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Can a 47-year-old underachieving mid-handicapper find long-sought golfing glory by turning things around and learning to play left-handed? The world is about to find out.
Chapter 4: Major Breakthrough
"It is better to hit the ball from the wrong side and hit it right
than to hit it from the right side and hit it wrong."
– Bob Charles
An eight-stroke victory – in a major professional golf championship. The British Open (or Open Championship, if you prefer), no less: the oldest major championship in the world. Very Tiger Woods-like, right? Or how about Young Tom Morris-ish, in honor of Old Tom's precocious son winning the title by a whopping 12 strokes in 1870. (Just 19 years old at the time, it was already his third straight Open title.)
Granted, Bob Charles didn't beat the field by eight, just his single opponent in a 36-hole playoff. But still … you might think that's what people would remember about Charles's 1963 British Open triumph at Royal Lytham and St. Anne's. Or why it's so historic.
But no, Bob's triumph that day still resonates for a different reason, something he doesn't really have any control over. It's remembered because it was the first time a left-handed golfer ever won a "major" golf tournament – professional or amateur. If you've been paying attention, you know by now that Mr. Charles is not really left-handed. Which is why I so badly wanted to speak with him.
For a man of his stature and accomplishment, the man now known as Sir Bob Charles was surprisingly easy to reach. And surprisingly willing to spend some time on the phone with an unknown and unpublished aspiring writer. Perhaps it should not be surprising, however, seeing as Sir Bob was always known as one of the true gentlemen of the game. A man as famous for how he carried himself as for how he played.
The son of a schoolmaster in the mountainous Wairarapa district of New Zealand, Charles came by his "backward" ways quite naturally. Both his father, Ivor, and his mother, Phyllis, were left-handed golfers. And so it was only natural that young Bob started swinging lefty.
"I'm just doing something that comes naturally," Sir Bob told me. "It's instinctive for me to grip with one hand, to pick things up, grip anything with my right hand. But when it comes to putting two hands on anything, I automatically put the left hand below the right hand.
"For example, , if I pick up a rifle, I put the left hand below the right hand. If I pick up a pool cue, I put the left hand below the right hand. A spade, an axe, everything I do with two hands, I put the left below the right."
A left-handed golf swing, he explained, is just like hitting a right-hander hitting a two-handed backhand in tennis – something I discovered for myself later on.
"I'm a right-handed tennis player with one hand," he said, "but to get a little extra with the backhand, I put the left below the right and use a double-handed backhand."
When it came to golf, his mother, curiously, started out as a right-hander, but switched to lefty (though he didn't say why). His father, on the other hand, an avid and skilled all-around sportsman, shared his same tendency toward backhandedness.
"My father was a very good sportsman, and had a good eye, [a good] instinct for ball games. And he was just playing what was natural for him. He played cricket, he was a good cricketer: he bowled right-handed, batted left. If you use baseball as an example, he and I both would have been right-handed pitchers and left-handed batters."
He said he can't remember ever not having a golf club in his hand, having started on the game at age 3 or 4. Using several hand-me-down cut-down clubs, he honed his skills by hitting a tennis ball all over the family's yard. Golf wasn't the only sport that captured his fancy, however; rugby and cricket offered stiff competition for his attention. So it took a while to realize that golf was where his truest talents lay. He played no tournament golf at all until age 1416, when he and his mother narrowly lost a mixed foursome match play event on the final hole in the championship match. And it was only then that his father deemed Bob worthy of having his own set of clubs.
Finally able to swing away with his very own left-handed sticks, it took young Bob just four years to make his mark in the golfing world at-large. In 1954, while still an amateur, he became the youngest winner of the New Zealand Open, at age 18. Among those he bested were noted Australian professionals Peter Thomson and Bruce Crampton.
After finishing high school, Bob opted against continuing his formal education, as he "wasn't keen on studying." Instead he took a banking job offered him by a friend of his father's. And for the next six years remained the most accomplished golfer-banker New Zealand had ever known.
During this time, in 1957, he took advantage of an opportunity of a lifetime by accepting an invitation from New Zealand cricketing legend Ian Cromb – a wealthy friend of the family – to join him on a whirlwind world tour.
"I'm 21 and he was 52 at the time, and we're playing a round of golf together at the Christchurch Golf Club," Bob recalls. "And on the 14th hole he says to me, 'I'm going away for six months, around the United States and then on to Europe. How would you like to join me?'
"And I said, 'That's fantastic!'"
Well, who wouldn't jump at such a chance!?
Cromb's wife was invited, too – which was fortunate considering the couple were essentially newlyweds. If it was at all awkward for Mrs. Cromb to have a young golfing phenom tagging along on what might have been considered an extended honeymoon, she didn't let on – at least not publicly!
In preparation for the journey, Bob wrote a letter to Clifford Roberts, one of the proprietors of a little golf club in Georgia known as Augusta National. It may seem quite audacious to write the business partner of the legendary Bobby Jones requesting an invitation to a tournament as prestigious as The Masters. Today, with qualifying standards very strictly laid out, such a thing would have been almost incomprehensible. But things were simpler in those days.
"He gave me a nice reply to the affirmative," Bob said.
"You see, their philosophy is The Masters is an international event. They like to have participants from all over the world, and they'd never had a New Zealander play in The Masters before. So I think that was probably a big factor in my getting the invitation."
(Hmm … I wonder if Billy Payne, the current Masters chairman, would be interested in extending a similar courtesy to a 48-year-old right-handed lefty amateur. Skip Kendall has never played in the Masters, so it would be the first time the tournament has hosted a golfer from the Nicolet High School district in north suburban Milwaukee. Quite a novelty that, don't you think!?)
The Masters wasn't the only tournament on Charles's itinerary. He also planned to try to qualify for the Phoenix Open in Arizona and the St. Petersburg Open in Florida. These were professional tournaments on what was then known as the "winter tour."
Leaving New Zealand the first week of January 1958, the trio spent a week in Hawaii before continuing on to the U.S. mainland. While there, of course, he played a few rounds of golf – with borrowed clubs.
"I didn't take any golf clubs on the trip with me," he explains. "I was planning to get a set of golf clubs through the Dunlop representative [in San Francisco], Howard Kinsey, who was a great tennis player. He played in the days of Kramer." (That would be Jack, not Cosmo.)
Ian Cromb, you see, had connections. One was Mr. Howard, who not only set Bob up with equipment, he also hosted them all at the "Crosby Clambake," a.k.a. the Bing Crosby National Pro-Am at Pebble Beach, "where I watched Billy Casper beat Bob Rosberg," Bob recalls.
"From there we went back to San Francisco and bought a 6-year-old Hudson Wasp for $250. And Howard organized some equipment for me. In those days Dunlop didn't make any golf clubs. So I got a bag from them and balls. And we talked to the Wilson people and wound up with a set of Wilson golf clubs: Top-Notch [brand]. So now I had a set of clubs and I could play!"
Picture if you will a small paper cut-out of a Hudson Wasp. Now visualize it bouncing across a map of the southwestern United States, tracing a dotted red line from San Francisco to Los Angeles (including Disneyland and Knott's Berry Farm) to Palm Springs (where they watched the Thunderbird Invitational, before it became the Bob Hope Classic) and then to Phoenix. In the qualifying round for the Phoenix Open, Bob survived a sudden death playoff for a single spot in the tournament. Though he failed to make the cut, just qualifying for his first U.S. professional tournament was a worthy accomplishment.
From Phoenix the Wasp and its occupants made their way to Houston, where they (the occupants, not the car) took in the action at the Houston Open. Bob didn't play, but the opportunity to see the course first-hand would come in handy five years later. Then it was on to Florida and the St. Petersburg Open, where Bob played well enough to earn low amateur honors.
"Of course, no money, but I got a nice gold watch as the leading amateur," he recalls.
After that they drove down to Miami, where they gave the Wasp a rest and flew down to the Caribbean for a few days to take in some cricket. Then it was back to Miami to drive up to Augusta for The Masters, "the biggest of them all," as Bob described it to me.
"I didn't make the cut, I have no idea what the score was, I probably shot high 70s," Bob recalled. "But I did play a practice round with Gene Sarazen."
(Sarazen, of course, is a Masters legend. One of only five men to win all four modern major championships in his career, he put The Masters (originally named the Augusta National Invitational) on the map in 1935 by holing a 235-yard 4-wood shot on the par-5 15th hole of the final round for a "double-eagle" 2 . "The shot heard 'round the world," as it would come to be known, vaulted him from three strokes back of leader Craig Wood into a tie. The next day he beat Wood in a 36-hole playoff to win the tournament in its second year. He is also credited with inventing the modern sand wedge.)
And that was it for the United States – for now. After unloading the Wasp in New York for $50, Bob and the Crombs boarded a plane for London. While in Great Britain, Bob was able to play in a number of prestigious amateur events, including the British Amateur Championship at St. Andrews. At the birthplace of modern golf, he made it through to the quarter-finals before losing a match.
From St. Andrews they traveled on to Royal Lytham and St. Annes in Lancashire, where Bob would attempt to qualify for the British Open – or, as it's known more formally in Europe, the Open Championship.
"I don't know what I scored, or whether I even qualified, it's a bit hazy all that stuff," he told me. "But that was the year Peter Thomson beat Dave Thomas in a 36-hole playoff.
"After the Open, in July, my golf was virtually over and that was the end of the trip."
As we were wrapping up our conversation, I was able to go online and dig up the scores he couldn't quite recall from the 1958 Masters and British Open.
"Bob," I said to him (I think I called him "Mr. Charles" during our first interview and "Bob" during the second), "you shot 71, 79 [in the British Open] and finished in a tie for 60th." (Only the top 40, out of 96 entrants, made the cut that year.)
This result seemed to surprise him. "You said '71-79'?" he asked. "That 71 must have been …."
He didn't seem quite able to finish his thought, so I jumped in and said, "It must have been a thrill!"
"Yes, it must have been," he said with a smile I could sense from the other side of the globe.
"And in The Masters you shot 77-80," I continued. "And you beat Gene Sarazen! He had 81-78."
"So you're looking that up on the internet, are you?" he said with a touch of wonder. "Oh my goodness. I don't know if you could look up who Joe Carr beat in the final of the British Amateur that year?"
Of course I could! "In the 1958 British Amateur, Joe Carr defeated Alan Thirlwell."
"Oh, Alan beat me in the quarter-final!"
It was really quite a little thrill to lead this golfing legend and fine gentleman down Memory Lane like that.
For a 22-year-old New Zealand banker, the trip was the thrill of a lifetime – and a great peak into the world of the touring golf professional.
"It opened my eyes to three things," Bob said. "One is traveling, you've got to enjoy the traveling. And you've got to love the game, obviously. It also gave me the opportunity of playing in two majors – three if you want to call the British Amateur a major. Playing in major tournaments gave me the opportunity of playing with the best players in the world, and gave me the opportunity to play on the best golf courses in the world."
Essentially, it was the trip that made Bob decide he wanted to play professional golf for a living. He remained an amateur for two more years, competing in a number of prestigious amateur events. Later in 1958, he represented New Zealand in the inaugural Eisenhower World Team Championship at St. Andrews, where his Kiwi team narrowly lost to Australia and the U.S. (Australia won in a playoff) after leading going into the final round. The following year, he represented New Zealand at a team event in South Africa. And in 1960, he saw a young Jack Nicklaus take the individual title while leading the U.S. team to a decisive victory in the 1960 Eisenhower event at Merion in Philadelphia.
A month later, in October, he turned professional, deciding that he'd "better concentrate on either banking or golf." Hmmm … tough choice, that one!
On the New Zealand Tour, he won the 1960 Queens Park Open and the 1961 New Zealand PGA before venturing to Europe, where he won twice and was the fourth-leading money winner in 1962. His winnings? A whopping $10,080 – which probably felt like quite a lot at the time. Still, knowing that greener pastures lay across the pond, he went back to America and joined the PGA Tour in 1963.
But a couple other fairly significant things happened first. For one, before coming to America he flew to South Africa to marry Verity Aldridge (a friend of Gary Player's wife), who he had been wooing since he visited there in 1960. And second – in an event that lives large in left-handed golfing history – he played in the U.S. Left-Handers Open Championship at DeSoto Lakes Country Club in Florida, where he demolished the field by a whopping 17 strokes. And if you think, "Well, that was just against left-handers – how strong could the field have been?" – consider that in doing so he broke a long-standing course record.
Still, outside the world of left-handers, Bob's entrance onto the American Tour went largely unnoticed. Except by one particularly influential individual.
Mark McCormack is best known as the first "super agent" in sports. His first – and for some time only – client was Arnold Palmer, who he helped turn into the biggest name in not just golf, but all of sports. Eventually, his company became known as IMG, International Management Group, which today is widely considered the most powerful agency in sports. By 1962, McCormack's stable had expanded to include not just Palmer, but also Gary Player and Jack Nicklaus, widely known in later years as "the Big Three." So it was no small thing that McCormack also saw something great in the young Bob Charles.
As McCormack writes in the Foreword to Charles's 1965 book, Left-handed Golf:
Except for golfers in New Zealand, Australia and South Africa, no one really knew very much about this impassive young man. He had thoroughly destroyed the DeSoto Lakes Country Club …. This spectacular victory … should have catapulted him into prominence in the United States. For some reason, no great significance was attached to his victory and the usual statement made by the average golf fan was: "He must be pretty good for a left-hander." …
I must confess that before meeting Bob and seeing him play I might have had somewhat the same attitude. However, his feat at DeSoto Lakes was absolutely incredible to me as I had competed on that golf course in past years and knew it to be tremendously difficult. On that basis, before seeing him play, I suspected that he had to be more than a "pretty fair left-hander" and that his accomplishment was much more than a few "hot" rounds.
After meeting Bob in South Africa and watching him play two tournaments, I immediately accepted the request to become his attorney and business manager throughout the world.
McCormack noticed something special in Bob Charles. And it didn't take long before other Americans noticed, as well.
"Beginning with the California tournaments in 1963, many persons were curious about this left-hander from New Zealand," McCormack wrote, "and I could see that most of them did not take me seriously when I stated unequivocally that he would be the first left-hander to win an American PGA tournament. People laughed when I said he had an excellent chance of winning one of the four 'major' tournaments as well. Some so-called experts even intimated that I was probably a little bit out of my mind."
By May, McCormmrack had been proven right on the first prediction, when Bob captured the Houston Open. Two months later, his more bodacious claim came true when Bob returned to Royal Lytham & St. Annes for the 1963 Open Championship.
The oldest golf tournament in the world, the British Open/Open Championship was once the only golf tournament in the world. The only one of any consequence, at least. Though the first iteration, staged in 1860 at Scotland's Prestwick Golf Club (not at St. Andrews as is often thought), featured only eight golfers, it gradually gained in scope and scale, attracting the finest golfers in the world. By the time Young Tom claimed his third title in 1870, the field had swelled to a whopping 17 golfers. (The field would not top 50 golfers until 1885; or reach 100 until 1901.) That third victory changed the course of history, as Young Tom, by previous agreement among the tournament founders, claimed the Championship Belt for keeps. Thanks in part to some squabbling among the sponsoring clubs about who should pay for a replacement, no tournament was staged in 1871.
The tournament resumed in 1872, after a new agreement was forged. The new pact not only allowed for clubs besides Prestwick to host, it also introduced the now-famous silver "Claret Jug" to replace the Championship belt. This time, however, no provision was made for anyone to keep it permanently. Fittingly, the first presentation of the Claret Jug trophy went to none other than Young Tom Morris. (But he didn't actually received it because the Jug, though commissioned, had not yet been crafted at the time of the tournament.)
By the mid-20th Century, however, the Open Championship had faded in stature as the United States became the hub around which the golfing world revolved. With a few notable exceptions, the game's best players – that is to say, America's best players – could not be bothered to make the trip across the pond. It just wasn't worth it. The trip was too expensive and the purse too small. Not to mention that transatlantic air travel was not yet commonplace. A British Open appearance in those days meant a significant investment in both time and money – with little promise of a significant payday.
One of those notable exceptions was Ben Hogan's epic triumph at Carnoustie. Encouraged – even pressured – by friends and supporters to play in the game's oldest championship at least once in his life, Hogan traveled to Scotland in 1953 and won the event in his only appearance, impressing the Scots with his precision play and stoic demeanor in the process. The "Wee Ice Mon" they dubbed him, with a mix of awe and affection (Hogan was only 5' 7" tall). Along with his Masters and U.S. Open titles, it was his third major win of the season in three attempts.
But Hogan's three-legged Slam, which earned him a New York City ticker-tape parade when he returned from overseas, failed to spark a resurgence of Open popularity and importance. It was not until Arnold Palmer made his first appearance in 1960 that the original major began to regain some of its historic luster. The King had already won The Masters and the U.S. Open that year, and first gave birth to the notion of a "modern Grand Slam" by suggesting that adding wins in the British Open and the PGA Championship that year would rival Bobby Jones's feat of winning both Opens and both Amateurs in the same year. Unfortunately for his legions of fans, Palmer came up just short, finishing second at St. Andrews, one stroke behind winner Kel Nagle. But when he won the event the next two years, the Open Championship was firmly re-entrenched as a "major" championship.
Having won at Houston just a month previously, Charles arrived full of confidence, ready to take on the world's best – even though he's the first to admit that the competition wasn't as stout then as it is today.
"Let's put it in context," he said to me. "We're going back how many years? Well, 47 years, aren't we? The best players of the day were there. Nicklaus was there, Palmer was there, [Gary] Player was there, Peter ThompsonThomson was there, Kel Nagle … they were the leading players of the day. In effect, those five players were probably the only ones I had to beat,
In fact, despite Charles's modesty, that 1963 field was considered quite strong. Past champions included Palmer, of course, gunning for his third straight triumph; Australian Thomson was trying for his fifth overall; and Gary Player and Kel Nagle, each with an eye on a second Open Championship title. Perhaps even more notable – in hindsight – 23-year-old Jack Nicklaus wanted badly to win his first Open title, having been somewhat unimpressive (finishing in a tie for 32nd) in his debut the year before.
To put things in further historical perspective, by the time they finished their playing careers, they combined to win 40 major professional championships – not even counting senior events. Nicklaus, of course, famously won 18 (the mark Tiger Woods most wants to reach), Player nine, Palmer seven, and Thomson five (all in The Open), with Nagle bringing up the rear with his lone Open title. So there was plenty of firepower, even if it was mostly concentrated near the top.
"Nowadays, of course, things are quite different," he continued. "What I'm saying is, the quality was there but there was no great depth to the field. Whereas today, instead of just five players, you've got 50 [top] players to beat. You with me? Good."
But it was unheralded Phil Rogers, a short and stocky former U.S. Marine, who made a statement early, shooting 67-68 (five under par on the par-70 layout) to take a healthy halfway lead. A third round 73, however, brought him back to the pack while Charles fired an impressive 66 to take the top spot after three. Meanwhile, playing solid if not spectacular golf, Nicklaus shot 71-68-70 to stay two shots back of Charles. Heading into the final round, it was pretty much a four-man race, with Charles at three under par (-3), Thomson at -2, and Rodgers and Nicklaus at -1.
(A couple of quick notes on history: For one, it's odd to imagine that in 1963, the British Open was played Wednesday through Friday, with 36 holes scheduled on the final day. So it was all over – except in the case of a playoff – by the weekend. Unimaginable in today's TV-driven media coverage. Also, it was not yet commonplace to use "relation to par" when reporting scores. The Sports Illustrated article about the tournament, for instance, includes barely a reference to the scores being over- or under-par. This practice, however, would soon become predominant as televised golf grew in leaps and bounds during the 1960s.)
Late in the fourth round, Nicklaus had the tournament well within his grasp. Playing two groups ahead of Charles and Rodgers, he held a two-stroke lead standing on the 71st tee. A costly bogey on 17, however, shaved that lead to one. And it was here that Royal Lytham's notoriously quiet fans might well have influenced the outcome. Knowing the situation was extremely tight, Nicklaus waited on the 18th tee, waiting to hear a cheer if Charles and/or Rodgers birdied the 16th hole. When he heard nothing, he assumed he was still in the lead and needed only a par to maintain a one-stroke clubhouse lead. In fact, they had both birdied 16 to pull even. When Nicklaus bogeyed 18, it spelled the end of his chances.
Of course, there's no way to tell how Nicklaus's mindset may have influenced how he played 18. But it's not a stretch to think that playing "defense" in search of a par instead of aggressively for birdie could have made the 23-year-old tentative, and influenced the outcome. In fact, it's something he now points to as a learning experience. In a June 2012 Golf Digest article, Jack Nicklaus lists his bogey-bogey finish as one of his career "regrets." With the benefit of hindsight, however, he says it likely helped him in the long run.
"I was probably better off not winning, again, because of the learning experience," he said. "Those bogeys were useful for me in my career."
But Rodgers and Charles weren't thinking of any of that, of course. They still had golf to play, with the tournament still on the line. On the 18th, a relatively short par-4 with both the fairway and green well-guarded by bunkers, Rodgers found himself facing a 15-foot birdie putt to win the tournament – Charles had four feet remaining for par. After leaving his first putt a nervous two-feet short, Rodgers tapped in – barely. Then he slapped his tweed cap over the hole (something of a trademark move) and made a show of walking rubber-leggedly around the green in a display of literal comic relief. The hi-jinks did not faze the stoic Charles, who calmly knocked in his par save to force a playoff.
It was an exciting end to regulation play, but not at all the one golf fans had expected. Palmer, the two-time defending champ and odds-on favorite (British bookmakers listed him at 2-1 to win, an irrationally exuberant figure) was never a factor after opening with a disappointing, to put it mildly, 76. He finished in a relatively devastating tie for 26th, a whopping 17 strokes back. Player, another pre-tournament favorite, rallied from an opening 75 to finish tied for 7th, a (slightly) more respectable 10 strokes behind. And Nagle's third-round 73 took him out of contention, though he finished with a solid 71 to place solo fourth, six strokes back at +2.
In the 36-hole playoff the next day, tall, thin, and stoic Charles made relatively short work of short, stocky, and flashy Rodgers. By lunch he had built a three-stroke lead; two holes into the afternoon he was up by five. On the 21st hole of the playoff, number 3, a long par-4 with railroad tracks down the right-hand side, Charles gave Rodgers an opening when he hooked his drive out of bounds. Rodgers pulled within one after making a few putts of his own, but on number 8 Charles broke his opponent's spirit for good. After Rodgers sank an unlikely 50-foot birdie putt on the eighth – and predictably made a spectacle of himself in celebration – Charles sank a 30-footer of his own. Without so much as cracking a smile, he then turned on his heel and headed straight for the 910th tee, leaving his caddie to retrieve the ball and perhaps offer a wry smile to the crestfallen Rodgers.
After that, it was all but over but the non-shouting. Charles continued to make putt after putt en route to a solid 71, while Rodgers wilted to a 76 under the barrage of Charles's red-hot flat stick.
"The 36-hole [playoff]final with Phil Rodgers was a little bit of an endurance contest, as you can imagine, playing 72 holes in two days," Sir Bob told me. "And I think I was the fitter of the two. But then, Phil Rogers would never consider himself to be one of the fittest people in the world!
"And my putting continued through the final. I think I won by, what was it, seven shots?"
It was eight, of course – with every stroke of the difference accounted for on the putting surface. If all that counted was hitting the green in as few strokes as possible, Rodgers would have edged Charles that day by a stroke. But thanks to a nine-stroke (56 to 65) putting advantage, the lanky New Zealander won in a blowout.
Drive for show, putt for dough – you bet!
Charles would go down in history as one of the great putters of the game – as well as one of the most modest, as evidenced by this story told by his good friend Tony Jacklin, in an essay he wrote prior to inducting his friend into the World Golf Hall of Fame:
I remember being in Memphis once. I had finished my round and was back at the hotel, sitting beside the swimming pool with my wife. Bob walked by and I asked him how he had played. He said, "I putted quite well today." I thought, what in the world does that mean coming from him? So I asked, and he said, "I never missed anything under 30 feet." I was like, well, say, no more. He shot 63 that day. … His prowess with the putter really benefited him when he went to the Champions Tour. He made mincemeat of everyone.
What was the key to his success? Well, one thing Charles had going for him on the greens at Lytham & St. Annes was what is sometimes called "cross-dominance." That is, he played left-handed while his dominant eye was his right. Having his stronger eye closer to the line of play was something Charles feels gave him a distinct advantage.
"When I'm lining up a putt, I'm looking at the hole and the ball with my strong right eye," he explains. "So, I've got a theory … if you're left-eyed you should be a right-handed putter; if you're right-eyed you should be a left-handed putter."
And here's another thing I found intriguing, something I didn't get a chance to ask him about. I've always been fascinated by how "wristy" putting strokes were in those days. Arnold Palmer is a prime example. Back then he would stand hunched over close to the ball, with his hands tucked in close to his body, almost seeming to brace his elbows into his mid-section. He would then strike the ball with the putter almost entirely using his wrists. Nothing at all like today's "modern" putting strokes, in which the wrists and elbows remain locked, and the stroke is made primarily by rocking the shoulders.
But I ran across this description of Charles's putting stroke on the official Open Championship website (www.theopen.com), in a summary of the 1963 tournament:
Locking arms, hands and putter into one solid unit he rocked his shoulders back and forwards in a classic pendulum action that was devastating.
Could it be that part of the reason for Sir Bob's putting brilliance was that he was ahead of his time with his stroke? Whatever the reason, Charles dominated the short grass that day in England to win his first major victory. He had officially "arrived."
"It opened a lot of doors for me," he told me. "And, of course, winning a major, it's meaningful even to this day. Much more meaningful than winning a half-dozen Houston Opens!"
Yet despite was seemed like the start of something big, the 1963 Open Championship was the first and only major Charles would win. Not to say that was the end of his success, however, as Bob went on to win some 40 professional titles around the world, including six on the PGA Tour. He also had a number of subsequent close calls in majors, including second at the Open Championship in 1968 and '69, second at the PGA Championship in 1968, and third at the U.S. Open in 1964 and 1970.
To be clear, he did all that before he turned 50. Because perhaps Charles's most enduring legacy is the outstanding success he enjoyed on the U.S. Senior Tour (now called the "Champions Tour"), where he won a whopping 23 times from 1987 and 1996. That doesn't even include the two Senior British Open titles he won, in 1989 and '93.
He is also credited with being the oldest golfer to make the cut on one of the world's professional golf tours. As a young man of 71, Bob finished 23rd in the 2007 New Zealand Open – more than half a century after he won the tournament as an 18-year-old amateur. And, though his performance was ultimately upstaged by Tom Watson's near-miraculous runner-up finish in 2009, at age 59, Charles is also the oldest to make the cut at the Open Championship, when he finished 71st at age 60 in 1996 – once again at Royal Lytham & St. Annes.
"To what do you attribute such amazing longevity?" I asked him. "Good health," he replied. Being friends with Gary Player certainly didn't hurt in that regard, Player being pro golf's original fitness freak, a veritable Jack LaLanne of the links, long before Tiger Woods made working out commonplace on tour.
Charles was elected to the World Golf Hall of Fame in 2008 – the first left-handed player to receive the honor. In 1999 he received an even higher distinction, becoming known as "Sir Bob Charles" upon his appointment as "Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit" – though I could find no information regarding the number of left-handers that may have preceded him.
Today he lives with his wife Verity on the New Zealand farm they purchased in 1972, at age 36 – "envisioning an early retirement from golf," he says. But the game was just too good to him to abandon. He's officially retired from competition now, but not from playing. He's thankful for continued good health and a long, successful, career – and life. In 2011, he told a New Zealand television station:
I wouldn't change anything, I've been very fortunate. I've got a great marriage, 48 years married. Two children, four grandchildren – unfortunately they live in the northern hemisphere, but I do get to see them fairly regularly. My health has been good, I've been fortunate in that respect. A lot of my contemporaries have had ill health, which has cut short their careers. But I'm still – perhaps not as flexible – but I'm still as fit and healthy as I was in my 20s. I guess I attribute that to good genes. My parents, they managed to get to 96 and 91. So I suppose that's the next thing to aim for, is to try to reach 100! I never made 100 in cricket, actually. But [if] all [continues] going well with my good genes and good health, I might get to 100 [years]. I just hope I'm mentally sane enough to enjoy making a century!
And though he doesn't mind being so well-known for having broken golf's dexterity barrier, he's not crazy about being known as a "left-hander." To him the term just doesn't seem quite right.
"You see, I don't consider myself a left-handed golfer. I'm a backhander. I play a double-handed backhand. I stand on the right side of the ball, I hit the ball on the right side of the clubface, and I'm hitting to my right, while wearing a right-handed glove."
It couldn't be more clear. Right?
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Behavioural insight research
Evidence and literature reviews
Learning and engagement
CFE's New Managing Director Appointed
By Sarah Trivedi
We are delighted to announce Hayley Lamb as CFE's new Managing Director. Hayley joined CFE eleven years ago as a Research Manager and quickly progressed through the organisation, assuming the role of Acting Managing Director in 2019. Hayley led the strategic direction of CFE's wellbeing and education portfolios which have grown significantly in terms of the volume of work, and the scale, complexity and ambition of commissioned projects. CFE has become a leading evaluator of flagship government programmes to inform policy and practice.
"I am delighted to be given the opportunity to lead CFE as we embark on our next chapter. We are incredibly proud of what we have achieved throughout the past ten years as we have transitioned from a fledging research organisation to one of the UK's leading social research agencies specialising in wellbeing, education and the economy. We have ambitions for more. We are investing in the latest tools and innovations in social research, expanding our technical skills to encompass new methods, and diversifying our outputs to ensure our clients continue to receive high-quality, impactful data driven research. I am incredibly fortunate to work with a highly skilled, dedicated and hardworking team committed to producing the very highest quality outputs; together, with CFE's values at the core, I am confident that we will succeed."
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The 37-year-old defender was believed to have been offered a wages in the region of 3 million pounds ($3.9 million) for a one-year deal.
Cristiano Ronaldo scored twice on his 400th Real Madrid appearance as the Champions League holders defeated Borussia Dortmund 3-1, while Harry Kane grabbed a hat-trick in Tottenham Hotspur's 3-0 win at APOEL Nicosia on Tuesday.
Humbled by Celtic in the latest shock result in the Champions League, Barcelona travel to Russia this week as the competition favorites attempt for the second time to seal a place in the knockout stage.
Oscar Cardozo bagged a brace as Benfica beat Spartak Moscow 2-0 in the Champions League, but both teams' chances of qualifying for the knockouts remain remote.
Spartak Moscow are not going to sign Liverpool's Joe Cole, the Russian club's owner Leonid Fedun has said.
Russian side Spartak Moscow gained their first win of this season's Champions League campaign after losing their first two matches with a hard fought 2-1 win over Portuguese opponents Benfica here on Tuesday.
Australian skipper Michael Clarke, who scored an unbeaten triple century against India in the second Test at SCG, is poised to pocket more than USD one million from a new bat sponsor.
Spartak Moscow were held to a 1-1 draw by Celta Vigo in Moscow in the first leg of the UEFA Cup Round of 32 on Thursday.


Your wedding could be the most special and memorable day of your life. As a result, you make every single effort to make it beautiful and unforgettable. When your wedding is finalized, from that really moment you start planning your wedding. Besides the hustle and bustle of wedding preparations, you may also be thinking concerning the best way to capture those lovely moments. The greatest challenge is usually to decide on from the varied and specialized wedding photography services obtainable in the marketplace. Deciding on the top wedding photography service that suits your taste and budget is really a matter of appropriate planning and study.
There are a number of photography styles that you can pick from. In the event you prefer a modern day and unconventional style, you are able to opt for contemporary photography. If conventional style attracts you, then you are able to go for conventional photography. A blend of both classic and contemporary can also make for a distinctive style. Another widely accepted style in wedding photography is lifestyle portrait photography. Fashion photography is a style which is gaining reputation inside the wedding circuit.
A church wedding photography may have a formal and standard flavor whereas a beach wedding will naturally break away from the classic appear. According to your style and the venue you pick to host your wedding, a wedding photographer can program your photo shoot in advance. The photographer may also go to the venue beforehand to decide on the most effective lighting and camera angle alternatives.
You are able to strategy out a pre-wedding photo shoot just before the actual wedding ceremony. The booking can be completed on an hourly basis or for the whole day. You must talk about your budget along with other critical aspects of your wedding shoot just before finalizing the photographers. Some photographers offer excellent selection of albums with their photography package, which consist of amazing album covers in leather, silk, suede, and so on. They come in varied colours and prices, all crafted by talented artists. These albums might be customized as per your taste and preference. The cost of wedding photography packages vary from photographer to photographer according to their expertise, encounter and reputation.
Numerous skilled photographers are available in UK. Many Norfolk wedding photographers offer their services all across UK. To make your wedding photography a pleasurable encounter, they offer you specialized and customized services to suit your needs. You can browse by means of their Internet web site or check their portfolio to understand their photography style.
Expert wedding photographers display their special method and aesthetic style to bring alive each and every moment at the wedding. Some blend journalistic and classic style while other people prefer contemporary photography employing reportage style images. Some function by way of mobile studios which can be created available as per your convenience. It is possible to e-mail them or call them and fix an appropriate date to discuss your specifications.
For some photographers, wedding photography is actually a passion. It's their way of life. They continue to entice their customers with an artistic and modern touch in their photographs. They infuse plenty of passion into their photography to capture the true emotion and excitement of your special day. Be it a candid image of your beloved and you, or be it a loved ones photo or an image with pals, all shots are captured to make your wedding a memorable 1.
Wide-angle zoom lenses are one of the most important photography lenses that every wedding photographer should have, typically 17mm to 35mm in length with a fixed aperture of f/2.8. They provide a large depth of field, making it simple to have foreground and background in focus. They are an indispensable wedding photography equipment which allows versatility in confined areas such as a small banquet room or crowded dance floor. While shorter photography lenses allow you to capture more details, wide-angle zoom lenses allow you to capture more reactions and atmosphere to tell a richer story.
To elaborate further, wide-angle zoom photography lenses allow you to shoot a wider perspective of moments happening around the major subject, hence providing a bigger picture of the entire event. For example, wide-angle photos have the capability to tell "stories within a story", allowing you to reveal more of the story behind the shot. This is essential for a good photojournalistic wedding photography. As events surrounding weddings are so time sensitive, good photography lenses will allow you to capture as many actions or emotions in the quickest time as possible.
When used in a venue such as the church or ballroom, wide-angle zoom photography lenses also magnify the grandeur and spaciousness of the area, which encapsulates the creative feel for a photojournalistic wedding photography.
However, you need to be selective of the scenes or actions using wide-angle photography lenses, as a caveat to shooting wide is that it creates some body distortion, particularly when a subject is photographed close-up. Generally, people tend to look heavier and shorter on the edges, while arms can look huge. The last thing you want is to have the bride cursing you for making her look like she has put on 10 pounds! To get around this problem, you should as far as possible avoid putting the bride and groom at the edges of the wide-angle distortion. In addition, wide-angle photography lenses might also introduce distracting or unwanted elements into the frame, which would otherwise ruin a picture perfect moment.
Wide-to-telephoto lenses are the single most important photography lenses that a wedding photographer cannot do without. They should ideally be lenses that cover somewhere around the 20-70mm focal length range with an aperture of f/2.8. This ideal range lets you get wide enough to take a group photograph and close enough to capture facial emotions in your candid shots or a three-quarter portrait of a couple without the undesirable effects of wide-angle perspective distortion. They also double as good lenses for portraits. Given just this lens, you would be able to capture most of the shots needed for a wedding decently well.
Image-stabilized telephoto zoom lenses are also essential items in your wedding photography equipment checklist. The 70-200mm focal length is an important range for wedding ceremony photos. It allows you to give your subjects more space in situations where you don't want to get in the way. As you will often be photographing down the aisle from the back of the church, image-stabilized telephoto zoom lenses will come in very handy. 200mm is long enough to be able to take 3/4 length images of the bride and groom exchanging their vows while staying at a reasonable distance away from the action and 70mm is wide enough to take in the bridesmaids or groomsmen as a group without switching photography lenses.
A good point to note is that when using such photography lenses, nice blurred background can be achieved with maximum wide apertures of f/2.8 and long focal lengths of 200mm or 300mm, whether you are using a full-frame or a small sensor body. This allows you to isolate the subject from its background, and to focus attention on the image as the main subject you want to portray. Such photography lenses are especially useful for shots where you are unable to get in close and for intimate and private moments, where you want to be an unobserved stranger at a distance. Some examples include a stolen glance, a mischievous grin, a kiss – the details that are effectively conveyed by the emotions. Image-stabilized telephoto zoom photography lenses hence play an important role in capturing such moments.
These image-stabilized telephoto zoom photography lenses aren't only good for blurry backgrounds or shooting events from a distance. They could also be used to photograph stunning facial close-ups from creative angles above or below the subject that don't exhibit the normal distortions of large chins or shrinking heads that come from wider photography lenses.
Yet another advantage of such photography lenses is that you can use the small-sensor camera's 1.5x crop factor to your favour. The 200/2.8 long end of the standard zoom effectively becomes 300/2.8, a lens that would cost $4000 for a full-frame camera. The effective 300mm length allows for more creative photo angles than shorter photography lenses, such as tightly cropped images of the groom's hands lifting the bride's veil or the bride and groom's hands while they put rings on each others fingers.
The obvious disadvantage of image-stabilized telephoto zooms is that in many cases, long photography lenses tend to disconnect the subject from the main scene and there might be little to no context as to why the subject may have had expressed how they were feeling, the whereabouts of the subject and who else was there.
When using a small-sensor camera as your primary or backup body, the other disadvantage of image-stabilized telephoto zoom lenses is that neither Nikon, Canon or Sony make an f/2.8 lens that gives you an effective 70-200mm focal length. Hence, you would have to pay the high price and carry the weight of photography lenses designed for a full-frame camera.
Canon's Image-Stabilization, Nikon's Vibration-Reduction and Sony's SteadyShot INSIDE systems are indispensable in allowing you to hand-hold these large and heavy long photography lenses, especially in low light situations. Every wedding photographer should ensure that the image-stablization and vibration-reduction features are available on their long lenses. You might also want to consider using a tripod to ensure continuous, accurate subject placement and sharp photos. Such telephoto zoom photography lenses are huge investments and if you have a budget constraint or an amateur just starting out, you might want to consider rental instead.
Prime lenses are essentially photography lenses with fixed focal lengths, as opposed to zoom lenses, which have variable focal lengths of say 24-70mm or 17-55mm. Prime lenses generally have a better optical quality than zoom photography lenses, and usually come with wider maximum apertures such as f/2.8 or f/1.8.
Good prime lenses are must-have photography lenses for any wedding photographer, as they are excellent for taking good portraits. Although you will be adequately equipped for a wedding shoot with the three zoom lenses in your lens kit as discussed above, it is worth including two to three fast prime lenses in your bag as well. These photography lenses are compact, light, and fairly inexpensive and would probably be needed in about 10 to 20% of a wedding shoot.
Faster prime photography lenses are ideal in situations where f/2.8 aperture is not enough to get the motion-stopping shutter speed or shallow depth of field desired, whether for artistic or technical reasons. For example, an image that requires a 1/20th of a second shutter speed at f/2.8 will only require 1/60th of a second at f/1.8, forming a distinction between a sharp image and a blurry one. Many professional wedding photographers actually include prime lenses in their gig bags as an economical backup to their zoom lenses. Not many people could afford to purchase an additional 70-200mm f/2.8 telephoto lens as a backup and you also want to prevent a frantic situation whereby your photography lens fails on you during a crucial moment.
There are many prime lenses available on the market but most photographers would include a 28/1.8, 50/1.8, and 85/1.8 in their prime photography lenses kit to be used on a full-frame body. The 28mm is wide enough to cover most ceremony locations and confined spaces, the 50mm is good for small groups or a priest blessing a couple, and the 85mm is long enough for ceremony vows and exchange of rings. A wedding can be successfully photographed with just these three photography lenses.


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text:
Payne's Picks
Michael Kors, Still Got it?
By Charles PayneFOXBusiness
Can Michael Kors dress up your portfolio?
FBN's Charles Payne, Monster Worldwide Senior V.P. Joanie Courtney, retail analyst Hitha Herzog and Penn Financial Group founder Matt McCall debate the outlook for Michael Kors.
Let's talk about Michael Kors (NASDAQ:KORS).
Listen, here's the thing: this is a stock with a very, very ugly chart. I just think it's being punished on an assumption that they're not hip, not cool anymore.
I will say anecdotally, I don't see as many people in the stores as I used to. But the numbers have been phenomenal. The red flag has been same-store sales in America, but that's been made up in Europe, and I think they're going to be a huge, big time hit in Asia, particularly in China.
As far as execution now, they've beaten the Street in four of the last four quarters. Fiscal year '15 earnings estimates continue to ratchet higher. They're going to grow, I think, at least twice or 75% faster than the rest of the industry for many, many years to come.
Technically, you saw that down channel, it's at the cusp, above $80. It breaks out through that channel, and I bet you will see a lot of people jump on that stock. For a trade, $80 to $91, I think can happen.
Longer term, I do think it's a $100 stock.


Venus may be a goddess on Mt. Olympus, but she's been sentenced to play fairy godmother to the lovelorn until Zeus decides she's learned whatever lesson he might intend. Rachel Greer, bank employee and frequen dater of loser men, is Venus's latest mission – and it's not an easy one. Rachel's relationship history has bruised her so badly that even when a hunky firefighter is practically stalking her (in a good way, honest!) she keeps avoiding him.
McKelden's characters are quirky and funny, and this novel is a feel-good read that reminds us what the best chick-lit is all about.


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PART 16.1Voter Contact Calling Services (continued)
DIVISION 1.1Provision of Voter Contact Calling Services (continued)
Role of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
Marginal note:Administration and enforcement
348.1 (1) The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission is responsible for the administration and enforcement of this Division.
Marginal note: Telecommunications Act
(2) The administration and enforcement of this Division are to be carried out under Part V of the Telecommunications Act .
Marginal note:Registry
348.11 The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission is responsible for establishing and maintaining a registry, to be known as the Voter Contact Registry, in which all documents provided to it under sections 348.06 to 348.09 are to be kept.
348.12 (1) As soon as feasible but no later than 30 days after polling day, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission shall, in the manner that it considers appropriate, publish the registration notices relating to the election that have been filed with it.
Marginal note:Clarification
(2) Nothing in subsection (1) precludes the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission from publishing, before polling day, any registration notice filed with it or any information related to any incomplete registration notice that is filed with it.
Marginal note:Delegation
348.13 (1) The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission may, in writing and on any terms it specifies, delegate to any person any of the powers, duties and functions referred to in sections 348.11 and 348.12.
Marginal note:Revocation
(2) The Commission may, in writing, revoke a delegation made under subsection (1).
Marginal note:Authorization of types of identification
348.14 The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission may authorize the types of pieces of identification and of copies of such pieces of identification for the purposes of sections 348.03 to 348.05 and 348.07 to 348.09.
Marginal note:Disclosure to Commissioner
348.15 The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission shall, on the request of the Commissioner, disclose to the Commissioner any document or information that it received under this Division that the Commissioner considers necessary for the purpose of ensuring compliance with and enforcement of this Act, other than this Division.
DIVISION 2Scripts, Recordings and Lists of Telephone Numbers
Marginal note:Calling service provider — agreement
348.16 Every calling service provider that, in accordance with an agreement, provides voter contact calling services shall keep, for three years after the end of the election period,
(a) a copy of each unique script used in live voice calls made under the agreement and a record of every date on which the script was used;
(b) a recording of each unique message conveyed by an automatic dialing-announcing device that is used to make calls under the agreement and a record of every date on which it was so conveyed; and
(c) a list of every telephone number called under the agreement during the election period.
Marginal note:Person or group — agreement
348.17 Every person or group that enters into an agreement with a calling service provider under which voter contact calling services are provided shall keep, for one year after the end of the election period,
Marginal note:Person or group — internal services
348.18 If, during an election period, a person or group uses their internal services to make calls by means of an automatic dialing-announcing device for any purpose relating to the election, including a purpose referred to in any of paragraphs (a) to (e) of the definition voter contact calling services in section 348.01, the person or group shall keep, for one year after the end of the election period,
(a) a recording of each unique message conveyed by the device and a record of every date on which it was so conveyed; and
(b) a list of every telephone number called for that purpose during the election period.
Marginal note:Third party that is corporation or group — internal services
348.19 If, during an election period, a third party that is a corporation or group uses its internal services to make live voice calls for any purpose relating to the election, including a purpose referred to in any of paragraphs (a) to (e) of the definition voter contact calling services in section 348.01, the third party shall, if a script is used, keep, for one year after the end of the election period,
(a) a copy of each unique script used and a record of every date on which the script was used; and
PART 17Third Party Advertising, Partisan Activities and Election Surveys
Marginal note:Definitions
349 The definitions in this section apply in this Part.
election advertising
election advertising[Repealed, 2018, c. 31, s. 222]
election advertising expense
election advertising expense[Repealed, 2018, c. 31, s. 222]
election survey
election survey means an election survey that is conducted by, or caused to be conducted by, a third party — a person or group other than a political party that is registered under an Act of a province — during a pre-election period or an election period and whose results the person or group takes into account
(a) in deciding whether or not to organize and carry out partisan activities or to transmit partisan advertising messages or election advertising messages; or
(b) in their organization and carrying out of those activities or their transmission of those messages. (sondage électoral)
election survey expense
election survey expense means an expense incurred in respect of the conducting of an election survey
(a) in Division 1, during a pre-election period;
(b) in Division 2, during an election period; and
(c) in Division 3, during either a pre-election period or an election period. (dépenses de sondage électoral)
expenses means
(a) amounts paid;
(b) liabilities incurred;
(c) the commercial value of property and services, other than volunteer labour, that are donated or provided; and
(d) amounts that represent the difference between an amount paid or a liability incurred for property and services, other than volunteer labour, and the commercial value of the property and services, when they are provided at less than their commercial value. (dépenses)
group means an unincorporated trade union, trade association or other group of persons acting together by mutual consent for a common purpose. (groupe)
partisan activity
partisan activity means an activity, including canvassing door-to-door, making telephone calls to electors and organizing rallies, that is carried out by a third party — a person or group other than a political party that is registered under an Act of a province — and that promotes or opposes a registered party or eligible party or the election of a potential candidate, nomination contestant, candidate or leader of a registered party or eligible party, otherwise than by taking a position on an issue with which any such party or person is associated. It does not include election advertising, partisan advertising or a fundraising activity. (activité partisane)
partisan activity expense
partisan activity expense means an expense incurred in respect of the organization and carrying out of a partisan activity. (dépenses d'activité partisane)
registered third party
registered third party means a third party that is registered under section 349.6 or 353. (tiers enregistré)
third party means
(a) in Division 0.1, a person or a group other than
(i) during an election period, a candidate, a registered party or an electoral district association of a registered party, and
(ii) outside of an election period,
(A) a registered party or eligible party or a registered association,
(B) a potential candidate within the meaning of paragraph (a), (b) or (d) of the definition potential candidate in subsection 2(1), or
(C) a nomination contestant;
(a.1) in Division 1, a person or a group other than
(i) a registered party or eligible party or a registered association,
(ii) a potential candidate within the meaning of paragraph (a), (b) or (d) of the definition potential candidate in subsection 2(1), or
(iii) a nomination contestant; and
(b) in Division 2, a person or a group other than a candidate, a registered party or an electoral district association of a registered party. (tiers)
DIVISION 0.1Prohibition on Use of Foreign Funds by Third Parties
349.01 (1) The following definitions apply in this Division.
advertising means the transmission to the public by any means of an advertising message that promotes or opposes a registered party or eligible party or the election of a potential candidate, nomination contestant, candidate or leader of a registered party or eligible party, otherwise than by taking a position on an issue with which any such party or person is associated. For greater certainty, it does not include
(a) the transmission to the public of an editorial, a debate, a speech, an interview, a column, a letter, a commentary or news;
(b) the distribution of a book, or the promotion of the sale of a book, for no less than its commercial value, if the book was planned to be made available to the public regardless of whether there was to be an election;
(c) the transmission of a document by a Senator or a member the expense of which is paid by the Senate or House of Commons;
(d) the transmission of a document directly by a person or a group to their members, employees or shareholders, as the case may be;
(e) the transmission by an individual, on a non-commercial basis on the Internet, of his or her personal political views; or
(f) the making of telephone calls to electors only to encourage them to vote. (publicité)
foreign entity
foreign entity includes
(a) an individual who is not a Canadian citizen or a permanent resident as defined in subsection 2(1) of the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act ;
(b) a corporation or entity incorporated, formed or otherwise organized outside Canada that does not carry on business in Canada or whose only activity carried on in Canada consists of doing anything to influence electors to vote or refrain from voting, or to vote or refrain from voting for a particular candidate or registered party, at an election;
(c) a trade union that does not hold bargaining rights for employees in Canada;
(d) a foreign political party; or
(e) a foreign government or an agent or mandatary of one. (entité étrangère)
Marginal note:Definition of advertising
(2) For the purposes of the definition advertising, promoting or opposing includes
(a) in relation to a registered party or eligible party,
(i) naming it,
(ii) identifying it, including by its logo, and
(iii) providing a link to an Internet page that does anything referred to in subparagraphs (i) and (ii); and
(b) in relation to the election of a potential candidate, nomination contestant, candidate or leader of a registered party or eligible party,
(i) naming him or her,
(ii) showing a photograph, cartoon or drawing of him or her,
(iii) identifying him or her, including by political affiliation or by any logo that he or she has, and
(iv) providing a link to an Internet page that does anything referred to in subparagraphs (i) to (iii).
Marginal note:Prohibition — use of foreign funds
349.02 No third party shall use funds for a partisan activity, for advertising, for election advertising or for an election survey if the source of the funds is a foreign entity.


text:
Sears R. Jayne
Field of Study: Renaissance History
SEARS REYNOLDS JAYNE (1920-2015)
Sears Reynolds Jayne, Emeritus Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Brown University, died on 11 April 2015 in Cambridge, MA. He was 94 and succumbed to two strokes. He ended life in a hospital a mile from the Harvard Libraries where he had begun his undergraduate studies. After a year at Harvard as a freshman (1937-38), he went to the University of Missouri, Columbia, where he obtained a B.A. (1941) and M.A. (1942) in English.
The Second World War separated his graduate year studies. From 1943-46 he served in the U. S. Navy and, as navigating officer, was responsible for bringing his ship, the Isabel, safely home from Freemantle in Western Australia to San Francisco, using only a sextant and the stars as guide. When the ship passed under the Golden Gate Bridge, the ship's company saw on a hillside printed in huge white letters: WELCOME HOME MATES; THANKS FOR A GOOD JOB.
From 1946 to 1948 he was at Yale, which awarded him a Ph.D. in 1948. He taught at the University of California, Berkeley (1948-56); the University of Virginia at Charlottesville (1956-59); Claremont Graduate School, where he was Arensberg Visiting Professor (1959-60); Pomona College (1959-62); Queens College, CUNY (1963-69); and Brown University (1969-81). He published numerous books, articles and reviews, spoke regularly at MLA and other scholarly meetings, and served on the editorial boards of Shakespeare Studies and other journals. He won a Guggenheim in 1954 and 1969, a Fulbright and ACLS fellowship, and spent research leaves in England and Italy, where he was a Harvard Fellow at Villa I Tatti in Florence in 1962-63.
His area of expertise was the English Renaissance. At the graduate level he taught courses in Shakespeare and English drama, in Spenser and Milton, in English poetry of the Tudor and Stuart periods, and in bibliography and method. His translation of Ficino's Commentary on Plato's Symposium (1944; 2nd ed. 1955), like his later John Colet and Marsilio Ficino (1963; reprinted 1980), argued for a better understanding of what Platonism meant in the Elizabethan period; in particular, he sought to show the anachronism of Neo-Platonism as a philosophical term. In his Plato in Renaissance England (1995) he reappraised Plato's reputation in England. The completion of his monumental project, comprising Plato in Early Medieval England (2 volumes, 1991); Plato in Medieval England (2 volumes, 1994), and Plato in Tudor England (6 volumes, 1993, with a supplemental volume, 1999) had to await his retirement. It is deposited in the library at Harvard. Among other books are his bibliographical studies, the Library of John, Lord Lumley, which he co-edited with F. R. Johnson for the British Museum in 1956 and Library Catalogues of the English Renaissance, also in 1956.
He was a legendary teacher. At Berkeley he taught "Masterpieces in Literature" to a class numbering in the hundreds, and on occasion lectured on the Greek dramatists in the open-air Greek Theatre. That he had a magnificently stentorian voice and could declaim passages in Greek doubtless added to the effect of these lectures. Even as a full professor he chose to teach first-year students fundamentals of English composition.
He had to retire from teaching in 1981 because of his advancing deafness. But much as he regretted the loss of the classroom, he remained vigorously committed to the life of the mind. As well as his work on Plato he wrote a monograph on the Isabel, illustrated with maps, charts and photographs; this not only described the changing roles of the ship as a luxury yacht, a destroyer in World War I, and a patrol vessel in World War II, but examined the "myth" that the Isabel had been one of three ships used as decoys in late 1941 to provoke Japanese retaliation and thereby provide President Roosevelt with a casus bellorum. The work is on deposit in the U. S. Naval Academy Archives in Annapolis.
His greatest intellectual enjoyment came from the research he did with his wife Mae on Charles Sumner, the Abolitionist Senator from Massachusetts. The result is a magnum opus, a work of five volumes that treats Sumner in relation to Cartoons, Photographs, Sculpture, Prints, and Paintings. Charles Sumner and the Visual Arts (2011) is deposited in The Boston Athenaeum. It is a testament to his and Mae's affection for the city that adopted them in their last decades.
Mae was the love of his life. She predeceased him in 2010. To his daughters—Lynn Fairfield of Amherst, Massachusetts, Emily Duckworth of Watertown, Massachusetts, and Elizabeth Parker of Antigonish, Nova Scotia—he was a devoted father. He had nine grandchildren and fourteen great-grandchildren. To all in his immediate and extended family he was fondly attentive and ever aware of their interests, achievements and concerns. He was a great conversationalist, correspondent, and mentor. He loved to recite Shakespeare so a quotation from Hamlet is appropriate: "He was a man, take him for all in all, we shall not look upon his like again."
He wanted no memorial service of any kind, but a plaque to the couple will be placed on a bench near the Halcyon Pond in Mt. Auburn Cemetery.
Credit: Perry Ives


text:
Q: Java Script drop down options controlled by another drop down I am extremely new to JavaScript. I am trying to control the options inside one listbox (called Aggregator) using the selected value of another (called Product). Below is the code I have written so far.
Now when I load the HTML page the code I have written to control the text boxes (using txt, txt2, txt3) does not work either now.
Javascript
function pGo() {

            var x = document.getElementById("Product").value;
            var txt = "";
            var txt2 = "";
            var txt3 = "";
            var list = document.getElementById("Aggregator");
            var aggrs = new Array();
            aggrs[0] = "h";
            aggrs[1] = "e";
            aggrs[2] = "l";
            aggrs[3] = "l";
            aggrs[4] = "l";
            aggrs[5] = "o";
            aggrs[6] = "o";
            var length = aggrs.length;
            var element = null;

            if (x == "HII") {
                txt = "Full ";
                txt2 = "/";
                txt3 = "/";
                for (var i = 0; i < 5; i++)){
                element = aggrs[i]
                var opt = document.createElement("option");
                opt.innerText = element;
                opt.setAttribute(element, 'newvalue');
                list.appendChild(opt);
                }
            }
            else if (x == "DLG"){
                txt = "Full";
                txt2 = "/T";
                txt3 = "/responses/";
                for (var i = 0; i < 1; i++)){
                element = aggrs[i]
                var opt = document.createElement("option");
                opt.innerText = element;
                opt.setAttribute(element, 'newvalue');
                list.appendChild(opt);
                }
            }
            else if (x == "TBB"){
                txt = "Full ";
                txt2 = "/Trams";
                txt3 = "/respo";
                for (var i = 0; i < 1; i++)){
                element = aggrs[i]
                var opt = document.createElement("option");
                opt.innerText = element;
                opt.setAttribute(element, 'newvalue');
                list.appendChild(opt);
                }
                element = aggrs[6]
                var opt = document.createElement("option");
                opt.innerText = element;
                opt.setAttribute(element, 'newvalue');
                list.appendChild(opt);
            }
            form.elements.calcType.value = txt;
            form.elements.transform.value = txt2;
            form.elements.calcResponse.value = txt3;
            }

HTML
product
        <select id="Product" onchange = "pGo()">
            <option>HII</option>
            <option>DLG</option>
            <option>TBB</option>
        </select>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Hadena capsularis är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av Achille Guenée 1852. Hadena capsularis ingår i släktet Hadena och familjen nattflyn. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Nattflyn
capsularis

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Today's modern marketer understands the value of business-to-business (B2B) content marketing; it is the backbone of a successful inbound marketing strategy.
According to Forrester's 2016 B2B Marketing Mix Survey, content marketing is the most popular and effective marketing tactic for businesses.
The Forrester report also highlights the fact that modern B2B marketing isn't successful without solid content, and that means creating content that customers really care about. However, this is easier said than done, especially if internal politics get in the way.
A content marketing initiative is only as good as the internal support it receives. If senior management don't value it, then the marketing department's efforts may risk being undervalued and undermined. It is the responsibility of senior management to enact a "carrot" or "stick" approach to align the incentives of all necessary participants. One successful B2B content marketing organisation explained how their CEO would award a prize and highlight the efforts of those who have helped develop a successful piece of content. Why is this necessary? As highlighted in the next section, it comes down to involvement.
Unfortunately, handing the entire project over to an agency and telling them to "get on with it" isn't an effective solution. While this tactic may be effective in a B2C setting where content serves the function of entertainment and inspiration, the purpose of B2B content is to educate and convince its audience. This typically requires input from a subject matter expert and this specialist is likely to sit within one of the functions in the company.
Content manager/strategist – what, when, where?
Aligning these disciplines to regularly produce well-considered and purposeful content will largely be determined by the company culture. Can these materials be produced on time? Are they high quality and useful?
There are many types of B2B content that can be produced ranging from white papers and product reviews to videos and tutorials. It is important to categorise this content to better understand its purpose. Start with the various personas a brand is trying to attract and then develop an editorial plan based on those personas. What content will help attract and make those various personas aware of your product and/or solution? How will your content educate them? How will your content convert them from prospects to clients? How can your content foster on-going loyalty? However, your ability to effectively reach out will depend heavily on the culture within.
Greta Paa-Kerner is a course director for CIM. She is also an independent marketing consultant and a senior lecturer at Bucks Business School, which is part of Bucks New University.


text:
21 Paige Vannarath – Harmful Modern Day Journalistic Integrity
Paige Vannarath
Harmful Modern Day Journalistic Integrity
The act of reading a newspaper should be regarded as truly precious nowadays. We're all familiar with the traditional Sunday paper we often watch our parents read while sipping on a warm cup of coffee in the morning, but just how long have newspapers been around? The first ever newspaper publication in America was Publick Occurrences, which debuted in Boston in 1690. Although this newspaper only lasted through one issue, it began the basis for spreading news in the most effective and satisfactory fashion, where credit is due to the pioneers of journalism such as Benjamin Harris and John Campbell. Three hundred years later and golly, have we seen a seismic shift in news and journalism, just within the beginning of the 21st century. With the surge in media use and the impact it has had on the journalism industry, loss of appreciation and production for print journalism is evident. The negative impact that new media has had on the journalism industry is exemplified by the constant lack of credibility and fact checkers in the works of online media journalists that undermines the jobs of professional journalists and overshadows the underlying importance of printed works.
A continuous problem that is often seen across media platforms with journalism are the errors in credibility and increase in journalist's carelessness, leading to misinformation that has a lost context. As talked about by Tom Price, writer for CQ Researcher,
The always-on nature of the Internet and cable news channels pressures traditional print and broadcast newsrooms — the so-called "legacy media" — to forgo the delays that can be caused by fact-checking. Internet users' expectations that they can comment on the news strains the media's ability to hold all their online content to traditional standards of accuracy and decency. So does the expectation that websites will provide links to outside sources of information. (Price)
The overwhelming rush to produce work that will then have a positive, well received outcome puts a lot of pressure on online journalists. With that being said, writers should still be fairly crediting their sources from which they base their facts from. Furthermore, Price discusses a study conducted in 2009 that proves the point of error head on, saying "In a Project for Excellence in Journalism survey last year, online journalists — most of whom worked for legacy media websites — said the Internet was changing journalism values for the worse, especially because an emphasis on speed was causing carelessness and inaccuracy" (Price). The pressure to release breaking news on social media has created this tendency among people who post to rush and thus, lacking the fact checking of their content. Maybe a writer forgets a chunk of the story or chooses to not include it because it doesn't fit their beliefs, and that, in every way, is faulty. Being inattentive feeds an audience falsified information that obviously exemplifies the absence of credibility. Also clearly illustrated in Out of Print, "Consumers can coverage both platforms and content. The frontiers between audio-visual and text have dissolved: the internet platform can carry them all. That convergence allows immediate comparison and allows anyone with the time and a little skill to re-edit or mash-up content" (Brock 88). The power of editing online is nothing short of absurd because this means that anyone, from anywhere can add to a person's written content at any time, regardless if what they are adding is correct or not. This leads to an audience being misled and given incorrect information, which should never slide in the realms of journalism. Why is preciseness so important exactly? As made clear in Credibility in Context: How Uncivil Online Commentary Affects News Credibility, "Credibility is of practical interest to journalists and news institutions because of the widespread belief that audiences are more likely to read, watch, or listen to news content provided by sources they trust. There is evidence to suggest that those who are relatively more trusting of mainstream news media are somewhat more likely to use these sources than those who are more skeptical of the media" (Thorson, Vraga, & Ekdale 4). Of course we can't forget about readers because without them, journalism would serve no true purpose. Delivering the truth, in full, and relating to all parties is the strongest way to grow a bond with audiences. This is why great, big time newspaper companies are popular and known for being reputable. In the end, journalism should be pure and trustful, in every way possible, no matter what platform.
Objectivity and the ethical issues regarding new media journalism is an ever growing issue commonly addressed among biases and plagiarism. Discussing the subject of objectivity, Price shares the opinion of the director of the University of Minnesota's Silha Center for the Study of Media Ethics and Law, Jane Kirtley. She expresses, "When critics argue a reader needs to know a journalist's point of view in order to evaluate his work, they are assuming the reporter can't set aside his personal opinions when doing his job. But that's not a view I share. Part of being a professional is being able to do that" (qtd by Price). Due to the normality of biases in Journalism, which has been ever so heightened thanks to the internet, Kirtley defends the careers of those journalists who dedicate their practices to staying neutral. Being a proficient journalist should mean reporting the facts and only what is certain, leaving partiality separate from that. After all, journalism communicates true happenings and events and regardless of the circumstances surrounding those happenings, people are always going to have an opinion. However, opinion does not sway the truth. Additionally, it is fair to argue that copyright should pertain to media in the same sense that it does with print, with an analysis by Diane Rowland,
Does copyright apply to newspapers in exactly the same way as to other literary works? The straightforward answer is clearly 'yes'. Although news reports are based on facts that by themselves cannot be copyrighted, there will be copyright in the way those facts are expressed by a particular journalist and additional copyrights in the total compilation of the newspaper and the typographical layout. (Rowland 4)
Copyrights protect the interior works of print publications such as newspapers and magazines, as well as the designs of these hard copies. With new media in the mix, plagiarism becomes more and more common as we progress into the technological age, as it is very easy to copy someone else's work and thrive on. It is a difficult process to try and maintain all of this because the internet is more immense than imaginable and thus, the amount of people who plagiarize is not necessarily measurable. The basis of ethics is an evolving concept in media journalism, overall, and should be respected by anyone who wishes to publish their work, whether they are highly skilled or sitting on their couch from home.
Now that the media has taken such a detrimental hold on the world of journalism, professional reporters and writers commonly witness underappreciation for their craft and what they work so hard to perfect. Another problem that professionals in the journalism field often face is competition with amateurity. As talked about in Hosting The Public Discourse, Hosting the Public, "Users can be invited not just to comment, but to provide leads, information, photos, and other content. Outspoken users publicly challenge journalists and their sources, at times questioning their facts or engaging in harsh, ad hominem attacks.." (Braun, Gillespie 2). As if competition wasn't steep enough in flourishing cities around the world; we now have an entirely different entity to confront: online media. People don't necessarily need to be skilled in writing, reporting, or even investigating to publish works of their own. White collared journalists recognize an unfair circle of criticism and incompetence among the growing industry. Stephen Ward, certified director of the University of Wisconsin's Center for Journalism Ethics commented on the controversy, stating that, "Journalists themselves are sitting in newsrooms and they're starting to worry about their own ability to be accurate informers, because advertisers, business interests and the publishers themselves are threatening [the journalists'] independence" (qtd by Price). Ward highlights the way that sponsors have a direct impact on the news and specifically, the content that journalists speak upon. The power that advertisers hold is quite intimidating because they have the supreme control to leverage what the news reports on. Another concern for professionally trained journalists is that, "Journalists may worry that amateur-quality contributions from users will undercut the professional sheen of their own work; news organizations may find they must work harder to protect their brand as they incorporate user-generated content. Journalism scholars have begun to document these shifts, the ambivalence news professionals feel about this expansion of interactivity, and how journalists justify both the involvement of users and the curtailment of their participation" (Braun, Gillespie 384). User-generated content, otherwise known as citizen journalism, conflicts with the business of practiced journalists and how their pieces of work are perceived. Professionals waste time challenging uneducated, naive journalist imposters who frequently sensationalize their content in order to grab the attention of the public. It is no longer shocking to witness incompetent people attempting to outshine the artistry of a true journalist.
The concept of print journalism has been around for such a long time, it's impossible to imagine journalism without newspapers, magazines, and other forms of hard copies. This is why we must push to support these publications. The New York Tribune, which reigned all newspapers during its time and was led by arguably, one of the most inspirational and driven editors of all time, Horace Greeley, represents the heart of journalism. Greeley's vision was examined in Brock's book, explaining, "The Tribune would have its own correspondents, and not just in the United States but all over the world… This new form of editorial organization, Greeley assured his readers, would make the newspaper a "Great Moral Organ". In his editorial organization and research, Greeley was ahead of his time" (Brock 33). Greeley wanted his journalists to make an impact on the population and not only that, but grow to be more immense than one could ever imagine. The idea of newspapers changing how the world understood news was a prevalent one, indeed. Then, Henry Raymond founded the famous New York Times. Although his goals were less daring compared to Greeley's, he implanted a crucial scheme of balance, centering more so on the importance of consistency for the public. "Historically newspapers have always played a significant role in both forming and influencing public opinion that is not played to any appreciable extent by other types of literary work. This is partly due to the innate curiosity of humans to know about events and individuals in both their immediate and not so immediate environments but is also a consequence of the prevalence and accessibility of newspapers" (Rowland 3). Newspapers appeal to the public and give people their independence.
As society dives deeper and deeper into the world of regularly receiving news online, there's no denying that they also pull further away from reading tangible print copies and coming to understand the essence of traditional outlets. In Out of Print, the author's take on this change is explicitly stated.
As digital communications become the quickest and simplest ways of getting and sending information, the conventions of 20th-century print will fade in importance. The rules and conventions of fairness, impartiality, objectivity and accuracy are relevant for news organizations anywhere and are imperatives for news outlets such as news agencies or public service broadcasters. (Brock 233)
Brock is making a point that as the popularity of technological outlets are outshining print in this day and age, new developments and ways of reporting news are also overcoming long-established principles in print. While aiming to stay fair, neutral and accurate are all goals of journalists around the spectrum (as they should be), claiming that the foundations that print journalism was created on are insignificant by comparison is a clear blow to the journalists that came before us. Disregarding the values of the print industry, the proper and detailed ways in which journalists write their stories and strive to impact, is not a strong way to defend new digital platforms. These ideas and elements that were formed by print led us to where we are today, so claiming that they will become irrelevant is quite intolerant towards those who worked so hard to perfect that craft. We truly owe all that we have learned, developed and even modified to the start of print journalism. Like the writers of Credibility in Context exemplified and appreciated, "In a print newspaper, care is taken to visually separate and identify different genres of news content. Opinion pieces are clearly labeled as such, and ''news analysis'' stories are distinguished from other news content in the ''A'' section of the paper" (Thorson, et al., 5). Attention to detail grew within the creation of the newspaper and the goal from the very beginning has been to give people a perspective on real, accurate, daily occurrences. Therefore, without print, journalism wouldn't be known for its integrity, as its dependency wouldn't be so high either. Print has given journalism it's repute and in every way, its symbol of reliance and trust. As expressed by Brock, "Human beings like reading words from paper. For many, paper is both optically more attractive and carries greater authority" (231). Not only is print journalism classic and original, but it is also regarded as highly intellectual and valuable, especially in modern day where media often overshadows it. For without the creation of the newspaper, wouldn't we all be going crazy not knowing what's going on in the world around us?
"Either write something worth reading or do something worth writing," the influential Benjamin Franklin once preached. This quote can pertain to the world of journalism in a number of ways, but first and foremost, in that it should inspire journalists across all spectrums to write to the best of their ability. This means that journalists should be double checking their work, making sure that they give credit where it's due and understanding the challenges that come along with new media journalism. Secondly, regardless of the fact that partiality has always existed, doesn't mean that opinions hold the same virtue as reality. The internet can be a very illusional realm that makes it difficult to navigate the truth. Media is hurting journalism tremendously by threatening the very foundation that it was built on: delivering news to the people. In the end, appreciation for the written word is righteous. It started a revolution for news telling and now, it is taken for granted thanks to degenerates on the web and a lack of respect to those who have worked so hard.
Braun, Joshua, and Tarleton Gillespie. "Hosting the Public Discourse, Hosting the Public." Journalism Practice, 2011, pp. 1-16.
Brock, George. Out of Print: Newspapers, Journalism and the Business of News in the Digital Age. Kogan Page Limited, London;Philadelphia;, 2013.
Price, Tom. Journalism Standards in the Internet Age: Are the News Media Sacrificing Ethics Online? vol. 20, CQ Press, 2010.
Rowland, Diane. "Whose News? Copyright and the Dissemination of News on the Internet." International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, vol. 17, no. 2, 2003, pp. 163-174.
Thorson, Kjerstin, Emily Vraga, and Brian Ekdale. "Credibility in Context: How Uncivil Online Commentary Affects News Credibility." Mass Communication and Society, vol. 13, no. 3, 2010, pp. 289-313.
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This year's Times Law 100 has been decided - who among the nation's 150,000 judges and lawyers is on the list?
Lawyers reach into every crevice of life — from people's domestic disputes to the country's policy-making and politics. And, of course, they make the law. So they clearly have influence. But who, among the nation's 150,000 judges and lawyers, are the most influential of all?
Today we publish The Times Law 100, a snapshot of those we believe to be the most influential in society right now. The list was compiled by a team of 12 judges whose expertise spanned politics, the judiciary, academia, the media and, of course, the law. It has been carefully honed through hours of debate over several months.


2006 - 21-year-old U.K. hip-hop sensation Lily Allen makes her first U.S. appearance at New York's Hiro Ballroom. Appearing with a three-piece horn section, bassist and keyboardist, Allen blasts through an eight-song set in just under a half hour.
2006 - Sting releases "Songs From the Labyrinth," an album of 16th century lute songs.
2001 - U2 kicks off the third leg of its Elevation tour in South Bend, Ind., and invites the world to join them for free. The show is Webcast via RealNetworks and European Internet communications company Tiscali and is available to U.S. residents through the band's Web site U2.com.
2001 - London's Royal Albert Hall is reminiscent of a bygone age as former boy-band sensation Robbie Williams entertains an adoring sell-out crowd with his versions of swing classics from his latest album "Swing When You're Winning."
1998 - The deadly force of Hurricane Georges not only knocks out telephone, water, and electricity services in Puerto Rico, it also bumps the Hot Latin Tracks chart from Billboard Magazine. For the first time in its 10-year history, the chart is not published, because of damage to Broadcast Data Systems monitors caused by the storm, which hit the island late in September.
1997 - Performer and entrepreneur Jimmy Osmond, the youngest member of the Osmond family, and wife Michelle Larson welcome their second child. 6-pound, 15-ounce Zachary James is the 50th grandchild for George and Olive Osmond, the parents of the nine famed siblings.
1995 - Peter Frampton's ``Frampton Comes Alive II,'' is released. The album is the sequel to his 1965 smash ``Frampton Comes Alive'' - the best-selling live album in history.
1992 - Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash (Saul Hudson) marries Renee Suran in Marina Del Rey, Calif.
1992 - ``The Chase'' by Garth Brooks debuts at No. 1 on both Billboard's pop and country album charts, bumping Billy Ray Cyrus' ``Some Gave All'' from the top spot on each.
1979 - Film ``The Rose,'' starring Bette Midler, premieres.
1960 - No. 1 Billboard Pop Hit: ``Mr. Custer,'' Larry Verne. The novelty song is about a soldier's plea to Gen. George Custer that he doesn't want to fight at Little Big Horn.
1958 - Country singer Tanya Tucker is born.
1955 - David Lee Roth is born in Bloomington, Ind.
1943 - No. 1 Billboard Pop Hit: ``Sunday, Monday or Always,'' Bing Crosby.
1923 - Musician Louis Gottlieb is born.
1917 - Jazz great Thelonious Monk is born.


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