A sneeze is often the first sign of a cold or flu. But a sneeze, or more accurately our noses, could be the secret to stopping the influenza virus in its tracks through what scientists are calling a "nasal border patrol".
University of Melbourne researchers Dr Angela Pizzolla and Dr Linda Wakim at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity have discovered a special long-lived white blood cell in our noses that could open the way for a one-shot flu vaccine that can stop the virus from ever reaching our lungs.
While previous research into a universal vaccine has focused on the flu-fighting powers of white blood cells residing in lung tissue, the drawback has always been that these cells die too quickly to be useful in developing a vaccine. But the nose is the main port of entry for inhaled pathogens such as influenza virus, and, up until now, little was known about how the nasal border patrol worked.
"We took a step back and thought, 'What if we could stop the virus in the nose before it made it to the lung?'", says Dr Wakim, who specialises in microbiology and immunology.
The researchers started by looking at a particular white blood cell – the resident memory CD8 T cells or Trms. Studies have already shown that these Trms, located in the lungs, are excellent at protecting against different strains of flu and, for a while, it was thought they were the ideal cell type to be targeted by a new vaccine.
The flu vaccine most people get each year works by stimulating white blood cells to produce the antibodies to fight a specific infection. But resident memory T cells, as their name might suggest, take up residence in and around organs, rather than living a roving life in the bloodstream.
But there's a catch – Trm cells in the lungs do not live very long. This took the research back to square one.
"We had identified a cell type that could provide great protection against different strains of influenza virus, but because they decayed so rapidly we would still have to constantly vaccinate the population," says Dr Angela Pizzolla, a Research Fellow at University of Melbourne.
So, the team started thinking about how the flu virus actually gets into the body in the first place.
Generally, virus particles are inhaled into the upper airways and nose – this is where the infection starts. The virus then replicates and migrates down into the lungs, causing the severe respiratory symptoms associated with influenza infection.
The researchers then found a population of Trms living in nasal tissue that, unlike their counterparts in the lung, can live for a very long time. They tracked these cells in lung and nasal tissue and found that while a population of lung Trms cells would drop at rate of 100,000 cells down to just 1000 cells over a period of 100 days, the Trms cell population in the nasal tissue remained stable.
This means that the flu-fighting cells in the nasal tissue can potentially disable the inhaled influenza virus in the nose and upper airways, preventing the infection from reaching the lungs. It also means scientists could look at developing a vaccine that stimulates these Trms in the nose, halting specific strains of virus before it even enters the respiratory system.
"We basically stopped influenza at the gates," says Dr Wakim.
The influenza virus is notoriously difficult to treat and manage.
It's highly contagious – meaning it is very good at spreading from person to person. Which is usually why once one person in a family, workplace or school class becomes infected, a lot more people around them ultimately become sick.
But the virus is also a 'master of disguise'. It's very good at altering what it looks like on the surface, which can confuse our body's immune system and prevent it from recognising the virus and fighting off the infection.
"This is a big problem for influenza vaccine development. Our current flu vaccines work by training the body to recognise a component on the surface on an influenza virus particle," says Dr Wakim.
Because the virus can change its appearance, it can actually evade our vaccines and this is why we need to be vaccinated against influenza virus every year. Scientists are constantly playing catch-up trying to predict what the next season's circulating influenza virus will look like and then developing tailor-made vaccines to protect against the circulating strain.
Currently there's a lot of scientific effort focusing on the development a "one-shot" flu vaccine. This is a vaccine that could be administered just once and provide long-term protection against any flu viruses you may encounter in your entire life – including any pandemic strains.
It is why researchers are focusing on Trms because these cells have the potential to provide protection against a variety of different influenza strains at the first site of infection.
"Instead of recognising external parts of the virus, which are constantly changing, these cells are trained to recognise internal parts of the virus. These parts of the virus are equivalent to our internal organs," says Dr Wakim.
It means a vaccine that induces flu fighting Trm cells in the nose could outwit the flu virus.
March 20, 2019 - 14th Flu Related Death Confirmed in Dallas County NBC 5 Dallas-Fort WorthThe Dallas County Health and Human Services Department says a 14th person has died after contracting the flu the 2018-2019 season.
April 17, 2019 - Valley pediatrician: Flu season arrived later this year FOX 10 News PhoenixPHOENIX (FOX 10) - Flu season is usually wrapping up around this time of year, but you might have noticed that there's a lot of people still battling the virus.
April 12, 2019 - New York City Is Going to Fine People Who Don't Get the Measles Shot. Is It Ever OK Not to Be Vaccinated? Health.comIs it ever OK not to get vaccinated against measles? Learn more about the legitimate medical contraindications that mean someone should not get the.


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'Pirates, Dragons, Magicians, and Vampires from the Heart of Bahrain'
Written by adminon February 18, 2018
The more writers believe in themselves and push through the shell that keeps them from taking on huge challenges, the better for the country as a whole. Darwish has managed to publish a few other works of mystery and fantasy including his debut novel Dragon Tooth in 2015. The language is easily accessible to young adult readers who make up most of Darwish's readership, although, on occasion the reader is met with odd linguistic constructions and confusing grammatical shifts. G. A little excerpt from Dragon Tooth (p.44):
The lands were at ease knowing that the Council was looking after them, and with the new formed guild, Longwood, becoming one of the better guilds; peace knew not a better time. I try to use my imagination and creativity while mixing them with a bit of truth. Darwish writes about pirates, dragons, magicians, and vampires from the heart of Bahrain. To answer the second part of the question, no writer should ever restrict themselves. MGD: I've been writing in English all my life, and ever since I was a kid. She's interested in arts and culture, with a focus on literature and languages. And should it be? It's the book that motivates me to write. Often times, I found myself struggling not to start dozens of projects before I finish what I'm working on at the moment, but there is always that story that begs to be told, and all a writer can do is oblige. Al-Doseri
Unbound by geography and culture, Mohamed G. Mohamed G. English-language genre writing from Bahraini authors is a growing phenomenon. Absorbed as he was in his game, he still heard a noise coming from his father's chambers. MFD: Why English? With CreateSpace, an Amazon company that provides free self-publishing services, writers have no excuse not to publish. Mariam Al-Doseri is a feelance scribbler based in Bahrain. The potential of the story is however derailed by the lack of background information necessary to readers' engagement, the introduction of a number of two-dimensional characters, and the ambitious, yet under-developed themes. While his upcoming novel, Titanlord, is slotted to be published this year, his previous works can be viewed on Wattpad. Al-Doseri: Why fantasy fiction? Ali Al-Saeed might have been the first to break through in this new literary scene, writing fantasy in English, with his Quixotic released in 2004. Despite the need for editorial fine-tuning, Dragon Tooth has it all: magicians, dragons, insurmountable powers of good and evil, camaraderie, and romance. It all stems from the power of empathy where you put yourself in other people's shoes and try to see how things happen. MGD: The English self-publishing scene in Bahrain is going strong, I believe. If they do that, it will show in the writing. Darwish and Hesham Ali are two Manama-based writers with works of fiction ranging from murder mysteries a la Stephen King to sword-wielding heroes in worlds of magic and sorcery. And how do you evaluate the English publishing scene in Bahrain? Mohamed G. For example, in one of my books, I use debt as a substitute for slavery. There is definitely its appeal as a universal language and the understanding that writing is not seen as a viable career choice for most in our region. Darwish also runs a website where he shares his thoughts and first-hand experience with writing. The plot follows the protagonist and his companions in their quest to defeat a dragon and restore balance to the world. The whole point of becoming a writer is to do whatever you wish. Isn't that what people are trying to escape when they devour a book in the first place? To some this wouldn't mean anything, but others could read it and think that it is applicable to our world today. He moved quickly, dropping his toy to the ground, and opened the door to witness something he would never forget. Six years since the publication of his first short story in English, A Duck's Sacrifice, on Wattpad in 2012, Mohamed G. The worst thing anyone can say to a writer should be "you can't write that" because the answer should always be "I'm a writer, I can write whatever I want."
MFD: Why did you choose to self-publish? While still struggling to find footing in Bahrain's predominantly Arabic literary scene, works written in English are often well received in online communities, are featured in local bookstores and authors are invited to meet-and-greet with hopes of putting them under the readerships' radar. I write the story the way it wants to be told. Darwish
Reply ↓ Moore
Conrad wrote in English, which led to some odd constructions. Part of my mission is to enable more Bahraini authors to publish their books (whether through lectures, blogs or whatever). Many people don't realize how hard Arabic really is, but it is in English that I started, and writing in a different language comes with different aspects and challenges. Darwish intends to revisit Dragon Tooth with a keener, more critical eye, once he is done with his current projects, as he told me when I put forward these question about writing fantasy fiction in English. Readers will most likely associate Bahrain with Qassim Haddad's poetry, not so much with fiction, let alone speculative fiction. It could be anything from a conversation I had with someone, or a story I read online. Didn't interfere with the brilliance of his work. Good luck, Mr. Mariam F. It took a few more years for other writers to come forward, and Mohamed G. I tend to create worlds that are understandable and relatable to everyone, and I don't think tailoring my writing to a specific geography or culture will do any story justice. I try to bring reality into the fiction I write, even if there is magic, dragons and titans, these is always realism where readers can connect with the characters; the story is there and it is for the readers to make of it whatever they want. Advertisements
Share this:TwitterFacebookEmailPrintLinkedInRedditGoogleTumblrWhatsAppPinterestTelegramPocketSkypeLike this:Like Loading…‹ Friday Finds: 'The Mediterranean Sea Drowns in the Immigration Department'Categories: Bahrain, fantasy
A. The ball rocketed off the wall, nearly knocking him off his feet. Darwish talks about why he was drawn to writing fantasy in English, and what role it plays on the Bahraini literature scene:
By Mariam F. Defining categories, genres, keywords and all that comes way later in my writing process. Mohamed G. I tend to ignore all rules and guidelines when I'm writing. MFD: Do you think your writing is relevant to your culture? Rakan was playing with a big read ball, bouncing it off the wall with as much force as he could muster. Darwish: This is a bit tricky to be honest, because as a writer, I don't pay attention to genres at all. MGD: That's a solid no.
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World Championship Pool offers billiards enthusiasts a selection of real-life players in the following three game types: 8-ball, 9-ball, and Snooker. Games can be played as a single contest against a choice of opponents or as part of a larger tournament. Careful attention was paid to the game's physics, with balls designed to carom, kick, and bank as they would on an actual table. Players can put English on the ball as well as perform such moves as stop shots, jump shots, follow shots, and more. These skills can be tested in the Trick Shots mode, where players are challenged to sink balls using specific techniques. Players having difficulty in lining up their cue stick can access a Coaching mode, which guides them through each phase of the shooting process.
Unlike most games in the genre, World Championship Pool features human players carrying out the shots instead of a detached series of onscreen cursors. Among the 70 professionals included are Earl Strickland, Ralph Souquet, Dan Argent, Caleb Buck, and Alf Giovanni. In addition to playing as the featured professionals, players can create their own alter ego and embark on a career taking them to several different pool halls in the hope of becoming a world-class champion. Customization options include a choice of shirts, pants, jackets, and accessories to achieve a distinctive look. Winning tournaments and special events earns players trophies, which are automatically displayed in a Trophy Room for posterity.


Join the players who currently are Allen Park Huskies members.
Registration is for players wishing to enter league play. APHA registration is open for players from Novice through Midget. Please complete the forms listed below and return it with your check to your team's manager.
· Complete and print each form with a √ for the participant and provide to your team manager along with a copy of the players Birth Certificate. Please black out any confidential information such as Social Security numbers on the copy only prior to handing in.
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This is a beautiful and elegant white short romper with a navy sailor collar. The perfect Nautical inspired Outfit for your little prince. Nuttons in back and snap crotch for easy dressing. Great Outfit for Ocassions!


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Violence sells? Time to say 'enough' to advertisers
Joanna Chiu
From April 15 to 21, Prevention of Violence Against Women Week, guest blogger Joanna Chiu and guest videographer Camila Galdino, produce a series on resisting media representations as a way to prevent violence against girls and women.
Before anyone had even heard of the show Jersey Shore, MTV leaked out a clip of Snooki (Nicole Polizzi) getting punched in a face by a man in a bar, and the clip went viral, prompting articles like "The Countdown to Snooki Getting Punched in the Face Is On!" (trigger warning for link).
The author of that article for Barstool Sports wrote:
"But as much as I enjoyed the first episode it was all overshadowed by the upcoming scenes when Snooki gets coldcocked in the face by a dude. I literally have to take sleep medicine now before I go to bed now just so I can relax and not think about how excited I am for it. Because I'm telling you right now this is destined to go down as one of the greatest moments in the history of television."
MTV waited until the last minute to announce that it wouldn't air the footage, and denied having leaked the clip, despite having included part of the clip in the trailer for the show.
That is just one of thousands of disturbing examples of violence against women being used for decades to promote everything from men's suits to high fashion to vegetarianism (You can thank PETA for that one).
This ad is from the 1950s. Not much progress in depictions of women in advertising has happened since then.
This 2007 ad for Dolce & Gabbana, which became known as simply "the gang rape ad," depicts a man pinning down a woman while other men look on.
This isn't just a case of "sex sells." These tactics are continuing to go on and on because advertisers, organizations like PETA and entertainment companies believe that images of violence against women can sell products and influence behaviors.
But millions of media consumers can't all be sadistic women-haters, right? The average person in North America sees 3,000 advertisements per day. I'd much rather believe that many people just don't take the time to critically evaluate advertisements, or to use tools like online petitions to pressure advertisers and media companies to make improvements.
But unfortunately, unless more people stand up to twisted advertising tactics, images of violence against women will continue to proliferate.
Being critical of the media doesn't mean that you have to live in a cave the rest of your life. If you enjoy "guilty pleasure" TV, for instance, there's nothing wrong with watching it. The goal is to transform the way you engage with media so that it has less power to influence you-including your self-esteem for example.
One out of every four college-aged women has an eating disorder, and three minutes spent looking at a fashion magazine caused 70 per cent of women to feel depressed, guilty, and shameful.
Poor self-esteem and body image can lead people to feel depressed, fall short of their potential or tolerate abusive relationships, according to Psychology Today. And when there are thousands of toxic messages in media and advertising that can threaten your sense of self-worth every single day, developing media literacy can actually help you feel happier and be more successful.
It was clear to Adios Barbie co-editors Sharon Haywood, Pia Guerrero and Ophira Edut that promoting media awareness would be a cornerstone in their efforts to promote healthy body image. In addition to providing media commentary on their website and book, Body Outlaws, Adios Barbie editors lead media literacy workshops on topics including body image, race and representation, and violence in the media.
"When we started Adios Barbie in 1998, the general public didn't even know what the term 'body image' meant. Our intent was to inspire critical thinking around the negative impact media representation has on healthy identity and body image," says Pia Guerrero.
Men suffer from violent and hypersexualized content in media as well, Guerrero argues:
"While the media drills into us the constant message that the role of women is to be submissive to men and be passive sexual objects to be physically admired or consumed, it also sends the message that men are inherently violent, inconsiderate and tough. This representation of both genders has become 'normal' in our culture and as a result is left unquestioned or accepted."
And if that doesn't sound bad enough, Adios Barbie points out that ads featuring women of colour can reinforce both gender and racial stereotypes, such as this ad for Tiger Beer, which ran in the U.K:
Luckily, Adios Barbie is part of a great variety of innovative efforts to educate the public to be more media aware, including the award-winning film and lecture series by Jean Kilbourne, Killing Us Softly: Advertising's Image of Women.
So there is hope! Once more people become media aware, the 3,000 advertisements and other forms of media we see every day will have less power to perpetuate things like violence, sexism, racism and body anxiety in our society. Here are some simple steps you can take to take back the power from advertisers today:


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Home | Games | Grad Missile Systems Used by Terrorists to Launch Offensive in Aleppo's Strategic Heights
Grad Missile Systems Used by Terrorists to Launch Offensive in Aleppo's Strategic Heights
Terrorists have launched an offensive against the Syrian army in Aleppo's south-west, using Grad multiple rocket launchers, a RIA Novosti correspondent reported from the scene on Thursday.
According to the correspondent, militants launch rocket strikes on strategic heights, including in the area where an air defense unit is deployed.
Terrorists redeploying reinforcements to the south-west of Aleppo, according to Syrian military intelligence data. Mobile communication and the Internet have not worked in the city since Thursday morning. The Syrian army began an offensive in the south of Aleppo on Sunday after a three-day humanitarian pause ended, Sputnik reported.
Source: Al Alam
Saudi Commits Worst Type of Terrorism by Killing Yemeni People
Russian Army Asks Putin to Allow Aleppo Strikes


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Good morning Steve. It's a shame there are drivers out there who feel 'let it be someone else's problem.' I'm sorry you have to deal with this right out of the gate after your time off. Hopefully the wait will not be too long for tire repair. Thank you for the update. It's good to have you back Steve…you were missed.
Sorry to hear about the tires. It is a shame who ever had that trailer they didn't get it fix before turning it in. Apparently some driver don't do a walk around. When you do get going on the trip, God speed. Take care of yourself Steve..
. . . meanwhile . . . grandparents & even great grandparents by the thousands are rearing the children of the "too lazy" & the "too selfish" to care about their off-spring. 'Let someone else do it' is everywhere in society at every level. The responsible folks, who actually grew up, come along to take up the slack. Some jobs are a couple of hours, multiplied by however many you do in a year. Some jobs are 18+ years.
But in defense of the other truckers, this might be a problem for the shipper/client. The trailer was in their possession and they had to notice. My guess is that the last driver likely told the guys of the bad tires. We should all notice when those tires are getting low. The last guy might have ran over some rocks or a pothole and told the guys at delivery though they forgot to fix the problem. And now Steve has to deal with that problem. Not good for anybody.
Maybe you should put a note in the suggestionbox.
im sure those problems you have now will be from the bygone era pretty fast !!
Failure to fix the trailer tires was likely the fault of the shipper. But blame does fall to the last person to use that trailer if they failed to carry out an inspection. As a result, Steve missed his delivery and had to get it rescheduled. Not a good start to the week.
In the other driver's defense, low tires are hard to spot, and the tires may have started to leak air while in storage.
Low tires? How about 2 nails in one tire and no air and two holes in the other tire and a badly bent rim all on the same side and axle? If a driver misses all this, he isn't doing an inspection! No excuse for this at all, no matter what!
No excuses indeed. The truth is that we have a "let somebody else do it" mentality. The Simpsons parodied that to the extreme with the episode "Trash of the Titans." For the record, maybe the shipper stuck you with the trailer because they knew it would get fixed.
Meanwhile, very long wait for the tire guy still?
Ran into that problem many times picking up trailers, Stage. Blame it on bad parenting, kids not taught to clean up after themselves.
And spellcheck thinks your name is Stage, sorry.
It is worrying that some drivers and suppliers have so little concern for checking the condition and safety of a vehicle. It makes me wonder how many miles that trailer has travelled in that condition. It's a good job Steve is vigilant and will check and raise concerns over a trailers condition. It may cause an inconvenience but that's a small price for driver and public safety.
Exactly it. Regardless of what happened before, I will always inspect and make sure anything I touch will be safe for the highway.
Yes, no matter what others do or don't do it has nothing whatsoever to do with how a responsible person treats situations that come into his personal realm. The character of each individual rises to the top!
"Everybody else does it" & "Nobody else cares, so why should I?" are not part of an adults reasoning.
Dispite appearances, not all who are 6 feet tall & weigh 200 lbs. are adults.
We need an Amen! button in the comments section ;). Your wisdom is most refreshing.


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WisconsinWatch.org (https://www.wisconsinwatch.org/2016/05/bacteria-in-states-drinking-water-is-public-health-crisis/)
Bacteria in state's drinking water is 'public health crisis'
Hundreds of thousands of Wisconsin residents are at risk of illness from waterborne pathogens in private and public drinking water supplies.
By | May 1, 2016
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Tad Dukehart/For the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
About 12 years ago, Samantha Treml, right, then six months old, fell ill after being bathed in well water tainted by manure spread on a nearby frozen farm field. The Tremls moved from their Kewaunee County home after that incident, saying they no longer trusted the quality of their water. Recent tests in Kewaunee County funded by the state Department of Natural Resources found 34 percent of wells had unsafe levels of coliform, E. coli or nitrate.
Human waste pollutes some Wisconsin drinking water
Safeguarding your drinking water: What can you do?
Ron Seely discusses the series on Wisconsin Public Television's Here and Now. April. 29, 2016.
Kewaunee County residents discuss problems they faced with wells contaminated by manure in this 2004 video by Wisconsin Public Television.
This Series
Failure at the Faucet is a series exploring risks to drinking water across Wisconsin. Read more.
Having trouble with the quality of your water? Send us an email at tips@wisconsinwatch.org.
Late on a winter night in 2004 in Kewaunee County, six-month-old Samantha Treml was rushed to an emergency room, violently ill from bathing in water poisoned by manure spread on a nearby frozen field that seeped into the home's private well. The rest of her family got sick, too.
In 2014, seven people visiting Door County were sickened after manure from a large farm made its way into a home's private water well.
In 2015, Kewaunee County Board member Chuck Wagner discovered that the new $10,000 well he was forced to install two years earlier was again contaminated with viruses and cow manure. Wagner and his wife now use a reverse osmosis system to filter the water before drinking or cooking while they contemplate whether to dig a second new well.
And this year, the Algoma School District is offering free water to residents whose wells are contaminated, although that source has been shut down a few times after vandals damaged the dispenser. In early March, a group of local residents asked the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to provide emergency water for Kewaunee County residents with contaminated drinking water.
"It's astonishing, the number of people who can't use their drinking water," said Algoma School District Superintendent Nick Cochart, whose own well is polluted.
Between 2007 and 2010, an estimated 18 percent of 3,868 private wells in Wisconsin tested positive for coliform bacteria — an indicator of disease-causing bacteria, viruses or parasites — according to a 2013 study by researchers with the state Department of Health Services. That translates into as many as 169,200 of the 940,000 Wisconsin households served by private wells exposed to disease-causing pathogens.
The problem also plagues municipal water systems where coliform bacteria accounts for most of the violations of health standards recorded each year. The 2014 Department of Natural Resources drinking water report on the state's public water systems found 3.7 percent, or 420 of the 11,420 systems, had detectable levels of coliform.
The report said those 420 systems serve about 92,290 people. Most of the violations, 351, were in small public water systems serving motels, restaurants, churches and campgrounds.
Contamination by pathogens is of special concern because unlike pollution by metals or chemicals, pathogens can sicken people after just a single exposure. The gastrointestinal illnesses that result can be life-threatening for people with weakened immune systems such as the sick, elderly and infants.
Debra Sisk / UW-Stevens Point
Brent Bednarek of the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point's Center for Watershed Science and Education prepares drinking water samples to test for bacteria. In some parts of Wisconsin, residents cannot drink the water because it is contaminated with bacteria from manure produced at large farming operations nearby.
Pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and parasites are the most frequent causes of illnesses in private water systems, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Whether it was manure spread irresponsibly on a frozen field, a septic system compromised by pollution-prone geology or untreated municipal drinking water, incidents of pathogens in drinking water in Wisconsin have revealed weaknesses in government oversight of this most basic and necessary resource, the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism found.
Committees formed as a result of contamination in Kewaunee County recently proposed steps to be taken by the DNR, state lawmakers and others to better protect Wisconsin's drinking water from agricultural pollution.
These work groups, composed of farmers and residents and federal, state and local officials, were formed after Kewaunee County residents petitioned the EPA in 2014 for help with the county's water problems.
The recommendations included $300,000 to provide "reparations," including emergency safe water supplies, treatment systems and new wells for households whose drinking water has been contaminated by livestock manure. Other proposals included voluntary restrictions on spreading manure on sensitive lands, additional staff, heightened oversight and more timely response and enforcement to complaints by the DNR.
Courtesy of Dale Goodner
Water runs off a field near the border between Kewaunee and Brown counties. The counties, parts of which have geology particularly susceptible to groundwater contamination, are home to several large dairy farms. Dale Goodner of Algoma, who took this photo in spring 2013, says it illustrates "how easily soil and manure find their way into our streams and rivers."
George Althoff, DNR spokesman, said the agency is "actively working on formulating short-term and long-term plans to address water quality issues in Kewaunee County." He added that "this has been and is a priority for the agency."
"I think we're making progress," agreed Russ Rasmussen, a DNR natural resource manager who is coordinating the Kewaunee County effort.
But some residents and others remain skeptical that the DNR will take meaningful action, and they criticize the agency for taking too long to address what some are calling a crisis.
In March, Midwest Environmental Advocates, the public interest law firm that petitioned the EPA on behalf of Kewaunee County residents, shot off another letter to the agency slamming the lack of progress, saying there still has been no "direct action to provide local residents with clean, reliable drinking water."
The delayed response to the region's drinking water problems also has attracted the attention of U.S. Sen. Tammy Baldwin. Baldwin in March sent a letter to the heads of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the EPA requesting "immediate attention to this urgent public health issue and your assistance in making safe drinking water options available as soon as possible."
One-third of wells unsafe
Recent testing funded by the DNR and carried out by the University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh showed the extent of the problem in Kewaunee County, with more than one-third of the 320 wells tested found unsafe to use. Those 110 wells had unsafe levels of coliform, E. coli or nitrate.
Any amount of coliform is considered unsafe. Of the wells found to be unsafe by the DNR testing, 27 percent had coliform; and five wells, or 2 percent, were contaminated by E. coli, which can come from human or animal waste. The second phase of the study will show the exact source of the pollutants.
Chuck Wagner discovered in the most recent round of testing that his new well — which he built in 2013 to replace an old contaminated well — is now tainted by four bovine viruses as well as nitrate.
Courtesy of Chuck Wagner
Chuck Wagner's granddaughters, Mackayla, left, and Maggie DeBaker, pose with polluted well water from his Kewaunee County home around 2010. In 2013, Wagner had a new, deeper well drilled at a cost of $10,000. The new well has also become polluted with viruses from cattle manure, and he now uses a reverse osmosis system to filter the water before drinking or cooking.
Wagner, who served for 10 years on the state's Land and Water Conservation Board, said he is convinced clean water and agriculture can exist side by side, but he and other residents are tired of what they say is inaction by the DNR.
"We're getting mad," Wagner said.
As for the Tremls, the family eventually was awarded an $80,000 settlement from the insurance company for Stahl Farms, which spread the manure that sent Samantha, now 12, to the hospital. Judy Treml said her family moved to Green Bay over concerns that the water in heavily farmed Kewaunee County is unsafe. The farm also paid a $50,000 fine to the state for violating its DNR permit.
Treml said she believes her family's move away from Kewaunee County was the right decision.
"This past summer several families had wells that were contaminated because of malfunctions at a farm manure lagoon," she said. "In Kewaunee County, the problems have gotten even more horrific. In 10 years, it hasn't improved at all."
Big farms, big waste
Kewaunee County is home to 20,574 people and 76,000 cows, according to county data. It has one of Wisconsin's highest concentrations of large dairy farms, known as Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations or CAFOs. Such farms, which have up to 8,000 head of cattle, can produce as much feces as a city, and most of it ends up on nearby farm fields.
Kewaunee County's 16 CAFOs contribute the bulk of the more than 555 million gallons of liquid manure that are spread on the county's fields each year, county figures show.
Evan Siegle / USA TODAY NETWORK-Wisconsin
Waste is stored in a manure lagoon at the Kinnard Farms Inc. expansion site in the town of Lincoln in Kewaunee County in 2015. Kinnard Farms has become a target of environmental groups who are concerned that such concentrated animal feeding operations are polluting groundwater.
The likelihood that manure from such large farms will contain one or more pathogens is "very high," according to the EPA, because of the sheer number of animals housed in such operations.
Manure is a veritable stew of more than 150 pathogens that can make people sick, according to a report from the National Association of Local Boards of Health and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
These pathogens include E. coli, Salmonella, Giardia and Cryptosporidium. All can cause severe diarrhea and can be deadly for those with weakened immune systems. Infants and young children, pregnant women, the elderly, people who are HIV-positive and those who have undergone chemotherapy — about 20 percent of the U.S. population — are most at risk.
Proposals aim to improve water
Legislation aimed at bolstering protections against manure pollution in areas with fractured bedrock, such as Kewaunee County, was introduced by Democratic lawmakers in January.
"We are dealing with a public health crisis," said state Rep. Eric Genrich, D-Green Bay, who co-authored the bill with state Sen. Dave Hansen, D-Green Bay. "We have communities in northeast Wisconsin where half of the wells that are tested are contaminated and the water is undrinkable, where residents no longer have access to safe, clean drinking water. That is not acceptable."
Yellow-brown well water used to come from the tap in the home of Chuck Wagner, who lives in rural Luxemburg in Kewaunee County. He said testing linked the contamination to cattle manure.
The bill did not advance in the Republican-controlled Legislature. State Rep. Joel Kitchens, R-Sturgeon Bay, called it a "political stunt." He said it was not a serious effort because Hansen and Genrich did not consult him or other Republicans.
In the meantime, Kitchens has introduced a bill of his own that would raise the maximum household income from $60,000 to $90,000 under the Well Compensation Grant Program, which helps owners pay for replacement of wells contaminated by livestock feces. But he acknowledged the change is not a solution to the pollution problems.
Three counties — Brown, Manitowoc and Kewaunee — have acted on their own, passing ordinances that prohibit winter manure spreading or restrict spreading on land with porous bedrock. One of the Kewaunee County work groups formed after residents petitioned the EPA for help has proposed a number of restrictions on spreading manure, including a ban on spreading where bedrock is covered by less than 24 inches of soil.
Carolyn Betz / University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute
Manure is spread during a demonstration at Crave Brothers Farm in Dodge County during Farm Technology Days on July 22, 2009. Manure from large dairy operations has caused drinking water contamination in Brown and Kewaunee counties in recent years.
Kewaunee County's ordinance passed in the face of strong opposition from the Dairy Business Association, the Midwest Food Producers Association and other agriculture groups. They contend the county does not have the authority to pass such limits, which they say are unnecessary because the state DNR already regulates groundwater.
But a study of the new county regulations, published in 2015 in the journal Resources, concluded the rules have caused "statistically significant reductions" in well contamination compared to other counties with fractured bedrock that only offered voluntary education on best practices to farmers and manure spreaders. The study showed no improvement in those counties.
Tim Trotter, executive director of the DBA, the state's most powerful dairy lobby, said dairy farmers are serious about ensuring clean and safe water. But owners of some large-scale farms insist more research is needed. They say any new state regulations also must take into account the impact on agriculture.
A view of Pagel's Ponderosa Dairy in Kewaunee County. Owner John Pagel is a member of the Kewaunee County Board and head of the county's Land and Conservation Committee. Pagel has acknowledged that large dairy operations such as his can contribute to groundwater pollution but said industry can lead the way toward a solution.
"I think with any new rules there should be a balance between safety and being practical," said John Pagel, who owns a large dairy farm and serves on the Kewaunee County Board, chairing the Land and Water Conservation Committee. "We need to keep working together to make sure farming practices are done the right way and at the same time set goals that are achievable."
Lee Luft, a Kewaunee County Board member who is part of the DNR work groups, said residents will be watching the agency's actions closely.
"If these recommendations are not implemented," he said, "my sense is that whatever remaining confidence the residents have in the DNR will evaporate."
Dangerously high contamination
Many users of private wells may be ingesting pathogens unknowingly because, according to the state health department, only about 16 percent of owners statewide have them tested.
Jake Naughton / Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
Manure from dairy cattle, like the ones seen here at a farm in the Darlington area, is one of the culprits in contamination of drinking water in Wisconsin. Although municipal water is regularly checked for bacteria, homeowners with private wells are responsible for testing the safety of their water. Other sources of bacteria include leaking septic systems.
The Tremls tested their private water well after Samantha and other members of the family got sick. The astronomically high levels of contamination caused the county to advise the family to shut off the water and get the children out of the house.
The E. coli count in the Treml well was 2,800 parts per milliliter and the coliform count was 9,800. The EPA considers any amount of E. coli to be dangerous.
The Tremls later discovered the DNR had allowed a neighboring farmer to spread liquid manure on frozen land next to their home after the farmer ran out of storage space. Manure spread on frozen ground can run off into surface water and get into the drinking water supply.
Judy Treml had hoped their ordeal would spur the DNR to action. That did not happen.
"It does make me angry," Treml said. "I thought they would use our case to learn how to avoid these issues altogether."
Groups charge DNR regulation lax
The DNR's seeming reluctance to address concerns about pollution from the big farms is not new, according to an April 2015 investigation by a group called the Socially Responsible Agricultural Project, based in the state of Oregon. The group's "Rap Sheets" report documented a lack of DNR enforcement on large-scale farms in Kewaunee County going back to the mid-1980s.
Using the DNR's own records, the group uncovered dozens of instances in which large dairy farms violated anti-pollution laws. It found cases including overapplication of manure, failure to report spills, failure to maintain adequate storage, and spreading manure too close to homes and waterways — incidents in which DNR records do not show follow-up to ensure problems were corrected.
Coburn Dukehart / Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism
A clean water kiosk is seen in a shed located outside of the Algoma High School. The water access point was donated by Stonehouse Water Technologies of Milwaukee, and provides clean drinking water to registered Kewaunee County residents. Algoma's school superintendent Nick Cochart says the kiosk has been vandalized three times since its installation in January 2016.
The agency disputed the report — saying it was enforcing the law to its fullest authority — but allegations of lax regulation continued to surface.
In October, Midwest Environmental Advocates filed another petition, this time on behalf of 16 residents from across Wisconsin, asking the EPA to rescind the state's authority to enforce discharge permits under the Clean Water Act if changes are not forthcoming.
And in December, 45 former DNR employees, many with decades of experience, supported that petition in a letter to the EPA. Among the concerns they cited was lax enforcement against polluters, including CAFOs.
Cochart, Algoma's school superintendent, said he is fed up with delays by DNR in getting help to county residents. "All they do is drag their feet," he said.
"Somebody needs to provide clean water. The DNR certainly isn't," Cochart added. "To me, it's a basic human right to have clean drinking water. But there are a lot of people here who are spending a lot of money to have clean water."
Luft, the Kewaunee County Board member, said the high levels of lead in drinking water that plagued Flint, Michigan, are reminiscent of problems in his county.
"It brought home the fact to me that we have a very substantial number of people living without access to safe water," Luft said. "They live a second-class lifestyle because of it."
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by Ron Seely, WisconsinWatch.org
<h1>Bacteria in state's drinking water is 'public health crisis'</h1> <p class="byline">by Ron Seely, WisconsinWatch.org <br />May 1, 2016</p> <div class="sidebar2"><a href="http://www.wisconsinwatch.org/series/water-watch-wisconsin/" target="_blank"><img class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-119344" src="http://www.wisconsinwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/WaterWatch-Blue-RGB-336x347.png" alt="WaterWatch-Blue-RGB" width="336" height="347" /></a></p> <h5>Part Two</h5> <p><a href="http://www.wisconsinwatch.org/2016/05/human-waste-pollutes-some-wisconsin-drinking-water">Human waste pollutes some Wisconsin drinking water</a></p> <h5>Sidebar</h5> <p><a href="http://www.wisconsinwatch.org/2015/11/safeguarding-your-drinking-water-what-you-can-do/">Safeguarding your drinking water: What can you do?</a></p> <h5>Watch</h5> <p>Ron Seely <a href="http://wpt.org/Here_and_Now/wcij-report-human-animal-waste-contaminating-water" target="_blank">discusses the series</a> on Wisconsin Public Television's Here and Now. April. 29, 2016.</p> <p></a></p> <h5>This Series</h5> <p><a href="http://www.wisconsinwatch.org/series/faucetfail/">Failure at the Faucet</a> is a series exploring risks to drinking water across Wisconsin. <a href="http://www.wisconsinwatch.org/2015/11/about-our-failure-at-the-faucet-series/">Read more.</a></p> <p>Having trouble with the quality of your water? Send us an email at <a href="mailto:tips@wisconsinwatch.org">tips@wisconsinwatch.org</a>.</p> </div> <p>Late on a winter night in 2004 in Kewaunee County, six-month-old Samantha Treml was rushed to an emergency room, violently ill from bathing in water poisoned by manure spread on a nearby frozen field that seeped into the home's private well. The rest of her family got sick, too.</p> <p>In 2014, seven people visiting Door County were <a href="https://doorcountypulse.com/seven-sickened-by-tainted-wells/" target="blank">sickened</a> after manure from a large farm made its way into a home's private water well.</p> <p>In 2015, Kewaunee County Board member Chuck Wagner discovered that the new $10,000 well he was forced to install two years earlier was again contaminated with viruses and cow manure. Wagner and his wife now use a reverse osmosis system to filter the water before drinking or cooking while they contemplate whether to dig a second new well.</p> <p>And this year, the Algoma School District is offering free water to residents whose wells are contaminated, although that source has been shut down a few times after vandals damaged the dispenser. In early March, a group of local residents asked the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency <a href="http://midwestadvocates.org/news-events/news/mea-joins-environmental-groups-to-call-on-epa-for-immediate-action-in-kewaunee-county/" target="blank">to provide emergency water</a> for Kewaunee County residents with contaminated drinking water.</p> <p>"It's astonishing, the number of people who can't use their drinking water," said Algoma School District Superintendent Nick Cochart, whose own well is polluted.</p> <p>Between 2007 and 2010, an estimated 18 percent of 3,868 private wells in Wisconsin tested positive for coliform bacteria — an indicator of disease-causing bacteria, viruses or parasites — according to a 2013 <a href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2456339/private-drinking-water-quality-in-rural.pdf" target="blank">study</a> by researchers with the state Department of Health Services. That translates into as many as 169,200 of the 940,000 Wisconsin households served by private wells exposed to disease-causing pathogens.</p> <p>The problem also plagues municipal water systems where coliform bacteria accounts for most of the violations of health standards recorded each year. The 2014 <a href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2461909/wis-annual-drinking-water-report.pdf">Department of Natural Resources drinking water report</a> on the state's public water systems found 3.7 percent, or 420 of the 11,420 systems, had detectable levels of coliform.</p> <p><a href="http://www.wisconsinwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/bacteria-map-UPDATE.png"><img src="http://www.wisconsinwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/bacteria-map-UPDATE-771x725.png" alt="bacteria map" width="771" height="725" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-159588" /></a></p> <p>The report said those 420 systems serve about 92,290 people. Most of the violations, 351, were in small public water systems serving motels, restaurants, churches and campgrounds.</p> <p>Contamination by pathogens is of special concern because unlike pollution by metals or chemicals, pathogens can sicken people after just a <a href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2461909/wis-annual-drinking-water-report.pdf" target="blank">single exposure.</a> The gastrointestinal illnesses that result can be life-threatening for people with weakened immune systems such as the sick, elderly and infants.</p> <p>Pathogens such as bacteria, viruses and parasites are the most frequent causes of illnesses in private water systems, according to the <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2706163-Top-Causes-of-Waterborne-Illness-Cdc.html" target="blank">U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>.</p> <p>Whether it was manure spread irresponsibly on a frozen field, a septic system compromised by pollution-prone geology or untreated municipal drinking water, incidents of pathogens in drinking water in Wisconsin have revealed weaknesses in government oversight of this most basic and necessary resource, the Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism found.</p> <p>Committees formed as a result of contamination in Kewaunee County <a href="http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Groundwater/CollaborationWorkgroup.html" target="blank">recently proposed</a> steps to be taken by the DNR, state lawmakers and others to better protect Wisconsin's drinking water from agricultural pollution.</p> <p>These work groups, composed of farmers and residents and federal, state and local officials, were formed after Kewaunee County residents <a href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2756436/2014-10-22-Kewaunee-SDWA-Petition-to-EPA.pdf" target="blank">petitioned</a> the EPA in 2014 for help with the county's water problems.</p> <p>The recommendations included $300,000 to provide "reparations," including emergency safe water supplies, treatment systems and new wells for households whose drinking water has been contaminated by livestock manure. Other proposals included voluntary restrictions on spreading manure on sensitive lands, additional staff, heightened oversight and more timely response and enforcement to complaints by the DNR.</p> <p>George Althoff, DNR spokesman, said the agency is "actively working on formulating short-term and long-term plans to address water quality issues in Kewaunee County." He added that "this has been and is a priority for the agency."</p> <p>"I think we're making progress," agreed Russ Rasmussen, a DNR natural resource manager who is coordinating the Kewaunee County effort.</p> <p>But some residents and others remain skeptical that the DNR will take meaningful action, and they criticize the agency for taking too long to address what some are calling a crisis.</p> <p>In March, Midwest Environmental Advocates, the public interest law firm that petitioned the EPA on behalf of Kewaunee County residents, shot off <a href="http://midwestadvocates.org/assets/resources/Safe%20Drinking%20Water%20Act%20Petition/2016-3-9-2016_ltr_to_EPA.pdf" target="blank">another letter</a> to the agency slamming the lack of progress, saying there still has been no "direct action to provide local residents with clean, reliable drinking water."</p> <p>The delayed response to the region's drinking water problems also has attracted the attention of U.S. Sen. Tammy Baldwin. Baldwin in March sent a <a href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2756614/Baldwin-Letter.pdf" target="blank">letter</a> to the heads of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the EPA requesting "immediate attention to this urgent public health issue and your assistance in making safe drinking water options available as soon as possible."</p> <h3><b>One-third of wells unsafe</b></h3> <p>Recent <a href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2706146/Kewaunee-Well-Tests-Dec-2015.pdf" target="blank">testing</a> funded by the DNR and carried out by the University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh showed the extent of the problem in Kewaunee County, with more than one-third of the 320 wells tested found unsafe to use. Those 110 wells had unsafe levels of coliform, <i>E. coli </i>or nitrate.</p> <p>Any amount of coliform is considered unsafe. Of the wells found to be unsafe by the DNR testing, 27 percent had coliform; and five wells, or 2 percent, were contaminated by <i>E. coli</i>, which can come from human or animal waste. The second phase of the study will show the exact source of the pollutants.</p> <p>Chuck Wagner discovered in the most recent round of testing that his new well — which he built in 2013 to replace an old contaminated well — is now tainted by four bovine viruses as well as nitrate.</p> <p>Wagner, who served for 10 years on the state's Land and Water Conservation Board, said he is convinced clean water and agriculture can exist side by side, but he and other residents are tired of what they say is inaction by the DNR.</p> <p>"We're getting mad," Wagner said.</p> <p>As for the Tremls, the family eventually was awarded an $80,000 settlement from the insurance company for Stahl Farms, which spread the manure that sent Samantha, now 12, to the hospital. Judy Treml said her family moved to Green Bay over concerns that the water in heavily farmed Kewaunee County is unsafe. The farm also paid a $50,000 fine to the state for violating its DNR permit.</p> <p>Treml said she believes her family's move away from Kewaunee County was the right decision.</p> <p>"This past summer several families had wells that were contaminated because of malfunctions at a farm manure lagoon," she said. "In Kewaunee County, the problems have gotten even more horrific. In 10 years, it hasn't improved at all."</p> <h3><b>Big farms, big waste</b></h3> <p>Kewaunee County is home to 20,574 people and 76,000 cows, according to county data. It has one of Wisconsin's highest concentrations of large dairy farms, known as Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations or CAFOs. Such farms, which have up to 8,000 head of cattle, can produce as much feces as a city, and most of it ends up on nearby farm fields.</p> <p>Kewaunee County's 16 CAFOs contribute the bulk of the more than 555 million gallons of liquid manure that are spread on the county's fields each year, county figures show.</p> <p>The likelihood that manure from such large farms will contain one or more pathogens is "very high," according to the <a href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2646062/Epa-and-Risks-of-Cafos.pdf" target="blank">EPA,</a> because of the sheer number of animals housed in such operations.</p> <p>Manure is a veritable stew of more than 150 pathogens that can make people sick, according to a <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2646025-Cafos-and-Pathogens.html" target="blank">report </a>from the National Association of Local Boards of Health and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</p> <p>These pathogens include <i>E. coli</i>, <i>Salmonella, Giardia </i>and<i> Cryptosporidium. </i>All can cause severe diarrhea and can be deadly for those with weakened immune systems. Infants and young children, pregnant women, the elderly, people who are HIV-positive and those who have undergone chemotherapy — about 20 percent of the U.S. population — are most at risk.</p> <p><a href="https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js">https://public.tableau.com/javascripts/api/viz_v1.js</a></p> <div class='tableauPlaceholder' style='width: 775px;height: 769px'><a href='#'><img alt='Dashboard 1 ' src='https://public.tableau.com/static/images/CA/CAFOs_042616/Dashboard1/1_rss.png' style='border: none' /></a> </div> <h3><b>Proposals aim to improve water</b></h3> <p><a href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2782160/Wisconsin-Legislature-AB637-Bill-Text.pdf" target="blank">Legislation</a> aimed at bolstering protections against manure pollution in areas with fractured bedrock, such as Kewaunee County, was introduced by Democratic lawmakers in January.</p> <p>"We are dealing with a public health crisis," <a href="http://legis.wisconsin.gov/senate/democrats/news/2015-press-releases/groundwater-protection-bill/" target="blank">said</a> state Rep. Eric Genrich, D-Green Bay, who co-authored the bill with state Sen. Dave Hansen, D-Green Bay. "We have communities in northeast Wisconsin where half of the wells that are tested are contaminated and the water is undrinkable, where residents no longer have access to safe, clean drinking water. That is not acceptable."</p> <p>The bill did not advance in the Republican-controlled Legislature. State Rep. Joel Kitchens, R-Sturgeon Bay, called it a "political stunt." He said it was not a serious effort because Hansen and Genrich did not consult him or other Republicans.</p> <p>In the meantime, Kitchens has introduced a <a href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2755255/0126kitchens.pdf" target="blank">bill</a> of his own that would raise the maximum household income from $60,000 to $90,000 under the Well Compensation Grant Program, which helps owners pay for replacement of wells contaminated by livestock feces. But he acknowledged the change <a href="http://www.thewheelerreport.com/wheeler_docs/files/0126kitchens.pdf" target="blank">is not a solution to the pollution problems</a>.</p> <p>Three counties — Brown, Manitowoc and Kewaunee — have acted on their own, passing ordinances that prohibit winter manure spreading or restrict spreading on land with porous bedrock. One of the Kewaunee County work groups formed after residents petitioned the EPA for help has proposed a number of restrictions on spreading manure, including a ban on spreading where bedrock is covered by less than 24 inches of soil.</p> <p>Kewaunee County's <a>ordinance</a> passed in the face of strong opposition from the Dairy Business Association, the Midwest Food Producers Association and other agriculture groups. They contend the county does not have the authority to pass such limits, which they say are unnecessary because the state DNR already regulates groundwater.</p> <p>But a <a href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2646023/Karst-Follow-Up.pdf" target="blank">study</a> of the new county regulations, published in 2015 in the journal Resources, concluded the rules have caused "statistically significant reductions" in well contamination compared to other counties with fractured bedrock that only offered voluntary education on best practices to farmers and manure spreaders. The study showed no improvement in those counties.</p> <p>Tim Trotter, executive director of the DBA, the state's most powerful dairy lobby, said dairy farmers are serious about ensuring clean and safe water. But owners of some large-scale farms insist more research is needed. They say any new state regulations also must take into account the impact on agriculture.</p> <p>"I think with any new rules there should be a balance between safety and being practical," said John Pagel, who owns a large dairy farm and serves on the Kewaunee County Board, chairing the Land and Water Conservation Committee. "We need to keep working together to make sure farming practices are done the right way and at the same time set goals that are achievable."</p> <p>Lee Luft, a Kewaunee County Board member who is part of the DNR work groups, said residents will be watching the agency's actions closely.</p> <p>"If these recommendations are not implemented," he said, "my sense is that whatever remaining confidence the residents have in the DNR will evaporate."</p> <h3><b>Dangerously high contamination</b></h3> <p>Many users of private wells may be ingesting pathogens unknowingly because, according to the state health department, only about <a href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2456339/private-drinking-water-quality-in-rural.pdf" target="blank">16 percent</a> of owners statewide have them tested.</p> <p>The Tremls tested their private water well after Samantha and other members of the family got sick. The astronomically high levels of contamination caused the county to advise the family to shut off the water and get the children out of the house.</p> <p>The <i>E. coli</i> count in the Treml well was 2,800 parts per milliliter and the coliform count was 9,800. The EPA considers any amount of <i>E. coli</i> to be dangerous.</p> <p>The Tremls later discovered the DNR had allowed a neighboring farmer to spread liquid manure on frozen land next to their home after the farmer ran out of storage space. Manure spread on frozen ground can run off into surface water and get into the drinking water supply.</p> <p>Judy Treml had hoped their ordeal would spur the DNR to action. That did not happen.</p> <p>"It does make me angry," Treml said. "I thought they would use our case to learn how to avoid these issues altogether."</p> <h3><b>Groups charge DNR regulation lax</b></h3> <p>The DNR's seeming reluctance to address concerns about pollution from the big farms is not new, according to an April 2015 <a href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2706227/SRAP-Rapsheet-2015.pdf" target="blank">investigation</a> by a group called the Socially Responsible Agricultural Project, based in the state of Oregon. The group's "Rap Sheets" report documented a lack of DNR enforcement on large-scale farms in Kewaunee County going back to the mid-1980s.</p> <p>Using the DNR's own records, the group uncovered dozens of instances in which large dairy farms violated anti-pollution laws. It found cases including overapplication of manure, failure to report spills, failure to maintain adequate storage, and spreading manure too close to homes and waterways — incidents in which DNR records do not show follow-up to ensure problems were corrected.</p> <p>The agency <a href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2791158/Wisconsin-DNR-Accused-of-Failing-to-Stop-Rampant.pdf" target="blank">disputed</a> the report — saying it was enforcing the law to its fullest authority — but allegations of lax regulation continued to surface.</p> <p>In October, Midwest Environmental Advocates filed another petition, this time on behalf of 16 residents from across Wisconsin, asking the EPA to <a href="http://midwestadvocates.org/assets/resources/Petition%20for%20Corrective%20Action/2015-10-19_PCA_-_Signatures.pdf" target="blank">rescind the state's authority</a> to enforce discharge permits under the Clean Water Act if changes are not forthcoming.</p> <p>And in December, 45 former DNR employees, many with decades of experience, supported that petition in a <a href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2755261/Retired-WI-DNR-Staff-and-Chiefs-Ask-EPA-for.pdf" target="blank">letter to the EPA.</a> Among the concerns they cited was lax enforcement against polluters, including CAFOs.</p> <p>Cochart, Algoma's school superintendent, said he is fed up with delays by DNR in getting help to county residents. "All they do is drag their feet," he said.</p> <p>"Somebody needs to provide clean water. The DNR certainly isn't," Cochart added. "To me, it's a basic human right to have clean drinking water. But there are a lot of people here who are spending a lot of money to have clean water."</p> <p>Luft, the Kewaunee County Board member, said the high levels of lead in drinking water that plagued Flint, Michigan, are reminiscent of problems in his county.</p> <p>"It brought home the fact to me that we have a very substantial number of people living without access to safe water," Luft said. "They live a second-class lifestyle because of it."</p>
This <a target="_blank" href="https://www.wisconsinwatch.org/2016/05/bacteria-in-states-drinking-water-is-public-health-crisis/">article</a> first appeared on <a target="_blank" href="https://www.wisconsinwatch.org">WisconsinWatch.org</a> and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.
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The nonprofit Wisconsin Center for Investigative Journalism (www.WisconsinWatch.org) collaborates with Wisconsin Public Radio, Wisconsin Public Television, other news media and the UW-Madison School of Journalism and Mass Communication. All works created, published, posted or disseminated by the Center do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of UW-Madison or any of its affiliates.
Failing septic systems, leaking public sewer pipes and landspreading of septic waste can introduce dangerous pathogens into both rural and urban water systems. Experts say Wisconsin needs tougher laws to protect Wisconsin drinking water from contamination by sewage and septic waste.


Yesterday afternoon we took family pictures (a momentous event for us) and then drove to the Corniche, the city's main beach. Jeddawis love spending evenings at the Corniche, and we appeared to be the only Westerners there; I was glad I had covered my hair. And that I had secured my scarf with a pin to keep it secure in the coastal wind!
Tess, however, was no fan of my conservative wear. She hardly recognized me. In fact, she wanted nothing to do with me. Whenever I held her, she cried until she was returned to Joey's arms. Apparently, voice, hands, and smile do not a mother make. It's all about the hair for this baby.
Halen was also thrown off by my black garb and had trouble distinguishing me from the other black-robed women ambling along the sidewalks with their families. He grabbed one woman around the waist, thinking it was me, and was roughly pulled away by a none-too-happy husband. It was his first real-life lesson in Muslim manners with married women.


text:
Mother Detained With 4-Year-Old Daughter In UAE For Drinking Complimentary Glass Of Wine On Airplane
By Kassy Dillon
A mother and her four-year-old daughter were detained in Dubai for three days in rough conditions after drinking a glass of wine on an Emirates flight.
According to The Daily Mail, Dr. Ellie Holman, a 44-year-old Swedish dentist living in the U.K., was traveling to see friends on one of her many trips to the United Arab Emirates when she was offered a glass of wine on the airplane. When entering the country, she was asked to buy a ticket and return home after a UAE immigration official claimed her visa was no longer valid. After insisting her visa was valid and requesting to apply for a new visa in the airport claiming her and her young daughter were exhausted, the immigration officer asked her if she had been drinking.
"I told him I had a glass of wine on the flight," she claimed. "It was given to me by Emirates Airlines staff."
According to the immigration official, possession of alcohol is forbidden in the UAE even if it is only consumed and currently in one's system. The immigration officials later required Holman to take a blood test, where she had 0.04% of alcohol in her system, less than the legal limit of 0.08% for driving in the United States.
"The UAE maintains a deliberately misleading façade that alcohol consumption is perfectly legal for visitors," Radha Stirling, the CEO of Detained in Dubai, the NGO representing Holman told The Daily Mail. "This is exampled by bars at the airport, by hotels, restaurants and clubs serving drinks. Tourists cannot be blamed for believing that the Emirates are tolerant of Western drinking habits but this is far from reality."
'It is wholly illegal for any tourist to have any level of alcohol in their blood. It is illegal to consume alcohol at a bar, a hotel and a restaurant and if breathalysed, that person will be jailed," he added.
After Holman began to record the immigration official for evidence that he was acting "dismissive and rude," she was arrested by police citing the recording of immigration officials as a criminal offense.
Holman and her daughter were then taken to a cell in the airport and had their passports and cell phone taken away. She also claims the police tried to rip off her hair extensions.
Holman recounts reading books to her terrified daughter in jail in the unairconditioned room and begging for water and food. She also says she and her daughter were denied a change of clothes and permission to use a toilet at one point. causing her daughter to go to the bathroom on the floor. Holman also claims she was forced to mop and clean toilets.
She claimed that when she did get food it "smelled like rotting garbage" and both she and her daughter couldn't bring themselves to eat it.
Her husband, Kent, reportedly flew to Dubai after not hearing from her and was allowed to take his daughter home.
Holman has been released on bail but will remain in Dubai for up to a year awaiting trial and claims that the situation has already cost her "30,000 in legal fees, expenses and missed work."


Lawrence Kramer is a composer and a professor of music and English at Fordham University in New York City. His most recent book is The Thought of Music (2015).
Can talking about music add to our understanding of it?


SINGAPORE: The new Jurong Region Line (JRL), Singapore's seventh MRT line, will open in three phases starting from 2026, said Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan on Wednesday (May 9).
JRL will be 24km long with 24 stations above ground, Mr Khaw said, adding that the line will connect with the North-South Line and East-West Line with interchange stations at Choa Chu Kang and Boon Lay.
It will serve five key locations in the West namely Choa Chu Kang, Jurong East, Boon Lay/Jurong West, Jurong Industrial Estate and Nanyang Technological University (NTU).
The stations are expected to put 60,000 more households within a 10-minute walk from a train station, said the Land Transport Authority (LTA) in a media briefing on Wednesday.
The new line, which will open in three stages starting 2026, is expected to serve more than 200,000 commuters when the line is fully operational after 2028.
Ridership is expected to grow to 500,000 when the Jurong Innovation District, Tengah area and Jurong Lake District are fully developed, said LTA.
The first phase will see the stations between Choa Chu Kang to Boon Lay and Tawas station open. Followed by seven stations between Tengah and Pandan Reservoir in 2027.
In the last phase, three stations in NTU, as well as stations from Boon Lay to Jurong Pier will open in 2028, LTA said.
JRL will shorten travel times within the western part of Singapore. For instance, a commuter staying in Woodlands and working in Jurong Island will be able to reach Jurong Island Checkpoint in 45 minutes as opposed to 80 minutes today.
For the construction of the line, one HDB carpark at Blk 303 Choa Chu Kang Avenue 4 will be acquired, along with slivers of land affecting 19 buildings on those lots.
A temporary car park will be set up and more details will be made available later.
Three-car trains will be used on the JRL, powered by the third rail system, said LTA.
These trains can be expanded to add a fourth car when ridership increases with developments in the Jurong area. All 24 train stations will be built to accommodate four-car trains, LTA said.
Speaking during a visit to the worksite of Canberra MRT station on the North-South Line, Mr Khaw said the JRL will improve the resilience of the entire MRT network and provide commuters with alternative travel routes.
"This will help to distribute and relieve train loading between Choa Chu Kang and Jurong East stations, so that commuters can enjoy more comfortable rides," Mr Khaw said.
He added that the JRL will help develop the Jurong Lake District into the largest commercial hub outside the central business district. It will also support the development of the Jurong Innovation District into a next-generation industrial estate.
"Together with the upcoming Kuala Lumpur-Singapore High-Speed Rail, commuters will have convenient connections not just within western Singapore, but also to Malaysia. When all these plans come together, Jurong will be a waterfront business hub nestled in greenery, served by good public transport connections, as well as amenities to support active mobility. This is our vision for Jurong," he said.
The new JRL is likely to have the most positive impact on the industrial sector, due to the improved accessibility to the Jurong Innovation District, Jurong Industrial Estate, International Business Park, and CleanTech Park, said Ms Christine Li, senior director of research at Cushman & Wakefield. It will also indirectly improve the linkage of these areas to the Tuas mega port via the East-West Line.
As a result, industrial rents in these areas will experience an uplift, said Ms Li.
The commercial sector is also likely to see some benefit, as will the retail sector, with major malls at interchange stations such as Jurong Point, JEM, and Westgate likely to experience an increase in footfall and sales, Ms Li added.
The announcement of the JRL also complements the planned KL-Singapore high-speed rail (HSR).
"With both the JRL and HSR in operation, Singaporean and Malaysian businesses will have the added incentive to site their offices and manufacturing activities in the Jurong Lake District and surrounding industrial estates," Ms Li said.
The residential sector, however, could face some pressure.
"Existing residential areas may not see significant improvement as they are already in close proximity to existing stations on the EWL and NSL. Residential rents may also be depressed over the next decade due to noise from the construction activities," Ms Li said.


For many years, the Los Angeles Times carried Jim Murray's exuberant column on sports. The California condor was mentioned in at least of these 10 columns during the 1960s-1980s. This post offers an overview.
What the world needs is not another endangered species. But I know of one which will go the way of the whooping crane, coelacanth, Great Plains bison, California condor, gray whale, Bengal tiger, kings, queens, emperors, maharajas and grizzly bears if something isn't done. Next up for extinction is the Great American First String Quarterback.
Maybe Congress should look into the scandal. It might be a case for the CIA. Like Amelia Earhart, the California condor or the Great Plans bison, the American miler is a vanished breed.
Like the snow leopard, the Abominable Snowman and the California condor, Griffith is rarely found at low altitudes.
But the really dismaying news is that the most melancholy of this continent's endangered species on this continent – the Great American Horseplayer Boobus Americanus Bet-on-The-Bay-Us – is about to become extinct as the pterodactyl, the California condor, the bald eagle or the brontosaurus.
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar is one of the most awesome physical specimens this side of the Old Testament…. After all, he's somewhere between 7 and 8 feet tall …. He has the wingspan of a California condor.
For Beamon, though, there were no ticker-tape parades, keys-to-the-city-type of adulation. It was believed that, like the California condor, he owed his soaring excellence to the mountain heights in which they were accomplished.
As with the California condor or Big Foot, there have been people who claim to have seen a Gerry Cooney but, by and large, you have to take it on blind faith.
There are certain animals that thrive at high altitude but perish at sea level – big-horn sheep, California condors, Abominable Snowmen, snow leopards. And Denver Broncos.
He's becoming as scarce as the aurochs or the California condor.
So whether its baseball, basketball, boxing, football, horse racing, or track and field, Jim Murray could be counted on to refer to the California condor. For Murray, the condor is a way of invoking rarity, vulnerability, great size, leaping ability, or a preference for heights.
A significant number of sports fans who read the Los Angeles Times apparently knew enough about the California condor to understand Murray's meaning. This tells us that a large section of the public was aware of the condor and its plight during the years when Murray was writing his engaging columns.


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Home » Online Exhibits » Penn People » Penn People A-Z » Lewis Baxter Moore
Lewis Baxter Moore
Lewis Baxter Moore, c. 1900
First African American to earn Doctor of Philosophy degree from Penn
In 1896 Lewis Baxter Moore (1866-1928) made history when he became the first African American to earn his Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Pennsylvania. At the time Moore wrote his dissertation "The Stage in Sophocles' Plays" and completed his doctorate in the classics department at Penn, only four other African Americans had earned Doctor of Philosophy degrees at any university. Moore, a native of Alabama, came to Penn after earning his A.B. and A.M. degrees from Fisk University.
After his graduate work at Penn, Dr. Moore went on to teach Latin, pedagogy, psychology, philosophy, and education at Howard University where he served for many years as the dean of Howard's Teachers' College. After becoming an ordained minister, the Rev. Dr. Moore spent the last three years of his life in Philadelphia as the pastor of the Faith Presbyterian Church in Germantown.
Lewis Baxter Moore's first wife was Sadie Elizabeth Tanner, a sister of the artist Henry O. Tanner and the maternal aunt for whom Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander, B.A. 1918, Ph.D. 1921, LL.D. 1927, was named. Sadie T.M. Alexander was particularly close to her Moore cousins, for she made her home with them in Washington, D.C., while attending high school.


The exiled Yorkist king Edward IV lands at Ravenspur with a half-drowned army and his brother Richard at his side. Though every hand is against them, though every city gate is shut, the brothers York will not go quietly into banishment. Instead, they choose to attack.
Conn Iggulden is one of the most successful authors of historical fiction writing today. Following the Sunday Times bestsellers Stormbird, Trinity and Bloodline, Ravenspur is the fourth book in his superb new series set during the Wars of the Roses, a remarkable period of British history. He has written two previous bestselling historical series.
You can earn a 5% commission by selling Ravenspur: Rise of the Tudors (The Wars of the Roses) on your website. It's easy to get started - we will give you example code. After you're set-up, your website can earn you money while you work, play or even sleep! You should start right now!


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Finding His Voice
We had known something was off from early on. Cameron hadn't achieved most of his first-year milestones on time and as we searched for answers about a diagnosis, we also coordinated a plan to achieve a long list of goals based on where he was at the time. It would take five years before he was officially diagnosed on...
Implementing LAMP Words For Life: Leesburg, GA
We are Lindsey Giddens and Karen Souter, a Special Education Teacher and an SLP, respectively, at Lee County Elementary School in Leesburg, GA. In March of 2017, we were introduced to the LAMP™ methodology through a training our system set up with our amazing PRC representative, Jennifer Thomas. The focus on core...
Implementing AAC: A Step-by-Step Process
by Nicole Wingate, Speech-Language Pathologist at Bluffton Harrison Elementary School in Bluffton, IN and Angela Sheets Where We Started It was just a few years ago when I found myself feeling hopeless as an SLP. There were students on my caseload with virtually no functional means to communicate. With ever changing...
LAMP Spotlight: Monroe 2-Orleans BOCES
Reprinted from the LAMP™ eNewsletter, Issue 3 In this issue, we are highlighting the Monroe 2-Orleans BOCES (BOCES-2), based in Rochester, New York. They are a cooperative special education organization composed of nine school districts which offers programs for preschool through transition-aged students. Over the...
Johnathan Gunn: A Story Of Determination
For 27 year-old Johnathan Gunn, it's been a difficult road. Born and diagnosed with seven disabilities, including Cerebral palsy, Lowe's Syndrome, developmentally delayed, legally blind, severe orthopedic impairments and aplastic anemia/cancer, life was already an uphill battle. A Devastating Injury At age ten, a...
Ethan Bartlett, The Unstoppable Communicator!
In 2016, Ethan Bartlett received his Accent 1000 – and he hasn't stopped communicating since. Ethan, a 14 year-old with autism, has been using his device to communicate everything from greeting others to asking questions in class to getting butter put on his roll! "Ethan needed help to put butter on his roll...


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Spotlight Uganda: Wildlife crime capacity building for the judiciary
KosherVeg Market > The Compassionate Report > Action Alerts > Spotlight Uganda: Wildlife crime capacity building for the judiciary
July 6, 2016 Action AlertsAbuse, Action Alerts, Animal Cruelty, Animal Welfare, IFAWkalel
Apprehending a wildlife trafficker is only halfway to stopping a wildlife crime.
In order to effectively combat wildlife trafficking, collaboration between law enforcement agencies and the judiciary is a must to ensure adequate sentencing for wildlife crime offences.
Last month, IFAW partnered with the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF) and the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) to host a three-day Wildlife Judicial and Prosecutorial Assistance Training in Kampala, Uganda, the theme of which was "Strengthening Wildlife Law Enforcement through Judicial Interventions."
Often times when wildlife traffickers or poachers are arrested, they are given very light penalties or fines and sent on their way. Successful prosecution is dependent on not only proper crime-scene evidence handling and intelligence, but a judiciary that is aware and knowledgeable of the various wildlife crime laws and the necessary penalties required to enforce them.
READ: How a simple role-playing exercise led to a wildlife trade confiscation
The joint training provided attendees an opportunity to dive deeper into wildlife crime in Uganda, and identify and overcome weaknesses in investigative and prosecutorial processes aimed at combating wildlife crime. Judicial officers, prosecutors and members of Uganda's police and customs authority attended the training and worked together through case studies and content development to strengthen both their understanding of wildlife crime and their collaborative approach to stopping wildlife criminals.
By the end of the three-day training, officers came up with interventions that would allow them to:
identify gaps in the Uganda Wildlife Act;
create a network with organizations such as the Lusaka Agreement Task Force and the World Customs Organization that address issues of wildlife crime; and
review and make available a database of wildlife related decisions that have been handed down by the courts for information sharing and engagement of the Uganda law society.
Now Uganda's judicial officers, prosecutors, police and customs are equipped with the knowledge and expertise to work together to tackle wildlife crime. Criminals beware…
This training is part of a larger program called the Horn of Africa Wildlife Crime Prevention Program, which is funded by the Foreign Affairs Ministry of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and implemented in partnership with the IUCN NL (National Committee of The Netherlands) and the Horn of Africa Regional Environment Centre and Network. This two-year programme aims to prevent and combat wildlife crime in the Horn of Africa, which is emerging as a major region and hotspot for wildlife crime worldwide, both as a source and a transit route for illicit trafficking of wildlife products. Additional support was provided by AWF.
Article source: IFAW
Combating wildlife trafficking in Egypt
Strengthening Global Networks to Defeat Wildlife Crime
How a simple role-playing exercise led to a wildlife trade confiscation
Training authorities in East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to stop wildlife traffickers
Dutch government helps tackle wildlife trafficking in Horn of Africa
← Bullied Schoolgirl's Family Prepares to Relocate Amid Fears for Her Safety Aussies Join Mass 'Bloodbath' to Protest Pamplona's Running of the Bulls →
Bullied Schoolgirl's Family Prepares to Relocate Amid Fears for Her Safety
Much has been made in the media lately of the Australian dairy crisis, and consumers have been urged to purchase...


The cool 2019 Toyota Tacoma Interior Wallpapers picture below, is part of 2019 Toyota Tacoma post which is grouped within Toyota, Toyota Tacoma and posted at April 19, 2018.
With the Tacoma name going back to 1995, and underlying platform family tree dating back to the late '60s, it's obvious that the 2019 Toyota Tacoma comes down from a long line of successful trucks. The Toyota Tacoma never ever actually goes through very many changes in between generations, and this has proven true since the third-gen model debuted in 2016. Now, as we near 2019, the Tacoma's lineup is coming into focus, and while we expect the entire of the pickup to remain the same, it will get a revamped TRD Pro model.
Aesthetically, we expect most of the 2019 Toyota Tacoma to stay the same inside and out. The TRD Pro, however, will get a couple of updates. These include an extra inch of lift, LED fog lights, a new-look "TOYOTA" grille, a hood scoop, "TRD Pro" stamping on the bed, black-chrome exhaust pointers, and 18-inch BBS aluminum wheels.
Here is wanted chapter on Toyota, Toyota Tacoma. We have the cool resources for Toyota, Toyota Tacoma. Check it out for yourself! You can discover 2019 Toyota Tacoma Interior Wallpapers guide and read the latest 2019 Toyota Tacoma.
28 photos of the "2019 Toyota Tacoma"


Molten chocolate lava cakes are absolute stunning desserts! These little cakes are rich and decadent and magical. We give you instructions for three different size dishes including cupcake tins so you will have every excuse to make these tonight.
You're going to love how easy it is to make these molten chocolate lava cakes. You don't need any special equipment or special ingredients. You can whip these up by hand in one bowl.
These are the best molten chocolate lava cakes ever. We went out of our way to make sure these little lava cakes have the maximum chocolate lava goodness. These little babies are PACKED with chocolate that turns into a rich, warm, fudgy sauce in the center of the cakes. It's kind of like a self-saucing cake! All you need is a scoop of ice cream and you have a cake and a hot fudge sundae all in one!
Before you start, heat the oven to 425°F. The lava cakes need to bake at a high temperature so they get cooked on the outside but keep all the melted chocolate goodness on the inside.
Now, you need to get the baking dishes ready. You can make these little molten chocolate lava cakes in 6-ounce ramekins, 4-ounce ramekins or in cupcake tins. This recipe will make 4, 6, or 8 molten chocolate lava cakes, depending on which size baking dish you use.
So grab the container that you want to bake them in and coat the insides with some butter. Next, sprinkle some cocoa powder inside the dishes and shake them around so the cocoa evenly coats all the sides and the bottoms of the dishes. By coating them in cocoa powder, the lava cakes will come out perfectly chocolatey looking.
The batter is too simple to make. Just pop the butter and chocolate in the microwave to get them melted. Stir the sugar in with a fork or a whisk until it looks smooth then add the rest of the ingredients and whisk it real good.
You will notice the recipe calls for espresso powder. These little cakes do not taste like espresso. The small amount of espresso powder that you put in will only highlight the chocolate flavor. If you want these molten chocolate lava cakes to taste like espresso then triple the amount of espresso powder.
And, if you don't have espresso powder then don't let that stop you from making these little lava cakes. Just skip that ingredient and they will still be amazingly delicious.
Now it's time to bake the little cakes. The amount of time you bake them will depend on what size baking dish you choose. If you have 6-ounce ramekins, you can make four molten chocolate lava cakes. The 4-ounce ramekins will make six cakes and the cupcake tins will make eight little lava cakes.
The cakes need to bake at a high temperature which will give them a nice crust on the outside but keep them saucy inside.
You will know they are done when they puff up about 1/2 inch above the rim and they will jiggle in the center when you shake them.
Take them out of the oven and let them sit for about 2 to 3 minutes before you invert them on a serving dish.
These molten chocolate lava cakes are best served while they are still warm. That means you want to bake them about 12 to 15 minutes before it is time to serve them. The great thing about these little cakes is you can mix the batter a day in advance and then bake them when you're ready for dessert.
If you want to mix the batter ahead of time then pour the batter into the baking dishes and cover them with plastic wrap. You can store them in the fridge for 24 hours. When your ready to bake them take them out of the fridge and let them sit on the counter for 20 minutes. let the oven come up to temperature, then remove the plastic wrap and stick them in the hot oven.
Can you make these chocolate lava cakes in a mug?
You can bake these little lava cakes in a mug but you will need to pay attention to the size of the mug. They do best in small, shallow mugs. Tall mugs will leave too much batter uncooked and the cakes will come out quite messy.
If you use a mug, make sure you select a mug that is oven-proof up to 425°F. Six-ounce mugs work great but if you are using larger mugs then only put 3/4 cup of batter in the mug.
The molten chocolate lava cakes in these pictures were baked in cupcake tins. Our favorite size however are the 4-ounce ramekins. Not too big, not too small. Just right!
The calories and nutrition label was calculated on the molten chocolate lava cakes from cupcake tins. You get eight mini molten chocolate lava cakes if you use cupcake tins.
You really have to make these. They are incredibly delicious and so easy to make that you will want them every night.
These molten chocolate lava cakes are rich and decadent desserts that are filled with a warm fudgy sauce. There are instructions for three different size dishes including cupcake tins.
Melt the butter and chocolate. You can either place them in a double boiler or melt them on low power in the microwave.
Stir in the sugar until smooth. Add the eggs, egg yolks, vanilla, espresso powder and salt. Whisk well until smooth.
Stir in the flour then divide the batter among the baking dishes.
Bake until the edges are firm but the center is still soft.
For 8 standard sized cupcake tins, bake 7 to 8 minutes.
For 6 (4ounce) ramekins, bake for 9 to 10 minutes.
For 4 (6 ounce) ramekins, bake for 11 minutes.
The cakes will puff up a bit and get firm around the edges but jiggle in the center.
Remove the cakes from the oven and let sit on a wire rack for 1 or 2 minutes.
Run a knife around the edge of the cakes to loosen them from the baking dishes or the cupcake tins, then invert them onto serving plates.
Use either six (4- ounce) ramekins or four (6-ounce) ramekins or eight standard cupcake tins.
Do not use chocolate chips in this recipe. Chocolate chips have additives that will prevent the center of the cake from having a nice runny lava. For best results, use your favorite dark chocolate candy bar, bakers chocolate or chocolate baking disks.
The batter can be made a day in advance and stored in the fridge until it is time to bake them. If you make the batter in advance, fill the baking dishes and cover them with plastic wrap. When it is time to bake them, pre-heat the oven and let the cakes sit at room temperature for 20 minutes before placing them in the hot oven.


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Is there any chance to create a citation style which is doing this?
Here is an minimal example of the code i'm using including the customization for using 4 letters and the "-" for the cite.
What is the most elegant way to cite two things connected by a 'joining word' with biblatex?