Nicotiana belongs to the Solanaceae family that includes important crops such as tomato, potato, eggplant, and pepper. Nicotiana species are of worldwide economic importance and are important model plants for scientific research. Here we present the comparative analysis of the transcriptomes of six wild diploid Nicotiana species. Wild relatives provide an excellent study system for the analysis of the genetic basis for various traits, especially disease resistance.
Whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed for leaves of six diploid Nicotiana species, i.e. Nicotiana glauca, Nicotiana noctiflora, Nicotiana cordifolia, Nicotiana knightiana, Nicotiana setchellii and Nicotiana tomentosiformis. For each species, 9.0–22.3 Gb high-quality clean data were generated, and 67,073–182,046 transcripts were assembled with lengths greater than 100 bp. Over 90 % of the ORFs in each species had significant similarity with proteins in the NCBI non-redundant protein sequence (NR) database. A total of 2491 homologs were identified and used to construct a phylogenetic tree from the respective transcriptomes in Nicotiana. Bioinformatic analysis identified resistance gene analogs, major transcription factor families, and alkaloid transporter genes linked to plant defense.
This is the first report on the leaf transcriptomes of six wild Nicotiana species by Illumina paired-end sequencing and de novo assembly without a reference genome. These sequence resources hopefully will provide an opportunity for identifying genes involved in plant defense and several important quality traits in wild Nicotiana and will accelerate functional genomic studies and genetic improvement efforts of Nicotiana or other important Solanaceae crops in the future.
The genus Nicotiana is a member of the Solanaceae or nightshade family, which includes many economically important crop plants such as tomato, potato, eggplant, and pepper. According to Goodspeed  and Goodspeed & Thompson , Nicotiana was initially divided into three subgenera and 14 sections. Recently, this genus was reclassified into 13 sections based on morphological, cytological, and DNA sequence data [3, 4]. Nicotiana includes over 75 naturally occurring species, almost half of which are allopolyploid . The genus Nicotiana contains species of scientific and economic importance, with different evolutionary histories resulting to highly complex genomes . Of all species, only Nicotiana tabacum (common tobacco) and Nicotiana rustica are cultivated worldwide, whereas the others are wild species. Moreover, Nicotiana benthamiana is used extensively as a model to study plant-pathogen interactions. Several other species, such as Nicotiana alata and Nicotiana sylvestris, are grown as ornamentals. In N. tabacum breeding programs, wild Nicotiana species are valuable sources for identifying genes involved in disease and pest resistance, important quality traits, and phytochemicals, which are not present in cultivated varieties .
Plants are constantly under the attack of bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes and insect pests. Some of them have successfully invaded crop plants, causing diseases and reducing crop quality and yield. To protect against pathogens, plants have evolved various defense mechanisms. Plant disease resistance (R) genes play a key role in defending plants from a range of pathogens. For instance, N genes from tobacco confer resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) . In recent years, a set of 112 known and 104,310 putative R genes fighting against 122 different pathogens have been identified in 233 plant species . Most of the characterized R genes share a few highly conserved domains, including nucleotide binding site (NBS), leucine-rich repeat (LRR), Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) and coiled-coil (CC) domains [9–11]. These conservative domains provide convenient and reliable means for rapidly identifying and cloning R genes or resistance gene analogs (RGAs).
Identification of Nicotiana R genes and RGAs cannot only help elucidate the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction, but also benefit breeding programs for disease resistance in Nicotiana and other important Solanaceae crops. Transcriptomic sequences can be useful substitutes for gene discovery in species without sequenced genomes. In the past, a large RGA pool has been mined from transcriptomic sequences and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of coffee , Phaseolus vulgaris , Curcuma longa  and Cocos nucifera . Wild Nicotiana species are known to resist a variety of pathogens. For example, N. glauca has attractive potentials to resist black root rot (BRR), potato virus Y (PVY), tobacco etch virus (TEV), anthracnose (An), powdery mildew (PM), rattle virus (RV) and tobacco streak virus (TS) [16–18]. Nicotiana noctiflora is resistant to PM and PVY. Nicotiana cordifolia shows resistance to TS. Nicotiana knightiana manifests high resistance to An, PM, root knot nematodes (RK), PVY and TEV. Nicotiana setchellii shows resistance to RV and TEV. Nicotiana tomentosiformis is resistant to cyst nematodes (CN), RK, RV and TEV [16, 17]. These observations suggest that wild Nicotiana species are excellent depositories of R genes and RGAs, but relevant analyses of these genes have been lacking.
In Nicotiana species, alkaloids (e.g. nicotine) are believed to function as a chemical defense mechanism against pathogens and herbivores. Nicotine and related pyridine alkaloids are synthesized in the tobacco root and then translocated to the aerial parts of the plant [19, 20]. Thus the translocation of nicotine from the root to the leaves is very important in tobacco defenses.
Comparative studies of closely related species can advance our understanding of the genetic architecture of adaptive traits. So far, such studies have been very limited for several crops including tobacco. This is mainly due to the lack of genomic resources hampering the development of genetic markers for investigating species divergence, adaptation and demographic processes in natural populations.
In the present study, we selected six wild Nicotiana species for analyses, which included N. glauca, N. noctiflora, N. cordifolia, N. knightiana, N. setchellii, and N. tomentosiformis. These diploid Nicotiana species (all with chromosome numbers of 2n = 24) were chosen because they are repositories of pathogen resistant genes (Table 1). The six wild Nicotiana species belong to three sections: Noctiflorae, Paniculatae and Tomentosae. Trait introgression from wild relatives has been used to improve crop species. For example, characters from at least 13 different species have been transferred into tobacco . With advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, genomic data for several Nicotiana species have become available [21–25]. These data revealed that some Nicotiana genomes are large compared with other Solanaceae species such as the tomato . For most wild Nicotiana species, very few genomic sequences are currently available. In this study, we performed transcriptome sequencing using the Illumina paired-end sequencing technique with the aim of identifying expressed RGAs, transcription factors important in plant defense, and alkaloid transporter genes by data mining. Our results will provide a useful basis for future identification and cloning of interest genes in wild Nicotiana and contribute to the improvement of cultivated tobacco and other important Solanaceae crops.
The Illumina paired-end sequencing yielded 100 bp paired-end independent reads from each insert of cDNA. After stringent quality assessment and data filtering, reads with Q20 bases (those with a base quality greater than 20) were selected as high quality reads for further analysis. In this study, 9.0–22.3 Gb of clean data were generated for each sample (Additional file 1). Due to the lack of reference genome information, Trinity was used for de novo assembly of the six wild Nicotiana species . We ultimately obtained 182,046, 146,188, 134,519, 67,073, 102,935 and 117,640 transcripts with length >100 bp for N. glauca, N. noctiflora, N. cordifolia, N. knightiana, N. setchellii and N. tomentosiformis, respectively (Additional file 1). Subsequently, open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted and the transcripts were translated into peptides culled at a minimum length of 100 amino acids. Only ORFs longer than 300 bp were considered to be possible protein-encoding transcripts and 33,995–79,449 ORFs were obtained through this process for the studied species (see Additional file 2). Although the ORFs of the six wild Nicotiana species varied within a large range, from 33,995 to 79,449, after removing redundancy due to alternative splicing isoforms, the ORFs ranged from 22,168 to 29,356 (N. glauca 22,934, N. noctiflora 26,788, N. cordifolia 29,356, N. knightiana 22,168, N. setchellii 26,579 and N. tomentosiformis 24,213).
In the absence of a reference genome, evaluating the quality of the de novo assembled transcriptomes becomes a tedious job. To resolve it, we marked N. tomentosiformis as a reference. A total of 53,753 reported peptide sequences (ftp://solgenomics.net/genomes/Nicotiana_tomentosiformis/annotation/, Accessed 27th Apr 2015) were blasted  against our predicted ORFs of N. tomentosiformis using BLASTp with a cut-off e-value of 10−5. A total of 50,390 (93.74 %) N. tomentosiformis proteins had a BLAST hit in our ORFs and 32,761 (60.95 %) proteins showed ≥90 % identity with more than 50 % matched length of the corresponding proteins, which suggests our assembly should be largely complete. Moreover, ORFs were compared to the core eukaryote gene (CEG) set of 248 proteins from six reference species  to assess the quality of each transcriptome. The CEGs were well-represented in the assembled transcriptomes of the N. glauca, N. noctiflora, N. cordifolia, N. knightiana, N. setchellii, N. tomentosiformis, with significant matches (alignment length ≥50 % CEG length and e-value <10−5) to 87.10, 92.34, 91.94, 89.92, 90.73 and 91.53 % of the CEGs, respectively. This indicated that the quality and completeness of our transcriptome assemblies were high enough for subsequent analyses. These transcriptome sequences may greatly enrich the Nicotiana sequence database, and will be useful in trait-related gene mining, such as the identification of plant defense genes.
To obtain the most informative and complete annotation, ORFs from six species of Nicotiana were annotated separately. Sequence similarity searches were conducted against the NCBI NR and Swiss-Prot databases using the BLASTp algorithm with a cutoff e-value of 10−5. Using this approach, 94.68–97.43 % ORFs showed homology with sequences in the NR database (Table 2) and 71.06–77.76 % ORFs returned significant matches in the Swiss-Prot database (Table 2). The e-value distribution of the top hits in the Swiss-Prot database showed that 60.78 % of the mapped sequences had a strong homology (smaller than 10−5, Additional file 3). The remaining un-annotated ORFs appeared to be either Nicotiana-specific genes or homologous genes with unknown functions in other species.
Besides, a higher (>90 %) match rate in the NR database was shown by ORFs with >200 aa in length, whereas ORFs shorter than 200 aa exhibited a lower match rate (Fig. 1). An almost similar match rate pattern was observed in the annotation for Swiss-Prot database (Additional file 4).
The expression level of each ORF from six wild Nicotiana species was normalized and quantified by the FPKM (fragments per kilobase per million sequenced reads) method (Additional file 5). The ORFs with FPKM <1 were considered to be unexpressed, ORFs with FPKM values between 1 and 3 were considered lowly expressed, those between 3 and 15 were considered expressed at medium levels, and those with FPKM values >60 were considered highly expressed (Table 3). The top 20 ORFs with highest FPKM values for each species can be seen in Additional file 6. These ORFs either encode chloroplast proteins or play role in photosynthesis. These results are consistent with the fact that leaves are the plant's main photosynthetic organs.
Large-scale transcriptome data are a potential source of information for multigene phylogenetic analysis (the phylogenomic approach). In this study, 2491 single copy orthologs were identified and two phylogenetic trees were constructed by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method in Phylip  (Fig. 2) and maximum likelihood (ML) method in PhyML  (Additional file 7). The two phylogenies showed identical topologies. Earlier, Goodspeed placed N. glauca in the section Paniculatae based on evidence from morphology, cytology, biogeography, and crossing experiments . Later, N. glauca was placed in the section Noctiflorae based on analysis of sequences from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) [3, 32]. Current phylogenetic analysis of the transcriptomes from six diploid species of Nicotiana with Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) as an outgroup supported the Noctiflorae, Paniculatae, and Tomentoase clades. The phylogenetic trees obtained in the current study placed N. glauca in the section Noctiflorae, supporting the results of previous works by Chase et al. . and Knapp et al. .
ORFs of six wild Nicotiana species were compared with KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) database using BLASTp with an e-value less than 10−5, and the corresponding pathways were established. For the six species, 55.24–60.12 % of ORFs were successfully annotated to KEGG pathways (Table 2). Genes within the same pathway usually cooperate with each other to exercise their biological function, and hence pathway-based analysis contributes to the exploration of biological functions and interactions of genes . The sequence annotation in KEGG largely contained metabolic pathways of major biomolecules such as carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, nucleotides, etc. (Fig. 3a). The metabolic pathways with most representation by proteins were those of carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism. In the secondary metabolism, for N. glauca, N. noctiflora, N. cordifolia, N. knightiana, N. setchellii, N. tomentosiformis, 687, 817, 1064, 518, 779 and 677 proteins were classified into 14 subcategories, respectively (Fig. 3b). Among them, the cluster for "Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis" represents the largest group followed by "Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis". The phenypropanoid pathway is often considered to be involved in plant resistance . Flavonoids and glucosinolates are secondary metabolites that play important roles in protecting plants against pathogens. We also found unigenes involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoid and glucosinolate. The results will facilitate the discovery of novel genes involved in the specific metabolic pathways and secondary metabolic pathways and will provide a valuable resource for investigating the defense-related pathways in Nicotiana and other Solanaceae species.
Gene ontology (GO)  provides ontologies of defined terms representing gene product properties and describes gene products in terms of their associated biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. In this study, 36,508, 35,846, 43,279, 20,370, 30,079 and 27,592 annotated ORFs corresponding to N. glauca, N. noctiflora, N. cordifolia, N. knightiana, N. setchellii, and N. tomentosiformis, respectively, were assigned to one or more sub-categories of GO terms. The GO terms of the subcategories are presented in Fig. 4. For the six wild Nicotiana species, among these groups, genes involved in "metabolic process" and "cellular process" were the most highly represented in the biological process category. Genes involved in other important biological processes such as biological regulation, response to stimulus, and anatomical structure formation process were also identified. Furthermore, a relatively large number of sequences were found to be involved in the metabolism of pigmentation. Within the cellular components category, "cell" and "cell parts" were the most highly represented groups. The molecular function category comprised proteins involved in "binding" and "catalytic activity". These six wild Nicotiana transcriptomes shared broad similarities in the three main categories and many subcategories except viral reproduction.
The majority of disease resistance genes in plants contain a nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) domain [36, 37], which confers resistance to fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. In plants, based on the presence or absence of a TIR homology region at the N-terminus, the NBS-LRR genes can be subdivided into two main groups: TIR-NBS-LRR and non-TIR-NBS-LRR. The latter may have a coiled-coil (CC) motif in the N-terminal region and can be called as CC-NBS-LRR.
To control diseases in certain agriculturally important plants, the identification of resistance genes from their less susceptible relatives has been the top priority in crop breeding programs. In the case of Solanaceae species, the pepper Bs2 gene with NBS-LRR domain was introduced into tomato lines to develop resistance against bacterial spot disease . In tobacco, the TIR-NBS-LRR encoding N gene was introduced into N. benthamiana, which resulted in the acquirement of hypersensitivity response to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) .
In this study, after going through a filtering process, 87–173 unigenes encoding NBS domains were identified from the six wild Nicotiana species. These NBS-encoding genes were classified into six classes on the presence or absence of CC domain, TIR domain, and/or LRR domain. These six classes include CC-NBS-LRR, CC-NBS, TIR-NBS-LRR, TIR-NBS, NBS-LRR, and NBS (Table 4). The NBS class was the most represented class (61–113 unigenes) for all six species in the present study. The TIR-NBS class had 3–8 unigenes for each species, and the NBS-LRR class had 5–14 unigenes (0 for N. tomentosiformis). Additionally, 2–11 unigenes (0 for N. cordifolia) were predicted to encode TIR-NBS-LRR, 11–31 unigenes were identified as CC-NBS, and 3–7 unigenes contained CC-NBS-LRR. The candidate R genes will enhance our knowledge about the mechanisms of disease resistance in Solanaceae species and help breed novel disease resistant varieties.
Transcription factors (TFs) are also important in disease resistance. They bind to the promoters of resistance genes and regulate their expression. The TFs related to defense or disease resistance mainly belong to the MYB , WRKY , bZIP  and Whirly  families. Overexpression of the defense-related TFs has improved disease resistance in many transgenic crops . By using Pfam annotations, we identified 439–618 candidate unigenes matching the defense-related TFs in the six wild species of Nicotiana (Table 5). These candidate TFs will be potential targets for developing the resistant lines of tobacco and other Solanaceae crops.
Alkaloids are mainly produced in the root and then translocated via xylem transport towards the aerial parts. These toxic chemicals function as part of the chemical defense against invaders [19, 20]. To date, the plant alkaloid transporters are mainly characterized into the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) protein, multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE), and purine permease (PUP) families. Some transporters were found to be required for the efficient biosynthesis of alkaloids in plants . In tobacco, several alkaloid transporter genes have been identified, such as tobacco jasmonate-inducible alkaloid tranporter1 (Nt-JAT1), Nt-JAT2, tobacco nicotine uptake permease1 (Nt-NUP1), NtMATE1 and NtMATE2 [46–50].
In the present study, we began our investigation by searching the assembled transcriptome for orthologous genes to known alkaloid transporter genes in the tobacco. Nt-JAT1 transports nicotine and other alkaloids in a proton gradient-dependent manner. Nt-JAT1 mRNA is expressed in leaves, stems, and roots. In leaf cells, Nt-JAT1 localizes to the tonoplast and might play a role in the vacuolar sequestration of nicotine . We found one orthologous gene for Nt-JAT1 in the assembled N. cordifolia, N. setchellii and N. tomentosiformis transcriptomes with high confidence, respectively. For Nt-JAT2 and NtNUP1 genes, we found orthologous genes in N. noctiflora, N. cordifolia, N. knightiana, N. setchellii and N. tomentosiformis. According to previous reports, Nt-JAT2 is specifically expressed in leaves. Nt-JAT2 contributes to the transportation of nicotine into the vacuole of leaves . Nt-NUP1 is a plasma membrane-localized nicotine transporter of the PUP family. It is involved in the movement of apoplastic nicotine into the cytoplasm of tobacco root cells, which affects nicotine metabolism and root growth. NUP1 transcripts are less abundant in the leaves, but are abundant in root tips where nicotine is actively synthesized . Two homologous MATE transporters, NtMATE1 and NtMATE2, were reported to be responsible for the vacuolar accumulation of nicotine in the root. We found one orthologous gene corresponding to the tobacco MATE1/2 genes in the leaf of N. noctiflora. This gene may have a different function.
We did not identify any orthologous genes for Nt-JAT2 and Nt-NUP1 in N. glauca. Since N. glauca can grow to a tree of several meters tall, it is possible that the acropetal transport of defensive alkaloid is relatively inefficient.
It is well-known that genetic diversity is essential for the continuous genetic modification and improvement of cultivated crops, as well as for many basic studies in plant biology. As an economic crop, cultivated tobacco has received a fair number of desired genes from wild Nicotiana relatives [51–57]. Although wild Nicotiana species have played important roles in many research areas of plant biology, their genomic resources have been slowly developed relative to most other major crop species. With this study, we provide the reference transcriptome sequences of six wild Nicotiana species for public use. By constructing phylogenetic trees, we confirmed the classification of Nicotiana into three sections and the placement of these wild species in each section. Our study will provide a better understanding of the genomic architecture of wild Nicotiana and help elucidate genes involved in plant defense. It is likely that these Nicotiana species will be used as model systems for investigating many aspects of general plant biology in future. These sequences will be an important resource for evolutionary and developmental genetics in the genus Nicotiana and will contribute significantly to the improvement of cultivated tobacco and other important Solanaceae crops.
Six wild species of Nicotiana, including N. setchellii, N. cordifolia, N. knightiana, N. tomentosiformis, N. noctiflora, and N. glauca, were grown in a greenhouse in Guizhou Province under the same cultivation conditions. Fresh leaves from 30-day-old flowerless plants were collected, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −70 °C. RNA was purified using TRIzol (Invitrogen, CA, USA) from the frozen materials according to the manufacturer's instructions. RNA degradation and contamination was monitored on 1 % agarose gels. RNA integrity was confirmed using the 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies) with a minimum RNA integrated number value of 8 after checking the RNA purity and concentration.
RNA sequencing libraries were constructed in parallel from the six species using TruSeq RNA Sample Prep Kits (Illumina, SanDiego, USA). Briefly, first strand cDNA synthesis was performed with oligo-dT primer and Superscript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, CA, USA). The second strand was synthesized with Escherichia coli DNA Pol I (Invitrogen, CA, USA). Double-stranded cDNA was purified with a Qiaquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen), and sheared with a nebulizer (Invitrogen, CA, USA) into 200–250 bp fragments. After the end repair and addition of a 3′-dA overhang, the cDNA was ligated to Illumina PE adapter oligo mix (Illumina). The products were then purified and enriched with PCR to create the final sequencing cDNA library. Both ends of the library were sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform.
Before performing the assembly, raw reads (FASTQ format) were cleaned by removing reads containing adaptor sequences, reads containing poly-N, and low-quality reads. For each species, de novo transcriptome assembly was performed using Trinity  (version: trinityrnaseq_r2012-06-08) with default settings except min_kmer_cov set to 2, which is a method for the efficient and robust de novo reconstruction of transcriptomes. Afterwards, transcripts with length <200 bp in each species were removed. The protein-coding region prediction program in the Trinity software suite (transcripts_to_best_scoring_ORFs.pl) was used to identify putative open reading frames (ORFs) consisting of at least 100 amino acids on the basis of nucleotide composition.
Peptide annotation for the ORFs obtained in this study was performed by BLASTp (version 2.2.29 +)  searching in the NCBI NR database (24th June 2014) and Swiss-Prot database (28th April 2015). An e-value cutoff of 10−5 was used and only one best hit was retained for each sequence query. To assign preliminary GO terms to the ORFs, InterProScan (version 5.4)  was used to screen the annotated peptide sequences against all the default databases. GO classification of the ORFs was conducted based on biological processes, molecular function, and cellular component and subsequently was visualized by the WEGO online tool . Pathway assignments were carried out based on the KEGG database (8th March 2011) . The ORFs from each species were first compared with KEGG database using BLASTp (version 2.2.29 +) with an e-value less than 10−5. An in-house Perl script (https://github.com/NiLong/kegg_stat/) was developed to retrieve KO (KEGG Orthology) information from BLASTp results and correlation between peptides and database pathway was established. The RSEM software (version 1.2.13)  was used to quantify the expression level of the ORFs of six wild Nicotiana species measured as FPKM values.
The initial set of annotation contained a high level of redundancy as more than half of the annotated transcripts were alternative splicing isoforms . To avoid this redundancy in subsequent analyses, ORFs from six Nicotiana species were clustered using cd-hit-est command in CD-HIT v4.6.1-2012-08-27  with >95 % similarity cutoff and only the representative ORFs in each cluster were retained. This yielded non-redundant sequence datasets for N. glauca (22,934 genes), N. noctiflora (26,788 genes), N. cordifolia (29,356 genes), N. knightiana (22,168 genes), N. setchellii (26,579 genes) and N. tomentosiformis (24,213 genes). These non-redundant sequences were defined as unigenes. Similarly, tomato coding sequences (CDSs) obtained from ITAG2.4 were also clustered and 33,721 genes were obtained. OrthoMCL v1.4  was used to identify ortholog relationships between the six wild Nicotiana species and tomato.
Phylogenetic trees were constructed using sequences of 2491 single copy orthologs from six Nicotiana species with S. lycopersicum (tomato) as an outgroup. Multiple sequence alignments were performed by MUSCLE v3.8.31 . Two methods were used to reconstruct phylogenetic trees: (1) the neighbor-joining method in Phylip v3.696  and bootstrapped with 1000 replicates, and (2) the maximum likelihood method in PhyML v3.0 .
For the identification of the NBS-encoding genes in this study, we followed the method described for diploid cotton Gossypium raimondii . Firstly, the protein sequences of 112 manually curated reference disease resistance genes were collected from the plant resistance gene database (http://www.prgdb.org) . Non-redundant protein sequences (unigenes) from the six wild Nicotiana species were subsequently checked for sequence homology with at least one resistance protein contained in the reference dataset using BLASTp (version 2.2.29+) (scores ≥100 and e-values ≤10−5). In a second step, all the BLAST hits were used for further analysis and were screened for protein domains by InterProScan version 5.4 . In the third step, the genes with NBS domain were filtered out according to the NBS domain annotation (PF00931) given by the Pfam database (v27.0) . Subsequently, the Pfam database, SMART protein motif analyses (Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool) (v6.2) , and the ncoils program (version 2.2)  were used to classify the NBS genes based on TIR, NBS, LRR and CC motifs. The program ncoils was used by InterProScan version 5.4 with default settings to predict coiled-coils domains. Pfam database (v27.0) and SMART protein motif analysis (v6.2) were used to detect the TIR (PF01582) and LRR domains (PF00560, PF07723, PF07725, PF12799, PF13306, PF13504, PF13516, PF13855, and PF14580).
Ten different TF families involved in disease resistance were retrieved from the literature by Sood et al. . Then the unigenes were searched against the domains of ten TFs, including MYB (PF00249, PF13921, PF14379), WRKY (PF03106), ERF-type/AP2-EREBP (PF00847), CBF (PF02312, PF00808, PF03914), bZIP (PF00170, PF03131, PF07716, PF12498), SBP/SPL6 (PF03110), NAC domain/NAM (PF02365, PF14303), TFIIA (PF03153, PF02268, PF02751), Homeo-domain (PF00046, PF05920, PF00157, PF13384, PF13565) and Whirly (PF08536) using the Pfam database from InterProScan version 5.4, respectively. Finally, proteins matching with the Pfam IDs were selected as TFs associated with disease resistance.
The coding sequences of Nt-JAT1 (accession number AM991692), Nt-JAT2 (accession number AB922128), NtMATE1 (accession number AB286961), NtMATE2 (accession number AB286962) and NtNUP1 (accession number GU174267) of N. tabacum were retrieved from NCBI. To identify orthologs of the alkaloid transporter genes in each species, we first performed a bidirectional BLAST search of the alkaloid transporter genes and unigenes from the six species against each other (identity ≥80 %, e-values ≤10−5, query coverage ≥50 %).
RNA-seq data have been deposited in the NCBI sequence Read Archive under the accession numbers SRR2106216, SRR2106514, SRR2106516, SRR2106517, SRR2106530 and SRR2106531. The data set supporting the results of this article is included within the additional files.
NL analyzed the data and drafted the manuscript. XLR provided the plants and revised the manuscript. WTW performed the experiment, prepared the mRNA and performed sequencing. ZDX performed data preprocess. YD designed the project and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We thank Guizhou Tobacco Research Institute for their assistance in providing wild Nicotiana materials.
40709_2016_48_MOESM1_ESM.pdf Additional file 1. Characteristics of raw data and assembled transcripts in six wild Nicotiana species.
40709_2016_48_MOESM2_ESM.pdf Additional file 2. Length distribution of the ORFs predicted from the transcripts of six wild Nicotiana species. Length values are represented in amino acids.
40709_2016_48_MOESM3_ESM.pdf Additional file 3. E-value distribution of the top BLAST hits for each ORF in the Swiss-Prot database. The cutoff e-value was set to 10−5.
40709_2016_48_MOESM4_ESM.pdf Additional file 4. Comparison of ORF length between hit and no hit proteins in Swiss-Prot database. For N. glauca, N. noctiflora, N. cordifolia, N. knightiana, N. setchellii, N. tomentosiformis, longer ORFs were more likely to have BLASTp homologs in protein database.
40709_2016_48_MOESM5_ESM.docx Additional file 5. The expression levels of ORFs (FPKM) in the six Nicotiana species.
40709_2016_48_MOESM6_ESM.xlsx Additional file 6. The top 20 abundant ORFs in the six Nicotiana species.
40709_2016_48_MOESM7_ESM.xlsx Additional file 7. Phylogenetic tree based on the transcriptomes of six Nicotiana and S. lycopersicum using ML method.


text:
Oscar Ferdinand Herrmann (Vackre Herrmann), född 19 oktober 1838, död 13 juni 1896, var en svensk flöjtist. Herrmann kom i Svea livgardes tjänst 1852, där han 1860 befordrades till hautboist samt utnämndes till regementstrumslagare 1862. 1868-1869 ingick han i Ludvig Josephsons orkester vid Mindre teatern. Från 1872 var Herrmann anställd vid Hovkapellet till 1878 då han avgick. Han ledde vaktparaden i 26 år samt var under flera år musikalisk ledare för musikkårens konserter på Blanchs café. Herrman komponerade främst marscher, bland andra Festmarsch och Friskt liv som framfördes vid en konsert hos Skarpskytteföreningen 1867.

Källor
 Gunhild Karle, Ludvig Norman och Kungl. Hovkapellet i Stockholm 1861-90. Med flera. 2006.

Medlemmar av Kungliga Hovkapellet
Svenska flöjtister under 1800-talet
Födda 1838
Avlidna 1896
Svenska musiker under 1800-talet
Män

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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      Back ground value
      <default>0</default>
    </double>

    <boolean>
      <name>useMinMaxIntensity</name>
      <longflag>useMinMaxIntensity</longflag>
      <description>Use the min max intensity set by parameter. Defaults to compute the values.</description>
      Use minimum maximum intensity
      <default>0</default>
    </boolean>

    <boolean>
      <name>useFullConnectivity</name>
      <longflag>useFullConnectivity</longflag>
      <description>Use full connectivity to compute the run lenghts</description>
      Use full connectivity to compute the run lenghts
      <default>0</default>
    </boolean>

    <double>
      <name>minIntensity</name>
      <longflag>minIntensity</longflag>
      <description>Minimum intensity to run the RLE</description>
      Min intensity
      <default>1</default>
    </double>

    <double>
      <name>maxIntensity</name>
      <longflag>maxIntensity</longflag>
      <description>Maximum intensity to run the RLE</description>
      Max intensity
      <default>255</default>
    </double>

    <integer>
      <name>numberOfIntensityBins</name>
      <longflag>numberOfIntensityBins</longflag>
      <description>Number of intensity bins to build the histogram</description>
      Intensity Bins
      <default>64</default>
    </integer>

    <boolean>
      <name>useDynamicThreshold</name>
      <longflag>useDynamicThreshold</longflag>
      <description>Compute a dynamic threshold around each pixel, Threshold_i = Pixel_i '+-' BinSize / 2.0 </description>
      Dynamic threshold
      <default>0</default>
    </boolean>

    <boolean>
      <name>useMinMaxSize</name>
      <longflag>useMinMaxSize</longflag>
      <description>Use the minimum and maximum set by parameter. Defaults to compute the minimum and maximum size</description>
      Max intensity
      <default>0</default>
    </boolean>

    <integer>
      <name>minSize</name>
      <longflag>minSize</longflag>
      <description>Minimum size of the connected components in the image to run the RLE</description>
      Min size
      <default>1</default>
    </integer>

    <integer>
      <name>maxSize</name>
      <longflag>maxSize</longflag>
      <description>Maximum size of the connected components to run the RLE. If size is -1, there is no cap for size.</description>
      Max size
      <default>-1</default>
    </integer>

    <integer>
      <name>numberOfSizeBins</name>
      <longflag>numberOfSizeBins</longflag>
      <description>Number of size bins to build the histogram</description>
      Max intensity
      <default>64</default>
    </integer>

    <integer>
      <name>percentile</name>
      <longflag>percentile</longflag>
      <description>Value were the percentage of observations falls in the sample, e.x.: percentile = 5 then histogram window will be [5%, 95%] of observations. Measurements outside of range are not clipped but instead contribute to the closest bin.</description>
      Percentile
      <default>5</default>
    </integer>

  </parameters>

  <parameters>
    Ouput parameters
    <description>Output parameters</description>

    <string>
      <name>outputHistogram</name>
      <longflag>outputHistogram</longflag>
      <description>Filename to store the histogram in CSV format</description>
      OutputHistogramCSV
      <default></default>
    </string>

    <boolean>
      <name>outputHistogramPrint</name>
      <longflag>outputHistogramPrint</longflag>
      <description>Print the histogram to console</description>
      OutputHistogramPrint
      <default>0</default>
    </boolean>

    <string>
      <name>outputRLE</name>
      <longflag>outputRLE</longflag>
      <description>Filename to store the RLE analysis values</description>
      OutputRLEValues
      <default></default>
    </string>

    <integer>
      <name>outputHistogramVar</name>
      <longflag>outputHistogramVar</longflag>
      <description>Javascript variable name to store the output histogram string in CSV format in Module.variable[outputHistogramVar], the variable should be given as a pointer.</description>
      OutputHistogramCSV
      <default>0</default>
    </integer>

    <integer>
      <name>outputRLEVar</name>
      <longflag>outputRLEVar</longflag>
      <description>Javascript variable name to store the output string int Module.variable[outputRLEVar], the variable should be given as a pointer.</description>
      OutputRLEValues
      <default>0</default>
    </integer>

    <image>
      <name>outputEntropyImageFilename</name>
      Output entropy image
      <channel>output</channel>
      <description>Write the output entropy image computed from the histogram</description>
      <longflag>entropyImageFilename</longflag>
    </image>

  </parameters>
</executable>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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New Jersey Gamebreaker: Ilya Kovalchuk
Mike G. Morreale NHL.com April 11, 2010
Wondering what keeps New Jersey Devils winger Ilya Kovalchuk up at night? How about the fact he's never won a Stanley Cup Playoff game in his seven-plus seasons.
"Our team (Atlanta) lost all four games in our only playoff appearance (in 2006-07), but I remember the great atmosphere in those games," Kovalchuk said. "But I'm still looking for first win in the playoffs."
The fact Kovalchuk had been winless in the postseason was of no concern to Devils General Manager Lou Lamoriello when he pulled the trigger on a five-player trade with the Thrashers in February to acquire the perennial 40-goal scorer….
While Kovalchuk adds a similar dynamic offensive presence for the Devils, not to mention a cannon for a shot, he also has an insatiable appetite to succeed at both ends and a powerful presence on the power-play. Kovalchuk has scored at least 12 power-play goals in each of the last six seasons.
"He's been very steady in his work," Devils coach Jacques Lemaire said of Kovalchuk. "He's played hard since he's been here. He makes things happen either for him or guys' he's playing with."…
"He knows how to make other people around him better, as you can see by the assists he gets," Lamoriello said. "He can do things that a lot of people can't do."
Kovalchuk is just the type of game-breaker the Devils will need to advance deep in the Stanley Cup Playoffs….
Click Here to Read Full Article

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Please donate via our JustGiving page
Our chair wins a prestigious Royal College of Psychiatrists President's Medal
With fellow winners and the executive of the Royal College of Psychiatrists
On 20 June 2022, our Chair and Founder, Rachel Bannister, won a Royal College of Psychiatrists President's Medal. As described in the award ceremony, medal winners are chosen by the College President to 'honour and offer the College's gratitude to a small number of deserving people annually, who have contributed to policy, public knowledge, education, and meeting population and patient care needs in diverse and challenging circumstances. These awards are instituted to extend the ways in which we celebrate and honour people in all walks of life who have made, and continue to make, significant contributions to improving the lives of people with mental illness. This year, we have chosen seven people whose contributions in diverse fields, relevant to mental health, are truly stunning and inspiring to the profession.'
Rachel, who has been the carer representative on the Royal College of Psychiatrists Council since 2017, won the medal because she 'continues to ensure the College persists in seeing lived experience as fundamental to progressive change and improvement in the understanding and treatment of those suffering from mental illness.'
With Prof Subodh Dave, Dean of the Royal College of Psychiatrists
Our Chair Writes in the British Medical Journal about Underfunded Mental Healthcare Services
Our Chair, Rachel Bannister, recently wrote an opinion piece in the British Medical Journal where she claimed that without early intervention in the community and continuity of care, people with mental health conditions will continue to be failed by services.
The Next President of The Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCPsych) Writes Pledge
Dr Lade Smith CBE
Human Rights Activist Peter Tatchell Writes Pledge
Prominent MPs support our cause
Several prominent MPs support our cause, including Jeremy Corbyn and Caroline Lucas. On 5 September, Jeremy Corbyn MP endorsed our charity and wrote a pledge about his commitment to improving mental health.
His pledge reads: 'I will work with and support people going through mental health illness to ensure they receive the support and care they need. I will also work for a less stressful society by elimination of poverty and housing stress!'
Caroline's pledge reads: 'Action on mental health isn't a luxury – it's essential NOW. I pledge to do all I can to ensure good mental health services for everyone.'
We have asked individuals from all major UK parties to pledge their support, and we are happy to have backing across the political spectrum.
Our first fundraising initiative
We are excited to announce our first funding raising initiative in conjunction with the Nottingham-based charity IMARA.
One of our aims as a charity is to promote universal access to, and research in, trauma resolution therapies. In addition, we are working with IMARA to commission therapy for those unable to access therapy through statutory services.
When we refer to 'trauma' we mean a traumatic or painful experience in the widest sense of the word.
It could be child developmental trauma: physical, sexual or emotional abuse. It could be a recent traumatic or difficult experience such as bereavement or bullying.
Our initial fundraising target is £42,000 to fund therapeutic intervention provided through IMARA. It will include access to a range of therapies listed here (and below):
Parks Inner Child Therapy (PICT)
Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR)
Rapid Transformational Therapy (RTT)
Please consider making a donation and help us to offer hope to those who have suffered traumatic experiences but are unable to access support and treatment.
Statement following the death of Nikki Grahame
The trustees of the Mental Health – Time for Action Foundation (registered charity no. 1191319) are deeply saddened to hear of the death of Nikki Grahame. We would like to offer our condolences to all of those who knew and loved her.
Her untimely and tragic death speaks to the many issues facing those needing eating disorder services. Access to early intervention and appropriate treatment continues to be a postcode lottery with many people waiting years to access care. Some continue to be sent to out-of-area inpatient hospitals far from their families and community. This not only prolongs illness but often worsens prognosis.
Our chair, Rachel Bannister, whose daughter has battled an eating disorder for over eight years, said:
'My daughter has spent two of her teenage years hospitalised in units across the length and breadth of the country. Instead of being supported to recover at home, surrounded by those who love her, she was immersed in the "anorexic world" of several hospitals which no doubt delayed her recovery.'
The Mental Health – Time for Action Foundation believes we desperately need treatment pathways for eating disorders like those available at the Royal Free Hospital in London. The Eating Disorder Intensive Service (EDIS) there is equipped to treat children and young people within their home and community. The EDIS has been running since 2011, and there have been no deaths or serious incidents in its history. The majority of patients are treated successfully in the community without the need for expensive and often traumatising hospital admissions.
The Mental Health – Time for Action Foundation will petition Matt Hancock, the Health Secretary, to visit the EDIS and commit to properly investing in good quality, publicly-funded eating disorder services.
Register for the 'He Died Waiting' Book Launch Today
Announcing our Attainment of Charitable Status
Today, on World Mental Health Day 2020, we would like to announce that the Mental Health – Time for Action Foundation has achieved chariable status (registered charity no. 1191319). Our aim is to promote and protect mental health, and provide relief to those suffering from mental illness, in particular, but not exclusively by:
Providing grants and funding for mental health treatment
Advancing public education into the causes and treatment of mental illness, including undertaking research for the public benefit and the publication of the results
Informing the public about the available mental health services
With the nation's mental health a rising concern during the COVID-19 crisis, the work of the Mental Health – Time for Action Foundation has never been more necessary.
The Mental Health – Time for Action Foundation operates nationally. Its trustees are Rachel Bannister (chair), Alex Serafimov, Naomi Rasmussen, and Caroline Bald.
Our patron is the nationally renowned psychiatrist and researcher Ahmed Hankir.
We look forward to playing our part in promoting and protecting mental health.
Our Annual Conference was a Success!
The nationwide mental health crisis brought together mental health campaigners and practitioners, service user groups, unions, and the public at the Mental Health Crisis Summit 2019 in London at the end of September. It was organised by Health Campaigns Together, Keep Our NHS Public, and ourselves, Mental Health – Time for Action. Themes that ran through our event included how poverty contributes to mental ill health and how structural change is needed, demands for an end to austerity and the underfunding of the NHS, calls for the social model of health to become standard and UK law, demands for the end of the 'hostile environment' in the NHS, and discussions about how service users must be prioritised in any conversation about mental health.
At the summit, Rachel Bannister, founder of Mental Health – Time for Action, shared her daughter's moving personal experience of stretched and inadequate child and adolescent mental health services. Denise McKenna, co-founder of the Mental Health Resistance Network, criticised both the medical model and abuses within mental health services. Film director Ken Loach sadly relayed cases of suicide in response to the hopelessness of insecure and low-paid work, and Jon Ashworth, Shadow Health Secretary, discussed how mental and physical wellbeing can be secured by dealing with social and economic problems such as poverty and inequality. He told the conference, "Delivering social wellbeing isn't just about legislating, but about dealing with the wider social and economical determinants of ill health."
It is only through campaigns like the Mental Health Crisis Summit, and a social and economic transformation, that we can end the mental health crisis in this country.
Rachel Bannister, founder of Mental Health – Time for Action with director Ken Loach and his mental health pledge
Shadow Health Secretary Jon Ashworth giving his talk
Rachel Bannister giving her moving talk
Announcing our Second Annual Conference
On Mental Health Awareness Week 2019, Health Campaigns Together, Mental Health – Time for Action and Keep Our NHS Public have called an event:
Mental Health Crisis Summit 2019
Royal Free Hospital School Of Medicine
Rowland Hill Street
NW3 2PF
Eventbrite: https://mentalhealthcrisissummit2019.eventbrite.co.uk
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/events/1753529494793540/
Keep Our NHS Public Webpage: https://keepournhspublic.com/blog/its-time-to-act-mental-health-crisis-summit-launched/
Unwaged/Low Pension: £5.00
Standard: £10.00
Solidarity: £20.00
What the organisers have to say:
"When a government lets down society's vulnerable and fails to look after people with mental health issues and in fact is making the situation worse, it is time for us all to come together to demand a better mental health service, a well-funded, public NHS without private interests, and a more responsible society."
Dr Tony O'Sullivan
Co-Chair of Health Campaigns Together and Keep Our NHS Public
"Despite repeated promises of parity of esteem between mental and physical health, our mental health services are in crisis, with beds and clinicians in short supply while referrals are at an all-time high. Early intervention and access to evidence-based therapies remains a postcode lottery, and little is being done. Our Mental Health Crisis Summit will bring attention to these issues, highlight the failings of the current government, and include the participation of service users, carers, clinicians, academics, campaigners, and the public. Together, at our summit, we will chart a path towards adequately funded, well managed, and user-centred mental health care for all."
Rachel Bannister and Alex Serafimov
Mental Health – Time for Action
Event is hosted by Mental Health – Time for Action and
https://www.healthcampaignstogether.com
https://keepournhspublic.com
Video links (please watch and share):
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FkHlZJh8ZIY
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/healthcampaignstogether/videos/388425645217042/
Twitter: https://twitter.com/nhscampaigns/status/1128276723819261954
Twitter: https://twitter.com/The_TUC/status/1128178628666089474 (short clip with subs)
Who are Mental Health – Time for Action?
In 2016 Rachel's teenage daughter was sent over 300 miles away from home for treatment for a mental health condition. Sadly, it isn't just Rachel's family that have had to endure such a painful separation and the resulting trauma. Out of area placements continue to be common practice. They not only cause great upset and trauma for patients and their families they often have a detrimental effect on recovery, through denying patients the all-important continuity of care.
Sky News interview Rachel Bannister 8th October 2018
Mental health, CAMHS in particular, is poorly resourced and under-prioritised in the NHS. It is also a postcode lottery. We need to change that.
'Mental health — time for action' is an ongoing campaign for fully funded mental health services within a humane and compassionate society.
We held our inaugural conference 19th May 2018 where we heard from people from a range of backgrounds including Doctors, mental health nurses and teachers all with experience of or interest in mental ill health. In addition to campaigning for better services we are also committed to trying to ensure a happier and more equal society. We believe therefore that we must end austerity, poverty and the current system of over testing in schools. We support the More than A Score Campaign to end testing in primary schools. We also support the Keep Our NHS Public campaign and believe that it is imperative that we return our National Health Service into public ownership and ensure healthcare continues to be available for everyone and remains free at the point of need.
It's hoped that you will be inspired to join the campaign to fight for properly funded mental health services which we believe must provide continuity and consistency of treatment and wherever possible within the community.
Please sign:
Mental Health – Time for Action started this petition to Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party Theresa May MP
If you're struggling with suicidal thoughts please visit Staying Safe – help if you're feeling suicidal


Explain why QoS is critical on VoIP networks.
Distinguish between congestion management and congestion avoidance.
Describe how to limit the bandwidth used by specific traffic types.
Identify strategies for maximizing available WAN bandwidth for VoIP traffic.
Traditionally, networks physically separated voice, video, and data traffic. These traffic types literally flowed over separate media (for example, leased lines or fiber optic cables). Today, however, network designers leverage the power of existing data networks to transmit voice and video, thus achieving significant cost savings by reducing equipment, maintenance, and even staffing costs.
Today's converged networks present a challenge, however. Specifically, multiple applications contend for bandwidth, and some applications (for example, voice) are more intolerant of delay, sometimes called latency, than other applications, such as FTP file transfers. A lack of bandwidth overshadows most quality problems.
Delay Delay is the time required for a packet to travel from its source to its destination. You might have witnessed delay on the evening news, when the news anchor is talking via satellite to a foreign news correspondent. Due to the satellite delay, the conversation begins to feel unnatural.
Jitter Jitter results from the uneven arrival of packets. Imagine a Voice over IP (VoIP) conversation where packet 1 arrives followed by packet 2 20 milliseconds (ms) later. After another 70 ms packet 3 arrives, and then packet 4 arrives 20 ms behind packet 3. This variation in arrival times, called jitter, does not result from dropped packets. However, the jitter might sound like dropped packets (that is, gaps in the speech) from the listener's perspective.
Drops Routers and switches contain buffers to store packets when the network link (that is, the physical network connection) lacks sufficient bandwidth to transmit the packets at the moment. Packet drops occur when a link is congested and a buffer overflows. Some traffic types, such as web traffic, retransmit dropped packets. However, dropped voice and video packets are gone forever. These traffic types, which use User Datagram Protocol (UDP) for transmission, lack the ability to retransmit dropped packets. UDP is still preferred over Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) for voice, however, due to UDP's reduced overhead. And if you think about it, you wouldn't want voice packets retransmitted anyway, because voice packets arriving out of order would sound like gibberish.
Fortunately, quality of service (QoS) features available on Cisco routers and switches can recognize important traffic and then treat that traffic in a special way. For example, you might wish to allocate 128 kbps of bandwidth for VoIP traffic, and optionally give that traffic priority treatment. At the same time, you may want your web traffic to receive 64 kbps of non-priority bandwidth.


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New! Rebel Heart Tour 2015 page online now
After just launching the extensive World Tours online gallery, we have now updated it with the brand new Rebel Heart Tour! Obviously it is just a small page at this time as the tour hasn't started yet. However we have updated the page with the full schedule, some press and memorabilia scans and the behind…
September 6, 2015 New items (site), NEWS, Rebel Heart TourBy Kimberly
Rebel Heart Tour Workshop – Choreo and Juliet
September 6, 2015 NEWS, Rebel Heart Tour, VIDEOBy Kimberly
Madonna covers latest edition of NYC's hottest gay guide magazine Get Out!
Madonna covers the latest edition of Get Out! magazine (NYC's hottest gay guide) issue 228, September 2.
Click HERE to read more and view the digital edition
September 4, 2015 NEWS, Rebel Heart TourBy Kimberly
HOW THE REBEL HEART TOUR IS MAKING MADONNA VERY, VERY RICH
Despite reports of Madonna's upcoming "Rebel Heart" tour underselling, it is actually making her very rich even by multi-millionaire Rockstar standards. Read on to find out how. She might be having troubles of the heart in her wooing of her destructive relationship with Sean Penn, but at least she has piles of money to comfort…
Pre-order Rolling Stone special Madonna issue here
For everyone not lucky to find one of the special Madonna Rolling Stone issues in stores, Newsstand.co.uk is offering an online order for this. Click HERE to go to the order page, please select: current issue, this takes you to a new page here you have to use the drop down menu to select the…
September 3, 2015 NEWSBy Kimberly
Book Madonna: On Screen by Chris Wade review by MadonnaUnderground with pictures!
Madonna the artist, Madonna the warrior, Madonna the teacher, Madonna the freedom fighter, Madonna the author, Madonna the human being or as most people refer to her as The Queen of Pop. Madonna is lots of things, but the audience looks at her as the artist, singer, performer that she is. Many tend to forget…
Interview Unveils Selfie Issue With Madonna, Kardashian; Discusses Ingrid Sischy
Interview is taking inspiration from the "selfie" and fashion's obsession with social media for its September issue. The magazine, which was founded by Andy Warhol, has melded its heritage of the portrait with technology, to create an Instagram-themed issue featuring eight alternative covers that are essentially self portraits of some of today's most popular social…
MadonnaUnderground presents brand new section: WORLD TOURS!
While it is almost time for Madonna's brand new Rebel Heart Tour, we can finally present our extensive new section WORLD TOURS to you! It has taken us weeks of hard work but we have completely restyled it, brand new pictures, memorabilia and press images have been added to all of Madonna's tours. But to…
August 31, 2015 New items (site), NEWSBy Kimberly
Tony Villanueva: 'We are coming to the end of the rehearsal period'
We are coming to the end of the rehearsal period. Soon it will be time to take off the training wheels and turn the reins over to you the audience. Everyday a new element of the show is locked in. Rehearsal costumes are replaced with the real thing,video content is added, the dancers and choreographers…
August 29, 2015 NEWS, Rebel Heart TourBy Kimberly
Official! Bitch I'm Madonna VEVO certified! 100M views!
B**CH I'M CERTIFIED! @Madonna just notched 100M views on her star-studded video ft @NICKIMINAJ https://t.co/5MG8G0vGr0 #VevoCertified
— Vevo (@Vevo) 28 augustus 2015
August 28, 2015 NEWS, Rebel HeartBy Kimberly
MTV Awards keep blurring lines – Madonna and Miley have added madness to show
FILE – In this Sept. 14, 1984 file photo, Madonna poses in September 1984 at the MTV Video Music Awards where she was nominated Best New Artist in video, at Radio City Music Hall, in New York. Before there was Miley, there was Madonna. "She'd like to say she put the 'M' in MTV," VanToffler,…
August 28, 2015 NEWSBy Kimberly
The full Oprah Winfrey & Madonna interview video from 2003 online!
Do you like us on Facebook yet? If you do, you would have known that yesterday we uploaded the full taping of the Oprah Winfrey show in 2003 where Madonna talked about The English Roses. This is the full broadcast (no commercials) but with Dutch subtitles. Direct link HERE.
Don't forget to like us. Enjoy!
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The Disney CEO drama is "f***ing insane" for those who were there
Disney's decision to drop CEO Bob Chapek for ex-CEO Bob Iger is described as "extraordinary" and "insane" by company insiders
Mary Kate Carr
Bob Chapek; Bob Iger
Photo: Laurent Viteur; Randy Shropshire (Getty Images)
Oh to be a fly on the wall for what is being called (at least in this scoop from The Hollywood Reporter) a "Bob swap." That is, Disney's ousting of CEO Bob Chapek to bring back its former CEO, Bob Iger. This news was a jaw-dropper for those of us outside the company, but apparently, it was just as shocking for those on the inside—even those who were never a fan of Chapek to begin with.
George Clooney needs just one word to describe Donald Trump
Nick Offerman has learned a lot during the first year of Trump's presidency
Doctor Who's Pearl Mackie would regenerate into Beyoncé if she could
One THR source who fits that description reflects, "He didn't get to say goodbye or say, 'I've decided to step down.' I bet you it broke Chapek's record of firing [Peter] Rice in seven minutes," they say in reference to one of the more controversial moves of the ex-CEO's tenure. "They called [Chapek] and said, 'You're out. Our lawyers will call your lawyers.' No statement from him, no comment from him, no grace. It's fucking insane."
"As much as it's a wow, in a weird way it felt inevitable," says an additional source, while another celebrates: "I'm happy he's going to revert everything back to the way it was. As though Chapek was never there."
Yes, folks have clearly chosen sides in the Battle of the Bobs, as it has been called (by us). THR reports that a recent earnings call was the nail in Chapek's coffin, and two "high level sources" complained about being "blindsided" by Chapek's memo about layoffs and cutting costs, which left them "scrambling to figure out what they could still spend money on and what was now off limits."
Iger is seen as the person who can right the ship, but not everyone sounds especially pleased about his return. "Bob Iger messed up succession at Disney for 15 years. When he finally did it, it was a colossal mess-up," a "Disney veteran" source tells the outlet. "It's extraordinary that [Iger] is the guy they chose to come back. It speaks to his reputation and the board's lack of options and ineptitude. How could they have gotten to this place? How could this happen?"
NewsNewswire


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Lewis buries late 3 to send Marquette past Villanova …
Lakers' Frank Vogel shrugs off worries about job …
Jets beat Coyotes 3-1, extend winning streak to three games
Posted: Jan 5, 2022 / 12:36 AM CST
GLENDALE, Ariz. (AP)The Winnipeg Jets are responding to new coach Dave Lowry.
Connor Hellebuyck stopped 26 shots and the Jets won their third straight game, beating the Arizona Coyotes 3-1 on Tuesday night.
It was the third win in a row for the Jets, all under Lowry, who replaced longtime coach Paul Maurice last month. Maurice resigned on Dec. 16.
Winnipeg, in fifth place in the Central Division with 37 points, was coming off a 5-4 overtime victory Sunday against the Pacific Division-leading Golden Knights. The Jets didn't let down against the Coyotes, last in the NHL at 6-22-3.
"We have an understanding of our opponent and what we have to do to be successful," Lowry said. "There's a certain way to win in this league. We have to manage the neutral zone.
"To close out a game, you don't deviate from what brought the success."
Evgeny Svechnikov, Pierre-Luc Dubois and Nikolaj Ehlers scored for the Jets. Ehlers scored into an empty net with 45 seconds to play.
Svechnikov scored his third goal of the season on a one-timer off a cross-ice pass from Josh Morrissey at 17:34 of the first period.
"It was a battle right at the blue line," Lowry said of the first goal. "We were able to grab a loose puck. When we do get opportunities, we want to go into attack mode."
Dubois scored from in front of the net at 14:40 of the second period, as the Jets' power play was expiring.
"It's not easy being in front of the net, getting cross-checked, but you have to do it," said Dubois, who scored his 15th of the season.
Shayne Gostisbehere stole the puck at the blue line and scored unassisted to get Arizona on the board at 6:41 of the third. It was Gostisbehere's sixth goal of the season.
The Coyotes fell to 2-11-1 at home this season despite 45 saves from rookie goaltender Karel Vejmelka – one fewer save than he had in shutting out the Jets 1-0 at Winnipeg on Nov. 28.
With the league pausing around the holidays, Arizona played for the first time since Dec. 28 and at home for the first time in three weeks.
"It's dangerous to put too much judgment in one game, but I think the first two periods we had great scoring chances," Coyotes coach Andre Tourigny said. "In the third period, we were too passive. We were waiting for offense to happen by itself."
ICE CHIPS
Jets: Winnipeg plays eight of its first nine games on the road in January. … The Jets' streak of three straight games with at least one power-play goal ended as Dubois' goal came right as the penalty to Lyubushkin was ending.
Winnipeg: At Colorado on Thursday.
Arizona: Home against Chicago on Thursday.
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If the price of imports is greater than the price of exports, the country will start to lose money. They will be spending more money than they make. This will soon make them lose all of their money and become a very poor country.
Hong Kong has a free market economy. They highly depend on international trade and finance. The mainland of Beijing is Hong Kong's largest trading partner. In value, Beijing has made over half of Hong Kong's trades.
I learned many things during the project. One of the things that I learned is that one US dollar is equal to seven and three fourths Hong Kong dollars. I also learned that Hong Kong almost has twenty percent of it's people under the poverty line. One thing that I learned is that Hong Kong is a rich country. Their GDP per capita is fifty-two thousand, seven hundred dollars. That is how much money every person in Hong Kong would receive if they split up all of the money that the country has to all of the people. This is fifteenth in the world. I learned a lot more throughout this project, but those are just some of the main things I learned.


text:
Get The Power: A Novel from Amazon.com
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Pages 1 - 58
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Symbols and Symbolism
The Power: A Novel - Pages 1 - 58 Summary & Analysis
Naomi Alderman
This Study Guide consists of approximately 36 pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of The Power.
This section contains 1,235 words
The novel begins with an introductory frame narrative. An unspecified number of years in the future, women are the dominant gender on the planet. However, some archaeological evidence still remains of the patriarchal order that used to exist. A male writer named Neil Armon has written a novelization of how the transition likely occurred, based on this archaeological evidence, and he has asked a female writer named Naomi to read the book and give feedback. The novel itself then begins ten years before the transition of power between the genders. Roxy is a 14-yearold girl living in England with her mother. One day, two men break into her house and assault her mother. Roxy suddenly feels a strange new power inside of her and uses it to attempt to repel the attackers, but they knock her out and kill her mother. The narrative...
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Frédéric Auguste Ferrière (* 9. Dezember 1848 in Genf; † 14. Juni 1924 ebenda) war ein Schweizer Arzt, Mitglied und Vizepräsident des Internationalen Komitees vom Roten Kreuz (IKRK). Er gründete während des Ersten Weltkriegs die zivile Sektion der Internationalen Zentrale für Kriegsgefangene.

Leben
Er wuchs als vierter von fünf Kindern des Jean-Emmanuel Ferrière (1804–1871) und der Augusta Reinecke (1820–1896) in Genf auf. Die Familie Ferrière stammte ursprünglich aus der Normandie und hatte sich im 18. Jahrhundert in Genf niedergelassen. Sein Vater und Grossvater waren Pfarrer, ebenso sein älterer Bruder Louis. Seine Grossmutter väterlicherseits, Suzanne Develay war an Typhus gestorben, mit dem sie sich vermutlich bei Soldaten angesteckt hatte, die sie 1814 auf der Durchreise in Genf pflegte. Louis Appia, einer der Gründer des IKRK, war ein Neffe dieser Grossmutter.

Nach seiner Schulzeit in Genf begab sich Ferrière zum Medizinstudium nach Bern, Heidelberg (bei Arnold, Viktor Gegenbauer, Simon, Nicolaus Friedreich) und Wien (bei Theodor Billroth, Ferdinand von Hebra). 1875 wurde er Doktor der Medizin in Heidelberg und 1878 bekam er die Zulassung als Arzt in Genf.
Nach dem Ende seines Studiums und während des Deutsch-Französischen Krieges engagierte er sich Pfleger in einer der ersten Ambulanzen des Roten Kreuzes neben Louis Appia. Neben seiner Tätigkeit als Arzt in Genf widmete er sich dem Aufbau des Roten Kreuzes. Als er vom IKRK 1875–76 mit Aloïs Humbert und Charles Gretz nach Montenegro geschickt wurde, half er 1876 bei der Gründung des nationalen Roten Kreuzes von Montenegro und leitete dort 1877 eine Rotkreuzambulanz im Russisch-Osmanischen Krieg. Er heiratete 1878 Adolphine Faber (1853–1932) in Wien, mit der er vier Kinder hatte. Sein ältester Sohn Adolphe wurde Mitbegründer der Reformpädagogik (Éducation nouvelle).

1884 wurde er Mitglied des IKRK. Er nahm von 1878 bis 1920 an zahlreichen Kongressen über Hygiene und an Delegationen zur Bekanntmachung des Roten Kreuzes und seiner Nützlichkeit in Friedenszeiten und für die Zivilbevölkerung teil, die ihn von Sankt Petersburg bis Ägypten und New York führten. Als Hygienespezialist förderte er die Beteiligung des Roten Kreuzes bei der Bekämpfung des Typhus (Konferenz in London 1907, später Missionen in Wien). Mehrere IRKR-Missionen führten ihn 1915 nach Deutschland und 1917 sowie 1919 in den Balkan. 1920 war er Mitbegründer der Union Internationale de secours aux enfants. Ab diesem Zeitpunkt gab Ferrière seine Arztpraxis auf, um sich ganz in den Dienst des Roten Kreuzes zu stellen.

Die 1914 neu eingerichtete Internationale Zentralstelle für Flüchtlinge (IPWA) des IKRK war aufgrund des Mandates anlässlich der 9. Konferenz von Washington von 1912 (Resolution VI) ausschliesslich für Kriegsgefangene bestimmt. Entgegen dem Rat der anderen Komiteemitgliedern, die der Auffassung waren, dass das Rote Kreuz sich an die von vielen Staaten unterzeichneten Konventionen zu halten habe und diese zusätzliche Aufgabe die Möglichkeiten des IKRK übersteigen würde, war Ferrière der Meinung, dass sie die Suchanfragen von Zivilpersonen nicht unbeantwortet lassen dürfen. Er gründete eine private zivile Sektion des IPWA, bei der ihm nahestehende Personen halfen und denen sich bald Hunderte von Freiwilligen aus allen Schichten anschlossen. Der französische Schriftsteller Romain Rolland half als Freiwilliger vom Oktober 1914 bis Juli 1915 und als der den Literaturnobelpreis 1915 erhielt, spendete er der Zentralstelle die Hälfte des Preisgeldes. Trotz des rechtlichen Vakuums wurde diese Sektion bald als Organ des Roten Kreuzes wahrgenommen. Das schnelle Wachstum dieser Zweigstelle stellte einen positiven Wendepunkt in der Popularität des Roten Kreuzes und seiner Entwicklung dar. Die zivile Sektion führte ihre Aktivitäten bis anfangs der 1920er Jahre weiter.

Am 14. September 1939 wurde in Genf die Zentralstelle für Kriegsgefangene wieder eröffnet, die eine von Suzanne Ferrière, einer Nichte Fréderic Ferrières, geleitete zivile Abteilung hatte. Mit der Neufassung der Genfer Konventionen von 1949 konnten die Zivilpersonen formell als Mandat des Roten Kreuzes integriert werden.

Ehrungen
Zahlreiche Ehrungen bezeugen die grosse Wertschätzung für seine Bemühungen im Dienste des IKRK.
1871 Verdienstmedaille Baden
1871 Verdienstmedaille Preussen
1876 St.-Sava-Orden Serbien
1886 Kreuz der Königin Nathalie von Serbien
1896 Schweizer Erinnerungsdiplom für Dienstleistungen
1908 Ritter der Ehrenlegion
1918 Orden Danilos I. für die Unabhängigkeit (Montenegro), (Grossoffizier)
1919 Goldmedaille Das dankbare Frankreich
 1919 Goldmedaille Das dankbare Belgien
 1919 Salvatore Medaille (Stadt Wien)
 1920 St.-Sava-Orden Serbien, Grossoffizier
 1921 Ehrenkreuz der Universität Wien
 1923 Ritter des belgischen Kronenordens
1924 Offizier der Ehrenlegion
 zahlreiche Medaillen von nationalen Rotkreuzgesellschaften (Montenegro, Serbien, Österreich, Bulgarien, Ungarn, Italien, Spanien, Portugal, Estland usw.)

Literatur
 Stefan Zweig: Das Herz Europas. Ein Besuch im Genfer Roten Kreuz. Illustriert von Frans Masereel. Verlag Rascher, Zürich 1918.
 Anna Nussbaum, Else Feldmann, Fréderic Ferrière (Vorwort): Das Reisebuch des Wiener Kindes. Eine Sammlung von Briefen, Aufsätzen und Zeichnungen der Wiener Schulkinder im Ausland. Gloriette Verlag, Wien 1921.
 Georges Werner: Frédéric Ferrière, 1848-1924. Biographie et bibliographie. Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, 1924.
 Adolphe Ferrière: Le Dr Frédéric Ferrière. Son action à la Croix-Rouge internationale en faveur des civils victimes de la guerre. Vorwort von Noëlle Roger und Einführung von Marguerite Frick-Cramer, Genève, 1948.
 Rachad Armanios: Le Dr Frédéric Ferrière. Les années de formation d'un médecin et d'un philanthrope. Mémoire de licence de l'unité d'Histoire contemporaine du Département d'histoire générale de la Faculté des lettres, Universität Genf, Genf 2003.

Weblinks
 Archiv Fr Archiv Frédéric Ferrière
 Genève humanitaire: Dr Frédéric Ferrière

Einzelnachweise

Mediziner (20. Jahrhundert)
Mitglied der Ehrenlegion (Offizier)
Träger des belgischen Kronenordens (Ritter)
Person (Internationales Komitee vom Roten Kreuz)
Person (humanitäre Hilfe)
Schweizer
Geboren 1848
Gestorben 1924
Mann
Träger des Ordens Danilos I. für die Unabhängigkeit


text:
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2019 Asia Europe International News October 2019
Failed Negotiations Threaten to Reignite Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict
January 14, 2020 Joshua Newman	0 Comments Armenia, Azerbaijan, Caucasus
Joshua Newman
Armenian-Azerbaijani negotiations over the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region are reportedly at a standstill, according to New Eastern Europe. Azerbaijani Foreign Minister Elmar Mammadyarov addressed the UN General Assembly on September 28, stating that the negotiations had made no progress. He added that "negotiations cannot last forever," hinting at a possible next round in an already 3-decade long ethnic conflict.
While Azerbaijan's political community shares the foreign minister's views on conflict de-escalation, Armenian leadership changed their previously positive rhetoric midway through the latest round of negotiations. When Armenian President Ilham Aliyev and Azerbaijani Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan first met on September 28, both leaders 'vowed to de-escalate tensions and create a direct hotline between the two sides', according to New Eastern Europe. However, former Armenian National Security Director Arthur Vanetsian later declared "No one will surrender even an inch of land," and Prime Minister Pashinyan called for the absorption of Nagorno-Karabakh into Armenia.
Armenian political leadership is not alone in their provocative rhetoric. President Aliyev himself stated that the concept of "the people of Nagorno-Karabakh" does not exist, according to AzerNews. In this same speech, President Aliyev noted Armenia's failure to comply with four UN Security Council resolutions for more than 25 years and its ethnic cleansing of Azerbaijani people in the "occupied territories of Azerbaijan."
These recent escalating tensions are nothing new, but rather the reopening of old wounds. The Economist says that although Azerbaijan and Armenia's long history of conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict formally began in the early 1990's, their divide runs even deeper. Azerbaijan shares an ethnic identity with neighboring Turkey, the same country responsible for the disputed 1915 Armenian genocide.
This history only makes the recent flare-up in tensions all the more concerning, reports Emerging Europe, especially considering the intensity of the conflict only three years ago, during the April War of 2016. Armed confrontations between Azeri and Armenian forces killed over a dozen and wounded many more in the nearly four days of fighting, according to Geopolitical Futures. Given the rhetoric of Armenian and Azerbaijani leaders and the history of the region, an escalation to full-scale conflict is a serious possibility.
The strategic significance of the region Armenia and Azerbaijan inhabit – the Caucasus – also makes this rise in tensions concerning. A new conflict in the Caucasus could have far-reaching effects on international politics. Though the region is often ignored by the West, it is a strategically important location to Russia, Turkey, and Iran.
The Nagorno-Karabakh region is not the only historically volatile region in the Caucasus. The stability of Russian-controlled northern Caucasus is debatable, given ongoing conflicts in the predominantly Muslim regions of Chechnya and Dagestan. In addition, ongoing frozen wars between the South Ossetia and Abkhazia regions of Georgia culminated in Russian intervention in the 2008 Russo-Georgian War.
For civilians, the souring turn in diplomatic relations may be disappointing, but it is not surprising. Since hostilities began in 1988, more than 3,000 Armenians and Azerbaijanis have died and at least 1.2 million people were displaced and took refuge in Azerbaijan. Violence has become so normal that civilians report that they "get used to being shot at." An anonymous citizen told interviewers, "I haven't even thought about what my life would be like without the conflict."
However, there might still be hope for the people of Nagorno-Karabakh. One Azerbaijani interviewee suggested to Emerging Europe that because people on both sides of the conflict once coexisted peacefully, there is still the potential for change. "We used to live with Armenians very well. So why not live together again?"
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D.C. is a city steeped in American government and legend, not to mention it's home to two Travel + Leisure World's Best Award-winning hotels. Whether you come for the history or the politics or the museums, you'll discover countless reasons to stay in the nation's capital for your vacation. From fine dining and diverse eateries to distinguished fine arts and thriving cultural scenes, every inch of the city showcases its legendary past and vibrant community. Whatever your vibe, you'll find plenty of things to do in Washington, D.C.
Inspired by Travel + Leisure Magazine
Book With Those Who Know
Call our travel experts today to book this itinerary that was inspired by you, and curated by us.
Book a Dazzling Night Tour
If you arrive late or just want time to check in and relax at the pool, your D.C. adventure can start when the sun goes down. At night, the city transforms into a glowing wonderland providing a unique view of the city's most famous sites. Visit the Lincoln Memorial, the U.S. Capitol, and more on the D.C. The Lights three-hour tour.
See the Sights by Electric Cart
Kick off the day with some fresh air and fun sightseeing. See more sites and save time aboard an open-air electric cart. Each vehicle can hold five passengers, plus your expert guide, so the whole family can enjoy a personalized tour experience. Cruise Capitol Hill and explore the famous monuments and landmarks of the National Mall.
Editor's Tip: Explore Smithsonian Museums
One of the most popular things to do in D.C. is free! The prestigious Smithsonian Institution offers free admission to its 17 museums, galleries, and zoo. Wander through stunning exhibits at the Museum of Natural History. Encounter giant pandas at the Smithsonian's National Zoo. Whatever you choose, you'll have plenty of fun ways to spend the day.
Embark on a Guided Day Trip
A Historical Powerhouse and Flourishing Arts & Cultural Hub. Your tour begins at scenic Mount Vernon, where a knowledgeable guide will lead through the manor, gardens, farms, and other sites of George Washington's private estate. Then, you will head to the charming streets of Old Town Alexandria for a guided bus trip of local historical attractions.
Editor's Tip: Send Your Taste Buds Around The World
Return to D.C. for dinner at Rose's Luxury, a local hidden gem and gourmet dining destination. At first glance, you may not guess that this humble townhouse is one of Washington, D.C.'s Michelin-starred restaurants. Rose's eclectic fare is inspired by the chef's travels abroad and features a unique menu with an equally unique choose-your-own-adventure style of ordering.
Take a Deep Dive into U.S. Politics
The Capitol Hill, Supreme Court, and Library of Congress Small Group Tour takes up to eight guests on a guided trek of the city's most influential buildings. Dig into America's political history and Washington D.C.'s journey to becoming the nation's capital.
Editor's Tip: Return to the National Mall
Spanning 2 miles and home to more than 100 unique memorials and landmarks, the National Mall is worthy of a second pass. A self-guided National Mall tour allows for more time to explore "America's front yard." Check out lesser-known memorials in and around the National Mall, like the George Mason Memorial and Signers Island.
Historic Georgetown Architecture Tour
Once a lackluster port city, Georgetown is renowned today for its 18th century architecture, stately mansions, and a prestigious university. On this tour, you will discover the history and infamous past of Georgetown's rise to fame.
Editor's Tip: Pick Up Some Presidential Bagels
Swing by Call Your Mother for a late lunch or pre-dinner snack. This D.C. deli boasts a visit from President Biden, who celebrated with bagels after being sworn in. The walk-up window service is known to gain a line, so it's best to order online before you arrive.
Editor's Tip: Luxury Shopping at M Street
Hit the street for an afternoon shopping in Georgetown. Lauded as one of the country's best shopping streets, M Street's charming stretch of historic brick-faced storefronts and bistros is a favorite spot amont locals. Stop for a treat at an al fresco cafe and browse artisan shops and designer boutiques for that special something.
Retrace the Steps of Civil Rights Heroes
Visit National Historic sites and discover the history of African-American culture on a half-day African-American History Tour. Walk in the footsteps of Civil Rights icons as you follow a historical path of U.S. history. Conclude your tour with reserved entry into the National Museum of African American History and Culture.
Editor's Tip: Upscale Seafood at Fiola Mare
Head to Fiola Mare for fine dining with a waterfront view. This D.C. seafood restaurant features coastal Italian cuisine and a luxurious modern atmosphere. Share a signature seafood tower while watching the sun set over the Potomac River.
Editor's Tip: Hunt for One-of-a-Kind Souvenirs
Wrap up your whirlwind D.C. adventure with a trip to Union Market, an artisan hub and beloved community staple. Peruse the shops of over 40 vendors for unique gifts and locally made mementos. Grab a quick bite or some last-minute snacks for the trip back home at Union Market's food hall, home to everything from a bagel-garnished Bloody Mary to an ice-cream-packed falooda.
The Jefferson
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Alistair Viner to leave Harrods
6th June, 2011 by Lucy Shaw
Alistair Viner, Harrods' wine and spirits buyer, is to leave the store after 16 years of service. It is believed that Viner has left to set up a new retail concept.
A spokesperson from Harrods said: "I can confirm that Alistair Viner is leaving Harrods. Once we have any further news to announce from a Harrods perspective, we will be able to comment further."
Viner was unavailable for comment.
Viner joined the wine trade in 1988 with Geoffrey Roberts, running the Winery and Les Amis du Vin shops.
He moved to work in the tea and coffee department of Harrods in 1995, taking over as manager of the wine department in 1996.
From there he progressed in the role of assistant buyer and was appointed wine and spirits buyer in September 2000.
Last November, Harrods unveiled its new wine and spirits department – a 7,000sq ft space offering more than 3,000 wines, spirits and beers.
The space, which hosts regular wine tastings, features a tasting room, tasting bar, a glass walled, temperature-controlled Wine Vault for its top wines, an Enomatic machine and a Nez du Vin "aroma zone" where customers can test their sense of smell.
"We have created the ultimate destination for customers of all tastes and levels to experience the world of wine and spirits," Viner said at the time of the launch.
"With the new Wine Shop, our aim is to share our real passion for wine, to demystify, educate and make great wines accessible to all. We want to known for the best wines from the best regions at the best prices," Viner added.
Lucy Shaw, 06.06.2011


P&P Fitness needed a logo that was eye-catching, friendly and talked to their services.
Their vision is to spread awareness of safe exercise through pregnancy to the masses by holding regular seminars and fundamental class workshops, and to help women 1 on 1 from the beginning of their pregnancies and continuing through their rehabilitation process and then beyond.
The '&' symbol subtly hints to the pregnant 'bump' and the colour stands for what each and every woman (and man) is – pure gold baby!


text:
Q: How to recursively remove each key from a multi-dimensional(depth not known) python dictionary? I'm trying to test if server is OK when param is missing, by retriving a dict to remove each key from a dict:
data = {'a':'b','c':'d','e':{'aa':'bb'}}
for i in range(len(data)):
  print "removed ans:",dict(data.items()[:i] + data.items()[i+1:])

the answer is like this:
removed ans: {'c': 'd', 'e': {'aa': 'bb', 'cc': 'dd'}}
removed ans: {'a': 'b', 'e': {'aa': 'bb', 'cc': 'dd'}}
removed ans: {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}

but I also need to delete each item in 'e':
removed ans: {'c': 'd', 'e': {'aa': 'bb', 'cc': 'dd'}}
removed ans: {'a': 'b', 'e': {'aa': 'bb', 'cc': 'dd'}}
removed ans: {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}
removed ans: {'c': 'd', 'e': {'cc': 'dd'}}
removed ans: {'a': 'b', 'e': {'aa': 'bb'}}

I think I need to do it in a function, but

*

*how can I return different answer each time in a function?

*how can I go to multi-demension dict?

A: This can be accomplished with a recursive generator function:
def remove_next_key(my_dict):
    for key, val in my_dict.items():
        new_dict = dict(my_dict)
        if isinstance(val, dict):
            for nested_dict in remove_next_key(val):
                new_dict[key] = nested_dict
                yield new_dict
        new_dict.pop(key)
        yield new_dict

start_dict =  {'a':'b','c':'d','e':{'aa':'bb', 'cc': 'dd'}}

for sub_dict in remove_next_key(start_dict):
    print(sub_dict)

Output:
{'c': 'd', 'e': {'aa': 'bb', 'cc': 'dd'}}
{'a': 'b', 'e': {'aa': 'bb', 'cc': 'dd'}}
{'a': 'b', 'c': 'd', 'e': {'cc': 'dd'}}
{'a': 'b', 'c': 'd', 'e': {'aa': 'bb'}}
{'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}

A: This can be done using a recursive generator.
data = {'a': 'b', 'c': 'd', 'e': {'aa': 'bb', 'cc': 'dd'}}

def get_next_test_data(original_data):
    for property in original_data:
        modified_data = dict(original_data)
        modified_data.pop(property)
        yield modified_data
        if isinstance(original_data[property], dict):
            for new_val in get_next_test_data(original_data[property]):
                modified_data = dict(original_data)
                modified_data[property] = new_val
                yield modified_data

for output in get_next_test_data(data):
    print(output)
print("all test cases posted")

The above code outputs:
{'c': 'd', 'e': {'aa': 'bb', 'cc': 'dd'}}
{'a': 'b', 'e': {'aa': 'bb', 'cc': 'dd'}}
{'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'}
{'a': 'b', 'c': 'd', 'e': {'cc': 'dd'}}
{'a': 'b', 'c': 'd', 'e': {'aa': 'bb'}}
"all test cases posted"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


currently under construction at 185 18th Street, Kings County. The development is scheduled for completion in 2019. Sales for available units range in price from $635,000 to $1,950,000. Arbor Eighteen has a total of 73 units. Sizes range from 530 to 1473 square feet.
An antidote to city living, life at Arbor Eighteen fosters a sense of balance at every turn. A study of the intrinsic connection between nature, health and the built environment, the design reflects a symbiotic relationship between indoor and outdoor living.
Tonal simplicity and crafted details are the mediums through which Paris Forino's vision comes to life. Residences are designed to complement the natural setting while offering details that contribute an urban edge.
Integrated design elements create an understated impact that set a distinct mood and bring a palpable sense of calm into the home.
Lacquer and walnut cabinetry become part of the architecture by fading into the background, while close inspection reveals thoughtful detailing of rich woods, distinctive stones and blackened metals. Custom china cabinets with fluted glass doors and Super Gray Quartzite spice shelves provide ingenious moments for storage or display.
A design philosophy of hushed luxury comes through in the carefully selected natural palette and refined accents. White dolomite stone and marble mosaic flooring harmonize to create a soothing retreat. In a world of overstimulation, the understated design is a relief to the senses.
Expansive eight-foot windows and soaring ceiling heights of up to ten feet allow gentle light to fill each home, highlighting Paris Forino's timelessly modern design. The low-rise nature of South Slope delivers striking, open views from all perspectives.
Your inquiry will be delivered to the Arbor Eighteen sales team, who will send you more information about this development.