text:
Adiantku 6 days ago
Cyberpunk 2077 – one of the very biggest games of 2020 and also one of the most contentious, most notably because on last-gen consoles, the experience is sub-par to the say the least. The next-gen machines fare better, but there's another contender to consider too: Google's Stadia streaming platform. The closer we looked at the Stadia port, the more interesting it became, and in actual fact, there are scenarios that see it deliver improved visuals over the Xbox Series X rendition of the game.
Coming to these conclusions and getting the data I needed was problematic. In the current Covid situation, ensuring we're playing Stadia at its best when our home internet connection doesn't play ball is a bit of a challenge. You can get the full story in the embedded video below, but suffice to say, after driving out to cell towers, rigging an in-car portable capture system, then … Read the rest
Introducing the New Xbox Wireless Controller – Pulse Red
Each year, we look forward to bringing many new controller designs to our fans. With the launch of the Xbox Series X|S in November, we were eager to bring you our new Xbox Wireless Controller in three options: Carbon Black, Robot White, and Shock Blue. Today, we're excited to introduce the latest design in the new generation of controllers, the Xbox Wireless Controller – Pulse Red. With a vivid, fiery-red topcase and crisp, white backcase, the new Pulse Red controller brings the same energy and equally striking color as the Shock Blue. Matte black triggers, bumpers, and hybrid D-pad reduce slip against sweaty fingers and thumbs for greater control, while a textured dot pattern on the triggers and bumpers to keep your grip locked in. Dynamic Latency Input delivers controller inputs more frequently to your Xbox Series X|S for a more responsive gaming experience and … Read the rest
Pulse Red Xbox Series X Controller Revealed By Microsoft
Microsoft has revealed a brand new option for Xbox fans looking to scoop up an additional controller for their new-gen consoles. The Pulse Red Xbox Series X controller works both for the X and S and will be launching in China later this month on January 12 with a February 9 release planned for "most Xbox markets."
"With a vivid, fiery-red topcase and crisp, white backcase, the new Pulse Red controller brings the same energy and equally striking color as the Shock Blue," Microsoft describes the latest controller in a new blog post. "Matte black triggers, bumpers, and hybrid D-pad reduce slip against sweaty fingers and thumbs for greater control, while a textured dot pattern on the triggers and bumpers to keep your grip locked in. Dynamic Latency Input delivers controller inputs more frequently to your Xbox Series X|S for a more responsive gaming experience and seemingly instantaneous action."… Read the rest
Someone has modded Gilmore Girls into Fire Emblem: The Sacred Stones
If your next run through a Fire Emblem game needs more drama and emotional nuance, someone has modded Gilmore Girls into Fire Emblem: The Sacred Stones.
Developer Marlowe Dobbe (the artist behind Dicey Dungeons) has created the inspired mod, called – unsurprisingly – Fire Emblem: Gilmore Girls and made it free to download, too.
The mod does a great job in turning the 2004 GBA title into a peculiar re-telling of the early 2000s teen drama, complete with all the mechanics you'd expect from an Intelligent Systems RPG.
Mods are asleep time to share my latest project:
✨FIRE EMBLEM: GILMORE GIRLS ADDITION.✨
I made a 1-hour FE8 mod about Gilmore Girls for the literal millions of people who are fans of both franchises.
(👇🏻Play it now!👇🏻)https://t.co/iuarFujIt5 pic.twitter.com/fxDF8FWyHa
— Marlowe Dobbe (@marlowedobbe) January 8, 2021
"In this 1-hour FE8 mod, play as that cast of characters we know … Read the rest
Destiny 2 on next-gen delivers the upgrade that matters – performance
Bungie jumps onto next-gen systems with extra support for Destiny 2 on PlayStation 5, Xbox Series S and X, delivering the key feature many fans have been waiting for – a move to 60 frames per second gaming. But how successful has the next generation transition been? How do the three new consoles compare and what are the key upgrades beyond the boost to frame-rate? Bungie has a reputation not just of excellent visual design and solid technology, but also in delivering very similar experiences across platforms – and so it is with Destiny 2.
To get the basics out of the way, Destiny 2 delivers true 4K resolution on PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X, with pixel counts resolving at a native 3840×2160 on each in a vast majority of test shots. Bungie has developed a dynamic resolution system for this engine (as notably used on PS4 pro), and … Read the rest
Scott Pilgrim vs The World: The Game – Complete Edition Has Physical Copies On The Way
Limited Run Games has announced a, well, limited run of physical copies for Scott Pilgrim vs the World: The Game – Complete Edition, answering the prayers of many fans clamoring for retail copies. Pre-orders begin January 15 at 10 a.m. ET and run for six weeks, ending February 28th at 11:59 a.m. ET.
The standard boxed Switch/PS4 version retails for $34.99 and features a full-color instruction booklet and reversible cover art, one side of which is inspired by the cover art of Sonic Adventure. Limited Run has said Xbox One copies will arrive at a later date.
A retro boxed variant of each (resembling Sega Genesis game cases) costs $54.99. It features reversible covers of its own as well as the following:
Sticker sheet featuring art from the game
Physical soundtrack CD featuring music by Anamanaguchi.
The Clash at Demonhead commemorative concert ticket
Overworld map
For true rockstars, a … Read the rest
Monster Hunter Rise's demo proves it's a worthy follow-up to both World and MH4
Adiantku 1 week ago
Monster Hunter Rise's new demo proves that this is no mere spin-off.
Monster Hunter: World had the potential to split this flagship Capcom series in two. World was a departure from the rest of the series in many ways – a game that took steps to be more approachable, accessible, and generally appealing to the Western market. As we all know, that was a huge success, going on to become Capcom's best-selling game ever.
That puts Monster Hunter Rise in an interesting position. While unannounced, it's not exactly a secret that there will inevitably be a direct sequel to World – which slots Rise in as an in-between game. Its placement on a portable Nintendo handheld makes its core mission obvious: it'll continue on the slightly more obtuse Monster Hunter that was already massively successful in Japan.
After playing it, though, it becomes clear that this isn't just a sequel … Read the rest
Hands on with the first HDMI 2.1 gaming monitor, the Eve Spectrum
15 months after we first covered the crowd-designed Eve Spectrum gaming monitor, the first pre-production samples have begun shipping out. This is our first opportunity to see how the Spectrum, once touted as the first HDMI 2.1 monitor to arrive on the market, actually looks in the flesh and performs in-game.
Our sample is the $689 4K 144Hz version, the 'flagship' of a lineup that also includes more affordable 1440p 165Hz ($439) and 1440p 240Hz ($589) options, all based around 27-inch IPS panels. Eve also shipped us a stand, which is sold separately for $99 – in response to the large percentage of Eve community members that said they'd be using the monitor's 100×100 VESA mount with their own monitor arms. That brings the retail price to $788 in total. The sum's not unreasonable, when the similarly specced LG 27GN950 is $800 with fewer features, but it is worth factoring … Read the rest
Alba: A Wildlife Adventure Review – A Good Deed
Publisher: ustwogames
Developer: ustwogames
(PC,
iOS), 2021	(Xbox One,
PlayStation 4,
Rating: 4+
Reviewed on: PC
PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Switch, iOS
Alba is an adorable young girl who can't wait to spend a vacation with her grandparents on a scenic Mediterranean island. However, things take a turn for the dastardly when the small town's mayor partners with a shady building developer to construct a massive resort on the site of a beloved nature preserve. Armed with her trusty smartphone, Alba embarks on an altruistic quest to photograph the island's wildlife to remind residents of what's truly at stake and garner enough support to oppose the resort's development.
Alba: A Wildlife Adventure is a wonderfully charming experience from Ustwo Games, the team behind the Monument Valley series. Instead of challenging players with M.C. Escher-style puzzles, it … Read the rest
SuperData: Digital games revenue grew 12% in 2020, Cyberpunk 2077 made $609M
SuperData has released its 2020 report, and it finds gaming revenue up to 12% year-over-year, with $139.9 billion spent on digital games.
In the SuperData report, it notes that the top 10 premium titles accounted for 34% of total premium market earnings.
Premium console earnings grew 28% year-over-year, with North America accounting for over half (57%) of the premium console market. The report suggests the "significant impact" of COVID-19 on the US resulted in higher console engagement, pushing worldwide revenue upward.
Animal Crossing: New Horizons became one of the biggest hits in 2020, breaking the console record for premium launch downloads, selling 5 million digital units during its March 2020 launch and by the end of the year, it had made Nintendo $654 million.
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare was the highest-earning premium game of 2020, though, and thanks to its hybrid business model including the free-to-play Warzone, player numbers … Read the rest


text:
Glenfiddich ([ɡlɛnˈfɪdɪx], ) — бренд шотландского виски (скотча), производящегося в долине реки Фиддих, что неподалёку от шотландского города Дафтаун. Бренд принадлежит шотландской компании William Grant & Sons. Виски Гленфиддих — односолодовый. Правильным вариантом произношения является «Гленфиддих».

История

Вискокурня была основана в 1886 году известным мастером дистиллерии Уильямом Грантом. Грант решил создать новый бренд виски. В течение года он со своей многочисленной семьёй (9 детей) построил винокурню и назвал новый бренд в честь долины, в которой расположилась винокурня — Glenfiddich, что в переводе с гэльского языка означает «оленья долина». Эмблема бренда — оленья голова. С тех пор семья Грантов владеет этой винокурней и производит односолодовые виски, с минимальной выдержкой в 12 лет. С 1957 года бутылка Glenfiddich имеет характерную треугольную форму (может продаваться в тубе такой же формы или в цилиндрической) ёмкостью 0,7 литра, 1 литр и мини-бутылки 0,05 литра, крепость всех виски этого бренда — 40 — 50 градуса. В 2006—08 годах виски Glenfiddich получили ряд наград на разных международных конкурсах алкогольной продукции.

Продукция

Классическая линейка
 Glenfiddich 12 лет — выдерживается не менее 12 лет в отборных бочках из американского или европейского дуба, имеет фруктовый аромат, бутылка зеленого цвета.
Glenfiddich 15 лет — сначала виски выдерживаются не менее 15 лет раздельно в бочках трёх типов: в бочках из-под хереса, в традиционных бочках и в бочках из нового дуба; а затем в бочках Solera.
 Glenfiddich 18 лет — выдерживается не менее 18 лет в бочках из-под бурбона и в бочках из-под хереса Oloroso.

Линейка премиум-класса
 Glenfiddich 21 год — выдерживается не менее 21 года, последние четыре месяца — в бочках из-под рома с Карибских островов. Имеет фиолетовый цвет бутылки.
 Glenfiddich 26 лет — односолодовый виски, который провел 26 лет в американских бочках из-под бурбона. Этот релиз был создан в честь годовщины собственности семейного бизнеса Glenfiddich, так как он был основан в 1887 году.
 Glenfiddich 30 лет — выдерживается не менее 30 лет, в бочках из-под бурбона и хереса. Имеет синий цвет бутылки.

Лимитированные виски
 Glenfiddich 40 лет — ограниченный тираж из 600 бутылок, подписанных лично Питером Гордоном, прапраправнуком Уильяма Гранта, в деревянной коробке и бутылке чёрного цвета.
 Glenfiddich 50 лет — ограниченный тираж из 500 бутылок, подписанных лично Питером Гордоном, прапраправнуком Уильяма Гранта, в деревянной коробке и бутылке белого цвета, один из самых дорогих виски в мире.

Рекламная кампания
Главный слоган бренда — «every year counts» — «каждый год имеет значение». Также есть ряд других однотипных слоганов, производных от главного, например: «день — это шаг, год — это танго», «день — это мысль, год — это философия».

Ссылки

 Как правильно произносится шотландское имя Glenfiddich
 Официальный промосайт: http://www.glenfiddich.com

Шотландский виски
Торговые марки алкогольных напитков

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


11 /// which represent the different flavors of constant values that live in LLVM.
16 /// worry about the lifetime of the objects.
52 /// Base class for constants with no operands.
54 /// These constants have no operands; they represent their data directly.
56 /// GlobalValues), it never makes sense to RAUW them.
72 /// Methods to support type inquiry through isa, cast, and dyn_cast.
81 /// represents both boolean and integral constants.
82 /// Class for constant integers.
101 /// value. Otherwise return a ConstantInt for the given value.
109 /// Get a ConstantInt for a specific value.
116 /// signed value for the type Ty.
117 /// Get a ConstantInt for a specific signed value.
122 /// type is the integer type that corresponds to the bit width of the value.
131 /// value. Otherwise return a ConstantInt for the given value.
135 /// obtain a full-precision copy of the value.
136 /// Return the constant's value.
141 /// getBitWidth - Return the bitwidth of this constant.
146 /// that this method can assert if the value does not fit in 64 bits.
147 /// Return the zero extended value.
154 /// this method can assert if the value does not fit in 64 bits.
155 /// Return the sign extended value.
162 /// because this is all that can be represented with all types.
163 /// Determine if this constant's value is same as an unsigned char.
169 /// which reduces the amount of casting needed in parts of the compiler.
178 /// versions of this method, one for unsigned and one for signed integers.
181 /// to the appropriate unsigned type before calling the method.
183 /// Determine if the value is in range for the given type.
191 /// potential for an assertion from getZExtValue().
198 /// potential for an assertion from getZExtValue().
199 /// Determine if the value is one.
206 /// @returns true iff this constant's bits are all set to true.
207 /// Determine if the value is all ones.
213 /// value that may be represented by the constant's type.
215 /// by this type.
216 /// Determine if the value is maximal.
225 /// value that may be represented by this constant's type.
228 /// Determine if the value is minimal.
239 /// @returns true iff this constant is greater or equal to the given number.
240 /// Determine if the value is greater or equal to the given number.
247 /// to saturate to the limit.
254 /// Methods to support type inquiry through isa, cast, and dyn_cast.
277 /// floating point types; for all other types, it returns the null value.
283 /// host double and as the target format.
287 /// value. Otherwise return a ConstantFP for the given value.
300 /// Return true if Ty is big enough to represent V.
304 /// Return true if the value is positive or negative zero.
307 /// Return true if the sign bit is set.
313 /// Return true if the value is a NaN.
317 /// for things that are clearly not equal, like -0.0 and 0.0.
321 /// it only for simple constants.
358 /// the specified element.
362 /// otherwise return null (e.g. if C is a ConstantExpr).
365 /// Return a zero of the right value for the specified GEP index.
368 /// Return the number of elements in the array, vector, or struct.
378 /// Base class for aggregate constants (with operands).
394 /// Transparently provide more efficient getOperand methods.
431 /// which reduces the amount of casting needed in parts of the compiler.
466 /// Return an anonymous struct that has the specified elements.
467 /// If the struct is possibly empty, then you must specify a context.
477 /// set of elements. The list must not be empty.
480 /// This version of the method allows an empty list.
485 /// Specialization - reduce amount of casting.
516 /// Return a ConstantVector with the specified constant in each element.
520 /// which reduces the amount of casting needed in parts of the compiler.
526 /// same value, return that value. Otherwise return NULL.
553 /// which reduces the amount of casting needed in parts of the compiler.
569 /// packed data, instead of as Value*'s.
571 /// This is the common base class of ConstantDataArray and ConstantDataVector.
584 /// the same StringMap bucket, linked up.
600 /// array of the specified element type.
602 /// stored densely in memory, not with things like i42 or x86_f80.
606 /// specified element in the low bits of a uint64_t.
610 /// specified element as an APInt.
614 /// specified element as an APFloat.
618 /// as a float.
622 /// element as a double.
625 /// Return a Constant for a specified index's element.
627 /// efficient as getElementAsInteger/Float/Double.
631 /// reduces the amount of casting needed in parts of the compiler.
636 /// Return the element type of the array/vector.
639 /// Return the number of elements in the array or vector.
642 /// Return the size (in bytes) of each element in the array/vector.
643 /// The size of the elements is known to be a multiple of one byte.
646 /// This method returns true if this is an array of \p CharSize integers.
650 /// and does not contains any other null bytes.
654 /// StringRef. Otherwise, it asserts out.
661 /// the trailing null byte) as a StringRef. Otherwise, it asserts out.
670 /// the data elements.
688 /// of as Value*'s.
700 /// can return a ConstantAggregateZero object.
709 /// ArrayRef<ElementTy>. Calls get(LLVMContext, ArrayRef<ElementTy>).
717 /// passed in. Note that this can return a ConstantAggregateZero object.
720 /// right endianness, the buffer will be used as-is.
735 /// This method constructs a CDS and initializes it with a text string.
739 /// to disable this behavior.
744 /// which reduces the amount of casting needed in parts of the compiler.
760 /// of as Value*'s.
772 /// can return a ConstantAggregateZero object.
789 /// Return a ConstantVector with the specified constant in each element.
791 /// i32/i64/float/double) and must be a ConstantFP or ConstantInt.
795 /// the same value.
799 /// same value, return that value. Otherwise return NULL.
803 /// which reduces the amount of casting needed in parts of the compiler.
828 /// Return the ConstantTokenNone.
831 /// Methods to support type inquiry through isa, cast, and dyn_cast.
837 /// The address of a basic block.
850 /// Return a BlockAddress for the specified function and basic block.
854 /// block must be embedded into a function.
857 /// Lookup an existing \c BlockAddress constant for the given BasicBlock.
859 /// \returns 0 if \c !BB->hasAddressTaken(), otherwise the \c BlockAddress.
862 /// Transparently provide more efficient getOperand methods.
883 /// other constant values.
887 /// maintained in the Value::SubclassData field.
898 // Operation type (an Instruction opcode) is stored as the SubclassData.
906 // expression into something simpler if possible.
909 /// independent way (Note: the return type is an i64).
914 /// type is an i64).
919 /// target independent way (Note: the return type is an i64).
924 /// which supports any aggregate type, and any Constant index.
1024 /// Return the identity constant for a binary opcode.
1029 /// identity constant for operand 1: X shift 0 = X.
1030 /// Return nullptr if the operator does not have an identity constant.
1036 /// every X. For example, this returns zero for integer multiplication.
1037 /// It returns null if the operator doesn't have an absorbing element.
1040 /// Transparently provide more efficient getOperand methods.
1043 /// Convenience function for getting a Cast operation.
1048 /// \param OnlyIfReduced see \a getWithOperands() docs.
1078 /// the address space.
1104 /// and the getIndices() method may be used.
1110 /// not equivalant to, a subset of, or a superset of the "inbounds"
1116 /// \param OnlyIfReducedTy see \a getWithOperands() docs.
1121 /// folding if possible.
1123 /// \param OnlyIfReducedTy see \a getWithOperands() docs.
1128 /// folding if possible.
1130 /// \param OnlyIfReducedTy see \a getWithOperands() docs.
1134 /// Return an ICmp or FCmp comparison operator constant expression.
1136 /// \param OnlyIfReduced see \a getWithOperands() docs.
1141 /// specify the full Instruction::OPCODE identifier.
1149 /// all elements must be Constants.
1151 /// \param InRangeIndex the inrange index if present or None.
1152 /// \param OnlyIfReducedTy see \a getWithOperands() docs.
1179 /// "inbounds" flag in LangRef.html for details.
1212 /// FCMP constant expression.
1216 /// expression and return the list of indices.
1219 /// Return a string representation for an opcode.
1223 /// operand set to the specified value.
1228 /// of operands as our current one.
1233 /// Get the current expression with the operands replaced.
1237 /// as the current ones.
1241 /// canonicalized. This parameter should almost always be \c false.
1247 /// ConstantExpr. The instruction is not linked to any basic block.
1252 /// would make it harder to remove ConstantExprs altogether.
1262 // subclasses cannot accidentally use it.
1276 /// 'undef' values are things that do not have specified contents.
1279 /// any first-class type.
1283 /// LangRef.html#undefvalues for details.
1295 /// Static factory methods - Return an 'undef' object of the specified type.
1303 /// for the specified element.
1307 /// otherwise return null (e.g. if C is a ConstantExpr).
1310 /// Return an undef of the right value for the specified GEP index.
1313 /// Return the number of elements in the array, vector, or struct.
Methods to support type inquiry through isa, cast, and dyn_cast.
Return true if the sign bit is set.
If this array is isString(), then this method returns the array as a StringRef.
Determine if this is the largest unsigned value.
Return true if the value is positive or negative zero.
Return true if the value is a NaN.
Return true if the value is infinity.
Determine if this is the smallest unsigned value.


Since 1960 when Sonobond patented the first ultrasonic welding machine, the company has retained the status of worldwide leader in ultrasonic bonding, welding, slitting and cutting technology.
Equipment from Sonobond delivers consistent performance, cost effectiveness with reliability and support.
All machines can be supplied as free standing dedicated units or modular so as to configure with other production machinery/processes.
We offer ultrasonic machines for textiles, filtration, non-woven, film and many other products so please call to learn more.


WAHC will send the owner/agent a reminder letter 210 days before the rent adjustment effective date reminding the owner/agent that a Rent Comparability Study is due for the upcoming rent adjustment. This is usually for long-term Option 1 or 2 contracts that require fifth-year RCS adjustments. WAHC will send an additional reminder letter 150 days before the effective date.
Owner/agents should refer to Chapter 9 of the Section 8 Renewal Policy Guidebook for questions regarding HUD's RCS requirements. The guidebook is available at the link below.
Owner/agents are advised that the complete rent adjustment package is due to WAHC no later than 120 days prior to the rent adjustment effective date. As RCS can often take additional processing time, owner/agents are advised to submit their packages as early as possible. HUD allows RCS to have effective dates no earlier than 180 days prior to the rent adjustment effective date.
Upon receipt of a complete RCS package, WAHC will send the owner/agent a rent schedule (HUD form 92458) for review and signature. Owner/agents are encouraged to return this signed form as quickly as possible.
Upon receipt of the signed rent schedule, WAHC finalizes the processing of the rent adjustment and will send the owner/agent a fully executed rent schedule and finalized Exhibit A to the HAP contract reflecting the new rents.


text:
Q: Get the last datetime in excel Got in excel:
456781  b1  28-5-2014 10:57:09
456781  b1  28-5-2014 11:04:35
456781  b1  28-5-2014 11:06:24
456781  b1  28-5-2014 11:08:56
456781  b1  28-5-2014 11:12:07
456781  b2  28-5-2014 12:30:30
456781  b2  28-5-2014 12:39:49
456781  b2  28-5-2014 12:33:00
456781  b2  28-5-2014 12:35:05
456781  b2  28-5-2014 12:36:24

result i want
456781  b1  28-5-2014 11:12:07
456781  b2  28-5-2014 12:39:49

The result has to be in other worksheet
Is there Vba code to the result i want?
it tried it without de b1/b2 as code':
Sub test()

LastRow = Sheets("Sheet2").Cells(Sheets("Sheet2").Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row
Sheets("Sheet2").Range("B1:B" & LastRow).FormulaArray = "=MAX(IF(Sheet1!R1C[-1]:R4C[-1]=RC[-1],Sheet1!R1C:R4C))"

End Sub

A: you don't need macro for such purposes, this issue can be solved using array function {max(if())}:
1) insert criteria in column A (unique id);
2) insert the formula =MAX(IF($A$1:$A$4=A8;$B$1:B$4)), then press ctrl+shift+enter to apply array formula and you will get required results:
example:

update
1) This is the one of the possible solutions using VBA:
Sub test()
    Dim cl As Range, Data As Range, dic As Object, i$, k
    Set dic = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")
    dic.comparemode = vbTextCompare
    Set Data = Range("A1:A" & Cells(Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row)
    For Each cl In Data
    i = cl.Value2 & "|" & cl.Offset(, 1).Value2
        If Not dic.exists(i) Then
            dic.Add i, cl.Offset(, 2).Value2
        Else
            If CDec(dic(i)) < cl.Offset(, 2).Value2 Then dic(i) = cl.Offset(, 2).Value2
        End If
    Next cl
    For Each k In dic
        Debug.Print Split(k, "|")(0), Split(k, "|")(1), Format(dic(k), "dd-mm-yyyy hh:mm:ss")
    Next k
End Sub

test:

2) or it can looks like this:
Sub test2()
    Dim cl As Range, Data As Range, dic As Object, i$, k
    Set dic = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")
    dic.comparemode = vbTextCompare
    Set Data = Range("A1:A" & Cells(Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row)
    For Each cl In Data
        i = cl.Value2 & "|" & cl.Offset(, 1).Value2
        If Not dic.exists(i) Then
            dic.Add i, Evaluate("=MAX(IF(" & Data.Address & "=" & cl.Address & _
                                    ",IF(" & Data.Offset(, 1).Address & "=" & cl.Offset(, 1).Address & _
                                       "," & Data.Offset(, 2).Address & ")))")
        End If
    Next cl
    For Each k In dic
        Debug.Print Split(k, "|")(0), Split(k, "|")(1), Format(dic(k), "dd-mm-yyyy hh:mm:ss")
    Next k
End Sub

test:

3) same as previous variant but it does the output to the new workbook
Sub test3()
    Dim cl As Range, Data As Range, dic As Object, i$, k
    Set dic = CreateObject("Scripting.Dictionary")
    dic.comparemode = vbTextCompare
    Set Data = Range("A1:A" & Cells(Rows.Count, "A").End(xlUp).Row)
    For Each cl In Data
        i = cl.Value2 & "|" & cl.Offset(, 1).Value2
        If Not dic.exists(i) Then
            dic.Add i, Evaluate("=MAX(IF(" & Data.Address & "=" & cl.Address & _
                                    ",IF(" & Data.Offset(, 1).Address & "=" & cl.Offset(, 1).Address & _
                                       "," & Data.Offset(, 2).Address & ")))")
        End If
    Next cl
    '//below the code does output of the result to the new Workbook
    Dim r&: r = 1: Workbooks.Add
    For Each k In dic
        Cells(r, "A").Value2 = Split(k, "|")(0)
        Cells(r, "B").Value2 = Split(k, "|")(1)
        Cells(r, "C").Value2 = Format(dic(k), "dd-mm-yyyy hh:mm:ss")
        r = r + 1
    Next k
End Sub

also such tasks can be solved by VBA using SQL query (e.g. Adodb), Pivot, array, collection and other methods.

A: Here is an example of using a Pivot Table.
I labelled the columns arbitrarily:

*

*Drag Number and Type to the Rows area

*Drag Time to the Values area

*Change the Value Field settings for Time to "MAX" and format the values

*Remove the Totals and Subtotals options from the Pivot Table Options

*Change Report Layout to show in Tabular form and Repeat all Item Labels

*And there are many more formatting options to design.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
'Moana' Deleted Songs and Scenes Detail Cut Brothers, Maui's Past
2:53 PM PST 2/17/2017 by Jillian Meehan
'Moana'
Bonus footage from Disney's animated Oscar contender details why Moana's siblings ended up on the cutting-room floor.
Disney's Moana has more in store.
The upcoming Digital HD and DVD/Blu-ray versions of the Oscar-nominated film — about Moana Waialiki, a young girl who sets out to save her small South Pacific island with the once-great demigod Maui — boast seven deleted scenes among the special features.
One notable deleted scene gave Moana six older brothers, whom she is determined to outshine in a canoe race, but those siblings ended up on the cutting-room floor.
The deluxe edition of the soundtrack includes four additional songs, performed by Lin-Manuel Miranda and Marcy Harriell.
"Unstoppable" brings Maui's past to light, telling the story of how the beloved demigod once brought greatness to the village of Motunui.
In "More" and its reprise, Moana sings about her dissatisfaction with the world she knows and her desire to find what lies beyond her tiny island.
In "Warrior Face," Maui teaches Moana how to "make a face that puts the bad guys in their place."
And though not technically a deleted scene, the Gone Fishing short included among the film's special features is a bonus clip that shows Maui's comical attempts to wrangle with the ocean.
The Digital HD and DVD/Blu-ray versions of Moana will be available Feb. 21 and March 7, respectively.
Jillian Meehan

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HCV 6a Prevalence in Guangdong Province Had the Origin from Vietnam and Recent Dissemination to Other Regions of China: Phylogeographic Analyses
Yongshui Fu ,
Contributed equally to this work with: Yongshui Fu, Weibing Qin
Affiliations Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Weibing Qin ,
Affiliations Family Planning Research Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China, The Vaccine Institute, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Hong Cao,
Affiliation Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Ru Xu,
Affiliation Guangzhou Blood Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Yi Tan,
Affiliation Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
Teng Lu,
Affiliation University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
Hongren Wang,
Affiliation The Vaccine Institute, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Wangxia Tong,
Xia Rong,
Gang Li,
Manqiong Yuan,
Affiliation Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Viral Oncology Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
Chunhua Li,
Kenji Abe,
Affiliation Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Ling Lu ,
* E-mail: llu@kumc.edu
Affiliations Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Viral Oncology Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America, Laboratory for Hepatology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Guihua Chen
Affiliation Laboratory for Hepatology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Yongshui Fu,
Weibing Qin,
Yongshui Fu Weibing Qin ... Guihua Chen
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Show in Context
Recently in China, HCV 6a infection has shown a fast increase among patients and blood donors, possibly due to IDU linked transmission.
Methodology/Findings
We recruited 210 drug users in Shanwei city, Guangdong province. Among them, HCV RNA was detected in 150 (71.4%), both E1 and NS5B genes were sequenced in 136, and 6a genotyped in 70. Of the 6a sequences, most were grouped into three clusters while 23% represent emerging strains. For coalescent analysis, additional 6a sequences were determined among 21 blood donors from Vietnam, 22 donors from 12 provinces of China, and 36 IDUs from Liuzhou City in Guangxi Province. Phylogeographic analyses indicated that Vietnam could be the origin of 6a in China. The Guangxi Province, which borders Vietnam, could be the first region to accept 6a for circulation. Migration from Yunnan, which also borders Vietnam, might be equally important, but it was only detected among IDUs in limited regions. From Guangxi, 6a could have further spread to Guangdong, Yunnan, Hainan, and Hubei provinces. However, evidence showed that only in Guangdong has 6a become a local epidemic, making Guangdong the second source region to disseminate 6a to the other 12 provinces. With a rate of 2.737×10−3 (95% CI: 1.792×10−3 to 3.745×10−3), a Bayesian Skyline Plot was portrayed. It revealed an exponential 6a growth during 1994–1998, while before and after 1994–1998 slow 6a growths were maintained. Concurrently, 1994–1998 corresponded to a period when contaminated blood transfusion was common, which caused many people being infected with HIV and HCV, until the Chinese government outlawed the use of paid blood donations in 1998.
Conclusions/Significance
With an origin from Vietnam, 6a has become a local epidemic in Guangdong Province, where an increasing prevalence has subsequently led to 6a spread to many other regions of China.
Citation: Fu Y, Qin W, Cao H, Xu R, Tan Y, Lu T, et al. (2012) HCV 6a Prevalence in Guangdong Province Had the Origin from Vietnam and Recent Dissemination to Other Regions of China: Phylogeographic Analyses. PLoS ONE 7(1): e28006. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028006
Editor: Linqi Zhang, Tsinghua University, China
Received: March 31, 2011; Accepted: October 30, 2011; Published: January 9, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Fu et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The project described was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (1R01AI080734-01A, Dr. Ling Lu); two grants from the Bureau of Health, Guangzhou City, China (No. 2008-ZDi-10, 2009-ZDa-05, Dr. Yongshui Fu) (http://www.gzmed.gov.cn); and a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30872162, Dr. Yongshui Fu) (http://www.nsfc.gov.cn). The funding agencies had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Because of frequent blood exposures and unsafe injection behaviors, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has become highly prevalent among injection drug users (IDU) in China [1]–[4]. Based on a recent meta-analysis, the pooled HCV prevalence among IDUs was about 67.6%, and there were large geographic variations in genotype distribution. Generally, 6a was predominant, accounting for 36.7%. This was followed by 3b, 1a, 3a, and 1b, accounting for 16.4%, 14.6%, 12.8%, and 12.4%, respectively [5]. Among IDUs in the Guangxi and Hubei Provinces, and in Hong Kong and Taiwan as well, 6a was the main HCV strain [5]. However, this was not consistent with the predominant strains among clinical patients. The high proportion of 6a among IDUs in Guangxi has been linked to the fact that HCV was transmitted through unsafe injection by users along the drug trafficking route from Southeast Asia [6].
The Guangdong Province is located in the southern part of China, neighboring Guangxi. Historically, it has been an internal and international crossroads for cultural and commercial exchanges. Since 1978, Guangdong has been assigned as the first region of China to adopt a free market economy and open door policy. Recently, as economic development in China accelerates, this province has become a "World Production Center". A powerful economy has stimulated a large population of drug users and a rapid increase in drug trafficking and trading. In addition, there has been an explosion of the illegal sex industry in the province and this has been associated with millions of migrants who are on business or pleasure or temporarily hired as laborers in the myriad of factories that lack good hygiene conditions [7]. Collectively, these factors have created an environment to inbreed HCV prevalence.
Recently, we have studied HCV infection among patients and blood donors in the Guangdong Province and found that 6a has accounted for an increasing proportion [8]–[9]. We tend to believe that this 6a prevalence could have resulted from IDU linked transmission. In our phylogenetic analysis, 6a appeared to show its origin from Vietnam, because Vietnamese isolates were the most diverse and genetically distant. Considering the historical event in which the Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan provinces had accepted approximately 300,000 refugees from Vietnam during the late 1970 s [9], we hypothesized that 6a may have since been introduced into Guangdong and become a local epidemic to seed the IDU network. In recent decades, 6a has been spread to other regions by IDUs or by infected people among the migrants. In this study, coalescent and phylogeographic analyses were performed to test this hypothesis.
Prevalence of anti-HCV and HCV RNA
For routinely screening blood donations, an automated, integrated NAT (Nucleic Acid Testing) platform has been implemented at the Guangzhou Blood Center. Therefore, samples from this study were first applied to this platform. After testing for HCV RNA, the samples were subjected to PCR. This resulted with only 198 samples left for anti-HCV assay. Consequently, 191/198 (94.5%) users were anti-HCV positive and 150/210 (71.4%) were HCV RNA positive (Table 1).
Table 1. Positive rates of anti-HCV and HCV RNA among drug users.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028006.t001
HCV sequence amplification and phylogenetic analysis
Of the 150 users positive for HCV RNA, both E1 and NS5B genes were amplified in 136 (90.7%) but failed in 14 (9.3%). Thus, HCV was genotyped: 6a in 70 (51.5%), 3a in 42 (30.9%), 1b in 13 (9.6%), 3b in 3 (1.6%), and multiple HCV infections in 8 users (5.9%) (Table 2).
Table 2. HCV genotype distribution.
1b sequences were isolated from 13 users. Among them one was classified into a previously designated "A" cluster, three into a "C" cluster [9], and one was grouped with reference Chinese isolates. In contrast, eight formed their own cluster designated "SW". The SW had a bootstrap score of 95% in the E1 and 89% in the NS5B tree (Figure S1).
3a sequences were isolated from 42 users. They formed a monophyletic cluster in both the E1 and NS5B trees (Figure S2). Genetically, they looked distinct from those isolated from IDUs in the Hubei [2] and Yunnan Provinces [10] but with no significant bootstrap support.
6a sequences were isolated from 70 users. Among them, 28, 5, and 17 were classified into clusters I, II, and III; 8 each were grouped into clusters VI and VII (Figure 1). Clusters I, II, and III have been recently described and included many reference sequences [2], [3], [6], [8], [9]. Clusters VI and VII were newly designated and contained sequences only from this study (accounting for 23%). Both the E1 and NS5B sequences were analyzed and classified isolates consistently. Therefore, identical isolates were placed in similar positions in both trees. The E1 tree further showed bootstrap scores of 82%, 95%, 88%, 92%, and 90% for clusters I, II, III, VI, and VII, respectively. However, no significant scores were shown in the NS5B tree.
Figure 1. Subtype 6a phylogenies estimated from (A) E1 and (B) NS5B region sequences, corresponding to H77 nucleotide positions of 869–1289 and 8276–8615, respectively.
Subtype 6b sequence D84262 was used as an outgroup. Green pies label sequences from our previous studies [8], [9]. Red and yellow pies label sequences from this study, in which yellow pies mark isolates from IDUs with multiple HCV infections. Sequences without pies were retrieved from Genbank. In each tree, five rectangles highlight the further classification of 6a isolates into I, II, III, VI, and VII clusters. Scale bar represents 0.02 nucleotide substitutions per site.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028006.g001
Multiple HCV infections
Directly sequencing amplicons yielded ambiguous results for eight users. Molecular cloning followed by sequencing revealed that they had multiple infections with different HCV strains. This was confirmed by sequencing both E1 and NS5B genes from two users, sequencing both core and E1 from one, and sequencing single NS5B from five. SW33, SW62, SW64, SW109, and SW179 each had co-infection with two 6a strains, of which SW64 and SW109 also had a third strain of 1b. SW122 had co-infection with 6a and 1b, while SW60 and SW81 had co-infection with 6a and 3a (Table 3).
Table 3. Multiple HCV infections among 8 drug users.
Coalescent analyses of 6a sequences
(1) 285 dated sequences.
Many 6a sequences have been reported among IDUs in China [2], [3], [6], [10]. We have also characterized a number of 6a sequences from patients and blood donors in the Guangdong Province [8], [9]. Jointly, they represented 139 retrieved sequences. Here, 6a sequences were further determined among 21 blood donors from Vietnam, 22 blood donors from 12 provinces of China, and 36 IDUs [3] from Liuzhou City in Guangxi Province. They were co-analyzed with those from 70 IDUs in Shanwei city. In total, 285 isolates were represented, each with 519 nt of E1 gene.
(2) Model test.
Prior to coalescent analysis [11], model test was performed [12]. Based on BIC (Bayesian information criterion) and AIC (Akaike information criterion), the GTR+I+Γ model was found to be the best. However, based on AICc (Akaike information criterion, corrected), the K80+Γ model was the best. Compared to AIC and BIC, AICc favors simpler models by scoring higher penalties for extra parameters. Since in the BEAST package [13] the model complexity is endeavored and K80+Γ is not implemented, we selected the GTR+I+Γ model.
(3) Initial coalescent analyses.
Initial coalescent analyses were performed directly with the 285 sequences. After running MCMC (Markov Chains Monte Carlo) for 200 million states under three models, BSP + uncorrelated exponential, BSP + uncorrelated lognormal, and BSP + strict clock, respectively, the mean substitution rates, 1.753×10−3 (95% CI: 2.3321×10−4 to 3.5632×10−3), 2.4472×10−3 (95% CI: 1.8745×10−3 to 3.1487×10−3), and 1.69×10−3 (95% CI: 1.1033×10−3 to 2.231×10−3) per site per year, were estimated. Although the exponential model was shown to be better than lognormal (measured by Bayesian Factor, BF>15) and strict models (BF>72.6), three resulting statistics (posterior, mean.Rate, uced.mean) lacked effective sample sizes (ESS≤20). In addition, it showed two separate peaks of trace distribution for the rate and a high COV (coefficient of variation) (mean = 0.879, 95%CI: 0.8191 to 0.9417), both of which might suggest different substitution rates between the Chinese and Vietnamese lineages, consistent with a previous report [14].
(4) Estimating rates as priors.
To obtain more valid rates to be used as priors in subsequent analysis for better representing the Chinese isolates, 139 sequences were selected with exclusion of all the Vietnamese strains. The 139 sequences were from our studies to ensure correct sampling dates and provide good temporal and phylogenetic structures. Under three models: BSP + uncorrected exponential, BSP + uncorrected lognormal, and BSP + strict clock, the substitution rates, 2.737×10−3 (95% CI: 1.792×10−3 to 3.745×10−3), 2.0615×10−3 (95% CI: 1.4786×10−3 to 2.8687×10−3), and 7.778×10−4 (95% CI: 8.1928×10−5 to 1.7478×10−3) were estimated. Possibly because a short and recent time interval (2002 to 2009) was covered by the 139 sequences, great differences were observed among the rates. However, sufficient ESS was achieved for all statistics. BF analysis confirmed that the exponential model was better than lognormal (BF = 57.75) and lognormal better than the strict (BF = 8.42).
(5) Coalescent analyses using rates as priors.
Using the rate 2.737×10−3 (95% CI: 1.792×10−3 to 3.745×10−3, standard error: 1.507×10−5) as a prior under the BSP + uncorrected exponential model, a coalescent analysis was performed for the 285 sequences (Table 4). Transforming the log file into trace distributions revealed a substitution rate of 2.7346×10−3 (95% CI: 2.7055×10−3 to 2.7637×10−3), in which the mean is similar to the prior but the 95% CI (confidence interval) is narrower. Parameter α is inversely related to the extent of rate variation among sites [15]. Here, the estimated α was 0.8933 (95%CI: 0.8887 to 0.8978). It is ≤1 and means that most sites have very low rates while mutational "hot spots" existed in the sequences that changed at very high rates. Compared to that previously estimated for core (α = 0.22) and NS5B (α = 0.32) genes [14], a higher α suggests a weaker "hot spot" pattern for the analyzed E1 gene. The pInv statistic shows the proportion of invariable sites and lower value means more variable nucleotides [16]. Here, a moderate pInv 0.4684 (95%CI: 0.4674 to 0.4695) was inferred. COV represents rate heterogeneity among lineages, which abuts zero when a strict molecular clock is followed [17]. For the 285 sequences a high COV, 0.8419 (95% CI: 0.8402 to 0.8437), was estimated. This is higher than 0.37 previously inferred for concatenated core and NS5B genes (95% CI: 0.28 to 0.45) [14] and strongly indicates a relaxed molecular clock. In addition, a very small covariance parameter, 5.652×10−4 (95% CI: −0.0011 to 2.2368×10−3), was observed. This value measures a degree to which among-lineage rate variation is randomly distributed across the phylogeny rather than being restricted to specific clusters. Using different rates as priors, coalescent analyses were also performed under two other models, BSP + uncorrected lognormal and BSP + strict clock, and the results were detailed in Table 4.
Table 4. Statistics generated from three coalescent processes.*
(6) Phylogeography.
Figure 2 shows the MCC (maximum clade credibility) tree, a phylogeography reconstructed from the trees sampled under the exponential model (Table 4). Seven 6a clusters shown in Figure 1 are all maintained and supported with high posterior probabilities (P≥0.97). Vietnamese isolates are positioned at the base. The base contains the most direct descendents of the earliest 6a common ancestor dated around 1962–1963 (95% CI: 1915–1980), which is thought to be the origin of all 6a strains in China. Upward from the base, there appeared a trend of 6a migration first to Yunnan, to Guangxi, then to Guangdong, and recently from Guangdong to many other regions. Branched from the base, cluster V includes 16 isolates, descended from a common ancestor dated around 1989 (95% CI: 1984–1994). Except two that were from blood donors in Vietnam, all isolates in cluster V were from IDUs in China: 2 from Pingxiang, a city of the Guangxi Province [6], 5 from Honghe and Wenshan, Prefectures of the Yunnan Province [10], and 7 from Wuhan City of the Hubei Province [2]. The former three areas border Vietnam, while the latter is located in central China. Cluster V may illustrate 6a migration from Vietnam to the bordering Guangxi and Yunnan provinces and then transport by IDUs from Yunnan to inland China, over a long distance following a known drug trafficking route [2]. However, this cluster seemed to not link to the main 6a prevalence in the country. The main prevalence appeared to have originated from a different but older ancestor dated around 1978 (95% CI: 1969–1986). From the latter, cluster IV was branched, containing 14 isolates all from IDUs in Pingxiang City of the Guangxi Province [6]. However, cluster IV isolates have not been found elsewhere, possibly due to under-estimation. A similar situation was seen for clusters VI and VII, which link to ancestors dated around 1993 (95% CI: 1989–1995) and 1994 (95% CI: 1990–1996). Cluster VI and VII may represent emerging 6a strains only found among IDUs in Shanwei City. In contrast, cluster II and III isolates showed a wider range of geographic distribution. Derived from a common ancestor dated around 1992 (95% CI: 1987–1994), cluster III contains 42 isolates: 36 from Guangdong and 6 from other provinces (Hunan, Yunnan, Shanghai, Guangxi, and Hubei). Cluster II was descended from an ancestor slightly younger and contains 21 isolates: 17 from Guangdong and 4 from other provinces (Fujian, Zhejiang, Shanxi, and Hubei). Clusters II and III both showed 6a migration inside Guangdong followed by outward movement to other regions. Since most were from blood donors [9], a transition from IDU to non-IDU dissemination is suggested. Remarkably, isolates in cluster I had the largest number size (135 isolates) and showed the widest range of spread (11 provinces). It started from a common ancestor dated around 1990 (95% CI: 1986–1993) and is characteristic of geographic lineages. For example, sequences from three cities of Guangxi Province [3], [6] formed a noticeable group analogous to four smaller neighboring groups that contain sequences mainly from Guangdong and occasionally from other provinces [8], [9]. At the top of the tree, there is a large group containing two additional geographic lineages, one from Bingyang City in the Guangxi Province [6] and the other from Wuhan City in the Hubei Province [2], separated by a bunch of sequences from Guangdong [8], [9]. This large group can be the evidence to support that the IDU networks in cities of Guangxi, Guangdong and Hubei provinces had been exchanged. Although Guangxi is thought to be the origin of 6a in Guangdong, migration from Guangdong back to Guangxi is also suggested. As 6a in Guangdong has become increasingly prevalent, there appeared a recent trend of radiation to other regions. This is brightly portrayed in cluster I, which showed 6a migrations from Guangdong to Yunnan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Xinjiang, Shanghai, and Shanxi Provinces, and this is associated with blood donors. Similar phylogeographies were also plotted under two other models (Table 4 & Figure S3, S4), and collectively, the 6a migration routes in China were suggested (Figure 3).
Figure 2. MCC tree estimated under the model of BSP + Uncorrelated Exponential (see Table 4).
In addition to the isolates presented in Figure 1A, sequences determined among 21 blood donors from Vietnam, 22 blood donors from the 12 provinces of China, and 36 IDUs from Liuzhou City in the Guangxi Province [3] were also included. Branches were colored according to their respective geographic origins. Posterior probabilities greater than 0.9 were shown at the respective nodes, while the estimated time points of the origin for the nodes were parenthesized. Below the tree is a time scale from 1960–2010, which measures 6a origin and evolution.
Figure 3. Map of HCV 6a migration in China.
With origin from Vietnam, 6a was spread to the neighboring Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces for circulation (shown in pink arrows). From Guangxi, 6a was further spread to the Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan, and Hubei provinces (shown in green arrows), while from Yunnan, 6a was brought by IDUs to the central part of China (shown in a blue arrow). For unknown reasons, 6a has become a local epidemic in Guangdong and caused infections not only among IDUs, but also among blood donors and patients. As the prevalence is increasing, Guangdong has become the second source region to radiate 6a to other regions (shown in red arrows).
(7) Migration test.
To test for the presence of phylogeographic structures, an additional test was performed to estimate two statistics: AI (Association Index) and PS (Parsimony Score statistic). AI is the sum across all the internal nodes of a phylogeny, which explicitly takes into account the shape of the phylogeny by measuring the imbalance of the internal nodes [18]. The estimation of PS, however, uses a parsimony approach to reconstruct the character states at ancestral nodes and calculate the number of state changes in the phylogeny [19]. According to sampling origins, the 285 sequences were divided into five states (Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Others, and Vietnam). Correlating the five states with phylogenetic positions showed the AI and PS statistics both strongly rejecting the null hypothesis of panmixis [20]. Therefore, association between lineages and geographic origins was supported.
(8) Bayesian Skyline Plots (BSPs).
Figure 4 shows the overlapped BSPs estimated based on three models (Table 4). These are flexible, non-parametric estimates of past changes in population size [11], plotted using the "log" files and "trees" files resulting from three coalescent procedures. Estimated under different models, surprisingly similar patterns of growth were shown. Let's first describe the BSP from the exponential model. A relatively constant population size was maintained from 1980 to around 1994. However, this was breached by a fast exponential growth until 1998. Since 1998, the growth was suddenly slowed and then kept slightly upward till the present. The rapid growth from 1994 to 1998 corresponded to a period when contaminated plasma collection was common in China, which led to about 500,000 blood donors infected with HCV [21], [22] and 300,000 donors infected with HIV [23], [24]. The abrupt slowing around 1998, however, was concurrent to a time point when the Chinese government outlawed the use of paid blood donors, which went into effect that year [25]. Using slightly lower substitution rates (Table 4), the BSPs under two other models showed both the start and end of the rapid growth a little earlier (Figure 4). However, they remained coincident with the period when for-profit plasma collection was common in China, which began in the early 1990 s and was officially forbidden in 1996 [23], [24].
Figure 4. The overlapped BSPs.
Three indicated solid lines represent the estimated effective population sizes through time under three combination models: BSP + Uncorrected Exponential, BSP + Uncorrected Lognormal, and BSP + Strict Clock, respectively. The colored areas (pink = Exponential, blue = Lognormal, and yellow = Strict) around the solid lines represent the 95% highest posterior density confidence intervals for these estimates. The vertical ruler on the left scales the effective population size while the horizontal ruler on the bottom measures time.
In this study, both E1 and NS5B sequences of HCV were determined among 136 drug users. It resulted that 6a was detected in 70 users (51.5%). The identified 6a predominance is consistent with that from previous reports [2], [3], [6], [10], [26]–[28]. These previous reports have collectively shown increasing 6a predominance accounting for a pooled rate of 36.7% [5]. Similar to that we have recently described, the majority of 6a isolates in this study were classified into three clusters, I, II, and III, with more in cluster III than in cluster II and more in cluster I than in both clusters II and III. In addition, two new clusters, VI and VII, were designated with the isolates exclusively from the present study. Including the reference sequences to indicate their geographic origins showed that isolates in clusters II and III were mainly from Guangdong and occasionally from other regions. Isolates in cluster I were not only from a variety of people (IDUs, patients, and blood donors) in Guangdong, but also from blood donors in 12 other provinces: Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Shanxi, and Xinjiang [2], [3], [6], [8], [9]. With the addition of clusters IV and V, the distribution of 6a in China is illustrated. However, Vietnam was estimated to be the origin of 6a in China. Phylogeographic analysis indicated that the Guangxi Province, which borders Vietnam, could have been the first region to accept 6a for circulation. Migration from Yunnan, which also borders Vietnam, might be equally important, but was only detected among IDUs in limited regions. From Guangxi, 6a could have further spread to the Yunnan, Guangdong, Hainan, and Hubei provinces. However, there is evidence to show that only in Guangdong has 6a become a local epidemic, which has made Guangdong the second source region to disseminate 6a strains to other regions. A map of 6a migration in China is therefore portrayed (Figure 3). The importation of 6a from Vietnam to Guangxi could be attributed to the growing communications among residents living on both sides of the Guangxi-Vietnam border, and more importantly, the free exchange of IDU networks in Guangxi and Southeast Asian countries through the known drug trafficking routes. Apart from this, there are three other possibilities: (1) during the late 1970 s, the Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan Provinces accepted over 300,000 refugees from Vietnam, of which a fraction of people might have been infected [9]; (2) 6a may be indigenous in Guangdong and Guangxi, since the two regions are geographically adjacent and historically linked to Vietnam; (3) some 6a strains might have come from Hong Kong, which had an alternative route of 6a introduction [29]. In this study, phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses both revealed a certain degree of differences among seven 6a clusters and several branches, but not comparable with those existing among the Vietnamese isolates at the tree base. Such differences are not sufficient to validate possibilities (1) and (2). Unfortunately, due to lack of a time-stamped sequence dataset from Hong Kong, at the moment we were unable to test possibility (3). The common ancestor of 6a strains in China was dated around 1978. Concurrently, this was the time point when the China-Vietnam war occurred and when Guangdong was assigned as the first region of China to adopt a free market economy and open door policy. These could be two historical events to facilitate 6a strains imported from Vietnam (via Hong Kong or other Southeastern countries?) to China (first to Guangxi, Guangdong, or Yunnan?) and implanted in an HCV transmission network (via blood donor or IDU network?). During the decades after 1978, Guangdong has led the country in fast economic development and has now become a "World Production Center". The powerful economy has stimulated a large population of IDUs and the prosperity of drug trafficking and trading, as well as countless visitors for business and pleasure. More importantly, tens of millions of migrants or "farm workers" have been attracted from rural areas to work in the myriad of factories in the Pearl River Delta, a central region of the Guangdong Province. However, due to a lack of optimal working and living conditions, these migrants are more vulnerable to viral infections such as HCV and HIV [23]. Some of them may have also been involved in a thriving illegal sex industry [7] and drugs, while a few may have been HCV carriers from earlier due to previous contaminated blood donations. During holidays and busy farming seasons, these migrants have frequently traveled back and forth between Guangdong and their rural hometowns; 6a strains may have been widely transported.
Blood transfusion was a major risk factor for HCV infection before the virus was identified in 1989. This risk remained high in China even during the mid 1990 s and peaked in 1995. Marked with a scandalous plasma campaign during 1994–1996 in the Henan province, it led to more than 500,000 blood donors that were infected with HCV and 300,000 donors infected with HIV [21]–[25]. Most of the infections were acquired at paid blood donation stations, some operated by local health officials, where many donors' red blood samples were mixed, the plasma extracted, and the pooled red blood cells transfused into the donors. Similar contaminated donations have been also reported in seven other provinces [23]. This disastrous event in China was vitally indicated in the BSPs, which showed a rapid growth in the HCV-infected population size during 1994–1998. In 1998, the Chinese government outlawed the use of paid blood donors to eliminate this risk [25]. Correspondingly, this was reflected in BSPs with an abrupt slowing in the 6a-infected population size, starting from 1998. However, in the poor rural communities a huge infected population has been established, of whom many have now moved with millions of migrant laborers to cities. Through drugs and sex, they still provide a bridge to the general population, and in the BSPs this could be represented with a slightly increasing slope.
Subjects and specimens
Serum samples were collected in Nov 2010 from 210 drug users retained in a mandatory detoxification center in Shanwei City, Guangdong Province, China. The ethical review committee of the Guangzhou Blood Center had approved this study. Guidelines set by this committee were strictly followed and written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Before bleeding, a questionnaire was answered by each user. Questions included the home address, age, gender, marital status, education, ethnic and geographic origins, histories of blood transfusion and surgery and other exposures, time of starting, the duration, and the method of drug use.
Anti-HCV and NAT assays
Anti-HCV was assayed as previously described [9]. NAT for HCV RNA was tested on the Procleix TIGRIS system (Novartis Diagnostics, Emeryville, CA, USA) following the manufacturer's protocol.
DNA amplification, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis
HCV E1 and NS5B genes were amplified and sequenced as previously described [8], [9]. To confirm multiple HCV infections, amplicons were cloned into a pT-Adv vector (Advantage PCR cloning kit; Clontech). A number of clones were picked and plasmids sequenced [30]. According to HCV subtypes, the resulting sequences were aligned with references using the CLUSTAL_X program. Phylogenetic trees were estimated using the maximum likelihood method under the GTR+I+Γ6 substitution model.
Evolutionary analysis of 6a sequences
For coalescent analyses, time-stamped E1 sequences were further determined among 21 blood donors from Vietnam, 22 blood donors from 12 provinces of China, and 36 IDUs from Liuzhou City in the Guangxi Province [3]. In addition, 139 sequences were retrieved from Genbank. Together with those determined in this study, a total of 285 6a isolates were represented. They all had their sampling dates (from 1992 to 2010) and geographic origins recorded and E1 gene sequences (up to 519 nt) available to compile the dataset. Information from Genbank, from original publications, and from our personal communications were used to verify the sampling dates, to ensure that no sequences were from experimental animals, engineering, no multiple quasispecies were included, nor those that were from single individuals at different time points. Because the change in HCV-infected population size was an object of study, closely related 6a sequences from single epidemic scenarios were not excluded except when they were identical. After alignment and visual corrections, the most appropriate site model was determined using the program jModelTest [12].
Based on the 285 sequences, the evolutionary rate and epidemic history was estimated using the BEAST package [13]. Each MCMC sampling was performed for 200 million states, sampling a tree every 20,000 states. Prior to MCMC, selection was made for (1) site model, (2) demographic model, and (3) clock model. For (1), the GTR+I+Γ model was revealed to be the best among 24 models, based on the criteria from jModelTest. For (2), although the constant size, exponential growth, logistic growth, expansion growth, and BSP all are selectable, a previous study has shown that, excluding BSP, other models consistently performed poorly with HCV sequences [14]. Therefore, we did not test these models but only used the BSP in this study. For (3), we tested all three models: exponential, lognormal, and strict, in combination with BSP respectively, for selecting the best-fitting combination. To analyze the results from the MCMC process, a program Tracer was used [13]. We used it to estimate the marginal likelihoods of the trace, check the trace distribution for convergence, and determine if sufficient ESS (>200) was achieved. We also used it to compute a BF for each pair of models for selecting the statistically best. In addition, we used it to reconstruct BSP to show the epidemic history of HCV. Through the MCMC process, the BSP generalizes skyline plots from the targeted sequence dataset, then samples the distribution of the generalized skyline plots, and combines the plots to yield a posterior distribution of effective population size through time. Since credibility intervals are provided for effective population size at every point in time, from the present back to the most recent common ancestor of the sampled sequences, a past history of HCV-infected population size is inferred [11].
After discarding 10% of burn-in, a time-scaled phylogeny was estimated from a posterior distribution of trees that were generated under a given model combination. We used the TreeAnnotator program to construct this phylogeny, which best summarizes the set of credible trees and is called the MCC tree. Since a molecular clock was used in the MCMC process, the branch lengths and node height of the tree are in units of years. Phylogeographic structure was then displayed using the FigTree program, and clades and lineages were colored according to their geographic origins [13].
In addition, the Befi-BaTS program was used to test for the presence of statistically significant phylogeographic structure (www.lonelyjoeparker.com/?tag=befi-bats). This was done through a parametric bootstrap process, which randomizes the association a large number of times, calculates statistics from each randomization, and provides a null distribution of the statistics with 0.95 credible intervals. Against this level the observed statistics are compared. Here, the null hypothesis of panmixis assumes that there is no correlation between phylogeny and taxa location [19], and the randomization is performed against a series of tree-shaped statistics. We performed randomizations across a posterior distribution of trees generated from the MCMC process under a given coalescent model. During the bootstrapping process, the phylogenetic uncertainties were correctly incorporated and phylogeographic structure tested [20].
Nucleotide sequence accession numbers
The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in GenBank with the following accession numbers: JF720958-JF721322.
Figure S1.
Subtype 1b phylogenies estimated from (A) E1 and (B) NS5B region sequences, corresponding to H77 nucleotide positions of 869–1289 and 8276–8615, respectively. Subtype 1a sequence M62321 was used as an outgroup. Green pies label sequences from our previous studies [8], [9]. Red and yellow pies label sequences from this study, in which yellow pies mark isolates from IDUs with multiple HCV infections. Sequences without pies were retrieved from Genbank. In each tree, six rectangles highlight the further classification of 1b isolates into A, B, C, D, E, and SW clusters. Scale bar represents 0.05 nucleotide substitutions per site. Bootstrap support values are shown in italics.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028006.s001
(TIF)
Subtype 3a phylogenies estimated from (A) E1 and (B) NS5B region sequences, corresponding to H77 nucleotide positions of 869–1289 and 8276–8615, respectively. Subtype 3b sequence D49374 was used as an outgroup. Two geographic clusters were shown with sequences from Hubei [2] and Yunnan [10] provinces to compare with a geographic cluster from Guangdong. Otherwise, all labels are the same as those described in the Figure 1 legend.
MCC tree estimated under the model of BSP + Uncorrelated Lognormal (Table 4). See Figure 2 for legend.
MCC tree estimated under the model of BSP + Strict Clock (Table 4). See Figure 2 for legend.
Conceived and designed the experiments: LL. Performed the experiments: YF WQ HC RX TL HW WT GL CL. Analyzed the data: TL CL MY LL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YT KA GC. Wrote the paper: LL. Helped with sample collection: XR.
1. Bao YP, Liu ZM (2009) Current situation and trends of drug abuse and HIV/AIDS in China. HIV Ther 3: 237–240.
2. Peng JS, Wang X, Liu MQ, Zhou DJ, Gong J, et al. (2008) Genetic variation of hepatitis C virus in a cohort of injection heroin users in Wuhan, China. Virus Res 135: 191–196.
3. Tan Y, Wei QH, Chen LJ, Chan PC, Lai WS, et al. (2008) Molecular epidemiology of HCV monoinfection and HIV/HCV coinfection in injection drug users in Liuzhou, Southern China. PLoS One 3: e3608.
4. Garten RJ, Lai S, Zhang J, Liu W, Chen J, et al. (2004) Rapid transmission of hepatitis C virus among young injection heroin users in Southern China. Int J Epidemiol 33: 182.
5. Bao Y, Liu Z, Lu L (2010) Review of HIV and HCV infection among drug users in China. Curr Opin Psychiatry 23: 187–194.
6. Garten R, Zhang J, Lai S, Liu W, Chen J, et al. (2005) Coinfection with HIV and hepatitis C virus among injection drug users in southern China. Clin Infect Dis 41: S18–24.
7. Zhong W (2000) "A close look at China's sex industry" (D. Cowhig, Transl.), Lianhe Zaobao (Singpore), 2 October.
8. Lu L, Nakano T, He Y, Fu Y, Hagedorn CH, et al. (2005) Hepatitis C virus genotype distribution in China: predominance of closely related subtype 1b isolates and existence of new genotype 6 variants. J Med Virol 75: 538–549.
9. Fu Y, Wang Y, Xia W, Pybus OG, Qin W, et al. (2011) New trends of HCV infection in China revealed by genetic analysis of viral sequences determined from first-time volunteer blood donors. J Virol Hepat 18: 42–52.
10. Xia X, Lu L, Tee KK, Zhao W, Wu J, et al. (2008) The unique HCV genotype distribution and the discovery of a novel subtype 6u among IDUs co-infected with HIV-1 in Yunnan, China. J Med Virol 80: 1142–1152.
11. Drummond AJ, Rambaut A, Shapiro B, Pybus OG (2005) Bayesian coalescent inference of past population dynamics from molecular sequences. Mol Biol Evol 22: 1185–1192.
12. Posada D (2009) Selection of models of DNA evolution with jModelTest. Methods Mol Biol 537: 93–112.
13. Drummond AJ, Rambaut A (2007) BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evol Biol 7: 214.
14. Pybus OG, Barnes E, Taggart R, Lemey P, Markov PV, et al. (2009) Genetic history of hepatitis C virus in East Asia. J Virol 2009 83: 1071–1082.
15. Yang Z (1993) Maximum-likelihood estimation of phylogeny from DNA sequences when substitution rates differ over sites. Mol Biol Evol 10: 1396–1401.
16. Gu X, Fu YX, Li WH (1995) Maximum likelihood estimation of the heterogeneity of substitution rate among nucleotide sites. Mol Biol Evol 12: 546–557.
17. Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Savolainen V, Crane PR, Barraclough TG (2002) Rate heterogeneity among lineages of tracheophytes: integration of molecular and fossil data and evidence for molecular living fossils. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 4430–4435.
18. Wang TH, Donaldson YK, Brettle RP, Bell JE, Simmonds P (2001) Identification of shared populations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infecting microglia and tissue macrophages outside the central nervous system. J Virol 75: 11686–11699.
19. Slatkin M, Maddison WP (1989) A cladistic measure of gene flow measured from the phylogenies of alleles. Genetics 123: 603–613.
20. Parker J, Rambaut A, Pybus OG (2008) Correlating viral phenotypes with phylogeny: accounting for phylogenetic uncertainty. Infect Genet Evol 8: 239–246.
21. Ji Y, Ren QH, Zhu ZY, Qu DM, Qiu ZK, et al. (1998) Investigation and analysis of HCV infection in Chinese blood donors. Acta Acad Med Sinica 203: 240–241.
22. Shi XL, Ren QH, Zhu ZY, Qu DM, Ji Y, et al. (1999) Hepatitis C virus infection in blood donors in the People's Republic of China. Transfusion 39: 913.
23. Kaufman J, Jing J (2002) China and AIDS-The Time to Act Is Now. Science 296: 2339–2340.
24. Deadly Secret: AIDS in China. CBS News August 11, 2006 www.cbc.ca/news/background/aids/aids-china.html.
25. Shan H, Wang JX, Ren FR, Zhang YZ, Zhao HY, et al. (2002) Blood banking in China. Lancet 360: 1770–1775.
26. Lee K, Chan D, Lee SS (2008) Molecular epidemiology of HCV genotype in injecting drug users in Hongkong. International J Infect Dis 12: Suppl 1e424–425.
27. Liu J, Lin H, Liu Y, Lee SS, Chen YL, et al. (2008) Extremely high prevalence and genetic diversity of hepatitis C virus infection among HIV-infected injection drug users in Taiwan. Clin Infect Dis 46: 1761–1768.
28. Lee Y, Lin H, Chen Y, Lee CM, Wang SF, et al. (2010) Molecular epidemiology of HCV genotypes among injection drug users in Taiwan: full-length sequences of two new subtype 6w strains and a recombinant form_2b6w. J Med Virol 82: 57–68.
29. Zhou X, Chan PK, Tam JS, Tang JW (2011) A possible geographic origin of endemic hepatitis C virus 6a in Hong Kong: evidences for the association with vietnamese immigration. PLoS One 6: e24889.
30. Aitken CK, Lewis J, Tracy SL, Spelman T, Bowden DS, et al. (2008) High incidence of hepatitis C virus reinfection in a cohort of injecting drug users. Hepatology 48: 1746–1752.
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1) Prepares railroad freight cars for loading with grain, ores, packaged goods, and other items: Opens side drop or hopper-bottom doors of cars.
2) Sweeps, scrapes, and shovels rubbish from floors.
3) Hammers down or removes protruding nails from floors and sides.
4) Closes car doors and hammers wooden wedges through latches to secure them.
5) May line interior of cars and doors with paper or cardboard.
6) May repair holes in floors and sides by nailing boards over them.
7) May mix caulking compound and caulk cracks in cars, using handtools.
8) May patch holes in roofs with asphalt coating.
9) May wash interior and exterior of cars, using water hose, disinfectants, brushes, and brooms.
10) May seal doors of loaded cars.
11) May move cars on track, using capstan winch or car bar.
12) May spray cars with insecticides to destroy insects and rodents.
13) May record data, such as car number, condition of car for shipment, and date fumigated.
Is being a "CAR COOPER" your very best career choice?
See the Future Outlook and Educational Requirements for "CAR COOPER"
End Of Job Description for: "CAR COOPER"


text:
Work, Ace Attorney, YMMV
Ace Attorney/YMMV
< Ace Attorney
YMMV • Radar • Quotes • (
Take tropes specific to the Phoenix arc, Apollo Justice, or Investigations to those pages, please.
Broken Aesop: An example relating to degree of openness. Cases 2-4 and 3-5 are all about bringing The Truth to light, especially when Edgeworth is involved. The issue is that the view of when the truth should be brought to light expressed through the events of the game is a nuanced one, while the view expressed through the dialogue is an absolute one. Edgeworth's dialogue after his Heel Face Turn could be summarized as "expose the truth, no matter how painful." Yet there are situations in which players are supposed to hate someone for exposing the truth.
Situations where revealing the truth is praised:
Telling a man who already knows that he was deceived by his girlfriend five years ago exactly how he was deceived? Sure, the truth turned out to be that he hadn't been as bad a judge of character as he thought he was, but Edgeworth starts pushing for the Truth to come out without knowing what it is. Edgeworth inherently knows that The Truth will heal the man's pain even if it gives him more to be upset about.
Situations in which revealing the truth is condemned:
Telling a jealous man the truth about his fiance's ex in order to make him reconsider the marriage? How evil! (The timing of the reveal is implied to have been part of what made it evil, but the heroes don't exactly tread lightly when it comes to the timing of big reveals either.)
Telling a skeptical public about a very unconventional technique the police used to solve a case, that lead them astray? Or publicizing a politician's affair with a secretary? The work of an evil man who caused nothing but pain. (The truth was definitely not the culprit's motive, but revealing the truth about what the police did was an effect nevertheless.)
Situations in which exposing the truth was portrayed in a mixed light:
In Ace Attorney Investigations, it is clear that the Yatagarasu's tendency to "steal evidence of corrupt dealings of all kinds" and send it to the press is illegal and that Edgeworth would like to be above such actions, but the Yatagarasu's actions in this regard are hardly portrayed as evil. The Yatagarasu was just "stealing the Truth" in order to bring it to light.
At one point, Edgeworth threatens to publicize a witness' embarrassing psychological diagnosis unless that witness testifies truthfully. He says that it's not his problem if the witness chooses to commit suicide in response to the psychological profile being publicized.
Revealing who the killer is, even when there's already enough evidence to prove the defendant didn't do it, and the killer is in some ways a decent person who had a compelling reason for what they did and will now likely get in huge trouble? Mia says it's justice (though Maya didn't seem to agree and it's unclear whether Phoenix was fully convinced).
A case could be made that revealing the truth really was good in the situations where it was portrayed as good and bad in the situations in which it was portrayed as bad, but the dialogue describes bringing The Truth to light as though it is a golden ideal that is always good - as long as the person doing it is a good guy, and the person whose truth got exposed only considers committing suicide rather than actually doing so.
Broken Base: Phoenix is back with Professor Layton for a crossover, but no word of a new main series AA game since Apollo Justice.
An official sequel has been announced, however.
Creator's Pet: Ema, who is the only character to have been in the Phoenix Arc, the Apollo Justice game, and Investigations.
Ensemble Darkhorse: Of the main characters, Miles Edgeworth, to the point that he got his own game. Of the side characters/witnesses, Adrian Andrews.
Don't forget Gumshoe, pal!
And Larry Butz. Seriously, with how his role is in the games its as if the developers practically knew he would be popular.
That, or they like hearing a collective moan from time to time.
EMA SKYE! Seriously, she could have easily been a Replacement Scrappy, but is instead one of the most loved characters of the series. Not only that, she replaced fan favourite Maya for a case and Gumshoe for an entire freakin' game, and was popular enough to be the original protagonist of what eventually became Investigations.
How about Shelly deKiller?
From Ace Attorney Investigations the Ensemble Darkhorse is looking to be The Proto Badger.
Also, Damon Gant, thanks to the Memetic Mutation.
Fridge Horror: The games become a lot less fun when you realize that Japan's court system is pretty much exactly like how it is presented in the games; not to mention that Phoenix and co. would be social pariahs for being defense attorneys.
Het Is Ew: Any time a female character gets involved with Phoenix or Edgeworth, prepare to see a crudstorm amongst Phoenix/Edgeworth shippers.
Ho Yay: Phoenix Wright and The Rival Miles Edgeworth certainly have some rather... intense... feelings about each other. On the flip side, there's Mia and Lana's "intellectual attraction" and the various weirdness surrounding Adrian Andrews and her co-dependency. The fourth game seems to toy with this more than most with Apollo and Klavier. For example, upon meeting Apollo, Klavier says, "I must say I'm used to being inspected by the ladies... But this is the first time I've felt this way with a man." Capcom is definitely aware of the implications, and love to be as vague about it as possible.
Also, some of the concept art for Investigations, especially the one of Edgeworth and Gumshoe sharing an umbrella.
Edgeworth and Shi-Long Lang on Investigations. The later have a penchant on calling Edgeworth a pretty boy and getting on his personal space since the beginning, not to mention the banter between the two have certain... tension.
Mia Fey has a posthumous version of a Les Yay with Lana Skye as they had an 'intellectual attraction' to each other. While they went to college together. Suuuuuuure.
Well, there is this pic as well. Some fans have joked that it would have been more blatant in a good way if Maya wasn't in that picture. (But of course whether if Maya's presence make the pic even better or worse is of course up to you.)
Iconic Character Forgotten Title: People often refer to the series as "Phoenix Wright" series.
Iron Woobie: Pretty much all of the sidekicks in their own way, most notably Maya. All chirpy and active, but each of them lose their parents at a young age, and have to deal with various other amounts of angst.
Magnificent Bastard: Manfred von Karma and Damon Gant in the first game, Matt Engarde in the second game, Dahlia Hawthorne in the third, Kristoph Gavin in the fourth and Quercus Alba in Investigations. In short, all the big bads from each game!
Memetic Badass: Klavier Gavin, Godot, Edgeworth, and Detective Badd.
Memetic Mutation: OBJECTION!
Phoenix bequeaths to you... a Boot to the Head!
The miracle never happen.
Most Annoying Sound: Winston Payne's wimpy-and-girly-sounding Objections whenever he appears will make you want to grab Franziska's whip and whip the arrogant fool into submission.
Franziska's whip, whenever it's hitting the player character.
Mike Meekins' megaphone feedback. WEEEEEEEEEN!
Narm Charm: There are a number of reasons to be frustrated with "Turnabout Big Top", and it sounds as if it should come across as comical anyway, but if Phoenix fails, hearing the judge ignore his client's stage name and declare Billy Bob Jones to be "Guilty" hits as hard as any of them.
Nightmare Fuel: Investigations may have finally succeeded in communicating the Badger's creepiness to the audience. Then it sneaks up on Edgeworth with a sword in a haunted house and Jesus Christ that thing is made of nightmares.
The Scrappy: Marvin Grossberg, in the third game. Not so bad in the first, but in the third, he just will not shut up about his hemorrhoids.
Officer Meekins a lot as well. That megaphone of his...MY EARS!
Zinc Lablanc.
That One Level: Many consider Moe's cross-examination to be a real pain in the ass, since one wrong press will get you penalized, and culminates with his last testimony, in which any pressing will cause you to instantly lose.
Unfortunate Character Design: Daryan Crescend
Values Dissonance: Several cases are built upon expensive medical bills. In countries where healthcare is free at the point of service this seems very strange.
In one case Shi-Long mentions that guns are 'very hard to obtain in this country' and uses this as evidence to accuse a policeman. In the localization the game is set in Los Angeles, where this is very untrue.
And then of course, there's the entire court system which is a satirization of the Japanese court system which itself looks alien and unjust to Americans familiar with the adversarial system and with the deeply enshrined principle of "innocent until proven guilty."
The Woobie: Adrian Andrews, Miles Edgeworth, Vera Misham, Trucy Wright, Iris, Pearl Fey, Maya Fey... the list goes on. Some characters who aren't even The Woobie get woobie moments.
Maggey Byrde practically DEFINES this trope.
Hey, don't forget Dick Gumshoe, pal!
Let's not forget Phoenix himself.
Woolseyism: As most characters' names are puns, an overly literal translation would make the jokes vanish.
Retrieved from "https://allthetropes.fandom.com/wiki/Ace_Attorney/YMMV?oldid=299274"


text:
Visiting Yosemite National Park
Planning a trip to Yosemite National Park and need some help planning your trip?
Here is the National Park Obsessed guide for visiting Yosemite National Park, California.
The Quick Guide to Visiting Yosemite National Park
Yosemite National Park Basics
Region: Pacific-West / West Coast / Pacific
Park Size: 748,436 acres (1,169.43 sq miles) (3,028.81 sq km)
Location: Tuolumne, Mariposa, Mono, and Madera counties
Closest Cities: Mariposa, California
Busy Season: May to October
How much does Yosemite National Park Cost?
Yosemite National Park costs the following:
An annual Yosemite National Park Pass costs $70 but it is not recommended you buy this pass. For an extra $10 you can get an American the Beautiful Pass. This $80 pass offers free admission to all 116 fee-charging National Park Units.
When is Yosemite National Park Open?
Yosemite National Park is open year-round, but some roads will close for winter.
Are dogs allowed in Yosemite National Park?
Yes, pets are welcome in Yosemite National Park but are limited to developed areas such as roads, parking areas, picnic areas, and some campgrounds. Pets are not allowed on the trails in the park. Please review the Yosemite Pet Policy before bringing your dog to Yosemite.
Where are Yosemite National Park's visitor centers?
Yosemite Valley Visitor Center – Open Year Around
Yosemite Museum – Open Year Around
Happy Isles Art and Nature Center – Open April to October
Yosemite Conservation Heritage Center – Open May to September
Ansel Adams Gallery – Open Year Around
Pioneer Yosemite History Center – Open Year Around
Land Acknowledgments for Yosemite National Park
The National Park known as Yosemite National Park sits on Northern Paiute, Western Mono/Monache, Me-Wuk (Southern Sierra Miwok), and Me-Wuk (Central Sierra Miwok) land.
National Park Obsessed's Detailed Guides to Yosemite National Park
General Information on Visiting Yosemite
Yosemite National Park Lodging
Itineraries for Yosemite National Park
Cities Near Yosemite National Park
Other Articles featuring Yosemite National Park
Visiting Wrangell – St. Elias National Park and Preserve
Visiting Great Smoky Mountains National Park: The Complete Guide in 2022


text:
Former Bella Vista Officer Pleads Guilty In Fatal Shooting
Updated: 10:59 AM CST Dec 2, 2010
Kyle Cabodi
Benton County Prosecutor Van Stone said Thursday the former Bella Vista officer accused of shooting and killing James Ahern pleaded guilty.Arkansas State Police said Ahern was shot six times. Coleman Brackney said he was trying to pull over Ahern when his car crashed.The judge sentenced Brackney to 30 days in prison and ordered him to pay a $1,000 fine. He is currently being held at the Benton County Detention Center.Some Bella Vista residents are speaking out about Brackney's sentence.Bobby Nix was at home, just across the street from where James Ahern was shot last January."I'm like 150 foot from where this happened and I heard the shots fired," Nix said. "There's no way that this guy had a chance. He didn't have a prayer."He said he thinks Coleman Brackney should have never opened fire on Ahern, but said the fact that he did merits a much harsher sentence than just 30 days in jail."To me, a guy like that, if he did something way out of line like that, hell, he should have got 20 years minimum," Nix said.Danny Towles agreed. He said the fact that he knew Ahern personally makes the news of the 30-day sentence even more upsetting."He was just a nice, friendly guy that always liked to have a good healthy time," Nix said. "He always had a smile on his face."But Benton County prosecutor Van Stone said he believes the sentence was just and insists the case was thoroughly investigated."We have examined this case, not only our office, but the state police and other agencies have looked at it from every conceivable angle," Stone said.Other Bella Vista residents we talked with today took the side of Brackney, saying regular criminals are able to plea bargain down their sentence, and that shouldn't be any different in Brackney's case.Ahern had a record of assaulting police officers, several DWIs, and in 2000 he led Nebraska police on a chase that involved gunfire.Brackney was taken to jail immediately after he was sentenced Thursday morning.
BELLA VISTA, Ark. —
Benton County Prosecutor Van Stone said Thursday the former Bella Vista officer accused of shooting and killing James Ahern pleaded guilty.
Arkansas State Police said Ahern was shot six times. Coleman Brackney said he was trying to pull over Ahern when his car crashed.
The judge sentenced Brackney to 30 days in prison and ordered him to pay a $1,000 fine. He is currently being held at the Benton County Detention Center.
Some Bella Vista residents are speaking out about Brackney's sentence.
Bobby Nix was at home, just across the street from where James Ahern was shot last January.
"I'm like 150 foot from where this happened and I heard the shots fired," Nix said. "There's no way that this guy had a chance. He didn't have a prayer."
He said he thinks Coleman Brackney should have never opened fire on Ahern, but said the fact that he did merits a much harsher sentence than just 30 days in jail.
"To me, a guy like that, if he did something way out of line like that, hell, he should have got 20 years minimum," Nix said.
Danny Towles agreed. He said the fact that he knew Ahern personally makes the news of the 30-day sentence even more upsetting.
"He was just a nice, friendly guy that always liked to have a good healthy time," Nix said. "He always had a smile on his face."
But Benton County prosecutor Van Stone said he believes the sentence was just and insists the case was thoroughly investigated.
"We have examined this case, not only our office, but the state police and other agencies have looked at it from every conceivable angle," Stone said.
Other Bella Vista residents we talked with today took the side of Brackney, saying regular criminals are able to plea bargain down their sentence, and that shouldn't be any different in Brackney's case.
Ahern had a record of assaulting police officers, several DWIs, and in 2000 he led Nebraska police on a chase that involved gunfire.
Brackney was taken to jail immediately after he was sentenced Thursday morning.


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party lines Apr. 16, 2010
Security Had to Protect Zac Posen in the Stairwell at His Target Party
"I haven't shopped at Target for myself, but I would now," said Selma Blair, who obviously got to skip the several-blocks-long line to get into last night's Zac Posen for Target party kicking off the 24-hour pop-up shop. (By the time we left, the queue stretched around the corner of Eighth Avenue and halfway down 34th Street.) Ginnifer Goodwin claimed to be more of a Target veteran: "Target's kind of my go-to for everything, to be honest. Toilet paper, Zac Posen, everything." She doesn't have much patience with mobs, though: "I am easily overwhelmed, so if things start gettin' bananas then I'll just go online and order it."
"Bananas" was an apt description for the party itself, where clothes flew off the racks and revelers shot each other dirty looks when they inevitably bumped each other with their huge shopping bags. We spotted Mena Suvari being ushered in by several handlers as she looked longingly toward a rack of bathing suits and protested, "But I want to shop!" The VIP area wasn't much of a refuge, and Michelle Trachtenberg stormed out past us exclaiming, "I mean, do people not wear deodorant?"
Model-turned-designer Coco Rocha gave Posen a huge hug and chatted about the wedding dress he's making for her. "I've never been a girl that knew her wedding dress — you know how girls plan their wedding dresses? That wasn't me. So I showed him one thing that I loved, but that was it. I never imagined myself in a dress like that. And he put it beyond — he just went for it. And he collaborated with James [Conran, her fiancé] — James does paintings, and so James is helping a little bit to make the sculpting ideas." Her dress was actually the last thing she thought about when planning her nuptials, which will take place in France in June. "And he still needs to find a suit," she said, pointing toward her fiancé.
Zac Posen himself could be seen flying back and forth to the dressing rooms with hangers full of clothes and various guests on his arm, but when he disappeared for about twenty minutes, we finally found him giving an interview in the building's only quiet spot: the stairwell. His publicist was on the verge of a coronary ("People are leaving and he needs to get back out the party!"), and security was unprepared for the lockdown measures that became necessary when news spread of Posen's location. When several paparazzi crowded into the emergency-exit doorway and started snapping pictures, Posen's publicist snapped and lunged at their cameras. "Get out! You can't be here!" she yelled, swiping at their lenses. Put off by the fierce affront by a slender, designer-clad blonde, the photographers slunk away. Back inside the party, Posen breathlessly exclaimed, "We live in the souk! Listen, this is my quote for the night — we live in the souk. We work, we play, we create, we pay, we get paid. It's all part of the hustle and bustle that builds our country, and it starts in New York."
party lines


This is the last factory existing in Lujiazui area at Pudong, what used to be the industrial outskirts of Shanghai nowadays completely transformed into the city's financial center. Decades ago, within this structure, massive ships were built and then delivered directly into the Huangpu river that flows just few meters away.
That is the reason why this factory was built composed by 200m long column-less sheds that are still today amazing magnificent spaces. We were requested to fill this volume with commercial program and a mid size theater facility. And as expected, requirements were to design as much floor area as possible within this existing structure.
In order to keep alive the magnificence of this massive interior space, we decided to concentrate into the center of the factory (where the two existing sheds meet) the small amount of "non built" empty volume we were allowed to preserve, creating a central full eight void atrium that runs along the whole building so that one could still experience the massive length and impressive height of this once two astonishing empty structures.
We hope this central longitudinal atrium will allow to the future visitors experience the riginal soul of this old factory. The factory's North facade, with its original brickwork recently restored, proudly faces the Huangpu river.
But on the South side, with some of the sheds already demolished years ago, the factory appears naked, exposing its heavy concrete columns. This dual appearance of the factory that expresses its history of transformations is to us of much interest and fascination.
So in order to establish a dialogue between these South and North facades and emphasize this fascinating duality, we have designed the main facade (West side) as a brickwork gradation changing its density and permeability from the opacity of the North side into the complete transparency of the South side.
1862 조선소는 상해의 산업 외곽이었던 푸동(Pudong)의 Lujiazui 지역에 현존하는 마지막 공장으로, 오늘날에는 금융 중심지로 완전히 변모한 도시에 있다. 수십 년 전, 이 안에서 거대한 배가 만들어졌고 후에 불과 몇 m 떨어진 황푸(Huangpu) 강으로 바로 이송되었다. 그것이 이 공장이 오늘날까지도 기둥이 없는 200m 길이의 헛간들로 이루어진 놀랍고 웅장한 공간인 이유이다.
건축가는 이 볼륨을 상업 프로그램과 중형 극장 시설로 채워달라는 요청을 받았다. 예상대로, 요구사항은 기존 구조물 내에서 가능한 한 많은 바닥 면적을 설계하는 것이었다. 이 거대한 실내 공간의 장엄함을 생생하게 유지하기 위해 보존하도록 허용 된"아무것도 지어지지 않은" 작은 빈 공간이 있는 공장의 중심에 집중하기로 결정했다.
전체 건물을 따라 흐르는 중앙부의 아주 높은 아트리움(Atrium)을 만들어 두 개의 빈 구조물에서 여전히 엄청난 길이와 인상적인 높이를 경험할 수 있도록 설계했다. 이 중앙부의 종방향 아트리움이 미래의 방문자가 오래된 공장의 원래 영혼을 경험할 수 있기를 바란다. 최근 벽돌로 복원된 이 공장의 북쪽 입면은 황푸 강을 바라보고 있다.
그러나 남쪽에는 이미 몇 년 전에 일부 창고가 철거된 상태여서 무거운 콘크리트 기둥을 그대로 노출시키고 있다. 변화의 역사를 표현하는 이 공장의 이중적 외관은 사람들에게 많은 관심과 매력을 준다.
그래서 남측과 북측 입면 사이의 대화를 설정하고 이 매력적인 이중성을 강조하기 위해 벽돌로 만든 그라데이션을 주었다. 주요 입면(서쪽)의 벽돌 그라데이션은 북쪽에서부터 시작해 그 밀도와 투과성을 점차 투명하게 바꾸면서 남쪽에 도달해서는 완전히 투명해진다.