text:
Samsung Q9F QLED TV review
Is this Australia's best TV ever? Could be!
By Stephen Lambrechts, John Archer
TechRadar Verdict
Samsung's much-hyped QLED technology suddenly makes sense with the Q9F. By combining QLED's unprecedented brightness and colour talents with direct instead of edge backlighting, Samsung has hit on a winning, forward-thinking formula that delivers the best 4K high dynamic range pictures we've seen to date.
Spectacular HDR picture quality
Powerful, well-rounded sound
Good smart system
Cutting-edge gaming features
Limited viewing angles
Potentially divisive design
Over-ambitious in places
Why you can trust TechRadar Our expert reviewers spend hours testing and comparing products and services so you can choose the best for you. Find out more about how we test.
After a slightly underwhelming debut, Samsung's QLED technology really needed to bounce back in style. It didn't surprise us in the least, then, to discover Samsung threw the kitchen sink in with its new Q9F QLED series of TVs.
As well as being even brighter and more colourful than last year's equivalent model, Samsung's 2018 flagship screens use a completely different lighting system to combat its predecessor's contrast problems: Full Array Local Dimming rather than edge-lit LED lighting. This new lighting system works in tandem with Samsung QLED Quantum Dots to produce a picture that's brighter and more colourful than near any we've seen come from the South Korean manufacturer.
This means they can be driven harder without losing the plot/aging too fast, resulting in more brightness and a wider colour range - or, at least, more colour volume — than any other type of consumer TV technology to date.
Do those features alone make Samsung Q9F the best TV on the market? No, but throw in technology like HDR10+, handy features like Ambient Mode (more on that later) and a 10-year guarantee against burn-in, and there's very little doubt in our mind that this is Samsung's best TV ever.
Price and release date
Regarding price, the Samsung Q9F QLED TV is going to be expensive at any size. The 65-inch 4K TV starts things off at AU$6,999 – and is available from April 23 onward.
If you're keen for something even bigger for your living area and have the cash to back it up, the mammoth 75-inch Q9F will set you back AU$10,499.
Alternatively, Samsung's own Q8F series of QLED televisions is terrific, and while they aren't quite as advanced in terms of contrast and black levels as the Q9F, they do offer most of the same features and at a greatly reduced cost.
Though it isn't the thinnest television around, at least not by modern standards, the Q9F does exhibit a sense of sleek sophistication, thanks in large part by its minimalist design, single-bar stand and clean cabling solution.
This minimalist approach is especially attractive when comes to the Q9F's smartly implemented Ambient Mode, which lets you replace the usual empty black screen you're faced with when you're not watching the TV with one of a pre-loaded set of digitised artworks, or one of your own photos. Of course, you could always choose to show you other information, like the current weather forecast.
You could even take a photograph of your paintwork or wallpaper that sits behind the TV and have that appear on the display, so that the only part of the set that stands out when seen from the front is that ultra-slender frame.
If you're worried about huge electricity bills, fear not: the Ambient Mode is designed to consume a bare minimum of electricity. Though you can also increase the screen brightness if the picture's impact matters more to you than your electricity consumption.
Of course, all this Ambient Mode cleverness would be considerably less effective if the TV had spools of cabling spewing out of it. To get round this, Samsung uses an external connection box that connects to the screen by just a single, almost invisible cable.
In fact, Samsung has squeezed the screen's power into the connection box this year too, so now there really is just one cable going into the screen. Not only that, the cable it comes with is five metres long, meaning you can place the connection box a fair distance from the TV. If that's not long enough, you can also purchase a 15-metre long cable.
Design TL;DR: While the Q9F's basic chassis is pretty straight forward, its anti-cabling measures and unique Ambient Mode certainly are cutting edge.
Smart TV features
While the Q9F's Smart TV system is a refined version of what we've seen from the South Korean manufacturer before, meaning apps and input sources are displayed vertically across two layers at the bottom of the screen so that you can scroll through them without leaving your content, expect a few tasty new morsels that add to the experience without taking anything away.
This two layer presentation continues to be effective. The Apple TV-like way the top layer provides direct content links associated with the app you've got selected on the bottom layer proves a great way to provide quick access to lots of content without taking over too much screen real estate.
It's also compatible with Samsung's SmartThings platform now, which provides an onscreen hub for monitoring and even controlling other smart devices (fridges, washing machines, lights etc) on your network.
There's also much better integration of the TV listings and live broadcasting into the TV's content searching features: There are now hour-by-hour show recommendations, for instance, as well as TV shows getting much more prominence in the content browsing menus.
Samsung has delivered enhanced interactivity with your smartphones and tablets too, as well as some seriously cool new gaming related features.
Already up and running is an Auto Game mode which can detect when you're playing a console or PC game and automatically switch the screen into its fast-responding Game picture mode. This mode can even tell if you're using your console to play a game or a video app, and adjust itself accordingly.
Due to roll out later in the year is a Variable Refresh Rate feature that will allow the TV to continually adjust its frame rate to match that being output by whatever game you're playing. This will remove the issue of screen 'tearing' associated with games running at different frame rates to your screen, as well as apparently reducing input lag (the time the screen takes to render images) to a remarkably low 7ms.
Even using the Game Mode in its current incarnation delivers a superbly low input lag measurement of around 15ms on average. Even if you choose to engage a new Game Motion Plus option (which helpfully lets you retain some of the TV's motion processing while gaming), the input lag only creeps up to a still-very-respectable 34ms.
Samsung continues to impress, too, with the quantity of apps it offers. The 4K and HDR versions of Netflix, Amazon Prime and YouTube are present and accounted for, and most of the major Australian catchup services are also available, including ABC iview, Foxtel Now, PLUS7 and SBS On Demand, though Tenplay is still missing in action.
It's worth adding, finally, that Samsung's voice recognition and control functionality continues to be extremely impressive and helpful — even if rivals like LG and Panasonic are set to catch up with their own Google-powered voice control features.
Smart TV TL;DR: A slick, easy to use and helpfully customisable interface belies the impressive sophistication and comprehensiveness of Samsung's latest smart TV engine.
HD/SDR performance
The Q9F looks nothing short of sensational with the HD/SDR content most people still have to spend most of their time watching.
Samsung's upscaling processing does a terrifically convincing job of converting HD to the screen's native 4K screen, adding detail without introducing new noise or exaggerating any nasties that might be contained in the source.
It also goes beyond most upscaling engines in the accuracy with which it calculates the colour tones of all those millions of extra pixels it's generating. This ensures the upscaling process doesn't create any plasticky skin tones, and underlines the sense that your HD source has miraculously turned into 4K.
Try and resist the temptation to turn the sharpness setting too high, though. Creep much above the setting's 20-25 level and the image can start to look noisy.
Screens capable of handling HDR well usually handle the much more limited demands of SDR pretty much effortlessly — and the Q9F is no exception.
Stunningly rich black levels share screen space with beautifully rich, balanced and finely graded colours, and the screen's light controls are precise enough to deliver beautiful levels of detail and finesse at almost all luminance levels.
We say 'almost' as we did feel the need to increase the brightness or gamma setting by a point or two to stop the darkest parts of the picture from starting to look a little hollow.
While AV aficionados will likely want to stick to watching SDR content at its native brightness and colour values, the Q9F does carry an HDR+ mode designed to convert SDR to HDR. And actually, either because of improvements in the upgrading algorithms or the improvements made to the TV's core picture quality (or both), HDR+ yields much more engaging results than it has on any previous Samsung TVs.
It still tends to be a little more aggressive than we'd like, but colours look more balanced than with previous iterations, skin tones look less 'peaky', there's no longer a yellowy undertone to everything, and noise in dark scenes is less exaggerated.
HD/SDR performance TL;DR: Aside from having to take care with a couple of settings, the Q9F's SDR/HD performance is pretty much flawless.
4K/HDR performance
The Q9F's combination of extreme brightness, wide colour response, peerless colour 'volume' and (thanks to its new backlight engine) outstanding contrast helps it deliver HDR pictures that can only be described as jaw-dropping.
We tested the Q9F with the most high contrast, high colour 4K HDR content we had access to, including Thor: Ragnarok and Netflix's Lost in Space reboot, and the results really reminded us emphatically of the importance of brightness to the HDR experience: Samsung's new star delivers such extreme images with a level of dynamism and intensity we just haven't seen before, unlocking more of HDR's stunning potential than any other TV.
During the opening scene of Thor: Ragnarok, we were treated fiery reds and oranges that exhibited no signs or bleeding, instead selling us on the film's fire and brimstone look in an utterly convincing manner.
Moments later, in a scene which sees Thor, Loki and antagonist Hela travel through the Bifrost to Asgard, a face-melting flurry of colours whizz by that acts as a pure demonstration of what the Q9F is capable of in terms of colour performance and brightness.
Likewise, while watching Netflix's new Lost in Space series in 4K HDR, we were blown away by the levels of darkness achieved in blacks, and again by the snowy white surroundings the Robinson family find themselves in within the show's opening minutes.
It's not just that the Q9F's pictures are bright, though. It's also the way the screen's new direct lighting and local dimming can deliver its competition-crushing levels of peak brightness without compromising dark parts of the picture.
There's none of the light/dark compromise usually seen with LCD TVs. Nor, even more excitingly, is there any of the backlight 'striping' or haloing around stand-out bright objects that you'd normally expect to see on an LCD TV when watching contrast-rich HDR images.
The difference in this key respect between the Q9F and last year's equivalent model is night and day, leaving no doubt as to the benefits of using direct lighting with lots of dimming zones if you're really serious about doing HDR on an LED TV.
In fact, the backlight management of Samsung's new flagship TV is so outstanding that contrast-rich scenes look almost OLED-like in their black level uniformity — except, of course, that the bright parts of such scenes look far brighter on the Samsung than they can on any current OLED.
Even Sony's outstanding ZD9 LCD TVs aren't able to keep backlight blooming down to the tiny amounts the Q9F gets away with.
It's not just black levels and backlight clouding that benefit from the Q9F's backlight prowess, either. Colours also look richer, more solid and more consistent, since they're not being 'bleached' by unwanted surplus backlighting whenever they appear in close proximity to a particularly bright image element.
We were also impressed by how well the Q9F retained the intensity of the lightest colours, even when displaying bright HDR images. This is presumably because (unlike OLED TVs) QLED technology doesn't have to work with white sub-pixels.
Samsung's screen has seemingly no trouble achieving stunning levels of both finesse and visceral impact from the wider HDR colour spectrums of today's cutting edge sources.
There's nothing forced about the boldness of the Q9F's colour performance, though. On the contrary, for the overwhelming majority of the time you simply feel like you're actually seeing HDR looking more like it was originally designed to look.
The Q9F's extreme brightness and seemingly ultra-smart tone-mapping processing also means that it does a better job than any other HDR TV to date of avoiding the clipping problem seen on most rival TVs. In other words, it retains detail in even the very brightest image areas, rather than 'flaring out'.
Add this achievement to the image's remarkable colour finesse and light control and you've got arguably the most pristine, detailed 4K images we've seen from a consumer TV to date.
4K/HDR TL;DR: A few smallish (and potentially fixable via future firmware updates) concerns do nothing to alter the fact that the Q9F delivers the best looking 4K HDR pictures we've seen on a consumer television.
A note on HDR10+ and some potential weak spots
We felt we should add a quick word here on HDR10+.
Unfortunately, at the time of writing only Amazon Video offers support for this new higher quality HDR platform — and it won't let you switch between watching HDR10+ and non-HDR10+ streams of the same shows. So that means we couldn't do any direct HDR10+ vs HDR10/Dolby Vision comparisons.
What we can say is that all the HDR Amazon streams we played on the Q9F looked fantastic — the best we've seen, in fact.
But without being able to compare against the same content in other formats on the same screen, it's impossible to be sure how much of the extra Amazon picture quality is down to the TV's inherent picture talents, and how much is down to HDR10+'s extra layer of scene-by-scene picture data.
That said, apart from the HDR10+ dilemma and even with a TV as talented as the Q9F there's still a little room for improvement. As with SDR images, for instance, very dark areas can look slightly short of detail unless you marginally increase the set's brightness or gamma.
Motion suffers with shimmering edge noise using the auto motion processing setting, and while you can improve things via some judicious tinkering with the Custom motion options, we didn't feel motion ever looked quite as natural as it can on the Sony XF9005 Series TVs.
In fact, a viewing of Transformers: The Last Knight on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray had us digging into the Q9F's settings to switch auto motion off entirely, as the shakiness of the film's cinematography was having the opposite of the mode's desired effect, making the film seems choppy and blurry during movement. That said, the film looks much more natural once the mode was switched off.
While the Q9F provides a slight viewing angle improvement over 2017's models, color saturations reduce and you start to see more pronounced backlight blooming around bright objects if you watch from horizontal angles of more than around 30 degrees. This blooming also becomes more exaggerated if you watch from a vertical viewing angle of more than around 15 degrees. Something to bear in mind if you're thinking of mounting your next TV on a wall above your eyeline.
Although the Q9F's audio is not as stand-out awesome as its pictures, it's still the best sound we've heard from a Samsung TV for years.
It's powerful enough, for starters, to combine pretty extreme volumes and a wide dynamic range without sounding muffled or distorted. It also manages to project its sound away from the TV's bodywork, creating a three-dimensional audio space that has depth, width and height.
At one point, this reviewer had to stop and check that there wasn't a soundbar hidden away in the cabinet the television was resting on.
Dialogue sounds clear and locked to the screen, where it should be, and you can hear plenty of subtle detailing - despite the fact that the set's pretty much invisible speakers also deliver more bass than most built in TV sound systems.
Well worth a mention here, too, is Samsung's new Smart Sound feature. This analyses the incoming sound and automatically adjusts the quality of the sound to suit the type of content you're watching. For instance, it will adopt a stadium-style sound tone if you're watching sports, or a movie-friendly tone if you're watching a film. The system also equalizes sound levels across different inputs.
Gimmicky though it sounds on paper, Smart Sound turns out to be an unexpectedly brilliant feature, making everything you watch sound palpably better without you needing to touch any sound adjustment menus.
Our only complaint about the Q9F's audio is that very shrill tones can cause a momentary buzz from the TV's chassis. When this is the worst you can come up with on a flat TV's sound performance, though, you know you're generally in pretty positive territory!
Sound TL;DR: The Q9F sounds impressively powerful, well rounded and dynamic - and its new Smart Sound feature is a revelation.
Aside from not supporting Dolby Vision, with the Q9F Samsung has taken on board pretty much all the criticisms levelled at its 2017 QLED debutantes.
It's introduced direct lighting with local dimming. It's remembered that contrast and black level performance is at least as important to your viewing experience as brightness. And it's remembered that live TV is still a big part of most households' day to day viewing, however popular streaming may have become.
The Q9F also makes the QLED colour performance even more spectacular than it was before, and introduces a variety of features that make it uniquely accomplished as a gaming monitor. The result is the all-round most spectacular TV we've ever tested. Rumours of LED TVs demise, it seems, have been greatly exaggerated.
These are the best 4K TVs in 2018
Samsung QN65Q9FN QLED TV: Price Comparison
Stephen Lambrechts
Senior Journalist, Phones and Entertainment
Stephen primarily covers phones and entertainment for TechRadar's Australian team, and has written professionally across the categories of tech, film, television and gaming in both print and online for over a decade. He's obsessed with smartphones, televisions, consoles and gaming PCs, and has a deep-seated desire to consume all forms of media at the highest quality possible.
He's also likely to talk a person's ear off at the mere mention of Android, cats, retro sneaker releases, travelling and physical media, such as vinyl and boutique Blu-ray releases. Right now, he's most excited about QD-OLED technology, The Batman and Hellblade 2: Senua's Saga.
iOS 16.3 permet d'utiliser une clé de sécurité physique pour protéger votre iPhone


text:
Q: Funcionamiento de ng-change en angularJs Tengo un select muy sencillo para probar ng-change. No funciona con ninguna función que ponga. He dejado el alert por simplicidad.
¿Qué hago mal?
Tampoco encuentro ejemplos de su uso
Paso el código:
<!DOCTYPE html>

      <select ng-model="miProvinciaSeleccionada"
        ng-options="provincia as provincia.nombre for provincia in provincias track by provincia.idProvincia"
        ng-change="alert('HOLA')" >
        <option value="">--Elige opcion--</option>
      </select>

      El nombre de la provincia seleccionada es:{{miProvinciaSeleccionada.nombre}}

var app = angular.module("app", []);

app.controller("PruebaController", function($scope) {
  $scope.provincias=[
    {
      idProvincia:2,
      nombre:"Castellón"
    },
    {
      idProvincia:3,
      nombre:"Alicante"
    },
    {
      idProvincia:1,
      nombre:"Valencia"
    },
    {
      idProvincia:7,
      nombre:"Teruel"
    },
    {
      idProvincia:5,
      nombre:"Tarragona"
    }
  ];

  $scope.miProvinciaSeleccionada={
      idProvincia:3,
      nombre:"Alicante"
    }

});

Muchas gracias

A: El problema es que has  asociado a la directiva ng-change una expresion que no es una Expresion de AngularJS.
Para que funcione debes crear esta expresión, por ejemplo, una función en el controlador que sea un "wrapper" de tu expresión JavaScript.
Por ejemplo, asi:
html
ng-change="miAlert()"

Controlador
$scope.miAlert = function() {
    alert('HOLA')
}

Talvez quieras ver Expresiones AngularJS vs Expresiones JavaScript

A: Lo que tienes que hacer es crear una función  asociada al $scope para que te la reconozca y usarla en el ng-change. Lee la documentación de AngularJs

var app = angular.module("app", []);

app.controller("PruebaController", function($scope) {
  $scope.provincias=[
    {
      idProvincia:2,
      nombre:"Castellón"
    },
    {
      idProvincia:3,
      nombre:"Alicante"
    },
    {
      idProvincia:1,
      nombre:"Valencia"
    },
    {
      idProvincia:7,
      nombre:"Teruel"
    },
    {
      idProvincia:5,
      nombre:"Tarragona"
    }
  ];

  $scope.ShowAlert = function (){
    alert("Se selecciono La provincia: " + $scope.miProvinciaSeleccionada.nombre);
  }

  $scope.miProvinciaSeleccionada={
      idProvincia:3,
      nombre:"Alicante"
    }

});

<!DOCTYPE html>

      <select ng-model="miProvinciaSeleccionada"
        ng-options="provincia as provincia.nombre for provincia in provincias track by provincia.idProvincia"
        ng-change="ShowAlert()" >
        <option value="">--Elige opcion--</option>
      </select>

      El nombre de la provincia seleccionada es:{{miProvinciaSeleccionada.nombre}}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Every now an again it's nice to check to see how non-US cultures handled education. A great example is the Chinese Civil Service or Keju exam. Lasting from the 7th century AD to the last dynasty in the early 20th century, this was an exam which determined if a person was academically qualified enough to become a well-paid government administrator/bureaucrat. Today we have counterparts like the SAT (how good a college you can go to), MCAT (how good a medical school) and the LSAT (law school).
On the positive side, exams like these theoretically allow anyone with the resources and ability to learn enough material to pass to become credentialed. But Dr. Hoi Suen from Penn State feels that this kinds of high stakes exam will inevitably lead to problems.
Security implementations such as body searches, isolated exam rooms, anonymous forms and physical punishment for convicted cheaters.
In addition to these issues, Suen also found something called the baton effect – which basically says that Chinese society focused only on learning material on the test, which in this case meant literature and poetry at the expense of medicine or technology. The baton effect shows that high-stakes testing actually can influence what people learn.
Think of how many people today who complain that we don't study literature and poetry enough because the US students are too concerned with studying "for-profit" fields like accounting, medicine or the law.
So the problem may not be that testing will inhibit education, but that it can be TOO influential. You ideally want a test that matches what your society really needs, and yes there are plenty of diverging views out there.
Of course, China and the U.S. are not the only high-stakes testers out there. Most countries today have some sort of high-stakes test for university admissions and some used to have them for high school. And I think it's safe to say that once a test becomes high stakes enough to count, you will get the cheating and the destructive psychological behaviors described. I've heard great academic dishonesty stories from some of my non-US colleagues.
But what are the alternatives? Traditionally the alternative has been "the old boy's network" or whatever variant you have in mind. I need to hire someone for a task and I check in with my social network to see what "qualified" applicants are out there. Actually, when the population is small scale, this might actually be the best solution.
But once your population gets too large, caste think tends to set in. Anyone not born in the right circles would somehow have to find a patron (possible, but not easy).
Is there a third way that's more equitable? Maybe the ultimate solution is just to open more pathways to success. We're not all meant to be doctors or lawyers or government workers, so why should we all be trying? Wouldn't a system that rewarded something other than academic performance be interesting?
For instance, a highly-skilled welder may actually be well-paid and know quite a bit about metallurgy, gas chemistry and structural engineering. Welders may even need to receive continuous training to keep up with the latest techniques…Some welders even wield their torches to become metal craftsmen (and their art may command high prices).
But how many professors or lawyers want their children to grow up to become welders? (Actually see P.S. 2 for my reasons why not).
All of this speculation leads me to think that the biggest reasons for the problems encountered by the Keju and the SAT/LSAT/MCAT is that they are entries for people to gain or maintain a relatively higher social status. Hence there is much more competition in them (as well as a very strong desire to circumvent the system).
There are actually lots of other high stakes certification exams like the CPP (Certified Payroll Professional) and ones for welding, yet I don't think the issues of academic dishonesty are quite as prevalent. They're challenging, but not as many people take them.
P.S. 1 – An interesting development recently is that "chef" has become a much more glamorous profession thanks to the rise of cooking channels. One person admitted that he was glad to have found cooking…because he really hated school.
P.S. 2 – Another annoying quasi universal is that societies often set the highest social class to those who do the least work. Cognitive labor is always above manual labor, and no labor at all can be the best. I think that part of it is that manual labor can be a bit dangerous (welding accidents are more likely than attorney accidents). And it is cleaner, which counts for a lot in our subconscious mammal brains….still many societies have missed out on key technical innovations because the philosophers "didn't want to get their hands dirty" doing actual experiments.
This entry was posted in Global Awareness, Teaching on April 6, 2007 by Elizabeth Pyatt.


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» Featured Articles
» Status change
Additional image::
two major developments are about to take place in the bamboo sector. The Union ministry of agriculture (moa) is set to notify bamboo as a horticultural product, and the Seventh World Bamboo Congress will be held in New Delhi from February 27 to March 4.
Almost a year ago, the Union government, through the National Mission on Bamboo Technology and Trade Development, revealed its plans to develop bamboo resources for industries and trade. The thrust had come directly from the prime minister's office and the Planning Commission.
Classifying bamboo as an agricultural product would be an important step for promoting it, says H P Singh, an ex-horticulture commissioner in the moa. Singh is a member of the steering committee that is driving policy-level changes in the sector. The panel also includes Tinoo Joshi, development commissioner (handicrafts), Union ministry of textiles, and Ratin Mandal, adviser to the Planning Commission.
Communities living near forests currently face problems in transporting bamboo because the states' forest departments either categorise it as timber or as a minor forest produce. This, despite the Supreme Court's ruling in 1996 that bamboo shouldn't be classified as timber, points out Sushanto Mittra, adviser to the mission. "Forest-dwellers have to pay a 14 per cent tax on bamboo at present,' he says, adding: "Once it is classified as a horticultural product, it would come under the mandi committees which charge just 2 per cent tax.'
Mandal says: "India's import of timber stands at Rs 12,000 crore, and is growing by 10 per cent each year. We want to promote bamboo as an alternative to wood-based sectors as well as for asbestos or galvanised iron sheets.' He cites the example of China, where bamboo exports amount to about us $9 billion. At present, however, the government's emphasis is on the domestic sector, he reveals. The ensuing World Bamboo Congress, which is organised once in three years by the World Bamboo Organisation, is also going to highlight India as a source for bamboo products and technology.
Bamboo, Trade, Industry, Supreme Court

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We are sorry to advise that one of our former members Douglas (Duggie) Sayers passed away yesterday. Many of our older members will remember him, and our present members will know his son Shaun Sayers who is a current player for Salisbury Bowling Club.
There will be a funeral/memorial service at the Salisbury Bowling Club at 2 pm on Tuesday 16th April and all members and friends are welcome to attend and join his family to share in the celebration of the life of Douglas Sayers.
Our sincere condolences to his family and friends in this time of loss.


text:
Gov. Ron DeSantis Introduces $1 Billion In Florida Gas Tax Relief
By DrewBerquist.com
Image Credit: Youtube Screenshot
While the Biden administration and Democrats have hurled America into a state of panic thanks to their poor leadership, Republicans continue to hold the line. Neither President Joe Biden nor his Vice President Kamala Harris will even mention the Southern border as Texas Governor Greg Abbott exhausts every resource trying to keep America secure. Not to mention, the current attack on the unvaccinated waged by the Democrats and the surge in gas prices. While Americans might not agree on all things, it is a common fact that gas was drastically cheaper one year ago under former President Donald Trump. And although President Biden wants to play the blame game, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis is stepping up, hoping to help Americans at the pump.
Making the announcement on Monday, Governor DeSantis introduced a new initiative that would grant more than $1 billion in gas relief aid. The gas tax initiative would save the average Florida family around $200.
Speaking alongside leaders in the gas and transportation industry, DeSantis said, "Gas prices have been rising due to inflationary pressures from bad federal policies, so we here in Florida need to step up and provide relief to our citizens. Today, I am proposing that during session, the Florida Legislature provide more than $1 billion in gas tax relief for Florida families. This will have a positive impact on millions of Floridians."
As gas prices rise and the supply chain crisis worsens, Governor DeSantis is determined to fix the issues not only for his state but for the country, especially given that President Biden appears clueless as to why or what is happening.
Standing with DeSantis, Lieutenant Governor Jeanette Nuñez added, "I'm proud to stand alongside a Governor who puts Floridians first every day. With inflation and gas prices on the rise, Governor DeSantis' proposal to the Legislature of a five-month gas tax holiday will empower our Florida families and businesses who have felt the impacts of Biden's reckless policies."
This piece was written by Jeremy Porter on November 24, 2021. It originally appeared in DrewBerquist.com and is used by permission.
The opinions expressed by contributors and/or content partners are their own and do not necessarily reflect the views of LifeZette.
DrewBerquist.com
Drew Berquist is a former counterterrorism officer, national security commentator, author, realist and host of This Is My Show with Drew Berquist.
Chappy(@chappy)
I've seen this done before, in Indiana. The merchants pocketed the profits of no sales tax. I know, because I was the COO of a family owned convenience store, gas station. I just followed along, of what the corporate stores were doing. The law had no teeth. We all just enjoyed the windfall.
HankRB
Voted for Trump twice as for 2024 DeSantis is the answer, not Trump, jus my opinion!
john fudacz
its good to see a public official helping the peopleof his state
Greenman21
Good for Gov. Ron DeSantis – One of the FEW "Republicans" prepared to stand up for their Electorate ( voters ). This taxation gesture is a welcome slap in the face for the Biden "Administration" which continues its all-out assault on regular, decent Americans.
God Bless America – and F J B !!
How you like them apple Mr Brandon?
Stephen Russell
Why cant this be done nationwide or Red States


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text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}

In \cite{Mandrin1}, a quantum gravity formulation has been shown to exists on the basis of abstract quantum number conservation, the laws of thermodynamics, unspecific interactions, and locally maximising the ratio of resulting degrees of freedom per imposed degree of freedom of the theory. This approach will be referd to as Minimum Information Quantum Gravity (MIQG). The thermodynamic nature of gravity relies on the concept of generalised entropy and heat transfer, as initiated by Bekenstein \cite{Bekenstein} and Hawking \cite{Hawking}. Following this concept, space and time parameters are interpreted as fundamentally thermodynamic variables, in contrast to microscopic parameters. Following \cite{Mandrin1}, it makes sense to formulate a quantum description wich does not depend on space-time at all. As a further consequence, neither Hamiltonian nor Lagrangian formulation of quantum dynamics is required in order to understand the properties of gravity and matter. Rather, dynamics may be considered as a consequence of the thermodynimic behaviour of gravity and matter, and no variational principle needs to be imposed microscopically. In this respect, this approach differs from other background-independent approaches, as no restrictive quantisation procedure is prescribed a priori. In a dynamical microscopic approach, such a restriction would be required, which is not unique. E.g. loop quantum gravity requires quantisation based on the conventional Hamilton-Jacobi formulation of gravity but, also, one may instead choose, say, the precanonical quantisation based on the De Donder-Weyl formulation which has the advantage of being manifestly explicitly covariant while being quantised \cite{Kanatchikov}.

\paragraph{}
If one decides not to impose any restriction by quantisation, how should quantum measurements be predicted? In MIQG, space-time is a macroscopic parameterisation, and therefore quantum measurements are interpreted as macroscopic measurements on the quantum detectors themselves.

\paragraph{}
In order to describe gravity and matter in a fully general manner, it is convenient and most natural to use the tetrad formalism throughout at the macroscopic level. Thus, the fully general action of gravity and matter shall be rederived accordingly, following a procedure analogous to \cite{Mandrin1}. This then leads to the results presented in \cite{Mandrin2}. Considering fermionic matter as an example, the formal relation between the generalised connection one-form and the fermion spin becomes apparent.

\paragraph{}
This article is organised as follows. The concept of MIQG is first reviewed. To see the complete existence proof and an introduction of the necessary mathematical tools, however, the reader is refered to \cite{Mandrin1}. Then, the generalised pure gravitational action is rederived using the tetrad formalism. Finally, the matter terms are supplemented, and special cases are discussed, especially GR, QFT and fermionic matter.

\section{Overview of the MIQG concept}
\label{sec:2}

Consider portions of ''physical space'' and call each $k$th portion a system $S_k$. Each of the systems $S_k$ is called (macroscopically) separable if

\noindent 1. one may attribute to it a large enough number $n_k$ of quanta, $n_k \gg \sqrt{n_k}$,

\noindent 2. it is in thermal equilibrium, and

\noindent 3. it differs from other systems by at least one macroscopic parameter, e.g. location \cite{Mandrin1}.

\paragraph{}
For asymptotically flat space-times, the ADM-mass as a conserved quantity is an appropriate physical quantity to introduce a first quantum number, namely the ''mass-energy''.

\paragraph{}
As a second step, it is necessary to introduce some sort of ''spatial parameterisation'' which can be done in an arbitrary way. Clearly, the space-time parameterisation applies exclusively to macroscopically separable systems. On the other hand, if the large quantum number condition fails to apply, the system has negligible impact on the macroscopic variables and thus on space-time geometry.

\paragraph{}
How can quantum measurements be performed in spite of missing quantum space-time dynamics? A quantum measurement involves at least one macroscopic quantity (e.g. location). Thus, the measurement must be performed on a macroscopic system, namely the detector itself. Quantum detectors are in unstable thermal equilibrium, so that tiny changes in quantum number contents in the detector may cause the detector to fire. Firing of a detector is an avalanche process of successive interactions inside the detector, which is an irriversible thermodynamical process \cite{Mandrin1}. Also, wave function collapse is reconsidered from this perspective, as well as the issue concerning unitarity versus increasing entropy. It can also be seen that the memory of one quantum measurement can be discarded by subsequent measurements (e.g. Stern-Gerlach-type experiments).

\paragraph{}
It is shown in \cite{Mandrin1} that QFT directly follows from MIQG in the special case of negligible gravitational field. In particular, the second quantisation has been shown to apply once the macroscopic variation principle has been derived for a given field of many particles. One brings the Langrangian into canonical form (compute the hamiltonian and insert the solution into the Euler-Lagrange equations). Finally, the $k$-mode particle number factor of the hamiltonian may be replaced by the $k$-mode number operator, in terms of particle creation and annihilation operators to simulate the particle emission and detection process ($n_A(k) \rightarrow \hat{a}_k^\dagger \hat{a}_k$). This then yields the operator-valued field. This is explicitly sketched in \cite{Mandrin1} for the example of the Klein-Gordon field.

\paragraph{}
Third, one assumes that the quanta of mass-energy may be distributed arbitrarily within $n_{Sk}$ boxes per system $k$. The mean box filling corresponds to the ''temperature'' $T_k$, while the number $n_{Sk}$ is proportional to the entropy of the system, $S_k = n_{Sk} \ln p$, where $p$ is the (finite) maximum occupation number per box. If the parameterisation of a set $\{S_k\}, k = 1 ... N$, of macroscopically separable systems is chosen to be 1-dimensional, while ignoring interactions, any total ''mass-energy change'' $\delta U_k$ of the $k$th system is simply given by the ''first law of thermodynamics'' ($c=G=k_B=\hbar=1$),

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:first_law1}
\delta U_k = T_k \delta S_k,
\end{equation}

\noindent
and it is easily shown that, for any (small enough) ''volume cell'' $\Sigma$ in approximate thermal equilibrium, the (quasi-local) first law rerwritten und combined with the second law ($\delta S = 0$) yields

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:var_region1}
\delta S = [T^{-1}(x) \delta \mathcal{U}(x)]\bigg|_{\partial\Sigma} = 0.
\end{equation}

\noindent To obtain Eqn. (\ref{eq:var_region1}), one has to convert the required summation over $k$ into an integral and to integrate by parts. Furthermore, this equation is the variation of the microcanonical action in one dimension, or more accurately, its boundary term. Indeed, the boundary term represents the matter it contains.

The spatial parameterisation may be chosen arbitrarily, i.e. there must be a permutation invariance of the space parameter. One is also free to choose a parameterisation of higher dimensional space, $n > 1$. In this case, it is convient to introduce a topological space $\mathcal{M}$. Using the approximate thermal equilibrium condition over adjacing volumes and the required smoothness condition of temperature (required for hydrodynamics to apply), one easily shows that this topological space is a smooth manyfold, and the formalism thus becomes diffeomorphism-invariant.

\paragraph{}
As is also shown by \cite{Mandrin1}, Lorentzian space-time ($n = 3+1$) optimises the ratio of locally resulting degrees of freedom per imposed degree of freedom (ratio = $16/10)$.

\paragraph{}
In the same way as translation invariance in $n=1$ justifies the assumption of mass-energy conservation a posteriori, global angular momentum conservation may be seen to be generated by rotations (translation of angle-valued coordinates), which leads us to a surface (angular) momentum density contributing to the boundary intregral of the entropy as an additional term in the variation principle, Eqn. (\ref{eq:var_region1}). By the same ananlogy, angular momentum conservation induces the ''angular momentum quantum number''. Finally, diffeomorphism invariance allows us to introduce the usual tetrad formalism as a standard and natural space-time transformation basis, thus leaving the physical laws invariant under these transformations in the most general way.

Considering a thermally small space-time region $\mathcal{M}$ (according to the definition in \cite{Mandrin1}), we are finally lead to a more general form of the second law without interactions, as follows:

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:scaling_no_p}
\delta S\bigg|_\mathcal{T} = \int_\mathcal{T} {\rm d}^3x [ N \delta ({\sqrt{\sigma} \epsilon}) - N^i \delta (\sqrt{\sigma} j_i)],
\end{equation}

\noindent where, without loss of generality, $\mathcal{M}$ has a timelike boundary $\mathcal{T}$ and two spacelike boundaries $\Sigma+$ and $\Sigma-$ normal to $\mathcal{T}$, $N$ and $N^i$ are identified to be the (generalised) lapse and shift, respectively, $\epsilon$ is identified to be the (generalised) surface energy density, $j_i$ corresponds to the (generalised) surface current density, and time integration has been replaced by a locally constant factor because of thermal smallness and using the periodicity of the wick-rotated time. A more detailed derivation may be found in \cite{Mandrin1}. Also, we are using the same notation as in \cite{Mandrin1} for indices, metrics and projectors.

\paragraph{}
Because of the diffeomorphism invariance of space-time, the tetrads also come into play in Eqn. (\ref{eq:scaling_no_p}) (explicit dependence), and hence one has to perform a variation with respect to the tetrads as well. In this way, we obtain one more term and thus the starting point for the computation of the spin-compatible action:

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:scaling_p}
\delta S\bigg|_\mathcal{T} = \int_\mathcal{T} {\rm d}^3x [ N \delta ({\sqrt{\sigma} \epsilon}) - N^i \delta (\sqrt{\sigma} j_i) + N \sqrt{\sigma} s^i_I \delta e^I_i].
\end{equation}

\noindent Comparison with \cite{Mandrin1} and, e.g., \cite{Brown_York_1992} or \cite{Creighton_Mann} suggests to interpret $s^i_I = s^{ij}e^J_j\eta_{IJ}$ as the surface stress one-form, which accounts for a pressure and a deformation contribution (after taking its quadratic form), and supplemented by a ''torsion contribution'' (the remainder). The torsion contribution is important for the computation of the generalised, spin-compatible connection one form, as shown in the next section. Note also that quantities like $\epsilon$ or $j_i$ should not be confused with the corresponding quantities resulting from the ADM-decomposition of GR, as may be found in \cite{Brown_York_1992}, \cite{Brown_York_1993} or \cite{Creighton_Mann}. Rather, $\epsilon$ and $j_i$ are generalisations thereof, and GR has not been used to derive them.

\section{Derivation of the purely gravitational spin-compatible action}
\label{sec:3}

The derivation of the action in tetrad notation follows essentially the same procedure as in metric notation \cite{Mandrin1}.

Because variations $\delta e^I_i$ imply changes of the volume of $\mathcal{M}$, they also affect the volume of neighbouring pieces of space-time. In this respect, $\mathcal{M}$ is not isolated but lies in a ''bath of tetrads''. Thus, we perform a Legendre transformation ($e^I_i \rightarrow N \sqrt{\sigma} s^i_I$) and obtain the ''enthalpy'', so that the surface stress density one-form is varied instead of the tetrads. Then compute the variational derivatives of the integrand $s$ of the action on the boundary $\mathcal{T}$:

\begin{eqnarray}
\epsilon & = & (\delta s / \delta N) \big|_\mathcal{T}/ \sqrt{\sigma}, \nonumber \\
j_i & = & (\delta s / \delta N^i) \big|_\mathcal{T}/ \sqrt{\sigma}, \nonumber \\
\label{eq:var_derivatives}
s^i_I & = & (\delta s / \delta e^I_i) \big|_\mathcal{T}/ \sqrt{-\gamma}.
\end{eqnarray}

\paragraph{}
As in \cite{Mandrin1}, $\delta s\big|_\mathcal{T}$ is again an exact differential of the function $s\big|_\mathcal{T}$ and there exists a common 1-form ${\tau_\mathcal{T}}^i_I$ of the pure gravity contributions on the boundary which is given by

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:tau_oneform}
\tau^i_I = \tau^{ij} g_{jk} e^k_I = \tau^{ij} \eta_{IJ} e^J_j,
\end{equation}

\noindent where $\tau_{ij}$ is given from \cite{Mandrin1}. Hence, our Legendre transform of Eqn. (\ref{eq:scaling_p}) reduces to

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:var_e}
\delta S\bigg|_{\partial\mathcal{M}} = \sum_{\mathcal{A} = \mathcal{T}, \Sigma} \int_{\mathcal{A}}  {\rm d}^3x \sqrt{|\gamma|} {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^i_I \delta e^I_i,
\end{equation}

\noindent after having included the space-like boundaries $\Sigma$ as well to evaluate the action on the whole boundary $\partial\mathcal{M} = \mathcal{T} \cup \Sigma$.

\paragraph{}
Performing Legendre transformations in such a way that the total surface stress density 1-form ${\tau_\mathcal{A}}^i_I$ is varied instead of the tetrad now yields:

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:var_tau}
\delta S\bigg|_{\partial\mathcal{M}} = \int_{\partial\mathcal{M}}  {\rm d}^3x \sqrt{\gamma} e^I_i \delta {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^i_I
\end{equation}

This integral over $\partial\mathcal{M}$ may be reexpressed as an integral over $\mathcal{M}$ using the same technique as in \cite{Mandrin1}. We can write ${\tau_\mathcal{A}}^i_I$ as a flow across the boundary, ${\tau_\mathcal{A}}^i_I = {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^{i\gamma}_I n_\gamma$, with $n_\mu$ being the normal unit vector on the boundary. Then we apply Gauss' law,

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:gauss}
\sum_\mathcal{A} \int_{\mathcal{A}} {\rm d}^3x \sqrt{|\gamma|} {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^{i\gamma}_I n_\gamma \delta e^I_i = \int_\mathcal{M} d^4x \sqrt{-g} \nabla_\gamma(e^I_\alpha \delta {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^{\alpha\gamma}_I )
\end{equation}

\noindent By using Leibnitz' rule, the integrand may conveniently be written in terms of variation of the variables conjugate to the tetrads and to the connection 1-form, as follows:

\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:dUpsilon}
\Upsilon & = & \nabla_\gamma(e^I_\alpha \delta {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^{\alpha\gamma}_I ) \nonumber \\
& = & e^I_\alpha \nabla_\gamma \delta {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^{\alpha\gamma}_I + (\delta {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^{\alpha\gamma}_I) \nabla_\gamma e^I_\alpha \nonumber \\
& = & e^I_\alpha \eta_{IJ} \nabla_\gamma [g^{\delta\epsilon} e^J_\delta e^K_\epsilon \delta {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^{\alpha\gamma}_K] + \delta {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^{\alpha\gamma}_I \nabla_\gamma e^I_\alpha \nonumber \\
& = & e^I_\alpha e^J_\delta \eta_{IJ} g^{\delta\epsilon} \nabla_\gamma [e^K_\epsilon \delta {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^{\alpha\gamma}_K] + [e^I_\alpha \eta_{IJ} g^{\delta\epsilon} e^K_\epsilon  \delta {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^{\alpha\gamma}_K \eta^{JL} + \delta {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^{\alpha\gamma}_I \eta^{IL}] \ \nabla_\gamma e_{\delta L} \nonumber \\
& = & e^I_\alpha e^J_\delta \delta\Phi^{\alpha\delta}_{IJ} + [e^I_\alpha \eta_{IJ} g^{\delta\epsilon} e^K_\epsilon  \delta {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^{\alpha\gamma}_K \eta^{JL} + \delta {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^{\alpha\gamma}_I \eta^{IL}] g_{\delta\rho} \eta^{MN} e^\rho_M \ \omega_{\gamma NL}  \nonumber \\
\label{eq:var_Upsilon}
& = & e^I_\mu e^J_\nu \delta\Phi^{\mu\nu}_{IJ} + \omega_{\mu IJ} \delta \Omega^{\mu IJ},
\end{eqnarray}

\noindent where

\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:dPhi}
\delta\Phi^{\alpha\delta}_{IJ} & = & \eta_{IJ} g^{\delta\epsilon} \nabla_\gamma [e^K_\epsilon \delta {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^{\alpha\gamma}_K], \\
\label{eq:dOmega}
\delta\Omega^{\mu IJ} & = & (e^J_\alpha \eta^{KI} + e^I_\alpha \eta^{KJ}) \delta {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^{\alpha\mu}_K, \\
\label{eq:omega}
\omega_{\mu IJ}  & = & e^\alpha_I \nabla_\mu e_{\alpha J}.
\end{eqnarray}

The above quantities are the connection one-form $\omega_{\mu IJ}$ and, by comparison with the Palatini formulation of GR, the generalised curvature 2-form $\Phi^{\alpha\delta}_{IJ}$ and the additional variable $\Omega^{\mu IJ}$ conjugate to the connection 1-form. The last term in the last line of Eqn. (\ref{eq:var_Upsilon}) vanishes in torsionless GR, because $\delta\Omega^{\mu IJ}$ is symmetric in the Minkowskian indices and, therefore, only the non-Lorentz part of the connection contributes to the last term.

Eqn. (\ref{eq:var_Upsilon}) is just the boundary contribution to the total gravitational action. The total action including the proper bulk contribution may be obtained by the same procedure as in \cite{Mandrin1} or according to \cite{York}:

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:Total_grav}
S_{\rm total} = \int_\mathcal{M} d^4x \sqrt{-g} [e^I_\mu e^J_\nu \Phi^{\mu\nu}_{IJ} + \omega_{\mu IJ} \Omega^{\mu IJ}]
\end{equation}

\paragraph{}
Eqn. (\ref{eq:Total_grav}) shows that the gravitational action needs to be varied as a function of both the tetrads and the connection 1-form, in precisely the same way as is done in the Palatini action formulation.

\section{Derivation of the spin-compatible action with matter}
\label{sec:4}

The matter contribution to the action may be obtained by allowing exchange of quanta between thermally small volumes as discribed in \cite{Mandrin1}. Quanta may only be exchanged by packets of fixed quantum numbers, i.e. as particles.

Consider the number $n_{pA}$ of particles generating a certain interaction of type $A$. The number $n_{pA}$ is a further thermodynamic variable, and its conjugate variable is the chemical potential $\mu_A$. Because, by construction, the ''specific charge'' of a type $A$ interaction particle is a fundamental constant, the number $n_{pA}$ may be replaced by the interaction charge, and hence, by analogy, the current is a conserved quantity, and we have the charge as a new quantum number.

\paragraph{}
For simplicity, in what follows, we consider the approximation of minimal coupling (a generalisation to non-minimal coupling could still be made as a possible extension).

\paragraph{}
Conformly to \cite{Mandrin1}, the chemical potential must be varied, and we thereby denote the general indices $i_1i_2\ldots i_q$ by $I$, $j_1j_2\ldots j_{q+1}$ by $J$, $\gamma_1\gamma_2\ldots\gamma_q$ by $\Gamma$ and $\delta_1\delta_2\ldots\delta_{q+1}$ by $\Delta$:

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:var_matter}
\delta S_{\rm matter}\bigg|_{\partial\mathcal{M}} = \int_\mathcal{T} {\rm d}^3x \Pi^{IA} \delta A_{IA} \sqrt{\gamma} + \int_{\Sigma+} \ldots - \int_{\Sigma-} \ldots,
\end{equation}

\noindent where $A_{IA}$ is the interaction potential and $\Pi^{IA}$ is the conjugate potential.

\paragraph{}
Because of the interactions, there must also be a matter contribution to the stress one-form $s^i_I$ and to the total stress density one-form ${\tau_\mathcal{A}}^i_I$ which, from now on, shall stand for gravity $+$ matter. Therefore, the total variation of the action on the boundaries reads:

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:var_grav_matter}
\delta S\bigg|_{\mathcal{A}} = \int_{\mathcal{A}}  [e^I_i \delta {\tau_\mathcal{A}}^i_I + {\Pi_\mathcal{A}}^{IA} \delta A_{IA}] \sqrt{\gamma} {\rm d}^3x
\end{equation}

After performing one more Legendre transformation, we obtain the variation with respect to ${\Pi_\mathcal{A}}^{IA}$ instead of $A_{IA}$:

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:var_bound}
\delta S\bigg|_{\partial\mathcal{M}} = \int_{\partial\mathcal{M}}  [e^I_i \delta \tau^i_I + \sum_A A_{IA} \delta {\Pi_\mathcal{A}}^{IA}] \sqrt{\gamma} {\rm d}^3x
\end{equation}

Repeating the same steps as in \cite{Mandrin1} for the matter contribution and copying the results of the last section for the gravitational contribution, we finally obtain the total spin-compatible action:

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:action_final}
S_{\rm total} = \int_{\mathcal{M}}  [e^I_\mu e^J_\nu \Phi^{\mu\nu}_{IJ} + \omega_{\mu IJ} \Omega^{\mu IJ} + \sum_A j'^{\Gamma A} A_{\Gamma A} + F'^{\Delta A} F_{\Delta A}] \sqrt{\gamma} {\rm d}^3x,
\end{equation}

\noindent where the (possibly antisymmetrised) covariant derivative of $A^{\Gamma A}$ is the field $F^{\Delta A}$, the divergence of the flow $\Pi^{\Gamma\mu A}$ of $\Pi^{\Gamma A}=\Pi^{\Gamma\mu A}n_\mu$ across the boundary is the generalised current density $j'^{\Gamma A}$ and the flow of $\Pi^{\Gamma A}$ is the generalised field $F'^{\Delta A}$. In the last step, Gauss' Theorem has been applied once again, and the same argument has been applied as usual in order to obtain the bulk variation term, before writing down the total action $S_{\rm total}$.

\paragraph{}
Let us discuss a few special cases of the total action, Eqn. (\ref{eq:action_final}).

\paragraph{}
If there is no torsion (and the covariant derivative is metric) and the generalised curvature 2-form $\Phi^{\mu\nu}_{IJ}$ is of dimension at most quadratic in the derivative of the tetrads, then $\omega_{\mu IJ}$ is a Lorentz connection, the generalised curvature 2-form is identical to the curvature 2-form of GR and the gravitational action becomes the Palatini action. In this case, one must exclude any fermionic matter with net spin, as will become apparent next.

\paragraph{}
Consider now pure fermionic matter of one single interaction type, {\rm e. g.} pure electrons emitted in a series of many identical processes $W^- \rightarrow \bar{\nu}_e + e^-$. Then, the pure electonic fluid constitutes the following specific total action, if we neglect possible non-linearites of the electron-field (electron-electron interactions) and satisfying the thermally small mass-energy conservation condition (with non-zero invariant mass $m_e$ per particle):

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:action_fermionic}
S_{\rm total} = \int_{\mathcal{M}}  [e^I_\mu e^J_\nu \Phi^{\mu\nu}_{IJ} + \omega_{\mu IJ} \Omega^{\mu IJ} + \bar{\psi_e}\gamma^I e^\mu_I\nabla_\mu \psi_e - m_e\bar{\psi_e}\psi_e] \sqrt{\gamma} {\rm d}^3x.
\end{equation}

\noindent Furthermore, if the gravitational field due to the electrons and other sources are sufficiently weak so that higher order derivatives of the tetrads can be neglected in the gravitational term, the expression for the action may be approximated by the Einstein-Cartan theory. This means that the presence of net electron spin requires non-vanishing torsion. Thus, as one would expect, there is a relationship between the non-Lorentz part of the connection 1-form and electron spin, and this relationship must also hold in the most general case.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec:5}

Using minimum microscopic information as input to the theory, the most general form of quantum gravity description has been derived and formally constructed. Yet the result appears to reproduce the well-established physical laws up to some freedom in the choice of higher order terms in the curvature and particle density expansion of the total action. Moreover, the tetrad formulation appears to be the only one appropriate for describing all the possible types of matter. In full generality, the torsion contribution of the connection 1-form is related to fermionic spin, as one expects.

\section*{Acknowledgements}
I would like to thank to Igor Kanatchikov and to Igor Bulyzhenkov for their support and feedback. I also thank to Philippe Jetzer for hospitality at University of Zurich.
Finally, I would like to thank to Marianne Schwyter and to my father who both encouraged me during the development of my approach to quantum gravity, as well as to several colleagues in Baden (Switzerland).

\section*{References}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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A Musical Instrument Elizabeth Barrett Browning Sparknotes Mission Impossible Theme Arranged By Larry Moore Orchestra The adventure with ambitious, well-arranged. soprano and orchestra, Tchaikovsky's 6th Symphony, Beethoven Quartets, Nat King Cole, Frank Sinatra, Harry Nilsson, James Taylor. Patrick: As mentioned. The String Orchestra performed four pieces: "The Idylls of Pegasus," by Richard Meyer; "Theme from Downtown Abbey," arranged by Larry Moore; "Appalachian
The 60-year-old actor took to Instagram to share a video detailing his gift to his wife of more than 30 years. "OK, we don't really do. Joni Mitchell's "A Case of You," off of her 1971 album, Blue.
And I can't believe someone didn't say earlier, 'maybe we should slow down with the shows and have you make more music.'" Back in 2015, Laidback Luke also wrote, "The first few years of heavy touring.
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Season 3 picked up three years after Noah's (Dominic West) shocking admission of guilt at his murder trial. The show made a splash on the awards show circuit when it debuted, nabbing two Golden.
The Golden Globe nominations. or to an auditorium full of disgruntled citizens deciding on voting for city council members. His character on the NBC drama may have swayed those voters, but.
War! You know what it is good for? Stories of unfathomable badassery, that's what. Over the years, we at Cracked have gathered a formidable collection of these stories, and we've put the very best of them here so that a whole new generation of readers can feel inadequate about their life choices.
SIXX MIXX 110 – 12/23/2005. Right-click for remaster download: 73MB mp3 Listen: Sixx Mixx 110 – 12/23/2005 – Christmas Edition 1. DJ John – The Christmas Massacre of Charlie Brown (Party Ben.
That's not to say this "Sound of Music" was without its pleasures, from "Sixteen Going on Seventeen" (as performed by Ariane Rinehart and Michael Campayno) to Audra McDonald — a truly superior Mother.
I Guess Thats Why They Call It The Blues Elton John Genre Two new Elton John. in one genre," noted Taupin. "From day one we borrowed from everything that's good about American music — whether it's blues, country, gospel, pop, pure rock — everything got. The Shady Grove Guest Register Thank you for visiting our pages. Please enjoy the many Quicksilver memories in our guestbook! Trespass –
After years of insomnia I curled up under a weighted blanket — and it was miraculous. Desperate for a good night's sleep, I tried a weighted blanket.
The Syrian crisis was also the focus of Dutch filmmaker Leonard Retel Helmrich. and topical premieres at the fest was "Golden Dawn Girls," Norwegian filmmaker Håvard Bustnes's sharp, shocking study.
How To Get A Certifcation From Cites For Musical Instrument CITES Regulations For The Importation And Exportation Of Rosewood Effective January 2, 2017. Any transportation or shipment of an instrument (s) for commercial purposes with any amount of rosewood requires a CITES Export Certificate issued by USFW, and possibly a CITES Import Permit required by the country to which you are seeking to transport or
Watch the full video below. Other shows featured in the ad include the new season of "Big Little Lies" with Meryl Streep and Season 1 stars Nicole Kidman and Reese Witherspoon, along with the final.
Dec 3, 2018- 'Behind The Music- Elvis 68 Television Special': It was FIFTY YEARS AGO TODAY – that Elvis' stunning 68 NBC Television Special was broadcast in the USA. The programme would become one of the highest rated of the year, Elvis re-discovered his roots, Col Parker was stunned by the reception and Elvis was empowered to choose Memphis' American Sound Studio for his next serious.
(Wobble, who played bass on The Orb's 1992 hit, Blue Room, also appears on "Pillow Fight @ Shag Mountain.") Many of the album's other strong points look to the past. "Isle Of Horns" shows a reggae.
Over the ensuing years, Antares have refined and expanded what. Actually, it refocused what talent in pop is. The history of popular music is full of super-professional session singers and backing.
a white van plowed into a group of people at the PinkPop music festival in the Netherlands, killing one and injuring three, according to Sky News. The vehicle was driven away after the crash in.
After playing live for the audience on a CBC late-night show in 1993, Sarah McLachlan tells host Ralph Benmergui about being in the studio recording her third album.
"Nigga, I pop it/50 cal on me so big, gotta jump out the car just to cock it/You don't want smoke, nigga, stop it/Y'all ain't got enough bodies/Look like a lick, dare a nigga try to rob me/4L Gang,
Mission Impossible Theme Arranged By Larry Moore Orchestra The adventure with ambitious, well-arranged. soprano and orchestra, Tchaikovsky's 6th Symphony, Beethoven Quartets, Nat King Cole, Frank Sinatra, Harry Nilsson, James Taylor. Patrick: As mentioned. The String Orchestra performed four pieces: "The Idylls of Pegasus," by Richard Meyer; "Theme from Downtown Abbey," arranged by Larry Moore; "Appalachian Morning. Senior solos included: "The. The music of
Somehow, a savorous cumin smell hits you in the face to evoke images of woven fabrics, blistered feet, and golden sun — and you wonder: how did this happen? This is the beauty of association. The.
The Golden Globes, airing on NBC, drew a 5.0 rating in adults 18-49 and 19 million viewers. That is an approximate drop of approximately 11 percent in the demo and 5 percent in total viewers compared.
Index Holdings, a mobile communications and media group, has launched a China office, Index China, through group company Index Asia Pacific, the company announced Thursday. In partnership with China.
The speed and scale of the drop were shocking even to entomologists who were. upon opening a drawer full of sweat bees, "It's a new collection, 30 years only." On the shelves that do hold books, I.
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5701. Pre-arthroplasty rehabilitation is effective in reducing hospital stay. (Abstract)
Pre-arthroplasty rehabilitation is effective in reducing hospital stay. The purpose of the trial was to evaluate the effect on length of stay of individually tailored rehabilitation for clients who were undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty.Clients (n = 133) with complex needs (comorbid conditions or limited social support) were randomly assigned to receive preoperative usual care (UC) or rehabilitation (R). Usual care clients received a single preoperative clinic visit. Rehabilitation clients (...) were individually assessed and received multi disciplinary rehabilitation to optimize functional capacity, education about the in-hospital phase and early discharge planning. All rehabilitation subjects received interdisciplinary counseling/education focused on preparation for discharge home. The intervention for approximately half the rehabilitation clients was a single, cost-effective session, while others received physical conditioning.Clients receiving rehabilitation achieved discharge criteria
2003 Canadian journal of occupational therapy. Revue canadienne d'ergothérapie Controlled trial quality: uncertain
5702. Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of programs administered over 2 different time intervals. Full Text available with Trip Pro
Rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of programs administered over 2 different time intervals. There are adverse effects associated with immobilization of the knee after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, yet very little is known about how much activity will promote adequate rehabilitation without permanently elongating the graft, producing graft failure, or creating damage to articular (...) cartilage.Rehabilitation with either an accelerated or nonaccelerated program produces no difference in anterior-posterior knee laxity, clinical assessment, patient satisfaction, functional performance, and the synovial fluid biomarkers of articular cartilage metabolism.Randomized controlled clinical trial; Level of evidence, 1.Twenty-five patients who tore their anterior cruciate ligament were enrolled and underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Patients were randomized to accelerated rehabilitation
5703. 1994 Student Writing Contest Winner: Nonoperative Rehabilitation of an Isolated Posterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture Full Text available with Trip Pro
imaging. Rehabilitation from this injury is controversial because of the lack of documentation clearly showing the natural pathology of a PCL-deficient knee. There is research indicating that if chronic joint degeneration occurs, it will most likely be medial compartment or patellofemoral arthritis. Currently, the options are reconstructive surgery or participation in a nonoperative rehabilitation program. Because of this athlete's strength, age, and the nature of his sport, reconstructive surgery (...) was not chosen. The rehabilitation program was progressive and modeled after the five stages of rehabilitation as described by Prentice. It emphasized strengthening the quadriceps and increasing hamstring flexibility. The athlete experienced minimal pain and inflammation after the injury. Results of rehabilitation were outstanding. The athlete was released for return to full contact 4-1/2 weeks postinjury. He demonstrated excellent performance without any abnormal knee symptoms. The ratio of quadriceps
5704. Rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: what do we really know? Full Text available with Trip Pro
Orthop J 8908272 1541-5457 IM Animals Anterior Cruciate Ligament surgery Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries Biomechanical Phenomena Humans Knee Injuries physiopathology rehabilitation Treatment Outcome 38 1995 1 1 1995 1 1 0 1 1995 1 1 0 0 ppublish 7634032 PMC2329077 Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985 Jun;(196):186-95 3888466 J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981 Oct;63(8):1270-84 7287797 J Orthop Res. 1986;4(4):475-85 2946836 Am J Sports Med. 1986 Nov-Dec;14(6):436-48 3541655 Am J Sports Med. 1987 Mar-Apr;15(2):149 (...) Rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: what do we really know? 7634032 1995 09 14 2018 11 13 1541-5457 15 1995 The Iowa orthopaedic journal Iowa Orthop J Rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: what do we really know? 19-23 Johnson R J RJ Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, McClure Musculoskeletal Research Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405-0084, USA. Beynnon B D BD eng Journal Article Review United States Iowa
1995 The Iowa orthopaedic journal
5705. Age-Related Differences in Predictors of Adherence to Rehabilitation After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Full Text available with Trip Pro
Age-Related Differences in Predictors of Adherence to Rehabilitation After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction OBJECTIVE: To examine whether the relationships between psychological factors and rehabilitation adherence after knee surgery differ as a function of age. DESIGN AND SETTING: Participants completed inventories of self-motivation, social support, athletic identity, and psychological distress before anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. After surgery, participants (...) recorded their completion of home rehabilitation exercises and cryotherapy, and the sport rehabilitation professionals providing their treatment reported on the patients' attendance at, and adherence during, rehabilitation sessions. SUBJECTS: Sixty-one individuals with acute ACL tears. MEASUREMENTS: The Self-Motivation Inventory, Social Support Inventory, Athletic Identity Measurement Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale were used to measure self-motivation
5706. Bilateral lower limb amputee rehabilitation. A retrospective review. Full Text available with Trip Pro
Bilateral lower limb amputee rehabilitation. A retrospective review. We retrospectively reviewed 61 cases of bilateral lower limb amputations in patients admitted to a regional amputee rehabilitation program. Of the 61 cases, 41 were analyzed as to functional outcome on discharge, at 1 month, and at 3 months; 20 were not included owing to transfers to acute care or loss to follow-up. There were 41 men and 20 women, the average age was 61.5 years, and 47 patients (77%) were discharged to home (...) . There were 25 bilateral below-knee, 14 above-knee and below-knee, 12 bilateral above-knee, 5 below-knee and partial-foot, 3 above-knee and partial-foot, and 2 bilateral partial-foot amputations. The average length of stay for all levels was 24.2 days. Most of the patients at the time of discharge achieved a level of limited household walking with the exception of those with bilateral above-knee amputations. A significant improvement in function was noted for all patients at 3-month follow-up, with most
1991 Western Journal of Medicine
5707. The science of anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation. (Abstract)
The science of anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation. This review of the literature assessed what is known about the biomechanics of the normal anterior cruciate ligament during rehabilitation exercises, the biomechanical behavior of the anterior cruciate ligament graft during healing, and clinical studies of rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament replacement. After anterior cruciate replacement, immobilization of the knee, or restricted motion without muscle contraction, leads (...) an increase of anterior knee laxity and is beneficial because it lowers the incidence of patellofemoral pain. Rehabilitation with a closed kinetic chain program results in anteroposterior knee laxity values that are closer to normal, and earlier return to normal daily activities, compared with rehabilitation with an open kinetic chain program. This review revealed that more randomized, controlled trials of rehabilitation are needed. These should include the clinicians' and patients' perspective
5708. Effectiveness and practice variation of rehabilitation after joint replacement. (Abstract)
programs carried out at home or in groups. Knee arthroplasty possibly requires more rehabilitation than hip arthroplasty to achieve optimal outcomes. To enable firm conclusions on the effectiveness of rehabilitation after joint replacement, future studies have to consider methodological issues such as outcomes evaluated and number of patients included to ensure sufficient power. (...) Effectiveness and practice variation of rehabilitation after joint replacement. Early mobilization is the gold standard for achieving functional mobility after arthroplasty. The value of additional interventions to improve range of motion during the immediate inpatient period is not proven. Home is the preferred discharge destination and yields similar outcomes compared with inpatient rehabilitation. It is possible to improve outcomes related to physical activity by implementing exercise
2003 Current Opinion in Rheumatology
5709. Opening wedge high tibial osteotomy: an operative technique and rehabilitation program to decrease complications and promote early union and function. (Abstract)
injuries, alterations in tibial slope, or cases of patellar infera postoperatively. Full weightbearing was achieved at a mean of 8 weeks (range, 4-11 weeks) postoperatively.The operative technique including use of an autologous iliac crest bone graft in addition to a progressive rehabilitation program successfully prevented nonunion, change in tibial slope, and knee arthrofibrosis in this study. (...) Opening wedge high tibial osteotomy: an operative technique and rehabilitation program to decrease complications and promote early union and function. High tibial osteotomy has been associated with significant complications, including delayed union or nonunion, loss of correction, arthrofibrosis, and patella infera.A technique for opening wedge osteotomy that incorporates an autogenous iliac crest bone graft will prevent delayed union or nonunion, allow early rehabilitation and weightbearing
5710. Autologous chondrocyte implantation postoperative care and rehabilitation: science and practice. Full Text available with Trip Pro
Autologous chondrocyte implantation postoperative care and rehabilitation: science and practice. Autologous chondrocyte implantation is an advanced, cell-based orthobiological technology used for the treatment of chondral defects of the knee. It has been in clinical use since 1987 and has been performed on 12 000 patients internationally; but despite having been in clinical use for more than 15 years, the evidence base for rehabilitation after autologous chondrocyte implantation is notably (...) deficient. The authors review current clinical practice and present an overview of the principles behind autologous chondrocyte implantation rehabilitation practices. They examine the main rehabilitation components and discuss their practical applications within the overall treatment program, with the aim of facilitating the formulation of appropriate, individualized patient rehabilitation protocols for autologous chondrocyte implantation.
5711. Quantifying the functional rehabilitation of injured football players. Full Text available with Trip Pro
and the nature and location of injury. Benchmark functional rehabilitation curves (y = mln(x) + c) were developed for thigh (n = 15) and lower leg (n = 8) muscle strains and knee (n = 7) and ankle (n = 9) ligament sprains (R(2) = 0.95-0.98).A structured, quantified rehabilitation programme based on routine fitness and skills exercises and a graded subjective assessment of performance provides an auditable record of a player's functional recovery from a range of lower limb injuries and a transparent exit (...) Quantifying the functional rehabilitation of injured football players. To determine whether quantified, auditable records of functional rehabilitation can be generated using subjective assessments of players' performance in fitness tests routinely used in professional football.Ten sequential test elements grouped into three phases (fitness, ball and match skills, match pace football) were used to monitor players' functional recovery from injury. Physiotherapists subjectively assessed players
5712. 15-year follow-up of neuromuscular function in patients with unilateral nonreconstructed anterior cruciate ligament injury initially treated with rehabilitation and activity modification: a longitudinal prospective study. Full Text available with Trip Pro
% to 14.4%; P = .001). At the 15-year follow-up, between 69% and 85% of the patients had an LSI >or= 90%.Good functional performance and knee muscle strength can be achieved and maintained over time in the majority of patients with ACL injury treated with rehabilitation and early activity modification but without reconstructive surgery. (...) 15-year follow-up of neuromuscular function in patients with unilateral nonreconstructed anterior cruciate ligament injury initially treated with rehabilitation and activity modification: a longitudinal prospective study. It has been suggested that neuromuscular function is of importance in the overall outcome after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury.Good neuromuscular function can be achieved and maintained over time in subjects with ACL injury treated with rehabilitation and activity
5713. Can neuromuscular strength and function in people with dementia be rehabilitated using resistance-exercise training? Results from a preliminary intervention study. (Abstract)
Can neuromuscular strength and function in people with dementia be rehabilitated using resistance-exercise training? Results from a preliminary intervention study. Neuromuscular weakness is a prominent symptom among people with central nervous system disorders, such as dementia, typically leading to disability in activities of daily life. We sought to evaluate the potential of resistance exercise to improve neuromuscular strength and function in the lower extremities among community-dwelling (...) people with dementia.Twenty-eight subjects, aged 70-88 years and with an average Mini-Mental State Examination score of 17.8 +/- 7.2, were recruited from a population of adult daycare facility users. Subjects underwent pre- and postintervention assessment of strength and physical function consisting of determination of bilateral maximum strength of the knee extensor, hip flexor, dorsiflexor muscles, and handgrip; and evaluation of lower-extremity function based on repeated chair stands and gait speed
2003 Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
5714. Economic evaluation of a rehabilitation program integrating exercise, self-management, and active coping strategies for chronic knee pain. Full Text available with Trip Pro
Economic evaluation of a rehabilitation program integrating exercise, self-management, and active coping strategies for chronic knee pain. OBJECTIVE: To conduct an economic evaluation of the Enabling Self-Management and Coping with Arthritic Knee Pain through Exercise (ESCAPE-knee pain) program. METHODS: Alongside a clinical trial, we estimated the costs of usual primary care and participation in ESCAPE-knee pain delivered to individuals (Indiv-rehab) or groups of 8 participants (Grp-rehab (...) ). Information on resource use and informal care received was collected during face-to-face interviews. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility were assessed from between-group differences in costs, function (primary clinical outcome), and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Cost-effectiveness acceptability curves were constructed to represent uncertainty around cost-effectiveness. RESULTS: Rehabilitation (regardless of whether Indiv-rehab or Grp-rehab) cost 224 pounds (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 184
2007 EvidenceUpdates Controlled trial quality: uncertain
5715. Clinical effectiveness of a rehabilitation program integrating exercise, self-management, and active coping strategies for chronic knee pain: A cluster randomized trial. Full Text available with Trip Pro
Clinical effectiveness of a rehabilitation program integrating exercise, self-management, and active coping strategies for chronic knee pain: A cluster randomized trial. OBJECTIVE: Chronic knee pain is a major cause of disability and health care expenditure, but there are concerns about efficacy, cost, and side effects associated with usual primary care. Conservative rehabilitation may offer a safe, effective, affordable alternative. We compared the effectiveness of a rehabilitation program (...) of 418 participants were recruited; 76 (18%) withdrew, only 5 (1%) due to adverse events. Rehabilitated participants had better functioning than participants continuing usual primary care (-3.33 difference in WOMAC-func score; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] -5.88, -0.78; P = 0.01). Improvements were similar whether participants received individual rehabilitation (-3.53; 95% CI -6.52, -0.55) or group rehabilitation (-3.16; 95% CI -6.55, -0.12). CONCLUSION: ESCAPE-knee pain provides a safe
2007 EvidenceUpdates Controlled trial quality: predicted high
5716. Inpatient compared with home-based rehabilitation following primary unilateral total hip or knee replacement: a randomized controlled trial Full Text available with Trip Pro
Inpatient compared with home-based rehabilitation following primary unilateral total hip or knee replacement: a randomized controlled trial Home-based rehabilitation is increasingly utilized to reduce health-care costs; however, with a shorter hospital stay, the possibility arises for an increase in adverse clinical outcomes. We evaluated the effectiveness and cost of care of home-based compared with inpatient rehabilitation following primary total hip or knee joint replacement.We randomized (...) 234 patients, using block randomization techniques, to either home-based or inpatient rehabilitation following total joint replacement. All patients followed standardized care pathways and were evaluated, with use of validated outcome measures (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC], Short Form-36, and patient satisfaction), prior to surgery and at three and twelve months following surgery. The primary outcome was the WOMAC function score at three months after
5717. Accelerated perioperative care and rehabilitation intervention for hip and knee replacement is effective: a randomized clinical trial involving 87 patients with 3 months of follow-up Full Text available with Trip Pro
Accelerated perioperative care and rehabilitation intervention for hip and knee replacement is effective: a randomized clinical trial involving 87 patients with 3 months of follow-up Approximately 12,000 hip and knee replacements were performed in Denmark in 2005. Accelerated perioperative interventions are currently implemented, but there is conflicting evidence regarding the effect. We therefore performed an efficacy study of an accelerated perioperative care and rehabilitation intervention (...) in patients receiving primary total hip replacement, and both total and unicompartmental knee replacement.A randomized clinical trial was undertaken in which 87 patients were randomized to either a control group receiving the current perioperative procedure, or an intervention group receiving a new accelerated perioperative care and rehabilitation procedure. Outcome measures were length of stay (LOS) in hospital, and gain in quality of life (QOL) using EQ-5D from baseline to 3-month follow-up.Mean LOS
5718. [The new "Marburg rehabilitation concept". "On the status of exercise equipment within the scope of rehabilitation of patients after surgery of the anterior cruciate ligament"]. (Abstract)
[The new "Marburg rehabilitation concept". "On the status of exercise equipment within the scope of rehabilitation of patients after surgery of the anterior cruciate ligament"]. The surgical treatment of acute and chronic injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is still incontinous. Different techniques and materials are used to reconstruct and repair this important structure. This causes that the kind of postoperative treatment is even inhomogeneous. Concepts of "early mobilization (...) " correspond to the results of basic research on pathobiomechanical effects of joint immobilization. There is a large variety on the information concerning method, success and length of rehabilitation. The final aim of our research was the development of a new rehabilitation strategy for patients in addition to out-patient physiotherapy. The reconstruction and repair of ACL is in our hospital done by an autograft of patellar tendon, "bone-tendon-bone", in augmentation with a "3-mm-Trevira cruciate ligament
1994 Aktuelle Traumatologie Controlled trial quality: uncertain
5719. The efficacy of continuous passive motion in the rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. (Abstract)
The efficacy of continuous passive motion in the rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions. Seventy-five patients undergoing arthroscopically-assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by the same surgeon were divided into three random subgroups. All of the anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions used the middle third of the ipsilateral patellar tendon autograft. Patients undergoing meniscal repair, extraarticular procedures, or repair of other ligaments were (...) the procedure was completed, and 2 and 6 months after surgery), and range of motion. Radiographs and the International Knee Evaluation Form were also used to evaluate the results. No statistically significant differences were found between the three groups. Side-to-side anterior-posterior differences, stability, and restoration of full range of motion were similar in each subgroup at each evaluated interval. In this prospective study of motion, started immediately after anterior cruciate ligament
5720. Postural control after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and functional rehabilitation. (Abstract)
Postural control after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and functional rehabilitation. Total sagittal knee laxity and postural control in the sagittal and frontal planes were measured in 25 patients at a mean of 36 months (range, 27 to 44) after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and in a control group consisting of 20 uninjured age- and activity-matched subjects. Body sway was measured in the sagittal plane on a stable and on a sway-referenced force plate in single-legged (...) , exhibited normal postural control except in two variables-the reaction time and the latency between the start of force movement to maximal sway in the sagittal plane perturbations. This supports the hypothesis that rehabilitation, with proprioceptive and agility training, is an important component in restoring the functional stability in the anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knee.