1st
Jul 2013 Behind the Mic
Jazz FM reviews commitment to Digital One
Digital station Jazz FM has delayed the renewal of their contract to broadcast on the national DAB multiplex Digital One. The station will decide before the end of the year if it will develop its international online listenership or grow their UK digital audience. Click the Radio Today link to read the full story.
Winners revealed at the Arqiva Commercial Radio Awards
Commercial radio celebrated its 40th year and included a star-studded ceremony for the annual Arqiva Commercial Radio Awards. LBC 97.3 took home Station of the Year and LBC drivetime host Iain Dale won Presenter of the Year. A full list of winners can be viewed by clicking the Radio Today link below.
Simon Pearce, Client Insight Director at RadioWorks says: "I strongly recommend that you take 10 minutes of your time to watch this video on the life of commercial radio: View it here"
RadioCentre's forty strong Roll of Honour list revealed
The RadioCentre has revealed their list of 40 industry professionals who have made a significant impact toward radio's growth, success and history. The full list of people honoured – including RadioWorks' own Chairman Stan Park – can be read by clicking the Radio Today link below.
Key 103 to offer crisis training
Key 103 are to offer media, PR and crisis training after teaming up with The University of Salford. The development programmes will take place at the station's Manchester-based studios, with much of the course delivery being handled by Chief Training Consultant and Breakfast News Editor, Paul Lockitt.
Kiss Breakfast sign Freederm in headline sponsorship deal
Skin care experts Freederm have partnered with the Kiss Breakfast show for a 13-week run of sponsorship activity. The campaign, which began on July 1st, was booked by Bray Leino and brokered by RadioWorks.
Georgia McGuffie, Client Services Director at RadioWorks said: "We are thrilled to have Freederm back on the radio and to be sponsoring such a high profile show. We look forward to some great results for Freederm and achieving massive brand stand out in such a competitive market."
Real our RadioWorks press release here.
Show shake-up for Real Radio XS
A late night show for student Sophie Yates is one of a number of changes to the Real Radio XS programming lineup. 20 year-old Sophie joins the station after hosting her own Rock Show on student radio.
Bauer stations to promote new Pot Noodle
A new Piri-Piri Chicken flavour from Unilver's Pot Noodle range is set to be promoted across Bauer's Passion and Place portfolio of stations. The six-figure, four week deal, is part of a print, online and on-air combination of promotional activity.
Real Radio listener wins £50,000
Real Radio's Fifty Grand Friday competition has awarded one listener in the North West the station's biggest ever cash giveaway, £50,000. The contest, which ran throughout June, concluded with five finalists competing against each other on Darren Parks' mid-morning show.


Primrose valley holiday caravans, offer only the best and exclusive caravans, which will make your holiday special.
Primrose Valley holiday park is located on the Yorkshire coast, high above the beach, with superb sea views over looking Filey Brigg and Bempton Cliffs where you will find the RSPB bird sanctuary with huge colonies of breeding sea birds on the 400 foot high cliffs.
Our caravans are sited on the "Prestigious Haven Holiday Park". Primrose Valley is renown for being the biggest park in Yorkshire and boasts lots of activities for all the family.
We are located near Filey and within a short drive or a ride on the bus, you can visit Bridlington, Scarborough and Whitby.
Our caravans are cleaned to the very highest standards and checked after every rental. You can book with us with full confidence that your accommodation will provide you with a great holiday.
Primrose valley holiday park is a great location and central to Filey, Bridlington, Scarborough, Whitby, Robin Hood's bay and the North Yorkshire moors.
Luxury 3 bed Willerby Winchester caravan with stunning sea views. 12ft x 37ft. With a veranda. Top of the range caravan.
Luxury 3 bedroom caravan located near a beautiful play area. Veranda and close to amenities.


text:
Schuster & Schuster
Who's Muse?
The Treehouse Bunch
Stage Animals
The Department of Special Objects
You Can't Ask That- Kids
A factual format originally released on ABC Australia.
First and unique Version of the successful format featuring kids and teenagers.
As in the original version, each episode asks direct, sincere and sometimes controversial questions from the kids at home to a minority or distinct group of Israeli kids, including victims of bullying, deaf kids, kids with ADHD and more.
The show aims to create empathy, break down stereotypes and encourage tolerance and expectance amongst the viewers.
She Is Out Of My League
The 'A' Word
Hasamba
Omri Gordon -Plan B
The Ran Quadruplet
Sleeping bears
A comic series telling the tale of a failing supermarket in a backwards town and following the daily events that take place within the supermarket.
The series goes into the details of everything we don't know about the behind the scenes occurrences in the supermarket – the relationships between the employees forced to work in a place they feel no loyalty for, the customers with their baseless and petty demands, the management's abusive attitude towards the employees, and the private lives of the workers at the bottom of the employment hierarchy.
Type: Original Formats
2019 Emmy Award Nomination - Best Comedy
ZERO Motivation
Three consecutive stories, The Substitute, The Virgin and The Commander, recount the events of an administration office at a remote army base in the Israeli desert. The stories compose a military epic of power-struggles, intrigues and a friendship on trial.
But unlike the traditional war genre films, Zero Motivation brings to center-stage the military's female clerical staff. The film depicts the three soldiers' real – and surreal, comical – and gloomy journey inside the maze of military bureaucracy. For a staple-gun in the first act is sure to go off in the third.
Lenght: 100 min
Director: Talya Lavie
Partners: HAUT ET COURT, France
Tribeca Film Festival-
Best narrative feature,
Best female director.
Odessa International FF
A fast-paced quiz show in which four contestants who do not know each other join forces in a dramatic and question-filled brain battle against a professional quizzer, known as the "chaser", who attempts to prevent them from winning a cash prize. The contestants must battle the "chaser" in fast and tense trivia battles to succeed in defeating him together as a group and win the money.
Type: Game Show
Israeli Academy award Winner for best game show (2017)
In this fun and hilarious format, two teams of four players – each with their backs literally against a wall – battle it out in a variety of physical games, combining trivia, strategy, and chance. The teams' identical walls comprise of more than 100 giant blocks. Across several nail-biting games, wrong answers and bad judgments see blocks push out in a variety of combinations and speeds, forcing contestants into crazy positions to try and avoid being knocked into the pit below.
Created by Nippon TV and July August productions
More than 100 episodes on Channel 7 Thailand sold to Indonesia, Vietnam, Spain and Netherlands
A unique social experiment that brings together elderly people in a retirement community with a group of 4-year-olds. The show follows 10 retirement home residents and 10 pre-school aged children, who spend time with each other playing games and participating in different planned and mixed activities.
Could this encounter between young and old help transform the lives of the elderly?
Type: Entertainment
Israeli Academy Award Winner - Best Docu Reality 2019
The show is an original format of July-August productions, the most successful Israeli format which have won the Israeli Academy awards for 3 years in a row (2015-2017) and has commissioned 6,000 episodes globally (US, Spain, Italy, Germany, France, Belgium, China, Brazil and Greece).
Israeli Academy award Winnerfor best game show (2012)
Imagine your whole life – Reduced to one Frame!8 pairs (couple, best friends, roommates or family members) compete in an exciting, cross platform reality show where they have to stay within the boundaries of a fixed camera shot inside their homes for 30 days and be the last pair to stay in The Frame. Viewers will be able to follow the pairs 24/7 on the show's website rank them by popularity using groundbreaking audience participation technology. The contestants will have to keep their frame interesting at all times or risk being eliminated. Each week, the two pairs with the least Popularity Points will have to fight for their spot in The Frame during a live prime-time broadcast. At the season finale, the two remaining couples will complete for the grand cash prize. The US (The CW Network) bought the rights to the format and 28 additional countries have bought options.
Type: Reality
My Kitchen Rules is a competitive cooking competition show broadcast on Keshet 12.
The show have teams of two contestants with pre-existing relationships, from all over the country, competing against each other to "transform an ordinary home into an instant restaurant complete with theme and table decorations for one pressure-cooker night."
In many of the greatest action films of all-time, the most exciting moment is when the hero has to diffuse a ticking bomb by cutting the right wire. Well in this gameshow you are about to see we create that moment with every…single…question! BOOM! fuses the drama, intensity and thrill of an action movie with the high octane fun of a video game to create an explosive trivia challenge. A unique visual concept coupled with a rollercoaster of laughter and adrenaline -BOOM!'s fresh approach rolls the intellectual AND physical challenges of existing game shows into one must-see event for viewers of all ages.BOOM! has commissioned 2,500 episodes globally.
Original format (co-development with Keshet International)
YOU CAN'T ASK THAT
A factual format released first on ABC Australia.
Israeli Academy award Winner for documentary series 2018


text:
Q: Catching text hidden behind a "read more" button with Selenium Using Selenium for Python, I'm trying to catch the entire description text from this page: realestate.com.kh: Agile Sky Residence
Before clicking on "read more":

After clicking on "read more":

options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument('headless')
browser = webdriver.Chrome('chromedriver',chrome_options=options)
browser.maximize_window()

browser.implicitly_wait(1)
# click on "Read more", which path is //*[@id="listing-desctiption"]/div[3]/a
browser.find_elements_by_xpath('//*[@id="listing-desctiption"]/div[3]/a')[0].click()
browser.implicitly_wait(1)
# catch the full content of the unwrapped text which path is //*[@id="undefined1"]
descr = browser.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="undefined1"]').text
print(descr)

Unfortunately, I get the following error:

selenium.common.exceptions.ElementClickInterceptedException: Message: element click intercepted: Element ... is not clickable at point (399, 591). Other element would receive the click: ...
        (Session info: headless chrome=76.0.3809.100)

Am I not proceeding correctly for this kind of situation?

A: There's problem with headless mode. Default size is 800x600 even maximize_window is used. You can set custom size, in your case 1280x800 is enough:
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument('--headless')
browser = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
wait = WebDriverWait(browser, 5)
browser.set_window_size(1280, 800)

browser.get("https://www.realestate.com.kh/agile-sky-residence/110921/")
wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".listing-more-wrapper a"))).click()
description = browser.find_element_by_class_name("description").text
print(description)

Another solution is to use JavaScript to get description text
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument('--headless')
browser = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
browser.maximize_window()

browser.get("https://www.realestate.com.kh/agile-sky-residence/110921/")
description = browser.execute_script("return arguments[0].textContent;",
                                     browser.find_element_by_class_name("description"))
print(description)

A: To extract the entire description text you need to:

*

*scrollIntoView() the element with text as Read More and click() on it.

*Then you can use the text property to read the desired text using the following Locator Strategies:

*Code Block:
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
chrome_options.add_argument('--headless')
chrome_options.add_argument("start-maximized")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=chrome_options, executable_path=r'C:\WebDrivers\chromedriver.exe')
driver.get("https://www.realestate.com.kh/agile-sky-residence/110921/")
driver.execute_script("return arguments[0].scrollIntoView(true);", WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.XPATH, "//a[contains(., 'Read More')]"))))
WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.XPATH, "//a[contains(., 'Read More')]/span[@class='icon-down']"))).click()
print(WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.XPATH, "//h2[text()='Agile Sky Residence']//following::div[1]"))).text)
driver.quit()

*Console Output:
Agile is a Top 10 Developer in China. Over the last 27 years, Agile has excelled across eight major industries including real estate, life services, conservation, education, construction, home management, capital investment, and commercial property management.

The business covers more than 100 cities around the world. Real estate development is the core industry. The nearly 200 projects have expanded to more than 70 cities across China and the world. Agile Sky Residence, a 44-storey high-rise apartment building, is located in the BKK3, one of the most prosperous areas of Phnom Penh. Located at No. 623 Monivong Blvd, it is surrounded by municipal administration, foreign affairs departments, embassies, international organizations, and many international residences.
Agile Sky Residence is rooted in its prime location. It is convenient and transportation here is easy. What's more, there are also high-quality schools and medical facilities that offer the best service to expats and Khmer residents in this neighbourhood. For example, it's just a 10-minute drive to ISPP, CIS International School, BKK High School, Royal University of Law and Economics, Soviet Friendship Hospital, or First Center Polyclinic.
Agile Sky Residence was designed by Patrick Leung, a famous interior designer from Hong Kong, who has won more than 200 international awards. It is tailored to be the ultimate residence for the new generation by using first-class brand materials and a full range of quality home appliances and furniture. It is a smart option for anyone. The unique plan and innovative facilities of Agile Sky Residence are the reason for its glory. With a beautiful 7-metre-high lobby, a massive parking area, and nine high-speed elevators, the residence delivers perfect hospitality. Agile Sky Residence has a master plan that lays out four-level sky gardens, which create a very functional space of leisure and recreation. A sky bar, sky club, cafe, a book lounge, and even a children's playground entertain the residents here. Head to the infinity pool if you want a break. Or, for fitness buffs, go to the fitness centre or yoga area. Health and wellbeing are central aspects of living here. Agile Sky Residence hosts nearly a thousand apartments and more than 420 parking spaces.
The apartments have a wide range of sizes from 39 to 111 square metres. Configurations range from studios to three-bedroom units. The most common type of unit is the 57-square metre one-bedroom unit. The floor plan of each unit has an excellent layout that offers a spacious and comfortable living room and a bedroom to fit the preferences of the people of Asia.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It is estimated that by the year 2020, 30.4 billion IoT devices will be connected to the Internet, drastically changing our lives and industries (estimation by IHS Technology).
More and more devices such as cars, TVs, refrigerators and washing machines are becoming connected through the Internet. Devices shared between multiple people can offer customized services for each user, while gathering unique information and usage history. This development is expected to lead to an expansion of personalized services that connect individuals to their devices.
In order to make use of such services, personal authentication is required. One method of achieving this is to use IDs and passwords, but as the number of connected devices increases, users must set and manage more IDs and passwords, raising the concern of decreased usability.
Biometric authentication using iris and fingerprint identification is a highly useful method that doesn't require ID and password identification, but to make its widespread use achievable, IoT devices must each be equipped with biometric authentication hardware. This requires implementation of highly secure biometric authentication, which would come at a high cost.
For these reasons, there is a demand for a new method of authentication to replace IDs/passwords and biometric authentication.
Fujitsu Laboratories has developed a technology that allows safe and easy use of cloud services through IoT devices, using biometric authentication and near-field communication functions on smartphones.
This works by using online authentication technology (FIDO technology), which identifies an individual with their smartphone without divulging personal authentication information on the Internet.
This technology will open new avenues of application in our daily lives and industries, making them more convenient.
1. Users can use smartphones to unlock and start company cars and shared cars that are used by multiple people. Furthermore, personal preferences such as air-conditioning and music inside cars can be set in advance using this technology.
2. Smartphones can be used to unlock not only homes, but also hotels and other accommodations.
3. Smartphones can be used to unlock home delivery boxes installed in condominiums and public facilities to pick up delivered packages.
4. When entering security rooms in office buildings, safety and security is ensured as every individual is authenticated before entering.
1. As the user holds their smartphone close to the IoT device, each device transmits information to the other, creating a secure connection channel.
2. The user then uses the smartphone's biometric authentication function to send the authentication results and verification of the user's presence to the cloud service.
3. The cloud service performs user authentication of the IoT device and provides service to the user.
By utilizing this technology, the need to input user IDs and passwords is eliminated - personal smartphones can perform biometric authentication, allowing users to use various cloud services through IoT devices.
This, of course, also means that service providers do not need to manage personal biometric authentication information for each device and service, making it easier to provide services.
Moving forward, Fujitsu Laboratories aims to continue testing the newly developed technologies in various scenarios, while further developing the Fujitsu IoT Solution Biometric Sensor Authentication Solution "Online Biometric Authentication Service" and eventually paving the way for its widespread use.