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The Free Library > Health > Health, general > Environmental Health Perspectives > August 1, 2006
The Free Library > Science and Technology > Environmental issues > Environmental Health Perspectives > August 1, 2006
The Free Library > Date > 2006 > August > 1 > Environmental Health Perspectives
High Tech Trash: Digital Devices, Hidden Toxins, and Human Health.
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MLA style: "High Tech Trash: Digital Devices, Hidden Toxins, and Human Health.." The Free Library. 2006 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences 21 Jan. 2021 https://www.thefreelibrary.com/High+Tech+Trash%3a+Digital+Devices%2c+Hidden+Toxins%2c+and+Human+Health.-a0160558856
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APA style: High Tech Trash: Digital Devices, Hidden Toxins, and Human Health.. (n.d.) >The Free Library. (2014). Retrieved Jan 21 2021 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/High+Tech+Trash%3a+Digital+Devices%2c+Hidden+Toxins%2c+and+Human+Health.-a0160558856
High Tech Trash: Digital Devices, Hidden Toxins, and Human Health
By Elizabeth Grossman
Washington, DC:Island Press, 2006. 334 pp. ISBN: 1-55963-554-1, $25.95
In High Tech Trash, Elizabeth Grossman traces the effects of the high-tech computer industry on the environment, from the raw materials to the chemicals and solvents used to produce silicone chips as well as other persistent organic compounds used to produce high-tech equipment. Grossman then describes the subsequent recycling of electronics for reuse as well as the recovery and recycling of raw materials such as copper, zinc, gold, and plastics.
This journey through electronics, which formerly had been recognized as a "clean" industry, begins in the mines that supply many of the raw materials--including copper, aluminum, lead, gold, zinc, nickel, tin, silver, and iron--used in modern electronics. Grossman then discusses the different chemicals and solvents used in the production of silicone chips. She gives a close-up view of the electronics industry, recognizing the improvements in chemical safety from the early days when many of the tasks involving solvents such as trichloroethylene (TCE) and trichloroethane (TCA) were performed manually. These improvements have helped ensure that workers' exposures to chemicals have been substantially reduced in the automated factories of today. Grossman further points out that the groundwater at current Superfund sites is now contaminated with TCE and TCA as a result of leaks and spills that occurred in the early days of the electronics industry. The fact that several residential areas once drew drinking water from these sites and that vapors may pass upward from soil to air has, says Grossman, affected thousands of people.
In her review of the available literature on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), Grossman discusses the likely link between human exposure to PBDEs and the high levels of PBDEs in residential dust. Unfortunately, Grossman frequently uses the generic term "PBDEs" rather than specifying which congeners are present in the technical-grade preparation of the PBDEs she discusses. Primarily, technical-grade octabromodiphenyl ether (octaBDE) and decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) are used in the plastic housings of electronics, whereas technical-grade pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE) is used primarily in polyurethane to manufacture foam and padding materials. The congeners present in the pentaBDE mixture have been shown to accumulate in biological tissues, but the PBDEs in octaBDE and decaBDE have much shorter half-lives in people and are unlikely to biomagnify, although they are detectable in many human tissues.
The chapters on recycling and on the flow of electronic waste from consumers to landfills and the export of waste to developing countries are well written and detailed. For example, Grossman states that the United States discards enough electronic waste annually to cover a football field a mile high and that of this waste, only 10% is recycled for materials recovery. Most of the waste goes to landfills or to waste incinerators.
Grossman describes the handling of electronic waste that is exported from developed countries into developing countries and the tremendous environmental impact this waste has had in certain countries. For example, in Taizhou in southern China, circuit boards containing lead, flame retardants, and plasticizers are melted for the recovery of metals in uncovered pans only steps away from the workers' dormitories. In addition, the author offers an interesting description of the different recycling processes used by industrial companies such as Boliden Mineral AB in Sweden and Noranda in the United States. These companies have discovered a "rich ore stream" in the circuit boards they "mine" for metals.
Clearly, the increasing tide of electronic waste will be brought under control only if all parties involved (manufacturers, legislators, consumers, and recyclers) implement improvements such as reducing the amount of hazardous materials used in the manufacture of electronic products, producing electronics that are easier to disassemble for recycling, enacting legislation governing the electronics and recycling industries, and ensuring that consumers are informed about the issues associated with the production of electronics and with electronic waste so they can make educated decisions about the issues. Unfortunately, we have just now begun to address these issues, and changes will not be quick or easy.
ANDREAS SJODIN
Andreas Sjodin is the laboratory chief of the Combustion Products and Persistent Pollutants Biomonitoring Laboratory at the National Center for Environmental Heath at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This laboratory conducts measurements for brominated flame retardants and other persistent organohalogens and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in human biological specimens for epidemiologic studies such as the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey.
COPYRIGHT 2006 National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Sjodin, Andreas
The Superfund Basic Research Program--research for the future.
New books.
Recycling (Waste, etc.)
Tailored toxin targets HIV-laden cells.
Ocean centers to dive into the mysteries of the deep. (Focus).
BRIEFLY.
California adopts cell phone recycling law.
Batting for Hillary.
A critical discovery about harmful algal toxins.
Talking computer trash.
A killer smell: mold toxin destroys olfactory cells in mice.
Lubar, David. True talents.


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Home » Database » 2010
Status: Final
Date: Saturday 6 February 2010
Operator: Scandinavian Airlines System - SAS
Registration: OY-KHP
C/n / msn: 53007/1882
First flight: 1991-07-06 (18 years 7 months)
Engines: 2 Pratt & Whitney JT8D-217C
Crew: Fatalities: 0 / Occupants: 6
Passengers: Fatalities: 0 / Occupants: 127
Total: Fatalities: 0 / Occupants: 133
Aircraft fate: Repaired
Location: Grenoble-Saint Geoirs Airport (GNB) ( France)
Phase: Landing (LDG)
Nature: Int'l Non Scheduled Passenger
Departure airport: København-Kastrup Airport (CPH/EKCH), Denmark
Destination airport: Grenoble-Saint Geoirs Airport (GNB/LFLS), France
The MD-81 took off from Copenhagen Airport, Denmark at 17:34 hours local time. At around 18:53 local time, the crew began the descent for an ILS approach to runway 09 at Grenoble Airport, France.
It was a dark night with the moon still below the horizon. The crew was established on the localizer at about 10 nm from the runway threshold and had the runway in sight.
At 19:23, at a height of approximately 1500 ft, the undercarriage was deployed at an indicated airspeed (IAS) 157 kt.
At a height of about 1000 ft, the crew disengaged the autopilot. The aircraft was stabilized at a slightly higher speed than Vapp, on the glide path and with a vertical speed of -700 ft/min. At a height of approximately 200 ft, the pilot flying disconnected the auto-throttle.
The approach remained stabilized on the 3° glide path at a speed equal to Vapp + 3 kt and a descent rate of 700 ft/min until a height of 100 ft. Passing 100 ft, the IAS started to decrease and went below Vapp. The rate of descent increased to 850 ft/min.
The pitch was 4° and the nose started to lift slightly. At a height of 30 ft, the plane passed slightly below the glide slope at an IAS of Vapp -4 kt.
At a height of 15 ft, the elevator was operated abruptly causing a rapid increase in pitch attitude. Two seconds later, the rear fuselage touched down, with a pitch of 10.7°.
The traces left on the runway indicate a contact point 166 meters before the touchdown zone. The vertical acceleration value reached a maximum of 1.95 g.
Two seconds later, the throttles were brought back and the thrust reversers were deployed. The aircraft then rolled to the apron.
Probable Cause:
CAUSE (translated from French):
The accident was caused by continuing the landing when the situational awareness of the crew had deteriorated. This led to an inaccurate estimate of the height from the end point of the trajectory and no flare.
The following factors contributed to the accident:
- The crew did not select the maximum illumination of the landing lights;
- Runway 09 at the Grenoble-Isère airport is not equipped with visual indicator approach slope;
- Management of the manual throttles to land was inadequate.
Accident investigation:
Investigating agency: BEA
Duration: 1 year and 8 months
Accident number: oy-p100206
Download report: Final report
Tailstrike
Runway mishap
This map shows the airport of departure and the intended destination of the flight. The line between the airports does not display the exact flight path.
Distance from København-Kastrup Airport to Grenoble-Saint Geoirs Airport as the crow flies is 1242 km (776 miles).
This information is not presented as the Flight Safety Foundation or the Aviation Safety Network's opinion as to the cause of the accident. It is preliminary and is based on the facts as they are known at this time.
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	<title>EST Doc Dental's English page - (Higashigotanda, Tokyo)</title>

					English-speaking Dentist in Higashigotanda, Tokyo
					M Dental Office

					Address
					1-14-11-3 Higashigotanda, Shinagawa-ku Tokyo

141-0022 Japan

					03-3444-7770

					info@m-d-office.com

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					Dr.Mitome

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We welcome you as a a patient and appreciate the opportunity to provice you with medical services.The information that follows is designed to provide you with general guidelines about our medical policies and methods of practice.

the more informed you are the more effectively we can serve you.

			Business Hours for English-speaking

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    14:00〜17:00
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			English Level

Fluent in English

Fluent in conversational English

Japanese interpreter is required

			Services

General Dentistry

Implants

Esthetic Dentistry

Pediatric Dentistry

Orthodontic

			Insurance

We accept Japanese National Health Insurance

We also accept private insurance

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				The Office is only a 1 minute walk fromb Gotanda Station on the Yamanote Line

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text:
Canadian Who's Who Biography
Skip to Contact Information
Skip to Full Biography
Last edited: 2016-10-06
Publication status: Active
Mr. Nolan WATSON	C.A., C.F.A.
Born: August 1st, 1979
Place of Birth: Surrey, British Columbia
Parent(s): Stuart Randall Alan and Linda Naydeen (Boomer) Watson
Spouse: Married Dana, daughter of David and Diane Pepper 4 Aug. 2001Children: Eliana, Averie, Kathie
Univ. of British Columbia B.Comm.(Hons.)
Cdn. Inst. of C.A.'s
C.F.A. Inst.
Occupation: Executive, Humanitarian, Philanthropist
Field of Endeavor: Business, Commerce and Industry
Current Position(s):
PRES. & C.E.O., SANDSTORM GOLD LTD. 2008–
Pres., Nations Cry (a humanitarian charity) 2004–
Biography Notes:
C.F.O., Silver Wheaton Corp. (youngest-ever CFO of a NYSE-listed company) 2006–08
Web: http://www.sandstormltd.com
Creative Works, Publications
See biography below.
Honours, Awards, and Achievements
Previous | Back to first tab
Abbreviations Index
WATSON, Nolan, C.A., C.F.A.; executive, humanitarian, philanthropist; b. Surrey, B.C. 1 Aug. 1979; s. Stuart Randall Alan and Linda Naydeen (Boomer) Watson; m. Dana d. David and Diane Pepper 4 Aug. 2001; children: Eliana Grace, Averie Jane, Kathie Kargbo; e. Univ. of British Columbia B.Comm. (Hons.); Cdn. Inst. of C.A.s; C.F.A. Inst.; PRES. & C.E.O., SANDSTORM GOLD LTD. 2008– ; C.F.O., Silver Wheaton Corp. (youngest-ever C.F.O. of a NYSE-listed company) 2006–08; Pres., Nations Cry (a humanitarian charity) 2004– ; Chair, Audit Ctte. Bear Creek Mining Corp.; Dir., TrueGold Mining Inc.; honours: named Valedictorian, Inst. of Chartered Accountants of B.C. 2004; recognized in Top 40 Under Forty in Canada, Business In Vancouver (BIV) Magazine 2006, Globe & Mail 2011; rated "Most Motivated" CFA, CFA Mag. 2008; Early Achievement Award, Inst. of C.A.s of B.C. 2009; named to "Casey's NexTen" list one of the Top Ten Rising Stars in the Nat. Resource Sector, Casey Rsch. 2010; Named C.E.O. of the Year, BIV Mag. 2012; Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal 2012; Named to World Economic Forum's Young Global Leaders Class of 2014; Christian; Conservative; recreation: snowboarding.
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When therefore the Lord knew how the Pharisees had heard that Jesus made and baptized more disciples than John, (though Jesus himself baptized not, but his disciples,) he left Judaea, and departed again into Galilee. And he must needs go through Samaria. Then cometh he to a city of Samaria, which is called Sychar, near to the parcel of ground that Jacob gave to his son Joseph. Now Jacob's well was there. Jesus therefore, being wearied with his journey, sat thus on the well: and it was about the sixth hour. There cometh a woman of Samaria to draw water: Jesus saith unto her, Give me to drink. (For his disciples were gone away unto the city to buy meat.) Then saith the woman of Samaria unto him, How is it that thou, being a Jew, askest drink of me, which am a woman of Samaria? for the Jews have no dealings with the Samaritans. Jesus answered and said unto her, If thou knewest the gift of God, and who it is that saith to thee, Give me to drink; thou wouldest have asked of him, and he would have given thee living water. The woman saith unto him, Sir, thou hast nothing to draw with, and the well is deep: from whence then hast thou that living water? Art thou greater than our father Jacob, which gave us the well, and drank thereof himself, and his children, and his cattle? Jesus answered and said unto her, Whosoever drinketh of this water shall thirst again: But whosoever drinketh of the water that I shall give him shall never thirst; but the water that I shall give him shall be in him a well of water springing up into everlasting life. The woman saith unto him, Sir, give me this water, that I thirst not, neither come hither to draw. Jesus saith unto her, Go, call thy husband, and come hither. The woman answered and said, I have no husband. Jesus said unto her, Thou hast well said, I have no husband: for thou hast had five husbands; and he whom thou now hast is not thy husband: in that saidst thou truly. The woman saith unto him, Sir, I perceive that thou art a prophet. Our fathers worshipped in this mountain; and ye say, that in Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship. Jesus saith unto her, Woman, believe me, the hour cometh, when ye shall neither in this mountain, nor yet at Jerusalem, worship the Father. Ye worship ye know not what: we know what we worship: for salvation is of the Jews. But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth: for the Father seeketh such to worship him. God is a Spirit: and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth. The woman saith unto him, I know that Messias cometh, which is called Christ: when he is come, he will tell us all things. Jesus saith unto her, I that speak unto thee am he.
In tracing out the life of our blessed Lord Jesus Christ, we find it of great interest to note the way He dealt with different souls whom He interviewed. A great many books have been written on personal work for Christ, but there is no book in the world that is more helpful on that line than this gospel of John. There are so many different records of those with whom the Lord Jesus Christ had conversations that we get a marvelous unfolding of His wonderful wisdom in opening up the Word of God to needy souls. One of the loveliest is this interview with the Samaritan woman.
We are told that the Pharisees were making much of the fact that Jesus was baptizing and making disciples. It was reported that His followers were outnumbering those of John. When He heard that, because He did not want anything that looked like rivalry, He left Judea almost immediately and went to Galilee. Actually, we read that Jesus Himself did not baptize but left that to His disciples.
An orthodox Jew would cross the Jordan near Jericho and make his way up through Perea, and then cross back near the Sea of Galilee in the north. But the Lord Jesus Christ did not take that route. A stern legalist would not go through Samaria. But the Lord Jesus Christ took that direct road because of the very fact that He was anxious to meet these poor Samaritan sinners that He might reveal the truth to them. "He must needs go through Samaria" (Joh_4:4). Long before the creation of the world it had been settled in the counsels of eternity that He was to meet a poor, sinful, Samaritan woman that day. He could not forego that appointment. So He went until He came near the city of Sychar, and there by Jacob's well He stopped. We read, "Jesus therefore, being wearied with his journey, sat thus on the well: and it was about the sixth hour" (Joh_4:6). The time here is not the same as in the Synoptic Gospels. The sixth hour was high noon. It was an unusual thing for people to go out at the noon hour to draw water.
But there sat the Lord, waiting to meet a thirsty soul, and we are told, "There cometh a woman of Samaria to draw water" (Joh_4:7 a). I can visualize that scene. My wife, daughter, and I sat on the curbing of that very well and we looked off to the city of Sychar and, farther away, to the city of Shechem, and it was so easy to imagine that woman coming down the road, her water pot on her head, and Jesus waiting to meet her. He sat, wearied, at the well. He had become tired, seeking for sinners! What wondrous grace that He, the eternal God, should have so linked Himself with our humanity that He should know what pain and weariness and toil meant!
She knew that He was a Jew by the ribbon of blue that went around the border of His robe. At once all her being would be stirred with indignation. What business did He have sitting there on their well? She probably said to herself, "If he dares to say anything insulting to me, I will give him back as good as he gives." But oh, how surprised she must have been when He looked up very kindly and said, "Give me to drink" (Joh_4:7 b). She knew that the ordinary Jew would have dashed the cup to the ground even if she had offered it, and here was a Jew asking drink of her. But she said, "How is it that thou, being a Jew, askest drink of me, which am a woman of Samaria?" (Joh_4:9 a). And then John puts in a little word of explanation. I do not think she said these next words, but the Spirit of God put them in that we might understand, "For the Jews have no dealings with the Samaritans" (Joh_4:9 b).
But notice also the other word, "and who it is that saith to thee, Give me to drink." How little she recognized who it was. Who was it? The Son of God. We read, "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God" (Joh_1:1). "The Word [became] flesh, and dwelt among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth" (Joh_4:14). There He was, God and Man in one blessed, glorious person, but she did not understand that. She had no conception of who He was. He, on His part, did not try to amaze and astound, but He simply opened up in a wonderful way His stores of grace.
She looked at Him doubtfully and said, "Sir, thou hast nothing to draw with, and the well is deep: from whence then hast thou this living water?" (Joh_4:11). The well, as it is today, is about 78 feet deep. I saw them letting a candle down into it, and they dropped it until it had gone down 78 feet. And the woman said, "The well is deep, and you have nothing to draw with." "From whence then hast thou this living water?" She was thinking only of that natural water. He was thinking of spiritual water. The well is deeper by far than that well in Samaria. It is as deep as the heart of God with its infinite love and affection. The water that He would give was to be drawn from the depths of God's love itself.
But she inquired, wonderingly, "Art thou greater than our father Jacob, which gave us the well, and drank thereof himself, and his children, and his cattle?" (Joh_4:12). Jesus might have said to her, "Greater than Jacob! My poor woman, did you ever read in the first book of Moses the story of your father Jacob, as you call him. How one night he had sent his family and flocks across the ford, and he was bowed in prayer alone when there came to him a mysterious personality with whom Jacob struggled all night. Then the unknown one said, 'Let me go, for the day breaketh,' and Jacob said, 'I will not let thee go, except thou bless me'" (Gen_32:26). Jesus might have said to the woman, "Do you remember that story? Well, I am the One who met Jacob there in the darkness and overcame his stubborn will." But I am afraid that if He had told her that, she would have shrunk from Him, thinking that He was insane. Instead of alarming her, He sought to reach her heart and conscience.
Without replying directly to her question, Jesus answered and said, "Whosoever drinketh of this water shall thirst again" (Joh_4:13). How well she knew that! Had she not time after time attempted to quench her thirst from that well, only to thirst again? And that may be said of everything that this scene offers as a palliative for the longings of the human heart. You may try everything that the world can give, but you will be unsatisfied still. Oh, I wish I could persuade some needy soul to take these words home to his heart, "Whosoever drinketh of this water shall thirst again." No one has ever yet found satisfaction in the things of the world. They cannot satisfy a heart that has been created for eternity.
"Whosoever drinketh of this water shall thirst again: but whosoever drinketh of the water that I shall give him shall never thirst; but the water that I shall give him shall be in him a well of water springing up into everlasting life" (Joh_4:13-14); or, literally, "a fountain of water springing up into everlasting life." What does He mean by that? Those who receive the message of His grace, who believe the revelation that God has given of Christ in this Word, will be born anew. This fountain of living water will spring up within, and they will find a satisfaction that none have ever been able to find in the things of earth.
Well, the woman, listening, finds her heart going to Christ. She feels He means what He says, so she timidly asks, "Sir, give me this water, that I thirst not, neither come hither to draw" (Joh_4:15). She has not understood anything yet but the natural. The spiritual is hidden from her still. But the Lord Jesus Christ has won her confidence, and this is a great thing. When that has been won, there is something else needed, that is, to reach the conscience. So the Lord, assured that He has won her heart, undertakes to grapple with her conscience.
He overlooks her remark and says, "Go, call thy husband, and come hither" (Joh_4:16). I can imagine she dropped her head, and with the color mantling her face, exclaimed, "I have no husband. Jesus said unto her, Thou hast well said, I have no husband: for thou hast had five husbands; and he whom thou now hast is not thy husband" (Joh_4:17-18). He drives the truth of her guilty past and sinful present home to her soul. She stands there, greatly moved, and for a moment does not know what to say. Who is this that could put His finger upon the black spot in her life? He looks so kind and considerate, and yet He has done the very thing that has stirred her conscience to the very depth.
I do not suppose that this age-long difference meant much to her at the best, but now she sees she is a sinner and wants to get right with God. Where shall she go? She wants to know God that she may worship Him and receive forgiveness from Him. And Jesus said, "Woman, believe me, the hour cometh when ye shall neither in this mountain, nor yet at Jerusalem, worship the Father. Ye worship ye know not what: we know what we worship: for salvation is of the Jews. But the hour cometh, and now is, when the true worshippers shall worship the Father in spirit and in truth: for the Father seeketh such to worship him" (Joh_4:21-23).
What did He mean? He was declaring that the hour had come when God is putting to one side all earthly sanctuaries. It is not a question now of going to either place. You can meet with Him anywhere and everywhere if you are ready to take your right place before Him, to confess your sin and own your guilt. Then you can lift your heart to Him in worship, recognizing Him as your Father, for the moment you confess your sins He forgives. And so you can be a worshipper, for the Father is seeking such to worship Him. He has not left it to you to seek Him first, but He is seeking you, and you can find Him anywhere if your heart is honest before Him. "They that worship Him must worship Him in spirit and in truth" (Joh_4:24).
While He was speaking she had been thinking, "I wonder, could it be that this strange man, whom I have never seen before, is really the promised Messiah? He speaks as no man has ever spoken before. I wonder if it could be He?" And aloud she exclaims, "I know that Messias cometh, which is called Christ: when he is come, he will tell us all things" (Joh_4:25). Oh, there were so many questions, and she says, "I wonder, could this be He? Some day He is coming, and when He comes He will make all the dark things light and the crooked things straight. When He comes He will tell us all things." And Jesus says, "I that speak unto thee am he" (Joh_4:26). Then what happened? Did she start asking questions? Did she spread out all her perplexities? No, she had not a question to ask. She took one look into those wonderful eyes of His and every question was answered! She said in her heart, "Oh, this is He!" Her soul had found God in Christ. The effects of that is told us in the verses that follow. Am I speaking to anyone who has never found Him? Let me tell you, you need not seek Him anywhere else. He is waiting to reveal Himself to you if you will come to Him as a confessed sinner and trust His grace.


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Q: NGEN.EXE (Does it really compile to native code?) I have one major question and two minor questions that are all related. Firstly, does ngen.exe actually compile to native exes that you can distribute? There is very little known about ngen.exe. Secondly, is there actually a way to compile .net to native x86 code even if they still depend on the .net framework. Lastly, with mono, can you compile to native code, by just 'chucking' your project from VS to mono?

A: Short answer: yes. When you start a .NET application that is not NGEN'ed, when you execute a method for the first time, it's compiled to native code. The .NET virtual machine doesn't execute MSIL, it only executes the native code. What NGEN does is that it does all of this work up front. See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/6t9t5wcf(v=vs.80).aspx for more information.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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With 82.8 million inhabitants, Germany has the fourth-largest national economy and industrial base in the world. The overwhelming majority of German businesses are small and medium-sized enterprises. A total of 61 % of the workforce in Germany works in these small and medium-sized enterprises. In 2016, Germany was the world's third largest export nation, behind the United States and China.
In December, 33.32 million people were registered employees subject to social security contributions according to the extrapolation, without seasonal adjustment, of the Federal Employment Agency. Year on year, this represented an increase of 708 000 or 2.2 %. Compared with the previous year, the number of people in full-time employment subject to social security contributions rose by 403 000 or 1.7 % in December and the number of people in part-time employment subject to social security contributions rose by 304 000 or 3.3 %.
In all federal states, the number of jobs subject to social security contributions increased year on year. The highest growth rate by far was in Berlin (+3.7 %). The smallest increases were recorded in Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia (+0.5 % in each case).
Unemployment fell from January to February by 33 000 or 1 % to 2 373 000 or 5.3 %. On average over the last 3 years in February it has fallen by 16 000 or 1 %.
In comparison to the previous year, the number of unemployed people in February fell by 173 000 or 7 %, after ‑165 000 or ‑6 % in January.
Unemployment in eastern Germany fell to a slightly greater extent than in western Germany. In eastern Germany it fell by 9 % to 591 000. Year on year, in western Germany unemployment fell by 6 % to 1 782 000. The greatest percentage drop in unemployment across Germany was recorded in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Schleswig-Holstein. The smallest reduction in unemployment was in Bremen.
On the basis of the entire civilian labour force, the unemployment rate in February was 5.3 %. In comparison with the previous year, it has fallen by 0.4 percentage points. The rate in eastern Germany, at 7.0 %, was higher than in western Germany (4.9 %). However, the gap between these rates has reduced by a considerable amount in recent years. In comparison with the previous year, the rate fell by 0.7 percentage points in eastern Germany and by 0.4 percentage points in western Germany.
At state level, the lowest unemployment rates were in Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg; the highest was in Bremen.
With seasonal adjustment, the number of reported available vacancies rose by 1 000 in February. Without seasonal adjustment there were 784 000 vacancies, which represented 20 000 or 3 % more than last year. A total of 92 % of the reported vacancies were to be filled immediately.
The number of jobs had a relatively high turnover rate. The number of job entrants, which is a better indicator of companies' willingness to recruit than the number of jobs, also fluctuates at a high level, but turned out to be weaker than in the previous year. With adjustment for the season and time of year, this volatile indicator remained static in February. Without adjustment, in February 224 000 available jobs were reported, down 8 000 or 4 % on the previous year. In the moving annual total from March 2018 to February 2019, which adjusts for seasonal and random fluctuations, entrants fell by 101 000 or 4 % year on year to 2 312 000. In February 64 %, and in the moving annual total 66 %, of the newly reported vacancies were to be filled immediately.
198 000 vacancies were de-registered in February, 2 000 or 1 % lower than the previous year. In the moving annual total, there were 2 287 000 departures from the labour market, 24 000 or 1 % less than the period for the previous year, including 5 % before the jobs became vacant. The average time to fill a vacancy increased by 13 days to 114 days year on year in the moving annual period. The longer vacancy times attest to the fact that it is becoming increasingly difficult for businesses to fill positions. Although it is not possible to talk about a general lack of workers or specialist workers, there are clear strains and shortages in some technical occupational categories, in building trades and in medical and care professions.
© Statistics from the Federal Employment Agency – February 2019
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