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Home ▸ Software and plugins ▸ Digital audio workstations ▸ What Is The Easiest Digital Audio Workstation To Learn?
What Is The Easiest Digital Audio Workstation To Learn?
August 23, 2022 January 26, 2022 by Martin Hillman
It's a common question among people interested in making music or recording their vocals. But, unfortunately, it doesn't have an easy answer. If you have never used a DAW before, it can be daunting to figure out where to start. And when you do pick one, there will always be some features that aren't familiar and take some time to learn before you can use it quickly.
What is a digital audio workstation?
A digital audio workstation, or DAW for short, is an electronic device used to record, edit and play sound files. It allows manipulation of recorded sounds through direct operational control or by the interaction of customizable MIDI controllers, keyboards, etc.
The term also refers to computer software for audio recording editing, non-linear video editing programs that manage video sound as a resource, and hardware-software systems in production studios.
The term "workstation" was once used to distinguish keyboard-based dedicated music composition systems from other early home computers. These computers were less suited for the then-current tasks of electronic music such as notation and sequencing due to modest processing power and storage capability.
What digital audio workstation device should I choose for the first time?
We recommend beginners use a simple and easy-to-use digital audio workstation. Beginners should start with a more affordable device and then advance after understanding the basics. Later a music producer can choose a music production device with the most features.
On this note, ideal music production equipment can be used with various plugins and digital audio workstation (DAW) software. It also benefits users to check how it is easy to learn how to use the device.
A music production beginner should also consider the device's connection with different speakers and headphones.
Finally, choose a digital audio workstation with budget-friendly price tags to save money for better music production equipment in the future.
What is the most accessible digital audio workstation software to learn?
For those just getting started with a digital audio workstation, the software can be a little daunting at first glance. However, you'll find that there are plenty of great benefits to using today's workstations.
One of the most significant benefits is how easy they are to learn – there are plenty of tutorials available for each DAW, which allows you to learn at your own pace. Most digital audio workstation devices will include a few basic tutorials that show you the basics of loading sounds, recording, and arranging your tracks. But it's up to you as a user to take those basic guides and expand upon them. As long as you have a good idea of what you want or how things work, it should be easy to learn on any digital audio workstation device.
Ableton Live is currently one of the most popular workstations available. It's packed with so many great features making it one of the most popular digital audio workstation devices on the market today. Depending on your experience and background, Ableton Live can be pretty easy to learn – all you need is a little bit of time and a few tutorials.
The easiest way for users of Apple devices is to use an all-in-one production tool like Apple's Garageband. It includes a lot of instruments and effects for you to use, it tells you what everything does, has tons of presets for if you don't feel like tweaking anything, and even includes a bunch of loops you can use. If you already know music production, Garageband is pretty limited in terms of what you can do with it, especially as an all-in-one solution. Still, it's probably the most straightforward one to learn if you have never produced any sound before.
Categories Digital audio workstations, Software and plugins
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About Martin Hillman
I am a sound engineer, specializing in sound recording, mixing and mastering. I have my own studio "Artlab", located in the heart of Helsinki, where I work on a daily basis. I have worked with a wide variety of artists, from up-and-coming bands to established names in the music industry.
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text:
#if defined(__BORLANDC__)
#pragma option push -w-8060
#pragma option push -w-8004
#endif
#include "soapH.h"

SOAP_SOURCE_STAMP("@(#) soapClient.cpp ver 2.8.12 2014-06-17 20:56:49 GMT")

SOAP_FMAC5 int SOAP_FMAC6 soap_call_ns1__parse_USCOREstring(struct soap *soap, const char *soap_endpoint, const char *soap_action, std::string _text, bool _start, std::string &_result)
{	struct ns1__parse_USCOREstring soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREstring;
	struct ns1__parse_USCOREstringResponse *soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREstringResponse;
	if (soap_endpoint == NULL)
		soap_endpoint = "http://localhost:9004";
	soap->encodingStyle = NULL;
	soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREstring._text = _text;
	soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREstring._start = _start;
	soap_begin(soap);
	soap_serializeheader(soap);
	soap_serialize_ns1__parse_USCOREstring(soap, &soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREstring);
	if (soap_begin_count(soap))
		return soap->error;
	if (soap->mode & SOAP_IO_LENGTH)
	{	if (soap_envelope_begin_out(soap)
		 || soap_putheader(soap)
		 || soap_body_begin_out(soap)
		 || soap_put_ns1__parse_USCOREstring(soap, &soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREstring, "ns1:parse_string", NULL)
		 || soap_body_end_out(soap)
		 || soap_envelope_end_out(soap))
			 return soap->error;
	}
	if (soap_end_count(soap))
		return soap->error;
	if (soap_connect(soap, soap_endpoint, soap_action)
	 || soap_envelope_begin_out(soap)
	 || soap_putheader(soap)
	 || soap_body_begin_out(soap)
	 || soap_put_ns1__parse_USCOREstring(soap, &soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREstring, "ns1:parse_string", NULL)
	 || soap_body_end_out(soap)
	 || soap_envelope_end_out(soap)
	 || soap_end_send(soap))
		return soap_closesock(soap);
	if (!&_result)
		return soap_closesock(soap);
	soap_default_xsd__string(soap, &_result);
	if (soap_begin_recv(soap)
	 || soap_envelope_begin_in(soap)
	 || soap_recv_header(soap)
	 || soap_body_begin_in(soap))
		return soap_closesock(soap);
	soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREstringResponse = soap_get_ns1__parse_USCOREstringResponse(soap, NULL, "ns1:parse_stringResponse", "");
	if (soap->error)
		return soap_recv_fault(soap, 0);
	if (soap_body_end_in(soap)
	 || soap_envelope_end_in(soap)
	 || soap_end_recv(soap))
		return soap_closesock(soap);
	_result = soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREstringResponse->_result;
	return soap_closesock(soap);
}

SOAP_FMAC5 int SOAP_FMAC6 soap_call_ns1__parse_USCOREsentence(struct soap *soap, const char *soap_endpoint, const char *soap_action, std::string _text, std::string _printer, std::string &_result)
{	struct ns1__parse_USCOREsentence soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREsentence;
	struct ns1__parse_USCOREsentenceResponse *soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREsentenceResponse;
	if (soap_endpoint == NULL)
		soap_endpoint = "http://localhost:9004";
	soap->encodingStyle = NULL;
	soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREsentence._text = _text;
	soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREsentence._printer = _printer;
	soap_begin(soap);
	soap_serializeheader(soap);
	soap_serialize_ns1__parse_USCOREsentence(soap, &soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREsentence);
	if (soap_begin_count(soap))
		return soap->error;
	if (soap->mode & SOAP_IO_LENGTH)
	{	if (soap_envelope_begin_out(soap)
		 || soap_putheader(soap)
		 || soap_body_begin_out(soap)
		 || soap_put_ns1__parse_USCOREsentence(soap, &soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREsentence, "ns1:parse_sentence", NULL)
		 || soap_body_end_out(soap)
		 || soap_envelope_end_out(soap))
			 return soap->error;
	}
	if (soap_end_count(soap))
		return soap->error;
	if (soap_connect(soap, soap_endpoint, soap_action)
	 || soap_envelope_begin_out(soap)
	 || soap_putheader(soap)
	 || soap_body_begin_out(soap)
	 || soap_put_ns1__parse_USCOREsentence(soap, &soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREsentence, "ns1:parse_sentence", NULL)
	 || soap_body_end_out(soap)
	 || soap_envelope_end_out(soap)
	 || soap_end_send(soap))
		return soap_closesock(soap);
	if (!&_result)
		return soap_closesock(soap);
	soap_default_xsd__string(soap, &_result);
	if (soap_begin_recv(soap)
	 || soap_envelope_begin_in(soap)
	 || soap_recv_header(soap)
	 || soap_body_begin_in(soap))
		return soap_closesock(soap);
	soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREsentenceResponse = soap_get_ns1__parse_USCOREsentenceResponse(soap, NULL, "ns1:parse_sentenceResponse", "");
	if (soap->error)
		return soap_recv_fault(soap, 0);
	if (soap_body_end_in(soap)
	 || soap_envelope_end_in(soap)
	 || soap_end_recv(soap))
		return soap_closesock(soap);
	_result = soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREsentenceResponse->_result;
	return soap_closesock(soap);
}

SOAP_FMAC5 int SOAP_FMAC6 soap_call_ns1__parse_USCOREoracle(struct soap *soap, const char *soap_endpoint, const char *soap_action, std::string _text, std::string _constraints, std::string _printer, std::string &_result)
{	struct ns1__parse_USCOREoracle soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREoracle;
	struct ns1__parse_USCOREoracleResponse *soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREoracleResponse;
	if (soap_endpoint == NULL)
		soap_endpoint = "http://localhost:9004";
	soap->encodingStyle = NULL;
	soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREoracle._text = _text;
	soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREoracle._constraints = _constraints;
	soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREoracle._printer = _printer;
	soap_begin(soap);
	soap_serializeheader(soap);
	soap_serialize_ns1__parse_USCOREoracle(soap, &soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREoracle);
	if (soap_begin_count(soap))
		return soap->error;
	if (soap->mode & SOAP_IO_LENGTH)
	{	if (soap_envelope_begin_out(soap)
		 || soap_putheader(soap)
		 || soap_body_begin_out(soap)
		 || soap_put_ns1__parse_USCOREoracle(soap, &soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREoracle, "ns1:parse_oracle", NULL)
		 || soap_body_end_out(soap)
		 || soap_envelope_end_out(soap))
			 return soap->error;
	}
	if (soap_end_count(soap))
		return soap->error;
	if (soap_connect(soap, soap_endpoint, soap_action)
	 || soap_envelope_begin_out(soap)
	 || soap_putheader(soap)
	 || soap_body_begin_out(soap)
	 || soap_put_ns1__parse_USCOREoracle(soap, &soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREoracle, "ns1:parse_oracle", NULL)
	 || soap_body_end_out(soap)
	 || soap_envelope_end_out(soap)
	 || soap_end_send(soap))
		return soap_closesock(soap);
	if (!&_result)
		return soap_closesock(soap);
	soap_default_xsd__string(soap, &_result);
	if (soap_begin_recv(soap)
	 || soap_envelope_begin_in(soap)
	 || soap_recv_header(soap)
	 || soap_body_begin_in(soap))
		return soap_closesock(soap);
	soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREoracleResponse = soap_get_ns1__parse_USCOREoracleResponse(soap, NULL, "ns1:parse_oracleResponse", "");
	if (soap->error)
		return soap_recv_fault(soap, 0);
	if (soap_body_end_in(soap)
	 || soap_envelope_end_in(soap)
	 || soap_end_recv(soap))
		return soap_closesock(soap);
	_result = soap_tmp_ns1__parse_USCOREoracleResponse->_result;
	return soap_closesock(soap);
}

#if defined(__BORLANDC__)
#pragma option pop
#pragma option pop
#endif

/* End of soapClient.cpp */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The following is a listing of outside scholarship opportunities for U.S. citizens and eligible non-citizens, which are sorted by area of interest or eligibility. Click on a subject below.
Gender/Diversity
U.S. State Residency
General (US Citizens)
Alfred K. Priest Fellowship
www.dartmouth.edu
Awards graduate fellowships for graduates of Dartmouth College who attend Harvard University. Awards are approximately $10,000 a year.
The Architectural League: Deborah J. Norden Fund
archleague.org
The Norden Fund awards a total of up to $5,000 annually in travel/study grants to students and recent graduates in the fields of architecture, architectural history, and urban studies. Applicants should submit in letter form a brief proposal (no more than three pages), which succinctly describes the objectives of the grant request and how it will assist the applicant's intellectual and creative development.
American-Scandinavian Foundation (ASF)
www.amscan.org
The ASF will offer around $300,000 to outstanding American students, scholars, professionals and artists for study and/or research in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway or Sweden. Fellowships of up to $23,000 are intended to support an academic year-long stay, and priority is given to students at the graduate level who need to spend time at foreign academic or research institutions. Grants of up to $5,000 are considered more suitable for shorter research visits, both on the graduate or post-doctoral level. Funding is available to candidates in all fields.
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS) Scholarships
www.asprs.org
ASPRS is pleased to offer fourteen awards totaling more than $50,000 in value. Available to both undergraduate and graduate student-members of ASPRS and others, these resources have been generated with the intention of advancing academic and professional goals within the fields of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and related disciplines.
East West Center Scholarships and Fellowships
www.eastwestcenter.org
"The East-West Center offers a wide variety of both short- and long-term programs for individuals. Academic scholarships and fellowships as well as educational exchange and professional development programs are available."
Edmond J. Safra Graduate Fellowship
ethics.harvard.edu
The Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics encourages teaching and research about ethical issues in the professions and public life. Its Graduate Fellowships support outstanding Harvard graduate and professional students who are writing dissertations or are engaged in major research on topics in practical ethics, especially ethical issues in areas such as architecture, business, education, government, law, medicine, public health, public policy, and religion.
Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) Fellowship
daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu
Graduate FLAS applicants must be accepted for advanced training in both a foreign language and area or international studies OR be accepted for research and training in the international aspects of professional (or other) fields of study which involve further development of language proficiency.
Good Citizen Scholarship
www.citizensbank.com/scholarship
Scholarships in the amount of $1,000 to $5,000 will be available to 40 students who demonstrate good citizenship through community volunteerism and leadership.
Harvard Graduate Student Award
ghd-dubai.hms.harvard.edu
The Harvard Graduate Student Award will support advanced graduate students from Harvard University working on a dissertation or thesis research that addresses some of the most pressing health challenges in Dubai, the UAE, and the Center's region. Dissertation or thesis research from all disciplines will be considered.
Just Walkers Mobility Scholarship
justwalkers.com
Offers a $1,000 scholarship to undergraduate or graduate students with a mobility disability. To apply, students write an essay answering the question prompt. For more information please review the website.
Kate Neal Kinley Memorial Fellowships
faa.illinois.edu
Three major Fellowships are awarded yearly to both U.S. nationals and international students. The application deadline is in early December. The application can be found on the Fellowship website.
Lambda Alpha International
www.lai-lef.org
Offering to a graduate student pursuing a degree in one of the many fields related to land economics: architecture, geography, urban planning, landscape architecture, environmental planning, civil engineering, government, public administration, real estate, urban studies or law. The LEF Board of Directors has approved the award of a one year $3,000 US scholarship, renewable for a second year, to a selected applicant studying in the United States, Canada, or Great Britain.
Online Masters Programs Scholarship Search Engine
www.onlinemastersprograms.org
This new online resource contains a financial aid portal www.onlinemastersprograms.org/financial-aid consisting of a four-part guide to paying for graduate school. Additionally, they provide a searchable directory of nearly 3,000 graduate-level scholarships that can be narrowed by area of study or renewability. The portal is useful for those considering graduate level studies, as well as enrolled grad students who are looking for additional ways to alleviate their educational costs.
Donald M. Payne
http://www.paynefellows.org
Intended for students who are interested in pursuing careers in the Foreign Service of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).
Roothbert Fund Scholarships
www.roothbertfund.org
Roothbert Fund scholarships range from $2,000-$3,000 and are open to all in the United States regardless of sex, age, color, nationality or religious background. While the Fund does not emphasize any particular form of religious practice or worship, it seeks to provide support to persons motivated by spiritual values. The Fund has awarded grants to persons entering a wide range of careers.
Rural Scholarship Essay Contest
www.blazewifi.com
Blaze Wifi offers a scholarship to help promote higher education and improve internet literacy and connectivity in small towns and rural cities across America.
Scioto Foundation
http://www.sciotofoundation.org/services
Scholarship opportunities to cover a student's tuition, books, supplies, and fees.
Segal AmeriCorps Education Award
www.nationalservice.gov
The Segal AmeriCorps Education Award is a post-service benefit received by participants who complete a term of national service in an approved AmeriCorps program–AmeriCorps VISTA, AmeriCorps NCCC, or AmeriCorps State and National.
Soros Fellowship for New Americans
www.pdsoros.org
New American is defined as a resident alien (who holds a Green Card), a naturalized citizen, or the child of two parents who are both naturalized citizens. Green Card holders must have had more than one IRS filing. The grants are for $20,000.
Urban Land Institute Fellowship
www.uli.org
The ULI Kenneth M. Good Graduate Student Fellowship offers eight $5,000 scholarships awarded to graduate students who intend to pursue real estate-related studies at a major North American university, including urban planning, architecture, business or business administration, geography with a real estate concentration, and real estate law or major. Student must be nominated for this scholarship by faculty.
Vectorworks Design Scholarship
www.vectorworks.net
The Vectorworks Design Scholarship is open to undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in a design program for the upcoming school year.
Worldstudio Foundation Scholarship
scholarships.worldstudioinc.com
Applicants must be pursuing an undergraduate or graduate degree in the fine or commercial arts, design, or architecture, and plan to enter a career in the creative professions. Minority status significantly considered. Awarded based on financial need.
American Association of University Women
www.aauw.org
Offers several fellowships and grants for women.
The Association for Women in Architecture Foundation Scholarship
usascholarships.com/association-women-architecture-foundation-scholarship
The Association for Women in Architecture Foundation offers an Annual Scholarship Award which is available to female students who reside or attend school in California and who are majoring in architecture, landscape architecture, urban and land planning, interior design, or environmental design.
American Indian Foundation's William J. Clinton Fellowship
aif.org
The AIF Clinton Fellowship is open to those aged 21 through 31 years of age who are Indian citizens or U.S. citizens/permanent residents, and have received their undergraduate degree before the start of the fellowship.
American Indian Graduate Center
www.aigc.com
Awards graduate fellowships for American Indians from federally recognized tribes. Download application online.
Association of American Indian Affairs, Inc.
www.indian-affairs.org
Applicant must be minimally degree Indian blood from a federally recognized tribe. Also, a certificate of enrollment and blood quantum from your tribe or B.I.A. must be presented, as well as an essay (1-2 pages) describing educational goals, most current financial aid award letter including tuition, books, etc., most recent transcript, and schedule of classes.
Cyprus Children's Fund
cyprus-childrensfund.org
This Foundation has a couple of different scholarship options for students who can prove that they have origins in Greece and/or Cyprus. Please visit their website for application details.
Diversity Advancement Scholarship
architectsfoundation.org/education/the-diversity-advancement-scholarship
The goal and purpose for this important scholarship aims to provide assistance to individuals from a minority race or ethnicity who intend to become an architect through the pursuit of a NAAB-accredited professional degree in architecture.
Gensler Diversity Scholarship
www.gensler.com
Open to all underrepresented and minority students approaching their final year of a NAAB-accredited program. Two finalists will be awarded scholarship funds and one winner will be awarded a paid summer internship. Please review submission requirements and application deadlines at the link above.
Google Anita Borg Memorial Scholarship
"Google Anita Borg Scholarship recipients will each receive a financial award for the academic year. A group of female undergraduate and graduate students will be chosen from the applicant pool, and scholarships will be awarded based on the strength of each candidate's academic background and demonstrated leadership." [Read more]
Harvard University Native American Program Fellowships and Grants
hunap.harvard.edu
HUNAP provides support to Harvard students to conduct research on Native American and Indigenous issues, for professional development activities, and for conference attendance.
Harvey Fellows program via Mustard Seed Foundation
msfdn.org
Provides scholarships to Christian students who are pursuing graduate studies at premier universities in fields considered to be underrepresented by Christians and who possess a unique vision to impact society through their vocations.
Hispanic Scholarship Fund
hsf.net
Open to those of Hispanic heritage, who are U.S. citizens, legal permanent residents, or a passport stamped I-551, with a minimum 3.0/4.0, and are enrolled full time in a US university (12 graduate units).
Indian Resource Development
www.nmsu.edu
Headquartered at New Mexico State University, administered by the College of Agriculture and Home Economics in Las Cruces, New Mexico. They publish Sources of Financial Aid Available to American Indian Students. The IRD has numerous funding opportunities that vary both in restriction requirements and award amounts.
Influenster Scholarship
www.influenster.com/scholarship
Influenster offers a $1,000 scholarship to five female students pursuing a graduate degree in a technical field of study (STEM) field.
Iranian Scholarship Foundation
theisf.org
The Iranian Scholarship Foundation (ISF) provides scholarships to students of Iranian descent in the United States who demonstrate exceptional academic promise, significant financial need and a dedication to community service.
Iranian-American Scholarship Fund
www.iasfund.org
Students of Iranian heritage throughout the United States seeking Iranian-American community support for their studies.
Islamic Scholarship Fund
http://islamicscholarshipfund.org
The Islamic Scholarship Fund (ISF) is a non-profit 501(c)(3) entity founded in 2009 whose mission is to address the underrepresentation of American Muslims in the fields and occupations that influence public opinion and make public policy. Our belief is that fostering education and improving Muslim representation in all walks of life including media and politics will lead to full integration and better understanding of Islam and Muslims.
Japanese American Citizens League Scholarship Program
www.jacl.org
Requirements for application: JACL Membership of either Individual or Student/Youth categories, personal statement, letter of recommendation, official transcripts, work experience, community involvement.
Jorge Mas Canosa Freedom Foundation
jmcff.org
The largest scholarship program for students of Cuban descent.
JVS Chicago Scholarship
jvschicago.org/scholarship
Educational scholarship funds from grants administered by the Jewish Federation of Metropolitan Chicago are available for Jewish college and graduate students.
Online Colleges Scholarships for Women
www.onlinecolleges.net
This new resource presents women-specific scholarships, including general criteria for each opportunity. Use the links provided to access more detailed information about eligibility and instructions for completing and submitting an application. As always, be careful about what information you provide.
Payette Sho-Ping Chin Memorial Academic Scholarship
architectsfoundation.org/education/the-payette-sho-ping-chin-memorial-academic-scholarship
The Payette Sho-Ping Chin Memorial Academic Scholarship was established specifically for a woman studying architecture within a NAAB accredited bachelor or master's degree program.
P.E.O. International
www.peointernational.org
P.E.O. Scholar Awards (PSA) provides substantial merit-based awards for women of the United States and Canada who are pursuing a doctoral level degree at an accredited college or university.
www.pointfoundation.org
Point Foundation considers many factors when assessing scholarship applicants, including: A proven track record of leadership and community involvement, Strong academic achievement, and Working for the betterment of the LGBTQ community.
Robert A. Caitlin/David W. Long Memorial Scholarship
planning.org
African-American undergraduate students who are applying to, or who have been accepted and plan to enroll into, an urban planning program for graduate studies and African-American graduate students, majoring in urban planning or a related field (geography, environmental studies, urban studies, urban policy etc.) are eligible to apply for this $1,500 scholarship.
Robert L. Outland Women and Minority Scholarship + Internship
www.moaarch.com
Students in an Architecture program can apply to win a scholarship and a paid internship at MOA Architecture.
Smithgroup Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Scholarship Program
www.smithgroup.com
The SmithGroup Equity, Diversity and Inclusion (EDI) Scholarship Program supports and mentors students from historically underrepresented demographics in architecture, interior design, planning, landscape architecture and engineering.
UNCF/Merck Graduate Science Research Dissertation Fellowships
umsi.uncf.org
These awards help African American graduate students complete coursework, conduct research, and prepare the dissertation required for a doctoral degree in the biomedically relevant life or physical sciences and engineering.
Vital Impact Scholarship
www.vitalimpact.org
Eligible applicants must be women you are 35 or older and committed to making a career change. Application materials are available on the Vital Impact website.
Wellesley College Fellowships
www.wellesley.edu
Wellesley College offers a number of fellowships and scholarships for graduate study or research that are open to graduating seniors and Wellesley alumnae. Two of these awards are open to women graduates of any American institution. Awards are usually made to applicants currently enrolled in or applying to graduate school for the following year.
Women's Travel Club Scholarship
The WTC awards two $4,000 scholarships annually to two women for whom travel is crucial to their professional goals. You can view the application instructions here. Any questions should be directed to Denise Bienfang at denbien@aol.com.
WTS Foundation Scholarships
wtsinternational.org
The WTS Foundation works to advance women in transportation. Applicants must be in a transportation related field, such as transportation engineering, planning, finance or logistics.
WX Scholarships
wxnyre.com
New York Women Executives in Real Estate (WX) awards scholarships on an annual basis to promising women students studying real estate. Women enrolled in full or part time graduate or undergraduate programs in a real estate related discipline are eligible to apply. Scholarships are awarded based on i) academic merit and demonstrated interest in real estate; ii) financial need; and iii) likelihood of working in the New York metropolitan area upon graduation.
architectsfoundation.org
Every year, the foundation awards thousands of dollars in scholarships to architecture students in NAAB-accredited graduate degree programs, and Architect Registration Exam (ARE) candidates who are working toward becoming licensed architects.
AIA Arthur N. Tuttle Jr. Graduate Fellowship in Health Facility Planning and Design
www.aia.org
Recipients are selected each year by a committee of AHA and AIA representatives on the basis of study and travel proposals submitted by young architects and graduate students in accredited U.S.-based architecture schools.
AIA/Alaska Scholarship Program
www.aiaalaska.org
Open to permanent residents of Alaska who are enrolled in a Master's Program in Architecture. Applicants must submit a transcript, letter of recommendation from a faculty member, and a resume. Applications are available on the AIA/Alaska website.
AIA Diversity Scholarships
The scholarship is awarded to high school graduates, college freshmen, and community college students from minority and/or financially disadvantaged backgrounds who intend to pursue a NAAB-accredited professional degree in architecture.
AIA/New Hampshire Scholarship Program
www.aianh.org
Open to residents of New Hampshire who are enrolled in an NAAB accredited Architecture program or a program in a related filed, such as Landscape Architecture, Architectural History, Preservation, or Planning. Scholarships of $500 to $3,000 will be awarded. The application deadline is April 15th.
AIA/New Jersey Scholarship Foundation
aia-nj.org
Between $1,000-2,500, these awards are for residents of certain counties of Northern NJ. Application involves form, transcript, letters of reference, and a personal statement.
AIA/New York
www.cfafoundation.org
Lists a number of awards for both New York state residents, and others.
AIA Eastern Pennsylvaniascholarship
aiaeasternpa.org
Possible scholarship assistance to qualified applicants currently enrolled in an accredited architecture program and who are serious about their long-term pursuit of licensure as a professional architect. The candidate must maintain legal residence within one of the following AIA Eastern Pennsylvania counties: Berks, Carbon, Lehigh, Monroe, Northampton, or Schuylkill.
AIA/Rochester Scholarship Program
www.aiaroc.org
Over $2,000 is to be awarded to applicants who are residents of the following counties in New York state: Monroe, Wayne, Livingston, Ontario, Yates, Orleans, Genesee, Wyoming or Seneca. Deadline for submission is May for the upcoming academic year. Email aia@aiaroch.org for more information.
AIAS/AIA Trust Scholarship for Emerging Professionals
aias.org
Offered to members of AIAS in their first year of a professional degree in Architecture.
AIA/ New York Chapter Design Awards
www.aiany.org
These $1,000 scholarships are to encourage writing on architecture and related design subjects and to foster regard for intelligent criticism among future professionals. To be eligible, you must be enrolled in a professional architecture program or related discipline. Application includes a criticism, story, essay, or book review accompanied by a 100 word descriptive statement. Two submissions per entrant.
AIA/Northern Nevada
www.aiann.org
The Graham Erskine Memorial Scholarship and Raymond Hellman Scholarship are open to residents of Nevada.
AIA/ South Dakota Scholarship Program
aiasouthdakota.org
Open to residents of South Dakota involved as a full time student at a school of architecture in the 3rd, 4th, or 5th year level. Student must also be of good character and show above average scholarship ability.
AIA/West Virginia Scholarship Program
aiawv.submittable.com
Provides scholarship for Residents of West Virginia pursuing a Master in Architecture program after completing a B.Arch.
AIA/Wisconsin Foundation Out-of-State Study Scholarships
www.aiaw.org
The Wisconsin Architects Foundation provides $1,000 scholarships to Wisconsin students pursuing the study of architecture out-of-state. Students must have graduated from high school in Wisconsin to be considered for this award.
AIA/ Wyoming Scholarship
www.aia-wyoming.org
Open to Wyoming residents or Wyoming high school graduates currently enrolled in a master's program in architecture. To be eligible, students must have completed three or more semesters in a program leading to an accredited degree in architecture. For information, visit the website or call 307-632-4077.
Architects/Engineers Professional Network
www.aepronet.org
Various national scholarship funds administered through professional societies, including locally administered grants available for awards in each member's local territory. National scholarships are awarded principally to students of architecture and engineering schools where the applicant's studies principally emphasize practice management.
Bergmeyer Scholarship
www.bergmeyer.com
This scholarship intended for a designer who is working towards a career in Interior Design. The Bergmeyer Scholarship recognizes and supports leadership potential in the field of Interior Design and Architecture through a $2,500 award.
Connecticut Architecture Foundation Inc.
aiact.org
Students who have been accepted into or are enrolled in accredited architecture programs are eligible for up to $5,000 in scholarship funding.
Ehrlich Rominger Scholarship
www.siliconvalleycf.org
The Ehrlich Rominger Scholarship Fund was established by Mr. Joseph Ehrlich and Mr. Jack Rominger to assist with the education of future architectural professionals.
Enterprise Rose Fellowship
www.enterprisecommunity.com
The Enterprise Rose Architectural Fellowship partners early-career architectural designers with local community development organizations, where they facilitate an inclusive approach to development to create green, sustainable, and affordable communities.
Graham Foundation
www.grahamfoundation.org
Awards approximately 100 grants and fellowships for the study of architecture. Their site contains an easily searchable database of all awards and does not ask marketing questions.
Indiana Architectural Foundation
www.indianaarchitecturalfoundation.org
Scholarships are available for students who are permanent residents of the state of Indiana and in an Architecture Degree program. Scholarships range from $1,000 to $5,000.
Jewish Vocational Service
jvschicago.org
Educational scholarship funds from grants administered by the Jewish Federation of Metropolitan Chicago are available for Jewish college and graduate students. Approximately $500,000 is available each year for full-time students, predominantly those legally domiciled in the metropolitan Chicago area, with career promise in their chosen fields. Assistance is available primarily for those with FINANCIAL NEED who are pursuing careers in the helping professions. Scholarships range from $1,000 to $8,000.
Leo and Trinidad Sanchez Scholarship
This scholarship was established by Gil Sanchez in memory and honor of his parents, Leo and Trini Sanchez, who emigrated from Mexico to the United States in the 1910s. …Gil's hope is that this scholarship will encourage and help further the education of young people seeking to become architects.
SARA Education Fund
www.saraeducationfund.org/student-scholarship
The SARA Education Fund commenced an annual scholarship program open to all students attending an accredited school of Architecture. The student scholarship program was submitted to all NAAB Accredited Architectural Schools across the United States.
Steele Architecture Scholarship
www.tfec.org
Joseph L. and Vivian E. Steele Architecture Scholarship is open to students who are present or former residents of one of the following Pennsylvania counties: Dauphin, Cumberland, York, Perry, Franklin, Lebanon, Adams, Fulton, Juniata, Lancaster, Montour, Snyder, Bedford, Blair, Centre, Clinton, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Union, or Northumberland, and studying in the final three years of a Bachelor of Architecture program OR in a graduate program leading to a Master of Architecture degree
TCCA Architecture Scholarship
www.tcaainc.org
The Tile Contractors Association of America (TCAA) offers two $2,000 scholarships each year for qualifying students.
Zimmer Gunsul Frasca Architectural Scholarship Fund
www.zgf.com
Applicants entering final year of MArch I or MArch I AP degree program are eligible for this scholarship.
BSLA Scholarship
bslaweb.org
Each year, BSLA awards up to four scholarships to landscape architecture students. Students are required to be from Maine or Massachusetts and be pursuing an education in landscape architecture or be enrolled in an accredited landscape architecture program in Maine or Massachusetts in order to be eligible. For application instructions please review the website.
Garden Club of America
www.gcamerica.org
Lists various awards for Landscape Architecture and Environmental Studies.
LAF Scholarships
www.asla.org
The Landscape Architecture Foundation offers many annual scholarship opportunities.
Leadership in Landscape Scholarship
www.lafoundation.org
The Landscape Architecture Foundation offers nine different scholarships, with awards ranging from $2,000 to $5,000. Graduate students who display superior performance or have unmet financial needs may qualify.
Karen Ann Shopis-Fox Memorial Scholarship
www.ctasla.org
Scholarship applicants must be legal residents of the State of Connecticut and enrolled in an accredited landscape architecture program at the college or university level.
David T. Woolsey Scholarship
lafoundation.org
Open to third-, fourth-, or fifth-year undergraduate or graduate students of landscape architecture at Landscape Architecture Accreditation Board (LAAB) accredited programs, whose permanent residence is Hawaii. Up to $2,000 is awarded.
Defense Threat Reduction Agency Ppportunities
www.dtra.mil/Careers/Strategic-Recruiting-Programs/
DTRA uses a wide variety of federal and agency managed programs to recruit new talent.
Google Student Veterans of America Scholarship
buildyourfuture.withgoogle.com
The scholarship provides assistance to student veterans who are pursuing university degrees in the field of computer science, computer engineering, or a degree in a closely related technical field in the U.S.
NDSEG (National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship)
ndseg.asee.org
Provides 36 calendar months of funding to help students prepare for doctoral study in one of 15 supported disciplines. Requires no commitment after school.
The SMART Scholarship
smart.asee.org
Scholarship provides funding for a two-year program, with a two year commitment to work in a civilian US Department of Defense labaratory.
Byron Hanke Fellowship for Graduate Study
www.cairf.org
Awarded by the Community Associations Institute Research Foundation in the amount of $2,500. The Hanke Fellow must be working on a graduate degree that in some way focuses on community associations or common interest properties. In the past, the Research Foundation has made awards available for papers to students in Law, Economics, Urban Planning, and Real Estate areas.
FIABCI Scholarship Foundation
www.fiabci-usa.com
The FIABCI Scholarship Foundation provides aid and travel assistance to students who demonstrate an interest in the field of international real estate or are enrolled in real estate related courses at a qualified university. You must be a member, member's spouse, or a dependent of a member in order to apply.
Harvard Real Estate Consortium (HREC) Founders Awards
harvardsrec.com
Honors students who exemplify excellence in contribution to Harvard, real estate and urban development. There are five awards available totaling $1000 each and can be divided among teams.
ICSC Foundation Scholarships
www.icsc.org
Several scholarship opportunities related to the field of Real Estate are listed.
Pension Real Estate Association
www.prea.org
This scholarship is open to any undergraduate or graduate students studying real estate.
Department of Energy Scholars Program
www.orise.orau.gov
The DOE Scholars Program will provide students and recent graduates with experiences and training that will prepare and motivate them to pursue careers with DOE. Participants in the program will have a competitive edge for showcasing their talents, education, and skills while familiarizing themselves with DOE functions. This is a ten week summer program.
Graduate Consortium on Energy and Environment Fellowship
energy.harvard.edu
This fellowship is open to all Harvard Doctoral students working on energy issues. Applications are due May 28th.
National Center for Environment Research
www.epa.gov
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is offering various Graduate Fellowships for master's and doctoral level students in environmentally related fields of study. This list includes the EPA STAR Fellowship supporting environmental studies at the graduate level.
APA Charles Abrams Scholarship
www.planning.org
For citizens of the United States who are enrolled or have been accepted for enrollment at the graduate planning programs of Columbia, Harvard, MIT, the New School for Social Research, or the University of Pennsylvania, an award of $2,000 is given to one winner each year. Students must be nominated by the urban planning program faculty and approved by the department chair and program director. At Harvard, nominations are made in the spring of a student's first year at the GSD.
APA Division Scholarships
Several divisions of the American Planning Association sponsor a variety of competitions, scholarships, fellowships, and grants for students enrolled in degree programs in planning or a closely related field.
APA Judith McManus Price Scholarship
Women and minority (African American, Hispanic American, or Native American) students enrolled in an approved Planning Accreditation Board (PAB) planning program who are citizens of the United States, intend to pursue careers as practicing planners in the public sector, and are able to demonstrate a genuine financial need are eligible to apply for this scholarship which will range between $2,000 to $4,000. The deadline is April 30th.
Graduate Research Fellowships: National Science Foundation
www.nsfgrfp.org
NSF Graduate Fellowships offer recognition and three years of support for advanced study to approximately 900 outstanding graduate students. Approximately 90 awards will be in the Women in Engineering (WENG) and Women in Computer and Information Science (WICS) components. Most tailored to Urban Planning and Design students.
International Facility Management Association Foundation
foundation.ifma.org
Scholarships are available annually to graduate and undergraduate students pursuing degrees in facility management or related fields. IFMA Foundation scholarships are awarded based on merit and certain restrictions and/or qualification requirements may apply.
Taubman Center University Transportation Center Fellowship
www.hks.harvard.edu
Fellowships for Kennedy School MPP2/MPA2 and Graduate School of Design MUP candidates who have excellent academic records and a strong interest in transportation and infrastructure or related fields.
US State Residency
JVS Chicago
To be eligible applicants must be Jewish full-time students with financial need. Scholarships are granted to students who show promise in their chosen careers, especially those entering professions dedicated to helping others. Applicants must also be born and/or raised in either Cook County, Chicago metropolitan area, or Northwest Indiana or have one continuous year of full-time employment in Cook County or Chicago metropolitan area prior to starting professional education.
Walter S Barr Fellowships
www.horacesmithfund.org
These awards for full time study beyond the Bachelor's Degree are made annually to Hampden County, Massachusetts residents selected by the Fellowship Committee. Awards are made on the basis of scholastic record, available resources, need and other pertinent information.
Worcester County Horticultural Society Scholarship
www.towerhillbg.org
Award ranges from $500-$2,000. The applicant must be entering the junior or senior year of an undergraduate or graduate degree program. The applicant must also be a resident of New England or attending a New England college/university and majoring in horticultural or a horticultural-related field. Phone: 617-869-6111, ext. 24.
Leopold Schepp Foundation
www.scheppfoundation.org
Awards are based on merit and financial need. Applicants can receive up to $8,500 a year.
Luys Foundation Education Scholarship
www.luys.am
Scholarships available for students who are Armenian, citizens of Armenia, or of Armenian descent.
New Jersey Class Loans (NJCLASS)
www.hesaa.org
NJCLASS offers low-cost supplemental loans to New Jersey residents attending an eligible in-state or out-of-state school
Modular Building Institute Awards of Distinction
www.modular.org
Students have the chance to win a grant for $2500 if their design is selected. For more information and application materials please visit the Modular Building Institute website.
Noma-Reischauer Prize in Japanese Studies
rijs.fas.harvard.edu
The prize will be awarded annually for the best essays on Japan-related topics written by Harvard University students; one prize of $3,000 for the best essay by a graduate student.
Operation Money Wise
www.mass.gov/how-to/apply-for-operation-money-wise
Empowering Military, Veteran and Survivor Community in the Massachusetts area. An opportunity funded through the Division of Banks for grants up to $5,000.
Oregon Community Foundation
www.oregoncf.org
Scholarships are open to students from Oregon. For more information please visit their website.
PLAN NH Fellowship and Scholarship
plannh.org
The scholarship is open to an architectural student who is/was a resident of New Hampshire. Find out more information about the scholarship at their website.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Glide & Slide provide sliding wardrobe doors solutions made to measure so they fit in with the environment. You can plan your wardrobe the traditional or bespoke way and put together individual pieces from our great range of components. Therefore this service reaches out to your needs whether that be conventional or custom. This allows you to unleash your creative instinct and create the built in wardrobe or storage solution that you'd never have dreamed of. With versatile modules and a various options, you can add made to measure solutions where you see fit even utilising our interior design options. Alternatively traditional fitted sliding wardrobe doors offer a great overview of everything you have in your built in wardrobes and sometimes entice you to try out new combinations, including mirrored. When combined with one of our wardrobe interior systems, our fitted wardrobes and fitted bedroom furniture will make your room look great whilst cutting down on clutter.


text:
Denmark, the Czech Republic, Switzerland, Spain, Belgium, Italy, England and Ukraine are all in within reach of the trophy and the title of 'Best in Europe'. The only thing that stands in the way this weekend is their quarter-final matchups.
On the first day of the Euro 2020 Quarter-finals we saw Switzerland, who shocked current holders France on penalties, take on Spain and in a battle of favorites Belgium were up against Italy.
Switzerland v Spain
1-1 (1-3 on pens)
For the second game in a row Switzerland took a World Cup winning side to a penalty shootout. This time with just 10-men, but it was the three-time champions Spain who came out on top after a poor set of spot kicks from both nations.
Swiss substitute Ruben Vargas was in tears at full-time after blasting his penalty over the bar, leaving Mikel Oyarzabal an open opportunity, which he took full advantage of by stepping up to slot home the decider for the Spaniards.
Spain took the lead in St Petersburg when midfielder Denis Zakaria deflected Jordi Alba's shot into his own net. The Swiss captain, and Liverpool winger, Xherdan Shaqiri, equalized off of a mistake at the back from their competitors, but team-mate Remo Freuler was sent off nine minutes later.
A resilient Switzerland held on to force extra time and the eventual shootout, but missed three spot kicks which proving costly.
Spain, who will be hoping their lack of ruthlessness in front of goal comes to a swift end, will face Italy on Tuesday, at Wembley in the semi finals.
Italy v Spain – Tuesday, July 6th (3pm ET – ESPN) – Wembley Stadium, London, England
Belgium v Italy
Italy, who are arguably the best team of the tournament so far managed to hold off the world's top-ranked Belgium in an exhilarating tie in Munich. The result sees them play Spain in the semi-finals of Euro 2020.
Whilst the game was not goal central, like some of the last round matchups, it was an intense battle between two of the best teams in the world, playing world class soccer.
The Azzurri's two goals, which took them to 13 consecutive wins and 32 games undefeated, were of the highest quality proving key after early disappointment. Giovanni Di Lorenzo's through ball caught Leonardo Bonucci in an offside position, with VAR confirming No Goal.
Nicolo Barella made up for the dissalowed goal when he wriggled his way through three defenders before drilling in the opener. Just before half-time Lorenzo Insigne ran from the halfway line before curling in what is being called one of the goals of the tournament.
Belgium were given hope just a few minutes later when Di Lorenzo fouled Jeremy Doku and Romelu Lukaku scored from the spot.
Both teams had their fair share of chances in the second half but it remained 1-2, ensuring it was the Italians who progressed.
Roberto Mancini's side might have to face the 2010 World Cup Champions without impressive left-back Leonardo Spinazzola, who was stretchered off late on.
Euro 2020, On the Ball - Soccer
Belgium, Euro 2020, Euro 2020 Quarter Finals, European Football, International Soccer, Italy, Soccer, Spain, Switzerland


How to Draw Peterbilt 379 Truck step by step, learn drawing by this tutorial for kids and adults.
Subtitles. Hello my friends and welcome to another Tuesday of tutorial! I am Leonardo Pereznieto and today we will draw a Lamborghini. We begin by placing some measurements like from the front to the fenders, the height, etc.


Heparin Sodium Injection is an effective medication used in preventing and treating blood clots. Use of Heparin Sodium Injection can also be used to treat certain blood clotting disorders. After surgery, there are chances that blood clots may happen. This medication helps in preventing such episodes. By taking this medication, one can expect a smooth blood flow in the body.
HOW TO USE HEPARIN SODIUM INJECTIONS?
Always read the medication guide given along with the Heparin Sodium Injections. This injection is injected into a vein or under the skin as directed by the doctor. Never inject this medication into a muscle. The dose of this medication is usually decided on the basis of medical condition, weight, and response to treatment.
WHAT ARE THE SIDE EFFECTS OF HEPARIN SODIUM INJECTIONS?
WHAT ARE THE PRECAUTIONS OF HEPARIN SODIUM INJECTIONS?
Prior to medication on Heparin Sodium Injections, inform your doctor if you have bleeding/blood problems, high blood pressure, heart problems, or liver disease.
WHERE TO BUY HEPARIN SODIUM INJECTIONS?
You can buy Heparin Sodium Injections online without the prescription at Solution Pharmacy. Get Heparin Sodium Injections for sale online at the best prices here. Order Today!


Status:Synonym of Terminalia myriocarpa Van Heurck & Müll. Arg.
Status:Synonym of Terminalia franchetii Gagnep.
Status:Synonym of Terminalia chebula Retz.
Combretum punctatum var. squamosum (Roxb. ex G.Don) M.Gangop. & Chakrab.


See attached; closing balance of $1,170.54 (not including a PayPal payment that didn't go through).
Né will present detailed breakdown of inventory next month.
Rooms 1 & 2 will be combined for the morning session, and rooms 1, 2 & 3 will be combined for the afternoon session.
Room 3 will be used for Action Meetings in the morning; the other rooms will be used for workshops; tables will be set up in the hallway for reception, literature and sponsor meet-up.
We will hold an interim planning meeting on Monday, August 28.
The next meeting will be Monday, September 11, from 7:00am-8:30pm (doors open at 6:30pm).


You want to show off your patriotism and your little-bit-more-than-platonic love for America, but you're just so damn poor. Don't worry penniless patriots; The Black Sheep's got your back.
Nothing says "my cousin brewed this beer in the woods behind his shack" like a worn-in flannel and a trucker hat. Turn that backwoods grunge into backwoods fabulous with some American flag cutoffs and a pair of white converse, and top it off with a can of Miller High Life. Bonus points are given for a Miley Cyrus-esque pic with your besties. #Murica.
For those of you who believe that dressing up for the 4th of July is childish and immature, this look is for you! When creating this highly cultured outfit, one must be sure to only choose two of the three colors of our flag. Wearing three colors is trying way too hard. We recommend a conservative navy dress and your grandmother's pearls so everyone knows you don't want a hamburger or hotdog when Bob starts grilling! Make sure you soft smile for all the pictures – wouldn't want to look like you're having too much fun!
Want your peers to know just how American you really are? Well, then the Uncle Sam look wants you! To achieve this level of patriotism, you have to follow a few steps. First, coat yourself in some kind of liquid adhesive. The Black Sheep recommends Elmer's Glue because it's safe for your skin and is really fun to peel off and pretend like you're a shedding snake. Next, find the holiday aisle at your local Wal-Mart. Finally, run through said aisle, letting the glue do the work for you – and voila!
This quirky-chic look is ideal for those trying to channel their inner tween self. Classic high socks and a camp tee will make up the base of your look, while vintage pieces like colorful hair ties and an old baseball cap are just icing on the cake. Knock it up a notch with a fanny pack/backpack combo, and make sure you aren't caught dead without crayons! The fanny pack pictured also doubles as a stereo, which will really give you brownie points with the parents. Kid-friendly songs only, please!
The staple of middle-aged dads everywhere, this look is as easy as it is high fashion. All you need is a white undershirt from your own dresser (barbeque stain optional), a pair of baggy blue jeans, and a white baseball cap. Slip on a pair of white Reebok sneakers to really pull the look together. Remember: confidence is key with this outfit. Sell it by taking a goofy selfie and embarrassing your imaginary kids.
Becoming an embarrassing parent on social media: Priceless.
Just remember that you're never too poor to celebrate America's birthday. If you're too poor for clothes, just paint yourself red, white, and blue. Too poor for paint? Use Kool-Aid. But watch out for ants.


Homework: Anything not completed in class is homework.
It is highly recommended that you purchase a copy of Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury.
Students are also currently reading novels for AR testing. These books will also be used for the Hero's Journey project. Student's will map out the hero's journey the protagonist takes in their novels. This will be due Monday, 10/1.
8th Honors ELA and 9th English I share a curriculum. It is important to note that this class will affect your child's high school GPA and therefore affect their college acceptance and potential TOPS and other scholarships. Honors students must maintain a C average throughout the school year to remain in the honors program in high school. According to the State, Students are required to take both the 8th and 9th Grade LEAP for ELA. Students must pass (Honors= Mastery or Advanced) on both assessments to earn high school credit. As IB students all students need to strive to become knowledgeable, reflective, balanced, open-minded, inquirers, communicators, thinkers, principled, caring, and risk-takers.
Homework Policy: Homework will be accepted late with the penalty of minus ten points for each day it is late. Homework will be studying for assessments and assignments that your child did not finish in class.
Projects: Each nine weeks, in addition to the reading materials in class, students will check out an assigned genre library book (students need to be responsible on keeping up with library fees so he/she may check out books) to complete a project at home. Projects will NOT be accepted late.
Summer Reading: The test on And Then There Were None by Agatha Christie will be September 4. The second chosen book project will also be due September 4. Please see the RMS website for more information.
To become ready for college and career, high school students learn to evaluate intricate arguments and surmount the challenges posed by complex written materials independently and confidently. Through wide and deep reading of literature and literary nonfiction of steadily increasing sophistication, students expand their literary and cultural knowledge and better understand references and images. They also develop the flexibility, concentration, and fluency to produce high-quality, first drafts of writing under tight deadlines. And they are able to revisit and make improvements to a piece of writing over multiple drafts if needed. High school students master the essential rules of standard written and spoken English and resolve usage issues by consulting style and usage guides. By writing and participating in a variety of conversations, they assert and defend claims and show what they know about a subject using appropriate examples and evidence.


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Q: Visualizing updating lines of bearing from point? I'm working on a project where I need to visualize a constantly updating line of bearing from a point, based on degree of rotation around that point. My plan is to design a line feature with an attribute table that links to a CSV which is being fed this rotation data every few seconds. I'll run a python script that creates a new line feature each time the CSV is updated, visualizing a max of 10 lines, removing the oldest line per update.
My big hurdle right now is figuring out how to make the generated lines rotate around the relevant point through maybe some sort of snapping feature.
Is this possible?
I feel like there's a much easier way to do this than the method I'm proposing, but I can't think of what it might be. This is ultimately going to be ported to a separate window to a UI outside of QGIS, so I'm worried I'm going about this the wrong way.
I've come across some similar questions that touch on what I'm getting at, but nothing that's truly addressed this specific need. I've also tried working with the Distance and Azimuth plugin, but it works in a way that wouldn't cooperate with my aforementioned method. I need the lines to snap to an independent point feature with separate attributes. Or maybe I'm wrong and this can be done.

A: Creating spokes radiating around a central point is certainly doable in Qgis 2.1 and Python.
Creating radial lines from a point
Here's some python code which will shows how to create radial lines, given

*

*the name of a point layer,

*the id of the point

*the name of a line layer to receive the 'spokes'.

It creates 360 lines, a degree apart, centered on the point, with a line length of 0.01 (degrees).
import math
from qgis.core import QgsFeature

'''
Names of layers
'''
pointLayerName = "fan points"
lineLayerName = "line points"

'''
find layer objects by name
'''
layers = QgsMapLayerRegistry.instance().mapLayers()
for name, layer in layers.iteritems():
    print "%s %s" % (layer.name(),layer)
    if layer.name()==lineLayerName:
        lineLayer = layer
    if layer.name()==pointLayerName:
        pointLayer = layer

assert pointLayer!=None
assert lineLayer!=None

'''
find the point (by id) we want
'''
expr = QgsExpression( "id=1" )
it = pointLayer.getFeatures( QgsFeatureRequest( expr ) )
for f in it:
  geompoint = f.geometry()
  pivot = geompoint.asPoint()
  break # only want first matching feature

'''
Makes spokes.
'''

lineLayer.beginEditCommand("Add spokes")
provider = lineLayer.dataProvider()
linefeatures=[]
for ang in range(0,360,1):
    geomspoke = QgsGeometry.fromPolyline([QgsPoint(0.0,0.0),QgsPoint(0.0,.01)])
    geomspoke.rotate(float(ang),QgsPoint(0.0,0.0))
    geomspoke.translate(pivot.x(),pivot.y())
    print geomspoke.exportToWkt(6)
    spokefeat = QgsFeature()
    spokefeat.setGeometry(geomspoke)
    linefeatures.append(spokefeat)
provider.addFeatures(linefeatures)
lineLayer.commitChanges()
lineLayer.endEditCommand()
print "Done!"

Note that I've used a couple of methods which may require a fairly recent version of QGIS (they're there in 2.1 but may not be in earlier versions like 1.8)

Your use case
You should be able to modify this to read in angles from your data source to add these spokes as data comes in.
By the sounds of it you only want to keep a fixed number of lines, so a Python FIFO (first-in-first-out buffer, such as a deque) could be used to store the QgsFeatures for the spokes, and recreate the line layer for each 'frame' from the contents of this buffer. Each time you receive some data, drop the oldest and add in the newest.
Animating
Animating is more tricky. Normally I'd suggest TimeManager plugin, but that might not be suitable considering that you're going to be implementing this as a stand-alone application.
However, TimeManager does do something you need - updating and re-rendering a QGSMapCanvas, showing features according to a specific query (which features have the current time value for this frame?).
So you'd probably find the source a good starting point to see how to do this, or at least to try a proof-of-concept before coding this up standalone. (Tip: you can use unix timestamps as a time marker for each frame, and 1970-01-01 00:00:00 to correspond to a value of 0)
Hope this helps!

A: UPDATE: I think I've resolved this! The key is in symbolizing my lines of bearing as overlapping polar Vector Field markers.
I symbolized my lines of bearing as points from a text-delimited layer, then turned the points into lines by changing the symbol layer type to a Vector Field marker. I set the the Vector type to polar, which allowed me to set my rotation field to the rotation field of the CSV I'm linked to. Now, the "points" appear as lines emitting from a central point.
However, my problem now is that the lines disappear when the centerpoint goes offscreen. The line distance is purely artifical too, and dependent on map extent, so I won't be able to do any geoprocessing over them if I wanted to. Perhaps I've just macguivered this thing once more... I think I still need authentic line features.

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Surprise! Joe Jonas and Sophie Turner Get Married in Las Vegas. How's this for the shotgun wedding of a lifetime?! Less than two hours after the 2019 Billboard Music Awards concluded, Joe Jonas and Sophie Turner headed to a Las Vegas wedding chapel to tie the knot. Yes, that's right. E! News can confirm the Jonas Brothers member and Game of Thrones star are officially husband and wife after obtaining a marriage license on Wednesday, May 1. Fans first caught wind of the longtime couple's nuptials when Diplo began posting footage from the impromptu ceremony. In several moments posted to the DJ's Instagram Stories, 23-year-old can be seen walking down the aisle in a white bridal ensemble and veil. It appeared as if an Elvis Presley impersonator officiated the ceremony as country music duo Dan + Shay performed their hit song "Speechless." After exchanging vows, the newly minted husband and wife swapped ring pops instead of wedding bands -- naturally. Earlier in the evening, Joe reunited with brothers Nick Jonas and Keven Jonas for an epic performance of their latest single "Sucker." Sophie was joined by now sisters-in-saw Priyanka Chopra and Danielle Jonas in the front row of the MGM Grand Arena in Sin City. The couple announced their engagement in Oct. 2017 after more than a year together. "I'm still like, Holy s--t! I'm engaged," Sophie admitted to Marie Claire last year. "There's this weird misconception that being married is the greatest thing that'll ever happen to you. But I've always found that my career is something I work for, and when I achieve something, there's a sense that this is the greatest thing I'll do in my life. It's lovely to be engaged. Not like I achieved anything, but I found my person, like I'd find a house that I love and want to stay in forever. There's a sense of peace that comes with finding your person. But there's a drive that comes with your career." There's a strong chance Joe and Sophie might hold a more official, extravagant wedding celebration in the near future, especially since the bride's BFF and bridesmaid Maisie Williams didn't appear to attend the night's gathering. "We're going to have a flag rugby game at the wedding, and a flag football game," Joe recently shared on The Late Late Show, referencing a ceremony that's rumored to take place in France over the summer. "So if all the groomsmen show up with black eyes and broken arms, I'll be very proud." At least this time around, what happens in Vegas certainly doesn't stay there. Congratulations to the happy couple! (Eonline)
Surprise! Jude Law Weds to Phillipa Coan in Top-Secret Ceremony. Jude Law is officially off the market! Today, the actor and his bride, Phillipa Coan, appear to have wed in an intimate ceremony with their closest family and friends. For the special occasion, the 32-year-old bride wore a short, ruched cream dress, which she paired with a pair of nude pink heels and a white fascinator, according to photos obtained by The Sun. As for Jude, he sported a velvet blue suit with a white v-neck underneath and suede shoes of a lighter shade of blue that totally finished the look. Their low-key gathering had pops of summer colors like red, purple and white, which were featured in the bouquet and Jude's boutonniere. This would be Law's second marriage. He was formerly married to actress Sadie Frost, whom he shares three children, Rafferty, Iris and Rudy, with. They ultimately divorced in 2003, after which he started dating Sienna Miller. They became engaged over a year later on Christmas in 2004, but they hit a bit of a rough patch in their relationship when Miller found out Jude was having an affair with his children's nanny. This proved to be a challenge for the pair and they parted ways a year later in 2006. Three years later, the Talented Mr. Ripley star welcomed a fourth child, Sophia, with model Samantha Burke. Shortly after the birth of Sophia, he rekindled his relationship with Sienna, only to split in 2011. Then, in 2014, the star and singer Catherine Harding embarked on a brief romance, during which Harding conceived his fifth child. However, the pair called things off shortly before his daughter Ada was born in 2015. After all these years though, it appears Jude found his match in Phillipa, who runs her own company. It was reported in February that the pair got engaged after dating for over four years. Congratulations to the newlyweds! (Eonline)
Florida Georgia Line's Tyler Hubbard Can't Contain His Excitement for Baby No. 2. Another baby is definitely meant to be in the Florida Georgia Line interview. During Wednesday night's 2019 Billboard Music Awards, Brian Kelley and Tyler Hubbard walked the red carpet in celebration of their Top Country Artist nomination. And while there's no denying the pair's incredible year professionally, there's some big personal news coming soon. When asked about welcoming his second child with wife Hayley Hubbard, Tyler couldn't help but express his excitement. "We got a little dude on the way so we're pretty excited. Middle of August we'll have another one in the house," Tyler shared on Live From the Red Carpet with Jason Kennedy and Tanya Rad. "I'm feeling pretty good. I don't know if it's snuck in yet but we're definitely excited." He added, "It's going to be a whirlwind in the next few years for sure." Family aside, Florida Georgia Line continues to make time for their fans. In addition to their Las Vegas residency at Planet Hollywood in Las Vegas, the guys are hitting the road this summer for the Can't Say I Ain't Country tour. Sponsored by Old Camp Whiskey and Shiner Beers, the tour will give country music fans the chance to experience Dan + Shay, Morgan Wallen and HARDY live. Safe to say it's going to be a summer to remember. (Eonline)
Baby on the Way! Cam Newton and Girlfriend Kia Proctor Expecting Fourth Child Together. Cam Newton and Kia Proctor already share three children together: sons Chosen Sebastian, 3, and Camidas Swain, 10 months, and daughter Sovereign Dior Cambella, 2. Cam Newton's family is expanding again! The Carolina Panthers quarterback, 29, and his longtime girlfriend Kia Proctor are expecting their fourth child together, Proctor confirmed on Instagram Wednesday. The mom of four announced the news alongside a photo of herself sitting outside on a stone ledge, wearing a royal blue dress and matching designer sneakers. "Blessed ?? #anotherone #momof5" she captioned the shot. The couple's newest addition will join their two sons Chosen Sebastian, 3, and Camidas Swain, 10 months, and daughter Sovereign Dior Cambella, 2. Proctor also has a 12-year-old daughter Shakira from a previous relationship. Newton has yet to publicly acknowledge the exciting baby news on social media. Reps for the football star did not immediately respond to PEOPLE's request for comment. While it is currently unclear how far along Proctor is, it's likely that she's at least three months pregnant, as Newton recently revealed that he had given up sex for the month of March. During a March 21 appearance to The Late Late Show with James Corden, Newton said that he had decided to give up sex for four weeks as a way to challege himself in the off-season. "Every month, it's been the off-season, I try to challenge myself in many different ways," Newton shared, explaining that in January, he gave up on gambling, and in February, he decided to adopt a vegan diet. "And then March, I'm giving up -- I hope this is an adult crowd, it looks like it is -- no climax," he said, finding the most family-friendly way to deliver the news. As for why he chose to give up sex for the month, the athlete shared that he wants to spend his off-season doing "certain things that challenge me," so he'll be in a better place when football starts up again. "It makes my mind stronger," he remarked. "I feel like, if I go back and I say, I did those things, I'm mentally stronger." In addition to preparing for fatherhood again, Newton has been focused on his health. This past January, the quarterback, who has played with the Panthers since 2011, had an arthroscopic procedure on his right shoulder. In a press release, the Panthers said the surgery was a success and Newton was set to begin his rehabilitation process immediately. Due to his injury, Newton missed the final two games of the 2018 season. The previous year, Newton also had surgery to fix a partially torn rotator cuff on his throwing arm, according to Sports Illustrated. (People)
Ellen DeGeneres Gets Blake Shelton and Gwen Stefani a Pre-Engagement Gift. Time is ticking for Blake Shelton and Gwen Stefani -- literally, according to Ellen DeGeneres. The daytime talk show host is known to give her guests gifts, including that time she gave Jennifer Lopez a clock to give to her now-fiance Alex Rodriguez as a not-so-subtle nudge to propose. Well, DeGeneres believes it worked because the athlete did pop the big question soon after. So, she's shifted her focus to Shelton and Stefani, who have been dating since 2015. "I have something for you to give her," she told the singer and Voice judge on Wednesday's show. That something was a clock with a photo of the two kissing as the backdrop. "So you're saying...there's a chance she's going to ask me to marry her," Shelton said, flipping it on his girlfriend. "Now that she knows that you're waiting for her to ask, now that she sees this, she'll ask you," DeGeneres quipped back. "I'll call her tonight." Well, it sounds like the ball -- er, clock? -- is in Gwen's court now. (Eonline)
Ben Shapiro, the conservative talk show host and editor of The Daily Wire, was the target of serious death threats and the suspect has just been arrested ... TMZ has learned. Law enforcement sources tell us, Shapiro, who frequently appears on cable news shows and has a hugely popular podcast, filed a police report with the LAPD. We're told the threats were not just against Shapiro but his family as well. He's married with one daughter. We're told the Department got in touch with the FBI and created a joint task force to hunt down the culprit. Our sources say a man was arrested Wednesday in Washington state for making the threats. We're told these threats were "extremely serious" ... not just someone blowing off steam. Shapiro recently created a stink when he suggested on his radio show that Democratic Rep. Ilhan Omar has "a lot of the same opinions about Jews that the white supremacist had in that manifesto." He was referring to the attack at the San Diego-area synagogue in which the shooter killed a woman and injured several others. (TMZ)
Nipsey Hussle's team is putting the kibosh on the late rapper's memorial ... because people trying to pay their respects were being hounded by bootleggers and grifters trying to make a buck off his death. Sources close to the slain Crenshaw rapper tell TMZ ... the memorial outside his Marathon Clothing store is going away, principally because it was becoming a chaotic scene where hustlers roamed the street, turning what was supposed to be a solemn tribute into a circus. As you know ... Nipsey was gunned down in the parking lot outside his store, and the lot was transformed into a makeshift memorial, with fans leaving flowers, pictures, notes, trinkets and loads of candles. But, that's all over now. Here's what the wild scene outside Nipsey's shuttered store looked like ... people selling bootleg t-shirts with Nipsey's image, others demanding money for a tour of the neighborhood, and some even charging fans just to walk through the area where Nipsey was shot. The memorial became so busy, food trucks started parking outside. Sources close to Nipsey tell us the whole thing reeked of disrespect ... and they felt like he was not being properly honored, so they're closing up shop. We've seen this kind of thing before ... scalpers tried charging astronomical prices for free tickets to Nipsey's celebration of life, and people who went to the service tried selling the free programs for huge profits on eBay. With the memorial getting scrapped, we're told Nipsey's family will be honoring his memory in other ways, once his foundation gets off the ground. (TMZ)
Offset Hit With Arrest Warrant for Criminal Property Damage. Offset is a wanted man. On Wednesday night, the rapper popped up on the red carpet alongside his famous wife Cardi B to attend the 2019 Billboard Music Awards. However, police in his native Georgia want to arrest him. According to a representative from the Sandy Springs Police Department, a warrant was issued on April 28 for alleged criminal damage of property. The representative could not confirm an arrest at this time, matching the fact that Offset was at the ceremony on Wednesday night. E! News has reached out to the star's attorney for comment. According to a report from ABC affiliate WSB-TV, the arrest warrant stems from an incident inside a Target. Video online appears to show the Migos star smacking a cell phone out of a fan's hand while the fan is recording. Per reporter Mike Petchenik, police said the phone was worth $800. This is not Offset's first brush with the law. He is also facing a felony charge for firearms possession by a convicted felon, along with misdemeanor charges for marijuana possession and an improper lane change stemming from a July 2018 arrest. However, a felony charge of possession of a weapon during the commission of a crime was dropped. (Eonline)
Justin Theroux's neighbor pays $23K for violating restraining order. Actor Justin Theroux's Greenwich Village co-op neighbor had to fork over $23,000 Wednesday for sending an allegedly hostile -- e-mail to the co-op board's president. "A court order is not enough to restrain Mr. [Norman] Resnicow's clearly untethered conduct," Theroux's lawyer, Eric Sherman, said of his client's downstairs neighbor. Theroux is suing Resnicow, 71, claiming Resnicow harassed him and ex-wife Jennifer Aniston because they didn't immediately install soundproofing during $1 million renovations of their unit. Sherman claimed Resnicow's threatening e-mail violated a temporary restraining order that bars Resnicow from contact with board members and "The Leftovers" star. Resnicow's lawyer, Peter Levine, said his client "has become the victim of a vindictive mob." Resnicow agreed to pay Theroux $20,000 and the board another $3,000 for legal fees that resulted from Resnicow violating the restraining order. Theroux -- who split from Aniston last year -- also claimed Res -- nicow trespassed on his property, peeped in his windows, harassed his workers and killed the ivy that grew between their shared roof deck. (Eonline)


It's beautiful how birds of a feather can fly together... even in an afterlife.
After Jess died my aunt told me about a bird that had been seen outside of the window at my uncle's house. It started to appear shortly after the death was discovered. The morning I would go to her funeral the bird would return. My aunt and I smiled through our tears.
I am happy to say that I have seen more hummingbirds since then. It has been seemingly random but also very particular. There have been several instances where I have been in my car or otherwise out and about (again: in the car generally more than not) and thinking of her or sad or... and there will appear a hummingbird.
If I had a spirit animal it would be a hummingbird or a sea horse." I've said in passing with friends previously.
Sure enough.. there it is. In real form.
I have had a connection with birds for a long time. I've gravitated towards them for as long as I could remember. I never owned any however.
When I was a child my grandmother showed me pictures of the Audubon Birds. I forget what the reason was or why. It may have been one of our days painting on the screened in porch in her home. I forget.
Some time ago however, my dad was tossing out things. He had a print of some Audubon. He said it was boring and ugly and was just going to toss it. That it had come from my grandmother's home or something. I snatched it immediately (after asking kindly of course).
The print was "Magpie Jay (Calocitta Formosa) by James John Audubon.
I have had this print for some time now. It has lasted several moves. Despite much/most of my belongings currently being in storage, this print is currently with me... sitting next to my bed on the floor serving as a reminder of the beauty of those birds and the connection to my grandmother.
Yesterday I was out and about driving.
I have a story for over there that I will be drafting shortly as well. But that is a different story and a different section.
I had a request from a foreigner that is studying in the medical field. She asked for a medically related or otherwise quirky postcard. I ended up in an area near such a place where I knew I would be able to find something perfect for this. It was also near a place where I could get a free sandwich thanks to another former passenger. It was lunchtime. There was also a mystic shop nearby and I wanted to get a Hamsa. It was too stacked not to go in that shop.
When I arrived I was greeted to grand and beautiful forgotten things. This is a store that my grandmother would have loved if she was alive. I'm honestly not sure what my sister would have thought of it. It's a bit odd and there is a lot of natural and dead things. Taxidermy lines the walls. Bones are available for purchase. There is so much there that is... a little off center.
There were these postcards from the 20s-50s in a section. They had fold out pictures done in such a gorgeous bright process. I thought about my days working with photography and missed this incredibly. And, while I did get a couple of those card sets, that wasn't even the best thing.
In another stack, there it was: my magpie jays. Immediately I was filled with a happiness through the somber death around me. It was a light shining through all the way down.
I paid less for that print than I did the other cards and the special trinkets I got that day. It was the best thing.
I told the story to the owner about my dad wanting to throw away the print.
"You never throw away an Audubon." she said definitively in agreement.
This morning I woke up and felt compelled to write about it. As I started, and I thought of both gram and Jess I started to cry. I couldn't do that yesterday in the middle of the storms around me. It had frustrated me so. But there it was... the tears I'd been seeking.
As I go through my day I will be carrying the card in my purse. I will be searching for those instances where hummingbirds cross my path. I will be thinking of both of them. I am thankful. I am ever so thankful.
Is there anything that makes you think of a loved one that passed? If you'd want to let me know, please do. Thank you for reading and have a great day.


This project seeks to explore, analyse and share learnings from a range of post conflict societies including South Africa, Iraq and Palestine/Israel with a focus on the role of trade unions in the development of shared and just societies. The project will address the role of trade unions in reconciliation, democratisation, social justice and sustainable economic development. Trade unions are a leading global actor in the struggle for progressive and democratic social change in post-conflict societies. Despite the worst excesses of neo liberalism Trade Unions maintain a significant position in the body politic nationally and internationally and alongside the role unions play in the collective defense of workers' rights, they have also acted as significant agents in the transition from conflict to more peaceful and democratic systems.
Societies in transition from violence to peace or forms of authoritarian rule to more democratic systems also experience an economic transition which has been characterised over the last thirty years by a transition from social democratic, corporatist or managed economies to economies run on the broad principles understood as neo-liberal. The programme will investigate through comparative studies the impact of this double transition on the stability and security of post- conflict societies.


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Why Does Sexual Harassment On Public Transportation Occur So Frequently In Japan And What In Japanese Culture Perpetuates This?
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Why Does Sexual Harassment On Public Transportation Occur So Frequently In Japan And What In Japanese Culture Perpetuates This? quantity
Category: General Sample Papers
Women in Japan are increasingly subjected to sexual harassment in the country, especially in public places. The Japanese culture facilitates the violation of women's rights, particularly through sexual harassment in public transportation. Traditional gender role in Japan is rigid, hence many people in Japan do not acknowledge that sexual harassment really exists[1]. The nation passed sexually harassment act in 1990, but the problem of sexually harassment persists in public places. The culture of Japanese focuses on group harmony, submissive women and male leadership. The campaign against sexual harassment was not encouraged because it was a threat to workplace harmony. The focus was shifted for Japanese women not to complain instead of men not to harass them. The chikan culture allows fondling or touching another individual in a sexual manner using hands. In overcrowded trains in Japan men usually stand close to women with short skirt and rift their clothes. In other incidences, sexual harassers press their bodies against the other person's body in a sexual way[2]. However, these incidences are termed as sexual assaults, but men go unpunished. The most common place for such cases occur in crowded trains, but they do happen in bicycle parking places. Both men and women are victims of the acts, but the majority of women are affected.
Sexually harassment of women in public places remains an enormous problem in Japan, especially in transport systems and streets. These are commonly known as street harassments or eve-teasing or public harassment[3]. Violence against women, especially in the transportation sector, is unreported because of cultural concerns and social concerns. Most women fear shaming their families or destroying the reputation of their spouses. In 2003, there was more than 2 400 rape cases occurred. The majority of these cases happened in transportation systems in Japan. Some of the cases involved high-profile gang rapes in 2003.
The Japanese constitution guarantees equal opportunities for all people at workplaces.
Equal employment Opportunity (EEO) outlaws sexual discrimination. However, sexual harassment against women in transportation systems remains widespread. The legislation was revised in 1999 in order to include measures that show the companies that violates the right of women in transportation systems[4]. However, these laws do not have strict measures to execute adherence other than permitting names of upsetting transportation firms to be published. Several government agencies have developed hotlines and official ombudsmen to tackle sexual harassment and discrimination cases. Japan has not ratified the convention by the International Labor Organization known as Discrimination Occupation and Employment Convention. Women make up the largest percentage in transportation systems.
Approximately 50 percent of Japanese women report at least one instance of sexual harassment on public transportation. These problems are rampant in Tokyo, where trains are overcrowded. The common types of sexual harassment include a wide range of annoying behaviors such as sexual gestures, winking and leering looks[5]. In addition, it included unpleasant behaviors such as suddenly touching the breast, pinching of the hips, pinching of the bottoms, brushing of bottoms and thighs and unnecessary leaning.
Reports indicate that approximately 69 percent of females have been sexually abused by males in public transportation at some point in their lives[6]. Moreover, nearly one in two women encounter attempted rape or rape cases in Japan in their lifetime. These acts violate the provisions of the Elimination of Violence Against women (DEVAW) under the United Nations. Under the provisions of this law, violence against women is any behavior against a particular gender that leads to suffering of women, psychological, sexual, and physical harm.
It also includes threats such as indiscriminate denial of liberty or coercion in public places. These are normally referred to as micro inequalities. In addition, women are more likely to suffer from undesirable experiences both psychologically and socially when they become spatially mobile[7]. Research conducted by Kingston (2011) indicates that women encounter enormous cases of sexual harassment in public transport. A study by university students recorded that approximately 98 percent of women utilizing public transportation in Japan encountered the same types of sexual harassment. A young Japanese woman was sexually abused for more than 30 times in a single year[8]. Besides, more than 50 percent of the study participants indicated that sexual harassment occurs every time.
Most notably, approximately 64 percent of the young women showed that sexual harassment caused fear and sadness. Besides, it affected their moods for a long period and influenced their relationship with other people. Sexual harasser normally aims at specific places of women's body such as the breast which constitute legal terms of sexual assault. These incidents are very long lasting in the lives of these women[9]. There are instances wherein crowded buses harasser hold the breast of women tightly and try to squeeze them. In other cases, some bus conductors stare at the breast of young women in a strange manner. These make the women feel embarrassed.
In spite of these sexually harassment happening in public transportation systems, the victims rarely report to the police. Furthermore, most of the victims do not share the incidences with others except their close friends[10]. Unfortunately, they assume that revealing such acts to the public or police generates stigma for them and their families. There is an attitude of blaming women who are sexually assaulted in Japan.
The government of Japan introduced women only cars during rush hours in order to curb the chikan culture. In addition, it introduced undercover police patrols of subways tailored to creating awareness to encourage reporting. Initial attempts, such as introducing huge fines and seven-year sentence, did not produce any effect[11]. The introduction of women-only cars help to reduce opportunities of rapes in the public transportation. The reliance of Japanese on group-designed harmony usually caused compulsory social outings where women and men consume excessive amounts of alcohol. At transportation places, women are compelled to sing romantic song "karaoke duet" to a domineering male co-workers. The song establishes a circumstance where the woman is socially compelled to act as a romantic partner for a man. The male collaborates then more or less touches her in front of other people[12]. Social control established a situation where sexual harassment against women was tolerated and the victim forced to hide her discomfort to preserve the harmonious atmosphere.
The Japanese culture treats women differently depending on their normal gender responsibilities in the society. The effect has been the inability of the nation to foster equality across gender. Gender mainstreaming efforts promote the priorities, needs and interests of both men and women despite their differences. In addition, it considers the diversity of various groups of men and women [13]. However, a move toward gender equality has faced several hindrances. For instance, a group of conservative has misled the nation into thinking that gender-free efforts will lead to family break up or encourage promiscuity.
These conservative groups in Japan oppose the term gender or sexual education depending on such biased assertion. These have successfully influenced the community into believing that sexual education is a taboo and should not be conducted in school. For instance, in some places such as the Matsuyama city of Ehime Prefecture, women are not encouraged to pursue gender and studies about women. In addition, the Kumamoto administration outlawed the regulation that encouraged gender equality[14]. Unfortunately, it inserted the law that compelled people to respect the culture and traditions of the Japanese.
The early Japanese history shows that women in the 12th century could hold senior positions in the country. However, in the 19th century during the time of the Meiji reign (1868 -1912) the role of women changed. During the time of urbanization and industrialization the authority of husbands and fathers were increased over their wives and daughters. The Meiji Civil code limited legal rights of Japanese women and forced them to household roles. Nonetheless, the Meiji Civil Code was changed during the Second World War by the ratification of the Japanese constitution. Unfortunately, the rights of the Japanese women were not guaranteed as the provisions of the constitution were not executed adequately. The majority of men have not withdrawn from the Chikan culture. According to the United Nations report in 2006, Japan lags behind all the industrialized nations with regard to women empowerment.
Much of the sexual harassment in Japan is based on the conservative idea that natural differences between women and men that justify differential treatment. Some of the Japanese traditions are linked to the fact that the society is homosocial, hence, men interact with other men after working hours and due to their professional duties[15]. In considerations of hiring or assigning jobs, they consider other men they know, interact with or heard instead of other women. Co-equals men are more likely to think of other men relative to women. In the larger part of their daily activity men interact more with women within their ippanshoku category instead of sogoshoku groups.
Sexual Harassment Law in Japan
The sexual harassment law in Japan establishes to create two types of sexual harassment. The kankyo law outlaws environment with undesirable factors such as sexual jokes or talks, hanging sexually categorical posters or touching women. Moreover, the daisho law crates penalties or rewards that are clearly related to sexual behaviors[16]. The kankyo and daisho laws apply to all people in an office or public transportation systems. The management of the transportation vehicle is responsible for preventing sexual harassment in those places. First, the management needs to state clearly and disseminate policies against sexual harassment and create awareness via appropriate measures. Besides, the transportation management should develop an objective system to offer guidance to sexual grievences and complaints. Furthermore, they are responsible of responding to any case of sexual harassment claims and they need to conduct adequate investigations and execute appropriate disciplinary actions[17]. The new law in Japan also advocates for provision of privacy of all passengers who press charges against sexual harassers.
However, the law is weak to fight against chikan culture in public transportation. For instance, it does not provide a clear penalty in case of violation, and in case it existed, it was very lenient. The authorities could publicly name the firm that failed to comply with the provisions of these laws[18]. The conservative idea is that social pressure could bar men from behaving against the interest of the public image of their companies. The tradition in Japanese law is to tackle social issues via social pressure instead of making good laws.
In addition, the law and the culture in Japan do not always conform to each other. Japanese women who are sexually abused in public office would be embarrassed to cause bad reputation to her family. The Japanese law creates the contradictory of its intended outcomes.
By introducing the risk that a sexually harassed individual produces a public shaming of her family and supervisor at workplaces as well as the firm she works for. Therefore, many women who undergo sexual harassment in public transportation are compelled to remain silent. However, the law has produced some positive effects against sexual harassment among women[19]. For instance, it has helped to raise awareness and it has increased the number of report sexual harassment complaints in 2013 more than 11 000 women reported sexual abuse cases through the companies they work for or by themselves.
The new cases show that a new generation of women understand their rights and are comfortable to respond to sexual harassment. Moreover, it shows that most public transport companies are developing environments where sexual harassment can be solved and reported. However, chikan culture promotes male domination over women still exist in Japan. Sexual harassment happens so frequently because of cultural misunderstanding. Most victims of sexual harassment in public transport in Japan have been foreigners because they lack awareness of what they are likely to experience[20]. The government has also implemented women-only passenger cars to reduce high cases of women sexual harassment. Moreover, the government need to be more innovative in curbing cases of chikan culture in public transportation.
Allison, Anne. Permitted And Prohibited Desires. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2000.
Brumann, Christoph, and Evelyn Schulz. Urban Spaces In Japan. London: Routledge, 2012.
Buckley, Sandra. Encyclopedia Of Contemporary Japanese Culture. London: Routledge, 2009.
Ember, Carol R, and Melvin Ember. Encyclopedia Of Sex And Gender. New York: Springer, 2004.
Kearl, Holly. Stop Street Harassment. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger, 2010.
Kingston, Jeff. Japan In Transformation, 1945-2010. Harlow, England: Longman, 2011.
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